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Views:7 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-07-22 Origin:Site
Alpha science toys believe that children's education is characterized by equal challenge and entertainment. There is nothing more hopeful than giving children a high-quality educational toy for kids. It hopes to stimulate children's interest in many useful scientific fields. Whether parents are looking for children's educational science toys with themes of biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, or completely different research, parents may be surprised by a fascinating set of educational science kits for children. Choosing children's science toys for your children means considering their age and interests. Alpha science toys is a high-quality manufacturer of educational science toys for kids. In order to help parents choose suitable toy sets, alpha science toys have compiled a purchase guide for children's educational science toys. At the same time, it helps parents to understand the characteristics and advantages of alpha science toys in different ages and themes.
Alpha Science Classroom: what parents should pay attention to when choosing children's educational science toys
Select children's educational science toys according to their ages
Since the parts of children's educational science toys are small and may be complex, it is important to choose toys suitable for your child's age. The most important thing is to ensure the safety of children, which is to ensure the safety of children in the process of learning. Therefore, parents must choose products with high quality and high safety in the selection process.
1 to 4 years old
Educational science toys for kids of this age group usually have larger functions, brighter colors, and designs suitable for small hands. Expect to see a large number of biological and physics themed children's educational science toys for the youngest age group.
5 to 10 years old
Educational science toys for primary school children tend to be more complex, confusing, and more enlightening in science experiments. Many of the tools in these child science kits contain smaller components and emphasize problem-solving skills, so it's a good idea for parents to be available if someone needs a little help.
Over 11 years old
Junior high school children may be ready to pack up their dolls and action dolls, but it's the best time to give them a challenging science toy for children to introduce useful concepts such as coding, structural engineering, or circuits. While it's fun and fun to tinker with these toys, older children may need a little push to start some of these seemingly daunting projects.
Science toys either focus on a specific theme or combine multiple themes into a package. If you know that your child is interested in a particular area, you should consider buying Educational science toys to help them explore the interest.
The core concept of physics is a gift for children who are obsessed with learning different material phenomena. Physics centered science toys usually offer a series of items in a group, such as the movement of a sphere, the effect of air on objects, and why airplanes fly to introduce physics to children.
The only way which must be passed is to make children try chemistry themes and intelligence toys with sticky slime, bubble bubbles, and discoloration compounds. There are a variety of chemical kits to choose from, such as a kit for growing crystals or designed jelly toys made from sodium alginate, so it is worth choosing for children and finding the ideal children's chemical experiment toys for your little chemists.
There are many children's Educational science toys in the alpha science toys series, which can meet the needs of young nature lovers and plant plants with seeds in glass containers. Over time, not only is it exciting to have children observe the growth of plants, but these children's plant kits also provide lessons in biology and responsibility.
Although the prices of children's educational science toys vary widely, the most expensive products (about $40 or more) are often themed with high-quality electronic or robotic components. You can find a wide range of children's educational science toys in the range of $10 to $30. These toys can be made from mucus, crystal, growth, and other recreational experiments.
Alpha science classroom：Frequently asked questions
Q: Do all children's educational science toys include everything you need to get started?
Q: What is the “ＳＴＥＭ” toy?
A: stem stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. These toys facilitate the exploration and understanding of these themes. These educational toys can be designed around core concepts such as chemistry, robot construction, circuits, counting, or biology, to name a few.
The best children's puzzle science toy set: classic detective exploration toys
This science toy has many items to use and has the advantage of helping children to observe and think logically. It is the best helper to learn the principle of logical thinking.
Best value for money: Science Explorer's Magic Kitchen Science children's Science Experiment Kit.
Alpha science toys point of view: whether you start with magic ooze, crystal,or rainbow volcano, you can easily attract children's interest with lively color and interesting science suits.
Here are Alpha science classrooms the conditions for the selection of children's educational science toys. In the process of selecting children's educational science toys for their children, parents should provide the most professional help and tips to select the most suitable products for children in all aspects. Alpha science toys, as a manufacturer of children's educational science toys, has rich experience and professional ability. It has been engaged in the production of children's educational science toys for many years. Parents can buy them at ease. We hope that our children's educational science toys can send the best help to children's learning and help children's experimental science dreams.
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It's easy to get swept up in high energy outdoor fun during the winter. Shovelling snow, sledding, skiing, ice skating etc... But when it's not so cold that you don't have to move so much and yet cold enough to have snow and ice, there are other ways to have fun with the elements.
Playing with ice can not only be fun, just for the sake of fun, but it can also be taken as a teaching moment without realizing it. Here are some examples of ice activities to do with kids when you're not sledding:
• Glad To Be Here made Ice Bunting to hang
• The Artful Parent has a very cool Melting Ice Science Experiment full of colors.
• Factory Direct Craft shows us how to do ice painting.
• Naturally Educational brings us to explore our local surviving flora to freeze it in this artful ice lantern.
• Meet the Dubiens has a nice Colored Ice Blocks tutorial.
• Pinterest User Carie Dean-Kuhn posted a photo of a dinosaur digging activity (salt on ice has got to be one of the most liked experiment in our house!)
• Momstatic shows another way of making an ice lantern using balloons.
• 5 Orange Potatoes brings us a Melting Rainbow experiment using melting ice, color, and oil.
• Margie Oomen of Resurrection Fern demonstrates Ice Heart Ornaments on Poppytalk
• Mo of Babyccino Kidss son's classroom made these Ice Baubles
(Images as linked above)
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By Bhavya Khullar
Published on June 9, 2017
A group of Indian scientists have found a new compound that effectively kills leukemic cancer cells.
Codenamed5g, the new drug can killover 70 pe rcent blood cancer cells in petri dish in 48 hours at an extremely low concentration. It did not affect healthy blood cells, which signifies that is toxic to cancer cells. “After treating with 5g cancer cells either entered cell death or revertedback to normal cell cycle”, say scientists who have tested this new compound.
The new compound has been found to be most effective in leukemic cells, while other cancer cell lines like colorectal and cervical showed less effect. It accumulates death-inducing reactive oxygen species in cancer cells leading to breaks in DNA, which ultimately causes cell death.
“We are working with Mysuru University to improve its efficacy. We believe that it has the potential to be developed as an anti-leukemic agent”, says Professor SatheesRaghavan, a member of the research team at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The research findings have been published in journal Scientific Reports.
The drug has been tested in laboratory animals. Daily doses of 5g for two weeks reduced the size of tumor in mice. It was non-toxic and moderately increased the life span of diseased mice. The tumor regression was incomplete, because of which,the scientists suggest that 5g needs combinational compounds to increase its efficiency. “We have identified a novel inhibitor of cell cycle and provide evidence at proof of principle level that 5g can be developed as a potent anticancer molecule for chemotherapy”, they say.
This study was done at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, University of Mysore in Mysuru, and Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology in Bangalore. It was supported by IISc-Department of Biotechnology partnership. The research team included Mahesh Hegde, Supriya VVartak, Chandagirikoppal VKavitha, HanumappaAnanda, Doddakunche SPrasanna, VidyaGopalakrishnan, BibhaChoudhary, Kanchugarakoppal, S Rangappa, and Sathees C Raghavan.
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Bangladesh's heavy rainfall examined with NASA's IMERG
At least 156 people in Bangladesh were killed during the past week by landslides and floods caused by heavy rainfall. NASA calculated the amount of rain that has fallen using data from satellites.
Monsoon rainfall has been especially heavy over this area that includes southeastern Bangladesh, northeastern India and western Burma (Myanmar). This disaster follows quickly on the heels of deadly cyclone Mora which hit the same area a couple weeks ago.
This rainfall analysis was made at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland using NASA's near-real time Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) data. GPM is the Global Precipitation Measurement mission satellite and constellation of satellites that are managed by both NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency or JAXA.
Those IMERG data were assembled during the period from June 12 to 14, 2017. The heaviest rainfall accumulation estimates by IMERG were located over southeastern Bangladesh. IMERG estimates indicated that landslide inducing rainfall totals there were greater than 510 mm (20 inches).
Monsoon rainfall is expected to continue to effect the area. IMERG rainfall totals have been adjusted to reflect observed values in other similar extreme rainfall events.
For more information about GPM, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/gpm
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Burmese Days is set in 1920s imperial Burma, in the fictional district of Kyauktada. As the story opens U Po Kyin, a corrupt Burmese magistrate, is planning to destroy the reputation of the Indian Dr. Veraswami. The Doctor's main protection is his friendship with John Flory who, as a pukka sahib (European white man), has higher prestige. Dr.Veraswami wants the privilege of becoming a member of the British club because he thinks that if his standing with the Europeans is good, U Po Kyin's intrigues against him will not prevail. U Po Kyin begins a campaign to persuade the Europeans that the doctor holds disloyal, anti-British opinions, and believes anonymous letters with false stories about the doctor 'will work wonders.' He even sends a subtly threatening letter to Flory.
John Flory is a jaded 35-year-old teak merchant. Responsible three weeks of every month for the 'excavation' of jungle timber, he is friendless among his fellow Europeans and is unmarried. He has a ragged crescent of a birthmark on his face. Flory has become disillusioned with his lifestyle, living in a tiresome expatriate community centred round the European Club in a remote part of the country. On the other hand he has become so embedded in Burma that it is impossible for him to leave and return to England. Veraswami and Flory are good friends, and Flory often visits the doctor for what the latter delightedly calls 'cultured conversation.' In these conversations Flory details his disillusionment with the Empire. The doctor for his part becomes agitated whenever Flory criticises the Raj and defends the British as great administrators who have built an efficient and unrivalled Empire. Flory dismisses these administrators as mere moneymakers, living a lie, "the lie that we're here to uplift our poor black brothers instead of to rob them." Though he finds release with his Burmese mistress, Flory is emotionally dissatisfied. "On the one hand, Flory loves Burma and craves a partner who will share his passion, which the other local Europeans find incomprehensible; on the other hand, for essentially racist reasons, Flory feels that only a European woman is acceptable as a partner. "
His dilemma seems to be answered when Elizabeth Lackersteen, the orphaned niece of Mr Lackersteen, the local timber firm manager, arrives. Flory saves her when she thinks she is about to be attacked by a small water buffalo. He is immediately taken with her and they spend some time getting close, culminating in a highly successful shooting expedition. After several misses Elizabeth shoots a pigeon, and then a flying bird, and Flory shoots a leopard, promising the skin to Elizabeth as a trophy. Lost in romantic fantasy, Flory imagines Elizabeth to be the sensitive non-racist he so much desires, the European woman who will "understand him and give him the companionship he needed." He turns Ma Hla May, his pretty, scheming Burmese concubine, out of his house. Under the surface, however, Elizabeth is appalled by Flory's relatively egalitarian attitude towards the natives, seeing them as 'beastly' while Flory extolls the virtues of their rich culture. She is frightened and repelled by the Burmese. Worse still are Flory's interests in high art and literature which remind Elizabeth of her boondoggling mother who died in disgrace in Paris of ptomaine poisoning as a result of living in squalorous conditions whilst masquerading as a bohemian artist. Despite these reservations, of which Flory is entirely unaware, she is willing to marry him to escape poverty, spinsterhood and the unwelcome advances of her perpetually inebriated uncle.
Flory is about to ask her to marry him, when they are interrupted firstly by her aunt and secondly by an earthquake. Mrs. Lackersteen's interruption is deliberate because she has discovered that a military police lieutenant named Verrall is arriving in Kyauktada. As he comes from an extremely good family, she sees him as a better prospect as a husband for Elizabeth. Mrs. Lackersteen tells Elizabeth that Flory is keeping a Burmese mistress as a deliberate ploy to send her to Verrall. Indeed, Flory had been keeping a mistress, but had dismissed her almost the moment Elizabeth had arrived. No matter, Elizabeth is appalled and falls at the first opportunity for Verrall, who is arrogant and ill-mannered to all but her. Flory is devastated and after a period of exile attempts to make amends by delivering to her the leopard skin but an inexpert curing process has left the skin mangy and stinking and the gesture merely compounds his status as a poor suitor. When Flory delivers it to Elizabeth she accepts it regardless of the fact that it reeks and he talks over their previous relationship telling her he still loves her. She responds by telling him that unfortunately the feelings aren't mutual and leaves the house to go horse riding with Verrall. When Flory and Elizabeth both part their ways, Mrs. Lackersteen orders the servants to burn the reeking leopard skin, representing the deterioration of Flory and Elizabeth's relationship.
U Po Kyin's campaign against Dr. Veraswami turns out to be intended simply to further his aim of becoming a member of the European Club in Kyauktada. The club has been put under pressure to elect a native member and Dr. Veraswami is the most likely candidate. U Po Kyin arranges the escape of a prisoner and plans a rebellion for which he intends that Dr. Veraswami should get the blame. The rebellion begins and is quickly put down, but a native rebel is killed by acting Divisional Forest Officer, Maxwell. Rising to unexpected courage Flory speaks up for Dr. Veraswami and proposes him as a member of the Club. At this moment the body of Maxwell, cut almost to pieces with dahs by two relatives of the man he had shot, is brought back to the town. This creates a tension between the Burmese and the Europeans which is exacerbated by a vicious attack on native children by the spiteful arch-racist timber merchant, Ellis. A large but ineffectual anti-British riot begins and Flory becomes the hero for bringing it under control with some support by Dr. Veraswami. U Po Kyin tries to claim credit but is disbelieved and Dr. Veraswami's prestige is restored.
Verrall leaves Kyauktada without even saying goodbye to Elizabeth and she falls for Flory again. Flory is happy and plans to marry Elizabeth. However, U Po Kyin has not given up; he hires Flory's former Burmese mistress to create a scene in front of Elizabeth during the sermon at Sunday church. Flory is disgraced and Elizabeth refuses to have anything more to do with him. Overcome by the loss and seeing no future for himself, Flory kills himself and his dog.
Dr. Veraswami is demoted and sent to a different district and U Po Kyin is elected to the Club. U Po Kyin's plans have succeeded and he plans to redeem his life and cleanse his sins by financing pagodas. He dies of apoplexy before he can even start on building the first pagoda and his wife envisages him returning to life as a frog or rat. Elizabeth eventually marries Macgregor, the Deputy Commissioner and lives happily in contempt of the natives, who in turn live in fear of her, fulfilling her destiny of becoming a "burra memsahib" [respectful term given to white European women].
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Letters & Forms for Parents
Below are the forms you can download and print for your records/completion.
Reading at Perryfields
When children start at Perryfields Junior School, we endeavour to strengthen the positive experiences that they have already had, at home and at infant school, by immersing them in the amazing world of great quality children’s literature. We have a variety of Reading Scheme Books, which support phonics teaching and build a secure sight vocabulary. In Year 3, the children will read their books at school to an adult every week and this forms part of the assessment process. For those children who experience difficulties, an intervention of daily reading will be set up. As children become more confident readers, books will become more challenging to ensure progress is rapid. We encourage children to develop a life-long love of books and reading. Being a successful reader underpins all areas of learning so the children are expected to read in all lessons. Our home-school agreement outlines the expectation that children will also read every night at home. This partnership is integral when supporting children with reading. We have a well-stocked library, which is audited and maintained regularly, that the children enjoying visiting weekly, choosing a book to take home to share.
During 9 and 9:30am, we have our reading carousel. This is made up of one spelling session per week which is based on the scheme: No Nonsense Spelling. The scheme embraces the knowledge of spelling conventions such as the patterns and rules but also places great emphasis on the learning of statutory words, common exceptions and personal spellings. Children who experience difficulty with spelling will take part in a personalised spelling programme where they will focus on learning high frequency words.
The remaining reading carousel sessions see children completing: a read and speed write activity (pre-learning), a teacher led comprehension or an independent comprehension. The comprehensions are carefully chosen and challenging. The sessions involve discussion and questioning whilst the teacher hears the children read aloud, followed by children answering a set of varied questions.
Once a week, we have a reading comprehension lesson. These sessions are whole class comprehensions and usually linked to our writing topics where possible. They are teacher/discussion led. We read the text together, questioning and discussing as we read and then answer questions as a class – involving all children by differentiating questions appropriately and sharing model answers.
Click on the links below to download the recommended reading lists
Recommended books for Year 3_Perryfields
Recommended books for Year 4_Perryfields
Recommended books for Year 5_Perryfields
Recommended books for Year 6_Perryfields
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September is National Cholesterol Education Awareness Month. High cholesterol usually doesn't have any symptoms. As a result, many people do not know that their cholesterol levels are too high and are putting them at an increased risk for heart disease and stroke. However, your doctor can do a simple blood test to check your cholesterol. It is also important to remember that in addition to older adults, children and young adults can have high cholesterol too.
What is cholesterol? - Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in your body and many foods. Your body needs cholesterol to function normally and makes all that you need. However, if you have too much cholesterol it can build up in your arteries and after a while, these deposits narrow your arteries putting you at risk for disease.
How often should you have your cholesterol checked? - The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends that adults aged 20 years or older have their cholesterol checked every 5 years.
Preventive guidelines for cholesterol screening among young adults differ, but experts agree on the need to screen young adults who have other risk factors for coronary heart disease: obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and family history
Can children and adolescents have high cholesterol? - Yes. High cholesterol can develop in early childhood and adolescence, and your risk increases as your weight increases. It is important for children over 2 years of age to have their cholesterol checked, if they are overweight/obese, have a family history of high cholesterol, a family history of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or certain chronic conditions (chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, congenital heart disease, and childhood cancer survivorship).
If you have high cholesterol, what can you do to lower it? - Your doctor may prescribe medications to treat your high cholesterol. In addition; you can lower your cholesterol levels through lifestyle changes:
The Medical Associates administrative staff has over ninety years of collective experience in leading health care teams...View Employment Opportunities
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Official State Butterfly of Oklahoma
Oklahoma designated the black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenesis) as the official state butterfly in 1996. Oklahoma is a home to a wide variety of colorful butterflies. The black swallowtail is a migratory species indigenous to Oklahoma from May to October. All State Insects
Quote from Oklahoma legislation: "The black swallowtail butterfly plays a vital role in the cross-pollination of plant life in Oklahoma, which is a necessary link in the chain which supports our ecology. In addition, the presence of the black swallowtail in Oklahoma not only adds color and beauty to our state but provides enjoyment for our citizens and an opportunity to study and understand the contributions this insect makes to our environment."
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President Obama will likely finish his term as one of the wordiest State of the Union speakers in US history.
If his final speech on Tuesday keeps pace with past addresses, it will be around 7,000 words — the second-highest average of any US president. The only commander in chief who would outdo him? The historically long-winded improviser Bill Clinton.
Obama has averaged about 6,800 words per speech, while Clinton tipped the scale at about 7,600. Only Calvin Coolidge and his 6,700-word average comes close.
Here are a few more trends:
- Modern presidents have kept speeches fairly lengthy, with only Jimmy Carter and Franklin D. Roosevelt keeping their average under 4,000 words. But Carter did sometimes supplement his speeches with a written message to Congress, including a 35,000-word opus in 1981 as he left office.
- These long, written messages aren't out of line with history. The Constitution never says a president has to speak, so for 112 years — from Thomas Jefferson to William Howard Taft — the State of the Union was a written message. In 1912 Woodrow Wilson changed that, and a speech became the norm.
- Things weren't always this long-winded. George Washington and John Adams, the first two presidents, made 2,000-word speeches to Congress. And because the Constitution never says the president has to make a speech, Thomas Jefferson chose instead to write 3,000 words.
- Written State of the Unions got really long after Jefferson, almost always topping 10,000 words.
- Harry Truman brought back the long written message in 1946, after a year in which the US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, World War II ended, and President Roosevelt died in office. Truman spent much of the message outlining economic policy.
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Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989.
Abraham Lincoln (180965)
Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.
President Abraham Lincoln, annual message to Congress, December 3, 1861.The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, vol. 5, p. 52 (1953).
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Pen and Sword
A History of Women's Lives in OxfordCode:
Underneath the dreaming spires of Oxford's world-famous university, generations of women have lived their lives, fighting for the right to study there, and for a role within the city's educational, political and social spheres. Although a few of these women's names have been recorded for posterity, they have been largely because of their association with worthy or famous men; in this book, though, their own lives are detailed, along with those who have been largely omitted from history. Women's lives have always been less recorded than those of men; where a woman helped her husband with his business, this help may not have been formally recorded in the census returns, and the details of jobs recorded there might not reflect the full scale of women's work and responsibilities. So here, learn about the variety of work women undertook; their education, their social lives, and their attempts to carve out a valuable role for themselves. Learn too of the problems they faced in living their lives: poverty, prison, suicide, or even murder. This is no pretty picture of Oxford life designed for tourist brochures; instead, it aims to take a snapshot of the varied experiences of the city's female population over the course of a century.
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This chapter departs rather sharply from the previous ones, which focused
on the legal and historical aspects of American government, and concentrates instead on the somewhat less concrete
notion of political culture,
or the inherited set of beliefs, attitudes, and opinions people (in this
case, Americans) have about how their government ought to operate. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each
of the following:
- Define what scholars mean by political culture, and list some of the dominant aspects of political culture in the United States.
- Discuss how U.S. citizens compare with those of other countries in their
- List the contributions to U.S. political culture made by the Revolution, by the nation's religious heritages, and by the family. Explain the apparent absence of
class consciousness in this country.
- Explain why some observers are quite concerned about the growth of mistrust
in government and why others regard this mistrust as normal and healthy.
- Define internal and external feelings of political efficacy, and explain how the level of each of these has varied over the past generation.
- Explain why a certain level of political tolerance is necessary in the conduct
of democratic politics, and review the evidence that indicates just how much
political tolerance exists in this country. Agree or disagree with the text's conclusion that no group is truly free of political intolerance.
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Coping With Climate: Legal Innovation in the Absence of Full Reform
In sum, global warming is shaping a future that promises to be a lot hotter, wetter, and drier, resulting in both sudden and gradual changes in the structure, and amount, of land. The rate and intensity of anthropogenic climate change is producing complicated risks for society, propelling us toward what has been called a “no-analog” future that will demand new ways of coping with environmental disruption and new ways of building resilience. The federal and state governments must act responsibly to protect particularly vulnerable populations, deter development that will inevitably put people more at risk, and assess the cause of climate change in a comprehensive plan - a plan which contemplates all of the variances that the phenomena of human-induced, rapid changes in climate is likely to produce.
III. A Federal Strategy
Without congressional action to handle climate change, federal action will come from the White House and administrative agencies. From this federal level, policymaking has focused almost exclusively on mitigation efforts. President Obama expressed this intention in the Climate Action Plan (the “Plan”).13 The Plan focuses on making significant adjustments to the energy sector, with the objective of decreasing carbon pollution and supporting clean energy technology.14 The administration has tugged at the purse strings of big coal and other indust
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This article appears in:
Climate Change Law and Regulations: Planning for a Carbon-Constrained Regulatory Environment
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A drug to treat Restless Legs Syndrome has become the first to be granted a European licence.
Restless leg can disturb sleep
The condition, a disorder of the nerves, causes a tingling, itching sensation, and unexplained aches and pains in the lower limbs.
It has been estimated that it affects as many as 10% of the population.
The new drug, Mirapexin, has been approved for use by the European Medicines Agency to treat moderate or severe cases.
There are currently no other medications licensed for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in the UK.
RLS, also known as Ekbom's syndrome, can affect one or both legs, and symptoms are sometimes felt in the arms as well.
They are most likely to be experienced at night, occasionally meaning the sufferer cannot fall asleep easily, and will often have a strong desire to get up and walk about.
Another symptom associated with RLS are involuntary leg movements, particularly when asleep, which can lead to the sufferer kicking out and waking either themselves or their sleeping partner.
US research found people with diabetes were at particular risk, as were those who did little exercise.
Some symptoms can be relieved by applying heat pads. The condition can also be prevented by cutting down on alcohol and caffeine.
Dr Ray Chaudhuri is a consultant neurologist and head of the National RLS Clinic at King's College Hospital, London - the only specialist clinic of its type in the UK.
He said the lack of sleep associated with restless leg syndrome could have profound implications.
"The disruption can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness, compromised work performance and significantly impact on quality of life.
"The consequences of constant sleep interruptions can be devastating for some people, as the tiredness and lack of concentration can led to depression.
"There is a real need for effective treatments and the introduction of Mirapexin is very welcome news for patients more severely affected by the condition."
However, Dr Chaudhuri said only around 500,000 of the estimated 4m sufferers in the UK were likely to benefit from the drug.
He said doctors currently treated the condition with a range of drugs, but none of these had been licensed.
Some doctors were reluctant to use these medications, as they were used, in much bigger doses, to treat Parkinson's patients.
Mirapexin, produced by Boehringer Ingelheim, is unlikely to be considered by the NHS drug watchdog, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, for at least a year.
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Wed, 6 September 2017
Raising Ocean Awareness through any means may not be enough to be successful at conserving and protecting the Ocean. I know! I was surprised to hear that as well. We often watch documentaries or participate in campaigns that try to raise awareness of Ocean issues, but they are not as effective (all of the time) in doing what is necessary: Change the behaviours of people to protect the Ocean from harm.
The documentary "Chasing Coral" is a prime example. The movie did a great job to explain and highlight the devastating impact rising sea surface temperatures (from climate change) are having on corals; however, the film did not tell people how they could change their behaviour to reduce their contribution to climate change. The result was a whole lot of people feeling depressed about the Ocean without any guidance on how to change what was happening.
Brian Day knows how to use a tool that is used by Coke to make them a corporate giant. The tool is called marketing and it's purpose is to change people's behaviour for a specific result. In Coke's case, they would like people to drink their product to make them feel happy. In the Ocean's case, Brian wants people to change a certain behaviour to stop the action the people were taking to further harm the Ocean. Sounds like common sense, right?
Unfortunately, not everyone one or every organization uses marketing in an effective way to change the world for social good, i.e. Social Marketing. Brian knows how to though and it works under the right circumstances.
Brian explains how to use social marketing to change people's behaviour around the Ocean to protect it in this episode.
Enjoy the Podcast!!!
Let me know what you think of the episode by joining our Facebook Group for the Podcast.
Support Speak Up For Blue's Efforts to create a free pr=resource program for Ocean Citizen Scientists to help move Marine Science and Conservation forward by collecting information for various Citizen Science program. Contribute to our Patreon Campaign
Direct download: SUFB_S365_ChangingBehaviourAroundTheOceanWithBrianDay.mp3
Category:Social Marketing -- posted at: 8:00am EDT
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Composite structure of silken threads and a proteinaceous hydrogel which form the diving bell wall of the water spider Agyroneta aquatica
© Neumann and Kureck; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 8 February 2013
Accepted: 2 May 2013
Published: 16 May 2013
The unique ability of Argyroneta aquatica to form a diving bell web was re-examined using a new approach in a structurally simplified environment. The spiders generated sheet-webs from stiff, anchored threads and bundles of fine threads crossing each other, to which a hydrogel was added in several places. Due to the hydrophilic property of the web, small air bubbles could not pass this composite and remained perfectly spherical at the contact point. As revealed using Coomassie Brilliant Blue, the hydrogel and the silken threads are proteinaceous. The spider uses the web as a diving bell by transporting air bubbles to a small area underneath such a sheet-web, and by additional spinning activities. As revealed by light microscopy, the composite of threads and hydrogel is free of any meshes. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy shows only remnants of the hydrogel.
KeywordsWater spider Sheet-webs Composite structure Proteinaceous hydrogel Diving bell construction
The palearctic diving bell spider, Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck 1757) (Araneae: Cybaeidae) is the only spider which lives and hunts submerged among water plants in ponds, ditches and lakes. Fine hydrophobic hairs on the abdomen (opisthosoma) hold a thin layer of air (a plastron) which enables the spider to breathe with its book lungs and tracheal system under water. In contrast to other spiders which hunt in an aquatic environment, this mainly nocturnal species is unique in spending its whole life under water. This is achieved by the use of a special web which is formed into a diving bell, the spider’s centre for rest and reproduction. By means of its plastron, the spider transports air from the water surface to a submersed horizontal sheet-web, thus forming and filling the bell (Braun 1931Wesenberg-Lund 1939Crome 1951Heinzberger 1974Masumoto et al. 1998;Nuridsany and Pérennou , Nuridsany and Pérennou Nuridsany and Pérennou 2004). Both sexes can make diving bells, but the sexes meet and copulate in the bell of the more sessile and smaller female; eggs are kept in a separate bell. This diving bell also functions as a physical gill (Schütz and Taborsky 2003;Schütz et al. , Schütz et al. Schütz et al. 2007Kehl and Dettner 2009Matthews and Seymour 2010Seymour and Hetz 2011). The fine structure of the diving bell wall was studied by De Bakker et al. (2006) and by Woermann (2010). On the basis of scanning electron microscopy studies, De Bakker et al. (2006) described different sizes of silken threads which form the diving bell wall and noticed “that a kind of film was present, draped over and woven between the strands. It is not certain whether this film is produced by the spider (serving probably as a water repellent layer) or deposited by other aquatic organisms” (p.139). The aim of the present study was to clarify the origin and role of this film.
Material and methods
Adult specimens of Argyroneta aquatica were collected from a garden pond near Cologne and from a densely populated location in Upper Franconia.
The spiders were fed every 2–3 days with Daphnia magna or Gammarus sp. One female successfully reproduced within its diving bell, resulting in about fifty offspring during the winter months.
Light-microscopic images of wet and air-dried sheet-webs and diving bells (Figure 1E-H) were scanned with a ZEISS Axiophot2, combined with the digital image processing system Axiovision. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures were taken in two different ways: with a Hitachi S 520 after gold-coating of dried samples en vacuo (Inst. Physical Chemistry), and with a Fei Quanta FEG 250 (Zoological Institute) in which the wet sheet-webs could be directly exposed without previous fixation or coating.
Small gas bubbles released below the sheet-web from a fine Hamilton syringe were used to test the permeability of the new web.
The proteinaceous property of both the threads and the hydrogel of fresh, wet sheet-webs and diving bells was tested with a specific Coomassie stain. After fixation in a mixture of 10% AcOH and 50% MeOH equivalents for at least 6 hrs, the material was stained in this liquid with 0.2% ‘Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250′ in 0.12 mol AcOH in 50% MeOH equivalent for at least 30 min, followed by a decolouration over two steps in 10% AcOH in 20% MeOH equivalents for about 8 hrs. Finally, the sample was transferred into distilled water (Bradford 1976).
Construction of sheet-webs
During the first night all spiders produced a horizontal web of variable size. Figure 1A shows a two-night-old web with a small diving bell and tunnel-like pathways near the glass wall.
Spiders which had already started to spin in daylight began with single, tightly stretched anchor threads (thickness up to 1.8 μm). These were set between crossing sticks or between a stick and the glass wall. The anchor threads were fixed by a small blob of ‘cement’ visible on the glass wall. The spiders continued to add bundles of smaller, parallel threads (0.5–1.0 μm thick) between these strong threads, or between the anchor threads and the sticks (Figure 1E). In this way, a coarse scaffold for a horizontal sheet-web was formed within 2–4 hours. In most cases it was still permeable for small gas bubbles (1–2 mm in diameter) released below the web by a micropipette. However, during the first night, such web compartments were functionally completed far enough that no bubbles could pass (Figure 1C).
Fine structure of horizontal sheet-webs and diving bell walls
Components of sheet-webs and diving bells
There was no structural difference between a completed sheet-web and a new diving bell wall without further reinforcements. In both structures, a few anchor threads were sometimes split into fine threads (Figure 1H, arrow).
Wetting property of sheet-webs and diving bell wall
Figure 1C shows three small air bubbles below a sheet-web and in contact with its surface. The bubbles have a spherical form, indicating that the value of the effective contact angle θe at the point of the three phase contact water/air/sheet-web is close to zero. Similar characteristics are found in diving bells after the water spider has brought the first air bubbles underneath a small sheet-web during the very early stages of the construction.
Extension and layer thickness
A diving bell could be formed as soon as the horizontal sheet-web was filled with hydrogel. The air volume was enlarged step by step, whereby the anchored sheet-web lifted slightly due to the buoyancy of the air underneath. After two nights the bell was big enough for the spider to rest in (Figure 1B). Further spinning activities at its inner side reinforced the wall. Anchor threads and part of the remaining sheet-web (see Figure 1B) stabilized the growing bell.
The sheet-webs in our experiments were considerably larger than those found under more natural conditions, in some cases up to about 80 cm2 (Figure 1A). This demonstrates the capacity of the spiders’ silk glands. The thickness of these sheet-webs could not be assessed because various layers of threads were superimposed. The walls of a new diving bell (mounted by a polyethylene net with 0.8 mm mesh size on a microscope slide in water) were about 40 μm thick (n = 15). However, such a preparation did not represent a functionally intact diving bell wall, since the wall was not stretched by the internal pressure of the air volume. The real layer thickness of the diving bell’s wall should be far less, presumably about 10 μm, even if strengthened by further spinning secretions.
Fine structure of dry sheet-webs and diving bells
Sheet-webs and the walls of diving bells quickly lose their hydrogel-like appearance and become perforated when they dehydrate (Figure 2, left). The hydrogel shrinks, but membranous-like pieces remain between crossing threads. Thin threads can break. Attempts to rehydrate a dehydrated web failed.
An even stronger drying effect occurred during the gold coating process (for taking SEM-images with a Hitachi model). Figure 2 (right) shows the framework of various dried threads and the membranous remains of the dried hydrogel between the thin threads. Without gold coating, one could continuously follow this drying process in a Fei Quanta FEG Scanning microscope (Figure 2, middle). The linear threads became increasingly thin. When a thread tore, the ends were pulled back towards their points of attachment and swelled to several times their extended diameter, demonstrating their elasticity. The strong anchor threads generally shrank to about 0.5 μm in diameter, while the smaller ones shrank to 0.14–0.23 μm before they tore.
The spherical form of air bubbles caught under a sheet-web or inside a new bell indicated that the value of the effective contact angle θe at the point of the three phase contact water/air/sheet-web was close to zero, confirming a physical argument according to which the surface of the wall must be hydrophilic (Woermann 2010).
The proteinaceous hydrogel, which is described here for the first time, corresponds in its properties to an ensemble of hydrophilic macromolecules forming a network in water. We assume that the solid fragments which can be seen in the SEM-pictures published by De Bakker et al. (2006) are remains of this hydrophilic hydrogel component. Several questions about the hydrogel remain open for further investigations, foremost concerning its chemical constitution. Is it some liquid silk, as primarily produced in the spinning apparatus glands, but without further structural differentiation? Or is it a glycoprotein secreted by a distinct type of spinneret gland? The pronounced hydrophilicity of both the silk threads and the hydrogel should also be the subject of further investigation. The new method of keeping the spiders offers the possibility of gaining sufficient amounts of the secreted products.
Argyroneta aquatica has three pairs of spinnerets with a large number of spigots (Foelix 1996). One has to assume that all components of the composite are products of the silk glands. However, the relationships between the components of the composite and distinct spigots or silk glands have not yet been analysed, nor has the mechanism by which the fine threads become twisted to a strong anchor thread been investigated yet (or vice versa).
The diving bell has to withstand a hydrostatic pressure difference corresponding to the pressure exerted by a vertical water column of up to several decimetres, and its wall must remain expandable. At the same time, it has the function of a physical gill. The observed combination of threads in the hydrogel which connects them like a flexible binder clearly meets this requirement. During the stepwise enlargement of the diving bell, Argyroneta aquatica reinforces it by further spinning on its inner wall. Since all components of the composite are hydrophilic, the adhesive forces between threads and hydrogel contribute to the stability of the bell wall, and the hydrogel can patch up areas of the wall and improve its stability. The adhesive forces between the components are documented by SEM-pictures taken during the drying process (Figure 2, middle). It is possible that the hydrogel also lowers the hydrodynamic permeability of the wall, thus suppressing a convective volume flow across the wall, and may retard the gas exchange between the air volume of the diving bell and the external water. Hence, the air-water interface at the open bottom of the diving bell might be important for the overall balance of the gas transfer, as recorded by Seymour and Hetz (2011). A retarded gas transfer via the bell wall may be an advantage for the resting spider when low pO2−values occur on warm summer nights and could reduce the number of the spiders’ trips to the surface to collect fresh air.
Over the course of this study conducted at the University of Cologne, I benefited from the support I received from Prof. Dr. H. Arndt of the Zoological Institute and from members of the Institute of Physical Chemistry: Prof. Dr. K. Meerholz allowed the use of the scanning electron microscope, the research group of Prof. Dr. R. Strey offered technical assistance, Dr. H. Belkura carried out dynamic light-scattering experiments. Further SEM recordings were made with the SEM equipment of the Zoological Institute, with assistance from H.-P. Bollhagen. Optical microscopic scans were done in an Axioplane under guidance of B. Graefe. Prof. Dr. L. Jaenicke of the Institute of Biochemistry provided me with the staining equipment for the Coomassie Blue reaction. Nothing could have been achieved without the Argyroneta specimens collected by Dr. A. Kureck. After unsuccessful searches at various locations, several spiders were caught in the Schwarzenweiher/Upper Franconia with the friendly assistance of Prof. K. Dettner (Dept. of Entomology, University Bayreuth) who also arranged for the Governmental Allowance to collect some specimens of this protected species. The photographer S. Werth (Cologne Biocentre) assisted with the macro-photographs and the compilation of the plates, Dipl. Biol. Frederic Bartlett with linguistic comments. Last but not least, Prof. em. Dr. D. Woermann (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Univ. Cologne) accompanied the study with stimulating discussions. All their help and support is gratefully acknowledged.
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- De Bakker D, Baetens K, Van Nimmen E, Gelyneck K, Meretens J, Van Langenhove L, Kiekens P: Description of the structure of different silk threads produced by the water spider Argyroneta aquatica Clerck, 1757 (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Belg J Zool 2006, 136: 137-143.Google Scholar
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- Heinzberger R: Verhaltensphyiologische Untersuchungen an Argyroneta aquatica Cl. Universität Bonn, Diss; 1974.Google Scholar
- Kehl S, Dettner K: Surviving submerged-setal tracheal gills for gas exchange in adult rheophilic diving beetles. J Morphology 2009, 270: 1348-1355. 10.1002/jmor.10762View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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I have been trying to greatly reduce or eliminate the contour-like texture that appears in my output from
gdaldem slope. The image, below, demonstrates this textural effect.
The texture of the slope values appears to follow the contours, making a terraced effect. I am curious, does this output reflect a reasonable calculation of slope (e.g. reasonable isoclines)? Or are these patterns an artifact?
Is it possible that I will not be able to eliminate this effect because this texture is present in the original DEM (image, below)?
I have tried a number of suggestions for reducing patterns in the slope values, for instance:
- warping (reprojecting) the DEM so that the vertical units match the horizontal units (as suggested in Slope analysis from NED data gives crazy histogram?)
- warping (reprojecting) the DEM, as above, but using different resampling methods (as suggested in What is the source of horizontal and vertical striping in USGS DEMs?)
- using various "ratio of vertical units to horizontal" values in
gdaldem slope(e.g. 111120 or 370400, as suggested in Getting incorrect slope values from an ASTER DEM in QGIS?)
Also, I have seen this texture in many other slope rasters, see for example:
- aldo_tapia's Slope results in Hillshade shows grid texture artifacts)
- This link to a blog about Curvature
Any ideas on what causes this?
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STANDARD — If your school or district uses Common Core, below is the exact standard addressed. (Even you use some other standards, I bet you still teach multiplication!)
Interpret products of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 5 × 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7 objects each.
Funny thing about word problems – they’re all around us but students don’t recognize that fact because they aren’t presented that way. So, here is a really quick lesson plan for you. First, have your students watch this video on building a model to solve a problem.
After watching the video, give this example ….
The first example in the video can be rewritten as a word problem like this:
You have five carts to fill. Each cart can hold 12 robes. How many total buffalo robes can you put in the five carts?
Now that your students have a model, ask them to rewrite the second example in the video, with putting books in boxes, as a word problem.
They’ve had an example of you putting something into a word problem. They’ve used the basis of a word problem to create their own example. The third step is to have them write their own word problem.
Fourth, have students share their word problems with another student and see if he or she understands it.
At the end of the period, collect all the students’ problems and use several of these for your next quiz or review.
You can use this PowerPoint from the video if you want to review points and add the problem at the end, or if you just work for one of those oppressive schools that won’t allow you to access YouTube.
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Raising a boy and a girl in 2013 is challenging in many regards. What do I wish for my daughter and my son? How do I want them to grow up? What images of themselves as a girl and as a boy do they have or will they have in the future? And is there a way for me to support them in their right of self-determination in our gender biased society?
Thus, I want to think about and disclose presentation and representation of gender today. How is gender depicted in our everyday life? How is gender performed nowadays? How is gender abused and for what aims?
– This blog attempts to disclose gender biased representation in text and image –
A few words on the blog’s title and why I chose this neologism:
As a noun, genderfail discloses when one’s gender is being failed in the sense of misrepresentation (e.g. girls = pink; boys = blue). As a verb, genderfail identifies incidents of consciously “failing” (in) one’s gender as a (performative) means of reinterpretation (i.e. to fail “doing” one’s gender. Cf. Judith Butler Gender Trouble, 1990, and Undoing Gender, 2004, et al.). As an imperative, genderfail is a call to appropriate texts and images “foreign” to one’s gender as an act of self-determination and a manifesto of diversity.
Fail (in doing) your gender to perform gender autonomy.
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The term alcoholic is one that is bandied about regularly; however, the recognition of alcoholism as a disease is relatively recent.
In fact it was 70 years ago last week that Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was first founded, based on a moral model of alcoholism, offering a spiritual framework for understanding, accepting and recovering from alcohol abuse.
In the late 1950s, the American Medical Association recognised alcoholism as an illness, and in the mid-1970s, alcoholism was redefined as a chronic, progressive and potentially fatal disease.
Since that time, the definition has expanded and there is a greater understanding of the condition, but through it all Alcoholics Anonymous has consistently been one of the greatest supports for many people who have alcohol problems.
A New York stockbroker and a surgeon from Ohio who both battled with alcohol addiction were the founding fathers of AA. The stockbroker, known only as Bill W, had overcome his drink problem by attending meetings of a fellowship organisation called the Oxford Group.
With the support of the group, which promoted the idea that daily life should be led according to spiritual values, Bill became sober and began offering support to other alcoholics in his local hospital.
When he met Dr Bob he convinced him that alcoholism was a disease caused by a malady of mind, emotions and body and with his support the surgeon started his journey of recovery.
Together the couple, with another former alcoholic they had helped at the hospital, became the first Alcoholics Anonymous fellowship or support group.
In 1939, Bill wrote what was to become the AA bible -“ a textbook called Alcoholics Anonymous which spelt out the 12 steps of recovery.
The Alcoholic Foundation was established and subsequent fundraising efforts were successful -“ enough money was collected to open a small office in New York to take enquiries and sell copies of the book.
Within two years, and following wide publicity, membership of AA had spread across the US and Canada and by 1950 it had reached other parts of the globe with an international membership of more than 100,000 recovered alcoholics.
Today its membership has reached the two million mark with groups in 150 countries.
Many people in the alcohol and other drugs field do not use the word alcoholic, preferring the term alcohol dependent, and it is important to remember that this sort of support group is not for everyone. Some people have issues with the concept of a belief in a higher power and as a result find AA confronting.
However, AA says that everyone defines this power as he or she wishes. Many people call it God, others think it is the AA group, still others don’t believe in it at all. There appears to be room in AA for people of all shades of belief and non-belief.
If you believe you may have a problem with your drinking and want information on any of the services available in your local area, you can call the Alcohol and Drug Information Service on 9361 8000.
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Suicide rates tend to rise in a bad economy and decline in periods of economic expansion, new research shows.
From the Great Depression to the double-dip recession of the 1980s, suicide rates have shown a spike in economic downturns, according to a study the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released last week. And early data suggest that’s likely to be the case in the most recent economic shock as well.
In 11 of the 13 recessions that occurred between 1928 and 2007, the rate of suicides ticked up, according to the study. Meanwhile, as the economy improved, the suicide rate usually dropped, falling in 10 of the 13 expansions.
The largest jump in the suicide rate took place during the Great Depression, when it soared to an all-time high of 22.1 suicides per 100,000 individuals. That was a 22.8% increase in 1932 from 1928.
“Economic problems can impact how people feel about themselves and their futures as well as their relationships with family and friends. Economic downturns can also disrupt entire communities,” Feijun Luo, the study’s lead author, said in a release. “We know suicide is not caused by any one factor – it is often a combination of many that lead to suicide.”
Relatively few studies have been conducted to show the link between economic downturns and suicide, and the CDC’s study is the first to study how suicide rates varied among age groups. It found that recessions had the greatest impact on suicide rates among working-age individuals, those 25 to 64-years-old.
“This may be partly explained by the fact that many of those people were breadwinners in their homes…Therefore, job loss may cause more hardships to those people than to others,” the report states.
Suicide was the 11th leading cause of death in 2007, the latest government tally available. Some 34,598 committed suicide in 2007, up 3.7% from a year earlier.
Still, suicide accounts for a relatively small share of deaths in the U.S. — 1.4% in 2007. Heart disease and cancer are among the most common causes, making up nearly half of all deaths in 2007.
For more information on suicide prevention click here. To reach the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline call 1-800-273-TALK.
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This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
And thus spake one, to justify his fears:
' No other deeds the fates laid up in store
' When Marius,1 victor over Teuton hosts,
' Afric's high conqueror, cast out from Rome,
'Lay hid in marshy ooze, at thy behest,
' O Fortune! by the yielding soil concealed
' And waving rushes; but ere long the chains
' Of prison wore his weak and aged frame,
' And lengthened squalor: thus he paid for crime
' His punishment beforehand; doomed to die
' Consul in triumph over wasted Rome.
'Death oft refused him; and the very foe,
' In act of slaughter, shuddered in the stroke
' And dropped the weapon from his nerveless hand.
' For through the prison gloom a flame of light
' He saw; the deities of crime abhorred;
' The Marius to come. A voice proclaimed
' Mysterious, " Hold! the fates permit thee not
' " That neck to sever. Many a death he owes
' " To time's predestined laws ere his shall come;
' " Cease from thy madness. If ye seek revenge
' " For that he blotted out your Cimbrian tribes,
' " Let this man live, live out his fated days."
' Not as their darling did the gods protect
' The man of blood, but for his ruthless hand
' Fit to prepare that sacrifice of gore
' Which fate demanded. By the sea's despite
' Borne to our foes, Jugurtha's wasted realm
' He saw, now conquered; there in squalid huts
' Awhile he lay, and trod the hostile dust
' Of Carthage, and his ruin matched with hers:
' Each from the other's fate some solace drew,
' And prostrate, pardoned heaven. On Libyan2 soil
' Fresh fury gathering,3 next, when Fortune smiled
'The prisons he threw wide and freed the slaves.
' Forth rushed the murderous bands, their melted chains
' Forged into weapons for his ruffian needs.
' No charge he gave to mere recruits in guilt
' Who brought not to the camp some proof of crime.
' How dread that day when conquering Marius seized
' The city's ramparts! with what fated speed
' Death strode upon his victims! plebs alike 4
' And nobles perished; far and near the sword
' Struck at his pleasure, till the temple floors
'Ran wet with slaughter and the crimson stream
' Befouled with slippery gore the holy walls.
' No age found pity: men of failing years,
' Just tottering to the grave, were hurled to death;
' From infants, in their being's earliest dawn,5
' The growing life was severed. For what crime?
'Twas cause enough for death that they could die.
' The fury grew : soon 'twas a sluggard's part
' To seek the guilty: hundreds died to swell
'The tale of victims. Shamed by empty hands,
' The bloodstained conqueror snatched a reeking head
' From neck unknown. One way of life remained,
' To kiss with shuddering lips the red right hand.6
' Degenerate people! Had ye hearts of men,
' Though ye were threatened by a thousand swords,
' Far rather death than centuries of life
' Bought at such price; much more that breathing space
' Till Sulla comes again.7 But time would fail
' In weeping for the deaths of all who fell.
'Encircled by innumerable bands
' Fell Baebius, his limbs asunder torn,
' His vitals dragged abroad. Antonius too,
' Prophet of ill, whose hoary head8 was placed,
' Dripping with blood, upon the festal board.
' There headless fell the Crassi; mangled frames
'Neath Fimbria's falchion: and the prison cells
' Were wet with tribunes' blood. Hard by the fane
' Where dwells the goddess and the sacred fire,
' Fell aged Scaevola, though that gory hand 9
' Had spared him, but the feeble tide of blood
' Still left the flame alive upon the hearth.
' That selfsame year the seventh time restored 10
' The Consul's rods; that year to Marius brought
' The end of life, when he at Fortune's hands
' All ills had suffered; all her goods enjoyed.
' And what of those who at the Sacriport11
' And Colline gate were slain, then, when the rule
' Of Earth and all her nations almost left
' This city for another, and the chiefs
' Who led the Samnite hoped that Rome might bleed
' More than at Caudium's Forks she bled of old?
' Then came great Sulla to avenge the dead,
' And all the blood still left within her frame
' Drew from the city; for the surgeon knife
' Which shore the cancerous limbs cut in too deep,
' And shed the life stream from still healthy veins.
' True that the guilty fell, but not before
' All else had perished. Hatred had free course
' And anger reigned unbridled by the law.
' The victor's voice spake once; but each man struck
' Just as he wished or willed. The fatal steel
' Urged by the servant laid the master low.
' Sons dripped with gore of sires; and brothers fought
' For the foul trophy of a father slain,
' Or slew each other for the price of blood.
' Men sought the tombs and, mingling with the dead,
' Hoped for escape; the wild beasts' dens were full.
' One strangled died; another from the height
' Fell headlong down upon the unpitying earth,
' And from the encrimsoned victor snatched his death:
' One built his funeral pyre and oped his veins,
' And scaled the furnace ere his blood was gone.
' Borne through the trembling town the leaders' heads
' Were piled in middle forum: hence men knew
' Of murders else unpublished. Not on gates
' Of Diomedes,12 tyrant king of Thrace,
' Nor of Antaeus, Libya's giant brood,
' Were hung such horrors; nor in Pisa's hall
'Were seen and wept for when the suitors died.
' Decay had touched the features of the slain
' When round the mouldering heap, with trembling steps
' The grief-struck parents sought and stole their dead.
' I, too, the body of my brother slain
' Thought to remove, my victim to the peace
' Which Sulla made, and place his loved remains
' On the forbidden pyre. The head I found,
' But not the butchered corse.
Why now renew
' The tale of Catulus's shade appeased?
' And those dread tortures which the living frame
' Of Marius 13 suffered at the tomb of him
' Who haply wished them not? Pierced, mangled, torn-
' Nor speech nor grasp was left: his every limb
' Maimed, hacked and riven; yet the fatal blow
' The murderers with savage purpose spared.
''Twere scarce believed that one poor mortal frame
' Such agonies could bear ere death should come.
' Thus crushed beneath some ruin lie the dead;
' Thus shapeless from the deep are borne the drowned.
' Why spoil delight by mutilating thus,
' The head of Marius? To please Sulla's heart
' That mangled visage must be known to all.
' Fortune, high goddess of Praeneste's fane,
' Saw all her townsmen hurried to their deaths
' In one fell instant. All the hope of Rome,
' The flower of Latium, stained with blood the field
' Where once the peaceful tribes their votes declared.
' Famine and Sword, the raging sky and sea,
' And Earth upheaved, have laid such numbers low :
' But ne'er one man's revenge. Between the slain
' And living victims there was space no more,
' Death thus let slip, to deal the fatal blow.
' Hardly when struck they fell; the severed head
' Scarce toppled from the shoulders; but the slain
' Blent in a weighty pile of massacre
' Pressed out the life and helped the murderer's arm.
' Secure from stain upon his lofty throne,
' Unshuddering sat the author of the whole,
' Nor feared that at his word such thousands fell.
'At length the Tuscan flood received the dead
' The first upon his waves; the last on those
' That lay beneath them; vessels in their course
' Were stayed, and while the lower current flowed
' Yet to the sea, the upper stood on high
Dammed back by carnage. Through the streets meanwhile
' In headlong torrents ran a tide of blood,
' Which furrowing its path through town and field
'Forced the slow river on. But now his banks
' No longer held him, and the dead were thrown
' Back on the fields above. With labour huge
'At length he struggled to his goal and stretched
' In crimson streak across the Tuscan Sea.
' For deeds like these, shall Sulla now be styled
' " Darling of Fortune," " Saviour of the State "?
' For these, a tomb in middle field of Mars
' Record his fame? Like horrors now return
' For us to suffer; and the civil war
' Thus shall be waged again and thus shall end.
'Yet worse disasters may our fears suggest,
' For now with greater carnage of mankind
' The rival hosts in weightier battle meet.
' To exiled Marius, the prize of war
' Was Rome regained; triumphant Sulla knew
' No greater joy than on his hated foes
' To wreak his vengeance with unsparing sword.
'But these more powerful rivals Fortune calls
' To worse ambitions; nor would either chief
'For such reward as Sulla's wage the war.'
Thus, mindful of his youth, the aged man
Wept for the past, but feared the coming days.
1 When dragged from his hiding place in the marsh, Marius was sent by the magistrates of Minturnae to the house of a woman named Fannia, and there locked up in a dark apartment. It does not appear that he was there long. A Gallic soldier was sent to kill him; 'and the eyes of Marius appeared to him to dart a strong flame, and a loud voice issued from the gloom, "Man, do you dare to kill Caius Marius?"' He rushed out exclaiming, 'I cannot kill Caius Marius.' (Plutarch, ' Marius,' 38.)
2 The Governor of Libya sent an officer to Marius, who had landed in the neighbourhood of Carthage. The officer delivered his message, and Marius replied, 'Tell the Governor you have seen Caius Marius, a fugitive sitting on the ruins of Carthage,' a reply in which he not inaptly compared the fate of that city and his own changed fortune. (Plutarch, 'Marius,' 40.)
3 In the 'gathering of fresh fury on Libyan soil,' there appears to be an allusion to the story of Antaeus, in Book IV.
4 These lines are quoted by Holinshed in his 'Chronicles' as descriptive of the horrors of a Scottish inroad which took place in 1296.
5 See Ben Jonson's 'Catiline,' Act i., scene 1, speaking of the Sullan massacre.
Not infants in the porch of life were free. Catiline.
'Twas crime enough that they had lives: to strike but only those that could do hurt was dull and poor: some fell to make the number as some the prey.”
6 Whenever he did not salute a man, or return his salute, this was a signal for massacre. (Plutarch, 'Marius,' 43.)
7 The Marian massacre was in B.C. 87-86; the Sullan in 82-81.
8 The head of Antonius was struck off and brought to Marius at supper. He was the grandfather of the triumvir.
9 Scaevola, it would appear, was put to death after Marius the elder died, by the younger Marius. He was Pontifex Maximus, and slain by the altar of Vesta.
10 B.C. 86, Marius and Cinna were Consuls. Marius died seventeen days afterwards, in the seventieth year of his age.
11 The Battle of Sacriportus was fought between Marius the younger and the Sullan army in B.C. 82. Marius was defeated with great loss, and fled to Praeneste, a town which afterwards submitted to Sulla, who put all the inhabitants to death (line 215). At the Colline gate was fought the decisive battle between Sulla and the Samnites, who, after a furious contest, were defeated.
12 Diomedes was said to feed his horses on human flesh. For Antaeus see Book IV., 660. OEnomaus was king of Pisa in Elis. Those who came to sue for his daughter's hand had to compete with him in a chariot race, and if defeated were put to death.
13 The brother of the Consul.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Join James Williamson for an in-depth discussion in this video What is structured data?, part of HTML: Structured Data.
- HTML is often referred to as the foundation of the web. It's the core language of every website and it has a rich set of tags for describing the structure of webpages. However, by design HTML has a limited set of tags that, for the most part, are restricted to defining document structure and specific UI elements. This means that, while there are tags that identify common page elements like headers, footers, and articles, there aren't really any tags that define common content types like people, products, and events.
Now, this is by design as HTML's small element set actually makes the language easier to learn, simpler to parse, and easy to implement across multiple user agents. It does, however, make it a little bit more difficult for search engines and other user agents to correctly identify and understand your site's content. This is where structured data comes in. Structured data is a loose term that encompasses a number of vocabularies and syntaxes that can be combined with HTML to provide a richer level of detail when describing your content.
This will help search engines more accurately index your site, improve search results, and add an additional level of semantics to your content that user agents can take advantage of. Take this listing of a person's contact information. Although it might be easy enough for us to scan the page and find the data that we need, a search engine wouldn't automatically understand how all of this information relates to each other. By supplying it with structured data, we can dramatically improve the semantics of the content and make the information more meaningful to machines that understand this.
You can see this structured data at work whenever you do a search through an engine like Google or Bing. Now, let's say I do a search for a recipe for apple pie, which happens to be my favorite dessert. Notice how some of the results show a little bit more information than others. Some of them have ratings attached to them, photos attached to them, preparation time, while others don't. Now, this is largely the result of structured data that's been added to those sites. It creates better search results, and increases the likelihood that the searcher is gonna click through to your site.
This doesn't mean that you need to use structured data everywhere in your markup. It's actually best suited for highlighting specific pieces of information, usually the subject or the focus of the page, or an important piece of content that needs to be indexed accurately. By taking advantage of structured data, you can create sites that are more meaningful and that have more relevance to search engines and other user agents.
- Choosing a syntax
- Learning microformats
- Structuring contact data
- Adding contact names, titles, photos, and addresses
- Learning RDFa
- Structuring event data
- Providing event dates
- Adding an event URL
- Learning microdata
- Structuring products
- Setting product pricing
- Adding individual product reviews
- Learning JSON-LD
- Creating a knowledge graph
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Tauberian Theorem(redirected from Abelian and tauberian theorems)
Also found in: Wikipedia.
If an infinite series is summable or an integral is integrable by a certain method, it is of interest to know under what conditions summability or integrability may be obtained for a weaker method (see). The conditions that must be imposed on the series or integral are established by theorems known as Tauberian theorems.
One of the first such theorems was proved by A. Tauber in 1897. It states that if for the series of numbers
there exists the limit
(that is, if the series is summable to s by the Abel method) and if
then the series converges to s.
Tauberian theorems are used in many fields of mathematics, particularly in analytic number theory and the study of the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of differential operators.
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Halloween candy seems like an unusual place to find math. But, it turns out, there are some great skill-building activities that can be done with these yummy treats....all in the context of something kids love – candy!
Here are four fun and educational post-trick-or-treating activities:
Candy sort: Have your child place all their candy in a pile. Ask her to sort the candy into groups. As she is sorting, ask her why she chose the groups she did. Then see if she can sort them another way. This is a building block to algebraic thinking as kids look for specific attributes that define each group.
Counting and comparing: Once your child has sorted her candy, organize them into rows. Then count how many there are in each group. Help her write the number down on a small piece of paper or sticky note and label each group with its number. When all groups have been labeled, ask questions such as Which group has the most? Which group has the least? How many more Skittles are there than Milk Duds? How many more Kit Kats would you need to have the same number of Hersheys? Have your child help you order the sticky note numbers from smallest to greatest.
Geometry: Discuss the different shapes you see in each piece of candy. For example, candy corn looks like a triangle, Whoppers look like spheres, and a Kit Kat bar is made up of rectangles.
Graphing: Similar to organizing the candy into rows like we did above, your child will be using graph paper to turn those rows into a bar graph. The graph in the photo reflects vertical bars but you can also make the bars horizontal. Decide if you want to go big and graph all their candy, or keep it smaller and graph one small bag of a candy like Skittles or M&Ms.
And, finally, subtraction! If I have six Milky Ways and I eat them all, what's left? ... a very upset tummy.
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Animations of a Possible Cure for Cancer
This article is the third in a series on possible ways to use mathematics to cure or treat cancer, that began with Can Mathematics Cure Cancer? It presents the Bathtub Mechanism, a possible way to kill cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes, a common characteristic of many cancer cells, in greater detail and presents several animations of the mechanism.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Over five-hundred thousand people died from cancer in 2007. If current trends continue, about one in three of readers will die from cancer.
Since 1971 the United States has spent about $200 billion on research into cancer. The National Cancer Institute has an annual budget of over $5 billion. This is comparable to the Manhattan Project that invented the atomic bomb and the first nuclear reactors continued for forty years. The results have clearly been quite disappointing. Is there a way to get better results from the many years of hard work, billions of dollars, and mountains of knowledge collected? Are there ways to apply today’s powerful computers and mathematics to defeat this disease?
Cancer is now thought to be caused by mutations of genes, cancer genes or oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, that control complex networks of proteins that regulate the division, growth, and differentiation of cells in the body. Differentiation refers to the process by which cells turn into specialized kinds of cells such as skin, blood, and nerves. As we age, we accumulate mutations of these genes in some cells. It requires several mutations of several different genes to produce most forms of cancer. Many different sets of mutated genes cause cancer.
While a medical doctor or pathologist may identify a cancer as breast cancer or skin cancer, at a molecular and genetic level, skin cancer is thought to be many different cancers caused by many different sets of mutated genes. In total, cancer is now thought to be thousands of different diseases. This makes finding a single chemical similar to penicillin, for example, that can kill all cancers either impossible or very difficult, at least by starting from the individual cancer genes and the proteins they produce.
Even worse, cancer cells are generally thought to become genetically unstable and mutate much more rapidly than normal cells. Hence, the cancer cells begin to evolve in the body and can develop immunity to anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapy agents.
While cancer varies enormously at the level of genes and proteins, the part level, cancer cells may have common system-level features. For example, pathologists can identify cancer cells or tissues from biopsies under an optical microscope as cancer. Another common characteristic is that many, perhaps all, cancer cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes, often too many. This article considers targeting the abnormal number of chromosomes.
The Bathtub Mechanism, developed by the author several years ago, is an algorithm, which can be implemented by a relatively simple set of molecules, that may be able to selectively destroy cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. This system of drugs is like a bathtub with several running faucets, one for each chromosome, and a single drain. If there are too many faucets, chromosomes, the water level, the concentration of the cell killer, will rise and overflow the bathtub. If there are the right number, forty-six, or too few, less than forty-six, faucets, the drain can remove the water being added and the water level never rises. The water level remains almost zero; the concentration of the cell killer is far too low to harm the cell.
One can kill cells with too few chromosomes (less than forty-six) by swapping the roles of the drain and the source. The drain is now a feature of the chromosomes. The source is the constant numerical feature of the cells. Thus, if there are too few chromosomes, there are not enough drains to remove the cell killer produced by the source. The bathtub has one big faucet and many small drains, one for each chromosome. The water level, the concentration of the toxin, rises if there are too few drains/chromosomes.
It may be possible to create proteins that react directly with the source and drain features in the cell. On the other hand, it may be necessary to use a source and a drain catalyst that bind to the source and drain features and become active catalysts only when binding to the source or drain features. In this article the first case is considered. The source and drain catalysts are discussed in more detail in the previous two articles.
Molecular Building Blocks of the Bathtub Mechanism
(A (BC)) harmless Precursor
(BC) Cell Killer
B harmless fragment
C harmless fragment
IN Inhibitor Precursor
I Bacteriophage Inhibitor
N harmless fragment
IS Inhibitor Source
S Source (on or associated with chromosome, may be a DNA sequence)
The bathtub mechanism requires two features in the cell: a numerical or quantitative feature that is proportional to the number of chromosomes and a feature that is constant in all cells, both normal and cancerous. Some obvious features that probably vary with the number of chromosomes are the telomeres at the end of the chromosomes and the centromeres at the center of the chromosomes.
There are many molecular structures in the chromosomes and associated with the chromosomes. It seems probable, although not certain, that one can find a numerical or quantitative feature that varies with the number of chromosomes that could be used. A more serious problem with the bathtub mechanism is the constant feature that is the same in both healthy cells and cancer cells, especially since cancer cells are thought to be constantly mutating and changing. This may be a show-stopper.
Since the cancer cells may be mutating, it may be impossible to find a constant feature in the cancer cells. The feature could disappear entirely or change in size or number. There is at least one possible way to add such a feature artificially to the cells, both healthy and malignant.
A bacteriophage is a kind of virus that attaches to the exterior membrane of a cell and injects its genetic material into the cell. The bacteriophage’s genetic material then takes over the machinery of the cell and directs it to make more bacteriophages. The bacteriophage consists of a protein sheath that looks something like a science fiction bug with several arms (see animations below) that grab the surface of the cell and a spherical or polyhedral chamber that carries the genetic material.
In principle, one could modify the genetic material of the bacteriophage to create cells (the commonly used E. Coli bacteria, for example) that make not the virus, but the protein sheath with a payload of other proteins or non-coding DNA sequences, in particular DNA sequences that regulatory proteins bind to. These pseudo-bacteriophages would inject their protein or non-coding DNA payloads into cells instead of the genetic material of the naturally occurring bacteriophage. They would not be infectious like a normal virus.
If, and this is a big if, one could modify the protein sheath so it would only inject the protein or non-coding DNA payload into a cell without an inhibitor protein I that is generatd by inhibitor sources (IS) in the payload, one could inject a payload that contained an artificial constant drain feature D and the inhibitor sources IS into the cell. The inhibitor protein I might work, for example, by blocking the arms of the bacteriophage from attaching to the exterior membrane of the cell, which presumably triggers the injection of the payload.
Once the new drain feature was added to the cell, the pseudo-bacteriophages would stop injecting payloads into the cell because it now also contained the inhibitors. Thus, a constant number of features could be added to each cell, both healthy and cancerous.
The Pseudo-Bacteriophage Payload is either a string of protein units or non-coding DNA with repeated sequences of regulatory protein binding sites, drains D and inhibitor sources IS
Series of reactions:
ABC (Precursor) ==> Source (S) (telomere or other chromosome feature) ==> A + BC (Cell Killer)
BC (Cell Killer) ==> Drain (D) ==> B (Harmless Fragment) + C (Harmless Fragment)
IN (Inhibitor Precursor) ==> IS (Inhibitor Source) ==> I (Bacteriophage Inhibitor) + N (Harmless Fragment)
The pseudo-bacteriophage payload is:
In the animations below:
The inhibitor I and the inhibitor source IS are represented by the blue spheres in the payload string
The drain D is the orange spheres in bacteriophage payload
The bacteriophage payload is shown as a string of blue and orange spheres in the first four animations below, mostly clearly in the fourth closeup animation. The inhibitors are shown in the second animation as blue spheres on the surface of the cell that prevent the bacteriophage from injecting a second payload string (drain) into a cell.
The payload is a single strand of protein sub-units or non-coding DNA. When the cell divides, the payload should end up in only one daughter cell. The other daughter cell will lack the payload and the inhibitor sources. The pseudo-bacteriophages will then add another payload string with the drain to the drainless daughter cell.
Alternatively, if the payload is a non-coding DNA string, not proteins, it may be possible to integrate the DNA string into the cell’s DNA, the chromosomes, as a single inherited drain. In this case, the drain will be inherited by both daughter cells when the cell divides.
The following animations illustrate the Bathtub Mechanism, a basic concept. The animations were created by the author using the free POV-Ray (Persistence of Vision Ray Tracing Program) for Windows 3.62 on a PC running Windows XP Service Pack 2. The POV-Ray scene description files contain a very simple mathematical model of the bathtub mechanism. The rendered frames were combined into MPEG-4 video files using the free, open-source ffmpeg video encoding utility. These animations illustrate a basic concept. They are not a quantitative mathematical model or simulation of cells, even at low fidelity.
This animation shows a pseudo-bacteriophage injecting a drain payload into a cell:
This animation shows a pseudo-bacteriophage prevented from injecting a second drain payload into a cell that already has a drain. The blue spheres are the inhibitors that prevent the pseudo-bacteriophage legs from attaching to the cell membrane.
This animation shows a wide angle view of the harmless precursor (red cone with green sphere cap) converted to the cell killer (red cone) by the telomere (yellow end of cylinder) of a single chromosome and then neutralized by the drain payload (shown as a string of orange drain spheres and blue inhibitor source spheres):
This animation shows a closeup view of the harmless precursor (red cone with green sphere cap) converted to the cell killer (red cone) by the telomere (yellow end of cylinder) of a single chromosome and then neutralized by the drain payload (shown as a string of orange drain spheres and blue inhibitor source spheres):
This animation shows a normal cell with forty-six chromosomes (represented by a simple blue sphere for clarity). The drain is represented by a simple green and gray sphere for clarity. The drain is green when it can process a cell killer, converting it to a harmless fragment (represented by a white sphere for clarity) which is excreted by the cell. The drain is black when it is processing a cell killer and cannot convert another. The drain has a maximum throughput. In a normal cell, the drain can remove as many cell killers as are added by the sources, the chromosomes. The concentration of the cell killer, the number in the lower right corner of the animation, remains low, never reaching the lethal level of two-hundred.
This animation shows the cell killer concentration rising and killing a cancer cell with too many chromosomes (represented by two blue spheres for two sets of chromosomes). The cell killer concentration is the number displayed in the lower right corner. The drain cannot remove the cell killers as rapidly as they are added. The concentration rises to the lethal level of two-hundred and the cell disintegrates. The membrane is shown decaying by making it more and more transparent as the cell killer concentration rises.
Many technical details and difficulties have been omitted to present the idea. While it might be possible to research and develop the bathtub mechanism entirely empirically at a laboratory bench through extensive trial and error, it should be possible to substantially accelerate the development process by simulating the molecular mechanisms using today’s powerful computers. In practice, it would probably require careful tuning of the chemical reaction rates in the cell to produce the desired selective destruction of cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes or other features associated with cancer.
The next logical step is to construct a mathematical model and simulation of the bathtub mechanism in real cells, iteratively increasing the level of fidelity. This would enable evaluation of the feasibility of the concept and of specific variants of the concept, as many variations are possible and more will become evident with detailed simulation and working through of the concept. Perhaps more importantly a detailed simulation would make it easier for specialists in various fields of biology and organic chemistry — chromosomes, bacteriophages, proteins, many others — to see where their expertise could fit into the concept or resolve otherwise intractable problems.
Naturally occurring networks of proteins and other molecules in cells seem to be able to perform many complex mathematical and logical calculations, such as the feedback control networks that seem to malfunction in cancer. While one cannot be certain, it is not unlikely that a relatively simple network of proteins and other molecules can implement the bathtub mechanism or something similar.
Even engineering a single molecule such as genetically engineered insulin for diabetics is a daunting task at present. So a system of even a few molecules would be a substantial and difficult undertaking. Nonetheless it is probably doable now or in the near future.
However, the underlying biology is unknown. Even though there are over one-million research papers on cancer, it is difficult to get a clear picture of the role of aneuploidy in cancer. Most modern cancer research is conducted within the framework of the oncogene theory and an implicit assumption that the way to cure or treat cancer is to target either a protein generated by a cancer gene or the gene directly.
Chromosomal anomalies, both abnormal numbers of chromosomes and the rearrangements of chromosomes that are common in many cancers, are usually discussed as an aside to the putative cancer genes. This translocation of chromosome X mutated the key cancer gene ABC, or the duplication of chromosome X resulted in two copies of the key cancer gene ABC.
It could be that killing cancer cells with the wrong number of chromosomes would have no effect on the disease. It would simply result in a cancer with the correct number of chromosomes in the surviving cancer cells. It could slow the disease if the abnormal number of chromosomes is related to the malignancy of the cancer cells. In the best case, it might cure the disease, if the abnormal number of chromosomes is either the cause of cancer or essential in some way to the malignant characteristics of the cancer cells.
Everyone faces about a one in three chance of dying from cancer. Cancer researchers would like more impressive results to show policy makers and the general public, especially when seeking continued or increased funding. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies should desire improved anti-cancer drugs and treatments to maintain and increase their profits. Defeating cancer would free up resources and researchers to tackle other diseases of old age and even the aging process itself.
It may be possible to cure or effectively treat cancer with a system of smart drugs that perform a simple mathematical or logical calculation to selectively destroy cancer cells or probable cancer cells while sparing most normal healthy cells. These systems of smart drugs may be able to identify system level features of cancer cells independent of the confusing plethora of cancer genes and tumor suppressor genes.
The bathtub mechanism discussed in this article is one possible example of such a system of smart drugs. Mathematics and computers can enable or greatly accelerate the development of such systems of smart drugs.
Given the multitude of cancer genes and tumor suppressor genes that have been discovered in the last forty years, we should look at other aspects of cancer such as possible system level features for a cure or effective treatment. Today’s powerful computers, mathematics, and physics combined with the vast biological knowledge acquired in the last forty years may make it possible to attack cancer successfully in ways that were not practical even a few years ago.
© 2011 John F. McGowan — this article originally posted at Math Blog.
About the Author
John F. McGowan, Ph.D. solves problems using mathematics and mathematical software, including developing video compression and speech recognition technologies. He has extensive experience developing software in C, C++, Visual Basic, Mathematica, MATLAB, and many other programming languages. He is probably best known for his AVI Overview, an Internet FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) on the Microsoft AVI (Audio Video Interleave) file format. He has worked as a contractor at NASA Ames Research Center involved in the research and development of image and video processing algorithms and technology. He has published articles on the origin and evolution of life, the exploration of Mars (anticipating the discovery of methane on Mars), and cheap access to space. He has a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He can be reached at email@example.com.
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is for Ada
Ada Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron and his mathematics loving wife, Annabella Milbanke who later became known as the ‘Enchantress of Numbers’. Fearing that she would develop her father’s tempestuous, poetic tendencies, Ada was brought up by her mother under a strictly mathematical and scientific regime. As a child, she was fascinated by machines, and built her own, fuelled by the new knowledge of the Industrial Revolution. She died at the young age of 36, but her published article on a dreamt up ‘Analytical Engine’ detailed one of the first ever computer programmes and inspired Alan Turing’s work on the first ever modern computer during the Second World War, theorising the process known as ‘looping’ today. The U.S. Department of Defence even named a newly developed computer language after Ada in the 1980s.
is for Benazir
Benazir Bhutto became the first ever female head of an Islamic government when she was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1988. She married a wealthy businessman when she was young, but refused to let him influence her character. She was a vocal opponent of gender-selective abortions and fought to create a country where the birth of a girl would be just as welcome as the birth of a boy. One of her main policies was ensuring the empowerment of women, which she defined as the right to education, to have choices in life, to be independent, to have a career, to participate in business and rise to the highest levels in politics. She was nicknamed the ‘Iron Lady’ and re-elected in 1993. However, she was forced to flee to Dubai years later on false corruption charges, but when these were dropped in 2007, she was assassinated upon her return to Pakistan.
is for Claudette
Claudette Colvin was a pioneer of the African-American Civil Rights movement who dreamt of being President one day. 9 months before Rosa Parks resisted bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama, 15 year old Claudette had done the very same, and became the first person ever arrested for doing so. She was also one of the five plaintiffs used by Civil Rights lawyers in the federal court case that finally ended bus segregation in Alabama. However, when it was revealed she had become pregnant, young and unmarried, the NAACP decided not to publicise her brave acts of defiance, instead deciding to wait for someone less controversial to carry it out. She was branded as a troublemaker by the community, and forced to drop out of college. She moved to New York with her newborn son and older sister to become a nurse.
is for Daphne
Daphne Du Maurier was an English author whose books became popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They often addressed issues of female identity and their complicated relationship with men. Although often set in bygone eras, the characters in her novels seem to reflect her own personal struggles. A mistress of suspense in her writing, Du Maurier was depicted as frosty and cold in real life, a recluse who refused to give public interviews. Her most famous novel, Rebecca, she called a ‘study in jealousy’ and it’s been theorised that both female characters represent the different sides of herself. She struggled with the confines of her own traditional marriage, and settled in Cornwall, where she practised her love for sailing. She was a tomboy, and despite infidelities, and rumoured affairs with other women, she remained a family woman throughout the rest of her life.
is for Eva
Eva Peron was one of the most influential women in Argentinian history. Still admired by many, the first ever female President of the country claimed that women of her generation owed a debt to Eva for her example of passion. She met Juan Peron, who would later become President, in the 1940s, and they married soon after. He allowed her to sit in on intimate political meetings, and observe as much information as possible. She was most loved for her charitable works, setting up her own foundation after being outcast by others for her impoverished background. Her charity secured millions of dollars, and gave jobs to tens of thousands of people. She was rumoured to have worked 20 hours everyday with the organisation, many of which were set aside meet with the sick and poor. She was also incredibly influential in securing women’s right to vote and founded country’s the first female political party.
is for Frida
Frida Kahlo was a Mexican artist, who is perhaps most well-known for her self-portraits. Frida’s art is particularly loved by those of indigenous backgrounds and feminists for it’s obvious influences of Amerindian culture and the female experience. She originally began studying medicine, but had to abandon this after a serious bus accident. Her poor health meant that she was often isolated from others, but she began communicating with artist Diego Rivera, asking for advice. She would later marry him and describe his paintings as “okay for a boy”. Their marriage was turbulent, both had tempers and numerous affairs with both men and women; Kahlo had relationships with some of the most influential people of the time, including Josephine Baker and Leon Trotsky, who lived with the couple during his exile.
is for Gloria
Gloria Steinem is a journalist and activist, who became a spokeswoman for the American feminist movement in the 1960s and 70s after publishing an article “After Black Power, Women’s Liberation”. After having an abortion in London aged just 22, Gloria became a representative of the movement for reproductive freedom, co-founding the feminist magazine Ms. in 1972. She also helped found the National Women’s Political Caucus and encouraged the resurrection of Wonder-Woman, which resulted in the restoration of the comic-book character’s powers, and costume. She was also an activist for many other issues, being a stark opponent of the Gulf War, and was arrested for protesting South African apartheid in 1984. In the 1970s, she voiced support of many issues that are still being discussed today, such as same-sex marriage, transsexual rights and government action against FGM and circumcision.
is for Hedy
Hedy Lamarr began her career as an German/ Austrian actress, but fled to Paris, and later Hollywood, after appearing in a controversial sexual scene that depicted the female orgasm in 1933, and to escape her husband, a munitions manufacturer who worked for the Nazis. Her career as an inventor began long before the war; she is credited with creating an improved traffic stop-light and a less than successful tablet intended to make a carbonated drink when dropped into water. She is best known, however, for her wartime co-creation of a spread-spectrum and frequency-hopping system which would later be used, with much success, to control torpedoes. This technology would be more recently used in Wi-Fi, CDMA, and Bluetooth technology. Married six times before her death, aged 86, Lamarr later abandoned her Hollywood life to focus on her family and passion for science.
is for Indira
Indira Gandhi was the second longest serving Prime Minister of India, and the only woman to hold the office. Her father had been the first Prime Minister of Independent India, and she had served, unofficially, as his personal assistant, and later as his Chief of Staff and President of the Congress. She was elected twice, for 1966 and until her assassination in 1984. She enshrined equal pay into the Indian constitution. She was known for her ruthlessness and unprecedented commitment to the centralisation of power. After a series of violent acts against some Pakistani people in the 1970s, Indira opened India’s doors to them and led the ‘Green Revolution’ that addressed chronic food shortages. She was assassinated by one of her most trusted bodyguards in retaliation for her brutality during the Sikh separatist movement. In a 2001 poll, she was voted as India’s greatest Prime Minister.
is for Jane
Jane Addams was a philanthropist, women’s rights and anti-war activist who also co-founded one of the first settlements -Chicago’s Hull House- for European Immigrants in the United States. Known well in her time as a social reformer, pacifist and feminist, Addams served as the first female President of both the National Conference of Social Work and Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, established the National Federation of settlements, and was a co-winner of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. She was also deeply committed to education, serving on Chicago’s Board of Education and chairing it’s school management committee. As a peace activist, she travelled all around the globe, attending conferences at The Hague during WW1 before her Nobel Peace Prize win.
is for Katharine
Katharine Hepburn was one of the 20th Century’s first feminist pop culture icons. Much more comfortable in slacks and trouser suits than the fashionable dresses of the time, she became a symbol of refusing to conform. One story that allegedly took place when her studio attempted to force her to wear skirts paints Hepburn as parading around in her underwear until they gave her back her usual uniform. She often refused to wear make-up, too. Known for her beauty, strength and wit, her strong personality was often questioned by those at the time, so Hepburn often avoided media attention. She attended one of the Seven Sister’s Colleges and was raised under a fairly feminist upbringing before moving to Hollywood, where she acted in various films with feminist themes, such as Adam’s Rib and Little Women.
is for Laverne
Another award-winning actress, Laverne Cox was the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the acting category, as well as the first to produce and appear on her own show. She is best known for her role in Orange Is The New Black, a TV show about a women’s prison, but is also an incredibly influential LGBT activist, often speaking and writing about transgender experiences and rights. Laverne knew she was transgender since elementary school, but by 6th grade she felt so ashamed that she tried to end her life. Since then, her main aim has been challenging traditional gender expectations. After an interview with Katie Couric, in which Cox highlighted the discrimination against trans people, Laverne became the first openly transgender person to appear on the cover of TIME magazine.
is for Malala
Just five years before she became the youngest winner of, and first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, Malala Yousafzai began her rise to prominence by publishing an anonymous diary about life under the Taliban rule in North-West Pakistan. Her psuedonymn, Gul Makai, was derived from the heroine of an old local folk tale. For speaking out, and refusing to abandon her education, she was shot in the head by Taliban militants in 2012, but survived, and recovered in the UK where she resumed school. Since then, she has written a best selling book and set up a charity committed to providing girls around the world with proper education, even confronting Western politicians personally and trying to convince them into action. Malala has also had a documentary filmed about her life, won the International Children’s Peace Prize and the National Peace Award from Pakistan.
is for Nellie
Nellie Bly was a Pennsylvania journalist who began writing for the Pittsburgh Dispatch in 1885. Two years later, she moved to New York City to work with the New York World, where she found her big break. Posing as a mental patient, she led an expose on Blackwell Island, revealing the appalling way inmates were treated. She lived on the island for 10 days, where she was surprised at how easy it was to convince doctors that you were crazy. The report shed light on physical abuse, poor health conditions and neglect, and prompted a large scale investigation into the institution. Three years later she was sent on a 72 day trip around the world. In the start of her journalistic career, she constantly provided fiery responses to the sexist assumptions of her male counterparts. Many of her articles focused on the negative consequences of sexist ideologies, but it was for her investigative reporting that she would become renowned.
is for Oprah
Whilst most people have heard the name ‘Oprah Winfrey’, not nearly enough know why she is so amazing. Born in Mississippi, she had a troubled childhood and was sexually abused by male relatives and friends of her mother. At 18, she moved to Nashville to live with her father as soon as she could and enrolled in University. 5 years later, she began hosting her own TV show ‘People Are Talking’ which reached 100,000 more viewers than her male counterparts. She gained national notoriety after starring in Spielberg’s adaption of Alice Walker’s novel ‘The Colour Purple’. A year later she debuted the Oprah Winfrey Show, reaching an audience of 10 million on 120 different channels. Out of the $125 million that the show grossed in its first year, she received $30 million, but then took control of the show herself. She veered away from tabloid topics, and pushed many new authors into the light with her Book Club segment. She is also a vehement activist, and has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
is for Pearl
Pearl S. Buck was a prolific author, civil rights activist, Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Peace Prize winner. Born in West Virginia, she published her first novel, East Wind, West Wind, in 1930. It was her next novel that earned her a Pulitzer Prize, and a few years later she would become the first female American Nobel Laureate. Her parents were committed to missionary work in China, and didn’t flee until after the Boxer Rebellion. After its culmination, she attended boarding school in Shanghai instead of the usual village they stayed in. A few years later, she moved back to America to study Philosophy, where she performed so well that she was offered a role as Professor. Most of her writing was set in China and explored Chinese culture. Buck was an avid humanitarian until her death, often working to protect Asian Americans from racism and improve their living conditions under the ‘Pearl. S. Buck Foundation’, whilst also setting up the adoption agency ‘Welcome House’.
is for Queen Bessie
Bessie Coleman was an American aviator, and the first female pilot of African-American descent, as well as the first to hold an international pilot license. Born in Texas to a sharecropping family with thirteen other children, Bessie had to walk four miles everyday to attend her segregated, one-room school. She loved to read and was mathematically gifted. Despite this, she would have to leave for weeks at a time in order to help her family during the cotton harvest. When her father, who was of Cherokee origin, left the family in 1901, Bessie also decided to pack up and enrol in Agricultural university but was forced to drop out because she didn’t have enough funding. Aged 23, she moved to Chicago instead, where she heard stories of WWI pilots, but found it impossible to find someone who would train her. A local newspaper funded her to study abroad in France. She spent most of her career performing at impressive airshows, and died in an aeroplane accident aged 34.
is for Ruth
Ruth Bader Ginsburg is the second woman to be appointed as a United States Supreme Court Justice, and has been an advocate and protector of women’s rights all throughout her career. Ruth’s mother was an incredible influence in her life, she was especially touched by her constant selflessness and after her death, Ruth went on to study at Cornell and Harvard, whilst balancing the role of becoming a mother herself. Out of the 500 law students in her class, she was one of only eight women. She became Columbia Law School’s first female, tenured professor and served as the director of the Women’s Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union. She was appointed to the Supreme Court by Bill Clinton where she favours equal rights for women, workers and the separation of church and state. One of her most notable dissents was in the Bush Vs. Gore case where she omitted the usual word ‘respectfully’ from her statement.
is for Shirin
Shirin Ebadi was the 2003 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and Iranian lawyer and women’s rights activist. Born into a normal Muslim family, they decided to move to the Capital city, Tehran, when she was just one years old. It was here that she was educated and trained as a lawyer. She began serving as a judge whilst studying for her PHD in the late 1960s. 6 years later, she became the first woman in the history of Iran to be appointed President of the bench in the Tehran City Court. However, she was forced to resign four years later when women were banned from serving in law and was unable to practise again until 1992. During this time, she taught human rights courses at the city’s university, focusing particularly on women and children. Some of her most highly publicised cases include representing the mother of a girl who was raped and killed under her father’s custody, families of serial-murder victims, and the mother of a murdered photo-journalist.
is for Tegla
Tegla Loroupe is a Kenyan athlete, long distance runner and an activist for women’s rights. She holds the world record for three different marathons, as well as the world champion for the half-marathon. She has won marathons in cities like London, Boston, Berlin and Hong Kong and was the first African woman to win the New York marathon. Born into the Pokot tribe, from a polygamous father, she spent her childhood tending to cattle and looking after her siblings. She became the United Nations ambassador for Sport in 2006, and also represents UNICEF and International Association of Athletics Federations. That year she also travelled with George Clooney, on behalf of Oxfam to condemn the violence in Darfur. She has sponsored peace marathons in Kenya, Uganda and Sudan to battle the constant warfare. Six different tribes competed with over 2,000 warriors.
is for Ursula
Ursula K. Le Guin is a children’s books author behind the Earthsea series. Although she also writes poetry and essays, most of her writing falls within the fantasy and science fiction genres which often explore issues of politics, gender, religion and sexuality. She began receiving nationwide recognition after her novel ‘The Left Hand of Darkness’ was published in 1970, and coupled with her next novel, made her the first author to win both the Hugo and Nebula Awards for best novel, twice for the two same books. Along with several other authors, she co-founded the Oregon Institute of Literary Arts but resigned from the Author’s Guild in 2009 in protest over their dealings with google to begin digitising books. She has won innumerable awards for her work, such as the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, awards from the Freedom From Religion Foundation and Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
Virginia Apgar was a pioneer in the fields of anaesthesiology and teratology who also contributed considerably to neonatology. Perhaps her best known contribution to science is the Apgar Score, which quickly assesses the health of newborn babies immediately after birth to determine if they need medical attention. In New York, she studied zoology, physiology and chemistry during the early 1930s. When discouraged from pursuing a career in surgery by Allen Whipple, the chairman of surgery at her university, she aptly ignored his advice and became a certified anaesthesiologist in 1937. In 1949, she became the first ever woman to become a full professor at CUCPS. Whilst there she began doing research at the Sloane Hospital for Women, and her invention of the Apgar test saved millions of young lives. She was an outspoken advocate for vaccination, spoke to hundreds of audiences nationwide and claimed that women were liberated “the moment they leave the womb”.
is for Wangari
Wangari Maathi grew up in a small village, her father was a tenant farmer at a time when Kenya was still a British Colony. Against usual expectations at the time, Wangari’s family decided to send her to school when she was eight years old. Little did they know that, a few years later, she would become the first ever woman to earn a doctorate in both East and Central Africa. She received a scholarship to study in America, where she was inspired the anti-Vietnam and Civil Rights movements popular at the time. She later became the first woman to chair a University department in the country. One of her biggest worries was about the environment and the stark devastation of Kenyan forests, prompting her to launch the Green Belt Movement that helped reforest the country and gave thousands of Kenyan women jobs and income. She was beaten and arrested several times for her political views, but was elected to Parliament in 2002, winning the Nobel Peace Prize just a year later.
is for Xing
Jin Xing is one of the first and most recognisable transgender women in China. A ballerina, modern dancer, choreographer, actress and owner of a Shanghai dance company, Jin became one of China’s most fascinating celebrities. At 43 years old, she holds an impressive career. Once a Chinese Army Officer, she is now one of TV’s most in-demand stars. Despite living in such a conservative country, Jin has been very open about her gender-reassignment surgery and has worked with some of China’s most important LGBT activists. Her former military training, she claims, has worked to her advantage, as she manages to balance an incredibly busy career, activism, and a family life with three small children. She’s also known as a tough talk-show host, calling out a sexist presenter who berated his wife for speaking out against his violence during their marriage.
is for Yoani
Yoani Sanchez is a Cuban blogger who has brought international attention to life under its current government. She grew up in a very affluent Cuba, when they still had large aid arriving from the Soviet Union and her portrayal of life today is very critical. The fall of the Soviet Union coincided with her University education, creating a very Public education system that Yoani resented. She moved to Switzerland in 2002 instead, becoming interested in Computer Science. She did finally decide to return to Cuba, setting up a newspaper ‘Contodos’ that advocated freedom of expression, and bypasses Cuba’s censorship laws by emailing blog entries to foreign friends. Her blog is incredibly popular and has been translated into 17 different languages. In 2008, she was named as one of Time Magazine’s 100 most influential people, and has been praised in speeches by U.S. President Barrack Obama for her empowerment of Cuban people.
Zora Neale Hurston was an American author whose works explored folklore and anthropology. She published four novels, and over fifty short stories, plays and essays. The most celebrated of which being the 1937 novel ‘Their Eyes Were Watching God’. When she wasn’t writing, Zora was also a civil rights activist who fought for the rights of African Americans. Born in Alabama, her writing was influenced by the traditional folklore from the Deep South, the Caribbean and Latin America, all of which she had studied at various universities. The daughter of two former slaves, she had to provide the money for her education herself and managed to land a scholarship to study anthropology in the 1920s, before moving to Harlem, New York. Whilst writing, she travelled the world, visiting countries such as Haiti and Jamaica where she studied voodoo. Despite her success, she struggled financially after being falsely accused of molesting a ten year old boy, despite being able to prove she was in another country at the time. After criticising the idea of segregation, she found it even harder to get published, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Florida.
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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A girl whose weight is 294 N slides down a 6.5 m long playground slide that makes an angle of 20◦ with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the slide and the girl is 0.23. (a) What is the normal force of the slide acting on the girl? (b) How much energy is transferred to thermal energy during her slide? (c) If she starts at the top with a speed of 0.46 m/s, what is her speed at the bottom? 2. Relevant equations N = mgCosQ Ffr = Coefficient of Ke * N Wfr = Ffr * d where.... Ke =0.23 Q =20 degrees m = 294 N g = 9.81m/s^2 d (length) = 6.5m 3. The attempt at a solution (a) N = mgCosQ as I am looking for the normal force. -Sub in values given... N = 294Cos(20) N = 276.27N (b) Ffr = 0.23 * 276.27N Wfr = Ffr *d Wfr = Ffr *6.5 Ffr = 63.54J Wfr = 413.023 Joules (c) I think I have gotten the last two parts right but its the 3rd part that I don't understand. I drew a diagram and because it is a slide (I presume it has a ladder going straight up) which would make it a right angled triangle. 20,70,90 degree angles with a length of 6.5m. Using this I calculated the height to be 2.22m. I know have this formula: Eo = mgh + mv^2 but also V^2 = 2gh I'm given an initial speed but am confused how it relates to anything I have. Am I approaching this question in a correct manner? Thanks in advance to anyone willing to guide me along and help me understand this.
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What foolish blunder does Odysseus commit as he leaves the Cyclops' island in The Odyssey by Homer?
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Odysseus is the wandering hero in Homer's Odyssey. In so many ways, Odysseus is such a smart man, but sometimes he is just a little too smart (or smart-aleck) for his own good. His leave-taking from the Cyclops is one of those times.
Odysseus and some of his men find the cave of Polyphemus; when they discover that the Cyclops is away, his men try to convince Odysseus to take some cattle and cheese and leave before the giant returns. Odysseus' first act of foolishness is to ignore them; he insists on waiting for Polyphemus and getting a gift from this host (though Odysseus was certainly not a welcome or invited guest).
Once Polyphemus returns, Odysseus and his men are trapped, and Odysseus must be crafty and cunning to get himself and his men out of this predicament. Though he loses a few men in the process, Odysseus does manage to trick Polyphemus and escape. First he manages to get the giant man drunk enough to pass out; before he does, Polyphemus asks Odysseus his name.
The adventurer is quite cunning and gives the giant a wrong name:
‘Cyclops, you asked about my famous name.
I’ll tell you. Then you can offer me a gift,
as your guest. My name is Nobody.
My father and mother, all my other friends—
they call me Nobody.’
Now they have a giant man too drunk to remove the giant boulder from the cave, something they cannot do on their own; so they poke him in his only eye with a burning stick until he wakes in a rage and moves the boulder, hoping to catch the enemies he can no longer see. Of course Polyphemus is shouting, but when his fellow Cyclopes ask him who is bothering him, Polyphemus tells them "Nobody" is bothering him, so no one comes to help him.
Odysseus once again proves his skill in getting out of difficult situations as he and his men escape unnoticed by riding on the undersides of the Cyclops's giant sheep. Once Odysseus and his men are back on their ship and have begun to sail away, however, the great man makes another foolish error--or two.
First, he taunts Polyphemus, causing the giant to throw a great boulder at Odysseus's ship. The waves cause the ship to come closer to shore rather than farther away. This could have been a deadly error in judgment, but the ship manages to push off and get even farther away from shore. Now Odysseus makes his second foolish error when exiting the island, again failing to heed his men's advice. This time he not only taunts the Cyclops but he also tells the giant his real name.
[M]y warrior spirit did not listen.
So, anger in my heart, I yelled again:
"Cyclops, if any mortal human being
asks about the injury that blinded you,
tell them Odysseus destroyed your eye,
a sacker of cities, Laertes’ son,
a man from Ithaca."
What the smart Odysseus did not know is that Polyphemus is the son of Poseidon, a fact the giant now reveals--along with the fact that he intends to tell his father about Odysseus and what he did. After the Cyclops throws one more boulder at the ship (this one pushes them out to sea), the episode is over; however, the consequences of this bit of temper will be felt by Odysseus and his men for years. While his taunting may have helped assuage his anger at the giant, it came at a significant price, as you will see.
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symmetry group A group consisting of all those functions that transform a rigid plane figure into itself; the dyadic operation on the elements of the group is that of composition of functions. The larger and more complex a symmetry group the greater the symmetry associated with the underlying geometric figure.
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Quizzes on Religion & Philosophy : 10 Quick Questions (Part 2)
Philosophy and religion have actually played a significant function in the development of a culture, how it treats outsiders, as well as how it treats its very own participants. Humans have often looked to gods or divine beings to lead them and also to address several of life’s mysteries.The Romans as well as the Greeks were led by a team of divine beings who shared many of the same traits and powers. The Greeks assumed that the gods Zeus, Hades, and also Poseidon were the supreme lords of the sky, the underworld, and the waters. These and also various other gods had superordinary powers, yet were limited in their powers by Moira, or destiny, which was the force of destiny. The gods often dealt with against each other as well as meddled in human affairs.The three main Western faiths of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity could all map their starts to the tale of Abraham in The Bible. Philosophy and religion are likewise exercised throughout Asia, with Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, and also Shinto located in India, parts of China, Japan, as well as various other locations. Philosophy is generally separated right into the branches of metaphysics, reasoning, epistemology, values, and also visual appeals. They all help fans study the supreme truth, causes, as well as principles that lie under being and thinking. Click here for General Knowledge Test on Buddhism
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Documentation / Online Handbook
Description of the Problem
The city of Milan is situated in the central-western area of the Po Valley. The area is surrounded by Brianza hills on the northern side and plains on the other three sides. The topography is quite simple, with an average altitude of 100 m. The altitude sharply increases as it extends north beyond Brianza hills until reaching the Alps, over 3,000 m high and only 200 km from Milan.
Milan has a typical continental climate. Generally winters are quite cold and foggy and summers warm and humid; autumn and spring are characterised by highly changeable weather conditions with more frequent precipitation in September and October.
The Alps and Apennines that surround the Po Valley form the physical barriers that protect the area from the major circulations coming from Europe and the Mediterranean.
The presence of a large, densely urbanised centre has, as is well known, a considerable influence on microclimatic conditions, both in terms of temperature and wind fields. The examination of measured data in Milan points out a typical effect of metropolitan areas, the so-called "heat island" phenomenon, due to different anthropogenic causes such as multiple reflection between vertical walls of buildings, the turbulence caused by buildings, the production of energy generated by industry, heating plants, etc.
Moreover, the presence of the large, densely populated centre determines marked deviations in prevailing winds entering the city. The analysis of wind direction measured at different monitoring stations in the city shows that the degree of deviation from the original direction depends on the location of the station and on the developing direction, with a tendency to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction in relation to the city centre.
The Italian laws in the environmental field dont include specific rules to protect climate on the local scale; in fact, its protection is indirectly committed to air quality legislation, which is generally focused on emissions and emissions control.
The surface meteorological stations in the metropolitan area of Milan are under the control of the surveying network of the Province of Milan, managed in collaboration with the IV Unità Operativa-PMIP of Milan. According to Italian laws, air quality surveillance is up to the provincial administrations that are responsible for managing and organising the air quality monitoring networks. Data are automatically transmitted from local microprocessors interfaced with measuring equipment at monitoring sites to the operative provincial centre at the PMIP, where they are validated twice a day by experts (the first time in the morning, the second one midday before sending the daily air quality summary bulletin). Then data are organised into a specific software system to be available for further analysis and are transmitted to the Department of Environmental Protection of the Lombardy Region, which collects data from all the provincial centres and organises them into its own EIS (Environment Information System), including specific tools for processing and displaying environmental data (see also the chapter on air quality in Milan).
The meteorological parameters measured by the network are defined by Italian law and are the following: wind velocity (WS), wind direction (WD), environmental temperature (T), precipitation (PP), relative humidity (RH), pressure (P), global and net solar radiation (SR, NR). The analysers relative to the first three parameters are located according to the regional rules at a standard height of 10-30 m. above ground, but in some locations measurements are carried on simultaneously at two heights (60-120 mt.). These parameters are measured in ten monitoring stations, which are located in the metropolitan area of Milan.
Vertical profiles of temperature and wind are available from thermosounding measurement carried on every six hours at the Linate Airport. To supplement information on microclimatic conditions, a sonic anemometer has been working since last year to investigate the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) behaviour.
In meteorological data analysis, different methods are used:
For modelling studies, meteorological data are elaborated to investigate the most frequent or most critical conditions relative to the domain. This procedure is then used to choose representative meteorological scenarios to be simulated in a modelling analysis for a source impact evaluation and to prepare the required input data, such as mixing height, wind speed and direction, environmental temperature, stability classes, etc. To evaluate long-term impact, historical series of meteorological parameters available for the area of study are taken into account then, by means of statistical matrices, are used by the dispersion models. Moreover, surface measurements carried out by a monitoring network as well as vertical profiles measured at the Milan-Linate Airport thermo-soundings and topographical data are elaborated to generate input data for numerical meteorological models. These models are used for describing wind transport in local and mesoscale pollution phenomena and mixing atmospheric conditions by the computation of the main Planetary Boundary Layer parameters, such as mixing height, Monin-Obukhov length, friction, velocity, etc.
To describe thermodynamic local effects, statistical analysis of measured data are also carried out. For example, to investigate the deviations that winds undergo when they pass over the town, a simple statistical evaluation has been performed, based on correlation matrices among wind data measured in all the stations of the Province of Milan, in the city and outside. Further, to examine the heat island effect, temporal and spatial evolution interpolating methods are used together with specific studies to investigate the relationship between the temperature gradient and the distance from the city centre.
Every day the satellite images and forecasting maps elaborated by the International Meteorological Service are examined at the PMIP of Milan to elaborate a comment included in the daily summary bulletin about the actual and forecasted air quality situation. The bulletin is sent to mass media and health and environmental authorities. Moreover, a monthly summarising report regarding the main features of the local meteorological situation of that month is elaborated, comparing them also with those of the historical series in order to illuminate any peculiarities.
Roughly every year a report relative to the Studies for the Air Quality Evaluation in the Province of Milan is printed by the Province of Milan, including a synoptic and local meteorological situation to support air quality data analysis. Monographs are published with reference to specific studies, such as, for example, the acid deposition analysis for the Milan area, in which pollution levels are related to rain pH and conductivity levels. Reports and monographs are available at the Province of Milan.
Furthermore, air quality bulletins relative to all the monitoring sites over the territory of the region and data statistical analysis are included in AURORA, mentioned above, and distributed by the Department of Environmental Protection of the Lombardy Region.
Reports and data are required by a wide variety of users: media (press and TV), schools, research and scientific centres, socio-economic institutions. Specific evaluations are generally carried out for local health offices, municipal, provincial, regional environmental authorities, etc.
|Results||Analysis and evaluation methods||Data|
|inventory maps / cadastral register
|Complex summarising / interpolation maps||reference area / resolution / scale||analogical / digital result||calculation steps and spatial depiction||main parameter||Other necessary data||spacial distribution of data collection||survey unit scale||temporal distribution of
1968 - 1997
|Trends analysis Temp. maps and heat island effect||Province of Milan||Temp. maps and heat island effect||interpolation by Surfer®||Temperature||punctual data||°C||15 continuously measuring climate stations|
1970 - 1997
|Trends analysis||Idem||punctual data||mb||6 continuously measuring climate stations|
|Trends analysis||Idem||punctual data||%||11 continuously measuring climate stations|
Acid deposition studies
|Idem||punctual data||mm||9 continuously measuring climate stations|
|Trends analysis||Idem||punctual data||mWcm²||6 continuously measuring climate stations|
Wind velocity, direction
1970 - 1997
frequency function maps
|Idem||wind field maps||assignment of arrows to station by Surfer®||Pasuill stability classes
|punctual data||m/s||15 continuously measuring climate stations|
|Simulated maps 3-D interpolated wind field
|Province of Milan / 1 x 1 km||wind field , temperature maps||Diagnostic meteorological model CALMET||vertical profile, gridded land use, topography, surface and aloft data||gridded data on a 3-D domain||hourly values over the simulation period
for specific studies
|Simulated maps 3-D
no stationary wind field
|Province of Milan / 4 x 4 km||wind field temperature maps||Prognostic hydrostatic meteorological model CSUMM||initial vertical profile, gridded land use, topography||gridded data on a 3-D domain||hourly values over the simulation period
for specific studies
WS, WD, T profiles
Mixing height computation
|Linate Airport||6 hours-value|
WD: wind direction, WS: wind speed, T: temperature, AP: atmospheric pressure, RH: relative humidity, SR: solar radiation, PP: precipitation
The number is referred to all the monitoring stations located in the province of Milan territory, including those belonging to private network and to the provincial network
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KOFY's Healthy Living: Blogs
We've Got Spirit and Safety Concerns
Story Updated: Jul 1, 2013
Cheerleading is no longer just "pom poms" and splits. It's become a popular year round sport that features complicated acrobatics. with millions of girls on private and school teams.
The increased use of stunts and tumbling is leading to a big jump in injuries. While most are sprains and strains, cheerleading is blamed for 65-percent of all catastrophic injuries in female high school athletes from 1982 to 2009.
That's why both the National Athletic Trainers Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics are now calling for cheerleading to be made an official sport subject to the rules and regulations of school athletic departments and sports governing bodies. Their new safety recommendations include required training and certification for coaches, pre-participation physical exams, safety training and strength programs for cheerleaders, limits on the size of the pyramids and rules about the surfaces cheerleaders practice and perform on.
Although most high schools and colleges have cheerleaders, only 29 state high school athletic associations currently recognize cheerleading as a sport and the National Collegiate Athletic Association does not include competitive cheerleading in its list of sponsored sports.
I'm Dr. Cindy Haines of HealthDay TV with health information for healthier living.
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Records of Irish people brought before the Spanish inquisition have been discovered in Madrid, including data on the Irishman who was the inspiration behind Zoro.
The discovery has been described as a “once-in-a-lifetime experience” by NUI Maynooth historian Dr Thomas O’Connor.
“You rarely get human stories in historical documents from this period and an archive as rich, varied and important as this,” he told the Irish Times.
The Spanish Inquisition was was a tribunal which ran from 1478 to 1834 . It was designed to help maintain Catholic orthodoxy throughout Spanish kingdoms.
More Irish roots stories on IrishCentral
The most famous Irishman brought before the Spanish Inquisition was Wexford man William Lamport. He was arrested in Mexico in 1659 for an alleged plot against the Spanish colonizers and was burnt at the stake. Due to his rebellious nature and life as a martyr, locals dubbed him El Zorro.
Dr O’Connor said that Lamport demonstrated an “extraordinary political vision” for Mexico. The historian discovered 80 pages which detailed the Wexford man’s inquisition trial.
Another Irishman executed was John Martin from Cork, who fled to Guatamala. He took part in an expedition led by the notorious English privateer Sir John Hawkins.
Dr O’Connor also found the story of Waterford-born Patrick Sinnott, a professor of rhetoric in the University of Santiago de Compostela.
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Step 1: Convert to improper fractions
Check for any mixed fractions and change them to improper fractions first. If there are no mixed fractions, proceed to Step 2 right away. Given a ratio with fractions such as 1 5/12 ∶7/30 , we can first change the mixed fraction to an improper fraction.
Step 2: Find the least common denominators
Find the least common multiple of the denominators. Now that we have 17/12 ∶7/30 , we determine the LCD shared by the two fractions.
Step 3: Multiply the least common denominators
Multiply the LCD on the values of the given ratio. This means that for our example, we multiply 60 to both 17/12 and 7/30 .
Step 4: Express as a simplified ratio
Express the product as the new ratio. Simplify the ratio whenever possible. Hence, we have:
Examples of how to simplify ratios with fractions
**Q1) Simplify the ratio 12/17 ∶15/68. **
We first determine the least common denominator (LCD) shared by 17 and 68. 17=17×1 68=17×4 LCD=17×4=68
Multiply the LCD to the values in the ratio so that we end up with whole numbers on both sides.
Once we have the products as a whole number, we can now cancel common factors out to further simplify the new ratio. 48÷3:15÷3 =16:5
Hence, we have:
**Q2) Simplify the ratio 3 2/9 ∶5/18 ∶11/24 to its lowest term. **
We first change 3 2/9 to an improper fraction.
Rewriting the ratio with the improper fraction, we have:
Let’s now look for the least common denominator shared by the fractions. 9=3×3 18=3×3×2 24=3×2×2×2 LCD=3×3×2×2×2=72
Multiply 72 on all three fractions. Simplify when needed.
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The fundamental British values of democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance for those with different faiths and beliefs are already implicitly embedded in the 2014 Early Years Foundation Stage.
To help demonstrate what this means in practice in the early years, King’s Cross Academy has developed the following examples based on what is in the statutory guidance.
Democracy: making decisions together
As part of the focus on self-confidence and self-awareness as cited in Personal, Social and Emotional Development:
- EYFS staff encourage children to see their role in the bigger picture, encouraging children to know their views count, value each other’s views and values and talk about their feelings, for example when they do or do not need help. When appropriate demonstrate democracy in action, for example, children sharing views on what the theme of their role play area could be with a show of hands
- Staff support the decisions that children make and provide activities that involve turn-taking, sharing and collaboration. Children should be given opportunities to develop enquiring minds in an atmosphere where questions are valued
Rule of law: understanding rules matter as cited in Personal Social and Emotional development
As part of the focus on managing feelings and behaviour:
- Staff ensure that children understand their own and others’ behaviour and its consequences, and learn to distinguish right from wrong
- Staff collaborate with children to create the rules and the codes of behaviour, for example, to agree the rules about tidying up and ensure that all children understand that rules apply to everyone
Individual Liberty: freedom for all
As part of the focus on self-confidence & self-awareness and people & communities as cited in Personal Social and Emotional development and Understanding the World:
- Children develop a positive sense of themselves. Staff provide opportunities for children to develop their self-knowledge, self-esteem and increase their confidence in their own abilities by, for example, allowing children to take risks on an obstacle course, mixing colours, talking about their experiences and learning
- Staff encourage a range of experiences that allow children to explore the language of feelings and responsibility, reflect on their differences and understand we are free to have different opinions, for example, in a small group discuss what they feel about transferring into Reception class
Mutual Respect and Tolerance: treat others as you want to be treated
As part of the focus on people & communities, managing feelings & behaviour and making relationships as cited in Personal Social and Emotional development and Understanding the World:
- We create an ethos of inclusivity and tolerance where views, faiths, cultures and races are valued and children are engaged with the wider community
- Children at the Academy acquire a tolerance and appreciation of and respect for their own and other cultures; know about similarities and differences between themselves and others and among families, faiths, communities, cultures and traditions and share and discuss practices, celebrations and experiences
- Staff encourage and explain the importance of tolerant behaviours such as sharing and respecting other’s opinions
- Staff promote diverse attitudes and challenge stereotypes, for example, sharing stories that reflect and value the diversity of children’s experiences and providing resources and activities that challenge gender, cultural and racial stereotyping
If you would like to know more about the promotion of British values in the Early Years please don’t hesitate to get in touch.
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Concern Worldwide and Family Literacy in Lebanon
The world is witnessing the highest levels of displacement since the Second World War. 65.6 million people have been forcibly displaced from their homes. Among them are nearly 22.5 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18. Concern Worldwide is a non-governmental, international, humanitarian organization dedicated to the reduction of suffering and working towards the ultimate elimination of extreme poverty in the world’s poorest countries. Concern implements holistic Education programmes across Africa, Asia and the Middle East supporting primary school-aged children in the hardest to reach areas to access quality education and improve their wellbeing. Concern works with extreme poor populations in rural and urban development contexts as well as with IDPs, refugees and host communities within humanitarian, emergency and protracted crises all over the world. One particular focus of Concern’s work is to provide refugee children with opportunities to build their literacy skills, as many have missed out on schooling due to conflict, crisis and natural disasters. Concern provides literacy support through school, community and family initiatives.
Research shows that caregiver involvement in children’s learning positively affects performance in school. Regardless of income or social status, parents and caregivers can create a home learning environment that nurtures academic achievement (National Literacy Trust). Reading from an early age is fundamental preparation to a student's later progress through the formal education process, yet little attention has been given to ensuring that all children become successful readers. Those who go to school and learn in a language of instruction that is different from their mother tongue face additional challenges.
Concern realizes the importance of community involvement and the critical role that parents play in their children’s learning and development, particularly in helping children to develop their literacy skills. There is considerable evidence of a relationship between reading regularly to a child and that child’s later reading achievement (National Research Council, 1998).
Although the Lebanese government has made efforts to broaden access to the public education system, barriers to education remain high and include associated costs of going to school, such as learning materials, books and transport. Other issues include safety in schools and language challenges; the curriculum in school is in French and Arabic, while children from Syria learn in Arabic. In Lebanon, Concern supports children in early childhood education centres, homework support and family literary initiatives.
One important focus of Concern’s work in Lebanon is to help parents create supportive learning environments at home, including family literacy, so that children develop a love for reading. Reading at home also reinforces positive relationships within the family and builds a bond between parents and children. Various factors prevent parents from reading to their children, these include; limited literacy skills of parents, lack of time and awareness of the importance of reading with children and no availability to access books. Telling stories is equally important because they support children’s development and creativity.
Concern has developed a Home Learning curriculum that includes modules on childhood development and the importance of reading and telling stories to children. The training provides parents with techniques that can help them to support their children at home by building their confidence and capacity, regardless of their literacy levels.
This initiative is in the early stages and has been piloted in communities in Akkar, Lebanon. Concern plans to scale it up in other countries where they work.
Concern Worldwide is an international humanitarian agency that implements a diversity of programmes that target the most vulnerable communities across 25 countries, in sectors such as education, health and nutrition and livelihoods.
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Image credits: Allison Martell (Creative Commons license)
Frankly, there’s no one common answer to how long do African cichlids live. There are hundreds of different species! So I can only give you a ballpark figure. But I can surely share some tricks to help extend their lifespan!
So let’s get on to it without further ado.
How Long Do African Cichlids Live?
African cichlids can live for anywhere between 6-10 years. In captivity, factors like their environment, diet, and exercise play a pivotal role in determining how long they will live.
How Long Do African Cichlids Live In Captivity?
African cichlids live for around 6-10 years in captivity, depending on the species. New studies have shown that captive animals live comparatively longer than their wild cousins as they mature slowly. This could be true for cichlids, too.
How Long Do Mbuna Cichlids Live?
Mbuna cichlids enjoy a pretty decent lifespan. They can live for 8-10 years on average in captivity. If provided with the right care, they apparently can even make it to their teens. Impressive!
How Long Do Peacock Cichlids Live?
There are dozens of different peacock cichlid species, and their lifespan varies from 8 to 10 years on average. But they often die at the tender age of 5-6 because of factors like polluted environment, malnourishment, and stress.
How Long Do Electric Yellow Cichlids Live?
Electric yellow cichlids live for anywhere between 6-8 years. However, when provided the proper care, they often make it to their 10th birthday!
How Long Do South American Cichlids Live?
South American cichlids enjoy a comparatively longer lifespan than their African counterparts. Depending on the species, they live for anywhere between 10-20 years. They can easily outlive your furry pets!
How Long Do Convict Cichlids Live?
Convict cichlids live for 10 years on average. However, there have been plenty of instances where these fish have surpassed this range. So, with proper care, your convicts might just be able to make it to the teenage years.
How Long Do Oscar Cichlids Live?
Oscar cichlids live for anywhere between 10-20 years. I know, that’s a broad range. But it all boils down to how you care for them. It’s not unusual for oscars to complete 2 decades in a favorable environment.
How Long Do Angelfish Live?
Like most South American cichlids, angelfish enjoy a pretty long lifespan. They can easily live past 10 years if you raise them the right way. For instance, these fish need a tall aquarium to accommodate their long, upright fins.
How Long Does An Oscar Fish Live? 21 Years?
Salvini Cichlid Care Guide | Diet, Habitat, Breeding, Accessories
Can Cichlids Live With Tetras? Here’s Why They Can’t!
How To Extend Cichlid’s Lifespan?
There’s no way you can go against nature to extend your beloved pet’s lifespan. But there are a few tricks you can pull to ensure they live their life to the fullest and longest possible. Maintaining the correct parameters, providing the right diet, and creating a stress-free life go a long way in extending a cichlid’s lifespan.
Feed A Healthy Diet
Cichlids are greedy eaters. They’ll continue eating even when they’re full. Therefore, as a fish parent, you should know where to draw the line. Sorry if that sounded dramatic!
Instead of giving one or two big meals a day, provide 3-4 small meals. Feed them an amount they will finish within 30-40 seconds or so. This feeding style helps to manage a cichlid’s aggression over resources.
We often advocate strongly to watch out for the amount we give our cichlids to prevent overfeeding and maintain water quality for the longest.
But sometimes, unknowingly, we underfeed our fish and expose them to malnourishment.
For example, if your fish doesn’t get enough vitamin A, it can lead to dropsy, anemia, fin-base hemorrhage, impaired growth, and vision problems.
Similarly, vitamin C deficiency can cause over pigmentation, eye bleeding, deformed spine, and fragile blood vessels.
Besides pellets and flakes, supplement your cichlid’s diet with nutritious blanched veggies and treats like frozen mealworms and live fish.
Refrain from giving food like beefheart and tubifex.
Also, don’t give African cichlids food meant for American cichlids and vice versa. The former are inclined mainly towards a herbivore diet. In contrast, the latter need more protein and fat to satiate their carnivorous appetite.
For more in-depth knowledge on the do’s and don’ts of feeding cichlids, check out this article.
Watch The Temperature
Cichlids, irrespective of what continent they come from, despise one thing in common. They hate cold water. Why? Because they’re tropical fish!
Here’s what the water parameters should look like:
|Central American Cichlids||74-82° F||23-28°F|
|South American Cichlids||74-82°F||23-28°F|
|Asian Cichlids||68-84° F||20-29°F|
If the water temperature drops lower than stated above, it will slow down your cichlids’ metabolism. As a result, they will become sluggish, and their immune system will be compromised. As a result, they will succumb to a secondary illness.
On the contrary, the higher temperature has its own set of disadvantages, too. For instance, the fish will become hyperactive. Next, it cannot intake oxygen from water and eventually suffocate.
If you ever see your fish laying at the bottom quietly, it’s most probably the water’s too hot. That’s why the fish has resorted to the base, where the water will be relatively cooler and more oxygenated.
Maintain The Water Parameters
Maintaining suitable water parameters is indispensable. Polluted water is the number one reason cichlids die young. In addition, cichlids are messy eaters that produce a considerable amount of bioload every day. Therefore, you should always be on top of water changes and maintain the quality.
For a cichlid tank, strive to keep the ammonia and nitrite levels at 0 and nitrate levels below 20 ppm.
If there’s an ammonia spike in the tank, your cichlid will show signs like lethargy, appetite loss, panting, jagged fins, clamped fins, reddish (bleeding gills), and red streaks on the body.
Similarly, if your fish suffers from nitrite poisoning, it will exhibit the following signs: listlessness, brown gills, rapid gill movement, heavy breathing, and hanging near the water outlets.
So, you see how important it is to get the water parameters right.
The general practice is to perform about 25% water change every week. But there’s no rule set in stone. It all depends upon your tank’s size and stocking number.
Also, don’t forget to change the filter media as required. For example, chemical filtration should usually be changed after 1-2 months of use, while sponges can be cleaned once every 3 months and used again.
Don’t go overboard with cleanliness as well. If you get rid of the good bacteria from the tank, that will invite another set of problems.
Create A Stress-Free Environment
When stressed, a fish produces an excess amount of cortisol hormone. This chemical suppresses your fish’s appetite and inhibits the process of converting food into energy.
So, if your fish gets stressed too often, this surely will lead to irreparable damage to the fish’s health and wellbeing. It will compromise your cichlid’s immunity and make it prone to a plethora of diseases, and cut its life short.
Although cichlids are hardy species, they can get stressed quite easily. The most common reasons behind stress are poor water conditions, overcrowding, wrong diet, inappropriate decor, aggression from tankmates, lack of hiding places, etc.
Some palpable signs of stress in cichlids are:
- Increased hiding behavior
- Darting around the tank
- Erratic swimming patterns
- Gasping for air
- Scraping against rock or gravel
If your fish shows any of these signs, you have to be on your toes immediately. Experiment until you can zero down on what’s causing the stress and address it.
If you want to read up on the top reasons why cichlids die untimely, you might want to check out this article.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Long Can Cichlids Survive Without Food?
Healthy adult cichlids can easily go without food for 7-10 days. Some claim they can go even as long as 2 weeks, but I wouldn’t experiment. As for baby cichlids, they can only live for about 2 days without food.
How Long Can Cichlids Live Without An Air Pump?
There’s no one definitive answer to how long cichlids can live without an air pump. If the water’s completely still, they may live for a couple of weeks before their health begins to succumb. However, if your tank has plenty of plants or your filter produces a good amount of current, an air pump may not be necessary at all.
How Long Can Cichlids Live Without A Heater?
Cichlids can live without a heater for only about 2 days. This is because they are tropical fish that need water to be on the warmer side. If the tank’s temperature is too cold, their metabolism will slow down, they’ll become sluggish, and eventually succumb to cold or a secondary condition.
Final Words: How Long Do African Cichlids Live?
African cichlids live for around 6-10 years in captivity. However, they can quite easily live on for more than a decade when given the proper care.
South American and Central American cichlids, on the other hand, enjoy a super long lifespan. They can live for anywhere between 10-20 years.
Feeding the right diet, creating the best possible environment, and eliminating stress go a long way in extending your cichlid’s lifespan.
How Big Do Jewel Cichlids Get? 4 Tips To Grow Them Fast!
Can Cichlids Live With Goldfish? 4 Reasons They Can’t!
Polar Blue Parrot Cichlid Care Guide | Diet, Habitat, Breeding, Accessories
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No more buttsBMJ 2019; 367 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5890 (Published 23 October 2019) Cite this as: BMJ 2019;367:l5890
- May C I van Schalkwyk, research fellow1,
- Thomas E Novotny, professor emeritus, public health12,
- Martin McKee, professor of European public health1
- 1Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- 2San Diego State University School of Public Health, CA, USA
- Correspondence to: T E Novotny
Growing awareness of the harm done to ecosystems through disposal of vast quantities of plastic has created public outrage and compelled governments to act.1 The European Union, for example, will ban many single-use plastic products, such as cutlery, plates, and straws, from 2021.2 However, these measures do not extend to one of the leading sources of plastic waste worldwide that is hiding in plain sight: the cigarette butt.
The largest part of most cigarette butts is a non-biodegradable plastic filter made of cellulose acetate.3 Filters first appeared in the 1950s following early health concerns about cigarettes, and their rapid adoption was helped by the post-war explosion in manufacturing of plastics.4 The tobacco industry portrayed filters as a way to make cigarettes safer by absorbing some of the “tar” that was implicated in the lung cancer epidemic. We now know that this safety argument was a myth (box 1), one of many created by the tobacco industry to sell cigarettes.6
Filtering the truth
• “Filters are the deadliest fraud in the history of human civilization. They are put on cigarettes to save on the cost of tobacco and to fool people. They don’t filter at all. In the US, 400 000 people a year die from cigarettes—and those cigarettes almost all have filters.”5
• Chemist Claude Teague, a filter researcher working for R J Reynolds, discovered that alteration of the pH in cellulose acetate based filters produced discolorations within the filter during use. He wrote:
“The cigarette smoking public attaches great significance to visual examination of the filter material in filter tip cigarettes after smoking the cigarettes. A before and after smoking visual comparison is usually made and if the filter tip material, after smoking, is darkened, the tip is automatically judged to be effective. While the use of such colour change material would probably have little or no effect on the actual efficiency of the filter tip material, the advertising and sales advantages are obvious.”4RETURN TO TEXT
Filters did reduce tar when cigarettes were tested in smoking machines designed by the industry but not when smoked by humans. The industry soon realised this4 and subtly shifted the focus of its work from trying to find a filter that would reduce toxins to how to use filters to support the industry’s marketing narrative, using misleading terms such as “light,” “low tar,” and “natural.” These terms are now prohibited in many countries, so it seems logical to take the next step in tackling their messaging: a ban on the filters we now know to be ineffective.
The tobacco industry has worked hard to avoid anything that casts cigarettes in a bad light, including distracting attention from the pollution caused by butts. This includes creating downstream anti-litter campaigns in which it could control the messaging.7 Even though the cellulose acetate filter is the single most commonly collected item of litter globally,8 the industry has largely succeeded in avoiding the public outrage expressed towards plastic waste produced by, for example, McDonald’s and Starbucks. Unlike manufacturers of some other polluting post-consumption waste products, such as refrigerators containing fluorocarbons, it has never been held accountable for the cost of the waste it generates.9
The concern about plastic waste from cigarettes has also been excluded from the international tobacco control agenda, even though it is now widely recognised that the cellulose acetate filter is simply a marketing tool that has no health benefit10 and that filters enhance the appeal of cigarettes to adolescents.11 Non-communicable diseases, with smoking a major risk factor, and environmental degradation are now both high on the global political agenda.1213 However, the discussions on how to respond largely take place in separate silos. Can they come together to tackle an issue that lies on the interface between these concerns?
A ban on the sale of single-use plastic cigarette filters would be resisted vehemently by the tobacco industry as it challenges the deception it has perpetuated in marketing manufactured cigarettes. Yet the background analyses that informed the EU’s Single-Use Plastics Directive suggested that a ban was feasible, even though the final text required only that industry “help cover the costs of waste management and clean-up, data gathering [and] awareness raising measures.”14
It is not clear why filters were not included in the ban on single-use plastics.2 However, as was seen with the EU’s Tobacco Products Directive, the industry mounts large scale lobbying activities to divert attention from its damaging products. The exclusion of filters from the plastics directive seems like a missed opportunity, especially since the background analysis said that the intention of any filter ban would not be to reduce cigarette consumption. However, EU countries have committed to assure “health in all policies,” and such a ban would also be consistent with EU nation obligations under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the world’s first international health treaty.
The tobacco epidemic remains a leading cause of death and disability globally. Just like the threat of global warming, it will persist until nations implement innovative interventions. New, bold actions are needed to shape what are aspirationally described as “endgame” tobacco control strategies. Many people previously doubted the possibility of smoke-free bars, pubs, and planes. The idea that a pack of cigarettes would be restricted to plain packaging with graphic warnings seemed unthinkable. It may be time for a similar radical approach that strengthens ties between the environment and health communities for the common planetary good. If we fail to reduce the trillions of butts added to the world’s waste burden annually, we undermine our efforts to curb global plastic waste and miss an opportunity to help end the global tobacco epidemic.
Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that TEN is chief executive of the Cigarette Butt Pollution Project, a non-profit educational and research organisation registered in California and has been a consultant to the Truth Initiative, a tobacco control advocacy organisation.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
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Thermal Design Power (TDP): The lower the number, the better. This measures the power, or wattage needed to run and cool the computer's processor. This is where the i5 shines over the i3.
- The i3 uses about 75 watts of power as compared to 35 watts for the i5. This means the i5 chip runs cooler and uses less energy.
- This means better performance to energy usage (and more efficient battery usage!) for the i5.
- Currently, tech limitations caps chip clock speed at around 4Ghz -- with many laptops running chips in the 2 Ghz range.
- This is why the chip manufacturers (mainly Intel & AMD) have made dual core and quad core processors (using 2 or 4 processors to improve computing performance).
- The i5 has a Turbo-boost for better performance when needed.
- The i7 uses about 45 watts of power but has higher specs in terms of number of cores and cache.
- The i7 is still a bit pricey, but i3 and i5 laptops are currently in our "sweet spot" of laptops.
We love the i3 -- and especially the i5 chip -- if you are shopping for a laptop.
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Health care costs in the United States are on the rise. Some people say that a universal health care system would bring costs down and increase access to care. Others say it would be too expensive and would reduce the quality of care. Examine editorials from both sides of the argument. Then, write a FIVE-paragraph essay in which you compare and contrast each argument in terms of objectivity and the types of evidence presented. Evaluate and explain how the sources use effective evidence to support their claims.
will need a copy of your pre writing, rough draft and final draft.
make it as if a 17 year old wrote it and not a professional please.
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Antimima evoluta is a mat-forming perennial leaf succulent, part of a group in Afrikaans known as kussingvygies (cushion mesembs). Short branches proliferate from the base, packing a growing multitude of leaf pairs densely together at their tips.
The hemispherical leaf pairs growing opposite each other are parted by each subsequent pair pushing their predecessors on the stem apart for a place in the sun. In season the flower buds do the same. There is a faint keel visible on the rounded outer leaf surface, green to silvery and waxy, often mottled. A tiny fringe of whitish hairs grow along the angular leaf margins, where the rounded outer surface meets the flat inner one. Dry white remains of older leaf pairs persist here and there along the green plant surface in picture.
Small purple flowers comprised of up to 40 petals around a centre of pink staminodes and yellow anthers are borne mostly in winter. The almost sessile fruit capsule has five locules and persistent bracteoles.
The species distribution is inland from the west coast on both sides of the border between the Western and Northern Cape into Namaqualand; the species is a South African endemic.
The plant grows in the open among quartzite and sandstone rocks at elevations between 200 m and 400 m. The species is not considered to be threatened in its habitat early in the twenty first century (Smith, et al, 1998; www.llifle.com; www.redlist.sanbi.org).
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The Orion spacecraft for the Artemis I mission recently completed fueling and servicing checks while inside the Multi-Payload Processing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The capsule has now made it to its next stop on the path to the pad – the spaceport’s Launch Abort System Facility.
Crowning the spacecraft with its aerodynamic shape, the launch abort system is designed to pull crew away to safety from the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket in the event of an emergency during launch. This capability was successfully tested during the Orion Pad Abort and Ascent Abort-2 tests and approved for use during crewed missions.
Teams with Exploration Ground Systems and contractor Jacobs will work to add parts of the launch abort system onto the spacecraft. Technicians will install four panels that make up the fairing assembly and protect the spacecraft from heat, air, and acoustic environments during launch and ascent. A launch tower will top the fairing assembly to house the pyrotechnics and a jettison motor. The system will also be outfitted with instruments to record key flight data for later study.
With successful demonstration of the system during previous tests, the abort motor that pulls the spacecraft away from the rocket and attitude control motor that steers the spacecraft for a splashdown during an abort will not be functional for the uncrewed Artemis I mission. The jettison motor will be equipped to separate the system from Orion in flight once it is no longer needed, making Orion thousands of pounds lighter for the journey to the Moon.
Once the system’s integration is complete, teams will transport the spacecraft to the center’s Vehicle Assembly Building. There, it will join the already stacked flight hardware and be raised into position atop the SLS rocket, marking the final assembly milestone for the Artemis rocket.
Launching in 2021, Artemis I will be a test of the Orion spacecraft and SLS rocket as an integrated system ahead of crewed flights to the Moon. Under Artemis, NASA aims to land the first woman and first person of color on the Moon and establish long-term lunar exploration.
View additional photos here.
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Policymakers, scholars, and the news media have been alarmed by the potential for chemical and biological weapons (CBW) terrorism, and the U.S. Congress has allocated billions of dollars for counterterrorism and "consequence management" programs. Driving these concerns are the global spread of scientific knowledge and technology relevant to CBW terrorism and the vulnerability of civilian populations to chemical and biological attacks.
Notably lacking from the analysis, however, has been a careful assessment of the terrorists themselves. What types of terrorist groups or individuals are both capable of acquiring chemical and biological weapons and motivated to use them, and for what purposes? Further, what types of toxic agents would probably be produced, and how would they be delivered?
Answers to these questions would enable policymakers to prepare for the most likely contingencies. To this end, Toxic Terror provides in-depth case studies of twelve terrorist groups and individuals who, from 1946 to 1998, allegedly acquired or employed CBW agents. The cases were researched from primary sources, including court documents, interviews, and declassified government files.
By comparing the twelve cases, the book identifies characteristic motivations and patterns of behavior associated with CBW terrorism and provides an empirical basis for prudent, cost-effective strategies of prevention and response.
About the Editor
The late Jonathan B. Tucker was a Senior Fellow at the Federation of American Scientists. He was the editor of Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (MIT Press, 2000) and the author of Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox and War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda.
—Senator Richard G. Lugar, (R-Indiana)
—R. James Woolsey, former Director, Central Intelligence Agency
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Every state has their own way of doing property taxes. From how and when they assess and determine value, to homeowner exemptions, to taxation and payment.
It can get confusing, especially in Idaho. Why? Well, for one, property taxes in Idaho are paid in arrears. That means we don’t pay our property taxes for the current year until December 20th of that same year and then, we only pay half.
Ok, here’s the timeline…
- January 1st is the date used to determine your property assessment value
- May is the month assessed value’s are mailed out to owners
- June is the month you have to appeal your assessed value
- November is the month your tax bill is mailed to you
- December 20th the 1st half of your current year taxes are due
- June 20th (of the next year), the 2nd half of the previous years taxes are due.
In the state of Idaho, the assessment ratio is determined by the State Tax Commission and the tax rate is determined by the budget of the county/city your property is located in. The county/city can increase their budget on an annual basis – up to a 3% increase.
Idaho residents pay less in property taxes than non-residents. We receive a homeowners exemption, equal to 50% of the value of our primary residence (and land) or $101,153, whichever is less. That means on a home and land valued at $200,000, an Idaho resident (on their primary residence) pays taxes on $100,000 (which is 50% of the value of the property). All other properties receive taxation on the full value of their property and land.
How are assessments determined? The beauty of living in Idaho is that we are a non-disclosure state. This means that sales prices are not a matter of public record, and, you do not have to provide your sales price to the assessors office (even if they ask). Assessments, for the most part, are usually lower than true market values of properties. The newer the property, the closer the assessed value is to true market value (obviously the assessor can see what a builder is selling properties for, just like everyone else).
With the volatility in the market the past few years, it’s interesting to watch the assessors office revalue properties. They’ve been doing a pretty good job.
If you have any other questions about property taxes on your property in the North Idaho area, give us a call. We’ll help.
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With information systems, privacy deals with the collection and use or misuse of data More and more information on all of us is being collected, stored, used, and shared among organizations Who owns this information and knowledge?
Privacy is a status wherein an individual can work on his/her information in seclusion, resulting in a selective revelation of one's identity and information. Privacy can mean anonymity in case a person wants to remain unidentified. Privacy can also be related to the security aspect of an individual or information. The definitions of privacy can differ across individuals and cultures. The invasion of privacy can be avoided by the issue of privacy laws. Internet Privacy and Ethics
Using the Internet often comprises the use of social networking sites, email facilities and the browse of various other websites. Internet privacy comes on the scene when it comes to website users giving out their personal details on the Internet. For certain websites, which facilitate online shopping, the users are made to input their credit card numbers. In case of emailing sites, there are issues about whether third parties should be allowed to store or read emails without informed consent. Whether or not, the third parties should be permitted to track the visitors on a website, is another major privacy concern. The other important Internet privacy issue is whether the sites that gather personally identifiable information from the users should store or share it.
Internet privacy can be considered as a subset of computer privacy. Computer privacy consists of the data privacy relating to the avoidance of the improper disclosure of the personally identifiable information collected and stored by websites. The effective sharing of data while protecting the private information is the real challenge.
Privacy and the Internet
* Huge potential for privacy invasion on the Internet
* E-mail messages
* Visiting a Web site
Please join StudyMode to read the full document
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: May 24, 2017
Special X-ray technique allows scientists to see atomic scale 3-D deformations
(Nanowerk News) While doctors use X-rays to see the broken bones inside our bodies, scientists have developed a new X-ray technique to see inside continuously packed nanoparticles, also known as grains, to examine deformations and dislocations that affect their properties.
In a new study published in Science ("Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of single-grain defect dynamics in polycrystalline films"), researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory used an X-ray scattering technique called Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to reconstruct in 3-D the size and shape of grain defects. These defects create imperfections in the lattice of atoms inside a grain that can give rise to interesting material properties and effects.
Argonne materials scientist Andrew Ulvestad examines a sample at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. (Image: Argonne National Laboratory)
“This technique provides very high sensitivity to atomic displacements, as well as the ability to study materials under a number of different realistic conditions, such as high temperatures,” said Argonne physicist Wonsuk Cha, an author of the paper.
“If you want to map the inside of the grain, to see the network of dislocations, this is an exciting technique,” added Argonne materials scientist Andrew Ulvestad, another author.
For the past ten years, scientists had looked at the defect structure of separated nanoparticles. But scientists didn’t have a way of looking at the distortions in the crystal lattice in grains that formed continuous films of material, like those found in some solar cells or certain catalytic materials.
In Bragg coherent diffraction imaging, scientists shine X-rays at a sample, which scatter off the atoms in the material’s structure. By observing the scattering patterns, scientists can reconstruct the material’s composition in 3-D. With small isolated nanoparticles, this information is relatively easy to gather, but for thin films there are additional complications. “It’s like trying to figure out where Paul McCartney is in the iconic photo of Abbey Road versus trying to figure out where the sixth violinist in a large orchestra is,” Ulvestad said.
The research focused on a specific area between particles known as the “grain boundary,” a region that causes most of the interesting material phenomena. “The grain boundary can be thought of like a fault line in a tectonic plate,” Ulvestad said. “It governs a lot of underlying activity.”
Ulvestad specifically mentioned thin-film solar cells, a promising photovoltaic technology, as a notable example of a type of technologically exciting material that could benefit from the study. “These are usually pretty complicated materials whose behavior is largely determined by the atoms that are on the ‘front lines,’ near the grain boundaries,” he said.
The dislocations near grain boundaries are controlled by the defect structure in the material, and Ulvestad hopes that as scientists gain the ability to control the synthesis and positioning of defects, they will ultimately also be able to control the behavior of materials near the grain boundary.
By using the especially penetrative high-energy X-rays produced by Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source, the researchers were able to watch the deformation of the crystal lattice in real time.
Source: By Jared Sagoff, Argonne National Laboratory
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To honor this day, I thought I would share a story about St. Francis of Assisi.
Legend has told the tale of a little cicada and St. Francis. Now, I am fascinated by cicadas. This summer, they awakened from their 17 year rest and filled the air with song. I was fortunate to experience my own bonding with these tiny beings, as you can see from the photograph.
It is truly miraculous how these little beings can exist in darkness so long, come into the light, and sing.
As the story is told, St. Francis came upon a little cicada, chirping on a fig tree in Assisi, one day.
St. Francis loved to sing as well; the two began a delightful song of musical praise.
Each day, thereafter, for seven days, the little cicada waited for his song partner.
And each day, they sang.
The other Franciscan monks gathered and watched.
On the seventh day, St. Francis bid farewell to his little friend. You must live your life, you have given me seven days of happiness and song, now it is time for you to fly…….and so the cicada flew, and did not return again.
This friendship tells us more than song.
It shows how we can awaken from darkness…..praise the light, and fly.
Many other legends have been told of this incredible man who formed a bond with all the creatures of the earth.
Several, such as this one, are compiled in “The Life and Stories of St. Francis…Brother Sun, Sister Moon.”
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Phonics Activities & Resources
The following websites contain numerous games & activities designed to develop and refine your childs' phonics knowledge over the course of the academic year:
The following links contain a selection of words for each Phase range in the Phonics Screening test. These words involve children segmenting individual sounds and blending them together to read, using the sounds from each phase range:
If you have any questions about the use of any of the activities & resources linked above, please contact Mr Smith and he shall gladly support you in using these at home with your child.
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Does it seem like you’re getting more sensitive to alcohol as you age?
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
You’re not imagining things.
“The basic process by which alcohol is metabolized doesn’t change, but after age 65, several factors can alter the way you process it,” says family medicine specialist Donald Ford, MD.
How alcohol is metabolized
What happens when you drink a beer, glass of wine or cocktail?
- The alcohol you swallow moves from your stomach into your small intestine without being digested.
- It is absorbed through your small intestinal walls, then travels to your liver.
- The liver does the lion’s share of processing alcohol; a series of enzymes breaks it down into chemicals (some harmless, some not).
- These chemicals move through your circulation to your heart, lungs, brain and other organs, and simultaneously into your lean muscle mass.
- Unless you drink too much or too fast, most chemicals eventually morph into harmless carbon dioxide and water, which are easily eliminated.
(Because women, Asians, Native Americans and Inuits don’t produce the same — or the same quantity of — enzymes to tackle alcohol in the liver, alcohol’s effects are magnified for them.)
How aging affects this process
After age 65, your circulation starts slowing down. “Less blood is flowing through your liver, so the process slows, and more toxic metabolites may accumulate,” says Dr. Ford.
“And because we lose lean muscle mass with age, a higher concentration of alcohol remains in the bloodstream. So you feel more effects from the same amount of alcohol.”
By this time, you’ve probably also developed a few chronic conditions. “Needing lots of medication for different conditions can cause lots of interactions with alcohol,” he says.
Alcohol competes with medicines for processing by your liver — and wins. As a result:
- Sedatives, taken for anxiety or insomnia, become far more potent.
- Blood pressure medications don’t control hypertension, and risks of stroke and other problems increase.
- Alcohol augments the effect of blood thinners, increasing the risk of serious bleeding.
“Alcohol also compounds the sleep difficulties that are common after age 65,” notes Dr. Ford.
Many people use alcohol to fall asleep, he says, not realizing that it interrupts sleep, makes sleep less restful and causes earlier awakenings.
As we age, we’re also more prone to falling. “The consequences of alcohol-related falls tend to be more serious after age 65,” he says.
“Tripping on a stair and hitting your head is far more likely to cause significant injury when you are older.”
The toxic effects of drinking too much
It takes longer for your body to metabolize alcohol than to absorb it. So excessive drinking keeps alcohol in your bloodstream longer.
This allows a toxic chemical into which alcohol is processed, called acetate, to build up in your liver. Over time, acetate damages your liver tissues, causing cirrhosis.
In addition, if you “drink” more calories than you eat, that puts you at risk for nutritional deficiencies, which are also more common among the elderly.
“The consequences of nutritional deficiencies range from minor to major,” says Dr. Ford. “Folate deficiency causes anemia in adults, but thiamine deficiencies can trigger delirium.”
Drink moderately (if at all)
It’s best to follow the guidelines for moderate drinking — but, unfortunately, says Dr. Ford, few people do.
“Currently, the recommendation is that after age 65, men and women should have no more than seven alcoholic drinks per week,” he says.
“If you’re otherwise healthy and follow these guidelines, drinking shouldn’t be an issue. It’s overuse that’s the problem.”
Nevertheless, as you’re given more prescription medications in your late 50s and 60s, be aware of how they interact with alcohol.
And to enjoy good health over time, maintain your cardiovascular health, control your blood pressure and cholesterol, and exercise to preserve your lean muscle mass, advises Dr. Ford.
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The book of Genesis is all about beginnings. The heavens and the earth, the animals and the oceans, man and woman—the Creator’s plan from the start. Not only does this book reveal God’s love and purpose for humanity, it also provides an extraordinary context for all of Scripture. In this book’s 19 lessons, you’ll learn about the giants of the faith—Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph—and their epic stories, and you’ll see how God begins His redemptive work in Genesis to bring us all a new beginning. Includes discussion questions, and study aids.
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Tuberous begonias (Begonia x tuberhybrida) offer a wide variety of long-lasting colors and shapes. These tropical natives require shade, well-draining soil, and consistent moisture to thrive in the garden setting. Slow-growing tubers take 12 to 14 weeks from planting to bloom; for earlier shows, start tubers indoors as early as eight weeks before the last expected frost. No matter the variety, begonias add a wealth of color to any garden setting.
Tuberous begonias can be reproduced by a variety of cutting methods, including stem or leaf cuttings and division. All cutting methods, with the exception of leaf section cuttings, can be rooted in either water or sterile potting mixes.
Tuberous begonia seed, whether retail or harvested from existing plants, is the slowest method of obtaining new cultivars. The minuscule seeds measure one million seeds per ounce and are very tricky to sow. Seed retailers often coat begonia seeds with clay or similar material to increase handling ability. Growing tuberous begonias from seed takes 18 to 20 weeks from planting to bloom stage, making this one of the least desirable resources.
Greenhouses and Nurseries
Local, mail-order or online greenhouses and nurseries are excellent resources for finding tubers or starter plants. When shopping locally, select tubers that are large and free of shrinkage or damage. Smaller tubers will produce less than favorable results, and shriveled specimens may not grow at all. When shopping through mail or online, choose retailers that offer a money-back guarantee if you receive tubers that are less than favorable.
Local or online gardening communities that focus on begonias may be a great resource for finding new and rare tuberous begonias for trade. Contact your local agricultural extension agency for information on local groups. There are many resources, such as forums and communities, online for begonia growers. The American Begonia Society offers a listing of chapters by state where you can obtain further information on tuberous begonia purchase or trade resources (see Resources).
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Density and Stratification
Density and stratification provide the signatures of strong isopycnal flows and locally enhanced diapycnal mixing that together constitute the cold limb of the AMOC.
Figure 1. Meridional and zonal sections of potential density (panels a and b) sliced through the western basin along the lines depicted on the inset map. White background highlights reservoirs of low potential vorticity (< 2.0 e-12 m-1 s-1 ) where diapycnal mixing has weakened the stratification either locally (isopycnals dipping downward into topography) or upstream of the section. Arrows indicate the direction of flows over rugged topography. Circle/crosses and circle/dots indicate geostrophic flow into or out of the plane of the section. The color panel shows a section of silicate along 24°N depicting the upwelling of elevated nutrient concentrations (associated with southern ocean source waters) over the western flank of the Mid Atlantic Ridge and their circulation into the interior as diagrammed in panel b.
Old Views of the Deep Circulation
The prevailing view of the cold limb circulation has emphasized the role of large-scale recirculations to rationalize the observed near-doubling of the DWBC transports between the mid-latitudes and tropics. Aside from 1-2 Sv of locally enhanced upwelling, this picture implies that upward buoyancy flux in the western North Atlantic occurs at background diffusivity rates and timescales associated with advection in these large recirculations.
New Views of Circulation
Analysis of potential vorticity distributions in finely divided density layers from the seafloor up to ~1500 meters provides evidence that upwelling and water mass transformation along the MAR are the primary sources of interior flows and the boosted DWBC transport. Maps of layer thickness, H, identify locations of enhanced diapycnal mixing, while f/H contours trace the sources and sinks of the geostrophic interior flows.
In Figure 3 (below), composites of the finely divided layers identify 4 basic flow regimes in the cold limb circulation, and their corresponding density / temperature / watermass classes.
- In Layer 1, diapycnal mixing (blue spirals) and vortex stretching inflate the northward penetration of AABW.
- In Layer 2, AABW upwells along the MAR and flanks of Bermuda Rise, AABW and DSOW are mixed in the deep Gulf Stream.
- In Layer 3, mixing along the MAR drives interior flows of LNADW that entrain into the DWBC.
- In Layer 4, above the crest of the MAR, LSW flows equatorward in the DWBC and is modified by advective-diffusive mixing and eddies adjacent to the DWBC and Gulf Stream. Flows from the eastern basin (modified MOW) retroflect back to the northeast without entraining into the DWBC north of 20°N.
Fig 3. Top row : schematic diagrams of the mean geostrophic interior flows (solid lines, arrows), recirculations
adjacent to boundary currents (dashed ovals), and regions of locally enhanced diapycnal mixing (blue spirals)
in 4 layers spanning depths > 1500 m. Purple arrows depict the mean location of the deep Gulf
Stream. Potential density bounds, temperature and approximate depth ranges for each layer are labelled.
Each layer corresponds to a generalized water mass class:
Bottom row: vertical thickness of each layer. Thickness maxima correspond to regions of locally enhanced
diapycnal mixing: i) over rugged topography of the MAR (Layers 1-3), ii) in the deep Gulf Stream (Layer 2) ,
and iii) in the waters formed by convective mixing in the Labrador Sea (Layer 4) Click to enlarge.
Interior flows along the SE flank of Bermuda Rise are remarkably strong, exhibiting velocities of 20-30 cm/sec over 90 day periods at the base of moorings 1&2..The profiler data are still being processed, but a summary of temperature and velocity records from the VACMs, MicroCat CTDs and the MMPs that have been processed give ample evidence of vigorous near-bottom transports. These are primarily directed to the southwest at moorings 1, 2, 3 & 5, but episodically to the northeast at 4 & 6.
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The Moons of JupiterBook - 2003
Launched in 1989, Project Galileo is NASA's most ambitious interplanetary mission to date. The Galileo spacecraft is scheduled to crash into Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere in September 2003, nearly nine years after it entered orbit around the mighty planet. During this time, Galileo made a number of startling discoveries and transmitted more than 6,000 images of Jupiter and its many moons.This book explores Jupiter's moons: Io, which simmers with more than 100 active cauldrons and spews lava fountains some 5,000 feet high; Europa, encrusted with salt-stained ice that may hide a once-living subterranean sea; Ganymede, the only moon in our solar system known to generate its own magnetic field; and Callisto, which may harbor a buried ocean and is one of the oldest and possibly unchanged places in our solar system; as well as Jupiter's so-called inner moons and thirty-two additional minor moons. It shows that the Jovian system is like none we know.
Publisher: New York : Norton, c2003
Edition: 1st ed
Characteristics: 240 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 24 x 29 cm
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Capsaicin, the main flavor-giving compound in hot chili peppers is a source of both wonderful health benefits and unpleasant side effects. Despite its beneficial action on cardiovascular health, arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, capsaicin has other less desirable health effects for gastritis, acid reflux, hemorrhoids and most digestive disorders. Paprika, the beloved spice mix, is made of both sweet peppers and hot chili peppers like cayenne and it too can trigger digestive discomfort in the form of heartburn, stomach pain, nausea or vomiting.
Hot peppers of all types, sizes and colors are eaten for their health effects, but for some people, the side effects outweigh the benefits. They are one of those foods not everyone responds the same to. As a result, eating hot chili peppers can be exclusively good for some people, whilst bad for others. While the side effects don’t cancel the benefits, if eating hot chili peppers seems to be making you feel worse, then they might not be the best choice for you. Fortunately, there are plenty of other wonderful alternatives out there.
So what are hot peppers bad for and why? Generally, hot peppers should not be consumed by anyone suffering from inflammatory conditions of mucous membranes, notably gastrointestinal disorders like acid reflux or peptic ulcer. But the side effects of hot peppers are not limited to the digestive system. The biologically active elements in the peppers can affect the mouth, eyes, skin and several other systems and organs, depending on existing health conditions or sensitivities. Here are the top 7 side effects of hot chili peppers:
1) Hot peppers are bad for hemorrhoids. As a general rule, all spicy, hot foods are bad for hemorrhoids. This means that someone with piles should avoid eating hot peppers, too much ginger, too much pepper and even too much turmeric (read about the 5 reasons why turmeric is bad for you and the 7 reasons not to eat ginger). While otherwise healthy, pungent foods like hot peppers tend to badly irritate sensitive or already damaged tissues like hemorrhoids and generate inflammation and pain.
Hot chili peppers contain a powerful natural element called capsaicin as well as several other compounds related to it, all of which give spiciness to the peppers. These same compounds make them healthy for many people and good for medical conditions like arthritis or high blood pressure. At the same time, they are bad for hemorrhoids because the already inflamed blood vessels are irritated by capsaicin, resulting in more inflammation, pain and even bleeding. Learn more about other foods that are bad for hemorrhoids.
2) Irritate the stomach and worsen gastritis. Capsaicin and other pungent elements in hot peppers irritate mucous membranes they come into direct contact with, especially the stomach lining. Eating hot peppers in large amounts can worsen gastritis and cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea with strong burning sensations. The peppers are also bad for those with stomach ulcer.
3) Cause heartburn and worsen acid reflux. Because of their irritant quality, hot peppers lead to heartburn and acid reflux. They irritate the stomach lining, causing the gastric juices to rise up into the esophagus, hence the burning sensation in the chest. The more hot peppers you eat, the more severe the heartburn and the acid reflux. Some people also experience headaches and feelings of irritation as a result of the discomfort.
4) Indigestion. The irritant characteristics of capsaicin and other pungent elements in hot chili peppers can work up the stomach and cause severe indigestion. Stomach pain, a burning sensation in the chest, bad taste in the mouth and nausea may be present. Rapid heartbeat, dizziness and sweating are also common if the indigestion is severe. Learn more about Indigestion: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment.
5) Strong skin irritant. Despite their wonderful health effects for the cardiovascular system and analgesic properties, hot chili peppers are actually skin irritants and can cause skin injury with sufficient exposure. The compounds that give the peppers their pungency are known irritant substances and can cause a rash, itching and a strong burning sensation with stinging pain. It’s advisable to avoid rubbing your eyes or other sensitive areas and wear gloves when you handle extremely hot peppers.
Cayenne pepper cellulite treatments are quite popular these days. Capsaicin, the main biologically active ingredient in hot peppers is added to creams intended for topical use and said to help burn excess fat deposits and improve skin appearance by reducing cellulite. But the burning sensation you feel is not the cream burning excess fat, it’s capsaicin irritating your skin. It’s the same burning feeling you get in the mouth, in the chest or in the stomach after eating hot peppers. Cellulite reduction with the help of cayenne or other hot peppers creams or treatments is a myth and is not effective.
6) Nose, mouth and lungs irritant. The peppers are also a strong nose and mouth irritant. Eating the hot peppers or breathing in a hot pepper powder can cause severe discomfort, redness, sneezing and a strong burning feeling, in more serious cases a skin reaction similar to a burn or even asthma (capsaicin is also a lung irritant).
7) Allergy and asthma. Hot chili peppers allergy can range from mild to severe. Mild reactions include redness, itchiness and burning sensation, runny nose, sneezing, watery eyes, conjunctivitis and others. Severe allergic reactions to hot chili peppers are breathing difficulty causing the airways to close up, severe swelling of the throat, eyes, mouth or entire face and ultimately, anaphylaxis. Because of their pungency and the fact that they irritate the lungs, hot peppers can trigger asthma when inhaled.
Some people are allergic to the compounds that make the peppers hot, like capsaicin. Other may be allergic to all pepper or to multiple nightshade family members like peppers, tomatoes and eggplants. Simple mouth and nose reactions of sensitivity to hot peppers can build up over time to become more serious and lead to the development of an allergic-reaction proper. It is advised to avoid the peppers and anything containing them (they are used as color additives in many products, including vitamin supplements).
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“1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. 2 And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
175) Professional photo-analysts have dissected several NASA images of the ball-Earth and found undeniable proof of computer editing. For example, images of the Earth allegedly taken from the Moon have proven to be copied and pasted in, as evidenced by rectangular cuts found in the black background around the “Earth” by adjusting brightness and contrast levels. If they were truly on the Moon and Earth was truly a ball, there would be no need to fake such pictures.
It is a well-known and indisputable fact that there is a far greater accumulation of ice south of the equator than is to be found at an equal latitude north: and it is said that at Kerguelen, 50 degrees south, 18 kinds of plants exist, whilst, in Iceland, 15 degrees nearer the northern centre, there are 870 species; and, indeed, all the facts in the case show that the Sun's power is less intense at places in the southern region than it is in corresponding latitudes north. Now, on the Newtonian hypothesis, all this is inexplicable, whilst it is strictly in accordance with the facts brought to light by the carrying out of the principles involved in the Zetetic Philosophy of "Parallax." This is a proof that the Earth is not a globe.
That the mariners' compass points north and south at the same time is a fact as indisputable as that two and two makes four; but that this would be impossible if the thing, were placed on a globe with "north" and "south' at the centre of opposite hemispheres is a fact that does not figure in the school-books, though very easily seen: and it requires no lengthy train of reasoning to bring out of it a pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe.
It is certain that the theory of the Earth's rotundity and that of its mobility must stand or fall together. A proof, then, of its immobility is virtually a proof of its non-rotundity. Now, that the Earth does not move, either on an axis, or in an orbit round the Sun or anything else, is easily proven. If the Earth went through space at the rate of eleven-hundred miles in a minute of time, as astronomers teach us, in a particular direction, there would unquestionably be a, difference in the result of firing off a projectile in that direction and in a direction the opposite of that one. But as, in fact, there is not the slightest difference in any such case, it is clear that any alleged motion of the Earth is disproved, and that, therefore, we have a proof that the Earth is not a globe.
39.) We have abundance of evidence that the Sun moves daily round and over the Earth in circles concentric with the northern region over which hangs the North Star; but, since the theory of the Earth being a globe is necessarily connected with the theory of its motion round the Sun in a yearly orbit, it falls to the ground when we bring forward the evidence of which we speak, and, in so doing, forms a proof that the Earth is not a globe.
If the Earth were a globe, there certainly would be - if we could imagine the thing to be peopled all round - "antipodes:" "people who," says the dictionary, "living exactly on the opposite side of the globe to ourselves, have their feet opposite to ours: - people who are hanging heads downwards whilst we are standing heads up! But, since the theory allows us to travel to those parts of the Earth where the people are said to be heads downwards, and still to fancy ourselves to be heads upwards and our friends whom we have left behind - us to be heads downwards, it follows that the whole thing is a myth - a dream - a delusion - and a snare; and, instead of there being any evidence at all in this direction to substantiate the popular theory, it is a plain proof that the Earth is not a globe.
161) If Earth were really a ball, there would be no reason to use rockets for flying into “outer-space” anyway because simply flying an airplane straight at any altitude for long enough should and would send you off into outer-space. To prevent their airplanes from flying tangent to the ball-Earth, pilots would have to constantly course-correct downwards, or else within just a few hours the average commercial airliner traveling 500mph would find themselves lost in “outer-space.” The fact that this never happens, artificial horizons remain level at pilot’s desired altitudes and do NOT require constant downwards adjustments, proves the Earth is not a ball.
22.) God's Truth never – no, never – requires a falsehood to help it along. Mr. Proctor, in his " Lessons," says: Men " have been able to go round and round the Earth in several directions." Now, in this case, the word " several will imply more than two, unquestionably: whereas, it is utterly impossible to circumnavigate the Earth in any other than an easterly or a westerly direction; and the fact is perfectly consistent and clear in its relation to Earth as a Plane.. Now, since astronomers would not be so foolish as to damage a good cause by misrepresentation, it is presumptive evidence that their cause is a bad one, and – a proof that Earth is not a globe.
The most commonly accepted explanation of this is that the space agencies of the world are involved in a conspiracy faking space travel and exploration. This likely began during the Cold War's 'Space Race', in which the USSR and USA were obsessed with beating each other into space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an attempt to keep pace with the other's supposed achievements. Since the end of the Cold War, however, the conspiracy is most likely motivated by greed rather than political gains, and using only some of their funding to continue to fake space travel saves a lot of money to embezzle for themselves.
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Playing live music helps sooth premature babies being cared for in neonatal units, researchers have found.
Premature babies benefitted from live music the most
An Israeli study, presented to the British Psychological Society conference in Leeds, found live music was more effective than recorded.
Babies slept more deeply and had a reduced heart rate after hearing the female voice and harp piece live.
The researchers say neonatal units should use live music, such as mothers singing lullabies, to help babies.
The researchers, from the Meir Hospital in Kfar-Saba, Israel, compared the effects of 30 minutes-worth of no music, recorded music and live music on 15 premature babies.
The babies were then monitored for 30 minutes.
It was found that babies slept significantly more deeply and had a reduced heart rate after hearing the live music.
Dr Shmuel Arnon, who led the research, told BBC News Online: "It could be that the live music is different to recorded music in its timbre, its echo, and other variables that could influence the baby."
"I think music should be played in neonatal intensive care units. Babies would benefit from around half an hour's music a day."
Dr Arnon suggested mothers could be encouraged to sing lullabies to their babies, if they were being cared for in such units, which tend to be dominated by the noise of the machines monitoring the infants.
He added: "This is beneficial to premature babies. Other research has shown that if you reduce their heart-rate and they sleep better, then they can go home earlier than other babies."
He said the team were looking at the best volume to play music at. In this study, music was played at between 55 and 75 decibels - a mother's lullaby would be sung at about 50, and a normal speaking voice registers at around 30.
The team is now planning further research looking at a larger group of babies, and comparing different types of music.
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It all starts with becoming aware. In the rush of our everyday responsibilities, is not unusual that we start taking for granted many of the amazing things that surround us.
There is much scientific research on the connection between gratitude and happiness, and how appreciating what we have instead of focusing on what we lack creates a mental attitude (or “an energy”) that attracts positive things and increases our happiness.
People who practice gratitude on a daily basis tend to be more positive and optimistic, since they have learnt to notice the good around them even in bad days. According to research conducted by Robert Emmons:
1. Gratitude allows us to celebrate the present. We notice the positives more, and that magnifies the pleasures we get from life.
2. Gratitude blocks toxic emotions, since you cannot feel envious and grateful at the same time.
3. Grateful people are more stress resistant. They have a perspective from which they can interpret negative life events and which makes them more resilient.
4. Grateful people have a higher sense of self-worth.
The Gratitude Challenge
We decided to play this game. For 21 days, right before going to bed, we would sit on the floor with our backs against the bed. We would think about three good things in our life and feel grateful for them. The feel is important here, because it is probably the hardest part, particularly after a few days. The idea isn’t merely to list things that you know you should be grateful for, but to actually feel the gratitude.
These three things can change everyday or be repeated (if you don’t repeat any in 21 days, hats off to you!).
Now, it’s a challenge that works better if played by 2 or more people. Once the exercise is done, you will text your peer saying something like “Day 1 done”, and he or she will do the same. This way, you will be monitoring and encouraging each other, specially on bad days. This is particularly relevant because the challenge can become tiresome after a few days.
Why 21 days? Because it’s said that if you do something for 21 days in a row, it becomes a habit, and we want to make a habit of it.
The first week was easy. It even eased our sleeping process. As we “turned off” our minds to what happened during the day and only focused on those 3 good things, it helped us relax and so sleeping came naturally. Our energy and mood were clearly better and we had a kind of warm feeling when thinking about these three things.
During the second week, the challenge started to get harder. It was difficult to think about new things to feel gratitude for (by this time, either you’ve been grateful for 21 things or you have already being grateful for some more than once), and tougher to repeat the feeling of gratitude for things that we had already felt grateful for.
The good thing is that we started to naturally appreciate things around us at any time of the day.
The third week was pretty hard. It started feeling kind of an obligation to sit and think about three good things. We really wanted to end it, and at some point we even discussed whether to go on or just stop, but we decided to go on just for the sake of saying “we did it”.
Yet on the plus side, we still kept this awareness of the positive. We did have bad times during the challenge, but they didn’t last more than a few hours. And even when the challenge got harder on those days, the exercise became even more relevant. After a bad day (you know, of feeling angry, stressed, frustrated) we had a commitment to look for good things and none of us wanted to disappoint the others or cut the challenge.
What happened after 21 days
Honestly, there was an immediate relief that the “burden” was off. But interestingly, there was a feeling of something missing before going to bed that made us keep practicing this gratitude, even if not regularly, and there was indeed a mental shift that lasted for some time and felt really good.
This was not the first time for one of our guys – he had played this game twice before and said that from time to time he needed to repeat it so as not to go back to his autopilot mode. Indeed, the positive effect of the challenge wears off after a couple of months – or at least this has been our experience. But learning to become aware is an exercise we should all do.
Have you done any other similar challenge? We hope we have encourage you to play this same game. It would be super nice if you could tell us your experience with it – the easiest and hardest parts and what happened after doing it. Can we count on you?
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- ༡ [མདོ་སྨད་ཨ་རིག་གི་ལོ་རྒྱུས།]
- ༢ Geography
- ༣ =
- ༤ =
- ༤.༡ Mountains and topography
- ༤.༢ Lakes
- ༤.༣ The coast
- ༤.༤ The Desert
- ༤.༥ Land use
- ༤.༦ Flora and fauna
- ༤.༧ Climate
- ༤.༨ Demographics
- ༤.༩ History
- ༤.༡༠ Politics
- ༤.༡༡ Administrative divisions
- ༤.༡༢ Economy
- ༤.༡༣ Science, technology and education
- ༤.༡༤ Culture
- ༤.༡༥ Sports
- ༤.༡༦ International rankings
- ༤.༡༧ ད་དུང་གཟིགས།
- ༤.༡༨ References
- ༤.༡༩ ཕྱི་ཕྱོགས་དྲྭ་མཐུད།
ཨ་རིག་ནི་མདོ་སྨད་ཀྱི་ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཆེས་རིང་བའི་འབྲོག་སྡེ་ཆེན་པོ་ཞིག་ཡིན་ལ། ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཀྱི་དུས་རིམ་སྣ་ཚོགས་བརྒྱུད་ནས་ཅུང་ཉམས་ཆག་དང་ཁ་འཐོར་དུ་སོང་བའི་རུས་རྒྱུད་ཚོ་ཁག་གི་དཔེ་མཚོན་ཞིག་ཀྱང་ཡིན། དེ་སྔ་ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཡིག་ཚང་དུ་ཨ་རིག་ས་ཆ་དང་སྡེ་མིང་དངོས་སུ་བྱུང་བའི་ཡིག་ཚང་རྙིང་ཤོས་ནི། རྒྱལ་དབང་ལྔ་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་རང་རྣམ་དུ་ཀྰུ་ལའི་གོས་བཟང་ཡིན། རིག་གནས་བདག་དབང་ཟེར་བ་ག་རེ་རེད། དོ་རྒྱ་བསོད་ནམས་རྡོ་རྗེ།
Poland (Template:Lang-pl), officially the Republic of Poland (Template:Lang-pl), is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 km² (120,728 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and 9th in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38.5 million people, which makes it the 33rd most populous country in the world.
The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I in 966 (see Baptism of Poland), when the state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795, and its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World War I but lost it again in World War II, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Poland lost over six million citizens in World War II, and emerged several years later as a communist country within the Eastern Bloc under the control of the Soviet Union. In 1989 communist rule was overthrown and Poland became what is constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Poland is a unitary state made up of sixteen voivodeships (Template:Lang-pl). Poland is also a member of the European Union, NATO and OECD.
Poland’s territory extends across several geographical regions. In the northwest is the Baltic seacoast, which extends from the Bay of Pomerania to the Gulf of Gdansk. This coast is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. The largely straight coastline is indented by the Szczecin Lagoon, the Bay of Puck, and the Vistula Lagoon. The center and parts of the north lie within the Northern European Lowlands. Rising gently above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising the four hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakes formed during and after the Pleistocene ice age. These lake districts are the Pomeranian Lake District, the Greater Polish Lake District, the Kashubian Lake District, and the Masurian Lake District. The Masurian Lake District is the largest of the four and covers much of northeastern Poland. The lake districts form part of the Baltic Ridge, a series of moraine belts along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. South of the Northern European Lowlands lie the regions of Silesia and Masovia, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys. Farther south lies the Polish mountain region, including the Sudetes, the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, and the Carpathian Mountains, including the Beskids. The highest part of the Carpathians is the Tatra Mountains, along Poland’s southern border.
The longest rivers are the Vistula (Template:Lang-pl), 1,047 km (678 miles) long; the Oder (Template:Lang-pl) – which forms part of Poland’s western border – 854 km (531 miles) long; its tributary, the Warta, 808 km (502 miles) long; and the Bug – a tributary of the Vistula – 772 km (480 miles) long. The Vistula and the Oder flow into the Baltic Sea, as do numerous smaller rivers in Pomerania. The Łyna and the Angrapa flow by way of the Pregolya to the Baltic, and the Czarna Hańcza flows into the Baltic through the Neman. While the great majority of Poland’s rivers drain into the Baltic Sea, Poland’s Beskids are the source of some of the upper tributaries of the Orava, which flows via the Váh and the Danube to the Black Sea. The eastern Beskids are also the source of some streams that drain through the Dniester to the Black Sea.
Poland’s rivers have been used since early times for navigation. The Vikings, for example, traveled up the Vistula and the Oder in their longships. In the Middle Ages and in early modern times, when Poland-Lithuania was the breadbasket of Europe, the shipment of grain and other agricultural products down the Vistula toward Gdańsk and onward to eastern Europe took on great importance. For an overview of Polish rivers, see Category:Rivers of Poland.
The geological structure of Poland has been shaped by the continental collision of Europe and Africa over the past 60 million years, on the one hand, and the Quaternary glaciations of northern Europe, on the other. Both processes shaped the Sudetes and the Carpathians. The moraine landscape of northern Poland contains soils made up mostly of sand or loam, while the ice-age river valleys of the south often contain loess. The Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, the Pieniny, and the Western Tatras consist of སྟོད་ཉིད།, while the ངེས་འབྱུང་།, the Beskids, and the Karkonosze are made up mainly of granite and basalts. The Kraków-Częstochowa Upland is one of the oldest mountain ranges on earth.
Mountains and topography[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
Poland has 21 mountains over 2,000 metres (6,561 ft) in elevation, all in the High Tatras. The Polish Tatras, which consist of the High Tatras and the Western Tatras, is the highest mountain group of Poland and of the entire Carpathian range. In the High Tatras lies Poland’s highest point, the northwestern peak of Rysy, 2,499 metres (8,199 ft) in elevation. At its foot lies the mountain lake, the Morskie Oko. The second-highest mountain group in Poland is the Beskids, whose highest peak is Babia Góra, at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft). The next highest mountain group is the Karkonosze, whose highest point is Śnieżka, at 1,602 metres (5,256 ft). Among the most beautiful mountains of Poland are the Bieszczady Mountains in the far southeast of Poland, whose highest point in Poland is Tarnica, with an elevation of 1,346 metres (4,416 ft). Tourists also frequent the Gorce Mountains in Gorce National Park, with elevations around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), and the Pieniny in Pieniny National Park, with elevations around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The lowest point in Poland—at 2 metres (7 ft) below sea level—is at Raczki Elbląskie, near Elbląg in the Vistula Delta. For a list of the most important mountain ranges of Poland, see the Category:Mountain ranges of Poland.
With almost ten thousand closed bodies of water covering more than one hectare (2.47 acres) each, Poland has one of the highest numbers of lakes in the world. In Europe, only Finland has a greater density of lakes. The largest lakes, covering more than 100 square kilometers (38.6 square miles), are Lake Śniardwy and Lake Mamry in Masuria, as well as Lake Łebsko and Lake Drawsko in Pomerania. In addition to the lake districts in the north (in Masuria, Pomerania, Kashubia, Lubuskie, and Greater Poland), there is also a large number of mountain lakes in the Tatras, of which the Morskie Oko is the largest in area. The lake with the greatest depth—of more than 100 metres (328 ft) —is Lake Hańcza in the Wigry Lake District, east of Masuria in Podlaskie Voivodship.
Among the first lakes whose shores were settled are those in the Greater Polish Lake District. The stilt house settlement of Biskupin, occupied by more than one thousand residents, was founded before the seventh century BC by people of the Lusatian culture. The ancestors of today’s Poles, the Polanie, built their first fortresses on islands in these lakes. The legendary Prince Popiel is supposed to have ruled from Kruszwica on Lake Gopło. The first historically documented ruler of Poland, Duke Mieszko I, had his palace on an island in the Warta River in Poznań.
For the most important lakes of Poland, see the Category:Lakes of Poland.
The Polish Baltic coast is approximately 528 kilometres (328 miles) long and extends from ཤར་ཕྱོགས། on the islands of Usedom and Wolin in the west to Krynica Morska on the Vistula Spit in the east. For the most part, Poland has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continual movement of sand by currents and winds from west to east. This continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs, dunes, and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to close off former lagoons, such as Łebsko Lake in Słowiński National Park. The largest spits are Hel Peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The largest Polish Baltic island is Wolin. The largest port cities are Gdynia, Gdańsk, Szczecin, and Świnoujście. The main coastal resorts are Sopot, Międzyzdroje, Kołobrzeg, Łeba, Władysławowo, and the Hel Peninsula.
Błędów Desert is a desert located in Southern Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship and stretches over the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region. It has a total area of 32 km². It is the only desert located in Poland. It is one of only five natural deserts in Europe. It is the warmest desert that appears at this latitude. It was created thousands of years ago by a melting glacier. The specific geological structure has been of big importance - the average thickness of the sand layer is about 40 meters (maximum 70 m), which made the fast and deep drainage very easy. In recent years the desert has started to shrink. The phenomenon of mirages has been known to exist there.
Forests cover 28% of Poland’s land area. More than half of the land is devoted to agriculture. While the total area under cultivation is declining, the remaining farmland is more intensively cultivated.
More than 1% of Poland’s territory — 3,145 square kilometres (1,214 square miles) — is protected within 23 national parks. In this respect, Poland ranks first in Europe. Three more national parks are projected for Masuria, the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, and the eastern Beskids. Most Polish national parks are located in the southern part of the country. In addition, wetlands along lakes and rivers in central Poland are legally protected, as are coastal areas in the north. There are also many areas designated as landscape parks, and numerous nature reserves.
Flora and fauna[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
Many animals that have since died out in other parts of Europe still survive in Poland, such as the wisent in the ancient woodland of the Białowieża Forest and in Podlachia. Other such species include the brown bear in Białowieża, in the Tatras, and in the Beskids, the gray wolf and the Eurasian lynx in various forests, the moose in northern Poland, and the beaver in Masuria, Pomerania, and Podlachia. In the forests, one also encounters game animals, such as red deer, roe deer, and boars. In eastern Poland there are a number of ancient woodlands, like Białowieża, that have never been cleared by people. There are also large forested areas in the mountains, Masuria, Pomerania, and Lower Silesia.
Poland is the most important breeding ground for European migratory birds. Out of all of the migratory birds who come to Europe for the summer, one quarter breed in Poland, particularly in the lake districts and the wetlands along the Biebrza, the Narew, and the Warta, which are part of nature reserves or national parks. In Masuria, there are villages in which storks outnumber people.
The climate is mostly temperate throughout the country. The climate is oceanic in the north and west and becomes gradually warmer and continental as one moves south and east. Summers are generally warm, with average temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) and 27 °C (80,6 °F). Winters are cold, with average temperatures around 3 °C (37,4 °F) in the northwest and –8 °C (17,6 °F) in the northeast. Precipitation falls throughout the year, although, especially in the east; winter is drier than summer. The warmest region in Poland is Lesser Poland located in Southern Poland where temperatures in the summer average between 23 °C (73,4 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) but can go as high as 32 °C (89,6 °F) to 38 °C (100,4 °F) on some days in the warmest month of the year July. The warmest city in Poland is Tarnów. The city is located in Lesser Poland; it is the hottest place in Poland all year round. The average temperatures being 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer and 4 °C (39,2 °F) in the winter. Tarnów also has the longest summer in Poland spreading from mid May to mid September. Also it has the shortest winter in Poland which often lasts from January to March, less than the regular three-month winter. The coldest region of Poland is in the Northeast in the Podlachian Voivodeship near the border of Belarus. The climate is efficient due to cold fronts which come from Scandinavia and Siberia. The average temperature in the winter in Podlachian ranges from -15 °C (5 °F) to -4 °C ( 24,8 °F).
Poland, with 38.5 million inhabitants, has the eighth-largest population in Europe and the sixth-largest in the European Union. It has a population density of 122 inhabitants per square kilometer (328 per square mile).
Poland historically contained many languages, cultures and religions on its soil. The country had a particularly large Jewish population prior to the Second World War, when the Nazi Holocaust caused Poland's Jewish population, estimated at 3 million before the war, to drop to just 300,000. The outcome of the war, particularly the westward shift of Poland's borders to the area between the Curzon line and the Oder-Neisse line, coupled with post-war expulsion of minorities, gave Poland an appearance of homogeneity.
As of 2002, 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population consider themselves Polish (Census 2002), while 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) did not declare any nationality. The largest nationalities and ethnic groups in Poland are Silesians, Germans (most in the former Opole Voivodeship), Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Russians, Jews and Belarusians. The Polish language, a member of the West Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, functions as the official language of Poland. English and German are the most common second languages studied and spoken.
In recent years, Poland's population has decreased because of an increase in emigration and a sharp drop in the birth rate. In 2006, the census office estimated the total population of Poland at 38,536,869, a slight rise on the 2002 figure of 38,230,080. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, a significant number of Poles have immigrated to Western European countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and Ireland in search of work. Some organizations have stated that Polish emigration is primarily due to Poland's high unemployment rate (11.4%), with Poles searching for better work opportunities abroad. In April 2007, the Polish population of the United Kingdom had risen to approximately 300,000 and estimates place the Polish population in Ireland at 65,000.
However lately it has been reported that large numbers of Polish citizens who had previously emigrated to other parts of the EU for better prospects are in fact returning due to the dramatic increase in standards of living for Poles in their own country as well as sharp increases in wages. The Central Statistical Office of the Polish government recently published figures which gave evidence that there is now a net inflow of people into the country.Template:Fact
Polish minorities are still present in the neighboring countries of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see Poles for population numbers). Altogether, the number of ethnic Poles living abroad is estimated to be around 20 million. The largest number of Poles outside of the Poland can be found in the United States.
The largest metropolitan areas in Poland are the Upper Silesian Coal Basin centred on Katowice (3.5 million inhabitants); the capital, Warsaw (3 million);Kraków (1.3 million) Łódź (1.3 million); the Tricity of Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia in the Vistula delta (1.1 million); Poznań (0.9 million); Wrocław (0.9 million); and Szczecin (0.7 million). For an overview of Polish cities, see List of cities in Poland.
Ethnicity and religion[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
In terms of ethnicity, Poland has been a homogeneous state since the end of World War II. This is a major departure from much of Polish history. Due to the Holocaust and the flight and expulsion of German and Ukrainian populations, Poland has become almost uniformly Catholic. About 97% of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church, with 58% as practising Catholics according to 2005 survey by the Centre for Public Opinion Research. Though rates of religious observance are currently lower than they have been in the past, Poland remains one of the most devoutly religious countries in Europe. Religious minorities include Polish Orthodox (1.3% or about 509,500), Jehovah’s Witnesses (0.3% or about 123,034), Eastern Catholics (0.2%), Lutherans (0.2%), and smaller minorities of Mariavites, Polish Catholics, Pentecostals, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jews, Muslims (including the Tatars of Białystok) and various Protestants (about 86,880 in the largest Evangelical-Augsburg Church, plus about as many in smaller churches). Resulting from the socio-political emancipation of the county, freedom of religion has become guaranteed by the 1989 statute of the Polish constitution, allowing for the emergence of additional denominations. However, due to pressure from the Polish Episcopate, exposition of doctrine has entered public education system as well, drawing criticism from the popular media, as unconstitutional. According to 2007 survey, 72% of respondents were not against the fostering of catechism in public schools; nevertheless, the alternative courses in ethics have become available only in one percent of the entire public educational system.
Poles (including Silesians and Kashubians) make up an overwhelming 99.3% majority of the Polish population. According to the 2002 census, the remainder of the population is made up of small minorities of Germans (152,897), Belarusians (c. 49,000), and Ukrainians (c. 30,000), as well as Tatars, Lithuanians, Roma, Lemkos, Russians, Karaites, Slovaks, and Czechs. Among foreign citizens, the Vietnamese are the largest ethnic group, followed by Greeks, and Armenians.
Template:Main Historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now known as Poland. The exact ethnicity and linguistic affiliation of these groups has been hotly debated; in particular the time and route of the original settlement of Slavic peoples in these regions has been the subject of much controversy.
The most famous archeological find from Poland's prehistory is the Biskupin fortified settlement (now reconstructed as a museum), dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, around 700 BC.
Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the tenth century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the nation's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next centuries. In the twelfth century, Poland fragmented into several smaller states. In 1320, Władysław I became the King of a reunified Poland. His son, Kazimierz III, is remembered as one of the greatest Polish kings.
Poland was also a centre of migration of peoples and the Jewish community began to settle and flourish in Poland during this era (see History of the Jews in Poland). The Black Death which affected most parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351 did not reach Poland.
Template:Main Under the Jagiellon dynasty Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1410, a Polish-Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Teutonic Knights, both countries' main adversary, in the battle of Grunwald. After the Thirteen Years War, the Knight's state became a Polish vassal. Polish culture and economy flourished under the Jagiellons, and the country produced such figures as astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and poet Jan Kochanowski. Compared to other European nations, Poland was exceptional in its tolerance of religious dissent, allowing the country to avoid the religious turmoil that spread over Western Europe in that time.
A golden age ensued during the sixteenth century after the Union of Lublin which gave birth to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The szlachta (nobility) of Poland, far more numerous than in Western European countries, took pride in their freedoms and parliamentary system. During the Golden Age period, Poland expanded its borders to become the largest country in Europe.
In the mid-seventeenth century, a Swedish invasion ("The Deluge") and Cossack's Chmielnicki Uprising which ravaged the country marked the end of the golden age. Numerous wars against Russia coupled with government inefficiency caused by the Liberum Veto, a right which had allowed any member of the parliament to dissolve it and to veto any legislation it had passed, marked the steady deterioration of the Commonwealth from a European power into a near-anarchy controlled by its neighbours. The reforms, particularly those of the Great Sejm, which passed the Constitution of May 3, 1791, the world's second modern constitution, were thwarted with the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) which ended with Poland's being erased from the map and its territories being divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Partitions of Poland[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
Template:Main Poles would resent their fate and would several times rebel against the partitioners, particularly in the nineteenth century. In 1807 Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was again divided in 1815 by the victorious Allies at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern portion was ruled by the Russian Czar as a Congress Kingdom, and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the Czars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Later in the nineteenth century, Austrian-ruled Galicia, particularly the Free City of Kraków, became a centre of Polish cultural life.
Reconstitution of Poland[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
During World War I, all the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in Point 13 of his Fourteen Points. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). It reaffirmed its independence after a series of military conflicts, the most notable being the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army.
World War II[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
Template:Main The Sanacja movement controlled Poland until the start of World War II in 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded on September 1 and the Soviet Union followed on September 17. Warsaw capitulated on September 28 1939. As agreed in the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Germany while the eastern provinces fell under the control of the Soviet Union.
Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over six million perished, half of them Polish Jews. Poland made the fourth-largest troop contribution to the Allied war effort, after the Soviets, the British and the Americans. The Polish expeditionary corps played an important role in the Italian Campaign, particularly at the Battle of Monte Cassino. At the war's conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line. Meanwhile, the western border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of millions of people, most of whom were Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews. The main German Nazi death camps were in Poland. Of a pre-war population of 3,300,000 Polish Jews, 3,000,000 were killed during the Holocaust.
Postwar Communist Poland[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
The Soviet Union instituted a new Communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War was also part of this change. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956, the régime of Władysław Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of communist opposition persisted.
Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" ("Solidarność"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of the Communist Party and by 1989 had triumphed in parliamentary elections. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communism across Eastern Europe.
Template:Main A shock therapy programme of Leszek Balcerowicz during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into a market economy. As with all other post-communist countries, Poland suffered temporary slumps in social and economic standards, but became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels.Template:Fact Most visibly, there were numerous improvements in other human rights, such as free speech. In 1991, Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic and Hungary. Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, with Poland becoming a full member on May 1 2004.
Template:Main Poland is a democracy, with a President as a Head of State, whose current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the Sejm. The president is elected by popular vote every five years. The current president is Lech Kaczyński, the current prime minister is Donald Tusk.
Polish voters elect a bicameral parliament consisting of a 460-member lower house (Sejm) and a 100-member Senate (Senat). The Sejm is elected under proportional representation according to the d'Hondt method, a method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems. The Senate, on the other hand, is elected under a rare plurality bloc voting method where several candidates with the highest support are elected from each constituency. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly (the Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: when a new President takes the oath of office; when an indictment against the President of the Republic is brought to the State Tribunal (Trybunał Stanu); and when a President's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health is declared. To date, only the first instance has occurred.
The judicial branch plays an important role in decision-making. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court of Poland (Sąd Najwyższy); the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny); the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland (Trybunał Konstytucyjny); and the State Tribunal of Poland (Trybunał Stanu). On the approval of the Senate, the Sejm also appoints the Ombudsman or the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) for a five-year term. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and implementation of the rights and liberties of Polish citizens and residents, of the law and of principles of community life and social justice.
Template:Details Poland's current voivodeships (provinces) are largely based on the country's historic regions, whereas those of the past two decades (to 1998) had been centred on and named for individual cities. The new units range in area from less than 10,000 km² (Opole Voivodeship) to more than 35,000 km² (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed voivode (governor), an elected regional assembly (sejmik) and an executive elected by that assembly.
The voivodeships are subdivided into powiats (often referred to in English as counties), and these are further divided into gminas (also known as communes or municipalities). Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat. Poland currently has 16 voivodeships, 379 powiats (including 65 cities with powiat status), and 2,478 gminas.
Poland is considered to have one of the healthiest economies of the post-communist countries, with GDP growing by 6.1% in 2006. Since the fall of communism, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as a successful example of the transition from a state-directed economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.
The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed the development of an aggressive private sector. As a consequence, consumer rights organizations have also appeared. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" such as coal, steel, railways, and energy has been continuing since 1990. Between 2007 and 2010, the government plans to float twenty public companies on the Polish stock market, including parts of the coal industry. To date (2007), the biggest privatisations have been the sale of the national telecoms firm Telekomunikacja Polska to France Telecom in 2000, and an issue of 30% of the shares in Poland's largest bank, PKO Bank Polski, on the Polish stockmarket in 2004.
Poland has a large number of private farms in its agricultural sector, with the potential to become a leading producer of food in the European Union. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads in the Central Europe in foreign investment. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002.
The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track,Template:Fact with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004, GDP growth equaled 5.4%, in 2005 3.3% and in 2006 6.2%. For 2007, the government has set a target for GDP growth at 6.5 to 7.0%.Template:Fact
Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing economic development, there are many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency (Euro). According to the minister of finance Jacek Rostowski Poland is likely to join ERM in 2009 and adopt Euro in 2012 or 2013.
Average salaries in enterprise sector in January 2008 were around 3000PLN (equals to 840 euro or 1300 US dollars) and growing sharply. Salaries varies between the regions: median wage in the capital city Warsaw was 4600 PLN (1200 euro or 2000 US dollars) while in Bialystok only 2400 (670 euro or 1000 US dollars).
Since joining the European Union, many workers have left to work in other EU countries (particularly Ireland and the UK) because of high unemployment, which was the second-highest in the EU (14.2% in May 2006). However, with the rapid growth of the salaries, booming economy, strong value of Polish currency, and quickly decreasing unemployment (8% in March 2008) exodus of Polish workers seems to be over. In 2008 people who came back outnumbered thoses leaving the country.
Commodities produced in Poland include: electronics, cars (including the luxurious Leopard car), buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus), helicopters (PZL Świdnik), transport equipment, locomotives, planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks, SPAAG systems), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa), food, clothes, glass, pottery (Bolesławiec), chemical products and others.
Science, technology and education[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century, and Poland soon became one of the most educated European countries. The library catalogue of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature. In 1364, in Kraków, the Jagiellonian University, founded by King Casimir III, became one of Europe's great early universities. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established his Commission on National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first state ministry of education.
Today Poland has more than a hundred tertiary education institutions; traditional universities to be found in its major cities of Białystok, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Olsztyn, Opole, Poznań, Rzeszów, Szczecin, Toruń, Warsaw, Wrocław and Zielona Góra as well as technical, medical, economic institutions elsewhere, employing around 61,000 workers. There are also around 300 research and development institutes, with about 10,000 more researchers. In total, there are around 91,000 scientists in Poland today.
According to Frost & Sullivan's Country Industry Forecast the country becoming an interesting location for research and development investments. Multinational companies such as: ABB, Delphi, GlaxoSmithKline, Google, Hewlett–Packard, IBM, Intel, LG Electronics and Microsoft, set up their R&D centres in Poland. Motorola in Kraków, Siemens in Wrocław and Samsung in Warszawa are one of the largest owned by those companies. Over 40 R&D centres, and 4,500 of researchers makes Poland biggest R&D hub in the Central and Eastern Europe. Companies chose Poland because of the availability of highly qualified labor force, presence of universities, support of authorities, and the largest market in Central Europe.
The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Poland's education as the 23rd best in the world, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average.
Telecommunication and IT[རྩོམ་སྒྲིག]
Template:Seesubarticle2 The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is 4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000).
The value of the telecommunication market is zl 38.2bn (2006), and it grew by 12.4% in 2007 PMR
the coverage mobile cellular is over 1000 users per 1000 people (2007)
- Telephones—mobile cellular: 38.7 million (Onet.pl & GUS Report, 2007)
- Telephones—main lines in use: 12.5 million (Telecom Team Report, 2005)
Polish culture has been influenced by both Eastern and Western influences. Today, these influences are evident in Polish architecture, folklore, and art. Poland is the birthplace of some world famous individuals, including Pope John Paul II, Marie Skłodowska Curie, Kazimierz Pułaski, Nicolaus Copernicus and Frederic Chopin.
The character of Polish art always reflected world trends. The famous Polish painter, Jan Matejko included many significant historical events in his paintings. Also a famous person in history of Polish art was Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz. He was an example of a Polish Renaissance Man. Polish literature dates back to 1100s and includes many famous poets and writers such as Jan Kochanowski, Adam Mickiewicz, Bolesław Prus, Juliusz Słowacki, Witold Gombrowicz, Stanisław Lem and, Ryszard Kapuściński. Writers Henryk Sienkiewicz, Władysław Reymont, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska have each won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Many world renowned Polish movie directors include Academy Awards winners Roman Polański, Andrzej Wajda, Zbigniew Rybczyński, Janusz Kamiński and, Krzysztof Kieślowski. The traditional Polish music composers include world-renowned pianist Frederic Chopin as well as famous composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki, Henryk Mikołaj Górecki, Karol Szymanowski, and others.
Notable foods in Polish cuisine include Polish sausage, red beet soup, Polish dumplings, flaczki (tripe soup), cabbage rolls, Oscypek, Polish pork chops, Polish traditional stew, various potato dishes, a fast food sandwich zapiekanka, and many more. Traditional Polish desserts include Polish doughnuts, Polish gingerbread and others.
|Human Development Index 2006||37th||177|
|OECD Working time||2nd||27|
|Index of Economic Freedom 2007||87th||157|
|Privacy International Yearly Privacy ranking of countries 2006||8th||36|
|Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 2006||58th||168|
|Summary Innovation Index 2005Template:Fact||27th||33|
|UNICEF Child Well-being league table||14th||21|
|Networked Readiness Index 2006-2007||58th||122|
|OICA Automobile Production||20th||53|
- Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named
- NationMaster.com 2003-2007, Poland, Facts and figures
- Template:Pl icon Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (Centre for Public Opinion Research (Poland) CBOS). Komunikat z badań; Warszawa, Marzec 2005. Co łączy Polaków z parafią? Preface. Accessed 2007-12-14.
- Template:Pl icon Dr Zbigniew Pasek, Jagiellonian University, "Wyznania religijne". Retrieved 2007-09-15. Further reading: Ustawa o gwarancjach wolności sumienia i wyznania z dnia 17 V 1989 z najnowszymi nowelizacjami z 1997 roku.
- Template:Pl icon Michał Tymiński, "Kościół Zielonoświątkowy". Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- Template:Pl icon Dr. Paweł Borecki, "Opinia prawna dotycząca religii w szkole". Kateda Prawa Wyznaniowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- Template:Pl icon Wirtualna Polska, Wiadomości. "Polacy przeciwni wliczaniu ocen z religii do średniej". Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- Template:Pl icon Olga Szpunar, "„Dorośli chcą religii w szkole"". Gazeta Wyborcza Kraków. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
- Teeple, J. B. (2002). Timelines of World History. Publisher: DK Adult.
- Tapping Into Polish Power - Forbes.com
- "Poland in the Lead", The Warsaw Voice, September 2002. Retrieved on August 11, 2007.
- Gazeta Wyborcza, "Szejnfeld: Wejście do strefy euro korzystne dla przedsiębiorców
- Jan Cienski, "Poland Alters Stance on Euro
- OECD Economic Outlook No. 82 - Poland
- OECD Economic Outlook No. 82 - Poland
- Zarobki w Warszawie w 2007 roku
- Eurostat September 2007 - Euro area and EU27 unemployment down to 7.3%, 31 October, 2007
- Eurostat February 2008 - Euro area unemployment stable at 7.1%
- The Times: Tide turns as Poles end great migration
- Newswire Poland Emerges as the European R&D Hub Despite Favorable Conditions in Asia Pacific
- Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency Poland - R&D centre
- Newswire Poland Emerges as the European R&D Hub Despite Favorable Conditions in Asia Pacific
- Newswire Poland Emerges as the European R&D Hub Despite Favorable Conditions in Asia Pacific
- KPMG, Why Poland?
- Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency Poland - R&D centre
- Template:Pl icon Koca, B. (2006). "Polish Literature - The Middle Ages (Religious writings)". Unknown parameter
|accessdaymonth=ignored (help); Unknown parameter
- Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal
- [http://www.paiz.gov.pl/index/?lang_id=1 Polish Information and
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Poland at the World Factbook
- Photos from Poland
- Background Note: Poland
- Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage
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Learn how to manage the requirements of your Python projects using virtual environments and pip, the Python package installer. You will also take a look at several related tools: virtualenvwrapper, pipenv, and poetry.
Most real-world Python projects make use of code written by others, and usually this code is included by installing Python packages. In this course, Managing Python Packages and Virtual Environments, you will learn everything you need to install and manage the packages your project requires using pip, the Python package installer. When you start working on more than a single project, you will find that there's a need to install packages for one project separately from another project. You will come to understand that there's a tool for this situation as well: virtualenv, and no professional Python developer can go without it. First, you will explore everything you need to know in order to use virtual environments on a daily basis. After covering these two core tools, you will then discover other tools that you should at least be aware of such as virtualenvwrapper, which makes managing virtual environments a lot less painful. Finally, you will discover two newer tools: pipenv and poetry, and the direction the Python community is headed. By the end of this course, you will learn how to manage the requirements of your Python projects using virtual environments and pip,
After years of working in software development, Reindert-Jan Ekker has
decided to pursue another passion of his: education. He currently
works as a college professor of Computer Science in the Netherlands,
teaching many subjects like web development, algorithms and data
structures and Scrum.
Course Overview Hi everyone! My name is Reindert-Jan Ekker, and welcome to my course, Managing Python Packages and Virtual Environments. I'm a senior developer and educator. And in this course, I'll teach you about managing Python packages and project requirements. This is a very important skillset for any Python coder who goes beyond simple scripts and starts writing larger projects. We'll learn about Pip, the Python package installer, virtual environments, which allow us to create Python projects with their own dependencies, virtualenvwrapper, a popular tool that makes working with the other tools a lot easier, and we'll take a look at current developments in the Python world and some new tools that you should know about. By the end of this course, you will have all the necessary skills to manage the dependencies for your Python projects and share those dependencies with your teammates. Before beginning the course, you should be familiar with the basics of Python programming. I hope you'll join me on this journey to learn Python project and package management with the course, Managing Python Packages and Virtual Environments, at Pluralsight.
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3/9/2021, Scottsdale, AZ
The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) released today the Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Success: Policy + Reverse Supply Chains report in collaboration with the Responsible Battery Coalition. TSC and the Responsible Battery Coalition partnered on collaborative research to understand how lead acid batteries have achieved 99% recycling in different parts of the globe.
The report shows learnings from three regions that have created different regulatory policies and reverse supply chains that have enabled responsible recycling of lead-acid batteries: Brazil, the United States, and the European Union. These systems differ by the type of reverse supply chain they use, who collects used batteries, how centralized and standardized the program is across different regions, and whether a deposit is required on new batteries. Despite these differences, all three have achieved very high recycling rates through a combination of:
- Regulatory efforts to ensure safe collection and reprocessing; and,
- A reverse supply chain structure that provides financial incentives for everyone involved.
Lead-acid batteries are still present in almost every automobile on the road today, including electric vehicles, and also have opportunities for sustainable energy storage applications. The global market for lead-acid batteries in the U.S. alone is between $40 and $50 billion annually(?). Currently there are only two responsible end-of-life options for lead-acid batteries: recycling in a licensed facility domestically, or export to one in another country.
“Lead acid batteries can be a hazard if dumped in the trash or recycled in an ad hoc, uncontrolled manner. Every jurisdiction needs incentivizes and infrastructure to encourage battery returns, and policy to ensure recycling is done safely,” said Dr. Kevin Dooley, chief scientist at TSC.
The new report covers three national-level programs that have been highly successful in recycling lead-acid batteries. In Brazil, an initial open-loop reverse supply chain approach yielded many collection and recycling sites that were not adequately controlled by existing regulations. Their system was corrected when new national policy only allowed the purchase of used batteries from environmentally certified recyclers; the policy also requires that logistics providers in the supply chain also had to be certified.
In the U.S. and Europe, the report contrasts two different reverse supply chain structures and regulatory policies that nevertheless achieved the same 99% recycling rate. The U.S. uses a true closed-loop system and requires a deposit on new batteries to incentivize return, while Europe uses third-parties for collection, which creates a competitive market for efficient and reputable services.
“Lead-acid batteries are an incredible success story, both as reliable, affordable sources of power and as one of the most recycled consumer products in the world,” said Steve Christensen, executive director of the Responsible Battery Coalition. “Plus, the closed loop recycling approach that has been used for lead-acid batteries for decades is an important forerunner and model for moving toward a truly circular economy for the next generation of batteries.
This free TSC/RBC report is available for download here. TSC translates the best sustainability science into business tools that are used all over the world to create more sustainable consumer products. TSC’s Circular Economy hub houses projects that tackle the issue of product circularity on a regional and global level.
The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) is a global non-profit organization transforming the consumer goods industry to deliver more sustainable consumer products. We work to enable a world where people can lead fulfilled lives in a way that decouples their impacts on people and the planet. Our members and partners include manufacturers, retailers, suppliers, service providers, NGOs, civil society organizations, governmental agencies and academics. TSC convenes our diverse stakeholders to work collaboratively to build science-based decision tools and solutions that address sustainability issues that are materially important throughout a product’s supply chain and lifecycle. TSC also offers a portfolio of services to help drive effective improvement and implementation. Formed in 2009, TSC is jointly administered by Arizona State University and the University of Arkansas and has a European office at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands. For more information visit www.sustainabilityconsortium.org.
About The Responsible Battery Coalition
The RBC is a coalition of companies, academics, and organizations committed to the responsible management of the batteries of today and tomorrow. Members include: Advance Auto Parts, AutoZone, Clarios, Club Car, Environmental Restoration, FedEx, Ford Motor Company, Honda, LafargeHolcim, Li-Cycle, O’Reilly Auto Parts, Renova Energy, Terracycle, Walmart. RBC was created in April 2017 to advance the responsible production, transport, sale, use, reuse, recycling and resource recovery of transportation, industrial and stationary batteries and other energy storage devices. For more information: https://www.responsiblebatterycoalition.org/
The Sustainability Consortium
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Charlestown Historical Society Spring Meeting on April 8, 2015 from 7-9pm
Did you know that some of your Charlestown neighbors have uncovered stone-age tools and weaponry in their backyards? Artifacts, fashioned and used by The “Lenni” Lenape Indians during Eastern PA’s Woodland Period (100 B.C. – 1725 A.D.) have been unearthed in our township. A division of the Delaware Nation, the Lenape peoples hunted and fished in Charlestown, and left the evidence for us to find. Please join us during CHS’s open meeting on April 8th at 7:00 p.m. in Charlestown Elementary School. Resident Ann Kline will share Lenape history and display examples of their tools.
Charlestown Elementary School: Please use the left entrance at the left side of the school near the office.
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ODI has mapped out the potential impact of rising oil prices on GDP, and what this could mean for the poorest countries, and the poorest people within them. High and volatile oil prices are an incentive to support growth strategies which are less vulnerable to oil price volatility and more resilient against crises.
Past conflicts and oil prices
As an ex-forecaster of oil prices, I know how difficult they can be to predict. The industry is always vulnerable to short-term disruption caused by the weather, strikes or conflict. With this in mind, our study for Crisis Action examined past conflicts and their impact on oil prices:
- The combination of the Iranian revolution and the Iraq/Iran War more than doubled crude oil prices from $14 per barrel in 1978 to $35 in 1981. Thirty years later, Iran's production is only two-thirds of that achieved under the Shah.
- When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, oil cost $21 per barrel. Five months later, it peaked at $44. The average price during the conflict increased to $28, a one-third increase.
- Before the 2002-2003 Iraq war, the price of oil had fallen to around $17 per barrel – thanks to slow economic growth following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. But it rose by 40% to $26 per barrel during the war in Afghanistan.
Libya’s current oil production of 1.6 million barrels a day is already at risk. The World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects 2006 simulated the disruption of an oil supply of 2 million barrels per day, resulting in a rise in oil prices of one-third in the first year. Given the current turmoil, an oil price rise of 33-40% looks increasingly realistic.
Impact on developing (oil importing) countries
We have reviewed the likely impact of a one-third increase in oil prices over two years. The evidence suggests that it would lead to a 1% reduction in global GDP – a loss of some $500 billion from a world economy still recovering from the financial and economic crisis. GDP in sub–Saharan Africa – the world’s poorest region – would also fall by 1%, worth some $8 billion. The reduction in world GDP is because a higher oil price transfers money from countries with a higher propensity to spend to countries with a lower propensity to spend. Further reductions in investment and incomes can take place with significant oil price volatility and contagion on financial markets. The World Bank has suggested that the recent increase in oil price of $20 would lower developing country GDP by around 0.2-0.4%.
The poorer the oil importing country, the greater the problems. Poorer countries tend to use more oil to achieve the same output and tend to have more constraints on their current accounts.
The study suggests that some of the poorest countries could lose up to 4% of their GDP. Those likely to lose more than 3% of GDP as a result of a one-third increase in oil prices include Ghana, Honduras, Lesotho, Swaziland, Togo, Moldova and Nicaragua. Those likely to lose more than 1% of GDP include Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal and Niger. This is assuming that there are no market or policy interventions.
At national level, government balances could worsen in countries where oil prices are controlled, and changes in oil price structures may lead to protests as seen in Indonesia (1998), Nigeria (2000) and Yemen (2005). For example, there are already question marks surrounding the affordability of oil price subsidies in Thailand, where oil products constitute around 10% of the consumer basket. Fortunately, the fiscal position in some developing countries that have been growing is fine, but this certainly not the case for others that have seen the fiscal balances worsen due to a number of shocks.
At the household level our review of the evidence finds that both rich and poor households suffer as a result of oil price increases, but the poor tend to suffer more. There are direct effects, with the poor spending a large share of their small incomes on oil and oil products. In Ghana, Guatemala, India, Nepal, South Africa and Vietnam, the poorest households may spend as much as 3-4% of their income on kerosene, compared to little more than 1% of the richest households. There are also indirect effects, with rising transport costs affecting the poor more than the rich.
The evidence suggests that rising oil prices and falling GDP have a direct impact on the most vulnerable people. A drop of 1% in African GDP could increase the number of infant deaths by 5,000 each year, and child deaths by around 10,000. In countries that are more sensitive to falling incomes the impact could be worse.
Oil vulnerability index
We have created an oil vulnerability index that depends on three factors:
- level of net oil imports,
- the oil share in energy mix, and
- energy efficiency of production.
The analysis shows that some of the poorest countries such as Mauritania, Moldova, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone and Togo are at risk amongst the most oil vulnerable economies, but other countries such as Bangladesh, Kenya, Rwanda and Zambia are also at risk.
Global policy responses
Oil price shocks need a three pronged policy response:
- Terms of trade shocks can hit poor countries hard. The international community has international shock facilities to help them, such as the European Commission’s V-FLEX, the IDA crisis facility, or support from the IMF in the case of Balance of Payment shocks. Given that the world has faced so many shocks in recent years, these facilities need continuous review. The IDA crisis facility has recently been negotiated, but the future of the EC’s shock facilities will be discussed as part of the new financial perspectives over 2014-2020.
- Countries are less exposed to oil price shocks when they are 1) more energy efficient and 2) more dependent on other energy sources, e.g. renewable energy where there is a large unexploited potential in poor countries. A global low carbon strategy could include incentives for investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency in poorer countries. An updated architecture of Development Finance Institutions, including the CDC, can help to address such global challenges. Energy efficiency and better access to renewable energy can promote growth whilst preserving the environment. Ahead of the COP 17 conference in Durban at the end of the year, the RIO+20 conference in 2012, a G-20 presidency intent on dealing with commodity price volatility this year and the UN’s year International Year for Sustainable Energy for All, this seems a promising route. The energy minister in South Africa suggested that current turmoil demonstrated the need to use fuel more efficiently.
- The global financial crisis has taught us that ‘vulnerability equals exposure minus resilience’. So promoting resilience seems a sensible strategy to deal with crises. This includes promoting not only fiscal space, but also economic and social governance such as effective natural resource rents, good state-business relations and growth-enhancing social programmes. Measures to build resilience need to be built firmly into the G-20 pillars for growth and growth strategies in countries that are highly vulnerable to oil prices rises and other shocks that threaten the well-being of their people.
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https://www.odi.org/blogs/5673-oil-prices-poor-countries-and-policy-responses
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Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel
Considerable evidence has shown that physical exercise could be an effective treatment in reducing stereotypical autism spectrum disorder (ASD) behaviors in children. The present study seeks to examine the underlying mechanism by considering the theoretical operant nature of stereotypy. Children with ASD (n = 30) who exhibited hand-flapping and body-rocking stereotypies were asked to participate in both control (story-time) and experimental (ball-tapping-exercise intervention) conditions. The experimental condition comprised 15 min of ball tapping during which the children were asked to tap a plastic ball as many times as they could. Results indicated that hand-flapping stereotypy was significantly reduced but body-rocking stereotypy following the ball-tapping-exercise intervention was not. These results not only confirm the positive impact of exercise intervention on stereotypic behavior as shown in many previous studies, but further suggest that physical exercise should be matched with the biomechanics of stereotypy to produce a desirable behavioral benefit.
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American Psychiatric Association (2016). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Berkson, G. (1983). Repetitive stereotyped behaviors. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 239–246. PubMed
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, HKSAR (2012). Identified prevalence of autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved December 11, 2010 from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html.
Chebli, S. S., Martin, V., & Lanovaz, M. J. (2016). Prevalence of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3, 107–118. CrossRef
Church, C., Alisanski, S., & Amanullah, S. (2000). The social, behavioral, and academic experiences of children with asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 15, 12–20. CrossRef
Elliott, R. O. Jr., Dobbin, A. R., Rose, G. D., & Soper, H. V. (1994). Vigorous, aerobic exercise versus general motor training activities: Effects on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 565–576. CrossRefPubMed
Gilliam, J. E. (2014). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Jones, R. S. P., Wint, D., & Ellis, N. C. (1990). The social effects of stereotyped behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 34, 261–268. CrossRef
Kern, J. K., Fletcher, C. L., Garver, C. R., Mehta, J. A., Grannemann, B. D., Knox, K. R., ... Trivedi, M. H. (2011). Prospective trial of equine-assisted activities in autism spectrum disorder. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medecine, 17, 14–20.
Lang, R., Koegel, L. K., Ashbaugh, K., Regester, A., Ence, W., & Smith, W. (2010). Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 565–576. CrossRef
Lanovaz, M. J., Robertson, K. M., Soerono, K., & Watkins, N. (2013). Effects of reducing stereotypy on other behaviors: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 1234–1243. CrossRef
Levinson, L. J., & Reid, G. (1993). The effects of exercise intensity on the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with autism. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 10, 255–268. CrossRef
Morrison, K., & Rosales-Ruiz, J. (1997). The effect of object preferences on task performance and stereotypy in a child with autism. Ressearch in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 127–137. CrossRef
Prupas, A., & Reid, G. (2001). Effects of exercise frequency on stereotypic behaviors of children with developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 36, 196–206.
Rapp, J. T., Vollmer, T. R., St Peter, C., Dozier, C. L., & Cotnoir, N. M. (2004). Analysis of response allocation in individuals with multiple forms of stereotyped behavior. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 37, 481–501. CrossRef
Reid, P. D., Factor, D. C., Freeman, N. L., & Sherman, J. (1988). The effects of physical exercise on three autistic and developmentally disordered adolescents. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 22, 47–56.
Rosenblatt, L. E., Gorantla, S., Torres, J. A., Yarmush, R. S., Rao, S., Park, E. R., ... Levine, J. B. (2011). Relaxation response-based yoga improves functioning in young children with autism: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 1029–1035. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
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- Choosing an Appropriate Physical Exercise to Reduce Stereotypic Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Non-randomized Crossover Study
C. Y. Andy Tse
C. L. Pang
Paul H. Lee
- Springer US
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Don’t put your camera away after the sun sets! There’s a whole different park to photograph when the stars come out. And you don’t need a telescope. This course will discuss and demonstrate various techniques and camera settings necessary to photograph the Milky Way, the moon, the stars, and other objects in the night sky with landscape features by using digital cameras and standard lenses. We’ll discuss how to plan shots using star charts, software and apps to determine what will be seen in the night sky. A tutorial will be presented on how best to edit, process and archive these images on a computer. This course is best for intermediate level and above. Participants should have a digital SLR or mirrorless camera with interchangeable lenses that allows manual adjustments to the settings. This course continues throughout Saturday from 12:00 noon - 12:00 PM and Sunday from 12:00 noon - 4:00 PM.
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Intense sand and gravel mining has created numerous man-made lakes around the world in the past century. These small lake systems (1-50 ha) are usually hydrologically isolated, often deep (6 – 40 meters) and stratified during summer and in cold winters. Our study area is located in the catchment area of the rivers Meuse and Rhine, in the southern part of the densely populated Netherlands, the province of Noord-Brabant. Due to their small size, these deep man-made lakes are usually not included in the regular monitoring campaigns, such as monitoring required for the European Water Framework Directive. Therefore, not much is known about their ecological functioning. During two summers, we measured the macrophyte diversity and a range of physio-chemical and biological parameters including pH and phosphate concentration in the water column in 51 deep man-made lakes. Comparing these deep lakes to the surrounding shallow water bodies, these deep systems add a good water quality and ecological quality to the total landscape. Man-made lakes are often described as dead and empty underwater deserts, but out results show this is not always the case. To preserve the good quality waters, care should be taken when selecting deep man-made lakes for storing e.g. dredging material. We urge water managers to not only judge the quality of the deep man-made lakes by the biological quality of the surface water, but include deep water quality as a key parameter to determine their suitability for storing materials.
|Translated title of the contribution||Unveiling the secrets of deep man-made lakes|
|Number of pages||27|
|Journal||De Levende Natuur|
|Publication status||Published - 29 Jan 2019|
- diepe plassen
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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Thirty years ago, the internet was still in its infancy, mobile phones were scarce and “social networks” consisted of little more than your friends from college or high school. Today, our personal and professional lives are connected to public and private digital online networks designed to close the geographical distance of the global world, enhancing businesses and their operations and connecting people—family, friends and strangers alike—in ways we never imagined just a decade ago. In 2018, the digital revolution driven by the internet remains is in full force. However, for all its advances, some view the high digitization of everyday life as data run amok.
The rise of the internet has conceived the rise of social media, personal data collection and personal data transmission. As the internet is a global network without physical regional boundaries, its governance, until recently, has remained largely undefined. But currently, in light of numerous high-profile data abuse cases, including the theft of personal people’s information, the idea of more information becoming “too much information” is raising concerns, particularly in the area of personal privacy.
In light of the latter, the compliance landscape is changing. On 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect. The reform, promulgated by the European Commission, applies to European Union countries and unifies the protection of personal data in the EU into one singular law. In general, GDPR provides natural persons residing in the EU an increased level of control over their data while subjecting companies to stricter compliance. Natural persons exercise the right to know what and how their data is managed, as well as right for their data to be erased. Given the new mandate, companies are obliged to implement data protection mechanisms and designate a Data Protection Officer.
Equally, in June 2017, the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (CSL) went into effect. CSL paves the way for stricter supervision and management of information and network systems. The scope of cybersecurity extends to all systems utilized to collect, save, transmit exchange and process information. In other words, companies and individuals involved in any type of network as a network operator and/or network user are subject to the reforms. Primary, CSL establishes the compliance framework for network operators and is the overarching law for cybersecurity.
Further measures and regulations shall provide specific guidelines and enforcement.
In light of the implementation of GDPR, below we offer a recap of CSL and provide the key takeaways.
Under the Cybersecurity Law, a network operator is defined as owners, administrators of the network and network service providers. The law calls on the network operator to:
- Formulate internal security management systems and operating rules, determine persons responsible for network security, and implement network security protection responsibility;
- Adopt technological measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks, network intrusions and other actions endangering network security;
- Adopt technological measures for monitoring and recording network operational statuses and network security incidents, and follow relevant provisions to store network logs for at least six months;
- Adopt measures such as data classification, back-up of important data, and encryption; and
- Carry out other obligations as mandated by law or administrative regulations.
Key information infrastructure
Information crucial to national security and economy is identified as key information infrastructure and is subject to specific security protection. Key information infrastructure includes:
- Public communications and information service
- Energy transport and water conservancy
- Public services
- E-government affairs
- Other key information infrastructure in relation to national security, national economy, public interests and people’s livelihoods
It is important to note that operators of key information infrastructure are obliged to store the collected and produced personal information and important data within the PRC. Any data required to be transmitted aboard shall be conducted under measures of the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC).
Network operators are required to request identification of users upon registration of fixed-line, mobile phones, information publication services, instant messaging services and other related services. Services cannot be provided without valid identification.
In the collection and usage of personal data, the related individual’s consent is required to be obtained. The purpose, means and scope of collection should also be clearly expressed. Personal data shall only be collected in relation to the services of the network operator and personal information to third parties without consent, tampering with or damage the collected personal information is strictly forbidden.
Any individual who discovers their information is collected or used in violation of the laws and regulations or agreement exercises the right to request the information to be deleted.
As CSL lays the foundation and direction of cybersecurity within China, network operators are encouraged to start early in compliance development and execution. It is also worthwhile to provide cybersecurity training for employees to avoid any violations and imposed fines — although compliance systems and training should be updated in line with new laws and regulation.
The digital revolution has surely had a positive effect on people’s lives and the way businesses operate with increased globalization and connectivity around the world. However, a lack of regulation and governance can lead to abuse of data and risk cyber security, as seen in the recent news. The new regulations to safeguard data and network pave a positive direction for our digitalised world.
If you would like more information on cybersecurity in China or other related corporate issues, send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.org, and we’ll have a Horizons professional contact you.
Please visit our website at horizons-advisory.com
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Internal Mandible Distractors
Mandibular distraction (also known as distraction osteogenesis) involves precise cuts being made in the lower jaw bone. A device is applied to bridge the cut part of the jaw. The device is secured to the bone with small screws. On a daily basis, the device is designed to slowly separate the cut jaw anywhere from 0.3-1.0 mm a day. This allows for new bone to form in the cut area while lengthening the lower jaw. As the jaw moves forward, it pulls the tongue with it out of the windpipe. The devices that are applied to the cut area of the jaw may be either internal (where the device is buried beneath the skin) or external (where the device is outside the body and it is connected to the bone via pins). Each has their advantages and disadvantages. What is best for the infant will be reviewed by the surgeon.
Jaw Distraction Surgery
Pierre Robin sequence only requires treatment at a young age if the windpipe is obstructed, causing difficulty breathing. The cause of the breathing obstruction may be multifactorial. Mild cases of breathing obstruction from Pierre Robin may be treated with side or face-down positioning and close monitoring. This allows the tongue to fall forward and out of the windpipe. A nasopharyngeal airway, a small tube inserted in the nose, can also increase airflow. Surgical interventions are considered if the above conservative measures fail or if the Pierre Robin is severe. There are two surgical approaches to managing Pierre Robin: tongue-lip adhesion and mandibular distraction. A tongue-lip adhesion involves a surgical fusion of the tongue undersurface to the lower lip. This technique is designed to pull the tongue forward and out of the windpipe. A second procedure is required later to release the tongue from the lip when the infant has grown enough. Mandibular distraction (also known as distraction osteogenesis) involves precise cuts being made in the lower jaw bone. A device is applied to bridge the cut part of the jaw. On a daily basis, the device is designed to slowly separate the cut jaw. This allows for new bone to form in the cut area while lengthening the lower jaw. As the jaw moves forward, it pulls the tongue with it out of the windpipe.
Pierre Robin sequence (also known as Pierre Robin syndrome) is a condition where babies are born with
a small lower jaw and a tongue that falls into the back of the throat. These two factors may block the
windpipe and cause difficulty breathing. The obstruction in airflow through the windpipe can be so
severe that a breathing tube may need to be placed after birth. In these infants, a full airway evaluation
needs to be performed by an experienced clinical team. This may include a sleep study, where blood
oxygen levels are monitored as the infant sleeps. Children born with Pierre Robin often (but not always)
additionally have a cleft palate.
KLS Martin, a family-run medical technology company based in Germany, has developed numerous distraction devices adapted for various regions of the craniofacial skeleton. The specific device selected will depend on the area of the jawbone that needs to be lengthened. For infants with Pierre Robin sequence, the Zurich micro II distractor is a common choice. It is an internal device with a small arm that protrudes from the skin, usually just behind the ear. It has the ability to length the bone by 15-30mm. The design of the device is symmetrical (allowing for use on the right and/or left side) and the system has an anti-relapse ratchet that prevents accidental backward movement.
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The Ghosts of the Past
Listen to Audio (right click to save)
I don't believe in ghosts - for the most part. There's one kind of ghosts that are all too real. They talked about those "ghosts" in the movie, "Amazing Grace." That movie told the story of the 18th-Century British political leader, William Wilberforce. He's really more than any other man, responsible for the abolishing of slavery in the British Empire. And that was at a time when African slaves played a critical role in the British economy and slave-owning interests controlled many members of Parliament. The battle took twenty years, but ultimately thousands of slaves went free. Wilberforce's spiritual mentor was actually the man who wrote America's most beloved hymn, "Amazing Grace." In his early years, John Newton had been a slave trader, capturing and carrying thousands of Africans to slavery in Britain. Conditions were so brutal that many didn't even survive the voyage. Then John Newton discovered how Jesus Christ can forgive and change a man. In the movie, John Newton is going blind but he's still pastoring a church in London. And he believed in "ghosts" you might say. As he dictates what he calls "My Confession" to a scribe, he says, "I have lived for years with the company of 20,000 ghosts - those I made into slaves. Their blood is on my hands."
We all understand the kind of ghosts John Newton was talking about. They're not departed spirits. They're the memories and the regrets of the things that we wish we hadn't done. The guilt, the shame we feel because of the people we've hurt, the damage we've done, the dark things we've done.
But remember the words that old slave trader, John Newton, wrote in the hymn that's become one of the most recognizable songs in the world: "Amazing grace, how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me. I once was lost, but now I'm found; was blind but now I see." As John Newton dictates his confession in the movie, he reaches a conclusion that I found deeply moving: "Although my memory is fading, I remember two things clearly. I am a great sinner...and Christ is a great Savior."
And that's my hope; that's your hope of being delivered from the ghosts of your past. Realizing we're great sinners, and realizing that Christ is a great Savior. There's awesome hope for all of us rebels against God. In Psalm 130:3-4, our word for today from the Word of God, it says, "If You, O Lord, kept a record of sins, O Lord, who could stand? But with You there is forgiveness."
Here is a holy, sinless God whose rule of our life we have defied by doing what we wanted time after time. We deserve the eternal death penalty the Bible says that sin carries. But God loves you so much that He sent His one and only Son, Jesus Christ, to give His life in exchange for yours; to do the dying for all the sinning you've ever done. And the Bible says, "Everyone who believes in (Jesus) receives forgiveness of sins through His name."
That's what He wants to do for you this very day. To erase every sin of your past from God's book forever. To become your personal Savior from the guilt and the penalty of your sin. To cancel the hell that you deserve for a heaven you could never deserve. All that becomes yours the day you open your heart to Jesus and tell Him that you're turning from your sin and you're going to put all your trust in Him. He's the rescuer. You're the dying person. When you grab Him, you're saved.
This could be your day to experience God's amazing grace for yourself. It's more than a song. It's a life-saving miracle that banishes the ghosts of your past. If you want to make this "great Savior" your Savior, I want to invite you to visit our website. I've laid out a simple explanation there of just how your relationship with Him can begin. Just go to yoursforlife.net.
Tonight, as you hit the pillow, you can have a new song: "I once was lost, but now I'm found. I was blind, but now I see."
Distributed by Ron Hutchcraft Ministries, Inc.
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Computers are excellent machines. They’re everywhere and society depends upon these to manage the world. It’s no question that information technology has almost limitless applications, and they are multiplying in a steady rate. A number of these applications are benefiting society directly or not directly. The 3 most significant ways computers are benefiting society, is as simple as, making more it professions, creating new automobile security features, and opening ground-breaking communication methods. There presently exist a number of other advantageous functions of those machines, for example their use for diagnosing patients, running weather simulations to calculate future weather patterns, and calculating large, complex data sets. As new applications emerge for personal computers, same goes with the advantages society will be a consequence of them.
Making more it (IT) professions is proportionally associated with the number of new personal computers they fit into use. As new computers are offered to consumers, the interest in more IT professions will rise because consumers will require these professionals to keep, upgrade and repair their new personal computers. . More employment can also be provided when new computer applications are discovered. This will make sense because new applications require new professionals which are trained to cope with that exact application. For instance, when the internet was introduced, many new professions came about. A few of these professions vary from website designers and server managers to internet marketers. These 4 elements reveal that computers are benefiting society directly by creating new it professions, that is very important to the introduction of any countries labor pressure.
Computers were introduced into cars within the late nineteenth century, for such effects as controlling engine functions, fuel injection, and signal light timing. It’s not until lately, that information technology has began to lead to assisting to save peoples lives by enabling vehicle manufacturers to produce new automobile security features. Air bags are an very important safety feature within an automobile. A pc is situated in the controls of the automobile, that is outfitted with airbags and it is the only real device able to signaling the airbags to deploy within the situation of the accident. Based on McCormick (1999), it’s an estimation that “between 1990 and 1997, air bags saved about 150 resides in Canada. Within the U . s . States, the nation’s Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that airbags, by September 1, 1999, have saved the lives well over 4,600 Americans involved with vehicle crashes.” This wouldn’t be possible without personal computers. One other popular safety feature may be the anti-lock braking mechanism, or ABS. The objective of the anti-lock braking mechanism would be to stop an automobile from locking its tires, that has been proven to dramatically increase a motorists control inside a potential crash. These security features are actually advantageous to society because of computers, by decreasing the amount of car accidents, and the amount of fatalities involved with such accidents.
Society relies upon rapid and reliable communications. Information technology has permitted us to spread out ground-breaking communication techniques that satisfy individuals dependencies. One communication method is called email (e-mail). E-mail has turned into a common type of communication since it is free, reliable, and more importantly, incredibly fast. Because of the nature of e-mail, being electronic data, it depends on computers to provide and receive messages. One other popular approach to communication making rapid headway is im, or IM. Based on market research (Shiu & Lenhart, 2004) “53 million Americans use im and it is appeal is particularly apparent among youthful adults and technology enthusiasts.” Much like e-mail, im enables lots of people to transmit textual information to one another concurrently. This type of communication is comparable to a mobile phone conversation, but using electronic text like a medium rather of the person’s voice. As im is dependant on electronic text, it relies upon personal computers to function since they’re the only real devices able to transmitting and manipulating electronic data. These two new communication methods are getting people closer together, inside a global sense, which is benefiting society.
New trouble for society will constantly emerge, and for that reason, computers will be relevant to such problems. This equipment is the job horses for the future and therefore, society will greatly rely on them. As mentioned, the 3 most significant ways computers are benefiting society now’s by making more it professions, developing new automobile security features, and opening ground-breaking communication methods. Therefore, personal computers happen to be proven to become a significant advantage to society with these three examples and society continuously rely on the advantages scalping strategies provide later on.
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Back in July of 2007, researchers excavating human burials at the Brazilian site of Lapa do Santo found something strange—two amputated hands that had been laid across the face of a skull. One hand was pointing down, the other up. There were also “v-shaped cut marks” on the jaw and vertebrae. The team, publishing in PLOS ONE, now believes that this is “the oldest case of decapitation found in the New World.”
People had lived in Lapa do Santo (now Brazil), starting about 12,000 year ago; this skull dates back about 9,000 years from the present. The people who lived in the area were likely “hunter-gathers with low mobility,” the researchers report. They also think the decapitated person was a member of the local community—which means the beheading may have been a ritual decapitation, rather than an act of war.
In their paper, the researchers detail the evidence that this person, thought to be young man, had his head and arms intentionally removed from his body. There are hack marks on one of the wrist bones that indicate it was removed with force from the arm. And, on the skull and neck bones, the researchers write, cut marks suggest the skull was subject to both “soft tissue removal and decapitation.” (“It is possible that multiple forces were applied to the head to detach it from the neck,” they write.)
All in all the evidence points to one conclusion: this is “a clear case of decapitation.”
Archaeologists have wondered how far back and how widely people in the Americas practiced decapitation. Previous to this discovery, the oldest instance of decapitation ever found dated back to about 4,500 years ago. In South America, the record goes back ever less far: the oldest instance known is dated to 3,000 years ago. There’s evidence that different groups of people practiced decapitation in Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia and, in particular, Peru: before now, it was thought likely that the practice in South America began in the Andes. This find provides evidence that it went far further back and was spread far wider than previously thought.
Every day, we highlight one newly lost or found object, curiosity or wonder. Discover something unusual or amazing? Tell us about it! Send your finds to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Huck Finn Character ANalysis
Is "Huck" in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, a good literary character for young readers today? He is seen at the outset of the novel as a troublesome young child who needs to be taught how to act in a civilized manner and Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, models of conventional society take him in, attempting to educate him. His father however kidnaps him, and Huck is no longer trapped by the conformity of society, but rather by the harsh treatment of his abusive father. Still seen as a misfit child, his character gains some respect from the reader when he is able to f…
- Character Analysis of Arthur Dimmesdale "The Scarlet Letter"
- Huck Finn Character ANalysis
- Racism in Huck Finn by Mark Twain
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Aquatic: living in either fresh or salt water.
Food web: the connections between all the organisms that eat and are eaten by each other in a particular place... more
Micrometer: a very small unit of length. There are one million micrometers in a meter.
Microscopic: too small to be seen with an unaided eye.
Millimeter: a unit of length that is one thousandth the size of a meter, and one tenth size of a centimeter.
Plankton: a group of free floating organisms living in water that includes many kinds of plants and animals... more
Species: typically a group of organisms that are so similar that they can interbreed (have offspring)... more
When you visit a pond or the beach, what kinds of living things do you see in the water? Depending on the environment, you might find fish, frogs, crabs, insects, seaweed, or lily pads. Don’t let your eyes fool you, though… there’s a hidden world in water that is full of creatures too small to be seen! When you go swimming in a lake or in the ocean, each stroke pushes you past billions upon billions of microscopic creatures called plankton.
It was a German scientist named Viktor Hensen who gave plankton this name. If you wonder why he used this name, it helps to know your Greek and something about how these tiny life forms travel. Planktos in Greek means drifting or wandering. Plankton are too small to swim in water in the same way fish or whales do… they simply drift along. This is why they came to be known as plankton.
There are two main kinds of plankton: phytoplankton, which are also called algae, and zooplankton.
Phytoplankton are like plants. They use energy from sunlight to turn carbon dioxide, a gas in air and water, into sugars they can use to grow. Because they depend on the sun, phytoplankton can only live in the upper parts of a lake or the ocean. In deeper, darker waters, there just isn’t enough light for these creatures to grow and survive.
Zooplankton, the other kind of plankton, are tiny, and in a few cases not so tiny, animals. They must eat to stay alive. Some zooplankton graze algae just like cows munch on grass. Some are hunters that catch other zooplankton. And some zooplankton eat detritus—that means they eat dead organisms and poop sinking through the water!
Like all life on earth, plankton come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. The smallest are the bacteria, which are much too small to be seen without a powerful microscope. Most bacteria are only a few micrometers wide.
Next are the unicellular phytoplankton and zooplankton. “Unicellular” means their bodies are made up of only one cell, like a cabin with just one room. (Although, sometimes unicellular creatures can form chains with others of their same species). Even though they may be ten to 100 times larger than a bacterial cell, you would still need to look through a microscope to see these organisms.
Some plankton are big enough to be seen with the naked eye. Try this the next time you visit a pond or lake: scoop up a glass of water and hold it up to the light. Unless the water is very dirty, you should be able to see small specks swimming around. These specks—the largest no bigger than a few millimeters long—are zooplankton. They’re probably the smallest animals you’ve ever seen!
Copepods are one kind of zooplankton. These tiny creatures are the most abundant organisms on earth! They even outnumber all the insects in the world.
There are also giants in the plankton world called macroplankton and megaplankton. Krill and jellyfish are examples of plankton big enough to see without a microscope. These large animals actively swim, but their movements are still mostly controlled by ocean currents.
Even though there are giant plankton, most are microscopic. Without these tiny living organisms our world would be a very different place. Plankton can be found in almost any body of water. About 71% of our planet is covered by water. Since plankton are incredibly small, there are a lot of plankton on earth. In fact, you can find thousands of plankton in a single drop of water.
Like the plants you see around you, phytoplankton give off oxygen gas when they use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into sugars. Half of the oxygen in our atmosphere was made by phytoplankton. Take a deep breath and think about how 50% of the oxygen you just inhaled was made by microscopic creatures.
Phytoplankton also form the base of aquatic food webs. In other words, all life in the ocean ultimately depends on algae for food. Because algae can use the sun’s energy to transform air into sugars, they provide a rich supply of food for the zooplankton and other creatures that eat them. Those zooplankton are eaten by larger zooplankton, by shellfish, by fish, and by baleen whales. Little fish are eaten by birds and bigger fish, and so on throughout the tangled food web. Sea lions, penguins, sharks, killer whales, dolphins… all of these animals ultimately depend on plankton to survive!
This section of Ask A Biologist was funded by NSF Grant Award number 0752592 and 1030345.
Amy Hansen. (2011, April 18). An Invisible Watery World. ASU - Ask A Biologist. Retrieved December 10, 2018 from https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/plankton
Amy Hansen. "An Invisible Watery World". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 18 April, 2011. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/plankton
Amy Hansen. "An Invisible Watery World". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 18 Apr 2011. ASU - Ask A Biologist, Web. 10 Dec 2018. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/plankton
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The systems theorist Niklas Luhmann defined modernity in terms of functional differentiation - that social functions become increasingly specialized and autonomous (yet coordinated) - for example the division of labour in a factory, or the economy; or the specialization of philosophy from theology, science from philosophy, biology from science, and zoology from biology.
When exactly this differentiation began is difficult to be sure, but clearly it accelerated from the industrial revolution.
However, shortly afterwards it seems that the biological specialization between human beings may have begun to undergo accelerating de-differentiation.
The theory runs like this: for almost all of human history, there was a very powerful selection pressure acting upon infants and children - far more babies reached advanced pregnancy and were born than survived to adulthood and themselves reproduced (this especially applied to males, among whom losses were greater at every stage - unless this pattern was specifically affected by contrary social practices).
But from the industrial revolution onwards, this stopped happening. A greater and greater proportion of infants reached adulthood, until in some parts of the world it approached 100 percent - and (probably) the major selection pressure of human history all-but ceased to operate.
Since each human is born with a few new and damaging genetic mutations, this implies a generation-upon-generation accumulation of deleterious genes.
What effect would this have? Well, as Geoffrey Miller has described - since about half of genes are involved in brain function, the brain is a huge 'mutational target' - so deleterious mutations probably affect brain function more than anything else.
This, I guess, is a major cause for the substantial decline in intelligence (measured objectively by simple reaction times) since the industrial revolution. (I am assuming that intelligence is something related to speed and efficiency of central nervous system processing; impaired by the same process that impairs reaction times).
But another affect would (I think) be a reduction in specialization; a reduction in the differences between people in terms of their specialized abilities - a reduction in high levels of specific excellence.
This would mean that differences between people in terms of functional ability would become more a matter of random variation (merely due to the deleterious effects of genetic mutations, pulling each person down from optimal functioning in different ways and by different degrees simply according to the actions of these mutations); and less a matter of different people having different specifically evolved adaptations.
So, it may be that the same broad period of human history - the modern era, post-industrial revolution - has been witnessing an increase in social complexity (differentiation) but a decrease in biological complexity (of differences between people related to specialized human abilities).
And perhaps that the reduction in biological complexity is now affecting social complexity - first causing a plateau in social complexity, then a decline in social complexity - a simplifying, a de-differentiation of society - for example in the imposition of crude political ideas over all functional social systems (ie political correctness/ New Leftism).
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Not only are fish a great source of lean protein, they are also the richest source of omega-3 fats. These anti-inflammatory fats lower triglyceride levels, LDL cholesterol, and even reduce the formation of clots in your arteries. Together, this cleans and unclogs arteries, which in turn prevents heart disease.
An intake of 1 portion, 2 to 3 times a week is recommended by the American Heart Association. This can be of any fish available in the market including salmon, tuna, trout, mackerel, and cod. Most importantly, fish is easy to cook. It can be baked, steamed, grilled, and added to a curry, salad or even some pasta.
Nuts & Seeds
Nuts and seeds contain high quantities of poly- and monounsaturated fats, minerals, and phytosterols. How are these helpful? Unsaturated fats lower LDL cholesterol levels, minerals lower blood pressure, and phytosterols compete with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system.
Walnuts and unsalted almonds are among the best nuts for heart health. Ideal seeds include chia, sunflower, pumpkin and flaxseeds. However, limited consumption of nuts and seeds is recommended, specifically one small handful a day, as the high content of monounsaturated fats also makes these foods calorie-dense. Nuts and seeds can be eaten as standalone snacks or added to granola, smoothies, salads and soups.
Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
These are some of your richest sources of potassium, fibre, and vitamins A, C, and K. Not only are they available year-around, they also come in a wide range of varieties (e.g. spinach, kale, arugula, amaranth greens, romaine and leafy lettuce). The potassium in these vegetables helps kidneys remove sodium from the body to lower blood pressure; cohort studies have time and again shown an inverse link between potassium consumption and the risk of stroke. The fibre reduces absorption of cholesterol in the gut while vitamins work in synergy to remove oxidising agents and therefore preventing LDL oxidation, a major risk factor of heart disease. At least one type of these vegetables should be consumed at mealtimes. This can be as a salad, soup, sabzi or curry.
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S: A Proposal to Linbrasia
FC: A Proposal to Linbrasia
1: By: Colin Abray & Zhi Lin | sanity
2: THIS IS RECONSTRUCTION !!!!!!!!
3: WHY WE'RE HERE ... | A bloody civil war has just ended in Linbrasia. This civil war was the result of debate over the issue of slavery. The states in the West felt that they should be able to keep slaves because their agrarian economy depended on slave labor. However, the states in the East strongly opposed slavery. | After years of debate over this issue, the West decided to secede and created a new country. The President has declared war against the West. He is sure that the East will win the war and wants to have a Reconstruction plan. The President is not knowledgeable of the Reconstruction period in American history. Therefore, he has hired us as his advisor.
4: One of the Major Reconstruction Plans by Abraham Lincoln. It was basically proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. After 10% of those on the 1860 voting lists took an oath of allegiance, a state could form a new state government and gain representation in Congress. Under these terms,AR, LA, TN, & VA moved towards readmission into the Union. -Zhi | PLAN | Dec 8 1863
5: RadiCal Reactions July 1864 | Radical Republicans proposed another plan called the Wade-Davis Plan, it proposed that Congress, not the president, should be responsible for Reconstruction. It also declared that a majority, not just 10% of those eligible to vote in 1860 would have to take a solemn oath to support the Constitution.Lincoln used a pocket veto to prevent this bill from being passed. Lincoln was suspected of vetoing this because it gave congress more power over reconstruction than the president. Radicals were furious. -Zhi | <<< Pro-south cartoon depicting Lincoln and Davis playing cards, with Lincoln's document being the president's last desperate card
6: Johnson's Plan May 1865 | After Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson became president. His plans and policies pardoned many former Confederate leaders and allow them to take part in Federal government. He also ignored any policies that would be for the benefit of former slaves. This upset Radicals and former slaves alike. -Zhi | Black Codes 1865 | In direct defiance of the members of Congress, Johnson allowed many slaves to pass "Black Codes". These codes would often forbid Blacks from testifying in court, serving on juries or carrying weapons. This was a major setback for the Reconstruction movement. -Zhi
7: Democrats who opposed to the Republican plan for reconstruction, called white Southerners who joined the Republican Party's Scalawags. The majority were small farmers who wanted to improve their economic and political position and prevent the former wealthy planters from regaining power. -Zhi | Politics in the Postwar South | Carpetbaggers was used by the democrats, it was an unflattering name for the Northerners who moved to the South after the war. This name referred to the belief that they arrived with so few belongings that everything could fit into a carpetbag. Most Southerners believed that they wanted to exploit the Southerners postwar turmoil for their own profit. -Zhi
8: 13th amendment | This is an Amendment to the United States Constitution which officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery. Ratified by the states on Dec 6, 1865, with limited exceptions that prohibits involuntary servitude. Prior to its ratification, slavery remained legal only in Delaware and Kentucky. The slaves had been freed by state action and the federal government's Emancipation Proclamation executive order. -Zhi | Congressional Reconstruction
9: Congress drafted the 14th Amendment, it was ratified in 1868 which made all persons born or naturalized in the US including former slaves, citizens of the country and guaranteed equal protection of the laws. -Zhi | 14th Amendment | 15th Amendment | Radicals introduced the 15th Amendment, it was ratified in 1870, prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment would also affect northern states, many of which at this time barred African-Americans voting. -Zhi
10: Johnson Impeached Horace Greeley, who was the secretary of war, was the leader of Johnson,s impeachment. He was backed by many Radicals and moderates who disapproved of many elements of Johnson's Reconstruction Plan. And it was claimed that Johnson was breaking the law by removing Greeley. It was required that 66% of congress vote for Johnson's impeachment. And it was passed.-Colin | Grant Elected!!!! In the election of 1868, the Republicans nominated the Union General Ulysses Grant. His opponent was Horatio Seymour. Grant won and along with Grant's victory came the introduction of the 15th amendment. This amendment would forbid states from barring people from voting because of their race.-Colin
11: States Refuse to Enforce 14th and 15th Amendments!!!!! | Many states refused to enforce the 14th and 15th amendments especially the ones in the South. This caused Grant to put the "Enforcement Act of 1870" into effect. This would give severe punishments to those who violated the 14th and 15th Amendments.-Colin | As a response to the Enforcement acts and the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments themselves, the Ku Klux Klan began to become very prominent. Founded in 1866, this organization existed in every state by 1868. They mainly intimidated blacks from voting. Their aggression grew even more after the enforcement acts were passed.-Colin
12: Freedman's Bureau | As a part of Presidential Reconstruction, it was established by Congress in the last month of the Civil War, it assisted former slaves and poor whites in the South by distributing cloths and food. It also set up more than 4,000 schools, 40 hospitals, 61 industrial institutions, and 74 teacher-training centers. -Zhi
13: Changes in the Southern Economy | Sherman's Special Field Order, Number 15 | It gave freed slaves the right to find their families members who had been sold away. While settling aside the Sea Islands, black families can gain 40 acres tracts of land in South Carolina and Georgia for . Gave 40 acres and a mule to blacks who wished to move to the unsettled American Southwest. Sherman gave his army instructions to burn their way through the South to the coast Establish the Freedmen's Bureau to help blacks make the transition from slavery to freedom. -Zhi
14: Sharecropping v. Tenant Farming | Economic problems forced African-Americans to sign labor contracts with planters. In exchange for wages, housing, and food, freedmen worked in the fields. Sharecropping- landowners divided their land and gave each freed African American or poor white workers a few acres along with seeds and tools. At harvest time, each worker gave a share of his crop, usually half, to the landowner. Tenant Farming- a system in which farm workers supplied their own tools and rented farmland for cash. -Zhi
16: An effort to prepare newly freed people for full participation in post-Civil War society with educational and land ownership opportunities. The program was created during the American Civil War to establish freedmen and women in a successful community to work the land abandoned by plantation owners. A second component of the experiment was to recruit and train men of African descent for soldiers in the military campaigns and have them fight next to white soldiers on equal footing of pay and promotions. -Zhi | The Port Royal Experiment
17: Map of early African American involvement in the Civil War, including the Port Royal Experiment
18: Charles Sumner | Sumner was a radical Republican. He strongly opposed Johnson's methods. He wanted to exclude anyone from government who was affiliated with the Confederates' rebellion. He also supported the voting rights of African Americans along with the propositions of land grants for freed slaves-Colin. | Military Reconstruction | Efforts were made by the U.S. Military to contribute to Reconstruction. This act placed ten former Confederate States under military control after the Civil War. Tennessee was the only former Confederate State that this rule gave an exception to because it had already been readmitted to the Union-Colin.
19: Civil Rights Act of 1866 | This was an act that intended to prevent any states from passing any laws that restricted the rights of African Americans in any way. This law gave former slaves the rights to own property, enforce contracts, and give evidence in courts. Passed on April 9th 1866 Unfortunately, this was never officially passed and African Americans continued to be poorly treated.-Colin | Colfax Massacre!!! | One of many violent acts following the Civil War, this occurred in April1873 around the time that Louisiana was to elect a governor. A white militia attacked and murdered several black Republicans as a method of intimidation to Republican voters and freedmen, An estimated 70 blacks were killed, some of whom were members of the state militia-Colin.
20: Hiram Revels. My Man!!!! | Hiram Revels was the first African American to serve on the U.S. Senate. He was elected in April of 1870. He was the Senatorial representative for the State of Mississippi. He was elected to finish out the term for a seat that had been left vacant since the Civil War. During his time as a senator, Revels was an advocate for racial equality. He opposed a bill proposed by another senator to keep Washington DC schools segregated. He didn't want punishments issued to former Confederates as long as they swore loyalty to the new Union.-Colin
21: Civil Rights Act of 1875 | This was an act proposed by Senator Charles Sumner. It was intended to guarantee that all people, regardless of their race would be given the same public accommodations. Any offenders would be subject to fines and or prison time. This act was indeed passed on March 1st 1875 but not strictly enforced in the south. This bill was even used to back up the "Separate but Equal" justification for segregation.-Colin
22: U.S. V. Cruikshank | This was a famous U.S. Court case that related to the Colfax Massacre. It resulted in the overturning of two convictions of perpetrators in the Colfax attacks. The perpetrators were saved by a claim that they were exercising their 1st amendment right to assemble and their 2nd amendment right to bear arms. Outraging many radicals due to the fact that the perpetrators were violators of the enforcement acts. If anything, this case caused blacks to be less protected by the government and the 14th amendment was negated.-Colin | Redemption! | This was a movement mainly led by wealthy southern Democrats. It was intended to restore the social order in the South that had been present before the Civil War. It pushed for absolute inequality among races in the south. Redeemers also despised the presence of Carpetbaggers and Scalawags. Other groups such as "Red Shirts" spawned from this movement.-Colin
23: Panic of 1873 | This was an economic depression that effected many nations. It was caused in the U.S. mainly by the coinage act when Germany stopped making Silver coins. This hurt mining interests in the West. Jay Cook and Company's failure to market a great sum of money in the Northern Pacific Railroad Company also caused this. This led to many protests among factory workers and union factory workers. This lasted nearly until 1879. This was the worst economic depression until the 1930s-Colin. | Slaughterhouse Cases | The slaughterhouses cases were cases against butchers upstream from New Orleans that were contaminating the local Water supply with waste. New Orleans won this case because the 14th amendment didn't negate something that states had called "Police Power". This meant that Louisiana had the right to regulate in favor of public welfare. The butchers had to relocate.-Colin
24: Compromise of 1877 | This was arguably an end to Reconstruction. It was a compromise that assured that Democrats would accept Republican electors. This allowed Hayes to succeed. In exchange, the Republicans had to appoint Democrats to the cabinet and to patronage positions in the South. They also had to remove troops from the South and make efforts to industrialize the South. This was a let down to many freedmen because their southern Democrat oppressors had an amount of power restored to them. It was a great victory to redeemers.-Colin
25: After reading this material, one should agree that Linbrasia should not follow the Reconstruction plan of the United States. There were much more failures than successes that resulted from the Reconstruction plans. The Reconstruction plan caused an economic crisis. Also because of the flaws in America's Reconstruction plan, the White Southern democrats were able to return to power, causing Blacks ended up being at the bottom of the barrel again. The reconstruction plan even instigated many acts of violence against African Americans It wouldn't be until nearly 100 years later that blacks would achieve equality. Reconstruction in the United States after the Civil War was clearly a failed experiment!!!!!!!!! | FINAL CONCLUSION
26: 8 Final Arguments! | -Reconstruction led to the formation of the Ku Klux Klan which continued to engage in violent activities-Colin -Reconstruction led to the Panic of 1873 which was an economic depression-Colin -Many former Confederate leaders with anti-black and harshly antiquated/conservative views were put into political offices-Colin -None of the laws passed in favor of the rights of African Americans were strictly enforced throughout the entire nation-Colin
27: -The failure of the Freedmen's Bureau caused many blacks to remain uneducated-Zhi -Many states passed anti-black laws called "Black Codes" that were not challenged despite the fact that they were unconstitutional-Zhi -The Southern economy remained poor after Reconstruction, because the efforts to improve it were cut off after 12 years-Zhi -Many blacks had to become sharecroppers which was only one step above being a slave again-Zhi
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Talking Shop: Professor Ian W. Hunter
The Micro Mass Spectrometer
by Alissa Mallinson
Professor Ian W. Hunter sat down with us recently to discuss one of his newest inventions, a miniature (“micro”) mass spectrometer, which he developed with Dr. Brian Hemond, a former PhD student from his BioInstrumentation Lab. Earlier this year, Hunter and Hemond co-founded microMS around the handheld instrument, together producing a total of 13 separate inventions related to its fundamental technological advancements.
Where did the idea for the micro mass spectrometer come from?
Five years ago, a brilliant PhD student in our lab, Brian Hemond, started looking at all of the sub systems of one type of mass spectrometer and redesigning and combining them as a single miniature system. The result was a handheld mass spectrometer with a manufacturing cost possibly as low as $100.
A typical mass spectrometer is a large instrument for performing chemical analysis, such as determining air quality, composition of car exhaust fumes, or presence of insecticides and growth hormones on fruit or vegetables you buy. Mass spectrometers are also used extensively in forensics, engineering, materials science, biology, and chemistry. But they’re very expensive, costing anywhere from $100,000 to $1 million. And because they’re so large, samples are currently sent off to a laboratory that houses one for analysis. With our device, you bring the spectrometer to the sample as opposed to the other way around.
What does it do?
My favorite example is to imagine that you’re in a restaurant. The wine server (sommelier) brings you some wine and you swirl it around and sniff its bouquet, but actually you have our micro-mass spectrometer hidden in your pocket that analyzes its chemical compounds and displays its results on your cellphone. You could confirm that it is indeed the wine you ordered, but perhaps note that the grapes were grown on the Northern slope rather than the optimal Southern slope.
It could potentially be used for health-related reasons too. For example, when you’re shopping for fruit and vegetables, you might actually analyze the fruit and vegetables before you buy them to make sure they don’t have pesticides or insecticides on them. You could also imagine that you might have one of these in every refrigerator to detect when food is going bad. You could even cook using our micro mass spectrometer to determine how well done the meat is or if a particular sauce is ready.
Anything you can smell, this device can potentially quantify. The nose is sensitive to molecules up to a mass to charge ratio (m/z) of about 300, and this device can measure up to 350 m/z – and in a special “tuned” mode can measure up to 500 m/z.
There is also a growing interest in using mass spectrometers to try and deduce health status from your breath. There’s some evidence that certain diseases give off a chemical signature in your breath that is correlated with different disease states, so you could imagine a patient using this device at home for early detection. Of course it also brings new meaning to the breath analyzer. We make the joke that with this device, when your breath is analyzed for alcohol, you can not only estimate the alcohol content but also deduce that what you actually drank was a whiskey and two bourbons.
All of these examples enable a very important trend of empowering individuals with the ability to measure things about themselves and about their environment using personal instrumentation, as opposed to relying on an expert or sending it off and waiting a week for it to be analyzed.
How do you allow for subjectivity for more personal uses, such as identifying a great glass of wine or your favorite cup of coffee?
When you smell a flower, you probably know which smells you like and which smells you don’t. We might use the micro mass spectrometer to measure the spectra associated with those different flowers, but that’s not going to tell us which ones you like and which ones you don’t. So we plan to build a model that correlates the spectra the mass spectrometer measures with people’s subjective analysis using themselves as a measuring instrument. For example, if you were trying to quantify the smell of a wonderful fresh cup of coffee, we can measure the spectra from freshly ground coffee beans, but there’s an additional step to then correlate that to what people consider to be a marvelous aroma or a bad smell. Our plan is to create a set of aficionado user groups to build up that relationship between the chemical spectra as quantified by our micro mass spectrometer and the perceptional nature of that particular thing.
In fact, we already use ourselves as a measurement instrument, smelling food when cooking, smelling wines and cosmetics, but the difficulty is that the only way to report those interactions is to give words to the things you’re smelling to describe their qualities. But how do we know that when an individual is talking about the fine bouquet of a wine that they’re talking about the same fine bouquet of a wine that another individual is describing? This instrument will extend people’s use of themselves as a measuring instrument and augment their ability to measure things around them, from air quality or the carcinogen and lead levels in a toy, to a type of cheese or the freshness of a fruit – or even to identify what it is exactly they like about the smell of their favorite perfume. We are even enabling the idea of sharing the spectrum of a wine you like, for example, with a friend, as well as sending the data users collect back to us anonymously to identify trends and build up collective wisdom about ourselves and the world around us.
Hatsopoulos Professor of Mechanical Engineering Ian W. Hunter is a distinguished inventor. He has invented numerous biomedical instruments, holds several patents, and has started more than 20 companies. He received his BSc, MSc, DCP, and PhD from the University of Auckland in New Zealand, where he is an honorary professor, and has been a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT since 1994. Professor Hunter’s passion for teaching has been recognized with the Keenan Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Education, the Amar Bose Award for Excellence in Teaching, and the Den Hartog Distinguished Educator Award. He is a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers. He is the director of MIT’s BioInstrumentation Lab.
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An international panel of marine experts warns in a new report that the world's ocean is at high risk of entering a phase of extinction of marine species unprecedented in human history.
The preliminary report arises from the first ever interdisciplinary international workshop to consider the cumulative impact of all stressors affecting the ocean. Considering the latest research across all areas of marine science, the workshop examined the combined effects of pollution, acidification, ocean warming, overfishing and hypoxia (deoxygenation).
The scientific panel concluded that:
Dr Alex Rogers, Scientific Director of the International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) which convened the workshop said: "The findings are shocking. As we considered the cumulative effect of what humankind does to the ocean the implications became far worse than we had individually realized. This is a very serious situation demanding unequivocal action at every level. We are looking at consequences for humankind that will impact in our lifetime, and worse, our children's and generations beyond that."
Marine scientists from institutions around the world gathered at Oxford University under the auspices of IPSO and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The group reviewed recent research by world ocean experts and found firm evidence that the effects of climate change, coupled with other human-‐induced impacts such as over-‐fishing and nutrient run-‐off from farming, have already caused a dramatic decline in ocean health.
Increasing hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and anoxia (absence of oxygen, known as ocean dead zones) combined with warming of the ocean and acidification are the three factors which have been present in every mass extinction event in Earth's history.
There is strong scientific evidence that these three factors are combining in the ocean again, exacerbated by multiple severe stressors. The scientific panel concluded that a new extinction event was inevitable if the current trajectory of damage continues.
As examples, the panel point out:
The experts agreed that adding these and other threats together means that the ocean and the ecosystems within it are unable to recover, being constantly bombarded with multiple attacks.
The report sets out a series of recommendations and calls on states, regional bodies and the United Nations to enact measures to better conserve ocean ecosystems, and in particular demands the urgent adoption of better governance of the largely unprotected high seas which make up the majority of the world's ocean.
Dan Laffoley, Marine Chair of IUCN's World Commission on protected Areas and Senior Advisor on Marine Science and Conservation for IUCN, and co-‐author of the report, said: "The world's leading experts on oceans are surprised by the rate and magnitude of changes we are seeing. The challenges for the future of the ocean are vast, but unlike previous generations we know what now needs to happen. The time to protect the blue heart of our planet is now, today and urgent."
The report's Executive Summary, entitled "International Earth System expert workshop on ocean impacts and stresses," as well as case studies on its main findings, images and AV soundbites, are available at: http://www.stateoftheocean.org/
Materials provided by The International Programme on the State of the Ocean. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page:
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The Thai Basic Curriculum (TBC) for Foreign Languages of 2008 (BE 2551): If you are a foreign teacher at a government school or an English Program school in Thailand you will have to deal with it at some point.
Those that have worked with it will know how different it is compared to what we may be used to back home. Not only that, there is little in the way of English language research and journal articles available to ground your interpretations of it.
Consequently, the basis for this article is instead observations on improvisations and the tone is more coffee table than peer reviewed (comments section not withstanding). That said, when it comes to using the TBC and planning effective lessons for learners there are some hidden benefits to working with it. Even to the point where it can be synthesised with foreign curricula so students both learn skills that are useful and perform well in traditional exams.
The best of both worlds and having your cultural khanom/cake and eating it too, or as I like to call it the foreign teacher's middle way.
When it comes to meeting the learning objectives of two pedagogically and culturally different documents it can initially seem daunting. However there is a silver lining to this cloud of confusion. The Thai Basic Curriculum of 2008 is different to what western trained teachers will have encountered before. Organised into four level of three years a piece (Year 1 to 3 for example) some, but not all outcomes may be only touched once per level. Or once every three years that is.
As the TBC for foreign languages is designed for two hours of English as a Second Language (ESL) format lessons in a government school it's easy for English Program (EP) schools to meet all outcomes with five or more hours per week, a much better student - teacher ratio and generally higher student proficiency in English.
In the year level I am responsible for we had met the all of the TBC's outcomes based on the strands and standards by the end of Term 1. The structure of the TBC does raise some concerns. If concepts are not scaffolded each year (especially true for Maths and Science) is the knowledge internalised or merely surface learning? Is an entire term of enrichment viable and if not what to do in Term 2?
In contrast the National Curriculum in England (Key Stages 1 and 2) should be something foreign teachers are much more comfortable with even if you haven't worked with it before. It's logically scaffolded skills based approach makes objective and outcomes seem more concrete and therefore quantifiable.
In the interests of staying concise I won't expand on this but there's a link below for the curious. However, I will just add the self absolving caveat that there are no English language professional journals for teachers in Thailand. Nor is there much in the way of education research papers produced in English either. This leaves us with little choice but to cobble together a methodology that works for us in the Thai context by trial and error (and the occasional classroom baptism of fire).
Essentially the approach of both documents couldn't be more different and the sanest approach is to embrace that very fact: Vive la différence. It's in the western mindset to make order from chaos and do so as consistently as possible based on evidence. It may be more constructive however to view this from another way. Anyone who speaks some Thai and has taught here for a while knows the story of the middle way.
Briefly, so the analogy goes, a musician was on a boat going downstream and told his student "If the string is too tight it will break, and if the string is too slack it will not play." The future Lord Buddha heard this, and the philosophy of ‘The Middle Way' as a path of moderation, between the extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification and the rest is history. This works for foreign teachers planning lessons in line with curriculum in Thailand as it is a naturally occurring solution in a Buddhist society.
In short don't try to reconcile the two approaches, synthesise them into what works for you. If the TBC has sparse outcomes that are quite achievable in one term at an EP or bilingual school embrace that and extend the children's learning through adding foreign curricula. California, England and New South Wales all have great curricula. There's probably more than that, I just haven't worked with them yet. However, it's best to just choose one per school for the sake of consistency.
In the Thai classroom social collectivism (Prpic and Kanjanapanyakom, 2004) is a reality no matter what kind of school you work in. A sense of security is gained by feeling part of several larger groups from school to city to religion to nation. Risk-taking by learners in the classroom is possible; but it needs to be a carefully crafted experience if a child could lose face in front of the group they so value.
So how to navigate the above minefield while meeting the learning need of the children? For any lesson plan or full scheme of work (whichever approach you prefer) have the TBC objectives be your base competency objective. This allows them to gain face, confidence and basic competency which in the thai context allows risk taking to take place without losing too much face.
Typically at lower primary level this can be the first 20 minutes of a lesson. Often as long as they can focus for anyway so a win win. Given this, the foreign objectives/outcomes can extend the lesson and be where the risk taking takes place (and often the deep learning). This can be the second 20 to 30 minutes of your standard 50 minute lesson. Now would be the appropriate place to show you a lesson or unit of work illustrating this but they remain the intellectual property of the school under Thai law.
An entirely hypothetical example could be if you were starting by using a text with a thematic unit the TBC objectives would support the text work:
Thai Strand 1: Reading Standard T1.1:
1. Accurately and fluently read aloud words, texts short stories and simple verses.
2. Explain meanings of words and texts read.
3. Pose questions and give logical answers about what has been read.
7. Read explanatory paragraphs and follow instructions or suggestions.
Thai Strand 2: Writing Standard TH2.1:2. Write to describe things clearly.
Thai Strand 3: Listening, Viewing and Speaking Standard TH3.1:
2. Give the main ideas from what they listen to and view.
3. Pose questions and answer questions about what they listen to and view.
The foreign curriculum, in this case from New South Wales could support any pairwork, groupwork, creative writing tasks or oral presentations that extend the lesson when students are prepared for a little risk taking.
NSW EN2-9B Uses effective and accurate sentence structure, grammatical features, punctuation conventions and vocabulary relevant to the type of text when responding to and composing texts.
Reading and Viewing Understand how texts vary in purpose, structure and topic as well as the degree of formality.
Spelling Integrate a range of spelling strategies and conventions to accurately spell most words, including words of many syllables, when composing imaginative and other texts.
Writing Identify and use a variety of strategies to present information and opinions across a range of texts.
If you teach both mathematics and science in this context there is also a hidden bonus of cross curricular data collection. If alike units line up (such as graphing and weather for example) you can save a lesson here or there (valuable if there are many ceremonies or morning activities at your school) by covering one skill in two subjects at the same time. This meets two sets of TBC outcomes at once (albeit not in the Foreign Language section so it's another kettle of fish) and is compatible with one type foreign approach.
This is not a uniform consistent approach to planning lessons. It's not research based because there isn't any available. It's simply doing what teachers the world over do: improvising. That with a dash of baptism of fire, a bit of cultural sensitivity and you too can cobble together a reflective teaching practice that works for you and more importantly, gets your students involved. If a participatory society is desirable (Pollard, 2002) then a participatory classroom is a necessity.
Department of Education (2013). The National Curriculum in England Key Stages 1 and 2 Framework Document. [online].
Ministry of Education, Thailand. (2008) The Thai Basic Curriculum. Bangkok: Basic Education Commission.
Pollard, A. (ed) (2002) Readings for Reflective Teaching. London: Continuum.
Prpic, J. K & Kanjanapanyakom, R (2004). The impact of cultural values and norms on higher education in Thailand.
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A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Gravitational Forces
The nature of gravity is a deep question. What exactly goes on to give rise to gravitational forces is considered one of the greatest mysteries left to solve in physics. We should all be familiar with the fact that gravity gives objects weight, which is why an apple will fall to the Earth. In fact, any object with mass exerts a gravitational force on any other object with mass. The Earth exerts a pull on an apple, and the apple equally exerts a pull on the Earth.
Gravity does not just allow us to describe the paths of objects that will eventually hit the ground. It describes how planets move, with remarkable precision. It predicts the dates and times of solar eclipses hundreds of years before they happen.
Thus gravitational force of attraction between two objects is given by:
where r is the distance between the spheres, and G is the Gravitational constant. Experiments have shown that G = 6.67 x 10−11 Nm2kg−2.
This equation better describes some facts we already know. We should remember from GCSE science that force is inversely proportional to the distance squared. It explains why as mass increases, weight on the Earth increases.
Note that this formula says nothing about where gravity comes from. It only describes what gravity does. However, it describes it extremely well.
Gravity is not just about objects hitting the Earth. However, it does have a lot to do with falling.
We should also be aware that from circular motion that:
where F is the centripetal force, m is the mass of an object, r is the distance between the objects and v is the velocity of the object, perpendicular to the centripetal force and thus tangential at any point to the orbit.
Gravitational Force Inside an Object
Inside a roughly spherical object (such as the Earth), it can be proved geometrically that the effects of the gravitational force resulting from all the mass outside a radius at which an object is located can be ignored, since it all cancels itself out. So, the only mass we need to consider is the mass inside the radius at which the object is located. The density of an object ρ is given by the following equation:
where M is mass, and V is volume. Therefore:
If we substitute the volume of a sphere for V:
And if we substitute this mass into the formula for gravitational force given above:
In other words, inside a sphere of uniform mass, the gravitational force is directly proportional to the distance of an object from the centre of the sphere. Incidentally, this results in a simple harmonic oscillator such as the one on the right. This means that a graph of gravitational force against distance from the centre of a sphere with uniform density looks like this:
1. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a radius of around 7.8 x 1011m. The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 x 1027kg, and the mass of the Sun is 2.0 x 1030kg. What is the gravitational force acting on Jupiter? What is the gravitational force acting on the Sun?
2. The force exerted by the Sun on an object at a certain distance is 106N. The object travels half the distance to the Sun. What is the force exerted by the Sun on the object now?
3. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force that two 1 kg weights exert on each other when they are 5 cm apart?
4. The radius of the Earth is 6360 km, and its mass is 5.97 x 1024kg. What is the difference between the gravitational force on 1 kg at the top of your body, and on 1 kg at your head, and 1 kg at your feet? (Assume that you are 2m tall.)
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- (n.) See Alms.
Stuck on a crossword puzzle or Wordle answer?
Enter the word you are trying to solve in the box below, using question marks in place of the letter(s) you don't know.
New! You can also search for definitions and anagrams by typing in a word without any question marks.
Definition of: MEASLES
- (n.) Leprosy; also, a leper.
- (n.) A contagious febrile disorder commencing with catarrhal symptoms, and marked by the appearance on the third day of an eruption of distinct red circular spots, which coalesce in a crescentic form, are slightly raised above the surface, and after the fourth day of the eruption gradually decline; rubeola.
- (n.) A disease of cattle and swine in which the flesh is filled with the embryos of different varieties of the tapeworm.
- (n.) A disease of trees.
- (n.) The larvae of any tapeworm (Taenia) in the cysticerus stage, when contained in meat. Called also bladder worms.
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Humans still can’t predict elections but we’re pretty good at predicting the immediate future. Baby drops glass cup, cup falls and shatters, and baby starts to cry. We’re so good at these short-term forecasts that we can often even describe what events will happen next in an image.
But what’s second nature for us can prove complicated for computers. Will the glass break or bounce? Will the baby laugh or cry?
A team of researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have developed a system that can predict the following events in images and generate videos to depict them. The system needs work — its current productions are simple, short, and unassuming — but it stands out for its unique approach and accuracy.
“Instead of building up scenes frame by frame, we focus on processing the entire scene at once,” Carl Vondrick, PhD at MIT CSAIL and lead author of the paper, told Digital Trends.
Alternative computer vision models that attempt the same task use recurrent networks to generate predictive videos on a frame-by-frame basis. The system developed by Vondrick and his team uses “convolutional networks” to generate all 32 frames simultaneously.
“The existing approach of going frame by frame has a certain logic,” Vondrick said, “but it also creates a massive margin for error. It’s sort of like a big game of ‘Telephone,” which means that the message most likely will fall apart by the time you go around the whole room.
“In contrast, our approach is the ‘Telephone’ equivalent of speaking to everyone in the room at once,” he added.
The researchers trained the system on a year of footage packed into two million videos and — in order to generate all frames at once — taught it distinguish foregrounds from backgrounds, and mobile objects from stationary ones. They then showed the system still images and had it generate short clips of subsequent events.
Once the system could generate video clips, Vondrick and his team set out to refine it through a method called adversarial learning.
“The idea behind adversarial learning is to have two neural networks compete against each other,” Vondrick said. “One network tries to decide what is real versus fake, and another tries to generate something that fools the first network.”
Through this computer competition the generative algorithm improved the accuracy of its video clips until it was able to fool human subjects 20 percent more often than a baseline model, according to a paper that will be presented next week at the Neural Information Processing Systems conference in Barcelona.
But with accuracy comes complexity and with complexity comes obstacles.
The current system’s videos are short — a mere one and a half seconds long. If the clips were much longer than that, they’d risk their consistency. “The key challenge is being able to reliably track the relationships between all of the objects in a scene … to make sure that the video that’s being generated still makes sense five or ten seconds later,” Vondrick said. To develop accurate and long videos, the system may need human input to help it grasp context and connection between seemingly unrelated actions, such as jogging and showering.
Vondrick’s ambitious end goal is to develop an algorithm that can create believable feature-length films, though he admits that is still some years off. In the near term though he thinks this system could refine AI systems by helping them adapt to unpredictable environments.
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"The Madwoman in the Attic"
Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory
The phrase "the madwoman in the attic" is the invention of two famous feminist literary critics, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, who wrote a book with that title in 1979. (See "Brain Snacks" for more on the book.) The phrase, of course, refers specifically to Bertha Mason, Rochester’s sometime wife, now an insane prisoner locked in the attic of his house with Grace Poole for a nursemaid. Gilbert and Gubar develop a critical theory about this "madwoman in the attic" figure: she represents all the subverted rage and pain experienced by the female author of the text (in this case, Charlotte Brontë). Bertha can be locked away, kept secret, and labeled as insane, but nobody can deny her intensity or power: she’s sexually potent, wicked smart, and absolutely ruthless. Nobody can kill her, either, because she seems to be invincible – in this novel, of course, she chooses to commit suicide. If Bertha is representative of Charlotte, then what might it mean for Charlotte to kill off her evil doppelgänger as she’s writing?
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Significance and Management Implications of Perched Dune Lakes as Swimming and Recreation Sites on Fraser Island, Australia
Evaluation of Ecotourism: A Comparative Assessment in the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal
These layers show land ownership and status of all Canadian and U.S. lands that fall within the boundaries of the Great Northern Landscae Conservation Cooperative. Layers were compiled from various sources, each with it’s own metadata reference file.
Categories: Data, Publication; Types: ArcGIS REST Map Service, ArcGIS Service Definition, Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: Boundaries, Data, Data.gov Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative, EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > LANDSCAPE, Federal resource managers,
Human side of reef management: a case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park
Review of marine protected areas in the northwestern Mediterranean region: siting, usage, zonation and management
Use of Ecologically Based Screening Criteria in a Community-sponsored Open Space Preservation Programme
Applying environmental interpretation in protected areas of developing countries. Problems in exporting a US model
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Benvenuto Cellini (3 November 1500 – 13 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, painter, soldier and musician, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He was one of the most important artists of Mannerism.
Benvenuto Cellini was born in Florence, Italy, . His parents were Giovanni Cellini,, and Maria Lisabetta Granacci. They were married for eighteen years before the birth of their first child. Benvenuto was the second child of the family.The son of a musician and builder of musical instruments, Cellini's first major brush with the law came as an early teenager: He was banished from his native Florence for his alleged role in a brawl. As a result, he received his early artistic training not only from the Florentine goldsmith Marcone , but also from Francesco Castoro, a goldsmith of Siena. After further visits to Bologna and Pisa, Cellini was allowed to return to Florence and continue his work there.
Giovanni initially wished Benvenuto to join him in instrument making, and endeavoured to thwart his inclination for metalwork. When he was fifteen, his father reluctantly agreed to apprentice him to a goldsmith, Antonio di Sandro, nicknamed Marcone. At the age of sixteen, Benvenuto had already attracted attention in Florence by taking part in an affray with youthful companions. He escaped punishment by fleeing for six months to Siena, where he worked for a goldsmith named Fracastoro (unrelated to the Veronese polymath). From Siena he moved to Bologna, where he became a more accomplished flute-player and made progress as a goldsmith. After a visit to Pisa and two periods of living in Florence (where he was visited by the sculptor Torrigiano), he moved to Rome, age nineteen.
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The Corps Badge (The Royal Arms)
On 10 July 1832 King William IV granted the Royal Regiment of Artillery and the Corps of Royal Engineers permission to wear on their appointments the Royal Arms and Supporters, together with a cannon and the mottoes Ubique above the cannon and Quo Fas et Gloria Ducunt below it. In 1868 the cannon was omitted from the Corps Badge. Since then the actual design of the Royal Arms has changed slightly with each reining monarch.
The Corps badge for the reign of our present Queen Elizabeth II is shown above:The Corps Badge used to be worn on an Officer's sabretache and cartouche, and on parts of his charger's saddlery. It was worn by all ranks of the Corps of the Regular Army on their full-dress blue spiked helmet up until 1914. The RE Militia, Volunteers and Reservists, however, had a slightly different Badge in that the motto Ubique was omitted from the scroll under the Royal Arms and its place taken by a laurel branch.
The Cap Badge
Replicas of the Cap Badge in colour are often placed on unit notice boards and in stained glass windows in churches.
The Cap Badge is worn by officers and soldiers in Nos 1 and 2 Dress and by soldiers on berets.
The Monogram of Cypher
The Monogram or Cypher, as it is sometimes called, may be used on notepaper and on Christmas Cards and other similar documents.
It is not worn on uniform but is emblazoned on the Fanfare Trumpet Banners of the RE Band.
The Corps Colours as used on unit flags and plaques and the Tactical Recognition Flash (TRF), which is worn on the sleeve of the upper right arm in Combat Dress.
An embroidered grenade was first worn on the tail of an RE Officer's full dress scarlet coatee in 1824, and the following year a brass grenade was introduced for Other Ranks of the Royal Sappers and Miners.
The grenade was later worn on the epaulet and then on the collar. The number of flames to the grenade has varied, but in 1922 a nine-flamed grenade, with the motto Ubique below it, was authorized.
The Royal Artillery grenade is similar, but has only seven flames.
Officers' Collar Badge No 2 Dress
Soldiers' Collar Badge No 2 Dress
Officer Beret Badge
The officer's beret badge is an embroidered grenade.
Officer's Beret Badge
Grenade Arm Badge
The embroidered Arm Badge is worn above the chevrons by Sergeants and Staff Sergeants.
Grenade Arm Badge
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Children all over the country suffer from undetected vision problems that hinder their ability to learn. Here’s what you should know and how you can become part of the solution.
Eye issues are incredibly common in children, as one in 20 kids between the ages of three and five suffers from a vision problem that could lead to permanent damage if not treated.
In addition, 25% of all children have an eyesight problem of some sort, which can affect their hand-eye coordination, tracking ability, and depth perception.
Keep in mind that because 80% of all information in the classroom visual, children with sight problems tend to struggle, and 60% of kids with learning difficulties suffer from an undiagnosed issue with their vision.
As a parent, it is up to you to take an active role in checking your child’s vision, and since August is Children’s Eye Health and Safety Awareness Month, what better time to get started?
How to tell if your child has an eye issue
Communicating with young children is challenging, so you’ll have to watch for some signs that your child is experiencing vision problems. Common symptoms include:
- Eye rubbing
- Holding books close to the face
- Sitting too close to the television
- Closing one eye, tilting the head, or squinting when focusing on something
- Light sensitivity causing nausea or headaches
- Eye strain when using a computer, tablet, or smartphone
- Wandering eyes
- Tear-filled eyes when not crying
By watching how your child interacts with things around the house, you can learn a lot about his or her eyesight and any issues that are occurring. Reporting these habits during your child’s appointment can help the ophthalmologists to come up with a diagnosis.
Of course, your child experiencing one or more of these issues doesn’t necessarily mean that there’s an urgent problem, but it’s essential that you have his or her vision checked. Often, the longer you wait, the worse things will get.
Some common eye problems in children
During your child’s eye exam, the doctor will look for some common vision problems that occur in young people. Here are some of the foremost eye issues that your ophthalmologist will check for when examining your child’s eyes:
- Myopia (nearsightedness)
- Hyperopia (farsightedness)
- Astigmatism (blurred vision)
- Strabismus (crossed eyes)
- Ptosis (drooping eyelids)
- Amblyopia (lazy eye)
- Color blindness
The good news is that glasses and other corrective methods can improve many of these impediments, and if your child is struggling with reading or other school-related activities, this could be your solution.
Another idea to keep in mind is purchasing eye protection for your kids for when they’re playing sports. Athletic activities are responsible for 41% of all eye injuries to children between the ages of 10 and 14 and 25% of injuries to those between 15 and 24 years of age.
According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, “more than 78% of people were not wearing eyewear at the time of injury. Only 5.3% of those who were wearing eyewear (including glasses or contact lenses), were wearing safety or sports glasses.”
Those numbers suggest that parents aren’t taking the necessary precautions and often take their children’s eye safely for granted.
Injuries commonly occur from fingers in the eyes or being hit with a ball or other piece of equipment, leading to issues like corneal abrasions, detached retinas, and orbital bone fractures. Most of these injuries, however, could be prevented or lessened with the proper eyewear.
Protect your children’s eyes, so they don’t end up with sight-limiting injuries in the future.
The importance of regular screening
Having your child’s eyes checked regularly is very important because ophthalmologists can improve many vision issues.
Start by having your child’s vision checked at six months, and then every six months until the child is three. These regular check-ups allow the doctor to visually examine for anything that could cause problems before your child can communicate them verbally.
Once your child can talk about potential vision-limiting problems, it is still vital to have a screening at least once per year to diagnose underlying issues and ensure that your child’s eyes are developing correctly.
Making a difference in your child’s life
Of course, the primary way in which you can make a difference is by taking your children to an ophthalmologist regularly. No matter what month it is, taking an active approach to your young ones’ eye health is essential for their long-term development and something that you should take seriously.
Remember, LiveWell 1440 offers health education services to your employees, so they can learn about the importance of taking care of their eyes and pass this information to the next generation. The more your workers know, the better they can care for the overall health of their families. Contact us today for more information on the packages we offer our corporate clients.
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Master of Science
Dr. Liana Zanette
Recent manipulations show that when perceived predation risk is high, animals will chronically alter their escape behaviour, even if it affects physiological condition to such an extent that survival may be reduced. I tested the relationships amongst predation risk, mass change, and flying capacity in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) housed in large outdoor aviaries. I measured changes in the birds’ body condition, take-off behaviour and flying capacity after manipulating the ambient level of perceived predation risk in their environment using various predator or non-predator cues. Cowbirds exposed to predator stimuli gained, rather than lost, body mass and changed their take-off behaviour, by flying at higher angles and reduced speeds. Critically, flying capacity was not affected by any of these changes. I suggest these responses may be anti-predator tactics that birds utilize to reduce starvation risk and improve their chances of predator evasion when predation risk is high.
Walters, Benjamin T., "Tactics to Stay Alive: Predation Risk Alters Body Condition and Escape Behaviour" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3112.
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WASHINGTON — Tornado season is starting, but don't ask meteorologists how bad it will be this spring and summer.
They don't know. They're having a hard enough time getting a fix on the likely path of storms expected in the next 48 hours, from the Ohio Valley to the Southeast coast.
The very nature of tornadoes makes them the wild card of weather disasters. It's just hard to figure when and where they'll appear.
On Wednesday night, one hit Rome, Ga., the National Weather Service said, with winds of 95 mph, leaving a 3-mile swath of destruction.
It's not the first one of the year. In January two people were killed by separate twisters in Alabama. Preliminary reports showed 95 tornadoes struck last month, compared with 16 in January 2011, a particularly stormy year.
The season usually starts in March and then ramps up for the next couple of months, but forecasting a seasonal outlook is even more imprecise than predicting hurricane seasons. Tornadoes are too small and too short-lived. They don't develop like blizzards and hurricanes, which are easier to project.
They pop in and pop out. The storms that give them birth may last only a few hours. Hurricanes and blizzards are lumbering beasts that spend days moving across the satellite maps. When a hurricane approaches, coastlines get days to evacuate. With a tornado, if the weather service can let people know 20 minutes in advance, it's considered a victory.
“The Joplin (Mo.) tornado (that killed 158 people last May) wasn't violent until just about the time it got to the hospital,” said Harold Brooks, a research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Severe Storms Laboratory, in Norman. “Even when you're in the field, there are still times when you're surprised by the intensity of the event and how quickly it started.”
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Difference Between Pentium 4 and Pentium D
Pentium 4 vs Pentium D
Although one might think that the last Pentium 4 processor and the Pentium D are worlds apart since it was basically a leap from the former to the latter, you would be surprised at hose similar these two are. You could say that they are almost identical. The major difference between these two is the number of cores inside. Pentium 4s are single core processors while Pentium Ds are dual cores. But their architectures are the same. The Pentium D basically had two Pentium 4 processors sitting side by side. They each had 2MB of L2 cache memory.
Since there are two of the same inside the Pentium D, it consumes much more power to have both cores running at peak. Motherboards that support the Pentium D had to cope with its higher power requirement. Another side-effect of the high power consumption is the much higher heat being generated by the processor. The two Pentium 4 cores, which are already very hot ones, running at full throttle translates to a TDP of anywhere between 90 to 135W. This is significantly higher compared to a Pentium 4 processor. It is often necessary for those who use Pentium Ds to install third party cooling solutions in order to maximize usage of the processor.
Since Pentium Ds had two Pentium 4 cores in them, you might be mistaken to thinking that it is able to perform tasks twice as fast as a Pentium 4. This is not actually true in practice as there are a lot of factors that affect performance. First, a lot of applications are not optimized to take advantage of two cores. Second, the design of the Pentium D meant that the two cores would be competing for the FSB bandwidth therefore degrading the performance even further. With that said, the Pentium Ds were still able to outshine the Pentium 4s in certain applications and even more so with multi-tasking.
It is already obvious but I would like to point out that the Pentium D is a more expensive processor than a Pentium 4. But despite the doubled number of cores, the price of the Pentium D is not really that far from the price of a Pentium 4.
1. Pentium 4s are single core processor while Pentium Ds are dual cores
2. Pentium 4s run cooler compared to the Pentium Ds
3. Pentium 4s consume less power than Pentium Ds
4. Pentium Ds still perform better at multi-tasking than the Pentium 4s
5. Pentium 4s are cheaper compared to Pentium Ds
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There are many things children get excited about during this festive time of year. Along with the promise of costumes and candy of course, are the craft projects. We’ve gathered a few ideas for those parents, caretakers, and educators with young children. Make sure to warm up some cider or hot chocolate and settle in for an afternoon of fun.
To begin, tape a placemat size piece of contact paper to the table. Make sure the sticky side is up. Give the red and yellow tissue paper to your toddle
r and let them tear it up as he or she wants and stick it on the contact paper, how much and wherever they choose. When they have placed all the strips they’d like and smashed the pieces flat, cover it with another piece of contact paper and then cut into pumpkin shapes that are completely covered in the tissue paper. You may use a piece of green construction paper to make a stem. Finally, tape their masterpiece on the window to see what happens when the sun meets the colors of the pumpkin. Ask them to name the colors they see. Did the overlapping red and yellow pieces make orange?
This activity begins with a walk in the great outdoors. Take your little ones out and have them pick up leaves that have recently fallen off the
trees. Be sure to bring a bag with you to collect as many leaves as they would like. Once home, demonstrate how to stick self-adhesive googly eyes on to the leaves. Then take a black marker and draw a nose, mouth, ears, and perhaps even hair on the leaf. Now it’s their turn! Name the features as they draw them to help your child with naming body parts. This simple craft is as much about creativity as it is about developing their fine motor skills.
Thank you, Hands on as We Grow for these two great ideas! Check out more on their on their list of The 22 Simplest Fall Activities for Toddlers.
It is as easy as one can of pumpkin and corn starch. Simply scoop the pumpkin puree into a large mixing bowl and stir until it is smooth. Add in
and knead enough corn starch to get the desired playdough texture, roughly two cups. Add drops of water if the dough gets too dry. You can also add a dash of pumpkin pie spice to give it that
holiday scent! Then plop in on wax paper, perhaps get out some cookie cutters and let your little makers, roll, pat, and sculpt. And don’t worry if they “accidentally” get a little in their mouth- it’s all edible! Thank you Pre-K Pages for the recipe.
Try this simple recipe that is both delicious and nutritious! Here a couple of older friends show us how cook the apples up right!
If you are interested in more activities like this, RSVP to visit a Kaleidoscope Play and Learn at your local Child Care Resource Center’s Book, Toy and Resource Library in San Bernardino or Victorville. Kaleidoscope classes offer hands on learning through play activities and each week has a theme expressed through song, story and activities. This class is for parents, caregivers, family, friend, neighbors and exempt providers caring for children 0-5. click here for location and other information.
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Americans are taking necessary precautions for their health and the health of others within their communities, adapting their behaviors in an attempt to flatten the curve. Second only to health concerns are Americans’ worries over their individual finances — including job security, health care costs and retirement savings — and fear for the national economy.
The $2 trillion CARES Act has enacted policy to mitigate the crisis to a degree, but experts predict that it will be months before the economy is back on track.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Economy
The immediate impact of COVID-19 has been swift and crippling to the economy.
With 41 states and Washington, D.C., having already issued shelter-in-place orders, governors of states in the Midwest and the South have dug in their heels, refusing to issue statewide orders for fear of devastating their economies.
The dilemma facing leaders is the paradox of taking measures to contain the virus as a way to sustain the economy.
If, as Dr. Anthony Fauci has urged, the federal government imposes a nationwide stay-at-home order to prevent further spread of the coronavirus, the pause will have an immediate effect on the economy. And if Dr. Fauci’s and other health experts’ advice is dismissed, we will likely see thousands more cases of COVID-19.
This will only prolong the economic fallout caused by the virus, a point Bill Gates argued in The Washington Post.
“Until the case numbers start to go down across America — which could take 10 weeks or more — no one can continue business as usual or relax the shutdown. Any confusion about this point will only extend the economic pain, raise the odds that the virus will return, and cause more deaths,” Gates wrote on March 31, 2020.
Is the United States in a Recession Caused by the Coronavirus?
On April 2, 2020, Gallup released a report based on survey responses from March 27–29, 2020, stating that 37 percent of Americans believe the United States is currently in a recession. An additional 21 percent believe the country is in a depression. The survey asked a random sample of 4,816 U.S. adults: “Right now, do you think the U.S. economy is growing, slowing down, in a recession or in an economic depression?”
The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.”
In spite of public opinion, interest rate cuts and the dismal state of the stock market, the White House predicts a strong economic rebound.
But in some areas of the country, leaders are reluctant to wait for an all-clear from health experts before getting people back to work and jump-starting consumer spending.
States Plan Gradual Reopenings
States and local governments have faced protesters fighting against the widespread shutdowns and social distancing guidelines that have forced millions of Americans out of the workplace.
Governors in most states have announced that their stay-at-home orders will expire in the last week of April 2020, but some states, against the advice of health experts, plan to reopen certain parts of their local economies sooner.
In Georgia, the governor allowed gyms, hair salons and tattoo parlors to reopen on April 24, 2020. Florida beaches have been open for restricted activity since April 17, 2020, and in South Carolina, public beaches and select retail stores reopened on April 20, 2020.
Financial Sector vs. ‘Real’ Economy
Real economy is measured by unemployment rates, real personal income, gross domestic product, known as GDP, and the effects of imports and exports.
Economists are dialing back their forecasts for GDP. Most of the world’s economies will grow less this year than they did in 2019, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The scope for GDP to snap back depends greatly on governments’ ability to contain the pandemic.
S&P Global Ratings asserts that the global economy is in recession and cites “unprecedented rates of decline in economic activity and financial-asset prices, and equally fast and unprecedented policy responses to both combat and offset these declines.”
For the United States specifically, S&P Global Ratings predicts a GDP contraction of 1.3 percent from last year.
Stock Market Volatility
On April 1, 2020, the S&P 500 recorded its worst first day of any quarter since it launched in 1957. Some of the hardest hit sectors include those in travel and entertainment.
And crude oil stock prices, which were already on shaky ground as a result of a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia, have also seen significant declines.
Heightened anxiety among investors has led to unprecedented market volatility and federal intervention.
Booking, entertainment and live events, airlines, cruises and casinos, and hotels and resorts saw market capitalizations plummet from Feb. 19-March 24, 2020.
- Six Flags: down 66 percent, from $3.2 billion to $1.1 billion
- Booking Holdings (Kayak, Priceline, OpenTable): down 37 percent, from $80.8 billion to $51 billion
- The Walt Disney Co.: down 31 percent, from $255.1 billion to $177 billion
These statistics show the complex interconnection between the financial sector and the real economy. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development said in a paper published for the OECD Tourism Committee that “the immediate and immense shock to the tourism sector resulting from the coronavirus pandemic is affecting the wider economy.”
The World Travel and Tourism Council reiterated that sentiment with its projection that the United States, Canada and Mexico could lose up to $570 billion and 7 million jobs from the tourism industry.
What Is the CARES Act of 2020?
President Trump signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act into law on March 27, 2020, to mitigate the financial ramification of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Direct cash payments to American citizens
- Reimbursements for hospitals and other health care providers for coronavirus-related expenses, including treating uninsured patients
- Loans and bailouts to small businesses
- Billions in relief for airlines and large corporations
In addition to the direct monetary aid, the legislation provides for enhanced unemployment benefits, tax credits to small businesses that agree to retain or quickly rehire employees, Medicare coverage for senior telehealth services and mortgage forbearance.
How Was the CARES Act Passed?
The bill, a measure New York Times contributor Jim Tankersley said was celebrated as “a late but necessary intervention” was approved unanimously by the Senate on March 25, 2020.
During negotiations among the Trump administration, Senate Republicans and Democrats, Democrats fought for increased protection for workers and more money for health care providers and state governments, and Republicans expressed concerns over the size of the benefits package and the risk of inflation.
But ultimately the urgency of the pandemic forced a bipartisan compromise that made the CARES Act the largest federal aid deal in U.S. history.
Key Provisions of the Federal Coronavirus Relief Bill
The final iteration of the CARES Act includes provisions for individuals, small businesses and nonprofits, sole proprietors, freelance and contract workers, large corporations and hospitals.
- Economic impact payments
- Expanded unemployment benefits
- High-deductible health plan coverage for coronavirus testing and treatment
- Medicare coverage for telehealth care for seniors
- Tax filing deadline extension
- Mortgage forbearance
- Moratorium on evictions and foreclosures
- Bans on evictions from properties with government-backed loans (120 days)
- Employee retention credit for small businesses
- Paycheck Protection Program
- Families First Coronavirus Response Act
- Loans and bailouts for small businesses and large corporations
- Reimbursements to hospitals for coronavirus-related expenses
Will There Be Additional Stimulus Packages?
The legislation passed in response to the coronavirus pandemic cost more than twice the amount of the stimulus package for the Great Recession in 2009, and more money will be needed to address the health and economic needs of the American people.
After the Paycheck Protection Program — designed to deliver financial aid to small businesses — ran out of money on April 16, 2020, the Senate passed a $484 billion follow-up relief package. The new package allows for an additional $310 billion for the Paycheck Protection Program, $75 billion for hospitals and health care providers and $25 billion for COVID-19 testing.
More funding for states and localities is next on the agenda for Congress.
“After I sign this Bill, we will begin discussions on the next Legislative Initiative with fiscal relief to State/Local Governments for lost revenues from COVID 19, much needed Infrastructure Investments for Bridges, Tunnels, Broadband, Tax Incentives for Restaurants, Entertainment, Sports, and Payroll Tax Cuts to increase Economic Growth,” the president Tweeted on April 21, 2020.
The House was expected to vote on the package on Thursday, April 22, 2020.
Economic Impact Payment
The federal government has committed to sending checks to qualifying individuals.
You must have a valid Social Security number to be eligible. There are exceptions for members of the military.
You do not need to apply for your stimulus check. The Internal Revenue Service will transfer the money to you based on income tax figures from 2019. If you have not yet filed your taxes for 2019, the IRS will use your income from 2018.
Checks should begin arriving by April 17, 2020, for people who have direct deposit. People who receive a check in the mail will have to wait longer for their payment. Some reports estimate that it could take up to five months to get a check through the mail.
The Treasury Department is setting up a web-based portal specifically for people to provide their banking information so they can receive their payments sooner.
According to the IRS, individual tax filers with adjusted gross income up to $75,000 will receive the full $1,200 payment.
Married couples filing jointly who earn up to $150,000 will receive the full $2,400 payment. In addition, for each qualifying child, eligible taxpayers will receive up to $500.
People who file as head of household and earn $112,500 or less will also receive the full payment.
Social Security recipients and railroad retirees who are otherwise not required to file a tax return are also eligible and will not be required to file a return.
The payment amount is reduced by $5 for each $100 above the maximum income thresholds.
- Single filers who earn more than $99,000
- Joint filers with no children who make more than $198,000
- Adults who are claimed as a dependent on someone else’s 2019 tax return
You can find your adjusted gross income on line 8b of the 2019 1040 federal tax return.
The IRS has extended the income tax filing deadline to July 15, 2020. This also means that people who owe money for 2019 do not have to pay the IRS until July 15, regardless of the date on which they file their taxes.
According to The New York Times, some people will benefit from the three-month extension, but for people who expect a refund, filing sooner and getting their money quickly makes the most sense at a time when thousands of people are jobless or furloughed.
Economic impact payments are another incentive to file early — if, that is, you made less money in 2019 than you did in 2018.
Stimulus checks are based on 2018 or 2019 tax returns, so depending on the differences, if any, in your adjusted gross income, you may want to wait to file if you haven’t already.
Although most people who are eligible for a stimulus check do not need to take any action, the IRS issued a news release on March 30, 2020, that directed taxpayers who do not typically file returns to submit a simple tax return in order to receive their economic impact payment.
On April 1, 2020, the Treasury Department and the IRS announced that Social Security beneficiaries who are not typically required to file tax returns will not need to file an abbreviated tax return to receive an economic impact payment. Instead, payments will be automatically deposited into their bank accounts.
For those who rely on assistance with filing their taxes, note that Taxpayer Assistance Centers are closed. The IRS has directed those who need help to visit www.IRS.gov/freefile to find forms, help with filing, refund status and payment options.
IRS People First Initiative
The People First Initiative is a series of provisions to assist people who are currently dealing with tax payment and compliance burdens.
- Existing installment agreements
- New installment agreements
- Offers in compromise (OIC)
- Field collection activities
- Automated liens and levies
- Passport certifications to the State Department
- Private debt collection
- Field, office and correspondence audits
- Earned income tax credit and wage verification reviews
- Independent office of appeals
- Statute of limitations
- Practitioner priority service
IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig said in a news release, “In addition to extending tax deadlines and working on new legislation, the IRS is pursuing unprecedented actions to ease the burden on people facing tax issues. During this difficult time, we want people working together, focused on their well-being, helping each other and others less fortunate.”
You can now take a charitable deduction of up to $300 in cash to a qualified organization without having to itemize your tax return.
Unemployment insurance has been expanded under the CARES Act.
The federal plan offers $600 on top of current state benefits, which typically replace 40 percent to 45 percent of average earnings. The expansion used the estimated average earnings of $1,000 per week to bridge the gap between the states’ unemployment benefits and employees’ real wages.
Under the act, the expanded benefits include self-employed people, as well as part-time workers, freelancers, contractors and gig workers.
The act adds 13 weeks of benefits to the typical 26 weeks allowed by most states’ unemployment insurance. The expansion runs through Dec. 31, 2020.
The Department of Labor reported that the 6,648,000 seasonally adjusted initial claims for the week ending March 28, 2020 marked “the highest level of seasonally adjusted initial claims in the history of the seasonally adjusted series.”
The week ending April 18, 2020, saw another 4.4 million seasonally adjusted initial claims. Although it was a decrease from the prior week’s 5.2 million, it marked the fifth week of initial claims exceeding 3 million. And if reality bears out estimates, 26.5 million people in the United States will have filed for unemployment in a five-week period.
How to File for Unemployment Benefits
The U.S. Department of Labor offers a repository of information on filing for unemployment benefits, including instructions for applying and links to each state’s unemployment insurance office.
Your unemployment insurance benefit claim must be filed with the program in the state in which you were employed. You can file a claim online, in person or via telephone.
Refer to your state’s unemployment insurance program to confirm that you qualify for benefits. States have different criteria for eligibility. In order to ensure that Americans are getting the economic assistance they need as quickly as possible, most states are waiving their one-week waiting periods and other requirements.
For example, Florida normally requires unemployment benefit recipients to be actively seeking employment while collecting payments. But the state is waiving this requirement along with its work registration requirement until May 2, 2020.
- Contact your state’s unemployment insurance program as soon as possible after becoming unemployed.
- File your claim with the state in which you were employed.
- To prevent delays, give complete and accurate information.
- Name, address and phone number for each of your former employers for last 18 months
- Dates of employment
- Reason for separation from the company
- Your complete mailing address and phone number
- Social Security number
- Driver’s license or state ID
Be prepared to provide additional information as requested. This is especially relevant if you worked in a state other than the state in which you currently live.
On March 11, 2020, the IRS issued a release stating that health savings account (HSA)-eligible high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) can pay for COVID-19 testing and treatment for patients who have not yet met their deductibles. This will not interfere with individuals’ contributions to their health savings accounts.
The IRS notes that this provision applies only to HSA-eligible HDHPs and that employees and other taxpayers in any other type of health plan with specific questions about their own plan and what it covers should contact their plan.
The Society for Human Resource Management stated that these plans can also cover telehealth services prior to a member meeting plan deductibles but that standard copays or other cost-sharing may still apply.
In addition, the law allows HSAs, health reimbursement arrangements and flexible spending accounts to cover over-the-counter medications and products and feminine hygiene products.
These changes are in effect until Dec. 31, 2020, except for the addition of feminine hygiene products, which is permanent. Purchases of these products from Jan. 1, 2020, are reimbursable.
The act also allows Medicare to cover telehealth care for seniors aged 65 and older.
Additionally, coronavirus testing will be free for all of those who are insured.
Mortgages and Housing
The housing market is particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic and the havoc it is wreaking on the economy.
Mortgage rates are at all-time lows, but the flurry of buyers who would have jumped on these rates a month ago are now skittishly watching unemployment numbers rise and the stock market fall. Meanwhile, lenders are inundated with refinance applications.
The full effects of the coronavirus on the housing market vary from state to state, but for people who are having trouble making their mortgage payments or rent, the CARES Act has established a few guidelines.
For homeowners with federally backed loans, the CARES Act offers forbearance for up to six months.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) will also provide payment forbearance for up to 12 months to borrowers experiencing hardship caused by the coronavirus.
Assistance may be available to people with privately owned mortgages, but the terms may not reflect those outlined in the CARES Act.
Homeowners with mortgages insured by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae may have already received notification of the 90-day forbearance from their loan servicers. If you have not received a notification or if you do not know who owns your mortgage, you can contact your servicer for assistance.
- Contact loan servicer immediately
- Check American Bankers Association (www.aba.com)
Your loan servicer is the entity to which you make your monthly payments, but that is not necessarily the entity that owns your mortgage.
The Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS) database keeps track of this information. You can look up your servicer and investor using your name, social security number and property address.
But beware of the consequences of accepting the relief offered. In many cases, six months of forbearance — or suspension of payments without penalty — will ultimately amount to homeowners being required to pay a lump sum at the end of the forbearance period.
Moratorium on Evictions and Foreclosures of Government-Backed Loans
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development issued a letter on March 18, 2020, announcing a 60-day foreclosure and eviction moratorium for all FHA-insured Single Family mortgages.
The letter was effective upon the date of issue and urged Americans to “remain in their homes to stem the tide of COVID-19.”
The moratorium, however, applies only to FHA-insured mortgages for single family homes. This excludes millions of American homeowners and doesn’t offer solutions for when the moratorium period has expired.
In addition, the FHFA announced that it would suspend foreclosures and evictions for at least 60 days for all Enterprise-backed loans — that is, mortgages insured by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.
The director of the FHFA, Mark Calabria, said in a March 18, 2020, news release, “As a reminder, borrowers affected by the coronavirus who are having difficulty paying their mortgage should reach out to their mortgage servicers as soon as possible.”
According to The Washington Post, more than 40 million renters and 5 million homeowners with mortgages not backed by the government are not eligible for relief measures, noting that those who do qualify may be able to stay in their homes for now, but will find themselves in dire straits when the time comes to remit the suspended payments.
Rent Relief and Protection from Eviction
The CARES Act contains a provision that prohibits rental evictions from properties secured with federally backed loans for 120 days. The moratorium also applies to evictions from federally subsidized housing.
In addition, at least 34 states have issued moratoriums on evictions, but the orders differ from state to state.
In Delaware, the governor has banned evictions for as long as Delaware is under a state of emergency and has ordered up to $1,500 to renters who have been laid off or furloughed as a result of the COVID-19.
If you are unsure of the moratorium status in your state, contact the city government or check your state government website for assistance.
- Talk to your landlord
- Budget for missed rent payments that you will have to pay later
Interest-free loans for eligible small businesses are a central component of the act, which will provide $377 billion in federally guaranteed loans to small businesses and $500 billion to large companies and airlines.
Small businesses will be exempt from repaying eight weeks’ worth of the 10-week loans if they retain their employees or rehire employees who have been laid off by June 2020.
Employee Retention Credit
According to the IRS, the refundable employee retention tax credit is 50 percent of up to $10,000 in wages paid by an eligible employer whose business has been financially impacted by COVID-19.
Eligible employers include those whose business is fully or partially suspended by government order due to COVID-19 during the calendar quarter or whose gross receipts are below 50 percent of the comparable quarter in 2019.
- Report total qualified wages and related health insurance costs on Form 941.
- If employment tax deposits are insufficient, submit Form 7200 to receive an advance credit.
- Refer to IRS Form 941 Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return for detailed instructions.
Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA)
According to the IRS, the FFCRA stipulates that employers must provide paid leave through the Emergency Paid Sick Leave Act (EPSLA) and the Emergency Family and Medical Leave Expansion Act (Expanded FMLA).
Employers with fewer than 500 employees qualify for refundable tax credits to reimburse for the cost of providing 80 hours’ worth of paid sick and family leave related to COVID-19.
Leave applies to employees who need to care for themselves or others who have contracted COVID-19 or for workers who have children whose school or childcare provider has closed for coronavirus-related reasons.
- Report total qualified leave wages and related credits for each quarter on Form 941.
- Access federal taxes that are required by the IRS or request an advance from the IRS.
The IRS has a procedure that allows eligible employers who do not have sufficient federal employment taxes set aside to obtain an advance of the credit.
- Reduce remaining federal employment tax deposits for wages paid in the same quarter to zero.
- If permitted reduction doesn’t equal the qualified leave wages, file a Form 7200.
- If you have not paid qualified leave wages in an amount that exceeds required deposits of federal employment taxes for the quarter, do not file a Form 7200.
- Refer to IRS Form 7200 Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19 for detailed instructions.
Paycheck Protection Program
According to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, under the CARES Act all businesses with 500 or fewer employees are eligible for the Paycheck Protection Program, which provides funds to pay up to eight weeks of payroll costs, including employee benefits, interest on mortgages, rent and utilities.
No fees or collateral are required, and the loans will be fully forgiven. Payments will be deferred for six months.
- Veterans organizations
- Tribal concerns
- Self-employed workers: Apply starting April 10, 2020
- Sole proprietorships: Apply starting April 3, 2020 (along with small biz)
- Independent contractors: Apply starting April 10, 2020
All loans will have the same terms regardless of lender or borrower. A list of participating lenders as well as additional information and full terms can be found at www.sba.gov.
The Paycheck Protection Program ran out of money on April 16, 2020. However, the Senate passed a follow-up relief package that allows for an additional $310 billion for the program.
The additional funding includes $60 billion for emergency loans and grants. The legislation dictates that this funding go to small lenders that serve small businesses in rural communities, which are particularly vulnerable to the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic.
Employers may delay paying their portion of social security taxes and certain railroad retirement taxes for the period beginning March 27, 2020, and ending Dec. 31, 2020.
The IRS requires that 50 percent of the deferred payroll taxes be paid by Dec. 31, 2021, and the remainder be paid by Dec. 31, 2022.
Martin Tillier, contributor for nasdaq.com, has a little bit of good news for Americans who are afraid to look at their retirement account balances.
According to Tillier, although Dow lost around 23 percent from the close of the last quarter of 2019 to the close of the first quarter of 2020, it doesn’t necessarily mean that everyone’s 401(k) will mirror the decline.
Retirement funds that have been allocated strategically — meaning your money is invested in a target fund or otherwise diversified — should be safer than you think.
According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the CARES Act allows for 401(k) loan limits equal to the lesser of $100,000 or 100 percent of the participant’s vested account balance for the next six months. This is twice the standard limits.
Participants who have existing loans whose repayments are due between March 27, 2020, and Dec. 31, 2020, can extend their repayments for up to one year.
Under the CARES Act, employers may offer 401(k) plan participants and employer-sponsored IRA account holders affected by COVID-19 coronavirus-related distributions, for which employees will not incur a 10 percent penalty for early withdrawal. These distributions cannot exceed $100,000, and plan participants have three years to pay them back.
Furthermore, participants who take these distributions may spread the payment of the income taxes owed over three years, too. These payments will not count toward annual contribution limits.
Not all employers will offer this benefit, so speak with your employer about whether this option is available to you.
Required Minimum Distributions
Retirees aged 72 and older will not have to take required minimum distributions (RMDs) from their tax-deferred 401(k)s and IRAs throughout 2020.
This provision, which is not limited to people affected by COVID-19, is helpful because RMDs are calculated by dividing the last Dec. 31 balance by a life expectancy factor.
As certified financial planner Rose Swanger told USA Today, “Had we used that to calculate the RMD, every retiree will have a higher inflated amount than what they see now on paper.”
Swanger goes on to explain that skipping one year will help retirees recuperate their investment and mitigate the tax impact.
Credit and Loans
The CARES Act provides credit protection for people whose accounts were previously in good standing. Companies will report your account status and payment history as current for 120 days after the end of the national emergency declaration.
This applies only if your account was not delinquent prior to the pandemic. Additionally, this is not an automatic process, so if you require credit protection, you must contact lenders and credit card companies to apply for a hardship program.
To apply for assistance, call the number on the back of your credit card or log in to your account online.
- Monthly service fee waivers
- Overdraft fee waivers
- Minimum balance fee waivers
- Late payment fee waivers
- Interest charge waivers
- Credit line increases
- Forbearance programs that allow you to defer minimum payments
- Other hardship programs
Experts recommend you take advantage of these provisions only if you absolutely must. If you are able, your best strategy is to continue to make your minimum payments.
They also suggest keeping an eye on your credit card balances. The higher your credit card balances, the higher your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, which will hurt your credit score.
Most lenders consider a DTI ratio of 35 percent or lower favorable. This means that 35 percent or less of your monthly gross income goes to paying debt. When your DTI exceeds 35 percent, it can affect your ability to be approved for loans.
The key to protecting your finances during and after the coronavirus pandemic is making smart decisions about whether to take the assistance you are offered. Assess your situation, make adjustments where you can and continue to monitor your finances.
Most importantly, be persistent and patient. You will encounter obstacles — overloaded systems, overworked representatives, long wait times and short fuses. But communication is crucial to staying afloat financially during this challenging time.
Federal Student Loans
All federal student loan payments will be deferred until Sept. 30, 2020. Interest will not be accrued during this time.
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This set of Manufacturing Processes Questions and Answers for Experienced people focuses on “Electro-Chemical Machining – 5”.
1. There is a huge change in the mechanical properties of the material after ECM.
Explanation: There is no appreciable change in the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, ductility, etc. of the material due to ECM. Values of notch-tensile strength, notched-sensitivity, and the sustained-load characteristics of the ECM parts are comparable with those of conventionally machined parts.
2. _____ strength of stainless steel decreases when machined by ECM.
Explanation: Fatigue strength of stainless steel is found to decrease by ECM. This can, however, be overcome by cold working the surface of the product after ECM.
3. In ECM, electrode or tooling cost is fixed because_____
a) there is little wear of the tool
b) tool can be used only once
c) tool can be regenerated
d) one tool can be used for any product
Explanation: Electrode or tooling cost is fixed because there is little wear of the ECM tool. There occurs, however, a negligible abrasion wear of electrode due to electrolyte flow across the gap.
4. Sharp change in tool geometry or sharply divergent flow path affects the surface finish of the product.
Explanation: Sharp change in tool geometry or divergent flow path causes cavitation which further leads to small irregular raised area, often with bright work area. This can be avoided by reducing electrolyte supply pressure, blending out sharp radii on tool, or by increasing tool feed.
5. Striation, ripples on work surface occur because of ____
a) differential machining of material phases
b) incorrect tool alignment
d) electrical field concentration of machining current
Explanation: Differential machining of material phases causes striation and ripples on the work surface which leads to poor surface finish. It can be minimised by increasing electrolyte supply pressure, reducing tool feed rate, or by reducing the voltage to maintain the same gap.
6. Foreign particle in electrolyte or insulation failure within tool can cause_____
a) random inaccuracy in work
b) ripples on work
d) spark damage to work
Explanation: Foreign particle in electrolyte or insulation failure within tool causes spark damage to the tool or work at the point near to electrolyte entry into machining gap. To avoid this, check internal filters, electrolyte ducts, seals and joints. Also check insulation of the tool frequently.
7. Composition of a Nickel superalloy is as follows: Ni = 70.0%, Cr = 20.0%, Fe = 5.0% and rest Titanium. What will be the rate of dissolution if the area of the tool is 1500 mm2 and a current of 1000 A is being passed through the cell? Assume dissolution to take place at lowest valency of the elements.
ANi = 58.71 ρNi = 8.9 νNi = 2
ACr = 51.99 ρCr = 7.19 νCr = 2
AFe = 55.85 ρFe = 7.86 νFe = 2
ATi = 47.9 ρTi = 4.51 νTi = 3
a) 2.14 cc/min
b) 3.14 cc/min
c) 4.25 cc/min
d) 1.66 cc/min
ρalloy = 1/ (Σαi/ ρi), where αi = % of the respective element in the alloy
= 8.07 gm/cc ρi = density of respective element
Now, MRR = I/ [Fρ*(Σαiνi)] where F= 96500 coulomb
= 0.0356 cc/sec
= 2.14 cc/min.
8. Discrepancies are sometimes observed between theoretical and actual metal removal rates and electrode feed rates.
Explanation: In practise, metal removal rates are often higher than the estimated ones because;
(1) The exact valency at which a metal behaves in the reaction is generally unknown.
(2) ECM continuously exposes a new and clean surface to the electrolyte which is easily attacked chemically. It also varies with electrolyte used and metal being machined.
9. There is a limit to the minimum cross-section of the current carrying parts.
Explanation: To prevent over-heating, there is a limit to the minimum cross-section of the current carrying parts. For 1000 A, it is about 6 cm2 for copper, 25 cm2 bronze and brass, and 250 cm2 for stainless steel.
10. Which of the following is suitable if work surface finish is important?
a) High machining voltage
b) High concentration
c) Larger gap
d) High current
Explanation: If work surface finish is important, high machining voltage, dilute electrolyte and a small gap between the workpiece and the tool should be employed instead of low voltage and concentrated electrolyte.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Manufacturing Processes.
To practice all areas of Manufacturing Processes for Experienced people, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
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Research Newspaper In Standard Swimming
History of Swimming
The history of swimming moves way back to that particular of prehistoric times. Books written via 2000 to 1500 BC including the Holy bible have sources to going swimming. It was mainly used in these moments as a means of cleansing. Any form of competitive swimming had not been formed until the 1800's in Europe. It absolutely was included in the first Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Portugal. It was observed that Historical Egypt had cave drawings of humans swimming in the nearby marine. They often portrayed a form of the breaststroke while the initially type of going swimming or a thing they used to call front side crawl. Historic Egyptian, Grecian and Both roman palaces had been often built with swimming pools or baths. Typically reserved for the elite that used these people as relaxation pools and cleaning tubs. It is mentioned by historians that swimming was regularily used in fight. The Greeks were generally regarded as solid swimmers with the Challenge of Salamis after a quantity of both Ancient greek and Local boats were destroyed it had been said that each of the Persians drowned due to their incapability to swimming while the Ancient greek language prevailed. A brief history of going swimming is much better to understand than other sports. Without any equipment of talking of an specific can take towards the waters. Naturally those countries that got the most access to water were the first to adapt to swimming. History did not have the spreading from the sport several other sporting activities had experienced because it was basically already available. You either followed swimming as a means of existence or you just chose never to swim. The evolution of swimming record expanded throughout the middle ages. Several individuals got it upon themselves to write books regarding swimming. We were holding often centered on the ability to not drown rather than perfect backstroke as you would imagine. Your life saving ideas and techniques began to form throughout the up coming few hundred years and around the 18th and nineteenth century the game began to develop into more of a competition than simply life safety. Swimming Groups and Clubs popped up all over the world. A number of the first in swimming record were in China, Laxa, sweden and Germany. Schools began to believe that swimming was a component of any kind of life education. Therefore , that they began to teach swimming in schools not just as a life safety program but as a great extracurricular activity. Schools and Universities began to adopt these practices and place up golf clubs and go swimming teams. Tournaments began to happen around the the middle of 1800's. England was the first to modernize the sport and incorporate an inside swimming pool which has a swim staff. They began to formulate new swimming models including the sidestroke. Shortly after this, variations with the freestyle started to form and credit cannot really be given to one person while so many had been responsible for producing this technique. The Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens was the first true platform to get the sport. Presently there only men competed in numerous events. Through the 1900's the game evolved and saw a volume of stars arise. Johnny Weissmuller, the original Tarzan completed his ten yr career by never dropping a competition and earning five Olympic medals. Science and technology began to play a part in the sport throughout the 1900's as well. The swimsuits started to change and any sort of resistance was under scrutiny from all competition. Goggles, swim caps and different variations to train have all developed as well. The US has noticed its talk about of great Olympians going back to Mark Spitz who received seven precious metal medals inside the 1972 Olympics. The sport has become incredible to a incredibly competitive and fun sport for anyone. Which has always been the fantastic appeal that anyone can easily swim and have been within the past 3000 years. Swimming is still the sport of preference for many of today's athletes. Most urban centers have open public swimming facilities, where you can swimming for competitively or only for fun. Actually a number of open public swimming areas also offer lessons for a very reasonable...
How did the adoption of Orthodox Christianity inside the 10th Century A. M. influence ..
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“Vehicles fueled with B20 biodiesel generate less harmful emissions that contribute to asthma, bronchitis, cardiovascular disease and other health ailments,” says John DeRosa, ALAIL environmental health director. “Considering hospitalizations, lost work days and other health costs, using B20 translates into an estimated savings of $1,218,100 for the communities where B20 Club members operate.”
ALAIL compiled the health cost savings estimates based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) diesel emission quantifier (DEQ). Estimates are based primarily on biodiesel’s ability to reduce particulate matter (PM), a mixture of small particles and liquid droplets that are major components of air pollution. When inhaled, PM affects the heart and lungs and causes serious health problems.
As a group, the 15 B20 Club members reduce PM in their communities by a total of 1.2 tons per year. Using biodiesel also reduces carbon emissions. B20 Club members reduce carbon dioxide in their communities at a level equal to planting 295,141 trees. These fleets collectively use 6.3 million gallons of biodiesel annually to fuel 4,899 vehicles.
The B20 Club was launched in 2015 to bring cleaner air to Illinois while supporting Illinois agriculture and the state economy.
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection oriented protocol which means that we keep track of how much data has been transmitted. The sender will transmit some data and the receiver has to acknowledge it. When we don’t receive the acknowledgment in time then the sender will re-transmit the data.
TCP uses “windowing” which means that a sender will send one or more data segments and the receiver will acknowledge one or all segments. When we start a TCP connection, the hosts will use a receive buffer where we temporarily store data before the application can process it.
When the receiver sends an acknowledgment, it will tell the sender how much data it can transmit before the receiver will send an acknowledgment. We call this the window size. Basically, the window size indicates the size of the receive buffer.
Typically the TCP connection will start with a small window size and every time when there is a successful acknowledgement, the window size will increase. Here’s an example:
Above we have two hosts, the host on the left side will send one segment and the host on the right side will send an acknowledgment in return. Since the acknowledgement was successful, the windows size will increase:
The host on the left side is now sending two segments and the host on the right side will return a single acknowledgment. Everything is working fine so the window size will increase even further:
The host is now sending four segments and the host on the right side responds with a single acknowledgment.
In the example above the window size keeps increasing as long as the receiver sends acknowledgments for all our segments or when the window size hits a certain maximum limit. When the receiver doesn’t send an acknowledgment within a certain time period (called the round-trip time) then the window size will be reduced.
When an interface has congestion then it’s possible that IP packets are dropped. To deal with this, TCP has a number of algorithms that deal with congestion control. One of them is called slow start.
With TCP slow start, the window size will initially grow exponentially (window size doubles) but once a packet is dropped, the window size will be reduced to one segment. It will then grow exponentially again until the window size is half of what it was when the congestion occurred. At that moment, the window size will grow linearly instead of exponentially.
When an interface gets congested, it’s possible that all your TCP connections will experience TCP slow start. Packets will be dropped and then all TCP connections will have a small window size. This is called TCP global synchronization. Here’s what it looks like:
The orange, blue and green lines are three different TCP connections. These TCP connections start at different times and after awhile, the interface gets congested and packets of all TCP connections are dropped. What happens is that the window size of all these TCP connections will drop to one and once the interface congestion is gone, all their window sizes will increase again.
The interface then gets congested again, the window size drops back to one and the story repeats itself. The result of this is that we don’t use all the available bandwidth that our interface has to offer. If you look at the dashed line you can see that we the average interface utilization isn’t very high.
To prevent global synchronization we can use RED (Random Early Detection). this is a feature that drops “random” packets from TCP flows based on the number of packets in a queue and the TOS (Type of Service) marking of the packets. When packets are dropped before a queue is full, we can avoid the global synchronization.
The end result will look similar to this:
When we use RED, our average interface utilization will improve.
Now you have an idea what the TCP window size is about, let’s take a look at a real example of how the window size is used. We can use wireshark for this.
To examine the TCP window size I will use two devices:
The device on the left side is a modern computer with a gigabit interface. On the right side, we have a small raspberry pi which has a FastEthernet interface. The raspberry pi is a great little device but it’s cpu / memory / ethernet interface are limited. To get an interesting output, I will copy a large file through SSH from my computer to the raspberry pi which will be easily overburdened.
Here’s what happened, take a look at this picture:
In the graph above you can see the window size that was used during this connection. The file transfer started after about 6 seconds and you can see that the window size increased fast. It went up and down a bit but at around 30 seconds, it totally collapsed. After a few seconds it increased again and I was able to complete the file transfer. Let’s take a closer look at this file transfer, which starts with the three way handshake:
My fast computer uses 10.56.100.1 and the raspberry pi uses 10.56.100.164. Above you can see that in the SYN,ACK message that the raspberry pi wants to use a window size of 29200. My computer wants to use a window size of 8388480 (win=65535 * ws=128) which is irrelevant now since we are sending data to the raspberry pi.
After a few packets, the window size of the raspberry pi looks like this:
Above you can see that the window size has increased to 132480. Originally the window size is a 16 bit value so the largest window size would be 65535. Nowadays we use a scaling factor so that we can use larger window sizes.
At around the 10 second mark the window size decreased. Here’s what happened:
The raspberry pi seems to have trouble keeping up and its receive buffer is probably full. It tells the computer to use a window size of 26752 from now on. The computer sends 18 segments with 1460 bytes and one segment of 472 bytes (26752 bytes in total). The last packet shows us “TCP Window Full” message. This is something that wireshark reports to us, our computer has completely filled the receive buffer of the raspberry pi.
Once the raspberry pi has caught up a bit and around the 30 second mark, something bad happens. Take a look at the wireshark capture below:
Above you can see that the raspberry pi sends an ACK to the computer with a window size of 0. This means that the window size will remain at 0 for a specified amount of time, the raspberry pi is unable to receive any more data at this moment and the TCP transmission will be paused for awhile while the receive buffer is processed.
Here’s the actual packet:
Above you can see that the window size is now 0. Once the receive buffer has been processed, the raspberry pi will send an ACK with a new window size:
The window size is now only 25600 bytes but will grow again. The rest of the transmission went without any hiccups and the file transfer completed.
You have now seen how TCP uses the window size to tell the sender how much data to transmit before it will receive an acknowledgment. I also showed you an example of how the window size is used when the receiver is unable to process its receive buffer in time.
I hope you have enjoyed this lesson, if you have any more questions feel free to leave a comment in our forum.
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If you’ve heard the term Big Data, or if you’ve read much about data collection, you may think one of the following:
Depending on how many of those statements you believe, it may be time to shift your perceptions on data. Let’s examine some key myths about data collection.
For the last two decades, governments and corporations have been vacuuming up data on each of us. But if 2018 is to be remembered for one thing in the history of technology, it will be recalled as the year when a giant ‘Pause’ button was pressed on the relentless march of data collection on consumers. 2018 saw Mark Zuckerberg dragged in front of Congress to testify about Facebook’s data collection. We saw the European Union put in force its GDPR consumer data privacy protections. For American publishers and marketers who thought they could simply ignore the EU, we saw the passage of the California Consumer Privacy Act. And at the end of the year, we saw the publication of the detailed report on Russian election meddling (based on sophisticated data collection) commissioned by the US Senate.
In short, in a growing number of countries, data collection is no longer a free-for-all, with supine regulators and blithely ignorant consumers. Individuals in most places (except citizens of totalitarian regimes, or countries with single-party political systems) now stand to gradually gain more knowledge of what data is being collected on them, and more control over how it is used. So the ‘menace’ factor around Big Data has begun to decrease.
Furthermore, collecting data on people isn’t inherently a bad thing - what matters is how data is collected, and how it’s used. Consider Google Maps or Waze, which give you real-time traffic information as you’re driving. These apps are able to warn you about slowdowns and suggest alternate routes because they’re collecting real-time data on millions of peoples’ phones as they drive, and thus they know when people on a similar route have run into traffic ahead of you. Unless you’re on the run from the authorities, this type of data collection is highly beneficial.
Coined in 2005, the term “Big Data” entered widespread use around 2013, to indicate not an amount of data, but rather an approach to data.
Perhaps you think that Big Data is limited to Fortune 500 firms, but even small-to-medium businesses are leveraging Big Data. Does HubSpot or Mailchimp suggest an optimal time for your promotional email to go out? Does Gmail now offer to finish your sentences? If so, you’re one of the millions of beneficiaries of Big Data. Facebook, Amazon, Google and other large-scale platforms are turning their mountains of data into products and insights that nearly any size business - including yours - can purchase and use.
But in a larger sense, Big Data is best thought of as a mindset shared by those who are refashioning the entire world along digital lines. A Big Data approach to developing products, services, content and marketing is one in which Data sits in the driver’s seat, Intuition rides shotgun, Experience is a backseat driver, and anything non-digital is stuffed in the trunk (if not left on the curb.)
In the bad old days, data rode in the backseat. Typically, data was collected and analyzed after a strategy was proposed (typically by an experienced senior person) in order to validate the strategy. That’s how business had worked for the previous, well, forever. But it’s a whole different world today. More and more, companies start by collecting and analyzing data first, then build their strategy, iteratively, upon those data insights. That’s what the Big Data mindset is really about. And that mindset can benefit every business, not just the big guys.
Coming of age in the late 1980’s as a bit of a nerd, society had my future career path mapped out: Like other vaguely nerdy kids who collected, analyzed and obsessed about things, I was destined to work in a back office somewhere, safely out of sight from customers and far below the Olympian heights of corporate leadership.
Then, along with the end of Cold War, another massive social change during my early career was the Ascendancy of the Nerds. Starting in the mid-90’s, nerds began founding and leading the most important and innovative companies (Microsoft, Amazon, Google, etc.) and generally gaining esteem throughout the workforce. Today, not only is it completely OK to be nerdy, it’s less OK to be not-nerdy. Being technophobic is now uncool for workers of any generation, and each year it’s less and less OK to be ‘dataphobic’, no matter what your job is.
Do you work in Sales? It’s likely your CRM, such as Salesforce, provides you a wealth of data on prospects that you can and should review before your first outreach. And before you ask current clients for a follow-on sale or renewal, you’ll need to know every KPI for their account. Do you work in Client Success? You’ll need to be comfortable pulling and interpreting data on your clients, so you anticipate issues they may be having with your product or service before they even raise the concern. And of course, Marketing, Product Management, Operations and Finance are more numbers-driven than they already were a few years ago.
We think there are three, foundational ideas to take your data strategy to the next level, regardless of the size of your organization.
Embrace Data; But Definitely Have a Strategy. Most organizations are clear on the need for crucial data to effectively manage and grow their businesses. Surprisingly, however, there’s an unfortunate tendency to not centralize the management of that data strategy. It’s often the case that different divisions within an organization each go after particular data sets without an overarching data strategy.
With greater consumer awareness of data privacy and increasing regulatory oversight, it’s more important than ever to truly understand what data you’re capturing and specifically how you’ll use it. Here are a few key elements to consider:
An effective data strategy will put parameters in place and help immeasurably in leveraging the full potential of the data you collect.
In addition, consumers are becoming savvier about their online data. It’s always best practice to be completely transparent about the data you’re collecting from your audience. Let them know how and why you’re using it, and frame it in a way that makes the resulting benefits to them clear and simple. We think there’s a tremendous branding opportunity in positioning yourself as a champion of customer privacy and as a “gold standard” data steward.
Put the User Experience First. The importance of the ‘how,’ ‘where,’ and ‘when’ of data collection cannot be overstated. Beyond being transparent about the data you collect, it’s also vital to create a data collection experience that engages users. Data collection doesn’t have to be giant forms or disruptive experiences. Once you understand what you want to collect, spend a significant about of time designing the flow of how you’ll you collect it. Data collection—done the right way—can actually provide value to your customers. For ideas on world-class data collection experiences, check out a few of these case studies.
Grab the data beast by the horns and tame it, using a thoughtful data strategy and diligent stewardship. Doing so will lay the foundation of your future growth and success.
Get even more insights & ideas on building and engaging audiences.
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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ORIGAMI AS A FORMAL LANGUAGE
This project explores the self-replicant formal languages and their consequences for form and experiences. In the first phase, a series of patterns and their folding rules are generated through origami language. Analogical form making is particularly used to create haptic perception to the certain forms. In the second phase, highly complex forms are analyzed in a computational platform. Instead of physical attributes, their haptic behaviors are digitally modeled, which enables studies to understand the mathematical relationship between the pattern and the form. In the final phase, hierarchical relations are established between the pattern manipulations and final forms in order to explore how the complexity changes with the rules.
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<urn:uuid:52b64d9b-7105-4eef-af36-92814b610316>
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CC-MAIN-2018-47
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http://www.niltuzcu.net/origami/
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How is it
(Interferon, Herbal, etc)
Lab Tests (PCR,
& Alternative Info
Information (Support Groups, Doctor Listing,
TITLE: Hepatitis C in children after transfusion:
assessment by look-back studies.
Look-back studies to identify paediatric patients with
post-transfusion hepatitis C have been conducted at several
tertiary-care hospitals in Canada. A general look-back study was
conducted at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto for the time
period December 1985 to May 1990. All patients transfused at the
Hospital for Sick Children during this time period were identified
from hospital Blood Bank records. Letters of notification were sent
by registered mail to all recipients excluding those known to have
died. In the letter anti-HCV testing was recommended. Letters were
mailed to 6332 transfusion recipients; 4496 letters were delivered.
Of these 146 anti-HCV-positive transfusion recipients (92 pts less
than 18 yrs old; 54 pts greater than 18 yrs old) were identified.
Sixty-four of these patients were definitely transfused only during
this time period. Assuming that all notified patients were tested,
the minimum prevalence of new infection in this time period was
1.4%. When possible, identified patients were tested for presence
of HCV RNA in the serum by RT-PCR. The proportion of patients
anti-HCV positive but HCV RNA negative on one or more occasions was
similar in both whole cohort and subset: approximately one-third.
These data suggest that chronic hepatitis C may be less likely to
develop after transfusion in children than in adults.
AUTHOR: Roberts EA, King SM, Fearon M, McGee N Division of
Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; SOURCE: Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1998
Home | What is HCV | Transmission |
| Lab |
Links | Transplant |
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<urn:uuid:684dd219-37ab-4564-aa8a-656b29930b03>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.hepcprimer.com/patient/child-21.html
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en
| 0.904344
| 429
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Sustainable living is an important part of protecting our earth and preserving our resources for future generations. But if you’re new to the climate action movement—or you’re looking for sustainable living tips for a friend or family member—it can help to have ideas of where to start.
From the everyday items you use to how you travel and shop, we’re breaking down ten sustainable living ideas you can easily incorporate right away. So what are some examples of sustainable living? Read on.
#1 Making Your Voice Heard
While even small lifestyle changes can create positive effects on the planet, climate change reversal can’t happen without massive-scale action by powerful institutions.
To contribute to change at scale in your everyday life, you can make your voice heard by:
- Placing regular calls or sending emails to your federal, state, and local representatives. You can find contact information for your representatives at USAGov.
- Voting and volunteering for candidates committed to climate action. You can look up your local candidates and learn about their stances on websites like Ballotpedia.
- Participating in direct actions that lead to institutional pressure. You can find resources on climate advocacy groups on websites like the US Climate Action Network (USCAN).
#2 Phasing Out Single-Use Plastic
Single-use plastics account for 40% of the plastic produced yearly. These include plastic bags, food wrappers, bottled water containers, and others that don’t degrade for years.
While you contribute to systemic change-making, you can advance the cause of sustainability at home by phasing out your use of single-use plastic items. Reducing your plastic use can have all kinds of positive effects for the planet—from reducing waste to conserving energy and resources. Eliminate plastic bags and bring a reusable tote to stores to lessen plastic waste.
Add the following reusable items to your home to decrease your reliance on disposable plastic products:
- Reusable water bottles made from metal, durable plastic, and glass
- Cloth grocery bags
- Glass or heavy-duty plastic leftovers containers
- Metal, silicone, or glass straws
#3 Turning Your Lawn into a Pollinator Paradise
While you may admire the look and feel of a lush, green lawn, maintaining perfectly-manicured grass simply isn’t sustainable. Each year, Americans use 3 trillion gallons of water, 200 million gallons of fuel, and 70 million pounds of pesticide products to maintain their lawns alone.
Instead of wasting time, resources, and money on a lawn, you can make your green space more sustainable by:
- Replacing grass with low-maintenance, organic alternatives like pebbles, pine straw, or mulch
- Introducing pollinator plants native to your ecosystem
- Completely replacing your grass with clover or wildflowers
#4 Reducing Your Household Energy Use
Reducing your household energy use can decrease the size of your overall carbon footprint, helping to lower your personal impact on the climate. It also can help you cut costs, but how does going green save money?
You can cut back on household energy use by:
- Changing the way you wash and dry clothes by using cold/cool water cycles to reduce water-heating energy use and opting for a clothesline instead of the dryer when the weather permits
- Taking shorter, cooler showers
- Unplugging appliances and devices when they’re not in use
#5 Using Reclaimed Water
Reclaimed water can be a powerful resource. In industrial applications, it can be used to extend water resources for everything from agriculture to environmental restoration. But you can also reclaim water to live more sustainably at home.
In general, reclaimed water is safe to use for:
- Watering plants
- Washing your car
- Bathing your pets
While there are ways to reclaim water from baths, showers, and laundry, you can easily start just by collecting rainwater. Do so by placing a few clean, five-gallon buckets around your property in areas where they can collect water every time it rains.
#6 Composting to Reduce Waste
Composting can help you reduce waste and bolster your home gardening efforts without using pesticides—thereby helping to sustain the health of your local environment.
Composting requires three main ingredients:
- Browns – Outdoor waste like branches and dead leaves
- Greens – Organic food products like vegetable peels, fruit scraps, and coffee grounds
- Water – Water helps your compost operation decompose at a healthy rate
In addition, many municipalities offer roadside compost pickup. If you don’t need compost in your yard, you might be able to put it at the curb for safe disposal.
#7 Rethinking Your Commute
You might be using more energy during your commute than you think. On average, people in the U.S. contribute 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per year just from their daily drive to and from work. Millions of greenhouse gas emissions are released into our atmosphere, leading to air pollution due to fossil fuel and other pollutants.
Instead of hopping in the car and riding by yourself to the office, consider more sustainable transportation methods like:
- Starting or joining a carpool with coworkers or neighbors
- Hitching a ride on public transit
- Biking, scootering, or skateboarding to work
#8 Shopping Conscientiously
There are many ways to live more sustainably through your wallet. One of these sustainable practices is purchasing goods and services from companies that do right by the environment.
Here’s how to shop sustainably:
- Make a list of the brands you use most often.
- Eliminate brands that create a negative environmental impact.
- Replace them with companies putting in the work for the planet.
- Shop at zero waste and Bring Your Own Container stores (BYOC).
- Buy only what you need and use all of it to lessen food waste.
#9 Avoiding Fast Fashion
Living a sustainable lifestyle means saying goodbye to fast fashion.
According to the UN Environment Programme, the fashion industry accounts for up to 10% of global carbon dioxide output and air pollution—a more significant carbon footprint than international flights and shipping combined. The U.S. throws away up to 11.3 million tons of textile yearly.
We all love the ability to find affordable, accessible clothing. But fast fashion brands can contribute to irresponsible energy use and encourage a wasteful mindset. This is because low-quality, cheap goods often aren’t sustainably produced and need to be quickly replaced.
Instead of opting for cheaply-made, low-price clothes, shoes, and accessories, you can decrease your waste and save money by spending a little more on a product that will last.
Speaking of long-lasting goods, plenty of them end up at thrift stores. This makes your local resale shop an excellent place to pick up high-quality, affordable products with life left in them.
Thrift stores have nearly everything these days:
- Home decor
- Storage solutions (like baskets and clothes hangers)
Small sustainable habits in your everyday life like opting for repurposed and reclaimed items rather than new ones goes a long way.
Sustainable living ideas like the ones we listed above are easy to incorporate into your everyday life.
Aspiration: Where You Can Fight Climate Change with Your Wallet
Did you know that your financial institution might be funding fossil fuels projects? In 2021 alone, the world‘s biggest financial services providers (including American institutions like Wells Fargo and Chase) provided $742 billion in financing to the fossil fuel industry.
If you’re looking for a simple way to incorporate sustainable practices and live green, consider switching to a sustainable financial services provider. Start living a sustainable life today.
Aspiration offers numerous money management solutions to help consumers contribute to the green economy, tackle their carbon footprints, and invest in climate change reversal.
When you switch to sustainable financial services, you can make a simple, personal change that contributes to climate action at scale.
Climate Science. Does Personal Action Matter?. https://climatescience.org/advanced-personal-action
National Geographic. The world’s plastic pollution crisis explained. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-pollution
AlmostZeroWaste. Why Should We Reduce The Use Of Plastic. https://www.almostzerowaste.com/reduce-plastic-waste/
Energy.Gov. Reducing Electricity Use and Costs. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/reducing-electricity-use-and-costs
US Environmental Protection Agency. Basic Information about Water Reuse. https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse
Natural Resources Defense Fund. More Sustainable (and Beautiful) Alternatives to a Grass Lawn. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/more-sustainable-and-beautiful-alternatives-grass-lawn
US Environmental Protection Agency. Composting at Home. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home
Buffer. Is Remote Work Greener? We Calculated Buffer’s Carbon Footprint to Find Out. https://buffer.com/resources/carbon-footprint
Bloomberg. The Global Glut of Clothing Is an Environmental Crisis. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-fashion-industry-environmental-impact/
Investopedia. Fast Fashion. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fast-fashion.asp
Reuters. World’s Top Banks Pumped $742 Bln into Fossil Fuels in 2021 – Report. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/worlds-top-banks-pumped-742-bln-into-fossil-fuels-2021-report-2022-03-30/
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| 0.878274
| 2,117
| 2.96875
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