text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
7.09k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early education is critical to the way a child’s brain develops, and Kidaptive wants to make sure that it develops right.
The ed-tech startup closed a $10.1 million funding round to continue developing its learning platform for kids aged 3 to 11.
Kidaptive powers an interactive storytelling iPad app that embeds assessments into the stories and customizes learning accordingly. Based on this data, it provides parents with insights and tips about how to support their child’s progress and interests.
“Kids are increasingly spending more minutes on screen time each day, but parents don’t yet have a great readout on what they’re learning from these activities or even what’s capturing their imagination,” cofounder and CEO P.J. Gunsagar said. “We can do so much more with tablet time for our kids than use it as a digital babysitter.”
In its flagship game Leo’s Pad, a young Leonardo da Vinci and his friends guide kids through the adventure stories and games, where they practice over 70 cognitive, academic, and social “learning dimensions.” The games adapt as children play to achieve “just the right” level of difficulty to motivate learning.
The curriculum is designed by Stanford University researchers and Emmy award-winning animators and incorporates early-learning curriculum based on recent research. It is designed to promote 7 key skills — controlling yourself, figuring things out, gathering necessary knowledge, acquiring physical routines, developing a love of learning, being creative, and interacting with others. These are viewed as behaviors that promote successful learning both inside and outside of the classroom.
Children’s brains are unbelievable sponges that soak up information and form neural connections at an astonishing rate. Research overwhelmingly shows the benefits of early learning — kids are more likely to graduate from high school, less likely to have behavioral problems, and have longer attentions spans and overall retention of information.
Kids love iPads, and this presents a major opportunity for early childhood development. There is a large and crowded market for educational apps, and competition is fierce for the products that are both entertaining and educational.
Gunsagar previously cofounded Prana Studios, a 3-D animation and visual effects studio. Cofounder Dylan Arena has a PhD in learning sciences and technology design and spent seven years at Stanford researching game-based learning and next-generation assessment.
These two realms of expertise come together with Kidaptive. There are currently four episodes, and the team has 25 episodes planned for Leo’s Pad and will introduce a subscription model.
Formation 8 led this second round, with participation from Menlo Ventures, Stanford’s StartX fund, NewsSchools Venture Fund, and Prana Studios. Kidaptive participated in an accelerator for educational gaming startups that was spearheaded by Zynga founder Mark Pincus.
Kidpative is based in San Francisco.
More: MobileBeat 2016 is focused on the paradigm shift from apps to AI, messaging, and chatbots. Don't miss this opportunity: July 12 and 13 in San Francisco.
|
<urn:uuid:88b9dd04-84dd-4914-b5fd-80c3f24da932>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/14/kidaptives-interactive-ipad-stories-prime-your-child-to-be-a-successful-learner/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111518.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00013-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952441
| 642
| 2.75
| 3
|
Downscaling of Climate Variability: Towards an Impact Assessment for Glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Most glaciers around the world - including those in the tropics - have been retreating over most of the 20th century. Generally, their shrinkage is attributed to global warming. While the global climate conditions certainly play an important role in shaping the environment in which glaciers exist, the mass and energy balance of each individual glacier is dictated by local conditions. Given the generally complex mountain topography around glaciers, natural climate variability, and regional differences in the climate system's evolution, it is not trivial to find a direct link between global climate change and the behavior of an individual glacier.
In the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, glaciers act as important regulators and providers of water supply to the densely populated Rio Santa valley.
Within the framework of the proposed project, steps will be taken towards a better understanding of the processes linking the large scales of climate variability and change to impacts on single glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca.
An existing network of automatic weather stations and glaciological observations will be maintained and extended in order to create a complete observational data basis for the project. Using a limited area model, very high resolution simulations of the atmospheric conditions around the study sites will be performed for selected time slices, using reanalysis data as lateral boundary conditions. The skill of the model will be quantified, and the model dynamics will be analysed in order to identify the most important processes that govern the translation of the large to the local scale in the mountainous terrain.
arameterizations of these processes will be developed and verified through the observational data. Finally, a distributed, energy balance-based glacier mass balance model will first be optimized with the help of the field measurements. The mass balance model will then be run over the entire period of reanalysis data availability, using the parameterizations to create time series of the forcing variables. The produced long-term mass balance series will provide a detailed picture of high-altitude climate change in this region.
The meteorological and glaciological observations obtained through this project will be immensely valuable also for research outside the scope of this project, since the tropical mid-troposphere, where the study site is located, is characterized through extremely scarce data. The dynamical downscaling of the reanalysis data with a numerical model, verified through on-site observations, will increase the insight into the abilities and limitations of high resolution modeling over glacierized and rough terrain. The development of parameterizations for the variables required to force a glacier mass balance model is to be seen as a first step towards the inclusion of tropical mountain glaciers into general circulation models, and thereby a necessary prerequisite for studying impacts of climate change on glaciers, water resources, and local communities in Peru.
01/01/2009 to 31/12/2014
|
<urn:uuid:b2972dfb-ac43-4feb-aa99-4b8f0654f1fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.uibk.ac.at/en/acinn/research/ice-and-climate/projects/downscaling-of-climate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950373.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402012805-20230402042805-00005.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899856
| 617
| 2.59375
| 3
|
#9 The Mozart Effect
As the Maui Summer Masterworks Project begins its first weeks of rehearsal for The Mozart Requiem, it seems like a time to mention Don Campbell’s fine book The Mozart Effect, and to recommend it to those who might be interested in the research that has been done on the subject of the power of music and it’s effect on our health, mind, body and spirit.
Are we deeply affected by what we choose to listen to as well as sing? Are our own cognitive processes improved by elevating our experience and exposure to music composed by genius? Does the elegance and rationality of Mozart’s music engage the mind and produce a particularly positive effect?
The answer is scientifically proven.
At the University of California at Irvine’s Center for Neurobiology and Learning and Memory, the effects of listening to Mozart on college students and children were studied. The results were conclusive that there were significant improvements in spatial IQ tests. It was suggested that Mozart’s music had the effect of “warming up the brain”. In separate research Alfred Tomatis, whose work in understanding the properties of listening and hearing, posed the question; were there “unique properties” to Mozart’s music? His tests concluded that despite listener’s preferences, and previous exposure, “the music of Mozart invariably calmed listeners, improved spatial perception, and allowed them to express themselves more clearly—communicating with both heart and mind”
When practicing your Mozart this week, see if YOU notice any effects you might attribute to working on your music.
The results of this little non-experiment would be so purely subjective as to not be scientific at all, yet see if you do become aware of being more calmed, more coordinated and more articulate.
Have a very fine, calm, coordinated and articulate week,
PREVIOUS INDEX NEXT
Copyright © 2010 by Sarah Oppenheim-Beggs
|
<urn:uuid:10dbb9e4-4d50-462d-b6e7-2aa848e2add3>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
http://thoughts-on-singing.com/thoughts%209.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988837.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508031423-20210508061423-00408.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955362
| 409
| 2.59375
| 3
|
History in Context - U.S. and World
U.S. History in Context offers an overview of Unites States History that includes significant events, full text periodicals and journals, current issues, and archives.
World History in Context allows the user to search a large collection of global issues and subjects. Database includes full text periodicals, biographies, reference materials, historic maps and atlases, and primary sources.
Both U.S. and World History in Context must be accessed through the Rapid City Public Libraries' website under Research and Databases.
There is both a Basic and Advanced Search. Users can also browse by topic or browse the main pages for featured content.
- Primary Sources
- Viewpoint Essays
- Audio and Video from archival newsreels, NPR, NBC, and other sources
- More than 73,000 images and 1,500+ seals, maps and flags
- Periodical articles from publications such as World History, History Review, Newsweek, The Historian, and American Heritage
- Download, email, print, save, translate, and listen to articles
- Share articles on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter
Gale is available via mobile devices. For more information, go to http://www.gale.cengage.com/apps/
|
<urn:uuid:2d9df547-32e7-4763-9e59-0525a1b552c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://researchguides.weebly.com/history-in-context.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00160.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.867445
| 269
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Few teaching techniques in ESL / EFL are as difficult to master as effective, sensitive, principled and systematic oral correction.
I remember working fairly closely with Donald Freeman back in the mid 90s and, in common with all my colleagues at the time, I was in awe of the man’s deep understanding of learning processes and his talent for helping us, mere mortals, to see language learning in a completely new light. Of all his teachings, it was perhaps the principle of intervention through observation that has had the greatest impact on my work and this connects interestingly with oral correction, as I will explain.
Intervention through observation in language learning means, among other things, that we must allow ourselves to be sidetracked by the sheer unpredictability of an English lesson and learn how to work with what is there.
Working with what is there means making the best possible use of all those unforeseen classroom events that stubbornly refuse to leave us alone so we can get on with our teaching the way we had planned to. This is extremely difficult to do. It takes the right sort of awareness, attitude and a certain amount of teaching experience.
But “what does all that have to do with oral correction?”, you must be wondering.
The more I see teachers grappling with error correction, especially oral correction, the more I convince myself that:
1. The kind of oral correction that maybe matters the most is the one that’s most difficult to pull off in class and;
2. This kind of oral correction is difficult precisely because it depends on our ability to work with what is there.
Let me explain.
It’s easy to correct a gap-fill exercise. The student says “afraid of go” and you tactfully remind her that “of” requires an “ing” and that’s it. Oral correction in drills is relatively easy, too. We provide an example and a prompt, which students respond to in a certain way. If they don’t, we correct them. Period.
But what about the oral correction that needs to take place during discussions, simulations and role-plays, in which students are producing extended discourse and conveying the meanings they want to convey? What about oral correction during the usual “how was your weekend” beginning-of-lesson chats? What about things like “someone have a pen to borrow me?”, which will keep surfacing, over and over, despite your best efforts? What’s the best oral correction policy in those cases?
It seems plausible to me that when a student receives feedback on what he or she’s actually trying to say (as opposed to a drill or a gap-fill), oral correction is more likely to stick. This means that I tend to disagree with those who claim that, in free(r) communication, errors should generally be overlooked or dealt with en passant at a later stage in the lesson.
But how can oral correction help students think about language while they’re focused on meaning?
Here comes the tricky part.
Correcting students midsentence might be pointless, since people’s brains can’t usually process meaning and form at the same time. Oral correction at the end of the sentence might lessen processing load, but it might also disrupt the flow of whatever is under way in class. Not correcting at all is a dangerous alternative, which could lead to fossilization, depending on the student and on the error. Delayed oral correction, which many teachers usually regard as the ideal compromise, is perhaps not as effective as it’s often been made out to be – more details coming up soon.
I have deliberately modalized all the sentences above to make the point that when it comes to oral correction in language learning (especially during meaning-focused work), there’s no right or wrong, nor are there any ready-made recipes that we can rely on. So, a question like “someone have a pen to borrow me?” may or may not go uncorrected depending on the student in question, the recurrence of the error, the likelihood that it will be made again (and again) and so on and so forth.
What we should bear in mind, I believe, is that the learning potential of corrective feedback far outweighs the real but sometimes overestimated risk of inhibition and embarrassment usually associated with oral correction. Recognizing and tapping into the learning potential of an unexpected classroom event is critically important, but it depends on the teacher’s ability – and willingness – to work with what is there.
Thanks for reading.
Enjoyed this post on oral correction? You might also like feedback on writing.
|
<urn:uuid:6b58d5d7-fc29-4561-8e67-ca48177307c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.luizotaviobarros.com/tag/correction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969895
| 975
| 2.96875
| 3
|
My speech class public speaking tips & speech topics selecting your topic informative step by step follow those steps and read the tips include personal stories and examples 3 provide each audience member the proper materials and ingredients to practice with 4. Persuasive speeches the third step in the persuasive process, acceptance, occurs when the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them it is important to note that if you finish a speech and are less credible with an audience. Sample preparation outline for monroe's motivated sequence pattern always consider your audience--every step of the way use the your objective is to put together a clear concise speech that is easy to follow. The goal of the persuasive speech is to influence this step offers the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes, beliefs, and values speech to motivate action sample specific-purpose statement.
Writing a persuasive speech: a 7 step action plan analyse your audience, and select a persuasive speech pattern to write tohow to write a persuasive speech outlineexamples of a persuasive speechexample of persuasive action how to write a good persuasive speech + sample - essaybasics. Audience adaptation overview audience analysis involves identifying the audience and a possible alternative is to converse with a representative sample of the audience a representative sample is a small subset of the audience that maintains the especially persuasive speech. A minimum 5 slide presentation must be delivered to the class on speech day step 1: gather materials on your interests step 2: and deliver a persuasive speech to your audience extemporaneous delivery is sample syllabus - this syllabus is provided as a sample. Start studying chapter 16: persuasive speaking learn the attention step should get the audience's attention as well as describe your goals and preview the speech 2 the need step should provide a description of in the visualization step, audience members are asked to visualize what. Persuasive outline pointing: show its importance to the individuals in the audience satisfaction step presents a solution the satisfaction step is developed by (use one or more of the following): persuasive speech parts explained.
Examples on how to write a persuasive speech outline persuasive speeches are not only there to inspire the masses the visualize step provides the audience with an imagination on both the ugly and beautiful picture. Persuasive speech sample outline explore explore by interests specific speech purpose: to convince my audience that later school start times are better than those that start very early in the morning documents similar to example of a persuasive speech plan. 173 organizing persuasive speeches previous next learning objectives second, the speaker needs to provide one or more examples to illustrate the need attention step: gained audience's attention.
Persuasive speech when you speak persuasively attention step get the audience's attention make a direct request of the audience to act sample topics for monroe's motivated sequence persuade the audience to. A persuasive speech is a particular kind of speech that is intended to persuade the audience and influence them to accept the points and views presented. Your persuasive speech (sales pitch) will the satisfaction step (the product is going to fulfill that need) the visualization step (this is what is going to happen but present a truthful argument to convince the audience to buy sales pitch speech rubric /50 points. Preparing expository-informative oratory-persuasive for persuasive speeches: interest supports to increase interest in your speech: stories, examples, personal experiences, interaction (eg games or questions you ask of your audience.
Find professional tips how to write a good persuasive speech at goodwritinghelpcom online persuasive speech writing help for those college students step one: who is your audience it should include the introduction section, body section, examples and conclusion. Two examples of a persuasive speech persuasive speech examples to help you get what you want put together a game plan and take it step by step the sky's the limit just remember to return the favor once you start working. Persuasive speech topics persuasive speech refers to a particular type of speech in which the speaker has the objective of persuading the audience to accept his or the third step is to ensure that the speech is localized persuasive speech outline sample persuasive speech sample.
Sample persuasive speech outline topic: factory farming persuasive speech present your audience with a strong credibility statement all persuasive refutation speech essays and term papers. 3 ways to persuade your audience the common goal in persuasive speeches is to influence the audience's view on a certain subject some of the more obvious examples include speeches or presentations which use visual aids such as images or videos.
Types of public speeches the purpose of a persuasive speech is to convince the audience to adopt the speaker's perspective on a given topic there are many examples of special occasions where it might be appropriate to deliver a speech. The need step is the part of a persuasive speech that makes your audience which states exactly what physical response you want from your audience (the policy speech is a speech of actuation or motivation that requires that your examples of specific purposes. These five elements need to be included in any persuasive speech if you do, it will work 1 step purpose audience reaction one comment on persuasion - five steps to success therese bennetts 03/08/2012 hi claire. Looking for the steps for writing a persuasive speech you should have a stronghold on how the audience views the topic that you are writing about so that you can better relate to them grasp the obstacles that your audience face or have with the topic. How to write an outline for a persuasive speech b tie to the audience: sample persuasive speech outline including speechwriting tips on outlining the main speech topics for public speaking sample persuasive speech outline.
|
<urn:uuid:bce5ef36-20f7-4a11-a18b-b7968a448e97>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://uphomeworkrhnm.skylinechurch.us/sample-audience-and-persuasive-speech-step.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863259.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619232009-20180620012009-00202.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930083
| 1,110
| 3.109375
| 3
|
It’s a distortion that’s oft-repeated, and refuses to die: Legions of college grads working long hours as baristas, their expensive degrees wasted after not finding a job in their chosen fields.
While such anecdotes are compelling, the evidence points to the contrary: College in Michigan still grades out as a sound financial investment for most students in both the short and long term. Projections of lifetime earnings say that holds true even as people across the state express anxiety about rising student debt and tuition costs. There also remains a correlation between states with a higher share of college graduates and higher household incomes – an equation that leaves Michigan behind a majority of states.
In 2014, Michigan college graduates over age 25 had median earnings of $49,839 - 86 percent higher than the median wage for a high school graduate ($26,835) and 56 percent higher than someone with some college or an associate degree ($31,865).
Over time, this earnings gap grows – even though median income for Michigan college grads is still 10.6 percent below 2005 levels, when a college graduate earned the equivalent of $55,738 in 2015 dollars. That’s because the drop for high school grads was even steeper, falling 15.3 percent over that time. And for those with some college, median wages fell 18 percent.
Put another way, a Michigan high school graduate in 2005 earned 57 cents on the dollar compared with a college graduate. That fell to 54 cents on the dollar by 2015.
“If I were to summarize, for the vast majority of people a college degree will be a worthwhile investment over a lifetime,” said Brad Hershbein, an analyst at the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research in Kalamazoo, which analyzes workplace data in Michigan. “It may not be as good as it was 15 years ago, but it's still a good one.”
Hershbein did note a significant caveat: Not all college majors are created equal.
A 2014 national study of lifetime earnings in 80 college majors found that median earnings by college graduates are higher in every major over lifetime earnings of those with a high school degree. But there were a handful of majors that earned less than the median earnings of those with an associate degree -- and not much more than a high school graduate. They include drama and theater arts, elementary education, early childhood education and theology.
Hershbein -- who co-authored the study for the Hamilton Project, an initiative of the Brookings Institution -- said it’s a financial calculation that students who go into those lower-paying fields should make with eyes wide open.
“Money is clearly not the only thing that matters or should matter,” he said. “But if you are taking out a $40,000 or $50,000 loan, it’s going to be a challenge to pay that back. You have to make sure you enjoy it a lot.
“The 99th percentile for earnings in theater arts do well, because they are working in Hollywood. The vast majority don’t get that lucky.”
But for the most part, these are the exceptions that prove the rule.
While the Great Recession of 2008 buffeted Michigan workers across the education strata, those with a college degree were better equipped to weather the storm. In 2015, 2.6 percent of those with a bachelor's degree or higher in Michigan were unemployed, compared with 5.6 percent of those with some college, 8.6 percent of high school graduates and 14 percent of high school dropouts.
In 2015, Business Leaders for Michigan, a business growth advocacy organization, released a report which found the state would need to double the percentage of college grads by 2020 to produce a competitive economy. With 31.5 percent of residents age 25 to 34 with a college degree in 2014, Michigan ranked 27th in the nation.
By comparison, another Midwest state, Minnesota – with nearly 40 percent of those 25 to 34 with a college degree – ranked 8th. Minnesota's per capita income in 2015 stood at $33,425, which ranked 12th, 20 percent higher than Michigan's per capita of $27,865, which ranked 26th. Massachusetts, which led in the share of those 25 to 34 with college degrees at 51 percent, ranked second in per capita income at $38,130.
Doug Rothwell, president and CEO of Business Leaders for Michigan, said it's no coincidence that states with a greater share of college graduates also have higher incomes. “It's a reason why we have to make raising education levels a highest priority for the state,” Rothwell said.
“This really is not rocket science. It's pretty straightforward stuff. It seems like we have to keep talking about it over and over again to get people to see how important it is.”
Loan debt gives pause
But it's also true that state cuts to higher education have led to efforts by Michigan’s public universities to raise tuition to make up the difference – saddling students with rising debt loads.
The result has been a state teeming with exasperated students and families. More than 80 percent of participants in The Center for Michigan’s Community Conversations last year said a college degree or vocational training is important or very important to prosper in the modern economy. But a majority surveyed – about 55 percent – questioned whether families can afford higher education, and even whether the expense was worth it. Participants laid blame on both Lansing and the schools (though slightly more on Lansing) for the burden these costs place on families.
In 1990, Michigan gave just over $1 billion to state universities. If state spending on higher education had simply kept pace with inflation through 2014, universities would have received $1.92 billion. Instead, colleges got $1.26 billion - a third less.
In the 2006-07 school year, the first year for which data is available, the net cost of attending a Michigan public university consumed 17.4 percent of Michigan median household income – the ninth-highest burden in the nation. By 2011-12, the annual net cost had risen to 23.1 percent of median household income – third highest in the country.
A 2015 report by the Institute for College Access & Success, a nonprofit that advocates for more affordable college education, found the average debt of a Michigan college graduate in 2014 was $29,450. In 2005, the average debt was $22,456, adjusted to 2014 dollars - a 31-percent jump in one decade.
How far past high school?
That trend has churned a debate over whether the cost of a four-year degree is still worth it, even as advocates for more comprehensive vocational training in Michigan say that jobs in the skilled trades that can support a middle class life still go begging.
A scan of Pure Michigan Talent Connect, the state's job post site, reveals hundreds of openings for welders, fabricators, electricians and machine operators at wages that range from $12 to $20 an hour and up; some work experience or post-high school training is required in many cases, but not a four-year degree.
For those who do not opt for college, those can be worthy career options. But when the cost of college is weighed against lifetime earnings, many experts say, that cost is still more likely to pay for itself.
“It's the best investment you can make,” said Lou Glazer, president and co-founder of Michigan Future Inc., a nonprofit Ann Arbor-based economic research organization
“It's just like open and shut. Without student debt, with student debt, it's the best investment you can make. It's better than stocks, better than bonds.”
Glazer points to a 2011 study by the Hamilton Project that examined return on investment in a college degree over a 40-year age span. It assumed a cost of about $100,000 for a four-year college degree. It factored in lost wages for the four years of attending college, but did not count room and board, since that expense is incurred whether in college or not.
The study put the average annual return for college at 15.2 percent, compared with the 6.8 percent average return for the stock market over the previous 60 years, 2.9 percent for corporate bonds and 2.3 percent for gold. That was based on projections that an average college grad will earn $570,000 more than a high school graduate over a lifetime.
The long view on earnings
A closer at Michigan reveals a parallel gap in career earnings by education.
Analysis of U.S. Census data in Michigan for age, earnings and education level from 2005 to 2014 by the Upjohn Institute projected median 40-year career earnings of just under $1.2 million for those with a four-year college degree in today’s dollars.
That compares with about $830,000 for those with an associate degree, $700,000 for those with some college but no associate degree, $540,000 for a high school graduate, and just under $390,000 for a high school dropout.
That means the typical college graduate projects to earn about 2.2 times that of a high school graduate over a career. Workers with a professional degree (that is, a graduate degree following four years of college) have projected median earnings of $2.2 million – four times that of a high school graduate.
Hershbein, of Upjohn, stressed the findings do not mean a college education always means higher earnings. Nor does it condemn all high school grads to a lifetime of meager earnings. It's all about the probability of success, he said, “it’s not a guarantee.”
Indeed, the top 10 percent of high school grads can do quite well, projecting to earn about $1.2 million in lifetime earnings, the same as the median college grad. according to an Upjohn analysis. Conversely, those in the bottom 10 percent with a four-year college degree earned $290,000, a bit more than half the median earnings for high school graduates.
“It's too broad a generalization to say everyone should go to college,” Hershbein said.
“I would not agree that everyone needs a four-year degree to have a middle-class life. But just about everyone is going to need some kind of education beyond high school to secure a middle-class life.”
Who does best among college grads?
Those in management, a category that encompasses about 200,000 of the state's work force of 4.1 million, with median annual earnings of about $94,000. Within the group are some 8,000 CEOs with median earnings of just under $165,000. By and large, these are jobs that require at minimum a four-year college degree.
Engineers – another category that requires a four-year degree – also do well. Median annual earnings ranged from about $82,000 for chemical engineers to $89,000 for computer hardware engineers to more than $106,000 for nuclear engineers, a specialized group of just under 500 workers.
Then there are the low paying careers that require a college degree.
Community and social service occupations – about 58,000 jobs – had a median annual earnings of $43,000. That includes about $37,000 a year for substance abuse and mental health counselors and just over $40,000 for family therapists.
Near the bottom of Michigan’s wage scale are some 370,000 food preparation and food service workers, with median annual earnings of less than $20,000 – no college degree required. The category includes bartenders, cooks, waitresses and dishwashers.
True, thousands of blue-collar workers without college degrees can do well in a variety of occupations. Some 12,000 tool-and-die makers had median incomes of more than $51,000 a year, 18,000 electricians had median earnings of about $59,000 and some 10,000 plumbers, steamfitters and pipefitters had median earnings of more than $56,000. Some 250 boilermakers had median annual earnings of nearly $70,000.
It should be noted these are occupations that require considerable specialized training and certificates beyond a simple high school degree.
University return on investment
Those Michigan colleges and universities that produce the highest return on investment have strong programs linked to top-paying professions: in fields like science, technology, engineering and math.
In a 2016 comparison of college cost and mid-career earnings, Kettering University in Flint ranked as top ROI school in Michigan. The private university specializes in engineering, computer science and other technical fields.
Kettering graduates had a 20-year ROI of $785,000. Michigan Technological University – also known for its STEM course offerings – placed second, with a 20-year ROI of $670,000, just ahead of the University of Michigan, with a 20-year ROI of $667,000.
Still, there are those like Detroit resident Annie Derbabian, 29, who chose a different route, switching halfway through college from a major in chemistry to journalism. It's a choice she now regrets, as newspapers across the state have made drastic staffing cuts in recent years.
“I probably should have stuck with chemistry,” she said.
The 2013 graduate of Wayne State University, unable to land a decent-paying job in her career field, now works full time as a bartender. It pays the bills, which includes about $50,000 in student loans.
Derbabian, who worked in the past as a pharmacy technician, is planning to renew her certificate in that specialty with the hope of finding work in a hospital. She might return to college, perhaps in biotechnology.
Through it all, she said she is confident her education will pay off in the long run.
“One hundred percent,” she said. “I've always been a very positive person. As long as my bills are paid and I'm learning new things, I'm good.”
Glazer of Michigan Future said it's not uncommon – especially in today's economy – for college graduates to shuffle around in lower-paying jobs for a few years before they find their career footing.
He recites the story of an Ivy League graduate named Sally Cameron, featured in a 1982 Washington Post article as a sort of poster child for the underemployed college graduate. It seems that Cameron, with a degree in management from Smith College, couldn't find anything in her field. She was working as a bartender.
The New Republic magazine tracked Cameron down in 2011, and found that she was a senior manager under contract for an international consulting company with the United States Agency for International Development, the agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid.
“The thing that we've been saying over and over about the value of a four-year degree is that it's not just the first job,” Glazer said. “Most people assume that if you making $30,000 in your first job, that's what you will be making over a 40-year career. That's just wrong.”
Tom Moran, a resident of the northern Lower Peninsula, never made it past high school.
A 1978 graduate of Onaway High School, about 40 miles southeast of the Mackinac Bridge, he launched a one-man welding business out of a small rental shop in town. He started out welding bicycles, lawnmowers, broken mufflers, often for $10 or $20 a job. Just about everything he knows about welding or metal fabrication or business, he taught himself.
He would be the exception to the rule about education and income.
Today, he's the founder and CEO of Moran Iron Works, a firm that employs about 100 workers and specializes in mammoth, custom-fabrication projects. That includes 500-ton ocean barges, a $50 million contract to build flue gas ductwork for Consumers Energy’s coal-fired electric plant in Ottawa County and a $3.8 million contract to construct a new ferry for Shepler's Mackinac Island service.
Moran, 56, is not one to put down the value of a college education.
But he added: “There is a saying in business that the A students are employed by the B students and the B students are employed by the C students. What that says is that academics aren't everything.”
Outside of any book learning, Moran attributes his rise in business to a couple qualities: “Persistence and determination. I really think those are the big ones.
“I visualized everything. I could visualize it, from putting the first dollar into the checking account to millions. I've been able to visualize all of that, whether it was getting from point A to point B or what the first decade would take or what the second decade would take.”
He said he still has a lot of friends from high school, many of whom have only high school degrees yet are making $100,000 or more.
“But they are spending the money to put three or four kids through college,” he said. “Because they think that's important.”
|
<urn:uuid:21f67558-7dd1-4ee2-b850-d20c72ef2a63>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.bridgemi.com/talent-education/college-still-worth-cost-usually
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188773.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00659-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968409
| 3,601
| 2.515625
| 3
|
The role of digital skills, and the roles of leaders in education engaging in digital skills has been highlighted in a variety of reports including the Select Committee on Digital Skills own report, Make or Break: The UK’s Digital Future. However, the recognition of need for leaders to exploit technology goes back as far as Dearing (1997).
Having completed a scoping exercise and through a series of structured stakeholder conversations Jisc have begun developing a Digital Leadership Programme. Initially this will consist of a short course, online materials and webinars. However, it is intended for the resources to grow and develop.
In addition to the versions for teaching staff and researchers included in the core framework, Helen Beetham has now developed a version for digital leaders (shown in the slide show below) which will be used as the basis for the Jisc digital leadership offer.
The Digital Capabilities framework is now mapped against two elements of Leadership:
- Being an effective digital leader/manager (personal/professional development)
- Leading/ managing an effective digital organisation or part of an organisation (organisational development)
The short presentation shows more detail about the two elements are mapped against the six capabilities:
- ICT proficiency = core skills
- Information, media and data literacy = critical use
- Creation, scholarship and innovation = creative production
- Communication, collaboration and participation
- Learning and self-development
- Identity and well-being
|
<urn:uuid:e9a2c304-8bd3-474e-953a-d115206dcd38>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://digitalcapability.jiscinvolve.org/wp/2015/06/26/supporting-leadership/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00642.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934418
| 292
| 2.90625
| 3
|
The link between sleep apnea and cancer is less clear than that between sleep apnea and other risks like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. But as we are coming to understand the mechanisms that bind the two conditions, it seems likely that sleep apnea can increase cancer risks. Even if it may not increase your risk for developing cancer, new research suggests that it can drive cancer to grow more quickly.
Hypoxia Drives Blood Vessel Growth
All the cells in your body depend on blood to bring nutrients and take away waste, but cancer is especially dependent on it. Cancer cells grow and reproduce at abnormally fast rates, and this abnormally high growth requires abnormally high rates of nutrients. To get these nutrients, tumors require that your body grow many more blood vessels to support them.
One of the tools that the body uses to boost the growth of blood vessels is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Some recent cancer treatments have shown promise because they block VEGF, starving tumors and preventing them from growing.
But sleep apnea, it seems, does the opposite. As your body experiences intermittent hypoxias (oxygen shortages), it releases more VEGF. This VEGF stimulates the growth of more blood vessels in tumors. Researchers presented their findings that mice exposed to oxygen shortages had higher levels of VEGF than unexposed mice. They also found that exposing tumors to oxygen shortages caused them to grow blood vessels more rapidly, which could make them harder to stop.
Oxygen Deprivation Affects Your Entire Body
We often talk about the effect of sleep apnea on particular organs or mechanisms in your body, such as the brain or the heart, but studies like this remind us that sleep apnea affects your entire body at the same time.
When your body experiences oxygen deprivation, it can hurt your body on a cellular level. And as oxygen becomes a more limited resource, it triggers cancer to become more greedy, eating up more of the limited resources, which can further hurt your body as oxygen levels drop.
We don’t have enough evidence to show how sleep apnea treatment impacts the growth of cancers, but it’s likely that with better oxygen supply, cancer growth would be slowed.
If you would like to learn more about the benefits of sleep apnea treatment, or get sleep apnea treatment that’s easier to manage than CPAP, please call (402) 493-4175 for an appointment with a sleep dentist at the Advanced Dental Sleep Treatment Center.
|
<urn:uuid:8a129985-6d3e-42b8-ab7b-eacc9007b7bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
https://www.whywesnore.com/sleep-apnea-could-drive-cancer-growth/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867666.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625111632-20180625131632-00406.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949175
| 517
| 3.25
| 3
|
Over the last two weeks, President Donald Trump has repeatedly referred to media outlets that he dubbed the "fake news media" as "the enemy of the American People."
Trump repeated the attack at a speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference on Friday, saying, "They are the enemy of the people."
The phrase "the enemy of the people" has a long history that Trump may or may not have known about.
Over the couse of the last century, it has been used repeatedly by dictators and autocrats to delegitimize foreign governments, opposition parties, and dissenters.
Though the phrase dates back to Roman times and the reign of Emperor Nero (who was declared "an enemy of the people" by the Roman Senate), it came into use in the modern period during the French Revolution. Ennemi du peuple was used to refer to those who disagreed with the new French government during the "Reign of Terror," a period during which thousands of revolutionairies were executed by guillotine.
While it was featured as the name of a Henrik Ibsen play, its next prominent use was by the Nazis. During the Third Reich's rule in Germany, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels referred to Jews as "a sworn enemy of the German people" who posed a risk to Adolf Hitler's vision for the country, according to The Washington Post.
It gained its widest use by Joseph Stalin during the early years of the Soviet Union. In the nation's early years, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin used the term vrag naroda (enemy of the nation/people) to refer to those who disagreed with the ideologies pushed forth by the Bolshevik government and, later, adopted by the newly-formed Soviet Union. This could include anyone from the clergy who did not want to adopt state-enforced atheism to writers to political opposition that questioned the ideologies of the new government. Later picked up by Stalin, such a designation could mean immediate imprisonment or removal to a labour camp.
"All leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, a party filled with enemies of the people, are hereby to be considered outlaws, and are to be arrested immediately and brought before the revolutionary court," said Lenin in November 1917.
As reported by The New York Times, the phrase lost popularity in the 1950s when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev came into power and denounced Lenin and Stalin's use of the term to refer to anyone who disagreed with the leaders.
Nina Khruscheva, Khruschev's great-granddaughter and international affairs professor at the New School in New York, told The New York Times that it was particularly shocking to hear the language of "state nationalism [that] is always the same regardless of the country."
In recent years, Venezuela's Hugo Chavez also called political dissenters "enemies of the homeland."
The phrase and Trump's statements about the press, in general, drew similar comparisons from some users on Twitter:
—(((Ariel Stulberg))) (@arielstulberg) February 17, 2017
—Anton Goloborodko (@golobor) February 17, 2017
—Alt CA State Parks (@AltCaStateParks) February 21, 2017
|
<urn:uuid:a35df30b-8f5b-4359-84ea-fe754019cde2>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-president-trumps-phrase-an-enemy-of-the-people-2017-2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363216.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205191620-20211205221620-00253.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971545
| 659
| 2.703125
| 3
|
San Patricio was founded in 1829 by the empresarios James McGloin and John McMullen after they received permission from the Mexican government on August 16, 1828, to settle 200 Irish Catholic families in Texas. After recruiting settlers in New York, the empresarios hired the New Packet and Albion to transport the colonists to their new home. The first settlers arrived at El Cópano and Mesquite Landing in late October 1829 and made their way to the old mission at Refugio, where they remained for some time. They eventually chose a townsite where the Camino Real from Goliad to Laredo and the Atascosito Road from Louisiana crossed the Nueces River. It is not known just exactly when the settlers moved from Refugio to the Nueces River site; however, by November 18, 1830, the move was completed. The ancient fort of Lipantitlán was across the river less than two miles distant. The colonists put up temporary shelters of poles chinked with mud and grass. Since there was very little timber for log cabins, they built picket houses by digging trenches and standing small tree trunks upright in them. Roofs were made of thatch, and mud filled the cracks in the walls. Land commissioner José Antonio Saucedo arrived in October 1831 to issue land grants to eight settlers. A townsite four leagues square, called Villa de San Patricio de Hibernia in honor of Ireland's patron saint, had been laid out by surveyor William O'Docharty. In 1834 José María Balmaceda, the new land commissioner, returned to issue another seventy-six land grants. Local autonomy under Mexican rule was increased in 1834 when the municipality of San Patricio was established. William O'Docharty was named alcalde, and Thomas Adams, Francisco De León, Francisco Leal, and Patrick O'Boyle were elected aldermen. It appears that the residents of San Patricio were not caught up immediately in the revolutionary spirit that prevailed over most of Mexican Texas in 1835; however, representatives from San Patricio participated in all conventions except the first (see TEXAS REVOLUTION). With the help of men from San Patricio, Capt. Ira Westover and his men from Goliad captured Fort Lipantitlán in December 1835. In early 1836 the Matamoros expedition began to move to the front, with the intention of marching on Mexico; on February 27 Gen. José Urrea surprised Col. Francis W. Johnson's men in San Patricio and killed or captured most of the unit. The Texans were buried in the Old Cemetery on the Hill at San Patricio. After the battle of San Patricio the Mexican army became an ever-present menace. San Patricio became a ghost town as the colonists fled to Victoria and other refuges, leaving their homes and livestock unprotected. Later the municipality was declared a depopulated area, and so it remained until Gen. Zachary Taylor arrived in South Texas in 1845. He stationed a dragoon of troops in San Patricio and returned a semblance of law and order to the frontier town.
When the Texas Legislature demarked San Patricio County on March 17, 1836, San Patricio was designated the county seat. A post office was established in 1848 with C. H. John Rofs as postmaster. San Patricio was incorporated by an act of the legislature on February 7, 1853. For the next two decades the city grew, as more and more settlers arrived and farming and ranching became more profitable. The overland Cotton Road crossed the Nueces River at San Patricio, and the wagon crews stopped to buy supplies and drink in the local saloon. Outlaws preyed on the wagon trains, giving rise to tales about crews who buried their gold south of the river. In the 1880s San Patricio had several churches, schools, cotton gins, a gristmill, and a population of 200. St. Joseph's Convent, a school for girls, and St. Paul's Academy for boys were established in 1876. By 1890 the population was 400. After Sinton became the county seat in June 1894, San Patricio began to decline. In 1901 a citizens' group persuaded the state legislature to disincorporate the city. For over seventy years San Patricio was all but forgotten, until in 1972 the city of Corpus Christi sought to annex an area on the Nueces River that would have given it jurisdiction over the old town. The citizens of San Patricio rose to the challenge and defeated the annexation attempt; they reincorporated on August 12, 1972. An awareness of the heritage of San Patricio has caused a rebirth of interest in its history. Annual world championship rattlesnake races on St. Patrick's Day have been used by the San Patricio Restoration Society as a means to raise funds to preserve the city's landmarks. Enough money was raised to rebuild the courthouse of 1872 according to original specifications; it was dedicated in 1987. In 1990 the population was 369. The population dropped to 318 in 2000.
|
<urn:uuid:9020b0ae-0758-4e8f-83fe-b4fbfb4f0d09>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/san-patricio-tx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00662.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971403
| 1,086
| 3.15625
| 3
|
Nasser was born in 1918. In 1935 or 1936 he became a member of the Young Egypt Society led by Ahmad Hussein – a radical nationalist movement that was pro-Nazi in several respects. ‘The Second World War and the short period before it fired the spirit of our youth,’ wrote Nasser, ‘and moved our whole generation towards violence.’ Leading members of the Young Egypt Society included Ali Maher and Aziz al-Misri, two prominent Egyptian politicians who were known for their anti-British and pro-Axis stance.
In 1937, Nasser entered the Military Academy. In 1938, the core of the Free Officers movement that would take power in 1952 was formed. When in 1942 ‘the Germans were close to Egypt’, recalled movement member Abdel Latif Boghdadi, we ‘thought it our duty to do something against the British. We formed a secret organisation in the Air Force to disrupt and impede the British withdrawal from the Western Desert by sabotaging their lines of communication and supply.’
In 1943, Nasser and some of his military colleagues held meetings with Mahmud Labib, a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood. Those gatherings took place once a week and ‘continued uninterrupted until May 1948, when mobilisation for the Palestine war [of 1948] occurred.’ In the 1930s the Brotherhood had received financial aid from Nazi Germany because of its antisemitic orientation. Thus, in 1947, Hassan al-Banna, the Brotherhood’s leader, explained the United Nations decision in favour of a partition of Palestine in antisemitic terms, deeming ‘the whole United Nations intervention to be an international plot carried out by the Americans, the Russians, and the British under the influence of Zionism.’ In 1948, the Brotherhood was nevertheless by far the largest political organisation in Egypt with at least one million members.
Nasser was among those officers who provided lengthy clandestine training to the Brothers in preparation for the Palestine war of 1948. It was thus no accident that in 1949 Nasser’s name was found on a manual about grenades in a Muslim Brotherhood hideout. After the Free Officers’ revolution had swept away the monarchy and the old power elites in July 1952, ten of the fourteen officers now running the country had, at one time or another, sworn loyalty to the Brotherhood. With good cause the Soviets condemned the ‘reactionary officers’ group’ and their new ‘military dictatorship’.
In 1942, at British instigation, Aziz al-Misri and Ali Mahir had been dismissed because of their explicit pro-German stance; both were reinstated ten years later by the Free Officers: Al-Misri was hailed as the ‘spiritual father’ of the July revolution and the Officers made Ali Mahir the new prime minister. It was not by chance that Egypt was henceforth to become the El Dorado of former Nazis war criminals and antisemites. One example is that of air force officer Mohammad Radwan. He had managed to reach the German lines during the war. He made his way to Germany, where he was arrested by the Allies in 1945 and then sentenced in Egypt to fifteen years in jail. In 1952, he was released and then employed in the Armed Forces’ Department of Public Affairs. Another is neo-Nazi publisher Helmuth Kramer: He received political asylum in Egypt in 1965 after a German court had found him guilty of ‘spreading Nazi ideas’. According to Kramer, Nasser personally dealt with his asylum request and gave permission for him to continue publishing his books.
Since Moscow had refused to deliver intermediate-range rockets to Egypt in 1959, Nasser invited more than 300 German engineers and scientists who had formerly worked for the Nazi government to develop such missiles. In 1962, missiles were for the first time on display at a Cairo parade. ‘The staff of the Israeli embassy in Paris mourns and the Jews in New York are in fear,’ Al-Ahram rejoiced.
Though Nasser denied being an anti-Semite (‘I have never been anti-Semitic on a personal level’) he emphasised the great relevance of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion for an understanding of world affairs and claimed publicly that ‘three hundred Zionists … govern the fate of the European Continent’. Whoever believes such a thing must of course deny the Holocaust. Nasser denied it both directly (‘No one … takes seriously the lie about six million Jews who were murdered’) and indirectly, by claiming that ‘Ben-Gurion … has killed as many Arabs as Hitler killed Jews.’
Whoever believes in the Protocols will also seek to destroy Israel. And, indeed, Nasser’s obsession with the Jewish state was a constant theme of his time in power. Firstly, he considered Israel a bridge-head of Western imperialism, a conspiracy theory that gained some credibility after Israel’s involvement in the Suez crisis of 1956. Second, he considered Israel to be expansionist by nature. ‘Arab unity means the liquidation of Israel and the expansionist dreams of Zionism’ he told a crowd in 1965.
Nasser’s background did not of course rule out a later change of course. In 1953, his friend and combatant Anwar al-Sadat praised Adolf Hitler as an ‘immortal leader’ but 26 years later recognised Israel’s right to exist. Why was Nasser incapable of making such a move?
This is where the radical anti-Zionism of the ‘Arab street’ enters the picture. It may well be that it was the mass enthusiasm which flooded Egypt on the eve of the Six-Day War that kept Nasser on the path to war.
The Arab world had reacted ecstatically to Egypt’s Sinai move in May 1967.
After the withdrawal of the UNEF troops, Cairo looked more like a carnival than a city preparing for war: ‘The City was now festooned with lurid posters showing Arab soldiers shooting, crushing, strangling, and dismembering bearded, hook-nosed Jews.’ The closure of the Straits of Tiran worked like magic: Now, Nasser’s Ahlan Wa-sahlan (‘You are welcome’) reverberated throughout the Arab world. ‘Congratulations and messages of support poured in from all capitals. Delegations began to arrive in Cairo from Iraq, Syria, Algeria, Kuwait and other countries.’ Overnight, Nasser’s prestige in the Arab world had soared to new heights.
This enthusiasm, this fervent hope for the destruction of an established state is quite exceptional. In 1945, the Arab League was founded with the goal of preventing the creation of Israel. So far, nothing out of ordinary: many emerging countries initially met with resistance and had to fight for their right to exist. But what followed was altogether exceptional, as Ruth R. Wisse explains:
Israel won its War of Independence, but … Arab leaders did not acknowledge Israel’s independence. Though the world was now dealing with a Jewish country rather than a dispersed people, the political functions of Israel in Arab politics became almost identical to the functions of the Jew in the politics of Europe. … Arab leaders forged a target and scapegoat.
It was this Arab response that rendered Israel exceptional despite its successful establishment as a state. ‘Zionism was politically unexceptional – dozens of new countries have joined the United Nations since 1948. The exception was anti-Zionism: the organisation of politics against the Jewish state.’
Merely anti-Zionism? ‘The Arab side is agitating the masses by purposely not separating Anti-Zionism from antisemitism,’ stated Habib Bourguiba in 1965. He was right: Arab leaders adopted the texts, images, and tactics of European antisemitism. ‘With the ideological inversion that is at the heart of antisemitism,’ observes Wisse, ‘they denied the Jews their country and accused them of denying the Arabs theirs.’
Antisemitic agitation in Arab countries, based on European models, was nothing new, as recent studies of Nazi antisemitic propaganda in the Arab world have proved. For example, from April 1939 to April 1945, daily Arabic language radio broadcasts from Berlin constantly urged their Arab listeners to prevent the birth of a Jewish state and to exterminate the Jews living in Palestine. These antisemitic programs were popular and widely heard. Time and again they claimed that Zionism was inherently expansionist and aspired to destroy Islam.
The closer the defeat of Nazi Germany came, the shriller became the broadcasts’ warnings about the consequences for Palestine should ‘World Jewry’ seize its opportunity. What was the significance of this for Nasser’s 1967 decisions?
We know that the Nazis’ radio propaganda continued to reverberate after Germany’s defeat. While the view of the British Foreign Office, which in 1946 ‘spoke of Arab hatred of the Jews being greater than that of the Nazis’, may be exaggerated, it is clear that wartime Nazi propaganda contributed to increased hostility after the war. Certain Arab countries, observed Bernard Lewis, ‘have been the only places in the world where hard-core, Nazi-style antisemitism is publicly and officially endorsed and propagated.’
Historians of the Middle East agree that it was to a large extent the pressure from the ‘Arab street’ that had previously driven a reluctant Arab League into a full-scale war against Israel in 1948. Egypt’s prime minister Mahmud al-Nuqrashi Pasha, for example, was against the military assault that took place in 1948. However, he said he was swayed by public opinion that ‘was all in favour of the war, and considered anyone who refused to fight as a traitor.’ In 1948, the Muslim Brotherhood in particular had created an atmosphere in which war seemed the only logical and natural process: ‘The [Brotherhood] Society succeeded in drawing Egypt into a full-scale military initiative in Palestine.’
In 1967 this constellation reappeared, but in a new form.
In 1967, 22 years after World War Two, the direct reverberations of Nazi propaganda hardly played a role. Instead, the Arab defeat of 1948 – neither reflected on nor really admitted – seemed to require revenge. At the same time, Arab rulers profited from the prevailing mood by using anti-Jewish scapegoating to divert their peoples’ attention from their own failures. According to Bourguiba’s analysis of 1965, Arabs and Israelis ‘would be able to live in harmony after having mutually ridded themselves of their complexes and their extremists’. This kind of clean-up, however, never began.
ConclusionBehind the question of whether Nasser could have resisted the ‘Arab street’ in 1967 lies another: why did he incite their mass fury in the first place? In my view, the main cause of both Nasser’s decision and the subsequent enthusiasm of his followers was the antisemitic impulse as it was carried over from the Nazi period to the post-war period and then to the next generation.
It was neither Israel nor Zionism that provoked the 1967 war but the latent anti-Zionism and antisemitism in the Arab world.
Read article in full
|
<urn:uuid:64531396-29a4-40a1-af27-3a16860ba5a3>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
http://jewishrefugees.blogspot.com/2017/03/latent-arab-antisemitism-provoked-1967.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214538.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819012213-20180819032213-00639.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966462
| 2,373
| 3.046875
| 3
|
When we go through history books, we often see paintings and illustrations of famous people. However, this is often left up to the artist’s interpretation of the person. More often than not, paintings we see of famous people look so drastically different, it’s difficult to tell what they actually looked like. Written records can also help give us an idea of how some people looked, but these are also often biased. Lastly, there were plenty of people who were too poor to afford to have their portraits painted. Common people were rarely ever featured in records until the invention of photography. Lucky for us, modern technology has become advanced enough to where we can get a much better picture of how people actually looked from history.
30. The Ditchling Road Man Shows The Common Farmer With A Short Lifespan
In 2019, The Brighton Museum and Art Gallery put on a showcase of depictions of people living in Brighton, United Kingdom over the course of 40,000 years. They used 7 different skulls from 7 different time periods, spanning thousands of years apart. I’ve chosen to focus on the Ditchling Road Man, estimated to be from 2,400 B.C. He was a farmer whose skeleton was stunted by several periods of malnutrition throughout his life. You can even see in the shape of his face how he must have struggled to survive, and he died at just 25 years old. He’s considered to be one of the “Beakers” of the Bronze age. Whoever buried him left behind pottery, and snail shells near his mouth. This must have been some sort of long-forgotten burial ritual, or a last-ditch attempt to feed the starving man.
|
<urn:uuid:88d1c669-96cc-4cac-bdc8-3ae8aa30d2fc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://historycollection.com/cgi-technology-reveals-what-these-historic-figures-looked-like/?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=HC2&utm_campaign=23850388915930073&utm_content=23850388916280073_23850388916240073/16/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00157.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.987556
| 349
| 3.625
| 4
|
Excel is a tool that has become synonymous with finance and financial analysis. It is a powerful software application that allows users to input, organize, and manipulate data, as well as create complex models and reports. Due to the importance of Excel in finance, understanding the various formulas, functions, and techniques that it provides is crucial for anyone working in finance or aspiring to do so.
In this article, we will explore the common Excel formulas for financial analysis. We will start with an overview of the importance of Excel formulas in financial analysis and an introduction to Excel basics. From there, we will delve into popular Excel formulas for financial analysis and various financial analysis techniques using Excel.
Introduction to Excel
Excel is a spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft. Spreadsheets are used to store, organize, and manipulate data. Excel’s spreadsheet interface consists of columns, rows, and cells. A cell is the intersection of a row and a column, and it contains specific data.
Understanding Cells, Rows and Columns
Cells are the basic unit of a spreadsheet. They can store different types of data including numbers, text, and formulas. Each cell is identified by its row and column number. The intersection of these two numbers is known as the cell reference.
Rows are horizontal groupings of cells, while columns are vertical groupings of cells. Rows are numbered, and columns are lettered. In Excel, a worksheet contains 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns.
Entering and Editing Data
Entering data into Excel is simple. Just click on the cell you want to enter data into and enter the data. If you want to edit data, just double-click on the cell you want to edit and make your changes.
Formulas and Functions
Basic Excel Formulas
There are several basic Excel formulas that are useful in financial analysis:
- SUM: adds up all the values in a range of cells
- AVERAGE: calculates the average of a range of cells
- MAX: returns the highest value in a range of cells
- MIN: returns the lowest value in a range of cells
- COUNT: counts the number of cells in a range that contains a numerical value
Manipulating Data with Formulas
Basic arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) can be used in conjunction with cell references to manipulate data in Excel.
For example, to add the values of cells A1 and B1, you would use the formula =A1+B1.
Complex Excel Formulas
Excel also provides a plethora of complex formulas that can help perform intricate calculations that would be difficult or impossible to do by hand. Some popular Excel formulas used in financial analysis are:
VLOOKUP: searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table. This is useful for performing quick lookups in tables.
IF statements: used to make logical comparisons and return different results based on the outcome. This is useful for testing conditions and performing different calculations based on the results.
Nested formulas: when a formula is included inside another formula. These are useful when more than one calculation needs to be performed on a set of data.
Excel provides several financial functions that are useful for financial analysis, such as:
PMT: calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate
FV: calculates the future value of an investment based on a constant interest rate and constant payments
NPV: calculates the net present value of an investment based on a series of cash flows and a discount rate
IRR: calculates the internal rate of return of an investment
RATE: calculates the interest rate of a loan or investment
Financial Analysis Techniques
Ratio analysis is the process of using financial ratios to evaluate a company’s financial performance. There are several types of financial ratios that can be used in ratio analysis:
- Profitability ratios: measure a company’s ability to generate earnings relative to its expenses and other costs.
- Liquidity ratios: measure a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations.
- Solvency ratios: measure a company’s ability to meet its long-term obligations.
- Efficiency ratios: measure how effectively a company is using its assets.
Trend analysis is the process of analyzing data over a period of time to identify any patterns or trends. Excel provides tools to create various types of charts, including line charts, column charts, and bar charts. Pivot charts are also useful for analyzing trends.
Forecasting and Budgeting
Excel is a powerful tool for creating financial models that can be used for forecasting and budgeting. This includes building financial statements, creating projections, and performing sensitivity analysis. By using Excel, financial analysts can better model various scenarios, which is crucial for making informed financial decisions.
Q. What is the best way to learn Excel for financial analysis?
The best way to learn Excel for financial analysis is to take online courses, read tutorials and practice frequently. Once you have mastered the basic Excel functions, move on to complex Excel formulas and financial functions.
Q. How do I use Excel for ratio analysis?
Use financial ratios and formulas in Excel to calculate profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency ratios, which can reveal a company’s financial performance.
Q. How do I create a pivot chart in Excel?
To create a pivot chart in Excel, first create a pivot table, and then select “Pivot Chart” from the “Insert” tab to create a chart based on the pivot table.
Q. How do I use trend analysis in Excel?
To use trend analysis in Excel, first organize your data by date and then create a chart based on the data. You can use line charts to visualize trends over time.
Q. How do I create a financial model in Excel?
To create a financial model in Excel, first identify the purpose of the model. Then, create a set of assumptions and determine the structure of the model. Finally, build the model by creating calculations based on the input data.
Q.What are the most important financial functions in Excel?
The most important financial functions in Excel are PMT, FV, NPV, IRR, and RATE. These functions are widely used in finance for forecasting and budgeting purposes.
Q. How can I use Excel for budgeting and forecasting?
Excel is an ideal tool for budgeting and forecasting, as it can be used to perform scenario analysis and make projections. You can use the built-in financial functions and formulas to calculate interest rates, payments, and other aspects of financial analysis.
Excel is a powerful tool for financial analysis, providing a wide range of formulas, functions, and techniques to analyze financial data. By mastering the common Excel formulas for financial analysis and learning about various financial analysis techniques, readers can significantly improve their financial analysis skills. Through practice, online courses and tutorials, readers can become experts in Excel financial analysis and advance their careers in finance.
|
<urn:uuid:306f5803-368f-4c6b-9764-ee3e9745da5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://qualityaccountinghelp.com/common-formulas-for-financial-analysis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00390.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901195
| 1,463
| 3.671875
| 4
|
Susan was educated at the Montreal School of Dog Grooming and became a certified esthetician for dogs and cats in 1988.
Why Does My Dog's Nail Bleed When I Cut It?
Inside each nail on a dog, there is a vein called "the quick." If you cut this vein, the nail will bleed. This is why it's important to learn how to safely cut your dog's nails. Using the correct technique will make the experience easier for both you and your dog. Let's start out with the basics.
Where is the "quick" located?
On white nails: It is quite easy to spot the quick on white nails because it shows up as a red dot against a cross-section of the nail and as a skinny, pink line through the core of the nail. As you cut a white nail, bit by bit, the quick will begin to appear as a tiny red dot. That is the beginning of the vein, and the cutting should stop before you cut too deeply.
On black nails: Seeing the quick on black nails can be hard. When cutting them, the interior cross-section of the nail will be whitish or grey and oval-shaped. It is here that the beginning of the quick will look like a tiny black dot. Cut small layers off to get an idea of how far back the quick is. If you cannot see the quick, sometimes it is better to do five small cuts for each nail instead of taking the chance and cutting off one large chunk.
How close to the quick should I cut?
It is necessary to cut as close to the quick as possible to ensure that the nail is short enough. This forces it to retreat so that the nail gets shorter month by month. \
If the nails are extremely long, the quick might also be long, so do not be surprised if you cannot remove much of the nail. It can take a few months of cutting before the quick is forced back into the nail bed.
Can a Dog Bleed to Death From a Broken or Cut Nail?
A healthy dog will not bleed to death when the vein in the nail is cut or broken. It can be quite intense when the blood does start to flow, but a healthy animal's body will be able to stop the flow in due time.
How do I stop a dog's nail from bleeding?
There are ways to stop the bleeding. One such product I recommend is called Kwik Stop. It is made of styptic powder, which basically causes coagulation at the site of the wound. When cutting a dog's nails, I always have a small, open pot of the powder ready beside me just in case.
Always avoid causing the nail to bleed as it can cause some pain, but sometimes it is unavoidable. If you do cause bleeding, just remember not to panic because you might cause the animal to panic.
First Aid for a Bleeding Dog Nail
When the vein in the nail is cut, it is best to act fast:
- Take some of the Kwik Stop onto your finger and press it firmly into the end of the nail. The bleeding should stop immediately.
- If it doesn't, take a little more of the powder and repeat the process. Consider holding a clean cotton ball or gauze on the end of the nail.
- Remember not to panic. A bleeding nail bed is rarely life-threatening and easy enough to deal with if you remain calm.
Why Cut the Nails If There Is a Chance They Will Bleed?
Dog nails should be kept short. When they are long, they can cause toe deformities and pain or crippling malformations and arthritis. Long nails can also break and cause bleeding and pain when the quick is damaged. The nail bed can even become infected.
Regular walking on pavement or playing ball on asphalt can wear the nails down so that they do not need cutting or do not need cutting as often. Unfortunately, the dewclaw—the claws higher up on the paws—are not affected by normal wear and should be kept short and filed so that they don't get stuck on blankets or toys and break.
What Equipment Is Needed to Cut Dog Nails?
There are a few styles of cutters available, so choose the one that is best for you. You must feel comfortable with your equipment in order to do a proper job. You should also have a small pot of styptic powder if the quick is accidentally cut. It's also handy to have a file to take off sharp edges. So in summary, you will need:
- styptic powder
- a nail file
Read More From Pethelpful
Using the Guillotine Dog Nail Cutter
The Guillotine Cutter
One very popular style of nail cutter is called the guillotine. Its small blade can be replaced when dull as most kits come with spares. When buying a guillotine cutter, be advised that there are a few sizes to choose from based on the size of the nails of the dog.
If you are not sure which to get, go with the larger one since it can cut any size of nail. The smaller ones are good for a cleaner cut for miniature dogs. Used properly, this type of grooming device can be a strong, functional tool.
Plier Nail Cutters for Dogs
This style of cutter is a favourite of mine. It is solid and fits well in the hand. It can be used on all sizes of animals—from birds to large dogs. It should always be held vertically when cutting to avoid cracking the nails.
The blades of the deluxe pliers will stay sharp for many years and should never need any form of sharpening. Remember: You get what you pay for, and paying a little extra for a strong set will save you money in the long run.
Again, there are many types of nail files on the market; you can spend a little money or a lot. The best nail file, though, is a homemade version. Here's how to make one:
- Take a piece of wood (approximately 3" x 1/2" x 1").
- Round the ends off so it will be comfortable in the hand.
- Glue strips of medium sandpaper on one side and fine sandpaper on the other.
At just about no cost, you will have a functional nail file that will work better than any on the market.
How do I file the nails?
When filing the nails, it is really important to remember to only go in one direction on each side of the nail. Stroke in one direction and do not go back and forth (in other words, top side to bottom side only) or you can cause chipping, breakage or cracking. When smooth, do the other side of the nail: top side to bottom side. Regular filing can actually replace nail cutting entirely.
Note: Some dogs will take to having their nails filed rather than cut.
Consider Muzzling Your Dog If They Are Fearful
If there is any danger of the dog biting when the quick is cut or if he or she has a huge fear of having the nails cut, a muzzle should be used. Remember that there can be a certain amount of discomfort if you nip a nerve in the quick or have to deal with bleeding. Often, a dog is very embarrassed by their bad behaviour once it is over, but a human should never put the dog in the position of such a grievous mistake as biting.
A Muzzle Saves Both You and the Dog
Since nail-cutting should be a regular affair, get a proper muzzle that fits your dog. Yes, it is saying that you don't completely trust them, but a dog is a dog, and accidents happen. Sometimes, it is better to be safe than sorry, and there is no shame in muzzling.
Your confidence and the dog's confidence become one while grooming, so if you feel nervous about one-inch teeth tearing your arm apart, the dog will feel it, making him or her nervous as well and more prone to biting if pain is involved. Also, remember to talk to them calmly and happily—tell them how wonderful they are and give hugs and kisses when the job is done.
This article is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge. It is not meant to substitute for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, prescription, or formal and individualized advice from a veterinary medical professional. Animals exhibiting signs and symptoms of distress should be seen by a veterinarian immediately.
© 2016 Susan May Gudge
Cam on April 23, 2018:
|
<urn:uuid:aefa7128-2f43-4d44-bc2e-c745fece0712>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://pethelpful.com/dogs/my-dogs-nails-bleed-when-I-cut-them
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358118.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127043716-20211127073716-00061.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945494
| 1,787
| 2.515625
| 3
|
The main difference between left-to-right (LTR) and right-to-left (RTL) language scripts is the direction in which content is displayed:
RTL content also affects the direction in which some icons and images are displayed, particularly those depicting a sequence of events.
In general, the passage of time is depicted as left to right for LTR languages, and right to left for RTL languages.
|Text||Sentences are read from left to right.||Sentences are read from right to left.|
|Timeline||An illustrated sequence of events progresses left to right.||An illustrated sequence of events progresses right to left.|
|Imagery||An arrow pointing left to right indicates forward motion: →||An arrow pointing right to left indicates forward motion: ←|
When a UI is changed from LTR to RTL (or vice-versa), it’s often called mirroring. An RTL layout is the mirror image of an LTR layout, and it affects layout, text, and graphics.
When a UI changes from one direction to another, these items are not mirrored:
Text should always be in the correct direction for the language it’s in. For example, any LTR words, such as a URL, will continue to be shown in an LTR format, even if the rest of the UI is in RTL.
Text and numbers should always be in the correct direction for the language.
When a UI is mirrored, these changes occur:
These items are not mirrored:
An English UI in LTR
An Arabic UI in RTL, with numbers presented in LTR
Text editing actions in LTR
Text editing actions in RTL
1. Icons related to bidirectionality are mirrored to reflect the start and end of a line of text
On an LTR screen, the tab for “Item One” is aligned to the left, and users swipe to the left to see more tabs.
On an RTL screen, the tab for “Item One” is aligned to the right, and users swipe to the right to see more tabs.
Navigation, overflow menu, and icons displayed left-to-right.
Navigation, overflow menu, and icons switch sides in the RTL layout.
Padding and margin around icons and text for LTR.
When mirroring the layout, padding and margin around icons and text also switch placement to match RTL layouts.
When text, layout, and iconography are mirrored to support right-to-left (RTL) UIs, anything that relates to time should be depicted as moving from right to left. For example, in a RTL layout, forward points to the left, and backwards points to the right.
The most important icons for mirroring are back and forward buttons. Back and forward navigation buttons are reversed.
LTR back button
RTL back button
LTR forward button
RTL forward button
An icon that shows forward movement should be mirrored.
In a LTR UI, a bicycle facing the right typically communicates a sense of moving forward.
In a RTL UI, a bicycle pointing to the left similarly communicates a sense of moving forward.
Most RTL countries do not mirror slashes. Leave images with slashes as-is for RTL locales.
The LTR slash can indicate an off state for both LTR and RTL languages.
A volume icon with a slider at its right side should be mirrored. The slider should progress RTL, and the sound waves should emerge from the right.
LTR volume with slider
RTL volume with speaker icon and slider mirrored
Sometimes, both the horizontal and circular direction of time are implied in an icon. For example, the redo and undo buttons in Google Docs have both a horizontal direction and a circular direction.
In LTR, these point to the same direction in both circular and horizontal representations of time. In RTL, choose whether to show circular or horizontal direction.
LTR redo and undo button from the toolbar in Google Docs
Icons that contain representations of text need careful mirroring.
Text is right-aligned in RTL. If there is a paragraph indent at the beginning of a paragraph, an unfinished line at the end of the paragraph, or a ragged right side, the icons need to be mirrored.
LTR chat icon
RTL chat icon
While the linear representation of time is mirrored in RTL, the circular direction of time is not. Clocks still turn clockwise for RTL languages. A clock icon or a circular refresh or progress indicator with an arrow pointing clockwise should not be mirrored.
The refresh icon shows time moving forward; the direction is clockwise. The icon is not mirrored.
The history icon points backwards in time; the direction is counterclockwise. The icon is not mirrored.
Some icons refer to physical objects that are not mirrored in a right-to-left UI.
For example, physical keyboards look the same everywhere, so they should not be mirrored.
Certain icons might seem directional but they actually represent holding an object with one’s right hand.
For example, the search icon typically has its handle at the bottom right side, because the majority of users are right-handed.
The majority of users in RTL-writing countries are also right-handed, so such icons should not be mirrored.
Local cafe icon
Anything depicting the passage of time should be mirrored.
Do not mirror media playback buttons and the media progress indicator as they refer to the direction of tape being played, not the direction of time.
Since media playback buttons and the progress indicator reflect the direction of the tape, they are not mirrored.
Media controls for playback are always LTR.
Graphics that include text usually require localization.
Numbers, including icons containing numbers, must be localized for languages that use different numerals. For example, Bengali, Marathi, Nepali, and some Arabic-speaking locales use different forms of numbers.
An icon in LTR containing a number
An RTL icon in Arabic (Arabic digits are preferred for Arabic localization)
Sometimes content may need to be mirrored, even if the UI is not mirrored. For example, when a user edits an RTL paragraph inside a LTR document, the toolbar buttons for the RTL text should be in RTL.
In this RTL paragraph inside a LTR document, the buttons for indenting and lists should be RTL even though the primary UI direction is LTR.
Every element and component is in LTR by default but it is always a good idea to specify your application language and direction in the root element using
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" dir="ltr"> . . . </html>
For RTL applications use
[dir="rtl"] on the root element. for elements and components that needs to be in LTR you can add
[dir="ltr"] to them.
This works in most cases, it will sometimes lead to false negatives for more complex layouts, e.g.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="ar-BH" dir="rtl"> . . <p dir="ltr">...</p> <div class="mdc-list-group" dir="ltr"> <div class="mdc-list-item">...</div> </div> . . </html>
|
<urn:uuid:40b478fc-fbf7-4850-8e0c-ba3c8eb011bf>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://mdc.almoamen.net/usability/bidirectionality
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00186.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.845017
| 1,564
| 3.390625
| 3
|
As you may know, there are lots of reasons why your power bill may increase as the weather gets colder. One major reason is that you’re likely spending more time at home consuming electricity and using your heater. Fortunately, it doesn’t take a lot of time or work to learn how to save energy in the winter.
Heating and cooling alone account for roughly 48% of the energy used in a typical American household, making it the largest energy expense in most homes. NOAA forecast that this winter will be 13% colder than last winter and the EIA projects that the average household in the US will pay about $644 to keep their homes warm this winter with natural gas, others will pay $980 with electricity, $1,462 with heating oil, and the final group will pay about $1,661 to keep their homes heated with propane gas.
These numbers may be alarming, but luckily, there are many things you can do to safeguard your home from excessive heating costs and overall energy consumption. The first place to start (which you’ve likely already done at this point) is to weatherize your home by sealing any air leaks, properly insulating your home, and inspecting your heating system. There are also other clever actions you can take to avoid using excess heat and energy this winter. Below are some of our favorite ways to save energy during the colder months of the year.
- Use a programmable thermostat to reduce the temperature at times when you’re away from home and increase it when you’re back.
- Turn down the temperature of the heat 3 degrees. Drink hot beverages, layer clothing, and use blankets to keep warm and comfortable.
- Increase the humidity in your home with houseplants or a humidifier. Moist air feels warmer and can help you be more comfortable when your thermostat is set at a lower temperature.
- Install a furnace filter alarm on your furnace to alert you when the filters need to be changed or aim to replace them once a month.
- Don’t block air vents and keep your radiator clear.
- Put a sheet of foil between your radiator and your wall to reflect the heat back into the room instead of out through the walls.
- Turn down the thermostat on your water heater to 120 degrees F.
- Install a low-pressure, water-efficient showerhead.
- Keep doors, windows, and chimney dampers closed.
- Stock up on food and fill the fridge—an empty fridge uses more energy to keep cool.
- Weather-proof your windows—if you can’t afford to upgrade to storm windows, you can find clear sheets of plastic at home supply stores and use them to cover and seal windows.
- Use caulk or weather stripping to seal any leaks around doors and windows so warm air won’t escape and cold air won’t creep in.
- Close curtains at night and open them during the day to warm your home using the sun’s natural rays.
- Change your refrigerator and freezer settings—keeping your appliances colder than they need to be can lead to significant energy waste.
- If you’re cooking or baking on really cold days, supplement your home’s heating by leaving the oven door open when you’re done cooking.
- Take down your holiday lights, or at least make sure they are no longer plugged in. Opt for LED lights during the holiday season.
- Swap your old light bulbs for energy-efficient LED bulbs, which use 75% less energy.
- Unplug appliances, hairdryers, electronics, and anything else you can when not in use.
- Wash your clothes in cold water and air dry them.
- Use exhaust fans in your kitchen and bathroom sparingly—they pull the hot air that rises to the ceiling out of your space.
- Reverse the direction of your ceiling fan—hot air rises, so adjust the blade to rotate clockwise and push the warm air back down into the room.
- Install or upgrade to an energy-efficient fireplace. You will use less energy and you may even qualify for a tax credit.
- Add or upgrade attic insulation to prevent heat from escaping through the top of the house.
- Invest in solar panels—lower your energy bills and see if you qualify for a tax credit or benefit from your city.
- Spend more time out of the house—volunteer at a local non-profit, go on an outdoor adventure, take a class . . . fun winter activities are all around you!
Energy conservation is important and beneficial for many reasons. Saving energy can also help you save money and lessen your impact on the environment. Following these tips for how to save energy in the winter is a great step towards living a more energy-conscious lifestyle.
Ecogold Loyalty Program
Kiwi Energy seeks to acknowledge and encourage our customers to make the right environmental choices, and we reward them for these decisions. Helping customers save energy is a top priority for us. Through our Ecogold loyalty program, we’re able to offer customers energy-efficient products and services, such as light bulbs and discounted home filter subscriptions. The program also offers additional Ecogold Rewards when choosing solar.
Contact Kiwi Energy
Kiwi Energy provides innovative energy solutions for natural gas and electricity and is working to create a sustainable future. Contact us today for more information about our energy plans, our Ecogold loyalty program, or for more ideas about how to save energy in the winter.
|
<urn:uuid:3bae2d34-bee3-4e20-8b9d-f6854deed364>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://kiwienergy.us/how-to-save-energy-money-this-winter/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00551.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912294
| 1,148
| 2.703125
| 3
|
The effect of base substitutions, or point mutations, on the messenger-RNA codon AUA, which codes for the amino acid isoleucine. Substitutions (red letters) at the first, second, or third position in the codon can result in nine new codons corresponding to six different amino acids in addition to isoleucine itself. The chemical properties of some of these amino acids are quite different from those of isoleucine. Replacement of one amino acid in a protein by another can seriously affect the protein’s biological function.
Or click Continue to submit anonymously:
|
<urn:uuid:6df3cc10-0459-41f5-a5a4-cf1621b09a03>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/74628/The-effect-of-base-substitutions-or-point-mutations-on-the?topicId=399695
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052537/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00042-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889937
| 123
| 2.953125
| 3
|
RIO Research Centre Indian Ocean
The geographic region of the Indian Ocean has greatest importance for the development of civilizations of mankind. Within its fringes we see the development of the earliest three civilizations of the third millennium BC, the ones of the Euphrates- Tigris, the Nile and the Indus Valley Civilization. All three developed their own, independent writings, their own religions and their different “states”.
The Research Centre Indian Ocean is about to be established at GUtech, the recently founded German University of Technology in the Sultanate of Oman, as one of the major hubs of the Indian Ocean inter region. It is presently managed by a “Task Force” and coordinated by Prof. Michael Jansen (GUtech, RWTH Aachen). The Task Force consists presently of Prof. Heba Aziz, Prof. Wilfried Bauer, Prof. Bernard Heim, Prof. Alexander Kader (GUtech), Joachim Düster (Oman Research Centre), Prof. Karsten Ley (hochschule 21 Buxtehude), Prof. Burkhard Schnepel (Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg), Prof. Stefan Schreiner (University of Tübingen) and Georgios Toubekis (RWTH Aachen). The Research Centre Indian Ocean intends to continue research undertaken by RWTH Aachen University of Technology, ACDC Center, which, partly in cooperation with UNESCO, has been concentrating on projects in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia and Oman itself.
The geographic and strategic position of Oman assigns RIO for a research center for the region of the Indian Ocean and the Himalayas as one larger cultural unit.
Latest since the fourth millennium Oman was connected with Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley by sea route which, itself, was connected by land routes to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Later Omani sailors were amongst the first to set up a permanent shipping connection with China through the Strait of Malacca. During the European colonial period it remained an important factor within the inter-region, especially with its properties in Zanzibar and West-Africa.
Today, again, its strategic position makes it a focal point within the Indian Ocean.
It is the desire of this Center to serve as hub for scientific work within the region of the Indian Ocean. Presently five core areas of research have been identified while being closely interrelated with each other: Heritage, Natural Sciences, Humanities, Human Resources and Economics.
A major aim is to serve as a communication platform and to gather relevant strategic data in the region of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean area today contains more than 50% of the world’s population. The research in this area shall also contribute to a wider understanding of current events and policy making.
|RIO Humanities||RIO Anthropology||RIO
- November 14, 2019 - November 16, 2019
- October 3, 2019 - October 5, 2019
- January 9, 2020 - January 11, 2020
- December 18, 2019
25th International Conference of the European Association for South Asian Archaeology and Art (EASAA)July 13, 2020 - July 17, 2020
- June 5, 2020 - June 6, 2020
Inventory of Cultural Property Sindh
The Inventory of Cultural Property in the Province of Sindh, 2015 is a 4 Volume Publication listing all historical sites in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
Historic Settlements of Oman
The research project “Historic Settlements of Oman” is an ongoing project that aims to create an electronic database and record systematically the settlemental history of Oman.
|
<urn:uuid:57452bb7-dc22-4cfa-86e2-717f9fc469ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
http://rio-heritage.org/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00500.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915241
| 747
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Issue Date: June 15, 2009
A Tunable Semiconductor
The electronic properties of graphene—a single layer of carbon atoms configured like chicken wire—are compelling enough. But now, researchers say, by connecting two layers of graphene, they have achieved what could be an extraordinary breakthrough in electronics: a device with a tunable bandgap.
The defining property of any semiconductor or insulating material is the size of its bandgap—the amount of energy between the material's valence band and conduction band. This intrinsic, fixed characteristic determines the material's ability to transport electrons or absorb photons and thus what role it can play in devices such as transistors and photodiodes.
University of California, Berkeley, physics professor Feng Wang and colleagues report that by placing two sheets of graphene on top of each other and putting the layers between two electrical gates, they are able to adjust the bandgap by changing the applied voltage (Nature 2009, 459, 820).
Researchers had predicted the potential for a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene and have been intensely interested in the implications of this type of material for flexible nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. But efforts to fabricate such a device hadn't been successful, and some researchers had been skeptical about whether such devices could be created at all.
Dirk van der Marel, materials science professor at the University of Geneva, says the report "looks like a very beautiful paper," adding that tunable bandgaps offer innovative ways of manipulating electrical transport properties in devices.
Since its discovery in 2004, graphene has grabbed much attention (C&EN, March 2, page 14). The material's single, incredibly strong sheets appear to conduct electrons almost effortlessly, and researchers are expending considerable effort to learn how to synthesize it more easily. On the horizon are graphene-based transistors, frequency multipliers, and light-emitting diodes.
The Wang group's work on bilayer graphene may lay the foundation for a new direction in graphene research—giving scientists a chance to double their fun.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society
|
<urn:uuid:3e9615cb-89db-4844-ad65-03dbb965af4c>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-48
|
http://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i24/Tunable-Semiconductor.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398462665.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205422-00258-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933836
| 447
| 3.53125
| 4
|
Saturday, 4 November 2017
Lifeforms Can't Only Appear To Be Designed If They Are
A football can't only appear to be a football, if in every defining way, it is one. So for something to, "only appear to be X but not actually be X" it must in some superficial way of appearance look like X but when we dig into the issue, investigate what it truly is, it can't remain "only an appearance of X" if it is X.
This is called The Law Of The Excluded Middle. Something is either P or the negation of P.
A lifeform can't be both designed and not designed. (Law of non-contradiction) You can't say that something that is defined as designed, "only appears to be".
So for example if you thought you saw a football, it would appear to be one in the sense that it might be the same shape and have the same type of paint on the outside, a similar design. But imagine if you kicked it and broke your foot because it was made out of lead. That would be an "appearance only", because it would appear to be a football but not be one.
In the same way all of the features of intelligent design have to be truly present for something to be more than an appearance of design. When we look at a ferrari car, we check all the parts, we find contingency planning, specified complexity, clear teleology, so it both appears to be designed, and is designed.
So logically we know something can appear to be designed and actually be designed, but once we find out it is designed we can no longer say, "it only appears to be" because this is a contradiction.
Imagine you see in the distance a bridge that APPEARS to be designed. How can we know whether it appears to be designed and is or only appears to be designed but isn't? Well, imagine if we examined the bridge and there were no side-rails so that people couldn't fall over the side. One element of intelligent design is contingency-planning. We know that if it was really designed, the designer would have put rails there. Secondly, the surface is rough, it is not constructed for walking on. Again, this shows there is no real specified complexity. There is no design to the arch either, showing detailed patterns that can't come about by chance. Can you see what is happening yet? We are seeing that our bridge is revealed as something that only appears to be designed but actually isn't because the true elements of intelligent design are missing. Imagine now we see the material the bridge is made from is crumbling away, and the top part is wonky. A designer would use materials built to last, not crumbly, loose material. One element of design is use of the correct materials.
In the same way when we investigate lifeforms, they over-qualify as designed. They're riddled with the defining features of design;
Irreducibly Complexity (to an extent)
Aesthetics And Symmetry
Teleology And Goals
|
<urn:uuid:eb193d2d-8af4-4829-82de-3c0a1464fd6e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
http://creationworldviews.blogspot.com/2017/11/lifeforms-cant-only-appear-to-be.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594790.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723012644-20180723032644-00176.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973101
| 638
| 2.8125
| 3
|
this is just an experiment with more or less nondeterministic AI learning, author does not guarantee anything just yet.
in Supervised Learning, we are given a set of example pairs (x, y), where x belongs to a set X, y belongs to set Y and the aim is to find a function f : X -> Y in the allowed class of functions that matches the examples.
i think that (x,y) are states of a Neuron.
* x in X is initial state of a Neuron,
* y in Y is target state of a Neuron, achieved after receiving a message from outside,
* token is data in message received from outside. it might include information about message's source, and / or from message's source,
* f(x,token) is a transition function which transforms x into y, depending on x and token.
f can have side effects, such as sending messages to other Neurons.
f might be more or less nondeterministic transition, with random data included either or both in x and in token.
accuracy in reaching desired y-states, measured with a statistical apparatus (for now we use only random events space and simplest tools for such) can be measured in % (for example: using function f, desired y-states were reached from x-states in 84% over 108 tries, in 90-91 cases out of 108).
then we can risk an attempt to extrapolate, to extend solved problem domain past examples.
i think that f can be chosen more or less randomly from possible functions (interpreter's instruction tree can be generated more or less randomly then analyzed. simple or complex constructs can be used in generation of more complex constructs that way, under supervision of a Real Scientist).
for now with one Neuron, later with few and more, perhaps.
See also: Neural Networks, Stitie Space.
|
<urn:uuid:faaad1f8-b511-4b60-9d22-03f76605590e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://dragonfly-algorithm.blogspot.com/2014/07/supervised-learning-stitie-space.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00204.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92437
| 394
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Neuronal Transplantation May Restore Brain Functionalityby Viatcheslav Wlassoff, PhD | June 28, 2015
Artificial limbs let receivers lead more productive and fulfilling lives. Organ transplantations give new life to people. Science has advanced so far that it can even tinker with the workings of the brain to explore ways in which lost brain functions can be revived. Experiments are already underway to determine if neuronal transplantation can replace and restore the functionality of lost or damaged neurons.
Experiments conducted on laboratory mice provide a glimmer of hope. For instance, in a recent experiment, embryonic neurons were transplanted into the visual cortex of vision-impaired mice. These animals began to see a few weeks after the transplantation!
The findings of experiments like this one are exciting and have already led scientists to wonder if neuronal transplantation holds the key to curing brain disorders and cognitive, motor, and sensory impairment.
Neuronal transplantation and plasticity of the human brain
The term “plasticity” refers to the ability of the neuronal pathways and synaptic connections to change in response to novel experiences. It was once believed that the neural pathways and connections in the brain became fixed after an individual reaches a certain age. Not only laymen but also scientists in some quarters believed that only a child’s brain can shape and reshape itself in response to events and experiences. But the above-mentioned experiment on mice turns this idea right on its head.
Scientists have been carrying out experiments on neuronal transplantation over the past decade or so. One study points to the immense significance of stem cells in aiding neural regeneration after transplantation. Stem cells are primitive cells that can not only regenerate but also develop and differentiate into other types of cells with various functionalities.
In humans, it is believed that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be transplanted to reverse the effects of diseases, aging, developmental defects, and other types of tissue damage.
Neuronal transplantation: how did the mice get their sight back?
In a landmark experiment, embryonic neurons with GABA were injected into the visual cortex regions of adult laboratory mice with visual impairment. The neurotransmitter GABA is instrumental in controlling vision and several motor and cortical functions in organisms.
Several weeks after the transplantation, the mice were tested for their visual capabilities. It was found that those who were injected with the neurons not only displayed normal visual clarity but also younger and more flexible brains. It is evident from this experiment that the implanted neurons integrated seamlessly into the GABA-deficient region of the mice brain. What is interesting to note is that after transplantation, the neurons migrated to the appropriate cortical regions of the tissue associated with visual acuity, metamorphosed, and took over the characteristics and functionalities of the lost or damaged cells that were associated with vision.
Scientists are excited at another finding from this experiment. They have discovered that the transplantation of the neurons set into motion a critical period of neural development in the mice. “Critical period” refers to a time period when there is maximum plasticity of the brain. Usually this period occurs in childhood. But this experiment shows that the critical period can also be induced in adulthood. In this experiment, the implantation of the neurons created a new “critical period” that corresponded to the time after the transplantation that the neurons took to integrate into the visual cortical system of the mice and acquire the characteristics of the relevant cells.
The results indicate that neural plasticity in adult human brains may also not be fixed and that they can change under the influence of chemical and physical factors. This revolutionary experiment has got scientists excited about the self-renewal and self-generation possibilities of the human “plastic” brain.
Neuronal transplantation as a cure for brain disorders
Researchers have long been wondering if neuronal transplantation can stem the advance of and/or reverse the effects of progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and schizophrenia. The scientists feel hopeful because diseases like PD are triggered by dysfunctional neuronal pathways or when there is loss of or damage to the neurons that hamper their ability to function normally.
PD is caused by a progressive loss of dopamine neurons in a specific part of the brain. Dopamine therapy is a standard treatment procedure for PD. According to the experimental findings reported in one study carried out on laboratory mice, fetal cells transplanted into the dopamine-deficient region of the brain can develop as fully-functional dopamine neurons to replace the lost or damaged cells and take on their functionalities. This can restore lost cerebral function and reduce the symptoms of PD in an animal case study.
Scientists have also carried out experiments to test the feasibility of this therapeutic approach on individuals afflicted with HD. In one experiment, two people with moderate HD were transplanted with fetal cells from the pre-basal ganglia region. These embryonic cells survived in the new environment and differentiated into the intended type of cell. But six years after the implantation, it was found that though the symptoms of the disease did not progress in the individuals, they were not cured either. Incidentally, the two patients who took part in the experiment survived 74 months and 79 months respectively after the transplantation.
Scientists have achieved some degree of success with neuronal transplantation in case of PD. On the other hand, the partial setback in the experiment on people suffering from HD indicates that they should continue to explore more sophisticated techniques of neuronal implantation and find out about the other factors (internal or external) that contribute to the success of the transplantation or the various developmental factors that trigger the creation of a critical period.
The limited amount of laboratory success of the neuronal transplantation procedure should not discourage scientists from searching for answers to the above problems. People are already hinging their hopes on this flicker of hope that the experiment to bring back vision in laboratory mice has brought them.
Davis, M., Figueroa Velez, D., Guevarra, R., Yang, M., Habeeb, M., Carathedathu, M., & Gandhi, S. (2015). Inhibitory Neuron Transplantation into Adult Visual Cortex Creates a New Critical Period that Rescues Impaired Vision Neuron, 86 (4), 1055-1066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.062
Frank, S., & Biglan, K. (2007). Long-term fetal cell transplant in Huntington disease: Stayin’ alive Neurology, 68 (24), 2055-2056 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000267703.35634.e1
Keene, C., Sonnen, J., Swanson, P., Kopyov, O., Leverenz, J., Bird, T., & Montine, T. (2007). Neural transplantation in Huntington disease: Long-term grafts in two patients Neurology, 68 (24), 2093-2098 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264504.14301.f5
Nguyen, J. et al. (2009). Neuronal Transplantation: A Review. Practical Handbook of Neurosurgery p.1574-1584.
Sowden, J. (2014). Chapter 4 – Restoring Vision to the Blind: Stem Cells and Transplantation Translational Vision Science & Technology, 3 (7) DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.7.6
No future articles scheduled.
This Sunday February 14th (9 p.m. ET), the Emmy-nominated Brain Games tv-show is back! Wonder junkie Jason Silva returns to our screens, teaming up with... READ MORE →
Do not miss out ever again. Subscribe to get our newsletter delivered to your inbox a few times a month.
Like what you read? Give to Brain Blogger sponsored by GNIF with a tax-deductible donation.Make A Donation
|
<urn:uuid:19b323a4-f208-4ab9-a5f6-953b9ecd44da>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://brainblogger.com/2015/06/28/neuronal-transplantation-may-restore-brain-functionality/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861752.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619021643-20180619041643-00462.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916972
| 1,661
| 3.328125
| 3
|
MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL,SUBLANG_DEFAULT), // Do it in the standard language lpBuffer, // Put the message here STR_ELEMS(lpBuffer)-1, // Number of bytes to store the message NULL); Also see: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679351(VS.85).aspx share|improve this answer edited But passing it the pointer's address (pointer-to-a-pointer), but casting it to a regular pointer... Why would an artificial planet inhabited by machines have seasons? From the MSDN documentation: Formats a message string.
Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up How to use GetLastError() in VC++ 2010 up vote 1 down vote favorite Making the conversion from Java to c++ isn't easy Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up What is the correct usage of GetLastError and FormatMessage in Delphi? Browse other questions tagged c++ winapi error-handling or ask your own question. asked 6 years ago viewed 16499 times active 4 years ago Linked 3 C++: Deleting a printer queue Related 65How to get the error message from the error code returned by
STL exceptions8CreateWindowEx function fails but GetLastError() returns ERROR_SUCCESS2Attempting To Hook A Window's Window Procedure. GetLastError() returns an integer value, not a text message. May 23, 2008 at 4:16pm UTC Duoas (10439) All Win32 programs are automatically linked with Kernel32. Getlasterror String GetLastError returned " << std::hex << lastError << "."; } share|improve this answer answered Dec 21 '10 at 14:59 Billy ONeal 62.8k25206424 That only checks for one type of
How many miles should I ride each day to prep for the ride? Getlasterror Example Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up get a text from the error code returns from the GetLastError() function up vote 16 down vote favorite 4 I need to Womp womp sound coming from rear Noun for people/employees/coworkers who tend to say "it's not my job" when asked to do something slightly beyond their norm? Requirements Minimum supported client Windows XP [desktop apps only] Minimum supported server Windows Server 2003 [desktop apps only] Header WinError.h (include Windows.h) See also System Error Codes Show: Inherited Protected Print
If you want to include error messages from your own modules, you'll need to add the FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_HMODULE flag, and provide the handle to the module. Getlasterror C# May 29, 2008 at 4:21pm UTC guestgulkan (2942) Well that's told me :-)) You learn something new everyday. You should call the GetLastError function immediately when a function's return value indicates that such a call will return useful data. Just compile and run.
My compiler seems not to recognize the header file
How would it modify the pointer? My home country claims I am a dual national of another country, the country in question does not. I removed it. –humbagumba Jun 9 '10 at 14:47 On compiling, i have an error: 'FormatMessageW': function does not accept arguments 6. That is because some functions call SetLastError with a zero when they succeed, wiping out the error code set by the most recently failed function." msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679360(v=vs.85).aspx –Malfist Dec 21 '10 at Getlasterror 2
I'll have a look at the page. For this reason, we cannot provide the complete list of error codes that can be returned by each function. Why can a Gnome grapple a Goliath? Does Wolverine feel less pain than a non-Mutant?
share|improve this answer answered Jan 21 '15 at 19:23 Mr.C64 18.2k64177 add a comment| Your Answer draft saved draft discarded Sign up or log in Sign up using Google Sign Windows Error Codes Lookup Outer Space. Why don't most major game engines use gifs for animated textures?
Data in the file stream is corrupt. ERROR_INTERMIXED_KERNEL_EA_OPERATION 324 (0x144) An attempt was made to modify both a KERNEL and normal Extended Attribute (EA) in the same operation. ERROR_FILE_LEVEL_TRIM_NOT_SUPPORTED To obtain an error string for system error codes, use the FormatMessage function. Multiplication by One So sayeth the Shepherd How does Coruscant get food? Windows Error Codes 0x Why?
share|improve this answer answered Sep 7 '09 at 0:10 Jonathan Graehl 7,2842335 add a comment| up vote 9 down vote In general, you need to use FormatMessage to convert from a The System Error Codes are very broad. You need to note both the programmatic and the run-time context in which these errors occur. The main benefits of using this function is that it saves you from having to remember the syntax of FormatMessage, and that the memory reserved is tidied up. // Needs Windows
Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up How to get the error message from the error code returned by GetLastError()? C# questions Linux questions ASP.NET questions SQL questions VB.NET questions discussionsforums All Message Boards... Return value The return value is the calling thread's last-error code. Unfortunately, these error codes are just long integers (DWORDs) and don’t contain any of that human-friendly information that I’m used to for .NET exceptions.
more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed The function finds the message definition in a message table resource based on a message identifier and a language identifier. The error codes returned by a function are not part of the Windows API specification and can vary by operating system or device driver.
|
<urn:uuid:5596cc89-dd38-4bda-a425-6dea5a93064c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://onlinetvsoftware.net/error-codes/error-getlasterror.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125552-00012.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.802624
| 1,307
| 2.578125
| 3
|
REDD+ and Forest Taxation in sub-Saharan Africa
This research project will map the channels through which REDD+ could impact upon different forest tax systems in sub-Saharan Africa, and develop proposals to increase the probability that these impacts will be positive. There is considerable overlap between forest tax and Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) objectives: both aim to manage forests sustainably (e.g. avoid excessive deforestation generally, and overexploitation of particular species); both seek to minimise 'illegal forest activities' that would undermine this goal; both require effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to achieve these goals. They may also have other complementary goals: REDD+ may seek to facilitate 'sustainable livelihoods' amongst forest communities, for example, while forest tax revenue sharing mechanisms may have similar objectives.
Given these overlaps, the implementation of REDD+ may offer a significant opportunity to leverage positive change in forest tax systems. This will only occur, however, if the overlaps and tensions between the two systems are properly understood, and each is designed to complement the activities of the other. As a first stage in this process, primary research will be undertaken in three countries - Cameroon, Ghana and Sierra Leone - which differ across a number of dimensions. It is hoped that these differences will help enhance the relevance of the findings for other sub-Saharan African countries, and also lay the foundations for a longer-term programme of research in this area.
- Emmanual Ngungoh
- Emmanuel Marfo
- Philip Kargbo
- Sabaheta Ramcilovic-Suominen
- Project Dates:
- August 2014 - March 2016
- Project Status:
- International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD)
- Research Themes / Programmes:
|
<urn:uuid:74444ce5-b5f8-4f6d-84c0-fe8c294c399b>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://www.ids.ac.uk/project/redd-and-forest-taxation-in-sub-saharan-africa
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160145.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924050917-20180924071317-00130.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917099
| 370
| 2.640625
| 3
|
In this Article
- What Is Low Blood Pressure?
- When May A Pregnant Woman Have Low Blood Pressure?
- Types Of Temporary Low Blood Pressure
- Causes Of Low Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
- Signs & Symptoms
- Diagnosis Of Low BP When Pregnant
- Risks Of Low Blood Pressure In Pregnant Women
- How To Treat Low Blood Pressure In Pregnancy
- Will Low BP in Pregnancy Affect my Baby?
- When To Seek Doctor’s Help?
Blood pressure measures the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries when the heart pumps. The connection between low blood pressure and pregnancy is that due to hormonal changes in your body, the blood vessels in the circulation system dilate, which may bring down your blood pressure.
What Is Low Blood Pressure?
Your blood pressure is considered low if it reflects a reading of 90 mmHg/ 60 mmHg or less. A normal blood pressure has a reading of 120 mmHg/ 80 mmHg.
When May A Pregnant Woman Have Low Blood Pressure?
The blood pressure may start falling in early pregnancy and might touch its lowest around the middle of the second trimester. The readings of blood pressure are important as they can predict your and your baby’s state of health. Low BP is commonly reported among pregnant women, and it may remain on the lower side till 24 weeks.
Types Of Temporary Low Blood Pressure
There are typically two types of low blood pressure. Let’s understand each of them.
- Postural hypotension: The blood pressure may remain low for a brief period after you get up from a sitting or a sleeping position. The condition, also known as orthostatic hypotension, is a result of sitting or lying down for a long period. The blood reaches the brain a little late when you suddenly change position to stand.
- Supine hypotension: If you are sleeping or resting on your back, then the pressure is forced on the major blood vessels like vena cava, aorta and others, and this may cause a drop in blood pressure. This hypotension happens because of the expanding uterus which may lead to dizziness around the second and third trimester.
Causes Of Low Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
Some reasons that could be the cause of low blood pressure in pregnancy are mentioned below:
- Dilation of blood vessels. The reason behind low blood pressure in the first trimester could be hormonal changes that cause dilation of blood vessels.
- Dehydration lowers blood pressure due to rapid loss of water and can cause dizziness.
- The enlargement of uterus creates pressure on the blood vessels and may cause hypotension. Supine hypotension is mostly experienced in pregnancy when you lie down on your back.
- Postural hypotension is caused by the accumulation of blood in the legs, which affects the blood flow to the brain. It usually happens while rising from a sitting position or lying position.
- Anaemia and hypoglycaemia (a condition that causes low blood sugar levels) can also be the reason for low BP during pregnancy.
- If you have any heart-related conditions, this could also cause a significant dip in your blood pressure levels.
Other factors include deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid. The foetus absorbs nutrients from the mother. So, the mother is prone to anemia if there is less intake of vitamins or folic acid since this deficiency can slow the blood circulation and cause poor blood pressure.
Signs & Symptoms
- You may experience breathing problems, chest pains, vomiting or an increase in pulse rate.
- Many women in pregnancy feel dizzy and might experience episodes of fainting because of low blood pressure. It can also cause light-headedness and blurred vision when you suddenly change from a reclining or sitting position to standing.
- In pregnancy, low blood pressure is usually a temporary condition caused by an increase in blood volume that dilutes blood and possibly causes anaemia. You may often feel thirsty and find difficulties with concentration.
- You may experience severe pelvic pain along with a lowered BP. This can indicate a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, which could be very dangerous.
- You may turn pale, clammy and cold besides experiencing fatigue or increased weakness
Some of the symptoms mentioned above might subside after you rest or have enough water to drink. But make sure you discuss it with a doctor as it could be a sign of health problems which have not yet been detected.
Diagnosis Of Low BP When Pregnant
The condition can be easily diagnosed with the help of a device used to measure blood pressure. For this, an expandable cuff will be put around your arm and a pressure-measuring gauge will be used to calculate the blood pressure.
Risks Of Low Blood Pressure In Pregnant Women
While low blood pressure does not pose as much risk as high blood pressure, it still remains a cause for concern during pregnancy. Watch out for the risks below if you have been detected with low blood pressure.
- Dizziness due to BP may raise the chances of fainting and falling and hurting yourself and the unborn baby.
- If there is a drastic fall in blood pressure, it can reduce the oxygen supply to your body, thus impeding your body’s crucial functions. It could be risky for your baby in case there is less supply of oxygen, causing significant damage to the baby’s heart and brain.
How To Treat Low Blood Pressure In Pregnancy
Here are the facts and remedies for the treatment of low blood pressure during pregnancy.
There is no treatment prescribed for low blood pressure at the time of pregnancy. Even medications are not suggested during pregnancy unless symptoms are serious or there are chances of complications. However, it can be controlled with simple changes in lifestyle like exercising to promote blood flow, being careful while getting up after sitting or lying down, and stretching your ankles and feet before you stand up. It is noticed that the blood pressure starts rising on its own in the last trimester.
You can try some of the home remedies for low blood pressure during pregnancy mentioned below.
- Salt water: It is usually recommended for patients with low BP as the sodium content in salt increases blood pressure. But don’t consume too much salt water as it can prove to be detrimental to your health. Simply add one-half teaspoon of salt in a glass of water and drink it.
- Raisins: The best remedy is to eat raisins – a traditional but excellent way to treat hypotension. Soak some raisins in water overnight and consume in the morning on an empty stomach. You can also have the water in which the raisins were soaked. Follow this for a few weeks or even a month.
- Basil: Basil contains nutrients like vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and pantothenic acid, which are good for low blood pressure. Moreover, it also helps to ease stress. You can extract the juice from basil leaves and add a teaspoon of honey and consume this on an empty stomach daily. You can simply chew basil leaves in the morning as well.
- Beetroot Juice: You can drink a cup of beetroot juice for about one week, on a daily basis.
- Ginger: It is effective in dealing with low and high blood pressures because it contains certain compounds and antioxidants along with chemicals such as shogaol, gingerol and zingerone, which can avert variations in the blood pressure levels.
- Aniseed: It contains potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and magnesium which increase the iron and potassium levels that may help in raising the blood pressure. You can simply add the herb while cooking your food.
- Lemon juice: Another excellent home remedy is lemon juice, especially if low BP is caused due to dehydration. The lemon juice can help in providing energy and enhancing the function of liver along with aiding digestion.
- Fresh carrot juice: Fresh carrot juice can help in improving blood circulation and hence maintain the blood pressure levels. You can consume fresh carrot juice along with honey every morning.
- Almond milk: It is the most commonly prescribed remedy. This combination may work on adrenal glands that can stabilise the blood pressure. Soak five or six almonds overnight, peel the skin and grind to a smooth paste. Add the almond paste to boiled milk and stir it well. Consume a cup of almond milk to improve the blood pressure levels.
Besides these home remedies, you should drink plenty of fluids to keep the condition under control. It is best to consult your doctor before you opt for any home remedies.
Will Low BP in Pregnancy Affect my Baby?
Although some studies suggest that the condition of low BP during pregnancy may cause problems such as low birth weight and stillbirth, other researches have revealed that such issues are accompanied by certain other factors and not just low BP.
When To Seek Doctor’s Help?
During pregnancy, low blood pressure can lead to serious symptoms like a severe headache, blurring, weakness, numbness in one side of the body and shortness of breath. Consult your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above.
Conclusion: With the above-mentioned home remedies and proper consultation of your doctor, you can control low BP during pregnancy.
|
<urn:uuid:04a78cc7-8090-4cf0-a477-5f1cb4152434>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/a-guide-to-low-bp-during-pregnancy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656897.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116052151-20190116074151-00135.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92058
| 1,925
| 2.84375
| 3
|
What is acid reflux?
Acid reflux is one of the most common forms of what most people call indigestion, which generally refers to discomfort in your stomach area after eating. Acid reflux is also known as acid indigestion, although the proper name for it is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Symptoms of acid reflux include:
- Belching or burping
- Sore throat
- Difficulty swallowing
- Mouth flooding with saliva
- Hoarse voice
- Halitosis (bad breath)
- Inflamed gums
- Feeling nauseated
- Chest pains (always seek medical advice for chest pain)
Acid reflux is also the cause of heartburn, where your chest feels unpleasantly sore or painful, very much as though your heart is burning. In reality, acid reflux has nothing to do with your heart.
The burning pain comes from your stomach acid traveling back up your esophagus, the tube connecting your throat to your stomach.
What causes acid reflux?
Acid reflux typically develops because of a problem with the way the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is working.
The LES is a band of muscle that’s normally closed to prevent anything from coming up out of your stomach, but it automatically opens when you swallow to let food and water into your stomach.
If the LES is weak or damaged it can’t form a tight seal, so stomach acid can wash back up into your esophagus, and sometimes into the back of your throat.
Your stomach has a special lining to protect it from the corrosive effects of this acid, but your esophagus doesn’t have the same protection, so when it comes into contact with acid it becomes inflamed and sore. Acid reflux can also be a symptom of a hiatal hernia.
Acid reflux is most commonly due to lifestyle factors and what you eat and drink, including:
- Being overweight
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Drinks containing caffeine
- Certain medications
- Rich, fatty foods
- Spicy foods
The best way to reduce acid reflux symptoms is to change these lifestyle habits and avoid known triggers, but some patients might also require surgery.
How does surgery help with acid reflux?
If your acid reflux is due to obesity but you’re struggling to lose weight, bariatric weight-loss surgery could help you achieve a healthy weight, thereby reducing the acid reflux.
A hiatal hernia, which is a condition where the top of the stomach pushes through a gap in the diaphragm, can cause acid reflux. Surgical hernia repair can correct this problem.
The team at Turnquest Surgical Solutions also offers LINX surgery to restore the function of the LES. Designed specifically for patients who have GERD, the LINX® Reflux Management System is an expandable ring made of titanium and magnetic beads.
It works in exactly the same way as the LES, preventing acid from flowing back up your esophagus but allowing food and drink into your stomach.
If your acid reflux isn’t improving with conservative treatments, call Turnquest Surgical Solutions today, or make an appointment using the online booking facility.
|
<urn:uuid:b9282c9f-9d23-464d-9cce-9002ef7cd17d>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
https://www.dturnquest.com/services/acid-reflux
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487640324.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618165643-20210618195643-00591.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936596
| 694
| 3.5625
| 4
|
As a leading provider of data science, we are always on the lookout for new talent. We pride ourselves in bringing innovation to our clients and so, to succeed, we need team members who bring something extra to our pool of talent.
The data science profession is still in its infancy and so we should explain what we think makes a data scientist. A data scientist is an explorer: They need to solve complex technical problems but they themselves need to define which problems should be solved. A data scientist takes raw data and marries it with powerful analysis to bring value to our clients. This requires many skills: mathematics, a deep understanding of algorithms, empathy for human behaviours, industry knowledge and great presentation skills. Because of the breadth of skills and the diversity of the challenges which our clients present to us, strong team skills are vital.
It is not necessary to be a programmer to be a skilled data scientist. Traditional IT systems are built to process a flow of transactions correctly. The data scientist is not interested in the transactions and looks at the resulting data holistically. This means that different tools and languages are used for data science than are used in mainstream IT. JTA recruits from a wide range of disciplines. We have mathematicians, engineers, bio scientists, economists, physicists and computer scientists. We value problem solving abilities far higher than the ability to program a computer.
|
<urn:uuid:7b68dec0-978f-4c9e-933f-c94818cf5308>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.thedatascientists.com/careers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00147.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939398
| 274
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Botanical name: Lawsonia inermis Family: Lythraceae (Crape Myrtle family)
Henna, or Menhdi as it is called in Hindi, is a symbol of festivity in India. It is especially associated with marriage in north India. Its leaves produce the henna or alhenna of the Arabs (cyprus of the ancients), a yellow die which is used in Egypt and elsewhere by women to color their nails, and by men to die their beards, and for other similar uses including horses manes and tails. It is known in the West Indies as "Egyptian privet", and sometimes as "reseda". It is the camphire of the authorized version of the Bible. A member of the Lythraceae, along with Crape Myrtles and Mexican Heather. Among the most fragrant flowers on earth. Widely cultivated in tropical countries but probably native to North Africa and Asia. It is best grown as a tender outdoor container tropical or annual and can be propagated by cuttings or seed. The fragrance is best from a distance when mixed with air.
Identification credit: Radhika Vathsan • Is this flower misidentified? If yes,
The flower labeled Henna is ...
|
<urn:uuid:777494c7-9d51-4844-987f-0219607bf371>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Henna.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589172.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716021858-20180716041858-00028.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957772
| 258
| 2.875
| 3
|
239 G. Virginis is a blue main sequence dwarf star that can be located in the constellation of Virgo. The star can be seen with the naked eye, that is, you don't need a telescope/binoculars to see it.
HIP70022 is the reference name for the star in the Hipparcos Star Catalogue. The Id of the star in the Henry Draper catalogue is HD125489. The Id of the star in the Gould Star Catalogue is 239. Stars in the southern hemisphere are more likely to have a Gould Id than the northern hemisphere. For example, there are no Gould classified stars in Ursa Major.
The location of the star in the galaxy is determined by the Right Ascension (R.A.) and Declination (Dec.), these are equivalent to the Longitude and Latitude on the Earth. The Right Ascension is how far expressed in time (hh:mm:ss) the star is along the celestial equator. If the R.A. is positive then its eastwards. The Declination is how far north or south the star is compared to the celestial equator and is expressed in degrees. For 239 G. Virginis, the location is 14h 19m 40.97 and +00d23`03.7 .
All stars like planets orbit round a central spot, in the case of planets, its the central star such as the Sun. In the case of a star, its the galactic centre. The constellations that we see today will be different than they were 50,000 years ago or 50,000 years from now. Proper Motion details the movements of these stars and are measured in milliarcseconds. The star is moving -11.92 ± 0.22 miliarcseconds/year towards the north and -38.47 ± 0.40 miliarcseconds/year east if we saw them in the horizon.
Luminosity is the amount of energy that a star pumps out and its relative to the amount that our star, the Sun gives out. The figure of 9.0000000 that I have given is based on the Spectral Types page that I have found on the Internet. You might find a different figure, one that may have been calculated rather than generalised that I have done. The figure is always the amount times the luminosity of the Sun. It is an imprecise figure because of a number of factors including but not limited to whether the star is a variable star and distance.
239 G. Virginis has a spectral type of A7V. This means the star is a blue main sequence dwarf star. The star is 7366.00000000 Parsecs from the Galactic Centre or terms of Light Years is 24025.1919190400000000s. The star has a B-V Colour Index of 0.2 which means the star's temperature has been calculated using information from Morgans @ Uni.edu at being 7,767 Kelvin.
239 G. Virginis Radius has been calculated as being 2.09 times bigger than the Sun.The Sun's radius is 695,800km, therefore the star's radius is an estimated 1,454,996.60.km. However with the 2007 release of updated Hipparcos files, the radius is now calculated at being round 1.90. The figure is derived at by using the formula from SDSS and has been known to produce widely incorrect figures.
239 G. Virginis has an apparent magnitude of 6.18 which is how bright we see the star from Earth. Apparent Magnitude is also known as Visual Magnitude. If you used the 1997 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of 1.96 If you used the 2007 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of 2.17. Magnitude, whether it be apparent/visual or absolute magnitude is measured by a number, the smaller the number, the brighter the Star is. Our own Sun is the brightest star and therefore has the lowest of all magnitudes, -26.74. A faint star will have a high number.
Using the original Hipparcos data that was released in 1997, the parallax to the star was given as 14.29 which gave the calculated distance to 239 G. Virginis as 228.25 light years away from Earth or 69.98 parsecs. It would take a spaceship travelling at the speed of light, 228.25 years to get there. We don't have the technology or spaceship that can carry people over that distance yet.
In 2007, Hipparcos data was revised with a new parallax of 15.81 which put 239 G. Virginis at a distance of 206.30 light years or 63.25 parsecs. It should not be taken as though the star is moving closer or further away from us. It is purely that the distance was recalculated.
The star's Galacto-Centric Distance is 7,366.00 Parsecs or 24,025.19 Light Years. The Galacto-Centric Distance is the distance from the star to the Centre of the Galaxy which is Sagittarius A*.
The source of the information if it has a Hip I.D. is from Simbad, the Hipparcos data library based at the University at Strasbourg, France. Hipparcos was a E.S.A. satellite operation launched in 1989 for four years. The items in red are values that I've calculated so they could well be wrong. Information regarding Metallicity and/or Mass is from the E.U. Exoplanets. The information was obtained as of 12th Feb 2017.
|Traditional/Proper Name||239 G. Virginis|
|Hipparcos Library I.D.||70022|
|Bonner Durchmusterung||BDD+01 2913|
|Henry Draper Designation||125489|
|Star Type||main sequence dwarf star|
|Absolute Magnitude||1.96 / 2.17|
|Visual / Apparent Magnitude||6.18|
|Naked Eye Visible||Yes - Ref: Wiki|
|Right Ascension (R.A.)||14h 19m 40.97|
|Galactic Latitude||55.88 degrees|
|Galactic Longitude||344.97 degrees|
|1997 Distance from Earth||14.29 Parallax (milliarcseconds)|
|228.25 Light Years|
|2007 Revised Distance from Earth||15.81 Parallax (milliarcseconds)|
|206.30 Light Years|
|Galacto-Centric Distance||24,025.19 Light Years / 7,366.00 Parsecs|
|Proper Motion Dec.||-11.92 ± 0.22 milliarcseconds/year|
|Proper Motion RA.||-38.47 ± 0.40 milliarcseconds/year|
|Radial Velocity||-23.80 ± 3.30 km/s|
|Luminosity (x the Sun)||9.0000000|
|Calculated Effective Temperature||7,767 Kelvin|
|
<urn:uuid:75090fc0-66ef-4885-af6a-89e1fc2479c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.universeguide.com/star/239gvirginis
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822625.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017234801-20171018014801-00871.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91617
| 1,483
| 3.15625
| 3
|
A gem or bead cut in convex form and highly polished but not usually faceted. Cabochons usually have a flat underside. The most common shape for cabochons is oval. This shape is attractive. It is hard to identify small imperfections in this shape.
A round cabochon must be cut carefully. Cabochons may also be found in squares and rectangles. Also modern or naturalistic asymmetrical shapes.
Filigree is the term used to describe ornamental work especially of fine wire of gold, silver, or copper.
Carnelian (also spelled cornelian ) is a brownish-red mineral which is commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to carnelian
Seed bead refers to different shapes and styles of small, usually glass beads. They are used for many purpose but mostly Bead weaving. The most consistent seed beads are Delica, followed by Japanese and then Czech.
Most important information about seed beads is that Size runs reverse to size numbers, the smaller the number the larger the beads Its advisable to buy enough quantity of seed beads for a particular project.Color might vary as per manufacturer.
Are available in variety of metal and metal finish such as brass, silver plated, copper & gold plated etc. Also used as spacer and bead weaving as well.
This are made of natural material. Wooden beads have large holes. They are good for stringing on thicker materials like cotton, leather cords.
They are dynamic, trendy when added to any jewellery. Primary choice while making jeweler
These are affordable glass beads. Facets are available hand cut and machine cut.
A form of Quartz, this semi precious stone has a purple translucent appearance
A variety of Quartz characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness and range of colours. Agates are normally associated with volcanic rocks but can also be found in certain metamorphic rocks. Agates have been used in jewellery making since ancient times.
This gemstone is a form of Chalcedony that contains small mineral inclusions. These additional materials, usually mica or iron oxide, give the stone a glistening effect. Aventurine’s granular appearance and particular translucence are its most distinctive characteristics. It is also called aventurine quartz. It is usually dark green but it also comes in reddish brown and golden brown. These stones can be found in Austria, Brazil, India, Russia, and Tanzania.
Also known as Fibre Optic Beads. These glass beads are called cat’s eye beads because of the iridescent white streak that glows from the middle and resembles a light-reflecting cat’s eye. This is due to light refraction within the bead.
A medium, including clay, parian, porcelain, terracotta, raku and earthenware, that can be modelled, moulded, and pressed before firing to harden it. After which it is usually decorated with glaze or paint.
Cane Glass Beads are adapted from Italian glass-making techniques. These beads use large decorated “canes” built out of smaller canes encased in clear glass and then pulled out to shape the beads with twisting, linear, or stripe patterns.
Chevron Beads comprise numerous layers of colored glass. Also known as Rosetta or star beads.
Also available in black, reds and pink
Beads are made by plunging molten glass into water, causing the exterior to crack whilst the still hot interior stays solid.
Japanese Seed Beads trademarked to to the Miyuki Shoji Corporation. They are made of precisely cut glass giving them a uniform size, shape and colour. They typically have large holes compared to their diameter and have a rounder shape with thicker walls than normal seed beads.
These are flattened disc like beads with a large central hole usually fashioned from glass, stone or wood
Beads with a circle, a dot, or a combination of the two so that it resembles an eye. The intention being to avert the gaze of the Evil Eye.
In jewellery terms this usually refers to a decorative metal component with an open lace like structure which is formed by soldering bent wire into delicate designs or alternatively stamping or casting metal into predefined ornate shapes. Silver with an antiqued finish over brass.
These glass beads start life as a pressed round which is then machine-faceted, it is then placed in a polishing furnace that heats the bead’s surface and softens the facets. The resulting facets don’t have the machine-cut precision of, say, crystal glass beads, but this gives them a charm of their very own. Fire-polished beads do not contain lead, so they are distinct from crystal glass and should not be labelled as such. Czechoslovakia produces beautiful fire-polished beads in a myriad of colours and applied finishes. India produces similar beads but they are generally of lesser quality – the facets.
Manufactured in the Czech Republic, faceted roundel shapes in vibrant solid colours in the most popular selling sizes. Size and shape may vary slightly and colour may vary from dye lot to dye lot.
Metallic accents on tube cathedral fire polished Czech glass beads increase the reflective radiance of the facets. Available in a variety of colours, these beads are popular for upscale costume jewellery as they can have the look of vintage beads used in authentic antique jewellery. Colours and dye lots of fire polished glass beads may vary.
Glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware. The term millefiori is a combination of the Italian words "mille" (thousand) and "fiori" (flowers).
Islamic prayer beads
Glass beads are full of brightly colored swirls, ideal for adding creative style to personalized designs. Colours can include transparent and opaque brown, green, light blue, peach, purple and red. Sizes, shapes and colours may vary with handcrafted items. Items are made with solid colour glass, which means the base colour of the glass is saturated throughout the object and will not fade or rub off over time. Express your creativity with white swirls round Czech lamp work glass beads! Czech lamp work glass beads are handcrafted by melting rods of glass with a flame torch and forming the molten glass into the desired shape. FusionBeads.com offers a wide selection of Czech lamp work glass beads that will bring texture and colour to your designs. Due to the handmade nature of these beads, colours and details may vary from piece to piece, even within the same batch.
will vary slightly in colour, markings, shape and size, due to their being made of natural materials...
a crystal of intuition, hope, and more. Moonstone is said in crystal healing to help calm responses and stress, and avoid overreaction. It brings hope, enhances feminine energies, sensitivity, intuition, and psychic abilities.
is perhaps the oldest stone in man's history, the talisman of kings, shamans, and warriors. It is a stone of protection, strong and opaque, yet soothing to the touch, healing to the eye, as if carved from an azure heaven and slipped to earth.
is a stone of protection that is also very stabilizing and grounding.
is colourless and untreated. Colourless topaz is often irradiated and heat treated to form blue topaz. Silver Topaz is also called "white topaz".
with its gentle pink essence, is a stone of the heart, a Crystal of Unconditional Love. It carries a soft feminine energy of compassion and peace, tenderness and healing, nourishment and comfort.
is known to separate. It can help release negative emotions such as sorrow and grief. It is used to end unhappy or bothersome relationships.
|
<urn:uuid:2c48e5d8-fe14-42f3-887c-a129766b715f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.beadsnfashion.com/page/beads-glossary
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949098
| 1,659
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Computing for biologists
AUTHOR Libeskind-Hadas, Ran
CALL NO QH324.2 L695c 2014
IMPRINT Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, c2014
Computing is revolutionizing the practice of biology. This book, which assumes no prior computing experience, provides students with the tools to write their own Python programs and to understand fundamental concepts in computational biology and bioinformatics. Each major part of the book begins with a compelling biological question, followed by the algorithmic ideas and programming tools necessary to explore it: the origins of pathogenicity are examined using gene finding, the evolutionary history of sex determination systems is studied using sequence alignment, and the origin of modern humans is addressed using phylogenetic methods. In addition to providing general programming skills, this book explores the design of efficient algorithms, simulation, NP-hardness, and the maximum likelihood method, among other key concepts and methods. Easy-to-read and designed to equip students with the skills to write programs for solving a range of biological problems, the book is accompanied by numerous programming exercises, available at www.cs.hmc.edu/CFB.
- Easy-to-read and designed specifically for students in the life sciences, assuming little or no computing background
- Teaches general and widely applicable Python (both versions 2 and 3) programming skills along with computational methods for solving real biological problems
- Algorithms covered include gene finding, sequence alignment and phylogenetic methods, with an accompanying website providing a range of practical programming exercises
|
<urn:uuid:9a867cea-dbe3-4461-89d2-518639782624>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://stang.sc.mahidol.ac.th/newresources/?p=151
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145648.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222023815-20200222053815-00305.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906949
| 314
| 2.625
| 3
|
By Dhanpal Solanki Jain
Holi is a celebrated during spring season and is also known as the festival of colours There are several claims as to the origin and celebration of Holi. It is often celebrated as thanksgiving to the deities to mark the “cropover” of the bounteous harvests at the end of spring and beginning of summer. It also signifies the end of the old year and the beginning of the new year.
Another popular belief is the destruction of the demon King Hiranyakashipu and the protection of his son Prahalad through divine intervention. This event signifies the triumph of good over evil and is celebrated as Holika by the lighting of bonfires (Holika Dahan).
Holi signifies purification of soul and elimination of evil In the “path of knowledge”, Holi is the celebration of a major event at confluence age, signalling the end of an old era of Kaliyug and the establishment of a new world order based on truth, equity and noble- consciousness popularly known as ‘Golden Age’ i.e Satyug. More specifically and in a spiritual dimension, Holi marks the end of old era and beginning of new era. Holi is the purification and transformation of souls, by imbibing and inculcating the knowledge of the Gita. God Shiva’s divine descent commemorated as Shivratri comes immediately before Holi.
In most regions, Holi lasts about two days.
|
<urn:uuid:edc7c8b3-ea67-4358-9898-8e1d9c13c756>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-speaking-tree/explore-the-colour-within/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424623.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723222438-20170724002438-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946442
| 313
| 3.1875
| 3
|
Next tip for raising healthy eaters: Be very patient when you are trying to introduce new foods. It can take up to 15 offerings before a child will taste a new food! And then it may take several tastes before it becomes familiar and accepted. Don’t give up too quickly! Spread the offerings out over time, though – don’t peddle the broccoli breakfast, lunch and dinner for 5 days a row or you will likely have a mutiny on your hands!
Remember: you are in charge of what you offer your child, but they are in charge of what they choose to eat – that will help them cultivate a healthy relationship with food.
Offer a variety of flavors from a young age so they get used to tastes other than sweet and salty such as sour, pungent, astringent and bitter. Offer veggies early and frequently, and use small amounts of gentle herbs and spices (not salt or peppers with babies). For first tastes, offer the food plain, but once they are eating it, adding some herbs will help them develop a broader palate for their whole life.
One thing we know for sure is that our kids aren’t eating enough veggies in this country. According to a large scale study on infant and toddler feeding, the most consumed vegetable by kids is French fries! Yikes! Not only that, but 1 in 10 babies eat French fries and drink either sweetened fruit drinks or soda before their first birthdays. 25% of children under 2 don’t eat a single fruit on many days and 33% don’t eat a single veggie! That means 1 in 3 toddlers aren’t eating a single veggie on any given day.
As fruits and vegetables are the primary source of many of the most important vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients for health and development, that’s simply got to change. Vegetables are a key component in a healthy diet for all growing kids. Veggies are nutrient powerhouses: they pack a big dose of nutrition in a small number of calories. In addition to being the primary source of many micronutrients crucial for healthy growth, development and energy, they also provide a great source of both soluble and insoluble fiber, with a lot less sugar than most fruit (another excellent, real food source of micronutrients and fiber).
Part of the problem is our poor modeling. Our children do as we do, not as we say. A 2009 study from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 73.7 percent of U.S. adults ate vegetables fewer than three times per day, the minimum recommended number.
We need to work harder as families to increase our overall consumption of vegetables. The nutrients and fiber from a broad range of vegetables can help both children and adults to feel full, and may stave off cravings for sweeter, lower-quality carbohydrate sources like crackers, cookies, soda and candy –two key strategies for reducing or preventing weight gain.
See tomorrow’s blog for getting your kids to nosh the rainbow!
|
<urn:uuid:dd750ff7-e434-4144-87ce-565c236370f7>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://www.drgreene.com/perspectives/key-component-in-a-healthy-diet/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00288-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953312
| 633
| 3.34375
| 3
|
Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller (1895 – 1983) was a renowned and influential American inventor, designer, systems theorist, and futurist. Fuller saw himself as a practical philosopher and worked to solve global problems surrounding housing, transportation, energy, ecological destruction, and poverty. During his prolific career, in his different capacities he had been lecturing extensively and published about 25 books, stimulating and leaving a great impact especially on “geeks” of his time and their successors who have then engendered the Information Revolution from the 1970s onward.
In the 1960s, Fuller developed the World Game, a collaborative simulation game in which players attempt to solve world problems and overcome the uneven distribution of global resources. The object of this anti-Malthusian and anti-militaristic game was in Fuller’s words, to “make the world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone”. Over the 1960s-70s, the World Game and its ideas diffused via workshops, seminars, conferences, and educational and strategic papers.
The 1971 publication “The World Game: Integrative Resource Utilization Planning Tool” (open-access), along with the game instructions and charts, also included several Fuller’s talks about the essence of the game. One of them, given in the US Congress in 1969, caught my eye and it is certainly noteworthy.
First, Fuller constantly and sharply criticized the mainstream economics that disregarded the ecology and the consequences of economic growth on the environment. For instance:
“Because 99 percent of humanity lives normally upon the dry land, the logic of its economic thinking lacks spontaneously some of the critical variables of the universe which, however, perforce of fundamentals had to be scientifically incorporated in all man’s effective coping with world-ocean and sky-ocean undertakings. (p.9)
There are a myriad of economic trends and other vital evolutionary events taking place today which are invisible to humanity only because they are too fast or too slow for man to apprehend and to comprehend them. We will be able to accelerate or decelerate such evolutionary events by electronic controls.” (p.10)
Secondly, Fuller presented a vision, embedded in the game, reflecting his concern about the world’s resources on the one hand, and individuals’ ability “to exercise complete actionale discretion” and their freedom of decision regarding their time on the other hand. Therefore, to confront the big businesses power to pursue immediate profits and direct individuals’ activities transforming them into obedient consumers, Fuller called for the “reintegration of our present world inventory of systematically differentiated-out physical and metaphysical variables” (p.9). The following lines, which are expressed in the text and in the game in different ways, actually embody the intellectual origins of, as we call it today, Sharing Economy:
“All the beds and bedrooms around the world are empty two-thirds of the time. All the automobiles are empty and motionless five-sixth’s of the day. There are two main causes of this vast uselessness. Firstly, we try to do everything at peak loads. Secondly, we try to “own” too many objects that we use too infrequently to justify “ownership”.
Assimilating the running of the world by computer we see quickly that we must find ways in which humans can be induced to employ all equipment all the time, thus smoothing out the peaks and valleys and eliminating the 66% empty time and servicing 100 percent instead of only 40 percent of humanity. (p. 19)
The idea that equipment is satisfactory only as permanent property is no longer valid. Many customs of humanity that have long defied political reform on strictly ethical or ideological premises are about to evaporate on a practical obsolescence basis. The computerized World Game may obviate vast manslaughter revolutions by disclosing in advance and thus accelerating the elimination of, “unwanted” or “unfair” customs and practices. Such obsolescence is unanticipated by the political revolutionaries; who, had they known the evolution was about to establish the desirable conditions by new invention and insights might have foregone vast and unnecessarily continuing mayhem.
Among other grand strategies for making the world work and taking care of everybody is the design science revolution of providing ever more effective tools and services with ever less, real resource investment per each unit of end performance.” (p. 20)
Now, back to the future.
Well, does the 2010s “Sharing Economy” of stomping giants like Uber, Airbnb, Deliveroo or WeWork reflect Fuller’s ideas? No. The rapidly spreading varieties of Platform Capitalism, digital labor and prosumption forced on the precariat hardly have something in common with Fuller’s purpose to “design science process for arriving at economic, technological and social insights pertinent to humanity’s future envolvement aboard our planet Earth” (p.2). But this amazing story reminds us about the power of ideas and imagination. The point is that once ideas are disseminated, the manner of their deployment depends on the winds of power in the field.
|
<urn:uuid:c88f1746-7f49-420c-a1a1-6d648e5d4608>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://economicsociology.org/2017/03/03/the-intellectual-origins-of-sharing-economy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038065492.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411204008-20210411234008-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945059
| 1,092
| 3
| 3
|
The State of the Gulf of Mexico
As the ninth-largest body of water in the world, the gulf is amazingly resilient — but how much more can it take?
By Larry McKinney
The Gulf of Mexico, at more than 579,000 square miles, is the ninth-largest body of water in the world. It is bounded by Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida on the north; six states of Mexico on the west and south; and Cuba on the east. It is one of 10 large marine ecosystems adjoining the continental United States and probably the most easily recognized on a map. As an ecosystem, the gulf functions on a scale that even a Texan might appreciate.
Yet every day, you and I (and millions like us throughout the gulf states and much of the heartland of the country) affect the health of this ecosystem in practically everything we do — cooking, cleaning, watering the lawn, flushing the toilet and even driving the car. When amplified by the millions of us who live on the watersheds that empty into the gulf, there is clear evidence that we are determining its future — and our own.
The gulf is a giant bowl whose wide margins are dominated by shallow bays, estuaries and coralline shelves as well as a relatively extensive continental shelf and slope. The gulf is primarily sedimentary in origin, with vast expanses of undulating soft mud bottoms, especially to the north. Emergent features like the Flower Garden Banks, the northernmost coral reefs in North America, punctuate these bottoms throughout the gulf and transition into carbonate banks and coral reefs to the south. These physical features define the framework for a unique ecosystem often referred to as the "American Mediterranean."
All of these factors combine to support one of the most productive bodies of water in the world. Commercial fisheries annually yield more than 1.5 billon pounds. Shrimp are the predominant species and can account for 68 percent of total U.S. landings. Oyster production can exceed 24 million pounds and account for 70 percent of U.S. total landings. Recreational fishing is a significant economic engine. More than 45 percent of all saltwater anglers fish in gulf waters. Texas and Florida dominate all statistical categories of saltwater fishing, and each year anglers generate billions of dollars in economic benefits for their states. Louisiana's license plate proudly proclaims the state as a "sportsman's paradise," and if you have ever been there you can see why. A great part of the gulf's amazing productivity comes from the seemingly endless miles of Louisiana wetlands. While not as massive as Louisiana's, the estuaries and wetlands of Mississippi, Alabama, Texas and Florida are also brimming with life. As a result, the Gulf of Mexico annually yields more finfish, shrimp and shellfish than the south- and mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake and New England areas combined. It might surprise a Yankee sitting down to crabcakes or oysters on the shores of the Chesapeake that their meal actually came from the gulf, but more often than not, that is the case.
Like a string of pearls, gulf estuaries dot the margins of the northern gulf and are the engines that drive the region's incredible productivity. An estuary is where the sea and a river meet — where sediment- and nutrient-laden freshwater mixes with seawater. This dynamic mixing produces a rich, often brown and turgid-looking soup that fuels the nursery habitats upon which 90 percent of all the commercially and recreationally important fish and shellfish of the gulf depend. The 39 major gulf estuaries account for nearly 42 percent of such areas in the United States, so it should be no surprise that the gulf is as productive as it is.
The Gulf of Mexico is not only productive, it is also diverse. Because of its location, it is transitional between temperate and tropical climates and includes elements of both. It is a major transit route for migratory songbirds moving between the Americas each season and the southern terminus of North America's central flyway for migratory waterfowl, seabirds and wading birds that annually winter around the gulf — about 75 percent of all those traversing the U.S. From whooping cranes to hummingbirds, the diversity and abundance of birdlife is unequaled elsewhere in the subtropical world. More than 400 species of shelled mollusks can be found along the extensive beaches of the gulf, more than can be found on any other U.S. shore. Some 200 kinds of reef fishes can be found on the Flower Gardens, one of the most pristine reefs in the world. The benthic communities of the northern mud and sand bottoms are among the best developed and most diverse anywhere, and the coral reefs of the south and east host a diverse and complex community.
The underpinning for this extraordinary productivity and biodiversity is an extensive complex of ecologically diverse habitats. The primary habitat of the northern estuaries is emergent wetlands — vast swaths of waving saltgrass. Coastal wetlands in the gulf exceed 5 million acres and account for about half the U.S. mainland total. Adjacent uplands and coastal watersheds play a key role in the health of these wetlands. The estuarine mud and sand bottoms are dominated by extensive benthic communities interrupted by numerous oyster reefs. In the shallow offshore marine waters, similar mud and sand bottoms are dotted by hard banks in the north and coral reefs in the south, contributing significantly to the biodiversity of the region. Well-known systems like the Laguna Madre of Texas and Florida Bay host extensive seagrass meadows and mangroves. These and other southern bays of Florida and Mexico transition into coral reefs as one moves south.
The Gulf of Mexico faces increasing challenges to its overall health. The gulf's future productivity and biodiversity are inextricably linked to the vitality of the ecosystem. All of the countries surrounding the gulf are experiencing a rapidly expanding population and accompanying economic development. A 40 percent increase in population (reaching 61.4 million) is expected by 2025. Oil and gas production in both nearshore and deeper waters of the gulf continues to expand, as do port facilities, the petrochemical industry and other businesses necessary to support the economic needs of the region. The loss of habitat to coastal development in response to a growing population, the diversion of freshwater inflows from estuaries to meet the demands of that growth, and diminished water quality due to wastewater discharges add up to a high degree of stress for even the "large marine ecosystem" called the Gulf of Mexico.
An ecosystem can be defined as the dynamic interaction of a community of organisms (including us in the case of the gulf) and their environment. One of the primary drivers of these interactions in the gulf is the Mississippi River. One of the world's great rivers, it drains some 41 percent of the continental U.S., 31 states and two Canadian provinces, about 1.8 million square miles. At a discharge rate of 600,000 cubic feet per second near New Orleans, the river accounts for nearly 90 percent of the freshwater discharge into the gulf. That flow moves as much as 159 million tons of sediment a year down the river and with that sediment all the nutrients and wastes that are not captured and treated along the way.
Like a huge hypodermic needle, the Mississippi injects this watery mix into the heart of the gulf and creates a "dead zone" that expands from the mouth of the river each year. The zone is caused by algae blooms, which the nutrient-rich waters encourage. The algae die and sink to the bottom, where decomposition by oxygen-consuming bacteria depletes surrounding water of most or all of its oxygen, creating hypoxic conditions in which few marine organisms can live. The size of the zone varies annually and in 2007 reached 7,900 square miles, about the size of Connecticut and Delaware combined. The creation of the dead zone has been attributed to fertilizer runoff from as far away as the Corn Belt. Ironically, the push to increase corn-based ethanol production, a response to climate change, could greatly expand the extent of the dead zone. That expansion, if it were to occur, would likely aim right at Texas and some of our most productive coastal waters.
Some indicators of stress are easier to see than hypoxic dead zones because we drive through them every day. As coastal populations grow, wetlands are filled to meet housing and transportation demands. Bay bottoms are channelized and access areas near ports are dredged deeper. Freshwater is diverted and flood control levees and canals are constructed. As a result, coastal erosion is a significant problem. Each year, 40 to 60 square miles of Louisiana wetlands disappear. Some 60 percent of Texas' shoreline is eroding and the state has lost almost half its original coastal wetlands. In Florida more than 20,000 acres of mangroves have disappeared. The Everglades and even the wetlands of the mighty Mississippi are threatened because of the diversion of freshwater to agricultural and municipal needs or for flood control.
Perhaps nothing has brought home the implications of these environmental insults more than the aftermath of the horrific hurricane season of 2005 (a record 15 hurricanes) and especially Katrina and Rita. Hurricanes are natural phenomena integrated into the functioning of a healthy gulf ecosystem. Shallow coastal habitats have evolved to absorb the high energy impacts generated by these storms and equilibrium can quickly return to the system. Manmade alterations to and destruction of wetlands and natural infrastructure like oyster and coral reefs have diminished even this large marine ecosystem's resilience and its ability to return to those levels of ecosystem health and productivity that might otherwise be anticipated. The hurricanes vividly illustrated what the loss of healthy coastal wetlands means to moderating erosion and storm surge. They also brought into focus water quality concerns related to the diversion and manipulation of freshwater re-sources in these areas. One reason the storms were so devastating was the lack of natural wetland barriers that would have otherwise buffered the impacts of the storms. It is estimated that for every four miles of wetlands, storm surge is reduced by a foot. In the flat coastal plains that surround the gulf, any reduction in storm surge represents a significant reduction in damage and even loss of life. What one sows one also reaps. One of the hard lessons learned from those hurricanes was that coastal wetlands are not just for the birds and fish — we need them as well.
The hurricanes and dead zones of recent years should be a wakeup call for all of us. The Gulf of Mexico is dynamic and productive and has been able to absorb all that has been thrown at it, so far. The question is: How much more? That is a question we must not ignore and one we do not want to answer through experience. Fortunately, many organizations have long recognized the challenges we face and have been working diligently and often with little recognition to address these problems.
One such group is relatively new but holds the promise of bringing a constructive focus to this important issue. The Gulf of Mexico Alliance is a partnership, established in 2004, of the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas with the support and leadership of each state's governor. The alliance was formed in response to a report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, "An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century," and President Bush's response to it — the U.S. Ocean Action Plan. The alliance is bringing together local, state and federal agencies, as well as nongovernmental organizations, academics and concerned individuals, to assure that the gulf we enjoy and benefit from so much today will exist for tomorrow.
The encouraging aspect of this effort is that it is driven by the states but with great support from federal agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, to name just two. While the alliance is touted as a national model, time will tell if it can meet its promise. All of the elements are in the mix, and the key will be the political will to move it forward. That is where we all can help by encouraging our political leadership to support the effort.
We cannot hope to be successful in managing this magnificent resource unless we have a sound science base on which to make those decisions that will affect the future of the gulf. Another relatively new player has stepped up to help with that: the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi. In the spring of 2006 the institute held the first of several planned summits to bring together scientists and policymakers.
Finally, all of us by our individual actions can together make a difference. The old saying that all rivers lead to the sea is a true one, and all that is dumped into them makes that same journey. Rethinking how we take care of our lawns to reduce fertilizer and water use, protecting the creeks and streams that run through our neighborhoods, and recognizing that we are each part of that large marine ecosystem called the Gulf of Mexico will make all the difference for it and for us.
|
<urn:uuid:abc9f827-5cae-4a1a-8b3c-59171b19775f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
https://www.tpwmagazine.com/archive/2008/jul/ed_1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169769.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00576-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953003
| 2,672
| 3.53125
| 4
|
Sustainability is about creating the kind of world we want for ourselves, our neighbours, and future generations. It challenges us to live our lives and make decisions as individuals, organizations and societies so that we make sure that future generations have access to the same opportunities and quality of life that we do. The framework presented here is designed to help us make good and rigorous decisions.
Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development
The purpose of this playlist is to offer 7 videos to cut through the confusion surrounding the term ‘sustainability’ and to provide the viewer with an overview of a Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. Also known as The Natural Step framework from the name of the international non-profit organization that has developed it over the years, this free and open-source framework is grounded in best practices, rigorous science and the contributions of thousands of experts, business professionals and community leaders from around the world. The good news is that we already have all the knowledge, tools and resources we need to create a sustainable world. The bad news is that time is running out and we are desperately short of the leadership we need to make real change happen. The challenge to all of us is to inspire and become the sustainability champions that are needed to lead this change and create a better tomorrow.
This 28-minute playlist describes almost 30 years of thinking about what sustainability is and how to achieve it. It will take you through the core concepts of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development are the following (click here to watch on Youtube):
- A science-based definition of sustainability
- Backcasting from sustainability principles
- The 4 system conditions for sustainability
- The ABCD methodology to plan strategically for sustainability
- The 3 questions to make strategic decisions
- The metaphor of the funnel to explain the sustainability challenge we are facing
- A 5-level model to plan in complex systems.
You can learn more about the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development by downloading for free “The Natural Step Sustainability Primer“, “Planning for Sustainability: a starter guide” and many more free toolkits from The Natural Step Canada website.
You can access all our free sustainability videos to learn and teach. Subscribe to our Youtube channel and sign up to our newsletter to receive our new videos as soon as we post them. Sustainability Illustrated is a non-profit profit. You can help us create more free videos by making on our Patreon page a donation of $1 or more that will applied to new videos we post in the future. Thank you to all our patrons for making this project a reality.
|
<urn:uuid:602ab935-42f3-4fef-8cfb-98db183dea89>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://sustainabilityillustrated.com/en/2017/09/07/framework-sustainable-development/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00166.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934984
| 528
| 2.78125
| 3
|
By Tracy Mapfumo
Has it ever occurred to you that other potatoes exist apart from the Irish potato and sweet potato? The Livingstone potato known as Tsenza in Shona and Umbondiwe in Ndebele is one of the edible indigenous tuber crop. The Livingstone Potato (Plectranthus esculentus) has had little attention globally, but it could play a significant role in the food systems of communities in Zimbabwe.
It is native to tropical southern Africa where it has been cultivated since prehistoric times. In Zimbabwe the main production areas used to be Nyanga, and the Makoni and Mutasa districts, with isolated villages producing in Seke, Hwedza and Chihota. However, a recent study has shown that main production has shifted to Rusape in Makoni District, Chihota in Marondera, and Nyanga.
The tuber, which is mainly produced by women, is usually grown in wetlands although dry-land production is possible. Although it is not well known, it is well adapted to local soil and climate conditions and can easily be cultivated with minimal inputs.
Horticulture researchers at the University of Zimbabwe are currently investigating different propagation and cultivation methods in order to encourage farmers across Zimbabwe to grow it. It is propagated vegetatively using the edible parts, and planting is usually done from July up to October. Harvesting can be done six to seven months after planting; bulk harvesting can be done but the crop can also be harvested when needed.
According to preliminary nutritional analysis carried out by scientists at London’s Kew Gardens, the Livingstone potato is rich in carbohydrates, vitamin A, and minerals. In Zimbabwe nutritional analyses are still underway. Researchers at UZ are also trying different ways to cook and process the crop. Unlike Irish potatoes, Tzensa tubers can be eaten raw and have a fresh, tangy flavour. The tubers can also be boiled, roasted, fried, or dried and made into flour for thickening and baking.
For more information and recipes, check www.facebook.com/naturallyzimbabwean, and visit us at our office (20 Garlands Ride, Mt Pleasant) or Maasdorp and Amanzi markets, or at the Crop Science Department, University of Zimbabwe.
|
<urn:uuid:e38111f6-4307-4968-91b2-7231a811712f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://ndeipi.co.zw/the-livingstone-potato/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145897.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224040929-20200224070929-00288.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952431
| 467
| 3.046875
| 3
|
It is the name given to the foot wounds developing on the diabetic patients.
WHAT IS THE CAUSE?
DiyabetesMellitus (DM) is a chronic disease occuring when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the produced insulin. In such diseases, blood glucose lever increases (hyperglycemia) and all the tissues like the blood vessels and nerves are chronically and progressively damaged. The patients develop occlusive vessel disease (angiopathy), kidney function disorder (nephropathy), nevre damage (neuropathy) and visual disorder (retinopathy). These complications occur in the long period and progress slowly. Nevre damage and occlusive vessel disease occuring as the complications of diabetics cause to the wounds on the feet. Neuropathy (nevre damage) is the leading cause to diabetic foot wound. In most of the patients, it is observed that an unnoticed reason like hitting, striking, sticking, burning etc causes the wound. The wounds are generally not noticed at the early period due to loss of sense which causes to progressive tissue injury (figure 1).
Angiopathy (occlusive vessel disease) has less effect on the occurence of foot wounds. Since the blood stream decreases in the patients’ feet, the main materials, oxygen and antibiotics are constricted to reach to the wounded area. That’s why the possibility of healing on the wounded area gets more difficult. The bacteria (infection) occuring on the wound extends to the deep tissue quickly and causes large necrosis. This process is called gangrene. This quickly developing gangrene may cause the patient to lose his foot or even life (figure 2).
Chronic foot infection occuring on the diabetic patients are commonly seen infections which are difficult to treat. Today, despite the advanced technology regarding the prevention, diagnosis and care of diabetic-caused wounds, there are still many unsolved problems.
HOW TO DIAGNOSE?
The diagnosis of diabetic foot is first established with the examination (seeing the wounds). It is important to make healthy classification of the wound. Today, the most commonly used system is Wagner classification (Table 1).
Table 1. Wagner Classification
0 osteophyte and/or callus on the healthy skin (risk for ulseration)
ISupercifial ulcer on the skin
IIDeep ulcer extending up to the tendon, bone, ligament and joint
IIIDeep ulcer extending up to the abscess and/or osteitis
IVInfarction on the forefoot covering the finger and/or metacarpus
VSpread, serios gangrenous retention on the foot requiring amputation
The clinical symptoms and findings of the diabetic foot may be diagnosed with two different tables:
1) The infections nonthreatining for the leg are superficial and do not exceed two cm within cellulitis limits. Even if these patients have ulcer, the wound does not extend to the sub tissues and bone-joint retention findings are not expected (figure 3).
2) The infections threatining the leg have a cellulitis area of more than 2 cm. The ulcer is deep and the infection has extended to the bone and joint tissue. Whether or not having the gagngrene, almost each case schemic (decrease in tissue bloodstream) findings (figure 4). The patient may have fever in accordance with the deepness of the ukcer, the existence of abscess and bacteria in the blood.
Local infection findings are the increase in temperature, redness, swelling and discharge around the wound (figure 4). The patient has a little or no pain or sensitivity due to neuropathy (nevre damage). In the diabetic-caused infections, the prognosis of the leg is determined by the anatomic location of the wound. In the infections closer to the body (metacarpus, heel or ankle), the prognosis is worse and the mortality rate is higher (figure 5). It should be taken into consideration that the gangrene on the dianetic foot is caused by the infectiion or ischemia.
Many different test can be used to diagnose the infection. Whole blood count and routine biochemical tests have almost no contribution to the diagnosis. Even in the serious infections threatinig the leg, the increase of the white blood cell count in the blood (leucocytosis) is only observed half of the cases. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is generally high. The rate of detecting development in the blood cultures is around 10-15%.
Tissue culture is still a controversial issue. It is certainly clear that the superficial samples are insufficient to determine the factor especially in the chronic wounds. The cultures can be taken either during debridement (the cleansing of the infarct) or directly from the ulcer base. In the examination called gram staining, detection of the gram-positive clubs are significant in terms of the diagnosis of dangerous infections (clostridial infections = microorganism creating gas while developig). Gram staining is is directive for the early diagnosis and treatment of these rapidly progressing infections.
Radiological examinations may be beneficial in the evaluation of the woubd area and diagnosis of the bone infection. The air spaces that are radiologicall observed within the soft tissue may be caused by open ulcers, the devridements performed or the microorganism creating gases while developing. The gas is mainly composed by non clostridial anaerobes, coliforms, streptococcus and rarely by clostridiums. Since the formation of the gas can be caused by many factors, it should never be valid reason for amputation (cut of the organ) only by itself.
Osteomyelitis raleted radiolgoical findings startes 10-20 days after the infection. So, in the early diagnosis of the osteomyelitis, 3-4 phased and marked leucocyte scans and MR imagings are more beneficial. There may be false positive rate in the results taken by the MR; however the most important advantage of this method is its help to detect the dimensions of the soft tissue retention and the limits of the debridement accordingly.
The sufficiency of bloodstream should be controlled for each patient having diabetic foot infection. Arterial insufficiency is seen in 66% of the non-healing ulcer and 46% of the amputations.
When the patient is first seen, the most correct approach shall be to examine all the systems and to generally evaluate the patient in regards to the other complications (retinopathy, nephropathy etc.). After the foot examination, the classification should be made in accordance with the damage and the relevant treatment should be arranged. The purpose at the first stage is to avoid the complications and infections and to prevent the amputation if any infection is developed. The treatment includes regulating the blood glucose, surgical debridement if necessary, discharging the abscess and antibiotic regime.
The treatment of the diabetic foot wounds includes three main factors:
1. Local wound care,
2. Offloading (avoiding trauma and load)
3. Antibiotic treatment.
While two weeks of antibiotic treatment is enough for secondary infections which are non threatining for the leg; wider range of iv antibiotics is required for the patients with serious infections threatining the leg or who have already used antibiotic treatment before.
Regardless of the clinical level, orthopedician consultation is required for the diabetic foot patients. With the surgical intervention to be performed, both the infarct around the wound can be removed and deep tissue and bone biopsies can be taken. It is difficult to differentiate the soft tissue infection from the edema caused by the bone infection in such diseases. Besides, the differentiation between the osteoarthropathy developing on the loss of sense and the bone infection has critical importance. While long termed antibiotic treatment and surgery is necessary for the bone infection, conservative approach is recommended for the latter. Moreover, the rate of amputation in the osteomyelitis developing on the diabetic base is much more higher than the non-diabetic patient group. Thus, clinical opinion is not sufficient for the patients having diabetic and foot ulcer.
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF THE TREATMENT?
The appropriate treatment of the diabetic foot infections is still unclear. The treatment periof for the soft tissue infections should be at least 10-12 days. The treatment may be given either iv or orally as required by the severeness of the infection. This period shall be enough for the infections that are non-threatinig fort he leg. In case of osteomyelitis, this treatmenr periof shall be prolonged. If the bone infarct is not completely removed, the treatment is recommended to be prolonged up to 6-12 weeks. If no clinical healing is observed on the fifth day of the treatment, it generally indicates the failure of the treatment. The most common reasons of this failure are undefined abscess or resistant factors. In such a case, the overlooked infection can be researched with CT, MR, ultrasonograpy or indiumleucocyte scan tesy or the antibiotic treatment can be changed.
Amputation should be performed in acute, life threatining infections and when the wound integrity is ruined (figure 6). Amputation and rehabilitation is a life saving and life quality increasing intervention for the patients with their local and systemic findings are not healing an deven getting worse despite the long termed antibiotic treatment.
Foot care has an important and effective role on the prevention of foot wounds. The increase on the consciousness and knowledge levels of diabetic patients on their diseases will provide active contribution to the daily foot care.
1. It is important to choose the appropriate shoes in order to prevent the formation of new wounds or the recurrence of the healed wounds on the foot.
2. Different shoe brands may have different shoe sizes. Shoes should not be sold without first trying as the size can change.
3. New bought should not be worn more than two hours.
4. As the feet get swollen in the evenings, shoes should be bought in the evenings.
5. Cotton thin socks should be worn with the shoes and the socks should be changed every day.
6. The special shoes designed for high risk foot wounds are to prevent the wounds; they should not be expected to be effective in the wound treatment.
7. Foot care should not be disregarded even if progtective shoes are worn.
8. Shoes and iner liners should be controlled every morning by hand in case of foreing object like Stones, nails or pricks.
9. After the shoes are taken off, the foot and interdigitals should be controlled carefully to find out if there is any redness which is a sign of pinch.
10. The feet (especially interdigitals) should be washed, dried and rubbed with moustrizer every day.
11. The temperature of the washing water should be controlled by touching with elbow and the water should not be too hot.
12. You should not walk on bare foot either in or outside the house.
13. The toenails should be cut straight; the callus should not be removed by scissors or any other sharp object in the house.
12. The patients having loss of sense should not make exercises like running or long walks.
|
<urn:uuid:d7d40539-0d73-4643-82a6-9a715f605829>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.hakangundes.com.tr/diabetic-foot.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153892.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729172022-20210729202022-00717.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918403
| 2,348
| 2.96875
| 3
|
By Brad Balukjian
I was 12 years old, sitting in a movie theater in Warwick, Rhode Island, when Steven Spielberg changed movies forever. His Jurassic Park made Jaws look like a silly hand puppet and ushered in the modern era of computer-generated special effects, for better
, Spielberg had a crucial decision to make—what type of dinosaur would appear first, bending imaginations and searing its place in cinematic history? Would he go with the ultra-kinetic, flesh-rending T. rex? Or maybe a more subdued Stegosaurus? Much to my delight, he chose a sauropod, the clade
of lumbering vegetarians that dominated for 120 million years as, unequivocally, the largest land animals ever. Specifically, a Brachiosaurus, one of the few sauropods that probably used its long neck to browse treetops rather than holding it parallel to the ground. (Kudos to Spielberg et al. for getting this scientific detail right!) I’m not sure what dictated Spielberg’s decision, but sauropods’ sheer size—up to 90 tons and 130 feet long—probably had something to do with it. (Contrary to popular belief, most dinosaurs were not gigantic.) And that gargantuan size is what inspired the new PLOS ONE sauropod collection (“Sauropod Gigantism
”), organized by evolutionary biologist Martin Sander of the University of Bonn. Sander and 13 other researchers united to answer one question: how did these thunder lizards get so freaking big—and its shuddering corollary—why didn’t they get any bigger?
Traditionally, paleontologists studying non-avian dinosaurs (remember, birds are dinosaurs
) were fairly limited by the fact that their study organisms perished 65 million years ago when an asteroid struck Earth (or when they developed cataracts, got out-eaten by an army of caterpillars, or suffered low sex drive
). It’s hard to do experiments when all that’s left of your animal is a fossilized femur. Or is it? The collection authors pulled some Jurassic Park-esque wizardry of their own, using lasers, computer models, and detailed examinations of living relatives (birds, crocodiles, even mammals) to resurrect sauropods and better understand how they lived and how they got so big. For example, William Sellers and his team used a LiDAR laser to scan the entire 130-foot length of the Argentinosaurus huinculensis skeleton housed in Museo Municipal Carmen Funes and build a 3-D digital replica. They then added muscle tissue by examining the relationship between muscle mass and action in such extant animals as hare, reindeer, and greyhounds. Finally, they used their computerized re-creation to simulate how A. huinculensis could have walked while supporting its 83-ton girth. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1OP-fKcjHc In another study, Tom Schanz and colleagues experimentally analyzed the footprint of an African elephant to show that the weight of the elephant can be calculated from the geometry of its footprint and properties of the soil, suggesting that the same could be done for long-gone sauropods.
Innovate, and Use What You Have
In the collection overview, Martin Sander lays out his overarching hypothesis for sauropod gigantism. Over deep time, lineages evolve according to the interplay of two main factors: key innovations, in which lineages gain some new anatomical or behavioral character that allows them to flourish and expand their niche, and historical contingency, in which all past and existing characteristics constrain where the lineage can go next. For example, if you’re a small plant-feeding reptile with 50 million years of history, you probably are not going to suddenly become a vicious predator due to the physiological constrains imposed by your own past. In other words, in the card game of life, you still have to play some of the hand you’re dealt, although you can always improve your position when you draw your next card. Sometimes, historical contingency can play to your advantage, specifically when some already existing trait gets co-opted for a purpose for which it did not originally evolve; this is called exaptation. According to Sander’s evolutionary cascade model, sauropods started out small, but became giants through a combination of exaptation and key innovation. As each co-opted or novel trait provided some adaptive advantage, it led to the emergence of another adaptive trait, and so on through a cascade of evolutionary changes that ultimately ended with one group of freakishly large dinosaurs.
Recipe for a Giant
“We’re taught in science to prefer simple solutions based on the principle of parsimony,” said Sander. “So you could explain gigantism just by looking at the trait of having many small offspring. But our model shows us there were probably several factors.” So what were the traits that got sauropods so big? Sander highlights five that each set off multiple evolutionary cascades ending in gigantism: having many small offspring, lacking a gastric mill (a grinding apparatus in the stomach), not chewing food, having a bird-like lung, and having high metabolism. While the evidence is stronger for some of these traits than others (e.g., not chewing is widely accepted while high metabolism is more controversial), new data provided in several of the collection articles have bolstered Sander’s hypothesis. “What we don’t know yet is the relative importance of the cascades,” Sander pointed out.
Chew Your Food
You may be wondering how something like not chewing food could lead to a 90-ton dinosaur. Fair enough. In this particular evolutionary cascade, not chewing meant that sauropods could consume massive amounts of food per day, as they didn’t waste any time masticating. Their guts were huge, but research shows that they didn’t spend a whole lot of time digesting it, allowing for fast turnover. The lack of chewing also meant that sauropod heads could remain small, with no need for large jaw muscles. The small head opened the door for the evolution of a long neck (a small head could be easily supported), which allowed sauropods to become energy-efficient eating machines. Standing in a single spot, sauropods could browse a vast swath of vegetation without ever having to change positions. All of this adds up to the ability to ingest and process incredible amounts of food, producing massive body size.
Brakes on Brachiosaurus
This begs the question: once the sauropods bit the asteroid dust 65 million years ago, why didn’t their furry contemporaries, the mammals, go big? Why aren’t there 90-ton elephants roaming Africa? Several things limited mammalian body size, chewing being one of them. The musculature required for chewing led to larger head size, and the time spent chomping reduced the amount of food mammals could consume in one day. Although one might imagine a dinosaur-sized elephant with a proportionately enormous head, at a certain point, gravity takes over and keeps things from getting too out of hand. Gravity also imposed an upper limit on sauropod size. Interestingly, Sander points out that no studies to date have provided convincing evidence that sauropod size had anything to do with different environmental conditions in the distant past, such as elevated levels of atmospheric oxygen or carbon dioxide. With all the new insight coming from the innovative techniques used in this collection’s studies, our understanding of sauropod biology can only get more and more realistic. In fact, that Brachiosaurus may look downright prehistoric by the timeJurassic World
hits theaters in 2015.
Brad Balukjian blogs on the PLOS Network. He has a PhD in Environmental Science from University of California, Berkeley and was a AAAS Science Writing Fellow at The Los Angeles Times. Find him on Twitter @BradBalukjian
Read the full PLOS ONE “Sauropod Gigantism” collection here.
|
<urn:uuid:0e830829-d5b4-4c86-98ab-0254881bd1b4>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/how-brachiosaurus-and-brethren-became-so-gigantic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103639050.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629115352-20220629145352-00567.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94375
| 1,723
| 3.140625
| 3
|
While grape growing and wine making have a long history in the Finger Lakes and other parts of New York State, it was historic legislation enacted 40 years ago that ensured the industry would survive and prosper.
According to Hudson Cattell’s 2014 book, “Wines of Eastern North America,” June 4 marks the historic signing of New York’s Farm Winery Act of 1976. When then Gov. Hugh Carey signed the law, he was essentially creating a sea change for the state’s wine industry.
At that time, small growers were facing multiple challenges: large corporate wineries getting bigger and bigger, cheap wines were coming into the market from other parts of the world and the prices paid for local grapes were sinking fast.
The Farm Winery Act allowed these grape growers to make their own wine and sell it directly to consumers on the farm. They could also market wines to the restaurant, retail and wholesale trade. In later years, the Farm Winery Act allowed winemakers to buy grapes from New York growers and sell their wines in the same manner, as long as the wines were made with 100 percent New York grapes.
Until this legislation was passed, the licensing fees for small farms to make and sell their own wine was prohibitive, and the laws in place limited the amount they could sell on their own to 5 percent of total production. That was not a feasible business model for most small, family-run operations.
Before the Farm Winery Act, there were only 14 wineries in nine of New York’s 62 counties. Today, there are 418 wineries in 53 counties, according to the New York Wine & Grape Foundation. (Learn more about the wineries in our part of the Finger Lakes here.)
New York’s Farm Winery Act not only allowed the wine and grape industry to flourish in the Finger Lakes and the rest of the state. It set the stage for other states to create their own farm winery acts. In recent years, it has also been a model for legislation that has ushered in farm breweries, farm distilleries and farm cideries. All of these entities have made the Finger Lakes a delicious place to visit.
We’ll drink to that. Cheers.
|
<urn:uuid:6fd67fda-7e34-45b5-9c1f-4eb0a1a2328a>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://www.visitfingerlakes.com/blog/post/happy-anniversary-to-the-new-york-farm-winery-act-of-1976/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00551.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980273
| 459
| 2.78125
| 3
|
On July 26, 1990, the U.S. Government granted equal civil rights to disabled
The Americans with Disabilities Act
called for an end to discrimination based on disability, and equal accessibility to buildings
and services, including transportation and telecommunication.
An act of ability
The idea of a legislation that would provide rights to the disabled began in
the civil rights era, and progressed into the context of 1970s activism. The
ADA took many forms before it was ratified in 1990. Read about the
historical progression of the act at
Today, the definition of
written by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is lengthy.
Generally, however, the provisions apply to someone who has an impairment,
mental or physical, that affects the function of at least one life activity.
The act is divided into five titles, based on the area of society to which
they pertain. Title I regards employment access and opportunity; Title II
addresses public services like transportation; Title III applies to public
accommodations, such as restaurants; Title IV is telecommunications; and
Title V is miscellaneous.
Today, the ADA is administered under the
Department of Justice. One key aspect of the law is
enforcement through mediation and
The Mediation Program
was enacted in 1994 as a way to resolve disputes by involving a non-partisan
third party, to avoid the cost and time of litigation. The Department of
Justice is also beginning to
monitor lawsuits in which the U.S. is not a party.
If you know of any, they ask that you
submit a form.
For employers, builders and others required to follow the terms of the act,
there is assistance available to help them understand obligations under the
law. The Title I, the
Title II and the
Title III technical assistance
manuals are all reprinted online. The National Institute on Disability and
Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) established
regional centers. These offices offer information,
technical assistance, and referrals for both persons with disabilities and
those responsible for following the statute.
In celebration of the ADA's decade anniversary, the DOJ released a report,
"Enforcing the ADA: Looking Back on a
Decade of Progress". The piece digests the
effects of the ADA and includes remarks from former Attorney General Janet Reno. The story
"Faces of the ADA"
profiles some of the people who benefited from the act, including law
student Jackie Okin, who sued the College Board for more SAT dates for
disabled students. The most recent
status report is available
from the Department of Justice.
CNN wrote an independent assessment of the law. The article
"Is the Disabilities Act Working?"
chronicles the successes and losses, both in court and out. You can also
take a quick quiz to test your own knowledge of the act.
|
<urn:uuid:b392b6c2-2b90-457a-a23e-740a059fe24e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.govspot.com/features/ada.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811913.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00377-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941013
| 594
| 3.65625
| 4
|
I have two really important questions for you:
1) Why do you want your child to learn the piano?
2) Why does your child want to learn the piano?
I wish I could have your answers before I continue writing this post, however I'll make an assumption that you want your child:
I'll also assume your child wants to learn because he or she likes / loves music and really wants to play an instrument.
I think it's unlikely you want your child to learn because you want him or her to get onto an exam treadmill where the sole purpose of playing an instrument becomes passing exams that get harder and harder, thereby killing any joy in music making and leading to the exact opposite of what I've assumed your goals are in getting instrumental tuition for your child.
So now we have a problem. Much instrumental tuition revolves around exams because to date they have been one of the only absolute ways of measuring progress. This means that parents also become exam focused because it is the only way they have been told progress can be measured, and doesn't everyone know that if you learn an instrument you 'have' to take exams. But things don't have to be like this.
Following exam syllabi is very different to delivering a rounded curriculum and cannot possibly be a substitute. Even Ofsted has finally come around to the view that good exam results 'do not always mean children have received the subject knowledge they need' and the focus on exams is at the expense of 'rich and full knowledge'. Read the full article here.
Children who learn using this exam focused approach often find they do not enjoy their learning, it is hard and they do not have a foundation on which to tackle harder and harder pieces. They also tend to have the opinion that once they have reached the highest grade their learning is complete and they do not need to play anymore.
But what if there is a different way? What if progress can be measured without relying solely on exams?
Children learning within this framework make structured progress and no areas for development are neglected. Teachers can also add to and adapt the framework so it meets additional goals they or their students may have.
Exams have their place and are very useful formal benchmarks for measuring progress, however they must not become the focal point of instrumental tuition because this does not lead to enjoyment, rounded development and the lifelong love of music you want for your child.
At Surrey Music School we are slowly moving all our students onto this framework to ensure that we continue to do our best to give children the most holistic music education we can.
If you are an existing student with Surrey Music School and your child is pre-grade 1, before Christmas 2017 you'll receive a copy of the Piano Framework with a Piano Tracker so you can see how your child is progressing. Children who are Grade 1 and above will receive the Piano Framework but The Curious Piano Teachers are still developing Piano Trackers for the rest of the levels. As you can see, the only way I have to measure level is 'grades'... but hopefully this will soon begin to change:)
If you would like your child to learn piano within this structured framework, in a group environment, where the focus is on developing a love of music and all round musical skills through piano playing then please do get in touch.
'Why working to exams is anti piano' by Tim Topham
An open letter to parents from Tim Topham
Ofsted to punish schools pushing exam targets over learning from The Guardian (although schools have been saying so much testing is bad for decades - read more here.)
Last week's blog discussed the benefits of music teaching but raised the fact that the benefits do not occur when the teaching is unstructured and poor quality. Read on to find out what bad music teaching looks like and discover what makes good music teaching.
The Kodaly approach to music teaching is very similar to how children learn to speak. As babies they listen and begin to explore the sounds they can make. As they grow they start imitating words they hear and finally they begin to put words together to make their own sentences. Imagine if they were not allowed to make any sounds until they first learned to read! It sounds ridiculous however this is what 'traditional' music teaching expects. With no musical foundation children are expected to interpret musical symbols - is it any wonder that they struggle and don't enjoy it.
What did your music lessons look like? Did you learn through songs and games, developing your musical skills away from your instrument or were you a victim of traditional teaching and expected to somehow 'know' all these things without being taught?
Next week's blog looks at the importance of teaching musical skills and concepts within a framework; so that the learning is structured and progress can be measured other than using exams.
In the meantime if you're interested in reading more about the damage that traditional piano teaching causes why not check out this excellent article 'How Traditional Piano Lessons Cripple Our Children'.
Listening to and making music is a wonderful experience, with many benefits. Read on to discover them and learn about the health warning that can negate the benefits.
a) Music reshapes the brain
b) Musical training helps progress
'Children who experience musical training have an advantage across all subjects except sport'
c) Music has a direct link to our emotions
‘It reaches the parts of the brain other things can’t do’.
But, what about the teaching?
All the benefits come with a vital health warning:
'If the quality of music tuition is poor and unstructured there is no impact'
Even worse, the impact of poor music tuition goes even deeper and may have:
Next week we describe what good music teaching looks like to help you find a teacher and approach that will deliver the benefits music can bring when done well.
What has your experience been of music lessons?
Director of Surrey Music School.
|
<urn:uuid:f108303c-97a3-4574-b722-0bde3fe9755a>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.surreymusicschool.co.uk/blog/archives/10-2017
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00472.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968874
| 1,236
| 2.515625
| 3
|
The Henry’s law constant for Odos in water at 25°C is 1.27 ? 10 ?3 M/atm, and the mole fraction of O2 in the atmosphere is 0.21. Calculate the solubility of O2 in water at 25°C at an atmospheric pressure of 1.00 atm.
An effective Explore Dalton’s rules regarding partial demands in order to calculate brand new partial tension regarding outdoors. (For more information throughout the Dalton’s legislation away from limited challenges, get a hold of Section 10 “Gases”, Section 10.5 “Mixtures of Smoke”.)
C O dos = k P O 2 = ( step 1.twenty seven ? ten ? 3 Meters/ automatic teller machine ) ( 0.21 automatic teller machine ) = 2.7 ? 10 ? 4 Meters
To understand why soft drinks “fizz” and https://datingranking.net/tr/her-dating-inceleme/ then go “flat” after being opened, calculate the concentration of dissolved CO2 in a soft drink
- bottled under a pressure of 5.0 atm of CO2.
- in equilibrium with the normal partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere (approximately 3 ? 10 ?4 atm).
- 0.17 Meters
- step 1 ? ten ?5 Meters
This new solubility of ingredients would depend highly towards temperature and, in the case of gases, with the stress. This new solubility of most strong otherwise drinking water solutes increases having expanding temperature. The ingredients regarding a mixture is commonly separated playing with fractional crystallization, which distinguishes compounds centered on the solubilities. New solubility off a petrol reduces which have increasing temperature.
- Brand new solubility out-of a good get raise or drop-off having growing temperatures, while the latest solubility away from a gas decreases which have a rise in temperatures and you will a reduction in tension.
Utilize the kinetic unit idea out of gases talked about inside the Chapter ten “Gases” to describe as to why the brand new solubility away from almost all smoke in liquids decreases with broadening temperatures.
An industrial plant uses water of the regional stream so you’re able to chill their reactor and you can production the water with the load immediately after use. Over a period of date, lifeless seafood start to come downstream about bush, but there is zero evidence when it comes to leaks out of potentially poisonous chemical substances towards the stream. Any alternative factor was causing the seafood to die?
One maker’s rules for installing a fish tank indicate that if boiled h2o can be used, water need to be cooled to help you room-temperature and allowed to stand at once prior to seafood is actually added. Why is it essential water to stand?
Playing with a beneficial carbonated drink for-instance, talk about the aftereffect of heat into the “fizz.” How does new “foaminess” regarding a good carbonated beverage disagree anywhere between Los angeles, California, and you may Denver, Texas?
A common laboratory technique for degassing a great solvent would be to lay they within the a great flask that is sealed to your environment and upcoming evacuate the fresh new flask to eliminate any smoke over the liquid. What makes this process effective? Why does the warmth of solvent usually disappear substantially while in the this step?
Whenever liquid was boiled, all demolished oxygen and nitrogen are removed. If water is cooled to room temperature, it initially include very little demolished oxygen. Allowing water to stand quickly lets outdoors in the air to help you break down, so that the seafood does not suffocate.
Evacuating new flask to remove fumes decreases the limited stress out of oxygen above the provider. Considering Henry’s law, new solubility of every gas decrease as its limited tension a lot more than the clear answer decrease. Therefore, demolished outdoors escapes out-of provider on the gasoline phase, in which it’s removed of the machine push. Answering the latest flask that have nitrogen gas and you can recurring this step numerous times effectively removes the vast majority of dissolved outdoors. Heat of your own solvent decreases since the particular solvent evaporates just like the better in this procedure. The heat that is required so you’re able to dissipate a few of the liquid is very first taken out of the remainder solvent, decreasing the temperatures.
|
<urn:uuid:079ece57-e50c-404b-939a-83bfa98b2696>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
http://lincolnbanknc.com/henry-s-law-relates-to-the-connection-amongst-the-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00468.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91174
| 953
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Epona is a Goddess of Equines and fertility. She serves as a protector to various Equidae; horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules. Although Her worship ultimately originates in Gaul, She was worshiped all across the Roman Empire, from Britain all the way to Italy and Dacia.
She is widely worshipped by people whose job or livelihood that mostly depends on horses. Examples include military calvary (naturally), scouts, dispatch riders, mule drivers, carters, stable hands, and grooms.
She is worshipped in much of the same manner as other Gods – praying by making vows, dedicating altars in fulfillment of a vow, erecting temples, sacrificing animals, incense, or wine. Her festival is December 18.
Temples were set up as fanum in Gaul (although outside of Gaul, Epona temples would be more classical). A fanum has a taller central cella, an inner chamber, surrounded on all four sides by a covered walkway.
The sacrifice of animals, incense, and libations of wine is made to Her in the customary Roman manner. Libations were frequent.
Sacrifices to Epona are mentioned in a few sources:
- In the Apotheosis of Aurelius Clemens Prudentius:
- A sacrifice of incense (kept in the acerra, a box of oiled wood) on an altar fire.
- Further, divination by haruspicy would be done. A large stone relief of Epona from Beihingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) shows the sacrifice of a pig.
- There is also a reference to “grains of spelt,” which is presumably mola salsa, a mixture of salt and flour used for purification rituals.
- Juvenal in the eighth satire mentions the sacrifice of a bull and a sheep at an altar of Zeus, in conection with an oath to Epona.
Epona in the home
Many depictions of the Goddess are small, portable pipeclay or bronze figurines. The pipeclay figurines were cheap to create and widespread, while the bronze figures were used by the wealthier. These figures were likely employed in a domestic shrine like the lararium or a workplace shrine.
Epona in stables
The Golden Ass, or Metamorphoses, by Lucius Apuleius, tells us that small shrines can be made to Epona in stables to protect the horses and asses in them. Archaeology has furthered this, with Epona artifacts having been found in Roman stables. Things like inscriptions and worn saddles have all been found.
Apuleius tells us that carved depiction is enclosed in a small shrine and fixed to the main pillar that supports the roof of the stable. Often images of the Goddess would be painted on the walls of the stable. The Golden Ass also tells us that it was customary to decorate these depictions with flowers, often fresh roses. Despite these areas not being temples, these small shrines are still considered sacred – taking the flowers or other offerings is sacrilegious.
“Depictions of Epona.” EPONA.net – A Scholarly Resource. Accessed September 16, 2017. http://epona.net/depictions.html.
“The Worship of Epona.” EPONA.net – A Scholarly Resource. Accessed September 16, 2017. http://epona.net/worship.html.
Apuleius. The Golden Ass. Translated by Sarah Ruden. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.
|
<urn:uuid:35db63d2-1114-455a-b424-0a755e882e8b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
https://hellenicfaith.com/epona/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515313.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212095356-20171212115356-00610.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945547
| 754
| 3.84375
| 4
|
After you have a stroke, your brain may need to relearn some old skills. Which ones will depend on your condition. Still, your gray matter has an amazing ability to repair and rewire itself.
A stroke rehabilitation program can help your brain get the job done. It may not totally reverse the effects of your stroke, but it can help you regain your independence and recover some of what was lost.
Your rehab starts as early as 24 hours after your stroke. As soon as your condition is stable, you'll start to do simple exercises to help you rediscover how to sit up in bed, walk to the bathroom, bathe, dress, and feed yourself.
The process is different for everyone because a stroke can affect different parts of the brain. No matter how your abilities have changed, the key to improvement is simple: Keep practicing.
You might do your rehab at the hospital, a center where you stay overnight, a clinic, or at home. Wherever your program takes place, a group of experts will help you.
Physical therapists will work with you on exercises to improve your movement, balance, and coordination.
Occupational therapists will help you practice daily tasks like eating, bathing, and writing.
Speech-language pathologists will help you with speaking and swallowing problems.
Psychologists or social workers will help you with emotional problems like depression and anxiety.
Members of your team, including your physical therapist, will guide you through exercises that can strengthen your muscles, improve your coordination, and help you walk -- on your own, or with a wheelchair or walker.
Some of the therapies your team might use are:
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT): If your stroke affected one of your arms, for example, your team might place your "good" hand in a mitt to encourage you to practice skills with your weaker limb.
Treadmill work: This can help you if your stroke gave you problems in your legs. You may need to use a technique that gives you support while you walk on the machine.
Virtual reality training: You'll play computer games that help you practice arm or leg movements. Your physical therapist may even use robots to help you improve your walking skills.
You may find it hard to communicate after a stroke. Speech-language therapists will help you remaster old skills and develop new ones. They may try things like role-playing games or word drills. You may be taught how to use things like sign language or symbol boards.
If you have trouble swallowing, your speech pathologist may show you things like how to change your posture or tuck in your chin.
It's also natural to have some depression or anxiety after a stroke, so mental health professionals can come up with a plan that may include counseling or medication.
|
<urn:uuid:8fb64b94-aae1-41e1-a57c-9aa7b67afd9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
https://www.webmd.com/stroke/rehab-stroke
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991178.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516171301-20210516201301-00622.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943774
| 572
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Okay, now that we've gotten that out of the way...
One challenge that I find with teaching Pre-Calc is that it's the culmination of all the content the students have learned up to this point. Very few of the topics are completely new to the students, so often there is a "we already know this" attitude when we intro a topic. However, the course requires more than just the knowledge of each specific skill; it demands an integrated understanding of the concepts. Disconnected thinking just isn't going to cut it here....coherence among pedagogical approaches needs to be a priority if we want kids to have an integrated conceptual framework in their minds. Kate Nowak mentioned it in her talk at NCTM Nashville- you don't want to piece together a string of "short stories" in your class; you want to reveal to students the "whole novel."
My goal years ago was to develop some sort of common experience to use with my kids to talk about the concepts of vectors and polar coordinates since they are so closely related but often taught separately. I wrote and have been tweaking these explorations for the past few semesters.
Canoe Trip Part I- Finding Vector Components
Canoe Trip Part II- Converting Between Rectangular and Polar Coordinates
|Photo from http://smsta.msta.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/460507657.jpg|
I like the way these work right now, but I'd like to make them more open ended in the future. Maybe give different groups different scenarios and have them critique each other. Maybe ask them to create their own scenario to model a situation. Unfortunately, these topics always wind up getting smushed at the end of the course and we don't get to have the "play time" I'd like. Anyone have any tweaks or any ways they love to teach these topics? I've love anything to improve or enhance these! Comment away!
|
<urn:uuid:e01bbd85-35b2-43d1-a3f9-a6f5f5f8d91e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
http://givemeasine.blogspot.com/2015/11/coherence-canoe-trips-common-language.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735964.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805183003-20200805213003-00542.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964995
| 400
| 2.53125
| 3
|
orange juice benefits has an array of essential nutrients vitamins and minerals for normal growth and development.
Orange juice is a popular morning time beverage, as it’s not only refreshing but offers much nutritional value, too. Oranges and orange juice are a great snacking option because they are low in calories and packed with nutrients that offer countless health benefits.Oranges contain over 170 different phytochemicals and over 60 flavonoids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. So how exactly do these phytochemicals and flavonoids benefit you? Well, the list below will definitely make you consider consuming more oranges and orange juice on a regular basis.
Why Orange Juice Is A Healthy Drink
Juice of a fresh orange contains a lot of minerals, flavonoids, vitamins and phytonutrients, all of which are essential for a great health. Besides vitamin C, a very crucial vitamin for the body, orange juice also supplies us with iron, manganese, zinc, folic acid, phosphorus, etc. On the top of it, orange juice has no calories that can affect your health.
Health benefits of orange juice
Anemia is a disease in which the hemoglobin percentage decreases in the red blood cells. Iron deficiency can cause anemia. Researchers have shown that vitamin C helps to absorb the iron in the body. Oranges being rich in vitamin C can help prevent anemia. Hence people suffering from anemia are suggested to consume orange juice and increase their intake of iron.
Normally, inflammation is the body’s response to stimuli as a form of protection, but inflammation has a negative side as well, which can lead to pain and other complications. Citrus fruits in general have been hailed as anti-inflammatory agents and consuming citrus can help ward off metabolic syndrome that can lead to complications such as type 2 diabetes. Orange juice can help reduce inflammation all the while protecting the heart – which can save you from chronic conditions.
Orange is as already mention rich in vitamin C, which plays a crucial role as an antioxidant by protecting your body against the damage caused by free radicals generated in the body. This vitamin C also plays an important role in strengthening immune responses of the body, protecting against recurring cold and cough or any other common infections.
Orange juice is packed with antioxidants this so far has been made quite clear and these antioxidants can also leave you with radiant skin. Antioxidants fight off free radicals, and those found in orange juice can protect your skin from sun damage and pollution, prevent wrinkles, and improve overall skin texture.Additionally, vitamin C plays a role in the formation of collagen, which gives the skin that youthful look. Therefore, drink up for some beautiful-looking skin.
Improves Metabolic Functions
Vitamin C is at it again. Playing an integral role in the metabolism of proteins, increasing your vitamin C intake by drinking orange juice can aid your body in the metabolic processes. Studies show that an increased intake of vitamin C can increase fat burned during exercise by 30%.
Vitamin A in oranges helps keep mucus membranes in the eyes healthy. Available in the form of carotenoid compounds like lutein, beta carotene and zeaxanthin, vitamin A is protective against age-related macular degeneration, a vision-related condition that causes blindness. Besides, it also plays an important role in allowing your eyes to absorb the light.
Oranges are very low in calories and very rich in its fiber content which makes you feel full for long duration thus making you eat less. Foods that are high in vitamin C like oranges help you to lose your weight, vitamin C tend to have a lower body mass index which aids in getting rid of more fat during exercise and workout. Regular intake of orange juice helps you to lose a great amount of weight and acts as cutter of fat when you consume fatty meals. It is very low in calories and does not have any added sugar which is the main reason of growing fats in the body. Regular intake of orange juice will show you fascinating results in a month or two.
|
<urn:uuid:037355ca-1839-42bd-b34d-9759a4f4c841>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://green.dietxnutrition.com/benefits-drinking-orange-juice-morning/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946863
| 830
| 2.765625
| 3
|
Lanherne is the ancient house of the Arundell family, which, in the Middle Ages, was one of the great Cornish families who dominated and administered the Duchy. It was Sir Humphrey Arundell who, in 1549, led the 'Prayer Book Rebellion', the great Anglican Catholic insurrection against Cranmer's Prayer Book, which marched beneath the banner of the Five Wounds. A throne nearly tottered; the government of Edward Tudor survived only by the use of a mercenary army and what historians have termed a genocidal series of massaces throughout Devon and Cornwall. Sir Humphrey was executed in London on January 27, 1550.
So it was interesting to find, in the Parish Church, a fine pulpit bearing the 'Arms of Christ', the Instruments of his Passion and the shield of the Five Wounds. These motifs are found throughout the South West, especially in the large number of surviving medieval bench-ends. What was different about this pulpit was that it was distinctly Renaissance in style, and dated - I know not upon what evidence - to 1553. Such a dating would indeed fit that magical five years in which (see Duffy Fires of Faith) it appeared that Marian England would be in the forefront of the Counter-Reformation, leading Europe in Catholic Renewal, in sound Patristic teaching, in priestly formation; as well as being in the artistic mainstream. This glorious but frustrated spring was so brief that it is always fascinating but poignant to find surviving relics of it. And especially in a spot like Lanherne.
So did we follow this discovery up by going into the Manor House for tea with the Arundell family? We did better than that ... Continues.
|
<urn:uuid:82abf9e3-6426-4598-87f3-240cca80db15>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-49
|
http://liturgicalnotes.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/apologies.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380683.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00049-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975969
| 361
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Giving High School Students the Tools Needed for Hands-On Learning
Harris Products Group Helps Grayson County Students with Brazing and Soldering Skills Training
The future need for qualified HVACR techs is outpacing the demand for other skilled trades. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the need for skilled HVACR technicians is projected to grow 13 percent from 2018 to 2028. While this is a big concern for the industry, the good news is that many school districts are seeking to help fill this gap by provided hands-on vocational learning for their students.
One such school district lies in Grayson County, Virginia, in the southwestern part of the state. A small community surrounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains, Grayson County High School has an enrollment of 466 students in its high school. The school district provides a traditional academic curriculum, but also offers a variety of project-based learning programs through its Career & Technical Education (CATE) Center.
From 1969 until 1980, the high school had offered an Air Conditioning and Refrigeration class, but had not had technical instructions in these fields since then. The Grayson County CATE Center hired Chris Crooke, a HVAC/R professional with more than 20 years of trade industry experience, and he began a new program to introduce students to these fields. He started teaching 11 students in the fall of 2019, using online training for curriculum.
Crooke, who had owned and operated a heating and air conditioning business for more than 10 years, believed that technical education could make a big difference in the lives of Grayson County students. “My goal is to equip these kids with the knowledge they need to get more than just a job,” he says. “I want to provide them with a ladder of opportunity to climb into a life long career.”
He knew the best preparation for employment is hands-on experience with current technology, so he and the school developed a new 2,500-square foot space that includes four workstations specially created to provide the needed training. Unfortunately, the school district did not have budget for tools, equipment and consumables. “We are in rural Appalachia, and there is not a lot of school money available for materials for this type of program,” said Crooke. “I developed relationships with local HVAC companies in order to acquire some basic used tools and equipment. The only tools that I purchased initially were basic electrical hand tools for service tool bags.”
Local distributors suggested to Crooke that a manufacturer might offer direct discounts to schools, so he contacted the Harris Products Group. Harris Products, the industry leader in the equipment and alloys used in brazing, soldering, welding, cutting, heating and gas control, serves the HVAC/R and plumbing markets. It also manages the retail division of Lincoln Electric, its parent company.
A company committed to helping young people who want to learn technical skills, Harris responded immediately to Crooke’s request with a donation of portable torch kits, air fuel torches, gloves, goggles, and brazing and soldering alloys. In November 2019, Timothy Reading, Harris Products Group District Manager, traveled to Grayson County to set up the equipment and gave them demonstrations for using the products.
“Harris Products Group understands the critical need to train students so they have brazing and soldering skills to meet employer needs and for our country to remain globally competitive,” said Reading. “There’s a lot for these students to learn about brazing and soldering – including how to set up the best flame, how to choose which alloys to use, how to make sure the alloys and metal of the pipe fuse together properly so no leaks. We’re happy to help them to develop these skills so they can use them properly and safely.”
Reading and Crooke agree that providing students with the proper resources and hands-on experience is invaluable to prepare them for good paying jobs and can have far-reaching benefits. “We are very grateful to Harris for giving our students a head start in developing the skills that are very much in demand,” said Crooke. “Their donations are an investment in our school and our community that will have long-term positive results on future generations as they serve HVAC/R industries.”
|
<urn:uuid:fe6c5c3f-cc30-4c4b-81e3-403346824b9d>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://hvacinsider.com/giving-high-school-students-the-tools-needed-for-hands-on-learning/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00492.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966055
| 901
| 2.640625
| 3
|
About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, and it never sits still. Some of this water can be used to generate energy, to be precise hydroelectricity.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that generates electricity from generators driven by turbines that convert energy from fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
The primary components of a hydroelectric plant are a river, dam, turbine, generator, and power cables. Its power plants are located in dams where rivers drain, raising the water level behind the dam and creating a raised head for the water to fall.
The water is stored at a higher elevation, released to flow downward through large pipes to a lower altitude where turbines are installed. Here, the fast-flowing water rotates turbines that drive generators.
The generators convert the mechanical energy of the turbines to electricity. Via power cables, electricity is channelled to transformers for conversion to voltages suitable for long-distance transmission.
The rate at which the falling water generates the energy is directly proportional to the working head. A higher head produces more power with a small volume of water, whereas a lower head needs more water to generate the same amount of energy.
Around the globe, about 20% of all the electricity is generated by hydropower. This type of energy is self-sustaining, and its use in most parts of the world is growing tremendously. It is the most commonly used renewable source of energy.
Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, and tidal energy all come after hydro power. They account for less than 3% of renewable energy production.Compared to other energy sources, hydropower is cost-effective. Countries and states using this energy have lower bills than those that do not have it.
Hydropower is one of the oldest sources of power on the planet-the use of moving water to generate energy dates back to 2,000 years ago. Water wheels were used in Europe during the middle ages of 500 to 1500.
They were used to run mills for grinding flour, making paper by hammering flax leaves, crushing rocks for road making, and moving bellows in the iron smelting process.
Greeks used water wheels at that time to grind flour. China also used water wheels during the Han Dynasty between 202 BC and 9 AD. France was responsible for creating one of the first hydropower turbines in the mid-1700s.
More interesting facts about hydroelectric energy
The world’s first hydroelectric project was in England and powered a single lamp in the Cragside country house in Northumberland. This happened in 1878, and four years later, the first plant was opened in Wisconsin, United States of America (USA), and it uses the Fox River.
By 1881, hydropower plants had been set in; Grand Rapids, located in Michigan and Niagara Falls in New York. Niagara Falls has since then evolved to be among one of the primary hydroelectric plants in the USA.
The world’s biggest and powerful hydroelectric plant is the Three-Gorges Dam, 1.4 miles wide, and 600 feet high, located in China. The project has slowed down the earth’s rotation by 0.06 microseconds.
It is built on the Yangtze River in the Hubei Province, and its final 32 generators are in operation. The hydropower plant is capable of generating 22,500MW.
A second place to Three Gorges Dam is the Itaipu Dam in Brazil, which can generate a capacity of 14, 000 MW. Despite the difference in size, in a year, the two power plants produce almost equal electricity. The seasonal variance inflow of the rivers feeding the two dams accounts for this as Parana River has lower variance.
The reliance of a country on hydropower is dependent on many factors. In Norway, 99% of the energy needs are catered for by hydropower. The country has achieved the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive with a gross consumption of 67.5% renewable sources by 2020. New Zealand, on the other hand, uses 75% of its energy demand from hydropower.
The USA’s 98% of renewable energy is obtained from hydropower. In 2015, the countries 7% of energy requirements came from energy harnessed from flowing water.
Hydroelectricity works very fast in cases of blackouts hence quite useful during emergencies. The hydropower plants can promptly send electricity to the grids. Thus, backup power can easily be provided from these generators to industries, hospitals, schools, and other large organizations.
Hydropower turbines convert approximately 90% of its energy into electricity. Compared to fossil fuel plants, which convert only about 50% of the power to electricity, it is conclusive, that hydropower is efficient.
Data has proved that in Wisconsin hydropower is produced for less than a cent per kWh, which is cheaper than nuclear and fossil fuel.
Moreover, hydropower renewable source of energy is environmentally friendly as it does not produce greenhouse gases. Globally, the energy sector is the highest source of greenhouse gas emissions. This poses life on earth at higher risk, a consequence of global warming.
If coal-fired generators replaced it, there would be increased greenhouse gases in the environment. Switching from fossil fuels to hydropower helps avoid air pollution.
If you are enjoying these facts about hydroelectric energy you can find more information in my article Why Do We Need Alternative Energy found on this website.
There exists a type of hydropower called pumped storage. As the name suggests, it works like a battery to store electricity generated by other power sources like nuclear, solar, and wind.
The storage is in the form of potential energy as it pumps water to a higher level reservoir from a lower one using the power. When needed, the water is released from a high level, turns the turbine and generates the electricity.
Averagely, the production of electricity from hydropower sources can support the needs of up to 28.3 million people. In 2019, global hydropower supply capacity reached 1,308 Gigawatts, as around fifty countries completed their upgrade projects.
Final facts about hydroelectric energy, The world’s largest hydro energy-producing countries from the 2017 statistics are; China with a capacity of 341.1GW, the USA with 102GW, Brazil with 100GW, Canada produced 81.4GW, and Russia stood at 51.1GW.
|
<urn:uuid:8189f9c2-d686-464a-8ef9-3b7431eb773e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.energywarden.com/facts-about-hydroelectric-energy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00761.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950814
| 1,374
| 3.75
| 4
|
The Japan Times (or Trussel News)
March 29, 2000
Nara tomb discovery may stir debate over site of Queen Himiko’s realm
RESEARCHERS BELIEVE the Hokenoyama tomb in Sakurai, Nara Prefecture, seen here from above, is the oldest keyhole-shaped tomb in Japan. KYODO PHOTO
KASHIHARA, Nara Pref. (Kyodo) The Hokenoyama tomb in Nara Prefecture, found to be the oldest-known keyhole shaped burial mound, may be evidence that the legendary state of Yamatai ruled by Queen Himiko around the early third century was located in the area.
Two conflicting theories over the location of the legendary kingdom — one suggesting a site in the Kinai region and another an area in northern Kyushu — have long been topics of debate in academic circles.
Researchers here said burial chambers dating back to the mid-third century have been found at the Hokenoyama tomb in the city of Sakurai, and the raised burial area is one of the largest discovered from that time period.
The keyhole-shaped tomb, which has a rectangular area at one end and a raised area at the other, is typical of tombs in which high-ranking people were buried in primitive Japan.
According to Takayasu Higuchi, head of the prefectural Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, wooden beams surrounding a coffin in the 80-meter-long Hokenoyama tomb apparently date from the third century.
The chamber measures 7 meters x 2.7 meters and is believed to have housed a coffin measuring 5 meters x 1 meter, surrounded by vertical beams and a number of round stones, Higuchi said.
The “gamontai shinjukyo” mirror, which was also found in the tomb, could be one of the 100 bronze mirrors described in “Account of Wa People,” a sixth-century Chinese chronicle, according to Higuchi.
The chronicle, which describes Queen Himiko’s legendary state of Yamatai that dominated Japan in the late second and early third centuries, says Wei Kingdom in China sent the mirrors as gifts to Himiko after she sent a friendly mission to China in 239.
The mirror measures about 19 cm in diameter and has images of gods and mythical animals in relief on the reverse side.
Similar mirrors have been excavated from tombs in the Kansai and eastern Shikoku regions. The discovery of the mirror in the Hokenoyama tomb suggests the possibility that Himiko’s Yamatai Kingdom was located in the prefecture. There has been a long dispute over, whether the kingdom was based in Kyushu or in an area covering Nara, Kyoto and Osaka prefectures.
Kunihiko Kawakami, a senior researcher at the institute, said he believes the occupant of the coffin was a powerful local leader belonging to the generation of the father or grandfather of Himiko.
He said the tomb was completed between 220 and 230.
Meanwhile, Masao Okuno, a professor at Kiyazaki Municipal University who supports the theory that the historical site rests in northern Kyushu, said his rivals are forcefully trying to connect the tomb and the Yamatai Kingdom.
(The Japan Times, May 31, 2001)
KASHIHARA, Nara Pref. (Kyodo) An ancient mound in Nara Prefecture was confirmed Wednesday as the oldest of its kind in Japan, supporting the hypothesis that a legendary ancient kingdom governed by the female ruler Himiko was based in the Kinki region, archaeologists said.
It has long been a matter of dispute whether Himiko, whose reign is shrouded in mystery, ruled from northern Kyushu or the Nara region.
Tests on a wooden board found in a trench surrounding Katsuyama Mound at Makimuku in the town of Sakurai show it was from a tree felled in the year 199, said researchers at the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. The board is believed to have been used in the mound’s construction.
The Archaeological Institute of Kashihara said the board is also believed to have been used for ritual events on top of the mound, and that the mound was probably built at the beginning of the third century.
Katsuyama Mound, which is about 110 meters long, is thought to be more than 20 years older than Hokenoyama Mound in the same city.
The finding is considered significant, especially as the existence of such a huge circular mound with a rectangle shape at the front suggests Himiko governed her realm from the southeastern part of the Nara Basin.
Mounds of this type are believed to have been a symbol of royal power, and the period when Katsuyama Mound was built roughly coincides with the time when Himiko was in power.
According to the archaeologists at both institutes, the Japanese cypress board, 41 cm long, 26 cm wide and 2.5 cm thick, was used immediately after the tree from which it was cut was felled. The age of the board was determined through dendrochronology, the science of dating past events or climatic changes by a comparative study of tree growth rings.
Considering other finds, such as wooden poles in the trench surrounding the mound, the board was probably used in construction of a building related to a burial rite, the archaeologists said.
The Makimuku remains are considered the origin of the Yamato regime, which first united Japan and ruled from at least the fourth century. They are also thought to be the possible site of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom, which thrived under Himiko’s leadership.
More than six mounds are concentrated at the site.
However, earthenware discovered earlier in the trench was from the middle of the third century, contradicting the evidence of tree rings, and thus leaving the true date of the mound open to dispute.
Chinese history books said Himiko became queen at the end of the second century and in 239 dispatched a delegation to a Chinese kingdom. The following year the delegation returned to Japan with a gold seal and other ritual items. Himiko died around 248.
None of these stories, however, are supported by hard evidence and even the location of the ancient kingdom has not been determined between northern Kyushu and the Kinki region.
Kunihiko Kawakami, vice director of the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, said the finding definitely confirms that there was a mound there in the early third century.
“Further studies on mounds in the second century will lead to the conclusion that the origin of the Yamato regime was one century earlier than is believed under the current theory,” he predicted.
“The finding supports the belief that the Yamatai kingdom of Queen Himiko and the Yamato regime occurred at the same time,” he said.
Hironobu Ishino, professor of archaeology at Tokushima Bunri University, said, “Whether the Yamatai-Koku kingdom was located in Kyushu or Kinki, it is true that the powers who built these huge mounds were later linked to the Yamato regime.”
|
<urn:uuid:3b99ae9f-05e7-467f-b794-d6c23bf999ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/yayoi-era-yields-up-rice/the-advent-of-agriculture-and-the-rice-revolution/who-was-queen-himiko/the-yamatai-puzzle-where-was-himikos-headquarters/in-the-news-hashihaka-tomb-may-be-queen-himikos/in-the-news-hokenoyama-tomb-in-nara-queen-himikos-tomb/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00195.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97133
| 1,502
| 2.640625
| 3
|
- freely available
Genetic Diversity in Fusarium graminearum from a Major Wheat-Producing Region of Argentina
AbstractThe Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a group of mycotoxigenic fungi that are the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat worldwide. The distribution, frequency of occurrence, and genetic diversity of FGSC species in cereal crops in South America is not well understood compared to some regions of Asia, Europe and North America. Therefore, we examined the frequency and genetic diversity of a collection of 183 FGSC isolates recovered from wheat grown during multiple growing seasons and across a large area of eastern Argentina, a major wheat producing region in South America. Sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor 1−α and β-tubulin genes as well as Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analyses indicated that all isolates were the FGSC species F. graminearum sensu stricto. AFLP analysis resolved at least 11 subgroups, and all the isolates represented different AFLP haplotypes. AFLP profile and geographic origin were not correlated. Previously obtained trichothecene production profiles of the isolates revealed that the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype was slightly more frequent than the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype among the isolates. These data extend the current understanding of FGSC diversity and provide further evidence that F. graminearum sensu stricto is the predominant cause of FHB in the temperate main wheat-growing area of Argentina. Moreover, two isolates of F. crookwellense and four of F. pseudograminearum were also recovered from wheat samples and sequenced. The results also suggest that, although F. graminearum sensu stricto was the only FGSC species recovered in this study, the high level of genetic diversity within this species should be considered in plant breeding efforts and development of other disease management strategies aimed at reducing FHB.
Share & Cite This Article
Alvarez, C.L.; Somma, S.; Proctor, R.H.; Stea, G.; Mulè, G.; Logrieco, A.F.; Pinto, V.F.; Moretti, A. Genetic Diversity in Fusarium graminearum from a Major Wheat-Producing Region of Argentina. Toxins 2011, 3, 1294-1309.View more citation formats
Alvarez CL, Somma S, Proctor RH, Stea G, Mulè G, Logrieco AF, Pinto VF, Moretti A. Genetic Diversity in Fusarium graminearum from a Major Wheat-Producing Region of Argentina. Toxins. 2011; 3(10):1294-1309.Chicago/Turabian Style
Alvarez, Cora Lilia; Somma, Stefania; Proctor, Robert H.; Stea, Gaetano; Mulè, Giuseppina; Logrieco, Antonio F.; Pinto, Virginia Fernandez; Moretti, Antonio. 2011. "Genetic Diversity in Fusarium graminearum from a Major Wheat-Producing Region of Argentina." Toxins 3, no. 10: 1294-1309.
Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
|
<urn:uuid:11e4e893-46bd-4991-9a0a-accf2d5adaf6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/3/10/1294
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.861635
| 710
| 2.734375
| 3
|
After leading lights paid their respects to the nation’s leader in a series of toasts given over a sumptuous meal, Monroe offered one of his own for the Alabama Territory that struck at the heart of what lay on everyone’s minds: “May her speedy admission into the Union advance her happiness, and augment the national strength and prosperity.”
Virtually as soon as the gavel closing the proceedings fell, campaigning for seats in the first session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, called for October, began. In late September 1819, twenty-two senators and fifty representatives won election to the state’s new legislature, as well as a number of other state officials as specified in the constitution. Though the race for the state’s chief executive ended up being tighter than might have been expected, owing to the rising discontent with the “Georgia Faction” in Alabama’s affairs, territorial governor William Wyatt Bibb secured the honor of also heading Alabama’s first state government. As the mild days of early fall replaced the sultry days of summer, he busied himself preparing an address to the legislature which he hoped would set the agenda for the new state’s lawmakers. Once again Alabama’s preeminent city of Huntsville would serve as the backdrop to another landmark gathering.
|
<urn:uuid:6e8aa0dd-751a-4b5a-9f76-1303464e8435>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.alabamaheritage.com/alabama-territory/spring-1819
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104668059.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706060502-20220706090502-00283.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96122
| 278
| 3.25
| 3
|
Instructables user "timbit1985" was tired of fumbling for the bedside light switch in the middle of the night, so he instead created a capacitive touch sensor that can be used to control LED lights or other devices. Although it sounds complex - doing so is relatively simple and inexpensive. The sensor surface can be almost any metal object, and in this example it's part of the enclosure. Finally to save money they've used a standalone microcontroller with the Arduino bootloader. A quick demonstration is contained in the following video:
If you're wanting to reproduce the project above - we've got you covered with our new ATmega328P MCUs with Arduino Uno bootloader:
This is the same Atmel AVR ATmega328P microcontroller used in the official Arduino Uno, as well as our Eleven, EtherTen, USBDroid, and other boards. Perfect for building your own Arduino-compatible project directly on a breadboard or on a custom PCB, or for replacing the MCU in an existing board. Comes with the Arduino Uno bootloader pre-installed. Better still, it even has a special label stuck on top with details of the pinout, so you don't even need to look up the datasheet when connecting it up in your project! For more information and to order, click here!
|
<urn:uuid:b3e5af2e-dfae-4d64-badb-d4474edbd23e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.freetronics.com.au/blogs/news/7444340-make-your-own-capacitive-touch-sensor-with-arduino
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583508988.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015080248-20181015101748-00244.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911007
| 272
| 2.625
| 3
|
The aim of this article was to focus on vitamin A level in obese children compared with normal controls and to determine the relation between levels of retinol with lipid profile and an inflammation marker.
Participants and methods
Thirty obese and 30 normal weight children, who served as controls, were included in our study. All were subjected to clinical and anthropometric evaluation. Laboratory assessment of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipid profile was performed. Vitamin A levels were quantified.
Results related to lipid profiles and vitamin A levels revealed that low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides were highly significantly higher in cases than in controls (P<0.001), whereas vitamin A was statistically significantly lower in cases (P=0.000). Correlations between plasma vitamin A and the studied variables showed negative correlation with weight (kg), low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol, whereas there was a positive correlation between plasma vitamin A and triglyceride level.
Our results revealed that obese children tend to have hyperlipidemia and vitamin A insufficiency compared with their nonobese counterparts. We recommend nutritional education about vitamin A and control of body weight through various means as remedial measures.
|
<urn:uuid:b2990873-7394-49ba-9c63-094d9889201a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://journals.lww.com/mrjnrc/Abstract/2014/06000/Vitamin_A_insufficiency_in_obese_Egyptian_children.2.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646180.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00246-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963043
| 245
| 2.828125
| 3
|
If children do not know about the struggles history can teach them, then they won’t appreciate the rights and freedoms they have, or realize how fragile they may be. History doesn’t need to hide away until middle school you can teach it to much younger children and one of my favorite ways to do so is with picture books. Women’s history is a one of my greatest passions and sharing the lives and true stories of strong, amazing, brave women with my children is essential. Both young girls and young boys must hear these stories and dive into the lives of these remarkable women who changed the world. All our book lists contain affiliate links.
A Picture Book of Amelia Earhart (Picture Book Biography)by David A. Adler had both my 7 year old and I totally enthralled. This book does a great job at painting the picture of early 20th century North America and how women were treated. Amelia’s whole life is covered and the book even touches on the conspiracy theories about her death. I loved how much of Amelia’s independent spirit came through in the quotes that the author shared. My absolute favorite tidbit about Ms. Earhart is actually in the author’s note and is about her mother. Did you know her mother was the first woman to summit Pike’s Peak ? That fact opened up a huge conversation with my son about parental role models.
A Picture Book of Harriet Tubman (Picture Book Biography)by David A. Adler. Often when I am reviewing a book with my kids I will jot down notes. This book had only one note. ” Amazing!!!” I have always known the bare facts about Harriet Tubman and her involvement in The Underground Railroad but I loved being able to learn more at the same time as my son. Our eyes both got wide as we read her incredible story of strength and leadership. My son loved this book as well and I appreciate how the author gives details without getting lost in them. My son told me “She was crazy brave !” and I agree. This is a wonderful book about a real American hero.
Rosa by Nikki Giovanni is not so much a biography, but it is most definitely a historical account of one woman who changed a nation. We all know the story of Rosa Parks but no matter how well you know the facts, reading a children’s book about it makes me cry. The author has done a fantastic job setting the stage, explaining how Rosa Parks was not your typical heroine, she was just a seamstress, just like everyone else. This is imperative to the message that a single person can stand up for what is right and make big changes. I also appreciated that the author included so much about the women who spearheaded the bus boycott. I am 36 and I feel inspired reading this as a woman, to think of the power it can have over the younger generation excites me. This would be a wonderful introduction to learning about the civil rights movement for kids 5-10.
Librarian on the Roof! by M.G. King made me cry. The true story is about a librarian who did what she needed to do to raise enough money to make a functional children’s section in the oldest library in Texas. What she did was stay on the roof of that library for a week, and it worked. I loved the message that libraries are vital, that books open doors, and that providing access to information to those who can’t afford to get it on their own is a worthwhile cause. This book made me want to cheer, it had me spouting off lessons left and right to my kids, and it absolutely captivated all three of us. Go read this book and learn more about RoseAleta Laurell the real librarian on the roof. Maybe she hasn’t changed history the way that some of these other women did but she is such a hero and put books in children’s hands and that will change history, I am certain.
Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World’s Fastest Woman by Kathryn Krull Do you know who Wilma Rudolph was? She was the African-American Olympian who became the first American woman ever to win three gold medals at one Olympic Games. But her story is even more amazing than that. She also suffered from Polio as a child and was told she’d never run. Her determination stands out and inspires. I have mentioned many times how my grandmother was an Olympic medalist so this story hits a personal chord for me. I am awed and amazed by how far women have come from their first Olympic games in 1928.
The Story of Anne Frank by Brenda Ralph Lewis impressed me. I struggle with how to tell such a horrifying story to young children. I should explain that this book is not geared for preschoolers, it’s a school-age book, but still, it’s a daunting task. This book helps break down the facts while including details about this young girl’s personal and family life. This balance of historical facts and Anne’s family life is the key to why this book works. There is so much horror to digest that the little details like how Anne was a bit of a troublemaker and talked too much in class helps to tune the reader back into the very personal story. I think this is a fantastic precursor to reading Anne Frank: The Diary Of A Young Girl, it will give all the needed background for your older child to fully comprehend and appreciate the diary itself.
Basketball Belles: How Two Teams and One Scrappy Player Put Women’s Hoops on the Map by Sue Macy is the story of the very first basketball game played by college women. The game took place in 1896 and while we shake our heads at what these athletes were wearing at the time it was shocking. I am not a basketball player but to imagine women not being able to play simply because they are women bothers me even if it doesn’t shock me. Books like this that include activities that my own children do are important to share, it’s important to show them how many things women had to fight to do.
Marvelous Mattie: How Margaret E. Knight Became an Inventorby Emily Arnold McCully is a book that all little girls should read. I think I may buy 20 copies and give them to every girl that invites either one of my kids to their birthday parties. The reason I think this book is so wonderful isn’t that it’s about some woman that is on a coin (no disrespect Susan) but because I had never heard of Mattie but I should have, we all should have. Many of her inventions are still in use today… like the paper bag that stays upright. She made history many of us just didn’t know it. Her story of invention, entrepreneurship, and strength of character are stunning. She stands up for herself, learns from her mistakes, and follows her passion even though it’s not the easy or even the “only kinda hard” road. All the way she faces challenges and just keeps going. This is far more inspiring than any girl power book that I have read before, and it’s true.
Molly, by Golly!: The Legend of Molly Williams, America’s First Female Firefighterby Dianne Ochilltree is a story I had never heard before we found this book at the library but am so glad I know it now. Molly was an African American cook who provided meals for the firefighters in a town in New York. When a fire broke out and most of the firefighters were ill she put on the gear and stood side by side with the men to help fight the fire. She is the first known female firefighter. What I love about this story is that Molly didn’t grab the gear and start fighting because she wanted to be the first, she did it because there was a need and she was capable of helping. Being the first woman to be a firefighter was brave and Molly kept volunteering with the department for years after the first fire.
Susan B. Anthony: Fighter for Freedom and Equalilty (Biographies (Picture Window Books))by Suzanne Slade is a great introduction to Susan B. Anthony and why she is so much more than just a lady on coins. Although we often think of her as a suffragette she was also a champion of human rights and abolitionist. She fought for women’s right to vote to know that she herself would never get the right. This book explains all that in terms kids can understand and relate to.
Elizabeth Leads the Way: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Right to Voteby Tanya Lee Stone made me teary-eyed. If you aren’t familiar with Elizabeth Cady Staton grab this book because not only will it catch you up on the life of this women’s rights activist, it will also let you feel her sense of justice and determination. I wrote down the quote ” …wasn’t interested in easy.” which was in reference to her father saying she should have been born a boy so she would fit in better, but is a great quote for anything and anyone.
Eleanor: Quiet No More by Doreen Rappaport is an inspiring look at Elanor Roosevelt’s life and legacy. Readers learn about Eleanor’s childhood, being orphaned and sent away to school in England where she experienced independence for the first time. It covers her romance and marriage with FDR in a sweet, loving way that won’t make your child cringe about “mushy” things but they will understand that there were real life and partnership. There is ample information about her work over the years as a politician’s wife as well as the First Lady. My favorite part of the book was all the fantastic quotes woven into the biography, it connects the reader to her and not just her story.
Terry Walker says
Thank you! Wonderful books! I find kids of all ages love picture books and being read too. I love the books you chosen and plan to acquire a set for my classroom.
You and your work inspire me to be a better and better homeschooler ea. day. Thanks for all you do!
Allison McDonald says
Thank you Stella!
But nobody ever remembers Sarah Josepha Hale… There’s a picture book about her, too! It’s called “Thank You, Sarah” and it talks about one of the many contributions she made to her country. She was truly an amazing woman.
Pari' - B4Schools says
Hi Allison! What a great list you have here! I read everything Anne Frank I could get my hands on as a kid and re-read some of her work as an adult. She was truly a lovely soul and more amazing women like her need to be read about!
I’m going to feature your book list for today’s B4Schools #Freedom #Friday post! Every Friday, B4Schools posts an inspiring story, photo, list etc. about freedom. We want to keep the conversation about liberty constant and for people to embrace choice and innovation on all fronts.
Why do we care? B4Schools is empowering schools to make more out of their budget so they can provide better education for their students, pay teachers more, update their facilities, whatever necessary! We believe When Schools Save, We All Win.
We launch November 3rd so mark your calenders because that’s the day you can start saving BIG (up to 53%) off on toilet paper, paper towels and trash bags and we’re open to ALL schools and ALL entities! We look forward to seeing you via FB, Twitter and Pinterest 🙂
What a good list….I had been looking for books about great women in history for my son…this is a great help…Thanks…
Love the poster – where can I get one? Hopefully, it is not out of print.
|
<urn:uuid:3d6d7b94-cd73-4e3b-af82-0ff5af3a6c3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.notimeforflashcards.com/2014/01/books-about-women-who-changed-history.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00084.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972038
| 2,511
| 3.296875
| 3
|
Saiba como converter um simples ventilador existente dentro dos computadores actuais num sistema de produção de energia eléctrica como um micro-aerogerador.
O texto e instruções estão em inglês, mas são de fácil compreensão. Alguma dúvida coloquem nos comentários.
A study conducted by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) over a period from 2005 to 2007 in 12 countries showed some troubling numbers. The report estimates the amount of electronic waste generated from PCs alone in china to be 300,000 metric tons/ year.
Brazil takes the second position with 96,800 metric tons per annum and India stands third at 56,300 metric tons annual. Clearly these trends are not sustainable, considering the forecast for increase in the e-waste output is 150 – 200 percent.
So, unless we want to our children to be living in houses built on piles of hazardous waste, it is time to give recycling a serious thought. And as this project from Instructables shows, recycling e-waste need not be an expensive endeavor. Get set and green your world.
Easy, meaning anyone can do this, even a beginner.
If you are comfortable with soldering, this should not take you more than an hour. But if you haven’t tried soldering before, you might want to get the hang of doing it first. Soldering can be tricky business.
Well, the point of this exercise is to re-use old stuff. So, we suggest you try finding everything you need at home or in your garage. Or may be in your neighbors’, for that matter. There are some things you might have to buy and this should not cost you more than fifty dollars.
- Thick plastic bottles
- Old PC fan, bigger the better!
- A few feet of small wire
- A piece of wood about 1.5″ square and around 20cm long
- Two lengths of steel tubing that slide inside of each other, about 1/2″
- 4 Schottky diodes, I used BAT85 but any will do
- Super Glue
- Zip ties
- An old CD
INSTRUÇÕES E PROCEDIMENTOS
Dismantle your PC fan
To dismantle your fan, you will first need to tear off the sticker at the back of it. Under the sticker will be a rubber seal that can be peeled. Once the seal is out, a small circlip will be revealed.
The circlip or snap ring is flexible metal ring that holds the fan together. You can remove this using a screw driver. Once done, you should be able to pull out the blades of the fan.
Soldering the wires
Depending on the design for your fan, there will be two or three wire legs that connect to the coils. You need to find the two legs that have only one copper wire connected to them. The third leg, if present would have two copper wires connected to it. You have to extend these two legs by soldering a length of insulated wire to each.
Once the soldering is complete, you can remove any other electronic component from the board as these wouldn’t be used.
Building the rectifier
This is where the diodes come in. The rectifier is required to convert the AC output to DC power. On your diodes, you will see a Black strip on one side. Lets call this the A side and the opposite side the B side. Now, in two diodes the A side leg is to be shortened to 1 cm and on the other 2 diodes are to be shortened to the same length. All the long ends can now be soldered together.
Then, solder the three wires to where the two diodes are connected. This should complete the rectifier as shown in the picture above.
Test the alternator
At this stage, your alternator should be working. The easiest way to check this is with the help of an LED. After you have fit the blades back in, connect the LED to the outputs and give the blades a strong spin. The LED must light up to confirm that the alternator is working. Alternately, you could use a multimeter as well.
Remove all unnecessary plastic
Making the blades
You can cut the bottom and top of the bottle to give you a tube like structure. Then cut the tube lengthwise to get a sheet of thick plastic. Make a template on paper or cardboard and use the template to ake sure all your blades are the same shape and size.
Glue the blades to the motor
Use the super glue to affix the blades onto the hub of the alternator. Since the blades are cut from a bottle the blades have a natural curvature and no other adjustments as to the blade’s angle will be necessary.
Make the tail and alternator mount
The alternator is fixed on to a wooden board that is pivoted on the steel pipes. You can use the CD to make the tail. On the bigger pipe, drill a hole big enough to hold the smaller pipe. Fit the smaller pipe in and on the other end of this pipe, the CD is affixed to act as the tail.
Use the epoxy to seal any gaps in these joints. You can use screws to attach the wood and epoxy to attach the alternator on the wood. Use the zip ties to hold the wires in place.
Frequently asked questions
1. Where can I test my model?
While it should be possible to run this model anywhere, we suggest that you first try it indoors before taking it out to the real wind. The design of the larger windmills is complex and those turbines wouldn’t even move under a fan. But the simpler turbines may not work well in natural winds.
2. What can I do with this windmill?
First you can try collecting some data on the power generated using a multimeter. then you can start experimenting with different blade designs and loads. If your design is good, you might well be able to power a small light bulb or motor with it. Learn more here.
3. How do I learn to solder?
There are several resources to learn how to solder. You could use this tutorial or this one from Instructables.
- You could use this windmill to recharge your batteries. You will need to add an extra diode in the output circuit to avoid the batteries running the motor.
- You could avoid making the rectifier and use a ready-made one available in the market.
- You could make several of these to start your own small wind farm and experiment with harvesting that energy.
Things to watch out for
If you are working with larger motors with blades of three to five meter diameters, the power generated could be significant.
Care must be taken to first be aware of the power and to make sure that ends are insulated. Also, larger designs tend to get unstable in strong winds. Please take care to make sure the windmill is well grounded in this case.
|
<urn:uuid:3b722a14-3bf7-4604-9a64-34403d1daf88>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
https://www.portal-energia.com/projecto-converter-ventilador-computador-micro-aerogerador/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220224819-20180221004819-00448.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914079
| 1,495
| 2.640625
| 3
|
We all know that the Earth is a blue sphere and this is the only planet in our solar system where life is possible. The activities going beneath the earth are responsible for sustaining life on this planet. The rolling mass containing nickel, iron alloy, and solid iron. This is covering approximately 6 thousand miles in diameter. There is one outer core also and they both generate a magnetic field that keeps away the harmful charged particles coming from Sun. This is one of the major contributions of our planet in sustaining life. There are many facts about Earth that you don’t know
Now, here comes one of the facts about Moon that you must know. The Moon is one of the major reasons why we are breathing on the Earth. As per the latest study was done by the Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Scientist belongs to National Center for Scientific Research located in France says that the Moon is also one of the major reason in saving the life on the Earth. Now, you must be thinking that the Moon is 230,000 miles away from Earth, how it helps in saving life on Earth. According to the researchers, a large chunk of iron allows situated at the core of the Moon is also very helpful in maintaining the magnetic field that protects our planet.
Now, you know the role of the Moon in sustaining the life on Earth. Let go to the core of our existence. Some of you have heard about dynamo theory, Earth magnetic field is generated by the conductive liquid core. The outer core generates electric current when it moves and in contrary generates a magnetic field. As per the research from Denis Andrault and team, the Magnetic field will disappear in about 20 thousand years. Space facts are unlimited and from my point of view, it’s impossible to explore each and everything in Space.
One question arises here, How the outer core keep moving? There is one classical that explains this mystery. It says Earth rotation make iron alloy movement. This is called Coriolis effect. The heat generated from the radioactive decay is supposed to induce motion in the outer core of Earth.
|
<urn:uuid:90b3e4fc-6049-491d-b0df-c7ac987a1e9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
https://earthnworld.com/2016/05/the-moon-silently-protecting-us/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888135.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119204427-20180119224427-00718.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945883
| 420
| 3.421875
| 3
|
What is slab heave and how does it affect houses?
This is our video on slab heave.
G’day. I’m Matt Cornell from Cornell Engineers.
Today I’m answering a question about slab heave.
Before a house is built on a site soil moisture conditions are fairly uniform across the site.
That changes when a house is built.
The uniform soil moisture conditions are interrupted by the house.
Slab heave occurs in clay soils when the soil moisture conditions under the house are no longer uniform.
When the soil around the outside of the house becomes wet the clay soils absorb moisture and expand.
The expansive forces are large enough to lift a house.
Under the house stays relatively dry.
There is a transition zone between the wet and dry soils as soil moisture transfers sideways.
When the soil around the outside of the house becomes dry the clay soils release moisture and shrink.
The ground surface moves down and the soil under the house is relatively wetter compared to the dry
soils around the outside of the house.
Again there’s the transition zone between dry soils and wetter soils as moisture transitions from under the house towards the dry zone.
Soil moisture conditions aren’t only affected by changing seasons.
Other sources of soil moisture changes are garden irrigation, broken pipes, poor drainage and tree roots.
This has been Matt Cornell from Cornell Engineers talking about slab heave.
Don’t forget to check out our website for more information and to follow us on Facebook.
Just a reminder:
- Not everyone who thinks they have slab heave does.
- Not everyone who thinks they have other problems does.
- Only use experienced structural engineers and geotechnicians to diagnose and fix house movement.
Call Cornell Engineers for more information about slab heave and how to fix it.
|
<urn:uuid:f02c8554-73e0-4190-b769-bf1f178f75f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://www.cornellengineers.com.au/what-is-slab-heave2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541318556.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216065654-20191216093654-00389.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929546
| 387
| 3.328125
| 3
|
What is a balance disorder?
A balance disorder is a condition that makes you feel unsteady or dizzy. If you are standing, sitting, or lying down, you might feel as if you are moving, spinning, or floating. If you are walking, you might suddenly feel as if you are tipping over.
Everyone has a dizzy spell now and then, but the term “dizziness” can mean different things to different people. For one person, dizziness might mean a fleeting feeling of faintness, while for another it could be an intense sensation of spinning (vertigo) that lasts a long time.
Experts believe that more than four out of 10 Americans, sometime in their lives, will experience an episode of dizziness significant enough to send them to a doctor. Balance disorders can be caused by certain health conditions, medications, or a problem in the inner ear or the brain. A balance disorder can profoundly impact daily activities and cause psychological and emotional hardship.
What causes balance disorders?
There are many causes of balance problems, such as medications, ear infections, a head injury, or anything else that affects the inner ear or brain. Low blood pressure can lead to dizziness when you stand up too quickly. Problems that affect the skeletal or visual systems, such as arthritis or eye muscle imbalance, can also cause balance disorders. Your risk of having balance problems increases as you get older.
Unfortunately, many balance disorders start suddenly and with no obvious cause.
|
<urn:uuid:1b2c39c0-5d7e-41aa-8f21-f40787e3382b>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://www.utahear.org/balance-disorders
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667767.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114002636-20191114030636-00290.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943129
| 302
| 3.609375
| 4
|
Walking and balance is a complex activity which, for most of our life, we take for granted. Our brains use information from our eyes, sensors in our muscles and joints and signals from the balance organs in our ears to keep us up-right and steady. Balance problems can occur if these signals change, often causing dizziness and falls.
Balance disorders are a major health concern for older adults and can become a serious worry for those affected, resulting in a lack of confidence or limited activity and lifestyle for fear of having another fall.
Click Hearing provides a comprehensive balance assessment service (Consultant referrals only) using the latest tools and techniques to fully assess balance problems and find practical solutions to help restore confidence and an active lifestyle.
Ben Mann and Dawn Bramham both have a strong interest in balance disorders and will choose from an extensive range of balance assessments to help assist in the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness and vertigo. You will receive a summary report with the findings, suggestions towards a diagnosis, as well as the raw graphical data. On request, we can also supply you with video recordings of the eye movements during testing.
Tests that we use may include the following:-
- Audiometry (Tone or Speech) hearing test – Using tones of varying frequencies and volumes, this test provides us with an evaluation of your sense of hearing and is carried out in a sound proof booth for the most accurate measurements.
- Tympanometry test – This test is often carried out in conjunction with audiometry and is used to assess the function of the middle ear. We can also provide ipsi & contralateral reflexes and decay on request.
- Videonystagmography(VNG) – VNG testing is used to determine if a vestibular (inner ear) disease may be causing a balance or dizziness problem, and is one of the only tests available today that can decipher between a unilateral (one ear) and bilateral (both ears) vestibular loss.
- Calorific Test – This is an attempt to discover the degree to which the vestibular system is responsive and also how symmetric the responses are, between left and right ears.
- Video head Impulse Testing(VHIT) – VHIT evaluates how well the eyes and inner ears work together. A small set of glasses with a camera are used to monitor eye movements.
- Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (CVEMP) – CVEMP testing is used to evaluate whether certain vestibular organs and associated nerves are intact and functioning normally. Responses in this test are measured from different muscles in the neck and around the eyes.
- Kinetic Rotational Chair Testing – The purpose of rotational chair testing is to determine if the vestibular (inner ear) or the neurological system is the cause of a balance disorder.
- Contact us to find out more about balance disorders and our balance assessment services.
|
<urn:uuid:ecc1b385-47b3-4243-9ed8-4f976e2bb112>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://clickhearing.com/our-services/balance/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320263.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624133941-20170624153941-00179.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919361
| 604
| 2.90625
| 3
|
The transpersonal concept of consciousness may be unfamiliar to many psychiatrists and some of its tenets may not receive widespread acceptance, yet it could potentially be applied to psychiatric treatment. William James first coined the term ‘transpersonal’ over one hundred years ago. Meaning ‘beyond the personal’, the transpersonal perspective adds a deeper layer of appreciation to the individual and collective psyche. The term was reintroduced in the 1960s by Abraham Maslow and Stanislav Grof to describe an emerging model of mind that attempts to integrate science with the world's wisdom and spiritual traditions, as well as introducing a more complete model of consciousness than the one derived from traditional science, psychology and psychiatry (Vich, 1988).
Transpersonal experience is all human experience beyond the ego (Scotton, 1996a). If it occurs in a religious context, it will indeed be felt to be a religious epiphany. However, many spiritual and transpersonal experiences occur outside of religion and seem to represent a universal aspect of human consciousness.
The transpersonal field is multidisciplinary, incorporating insights from anthropology, theology, mythology, thanatology and parapsychology. It includes the empirical study of unusual mental states and psychological experiences which do not easily fit traditional psychiatric diagnostic categories.
Of the psychiatrists who have led the transpersonal field over the past hundred years, Carl Jung and Stanislav Grof have made especially important contributions. Both men drew deeply on their personal experience of nonordinary states of consciousness (NOSC), which informed and drove their clinical and theoretical work. Jung's transpersonal perspective and insistence on the importance of spirit was a major factor in his split with Sigmund Freud. Where Freud focused his attention on the personal unconscious and the ego, Jung emphasised the importance of the collective unconscious and the self.
The tensions between these two schools of thought continue to this day.
The work of Carl Jung
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung had a crisis in mid-life, with many unusual experiences that could be considered psychotic. This ‘creative illness’ lasted from 1912 to 1917, during which time he allowed himself to open to the contents of his deep psyche, becoming almost overwhelmed by the visions, dreams and intensity of feeling that followed.
|
<urn:uuid:0feb608f-c7d7-4a70-9e28-1a701381c8da>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
http://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tim%20Read&eventCode=SE-AU
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00217.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948512
| 457
| 3
| 3
|
If there’s one thing we’re certainly not short of in Shetland, it’s wind! As the blades in a wind turbine rotate they drive a generator to produce electricity. Wind is plentiful and free so once you’ve paid for the initial installation your energy bills will be reduced.
There are two main types of domestic wind turbines: Mast mounted (free standing and erected in a suitably exposed position) and roof mounted (mounted on the roof of your home or office). Any exposed area, free from large obstacles, such as hills and other buildings, is suitable for a wind turbine.
For more information on microwind turbines click here.
|
<urn:uuid:63e90301-bb3a-4b7f-be94-99236e037964>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://www.shetlandamenity.org/wind-power
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00310.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908577
| 138
| 2.765625
| 3
|
CURATTEAU, JEAN-BAPTISTE, Sulpician priest; b. 12 June 1729 in Nantes, France, son of Pierre Curatteau, a merchant, and Jeanne Fonteneau; d. 11 Feb. 1790 in Montreal (Que.).
Jean-Baptiste Curatteau came from a lower middle class background. His oldest brother, Pierre, was captain of a slaver and died in Jamaica, a prisoner of the British, during the Seven Years’ War. The second son, Claude, a priest and brilliant teacher, was parish priest of Saint-Pierre in Bouguenais, near Nantes, at the time of his death in 1765. Jean-Baptiste also had two Curatteau half-brothers; René, the elder, went into business, then became a priest, and died a victim of the French revolution. An orphan in 1744, at 15 years of age, Jean-Baptiste made two trips to Guinea. Probably educated at the Collège de l’Oratoire, he was tonsured on 19 Dec. 1750 at the Grand Séminaire des Enfants Nantais, and early in January 1754 he left Nantes to enter the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice in Paris. Although the family property was heavily mortgaged, he made arrangements for an annuity of 60 livres to provide for his entry into the priesthood. He became a member of the community of Saint-Sulpice on 22 March 1754, received minor orders in Paris on 30 March, and left La Rochelle for Canada on 13 May.
After his arrival in Montreal Curatteau assisted in the parish ministry. He completed his theological studies and was ordained priest on 2 Oct. 1757. From that month to March 1764 he continued to serve in Montreal and also taught in the small schools maintained by the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice.
In March 1764 Curatteau became parish priest of Sainte-Trinité-de-Contrecœur, not an easy post since the building of a much needed presbytery had been prevented for 15 years by a dispute between the parishioners of the seigneury of Contrecoeur and those of Saint-Ours. In 1762 Curatteau’s predecessor, Amable-Simon Raizenne, had asked Thomas Gage, the governor of Montreal, for permission to tax the Contrecoeur residents for this purpose. On 23 May 1764 Gage’s successor, Ralph Burton*, granted this power and Curatteau was able to get the presbytery built. Dissatisfied with the mood pervading the parish, he left it at his own request in September 1765. On 6 November he was appointed missionary priest in Saint-François-d’Assise-de-la-Longue-Pointe, near Montreal, where he laboured for seven years.
By 1766 he had enlarged his presbytery and on 1 June 1767 he opened a secondary school, which later became the Collège de Montréal. At the end of two years the school had two masters and 31 boarders, 16 of whom had begun to study Latin. The school grew and Curatteau added to its property. Governor Guy Carleton* visited the school in 1770 and encouraged him in his work. Curatteau had founded the school without the support of his superior, Étienne Montgolfier, but the institution met a real need. On 26 July 1773 the parish council of Notre-Dame in Montreal purchased the Château de Vaudreuil; on 7 October Curatteau moved his school there, changing its name to the Collège Saint-Raphaël. After repairing and equipping the building at great personal expense, he began courses on 21 October. There were 130 students, including 55 boarders, divided among five classes, as well as five masters and eight domestic servants. British officials had raised objections to moving the school but Bishop Briand managed to straighten out the difficulties. The Collège Saint-Raphaël provided a course in Latin and French authors. Curatteau’s handwritten rules indicate that the college régime was typical of a petit séminaire, educating devout Christians and prospective priests.
In 1764 the Sulpicians constituted the largest religious community for men in Canada and the youngest (in terms of the average age of its members). In time, as a result of death, lack of recruits, and legal difficulties, the surviving Sulpicians entered an era of insecurity. Montgolfier’s administration also brought financial problems since he drew heavily on Sulpician funds with what seems excessive generosity. Around 1785 Curatteau and two others urged that the Sulpician property be sold and the proceeds divided amongst the members of the community, but in the end this step was not taken.
Curatteau often alluded to the possibility of returning to France, but the need for priests kept him in Canada. In spite of his commitments at the school, he served as chaplain to the nuns at the Hôtel-Dieu in Montreal from 1783 until his death. His health appears to have deteriorated in 1789, and he announced his resignation as principal of the school in the Montreal Gazette on 11 June. On 28 September he left an inventory of his assets with notary Louis Chaboillez*, bequeathing a life interest in them to Jean-Baptiste Marchand*, his successor. Curatteau estimated that they were worth between 35,000 and 40,000 livres. When he left the school on 25 Sept. 1789, the churchwardens of the parish council of Notre-Dame in Montreal expressed their appreciation for his work. Curratteau retired to the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice in Montreal, where he died suddenly on 11 Feb. 1790. He was buried two days later under Notre-Dame church. In his will, drawn up on 29 Jan. 1774, the Collège Saint-Raphaël was named his beneficiary.
Curatteau distinguished himself by his dedication as a priest. He apparently had a rather difficult disposition, which explains why his superiors wanted him to serve outside the confines of the seminary. His work as an educator earned him the admiration of his contemporaries. In 1770 Jean De Lisle* de La Cailleterie had noted, “This kindly man is considered a father to the young, a pillar of education, the epitome of patience, a model of virtue, and a very worthy priest. “
AD, Loire-Atlantique (Nantes), E, 774, 775 (copies at PAC); État civil, Nantes, 12 juin 1729. ANQ-M, État civil, Catholiques, Notre-Dame de Montréal, 13 févr. 1790; Saint-François d’Assise (Longue-Pointe). ASSM, 11; 14; 21; 24. [L.-A. Huguet-Latour], Annuaire de Ville-Marie; origine, utilité et progrès des institutions catholiques de Montréal (Montréal, 1863–77). F.-J. Audet, Contrecœur, famille, seigneurie, paroisse, village (Montréal, 1940). Olivier Maurault, Le collège de Montréal, 1767-1967, Antonio Dansereau, édit. (2e éd., Montreal, 1967); Saint-François-d’Assise-de-la-Longue-Pointe, abrégé historique (Montreal, 1924).
© 1979–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
J.-Bruno Harel, “CURATTEAU, JEAN-BAPTISTE,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed June 2, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/curatteau_jean_baptiste_4E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
|Author of Article:||J.-Bruno Harel|
|Title of Article:||CURATTEAU, JEAN-BAPTISTE|
|Publication Name:||Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4|
|Publisher:||University of Toronto/Université Laval|
|Year of publication:||1979|
|Year of revision:||1979|
|Access Date:||June 2, 2023|
|
<urn:uuid:d3327fe1-2ff2-4dcc-a15c-84e0892aa5f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://biographi.ca/en/bio/curatteau_jean_baptiste_4E.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00703.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947585
| 1,950
| 2.59375
| 3
|
From Our 2014 Archives
Obesity, 'The Pill' May Raise MS Risk, Research Suggests
Latest Neurology News
One team of researchers found that people who were obese at age 20 had double the risk of developing MS in their lifetime. The researchers suspect a hormone called leptin, which influences appetite, may be causing inflammation that somehow triggers MS.
Meanwhile, a second group of scientists found that women who had taken birth control pills were 35 percent more likely to develop MS, and they suggest the hormones in the pills may have an influence in development of the disease.
"These studies are pointing us to potential factors that might contribute to MS," said Timothy Coetzee, chief research officer at the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
However, he added that it's too soon to make any changes based on either of these studies. While both showed associations between hormones and MS risk, they did not prove a cause-and-effect link.
"There's still a way to go with the research. We need more data from both studies," said Coetzee, who was not involved with the new research.
Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of the central nervous system caused by an abnormal response of the immune system, according to the MS society. For reasons that still aren't clear, the immune system attacks a protective sheath on nerve cells known as myelin.
In the first study, researchers from Argentina calculated the body-mass index (BMI) of 210 people with MS and 210 similar people without MS. BMI provides a rough estimate of the percentage of body fat someone has.
People who were obese at 20 were more than twice as likely to develop MS later in life as people who weren't obese. The study also found that people with higher BMIs were more likely to have higher leptin levels and lower levels of vitamin D, both of which were linked to signs of inflammation. The researchers believe it's the inflammation that may be behind the increased risk of MS.
"This study suggests that increases in leptin could have an exacerbating effect on the disease," Coetzee said. More study needs to be done to confirm this association, he said, but added, "Carrying extra weight isn't good from a general point of view, and being more active, physically fit and eating a good diet can enhance quality of life."
For those who already have MS, Coetzee said, physical activity and healthy eating can help with the fatigue, strength and mobility issues that are common with the condition.
The second study looked at 305 women with MS or its precursor -- called "clinically isolated syndrome" -- and compared them to 3,050 women without the disease. Twenty-nine percent of the women with MS used birth control pills compared with 24 percent of those without MS. Most of the women taking birth control pills used a combination pill containing both the hormones estrogen and progestin.
The women who used oral contraceptives were 35 percent more likely to develop MS, according to the study.
"These results are demonstrating an association. I don't want to say that we can firmly establish causality," said study author Dr. Kerstin Hellwig, a postdoctoral researcher at Kaiser Permanente Southern California.
If oral contraceptives do play a role in MS, Hellwig said it's probably an effect of the hormones on the immune system.
"At this point, women who take oral contraceptives shouldn't be concerned about developing MS because of oral contraceptives. It may be one of many factors, but it's not the one factor causing MS," she said.
Findings from these studies will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology's annual meeting, held April 26 to May 3 in Philadelphia. Research presented at meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
SOURCES: Kerstin Hellwig, M.D., Ph.D., postdoctoral researcher, Kaiser Permanente Southern California; Timothy Coetzee, Ph.D., chief research officer and chief, advocacy services, National Multiple Sclerosis Society; April 26 to May 3, 2014, presentations, American Academy of Neurology annual meeting, Philadelphia
|
<urn:uuid:4adcec0e-7989-44f6-864a-2ba4d2a96478>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=176979
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171463.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00112-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971734
| 848
| 2.75
| 3
|
Google researchers have concluded that modern day internet users find it very difficult to cope with slow web connection. The fraction of mere 400 milliseconds, in which eye completes a single blink is also considered too long. Users are eager for obtaining quick search results; setting their eyes on the computer screen. If it takes longer for a response, users make another attempt by clicking or tapping the keyboard. Arvind Jain, engineer with Google, quotes that every millisecond matters nowadays. Delay in search results means that users will search less than usual.
Google along with other technology giants is doing their every bit for speeding the search engines, from fast to faster. Worldwide network has witnessed substantial increase in internet traffic since advent of smartphones and tablets. These gadgets are the foremost reasons for jamming the interface as users tend to transfer data for their convenience, be it booking a movie show, or downloading songs, or exploring city maps to reach their destinations.
Another study by Microsoft draws inference that slower website will experience less views than its counterpart. Anything beyond 250 milliseconds, which is a millisecond is a thousandth part of a second, will make the difference. Harry Shum, a computer scientist with the IT major, calls it magic number for achieving competitive advantage on the web. He links performance of internet with human behaviour by stating that users are more likely to wait for video clip to get downloaded, but not for search result.
There is an exception to response time aspect, i.e., visual richness of a website. The entertainment websites featuring videos, news stories and interactive graphics will continue to get traffic despite slow operations. In case video stalls, the likelihood of users to bounce is quite fair and high.
Therefore, being fast is not enough; internet connection needs to be faster nowadays.
|
<urn:uuid:f381ea3d-2ee2-48b1-8f68-04383b7ac4ed>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
https://www.onlymyhealth.com/even-blink-long-wait-internet-users-1330943093
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211403.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817010303-20180817030303-00424.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938412
| 356
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Nearly everyone has experienced a twitch in their eyelid or muscle spasm in an extremity at some time or another. Most of these movements are completely normal and are often due to overuse of muscles, fatigue or dehydration. But for some, involuntary muscle spasms or other movements indicate a deeper problem. In fact, medically classified movement disorders are extremely common and include more than 30 different categories.
From essential tremors, the most common movement disorder that affects approximately five million people in the U.S. today, to the much less common Wilson’s disease that occurs in one in every 30,000 people, there is a myriad of other conditions that fall under the umbrella of movement disorders.
So What Are They?
In the simplest terms, movement disorders are nervous system or neurological conditions that cause abnormal increased movements or conversely, reduced or slowed movements. These movements can be voluntary or involuntary in nature and just as balance disorders can affect daily activities such as walking or simple projects or tasks, the same is true for movement disorders. Symptoms of movement disorders vary as widely as the number of movement disorders and often change or fluctuate. The severity of symptoms can be affected by anxiety, medications, stress, fatigue and more.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
As with most medical conditions, diagnosis of a movement disorder typically starts with taking a family history, review of symptoms, a physical exam and any number of tests. Your doctor will be well-versed in what tests are necessary to achieve a proper diagnosis. While there are no “cures” for movement disorders, there are several treatment options including some that reduce or reverse the symptoms in a safe, effective and drug-free manner.
A Functional Approach to Treating Movement Disorders
As more and more patients seek care that does not rely on drug therapies, functional medicine doctors are answering the call. Experts in the connection between the brain and nervous system, Chiropractic Neurologists believe in a whole-body approach to treatment. By designing personalized care plans that seek to reestablish normal movement patterns, your Chiropractic Neurologist can help you reverse the symptoms of movement disorders by retraining the brain through chiropractic care, physical rehabilitation and neurological exercises … all without drugs or surgeries.
And just as the results are promising, so too are the advances in the awareness around movement disorders. In recent years, there has been enormous growth in both new diagnostic information and non-invasive treatments, as well as a greater understanding of impaired motor control. The Movement Disorder Society was founded for the purpose of sharing this information with physicians and patients and have a variety of resources available on their website.
At Georgia Chiropractic Neurology Center, our team of Doctors is highly trained in the treatment of patients of all ages who suffer from a variety of movement disorders. If you or a loved one would like to learn more about how Chiropractic Neurology can help you, please contact us today.
|
<urn:uuid:0ad8316e-f44d-4ad7-8ee4-6fcde2050088>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://georgiachiropracticneurologycenter.com/functional-approach-movement-disorders/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00401.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951127
| 602
| 2.875
| 3
|
Center Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) Handouts
Using Writing to Manage Class Work
● Have students write proposals for class assignments of any kind. You might ask students to propose topics for papers, questions for tests, readings to cover or issues to focus on. Proposals might be for individual work, small group work, or whole class tasks.
● Proposals should be concise, but students should explain and defend their recommendations.
● Respond to the content of proposals. You may also use them as preparation for small group or class meetings to decide on tasks.
● Proposals can make students’ more active in the learning process, give them practice making an argument in a real situation, and increase their motivation. They also help you to manage, motivate, and respond in progress to writing and research projects.
Progress reports, memos, and minutes
● Have students write short progress reports on writing or research projects. You might want to give students a model for this. The progress reports should be very concise and clear. Respond to the content of the reports as needed.
● Give students a sample memo form. Ask them to use memos to communicate on specific types of class business such as explanations for lateness and requests for conferences, alternate testing times, or changes in an assignment. Respond to the content of the memos. You may keep them as a paper trail of class business or ask students to keep them as part of a class journal.
● If you have students working on projects in groups, ask them to keep and turn in minutes of the meetings. Give students models to follow so they know what information and what level of detail you want. Use the minutes as a window into group processes, to respond to their work in progress and to help you evaluate their final product.
● These types of writing help you to manage, motivate, monitor, and respond in progress to writing and research projects. They can also help you to manage class business and create a paper trail of decisions to refer to. They give students practice with writing in general and specifically with types that are common in many organizations.
|
<urn:uuid:198a484c-838a-49c4-acb3-ec06b1fb099c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://www.cws.illinois.edu/initiatives/wac/resources/handouts/usingwritingtomanage.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111620.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00213-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953776
| 432
| 3.328125
| 3
|
A naumachia was the reenactment of a naval battle in a basin or on a lake, a popular albeit costly – and for the participants deadly – entertainment of the masses in ancient Rome. The term naumachia was also used for the location at which the games took place.
Our current read, Sand of the Arena, opens with an imaginative happening of the naumachia of Nero – “…he also exhibited a naval battle in salt water with sea monsters swimming about in it” according to Suetonius’ Life of Nero.
Smith's Dictionary via LacusCurtius has this to say (please note the many e-text links):
NAUMA‑CHIA was the name given to the representation of a sea-fight among the Romans, and also to the place where such engagements took place. These fights were sometimes exhibited in the Circus or Amphitheatre, sufficient water being introduced to float ships, but more generally in buildings especially devoted to this purpose. The first representation of a sea-fight on an extensive scale was exhibited by Julius Caesar, who caused a lake to be dug for the purpose in a part of the Campus Martius, called by Suetonius the “Lesser Codeta” (Dion Cass. XLIII.23; Suet. Jul. Caes. 39); this lake was afterwards filled up in the time of Augustus on the account of the malaria arising from the stagnant water in it (Dion Cass. XLV.17). Augustus also dug a lake (stagnum) near the Tiber for the same purpose, and planted around it a grove of trees (nemus) (Suet. Aug. 43; Tacit. Ann. XII.56, XIV.15). This naumachia was the first permanent one; it continued to be used after others had been made, and was subsequently called the “vetus naumachia” (Suet. Tit. 7; Dion Cass. LXVI.25; Ernesti, ad Suet. Tib. 72). Claudius exhibited a magnificent sea-fight on the lake Fucinus (Tacit. Ann. XII.56; Suet. Claud. 21 ; Dion Cass. LX.33). Nero appears to have preferred the amphitheatre for these exhibitions. Domitian made a new naumachia, and erected a building of stone around it, in which the spectators might sit to see the engagement ( Dion Cass. LXVI.8; Suet. Dom. 4, 5). Representations of naumachiae are sometimes given on the coins of the emperors. (Scheffer, de Militia Navali, iii.2 pp189, 191).
The combatants in these sea-fights, called Naumachiarii (Suet. Claud. 21) , were usually captives (Dion Cass. XLVIII.19) or criminals condemned to death (Dion Cass. LX.33), who fought as in gladiatorial combats, until one party was killed, unless preserved by the clemency of the emperor. The ships engaged in the sea-fights were divided into two parties, called respectively by the names of two different maritime nations, as Tyrians and Egyptians (Suet. Jul. 31), Rhodians and Sicilians (Suet. Claud. 21 ; Dion Cass. LX.33), Persians and Athenians (Dion Cass. LXI.9), Corcyraeans and Corinthians, Athenians and Syracusans, &c. (id., lxvi.25). These sea-fights were exhibited with the same magnificence and lavish expenditure of human life as characterised the gladiatorial combats and other public games of the Romans. In Nero's naumachia there were sea-monsters swimming about in the artificial lake (Suet. Nero, 12; Dion Cass. LXI.9), and Claudius had a silver Triton placed in the middle of the lake Fucinus, who was made by machinery to give the signal for attack with a trumpet (Suet. Claud. 21) . Troops of Nereids were also represented swimming about (Martial, de Spect. 26). I n the sea-fight exhibited by Titus there were 3000 men engaged (Dion Cass. LXVI.25), and in that exhibited by Domitian the ships were almost equal in number to two real fleets (paene justae classes, Suet. Dom. 4). In the battle on the lake Fucinus there were 19,000 combatants (Tacit. Ann. XII.56) and fifty ships on each side (Dion Cass. LX.33).
Known sponsors were Gaius Julius Caear and the emperors Augustus, (probably) Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Titus, Domitian, and Trajan. According to this Wikipedia article, Trajan's naumachia basin was discovered in the 18th century on the grounds of the Vatican City. It had bleachers and the surface was about one sixth the size of the Augustan naumachia. In the absence of any texts, it has to be assumed that it was only used at the time of Trajan. (see Naumachia Vaticana). Also, there, was a Naumachia Philippi (Philip the Arab), which may have been a restoration of the Naumachia Augusti.
Google Books has a related page from Daily Life in Ancient Rome: The People and the City at the Height of the Empire by Jerome Carcopino (revised 2003 with new material to the second edition 1968, Yale University Press, with an introduction & bibliographic essay by Mary Beard – neither of which, unfortunately, is online). Bryn Mawr Review.
Modern naumachiae were performed in France in 1550 in Rouen for Henri II and Catherine de' Medici – view the illustration at the bottom of Fête triomphale et naumachie sur la Seine pour l’entrée royale d’Henri II à Rouen en 1550 – and in Milan in 1807 for Napoleon (figures, doesn't it?).
|
<urn:uuid:f9428152-f1f1-4ff4-9be7-3afd408e6e59>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://romanhistorybooks.typepad.com/roman_history_books_and_m/2007/03/naumachia.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00081-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949235
| 1,298
| 3.578125
| 4
|
Buddleia or Buddleja are probably one of the most popular garden shrubs, removing faded flower spikes during flowering, (dead heading) will keep all varieties of buddleia, flowering longer throughout the summer.
Annual pruning encourages plenty of new growth and larger flowers for the coming year.
Leaving on the last of the flowers and letting them turn to seed, provides food for small birds during the winter months.
When to prune Buddleia or Buddleja
The best time to prune Buddleia is late winter or early spring, just as the new buds begin to swell, cutting away the previous years growth to two or three buds from their base.
Don’t be scared buddleia is a hardy shrub, and generally very forgiving when it comes to pruning, easily surviving an oops or 2 with the cutters believe me, any mistakes will soon be hidden by healthy new growth
Unless you want to remove a branch entirely, to reshape buddleia, do not cut back into the older wood, it is usually thicker and darker coloured as this may not readily sprout new shoots.
The pruned shrub will have a low framework of branches from which shoots will grow rapidly to produce flowers in summer.
© Urban Butterfly Garden 2010-2014
|
<urn:uuid:23e8891d-ceee-43f3-8203-aebd48a2b7dd>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://urbanbutterflygarden.co.uk/how-to-prune-and-shape-buddleia-butterfly-bush
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00350-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941844
| 272
| 2.5625
| 3
|
As announced in Jun along with acknowledgment of a mission’s extension, Rosetta teams are formulation to finish a operational proviso of a goal in a tranquil impact of a orbiter on a aspect of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during a finish of Sep 2016. While a specific sum of a trajectories and impact site are still underneath discussion, ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Operations Manager Sylvain Lodiot, Project Scientist Matt Taylor, and goal manager Patrick Martin, share some credentials information on a formulation of this thespian goal finale.
Why will a goal come to an end?
Following perihelion in August, Comet 67P/C-G and Rosetta are now relocating divided from a Sun and behind out towards a circuit of Jupiter. This creates a series of challenges:
Reduced solar power
As a comet recedes from a Sun, a volume of object descending on Rosetta’s solar panels will dump significantly. As a energy drops, it will not be probable to work all of a systematic instruments during a same time. Ultimately, a indicate will be reached where Rosetta would have to be put behind in hibernation, as it was for a 31 months heading adult to Jan 2014. However, this time Rosetta will follow a comet out over a circuit of Jupiter on a 6.5-year tour around a Sun, serve from a source of energy than ever before.
On tip of this, a booster will have been in space for over 12 years, dual of them spent in a comet’s dry environment, with plunge of a solar arrays coming to serve revoke a accessible power.
By September-October 2016, Rosetta and a comet will seem really tighten to a Sun as seen from a Earth, creation a uplinking of operational commands and a downlinking of systematic information intensely challenging. On 1 Oct 2016, a booster will enter a duration of conjunction, i.e. it will be behind a Sun as seen from Earth.
Reduced information rates distant from Earth
The increasing stretch from Earth and apparent vicinity to a Sun lead to a poignant dump in information rates. By early Jul 2016, we should be removing 91kbps around NASA’s DSN 70m belligerent stations and usually 22 kbps around ESA’s ESTRACK 35m stations. By comparison, by midst Sep 2016, these rates will dump to 57 kbps around DSN and usually 14 kbps around ESTRACK, identical to a 1995 epoch dial-up modem. Access to NASA’s bigger dishes is not always guaranteed, due to a high direct for their use by other missions.
These low information rates, total with reduced energy availability, will lead to problems starting in Aug 2016, as a instrument teams and scholarship operations formulation teams during ESAC work to understanding with power-sharing issues and a much-reduced scholarship information download capacity.
Why can’t we put a booster behind into hibernation?
In principle, Rosetta could be put behind into hibernation and awakened several years after as a comet starts to proceed a Sun again. In practice, however, this does not seem possible.
First and foremost, a comet’s aphelion – limit stretch from a Sun – is serve than Rosetta gifted during a prior hibernation between 2011 and 2014. There will not be adequate energy to control a spacecraft, including, for example, a thermal control of a booster – definition it could solidify – and not be means to come out of hibernation during all.
Second, Rosetta relies on diesel to stratagem around a comet as it carries out a systematic measurements, and this is ever depleting, tying any renewed post-hibernation operations.
Third, a booster and scholarship instruments are aging and will be good over their favoured handling lifetime post-hibernation.
These constraints led a Science Working Team to cruise scenarios that would see a goal finish in Sep 2016. Taking into comment a accessible resources, a SWT motionless that a ultimate finish would be to first make a delayed proceed to a comet, removing behind to within 10 km and even closer. Getting this tighten has not been probable for most of a past year due to a high activity of a comet, and there is most to be gained scientifically in questioning a low altitude segment of a comet’s coma and study a post-perihelion aspect in good detail. Then Rosetta would begin a slow descent towards a surface, holding systematic information during really low altitudes, and ultimately leading to a tranquil impact, culmination this landmark systematic goal with Rosetta fasten Philae on a aspect of a comet.
In a meantime, a arriving months of Rosetta operations will see a renewed concentration on tighten vicinity to a comet as a activity continues to drop, as good as investigations of formerly uncharted territories during incomparable distances around a comet, including a tail region.
What does a alighting unfolding now demeanour like?
We are still deliberating a method of events that will take place in Rosetta’s final weeks. Operations really tighten to a comet will be really formidable and challenging, even some-more so than a arena designed by a moody dynamics group in 2014 to broach Philae to a surface.
The pivotal reason is that a closer Rosetta gets to a comet, a some-more critical a non-uniform gravitational intensity will become. This will have a poignant impact on a trajectory, with outrageous perturbations in a round tallness – a farthest indicate from a comet on an elliptical circuit – expected. This will need most some-more control on a arena and therefore many some-more manoeuvres – a formulation cycles will be reduced significantly.
The extended devise is to fly Rosetta in bound, highly-elliptical firm orbits that will take us as tighten as probable to a comet in a final dual months of a mission, with flyby distances reduction than 1 km from a aspect towards a end: a instruments will be means to collect good systematic data, including implausible images. In a final days of a mission, Rosetta will be on ever-closer firm elliptical orbits. We will afterwards perform a final stratagem to put Rosetta on a controlled, delayed collision march with Comet 67P/C-G. Subject to probable changes formed on final moody dynamics analyses, a tranquil impact is foreseen to take place on 30 Sep 2016.
Will we be means to promulgate with Rosetta during a final descent?
During a final ‘collision trajectory’, a spacecraft’s high-gain receiver will be Earth-pointing, creation it probable to get behind telemetry and systematic information all a proceed down to contact. However, once impact has occurred, it is rarely doubtful that any serve communication with a Rosetta will occur.
Why can’t we sojourn in hit with Rosetta on a surface?
There are dual tools to this question: will Rosetta continue to duty on a surface, and if so, will we be means to accept any information from it?
Rosetta was not designed for a landing. Even underneath a delayed impact, a really vast solar panels might be damaged, and some of a instrument booms adhering out from a physique of a booster might bend or snap off. Under a really low sobriety of a comet, a booster might tumble, serve deleterious it.
Furthermore, as Rosetta is solar-powered, to be means to work it would have to land in a fully-illuminated partial of a comet. As a comet rotates during a 12.4-hour day, a arrays would expected indicate divided from a Sun, shortening a energy next a operational threshold.
Critically, even if Rosetta were to duty on a aspect for a while, it would be intensely formidable to communicate. If a high-gain receiver points divided from a Earth only half a degree, we would remove line-of-sight hit with belligerent stations on Earth. In addition, a booster course (for instance for high benefit receiver and solar array pointing) relies on operational star trackers; it could be that Rosetta lands ‘face down’ with a star trackers indicating into a aspect and a instruments indicating ‘up’ into space.
All in all, it is foreseen that Rosetta’s goal will finish during a indicate of hit on to a aspect of Comet 67P/C-G, a mystic culmination to an epic tour travelling roughly 20 years of formulation and preparation, and 12 years in space.
More sum on a finish of goal unfolding will be supposing when they are known.
Note: on a favoured goal finish date of 30 Sep 2016, Rosetta and a comet will be 573 million km (3.8 AU) from a Sun and 720 million km (4.8 AU) from Earth. The one-way vigilance transport time will be approximately 40 minutes.
Source: Rosetta blog
|
<urn:uuid:7d3f17c9-37ec-41f9-9300-38a6f90e2ae2>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
http://globalnewsconnect.com/rosetta-blog-from-one-comet-landing-to-another-planning-rosettas-grand-finale/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886237.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116070444-20180116090444-00429.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93366
| 1,860
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Lessons from Geese principle is a great illustration of the importance of team work and empowering force or collaboration. During this teambuilding session, we discuss five key lessons/principles and application of them in personal and business life. Lessons from Geese is a fantastic tool to grow passion and energy in participants, their friends, associates or colleagues.
This session is perfect as a keynote activity prior to Good to Great teambuilding exercise. It also works wonders when it goes to better understanding of group’s dynamics and difference between good and great team. We focus on the following Lessons from Geese principles during this activity:
- Lesson 1 – The Importance of Achieving Goals.
- Lesson 2 – The Importance of Team Work.
- Lesson 3 – The Importance of Sharing.
- Lesson 4 – The Importance of Empathy and Understanding.
- Lesson 5 – The Importance of Encouragement.
Teambuilding New Zealand uses both an indoor presentation and a series of experiential exercises to anchor the key learnings.
|
<urn:uuid:c9216322-3457-4d8d-ba24-cfc6cc584cd6>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://teambuildingnewzealand.co.nz/lessons-from-geese/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00602.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918696
| 221
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Antibiotic resistance: an increasing problem?BMJ 1998; 316 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7140.1255 (Published 25 April 1998) Cite this as: BMJ 1998;316:1255
It always has been, but there are things we can do
- C A Hart (), Professor of medical microbiology
- University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3GA. CAH is a member of the Advisory Committee on Microbiological Safety of Food: Antibiotic Resistance.
News p 1261.
Although the “antibiotic era” dates from Fleming's discovery of the effects of the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, not until 1940 could penicillin be produced in a sufficiently pure form to treat humans.1 Ominously, a β lactamase (penicillinase) capable of inactivating penicillin was described in the previous year. Over the next few decades the production of new classes of antibiotics (derived from living organisms) and antimicrobials (synthesised chemicals) increased exponentially, and the burden of infection was lifted, especially in developed countries. In recent years concern has increased that the antibiotic era might be coming to an end—firstly, because the rate of production of new agents has diminished greatly and, secondly, because viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites are showing great ingenuity in devising mechanisms for circumventing the killing activity of such agents.
So great is the concern that several committees both in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are examining different aspects of the problem. This week the House of Lords' Select Committee on Science and Technology has presented its conclusions (p 1261). 2 3 Its chairman, Lord Soulsby, an eminent veterinarian from Cambridge, said that the inquiry was an alarming experience and expressed concern that the misuse and overuse of antibiotics is undermining their effectiveness.
The report begs several questions. Firstly, is there a problem of antibiotic resistance? The answer is yes and no. Some bacteria still remain sensitive to long established treatments, including Chlamydia trachomatis to tetracyclines and macrolides, Streptococcus pyogenes to penicillin, and most anaerobes to metronidazole. (Treponema pallidium and penicillin used to be included in this list but the first resistant isolates have been encountered in Africa.) Against this, however, is the increasing array of resistance problems, including penicillin resistant pneumococci, multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi,4 multidrug resistant Mycobacteria,5 methicillin (and multidrug) resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin insensitive MRSA (VISA),6 and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).7 The problem is undoubtedly increasing: for example, penicillin resistant meningococci are emerging, and antiviral resistant HIV emerge even during treatment.8
The second question is, how does resistance arise? The first point to make is that resistance genes and mechanisms existed long before antibiotics were used. For example, antibiotic resistant bacteria have been isolated from deep within glaciers in Canada's high Arctic regions, estimated at 2000 years old.9 The micro-organisms used to produce antibiotics must, by definition, be resistant and are thus a source of antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotics are given not for their direct effect on humans but to kill an infecting pathogen. Unfortunately they are not so narrowly targeted and will try to kill any bacterium they encounter. The adult human composes some 1014 cells, but only 10% of these are human. The remainder are the bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, and even insects that make up our normal flora. Each time an antibiotic is administered the normal flora are also exposed. In addition, many antibiotics are excreted in an active form and thus environmental bacteria are exposed. Under optimal conditions bacteria double in number every 20 minutes; Britons, with our 2.4 children, have a doubling time of 60 years.
Bacteria thus have infinitely expandable and mutable populations to throw in waves at the barrier of antibiotics. Thus in the presence of antibiotics, resistant mutants have a selective advantage. Not only can the resistance be passed vertically from generation to generation; methods of horizontal gene transfer—for example, plasmids—have also evolved, and resistance can be passed to other species and genera. Furthermore, large plasmids encoding multidrug resistance can be as assembled by sequential addition of other mobile genetic elements (integrons and transposons). Examples of resistance genes originating in commensal or environmental bacteria and transferring to pathogens include tetracycline resistance from enterococci to pneumococci and gonococci, and erythromycin resistance from Bacillus sphaericus to Bacteroides fragilis.10
The next question is, who's fault is it? The report recognises that antibiotics are overused and misused in human and veterinary medicine, farming (growth promoters), aquaculture, and plant culture. It is fruitless to apportion blame. A more productive route is for all to recognise the problem and agree strategies to slow down the loss of important drugs from our therapeutic armamentarium.
The final and most important question is, what can we do to achieve this aim? The report makes several recommendations. These include encouraging the prudent use of antimicrobials by educating the public, increasing the emphasis on infection and antimicrobials in undergraduate and postgraduate medical curriculums, developing surveillance systems for antimicrobial resistance, and developing and applying evidence based guidelines on antibiotic use and prescribing. In veterinary medicine the use of growth promoters such as virginiamycin, which belong to classes of antimicrobials likely to be used in human medicine, should be phased out. The veterinary use of antimicrobials such as fluoroquinolones, which are so important in treating human infection, should be used only in strictly defined circumstances. The report recognises that control of infection by proper hospital hygiene and vaccines will play a part in decreasing the use of antibiotics. It emphasises that we have insufficient information on the development, sources, mechanisms, and prevalence of resistance and recom-mends that this should be urgently addressed. It also recommends that the government should develop an overall strategy (and allocate the necessary resources) for safeguarding the effectiveness of antimicrobials.
Finally, we must not neglect international aspects. It is no use the United Kingdom or the European Union acting alone. Bacteria do not recognise international boundaries, and intercontinental spread of resistant bacteria is well described. 11 12
On 5 September the BMJ is having a theme issue on antimicrobial resistance, to coincide with a conference on the subject being organised by the chief medical officers of the European Union. Submissions of original articles should be sent to the editor by 30 June (s ee call for papers on www.bmj.com and opposite p 1317 (CR) and between pp 1274 and 1275 (GP edition).
|
<urn:uuid:2ea7d239-23ba-409b-af30-a1c294174f8c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
https://www.bmj.com/content/316/7140/1255?ijkey=36c92ae5d77a1333a471714ba140a1d32028187a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526670.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720194009-20190720220009-00368.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917631
| 1,474
| 2.703125
| 3
|
Fielding Nair International (FNI), the company renovating our school, is also contracted to build new tracks at several of the Boulder Valley area schools. BVSD wants FNI to plan and construct new tracks that meets the criteria of the NCAA. The track will consist of two straight sections and two semicircle curves. Although FNI’s blueprints contain the dimensions of the track, they are still in need of assistance on some crucial aspects of the track design.
1) Why do the starting marks need to be staggered?
2) The track being built will consist of a 400m track with 8 lanes. Each lane is 3.5 ft (approximately 1.0668 m) wide. You need to decide where the starting position should be for the 400m event. The finish line for all races will be at the end of the straight away on the audience’s side. The 400 meters is measured on the inside lane of the track at a distance of 8 inches (approximately .2032 m) from the inside line that separates the lanes. Give precise directions that a sports official could easily follow. When placing the starting positions, keep the audience’s view in mind.
3) Calculate the surface area of the entire surface of the track including the extensions.
4) The following diagram shows which materials will be placed underneath the track to prevent it from cracking during the winter and for drainage. Compute how much of each material will be required for the construction. U.S. Tons are the industry’s standard units for such quantities. You should report the necessary amount of each material in these units. You will need the densities shown in the table to make calculations. Finally, the inside of the track is intended to be used as a football/soccer field and should therefore be a grassy area. Compute how much sod (in square yards) you would have to order to cover the inside area of the track.
Here's the real difficulty for me. Kids struggled with this. They persevered. They figured out how to use trig and sections of circles in order to not have any overlap when figuring out the track surface area.
I. Love. It.
After finishing, the students were happy the numbers were easier. But during the process, they wanted the work to mean something. Would the problem work better if I went completely "real world" or do I leave it in its current "sudo real world" state?
|
<urn:uuid:23a3a9f5-5a7d-4762-a225-48e73c60157b>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
http://www.andrewbusch.us/home/trigonometric-track
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039388763.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420091336-20210420121336-00549.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95608
| 509
| 3.25
| 3
|
Hygrometer (Relative Humidity Gauge)
The purpose of this project is to construct and study a Hygrometer. A Hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the relative humidity in the air.
This is generally done by comparing the readings from two identical thermometers: one with a dry bulb, and one with the bulb dampened with water. As the water evaporates it cools the dampened thermometer.
The relative humidity is indicated by the difference in the two temperature readings (using a chart). As you might suspect, the drier the air, the faster the water will evaporate. The faster the water evaporates, the more it cools the thermometer. Therefore, more difference in the two temperature readings indicates a lower relative humidity.
We use the two 2SA Transistors as thermometers in our hygrometer (look at project Electronic Thermometer in transistor section, if you've forgotten how this works). They are connected so that the difference in their outputs (C-E current) will control the base current of the 2SC Transistor, and therefore the Meter reading (the current flow in the C-E circuit of the 2SC).
The steps for operating this Hygrometer are as follows:
1) After the wiring is complete, adjust the Control so that the Meter has a reading of exactly 10.
2) Without touching a terminal or the 'bread board', wrap a damp piece of cloth around the lower 2SA Transistor.
3) The Meter pointer will move to a lower reading to indicate the relative humidity.
If the temperature around is low, the Meter change will be slight. If the temperature is high, the Meter change will be greater.
|
<urn:uuid:e10c897c-f0cf-412d-97d8-a1342e7a13ca>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
http://www.zpag.net/Electroniques/English/Transistor/hygrometer.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107893845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027082056-20201027112056-00450.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.892404
| 357
| 3.984375
| 4
|
By the time you start considering an intervention for a friend or loved one, things are probably pretty bad. Her addiction is no longer a secret and it affects her friends and family. It may have been affecting them for a while. At this point, you have probably already expressed your concerns to your loved one and tried to encourage her to quit or get help to quit. You may have already withdrawn financial support or stopped other behaviors that might have enabled her addiction. Often, interventions are a last ditch effort by families who don’t know what else to do. Do interventions actually work? Most people are somewhat familiar with what an intervention entails, possibly watching from the long-running TV show, Intervention. In an intervention, several family members or close friends confront their addicted loved one, reading pre-written statements about how their loved one’s addiction has affected her and others. After everyone has spoken, they ask the person to enter treatment. When done correctly, interventions appear to work pretty well for getting someone to enter treatment. The National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence estimates that well executed interventions are successful more than 90 percent of the time. A well executed intervention is led by an experienced intervention counselor. The counselor helps coordinate the participants and creates a plan for the intervention. She makes sure the statements strike the right tone, focusing on objective ways in which addiction has harmed the family. She keeps the intervention on track, making sure the intervention doesn’t turn confrontational and counterproductive. It’s also important to be ready for the possibility of success. You should already have a spot booked at a quality treatment center and have a bag packed so you can send your loved one off right away if she consents to treatment. A quality intervention leads to treatment more than 90 percent of the time, but does that treatment lead to recovery? It often does. Keep in mind that relapse rates in general are pretty high. Depending on the drug and the length of use, relapse rates in the first year are somewhere between 40 and 60 percent. However, people who entered treatment as a result of intervention don’t appear to do worse than people anyone else. In fact, if the family is supportive enough to organize an intervention and participate in treatment, their chances are slightly better. Also, the consequences the family set out during the intervention of not participating in treatment may encourage her to keep participating even if she doesn’t really want to. Many people are ambivalent about entering treatment, but then discover their internal motivation along the way. What is clear is that interventions get many people into treatment who would probably not have otherwise considered it. An intervention certainly doesn’t lead to a stable recovery in all cases, but it can significantly increase the chances.
If you’re struggling with substance use, Recovery Ways can help. We offer intensive outpatient treatment as well as residential treatment. Recovery Ways is a premier drug and alcohol addiction treatment facility located in Salt Lake City, Utah. Our mission is to provide the most cost-effective, accessible substance abuse treatment to as many people as possible. Request information online or call us today at 1-888-986-7848.
|
<urn:uuid:5d3fdb0c-5d37-4f98-87b0-51950136e5e0>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.recoveryways.com/rehab-blog/do-interventions-work/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363215.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205160950-20211205190950-00101.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970083
| 640
| 2.625
| 3
|
National Tuberculosis Indicators Project (NTIP)
||National Tuberculosis Indicators Project (NTIP)
What is the National Tuberculosis Indicators Project (NTIP)?
The National Tuberculosis Indicators Project (NTIP) is a monitoring system for tracking the progress of U.S. tuberculosis (TB) control programs toward achieving the national TB program objectives. This system will provide TB programs with reports to describe their progress, based on data already reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, these reports will help programs prioritize prevention and control activities, as well as program evaluation efforts.
What are the national TB program objectives?
The national TB program objectives reflect the national priorities for TB control in the United States. In 2006, a team representing TB programs and the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) selected 15 high-priority TB program objective categories. The program objective categories are --
- Completion of treatment
- TB case rates (in populations: U.S.-born persons, foreign-born persons, U.S.-born non-Hispanic blacks, and children younger than 5 years of age)
- Contact investigations
- Laboratory reporting
- Treatment initiation
- Sputum culture conversion
- Data reporting (Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis [RVCT], the Aggregate Reports for Tuberculosis Program Evaluation [ARPEs], and the Electronic Disease Notification [EDN] system)
- Recommended initial therapy
- Universal genotyping
- Known HIV status
- Evaluation of immigrants and refugees
- Sputum culture reporting
- Program evaluation
- Human resource development plan
- TB training focal points
TB programs funded through cooperative agreements will be expected to report on their progress toward achieving all 15 national TB program objective categories starting in 2010.
Why was NTIP undertaken?
Program evaluation is an essential component of an effective public health program. Since 2005, DTBE has included program evaluation as a core requirement of the cooperative agreement. With the understanding of the resource limitations and constraints faced by TB programs, NTIP was developed to facilitate the use of existing data to help programs prioritize activities and focus program evaluation efforts.
Who was involved and how was the system developed?
The design of NTIP reports is modeled after the Tuberculosis Indicators Project (TIP), developed by the California Department of Health. To validate the selected national objectives and standardize the measurements for tracking progress toward the objectives, a team of DTBE and TB control program staff from Colorado, New York State, Minnesota, and Tennessee worked together and discussed the validity, reliability, and accuracy of the measures, as well as how the measures will impact programs. The group designed reporting templates to provide information that is significant and programmatically relevant. Representatives from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association (NTCA), the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET), the TB Education and Training Network (TB ETN), the Evaluation Working Group (EWG), and other interested TB programs were invited to a 2-day intensive review meeting to further validate the indicators and to provide input and guidance on their development.
How will NTIP affect TB control programs?
NTIP provides a standardized method for calculating indicators and tracking program progress across sites and over time, thus enabling DTBE’s and programs’ abilities to assess the impact of TB control efforts locally as well as nationally. In the past, programs calculated their own performance indices and reported progress to CDC. Variations in the calculations have hindered our abilities to observe and compare performance from one year to another, and to track progress over time.
Unlike the annual national surveillance report (Reported Tuberculosis in the United States) published by CDC, NTIP will provide each program with an individualized report of their performance, based on the data submitted by the programs to CDC. The reports will include the national TB program objectives and national performance targets as guidance. Working closely with DTBE program consultants, program areas will be able to continue to set their own performance targets based on what is feasible, as well as compare their performance to the national average.
TB programs will use NTIP to track and report progress toward achieving national objectives as a part of the cooperative agreement reporting requirements (i.e., annual and interim progress reports) in 2010. Program areas will be required to provide justifications on objectives for which they did not meet the performance targets, and to provide an evaluation plan for one objective selected in consultation with DTBE consultants.
What TB programs need to do to use this system?
NTIP reports will be provided to all cooperative agreement recipients (i.e., TB programs) as a service from DTBE. NTIP utilizes data that are currently being reported to DTBE via the Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis (RVCT), the Aggregate Reports for Tuberculosis Program Evaluation (ARPEs) on contacts, and the Electronic Disease Notification (EDN) system for the follow-up evaluation of immigrants and refugees with a B notification. TB programs will not have to do any additional work or collect any additional data to generate NTIP reports.
When will NTIP be implemented?
A selected number of preliminary NTIP reports will be available to cooperative agreement recipients starting in the fall of 2008 (i.e., completion of treatment, TB case rates, contact investigation, laboratory reporting [drug-susceptibility results], sputum culture conversion, data reporting, recommended initial therapy, known HIV status, evaluation of immigrants and refugees with a B notification, and sputum culture reporting, and universal genotyping). Indicator reports calculated using new RVCT variables (e.g., treatment initiation and laboratory reporting [turn-around time]) will be available after the implementation of the revised RVCT.
NTIP will be expected to include current data as they are submitted to CDC after the implementation of the revised RVCT and the software that will replace the Tuberculosis Information Management System (TIMS). NTIP will also be expected to provide reports for some high-incidence counties that are not direct recipients of cooperative agreement in the future. Guidance on the reporting requirement for the national TB program objectives and the use of NTIP reports for counties will be established by their respective state TB program offices.
CDC. TB Program Evaluation Handbook
CDC. A Guide to Developing a TB Program Evaluation Plan
National Tuberculosis Indicators Project (NTIP): Frequently Asked Questions
|
<urn:uuid:35a9d8d2-d8f5-4227-ade9-4702f3ff39a3>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://www.heartlandntbc.org/assets/training/mini-fellowship/PediatricToolBox/CDC/ed_training/tbfacts/NTIP.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923000827-20180923021227-00107.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924209
| 1,332
| 2.71875
| 3
|
NASA recently launched its Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment, a subscale version of an inflatable heat shield or aeroshell, atop a Black Brant 9 rocket from its launching pad on Wallops Island, Va. An inflatable heat shield could protect future spacecraft from the heat of hypersonic reentry for landing on Mars, the Earth, or any other planet.
The 1,400-lb IRVE consists of inflatable bladders made of Kevlar and silicone. Kevlar gives the bladders strength while the silicone coating lets them hold pressurized nitrogen. The bladders, in turn, are covered with three Kevlar layers and three Kapton layers for support, and three layers of open-weave Nextel fabric, which will let the shield survive the heat.
For the test, the device was vacuum packed into a 22-in.-diameter nose cone with the inflatable bladders and fabric surrounding a central core. The core held the inflation system and test instrumentation that documented the experiment. Video signals, along with temperature and pressure data, were beamed to Earth stations as the IRVE splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was not recovered. NASA also checked whether it could track the inflated devices with radar as it plummeted to Earth.
Inflatable heat shields will give NASA more flexibility in the size of the payloads that can land on Mars. Current heat shields are limited in size to the diameter of the launch vehicle’s payload faring. Larger shields, which create more drag upon reentry, could make it possible to deliver larger payloads or land payloads on higher elevation sites.
|
<urn:uuid:de3f35f0-2534-45cd-84fa-565cfe266eed>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-07
|
http://machinedesign.com/print/news/nasa-tests-inflatable-heat-shield
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148758.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00135-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920464
| 333
| 3.328125
| 3
|
In June 1941, Serbs in eastern Herzegovina rebelled against the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), an Axis puppet state established during World War II on the territory of the defeated and occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the NDH imposed its authority, members of the fascist Ustaše ruling party began a campaign of persecution of Serbs throughout the country. In eastern Herzegovina, the Ustaše perpetrated a series of massacres and attacks against the majority Serb population commencing in the first week of June. Between 3 and 22 June 1941, spontaneous clashes occurred between NDH authorities and groups of Serbs in the region.
The German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June. Over the next two days, the sporadic revolts by Serbs against the NDH in eastern Herzegovina erupted into mass rebellion, triggered by Ustaše persecution, Serb solidarity with the Russian people, hatred and fear of the NDH authorities, and other factors. Serb rebels, under the leadership of both local Serbs and Montenegrins, attacked police, gendarmerie, Ustaše and Croatian Home Guard forces in the region. In the first few days, the rebels captured gendarmerie posts in several villages, set up roadblocks on the major roads and ambushed several military vehicles. On the night of 26 June, the rebels mounted a sustained attack on the town of Nevesinje in an attempt to capture it, but the garrison held out until the morning of 28 June when NDH troops broke through the rebel roadblocks.
On 28 June, the rebels ambushed a truckload of Italian soldiers, prompting the Italian Army commander in the NDH to warn the NDH government that he would take unilateral action to secure communication routes. A further gendarmerie post was destroyed by the rebels, and in the evening the rebels captured the village of Avtovac, looting and burning it, and killing dozens of non-Serb civilians. The following day an Italian column cleared the rebels from Avtovac and relieved the hard-pressed NDH garrison in the town of Gacko. From 3 July, an NDH force of over 2,000 fanned out from Nevesinje, clearing towns, villages and routes of rebels. The rebel forces did not put up any significant opposition to the clearing operation, and either retreated into nearby Montenegro, or hid their weapons in the mountains and went home. By 7 July, NDH forces had regained full control of all towns and major transport routes in eastern Herzegovina.
The Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was founded on 10 April 1941, during the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. The NDH consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with some parts of modern-day Serbia. It was essentially an Italo-German quasi-protectorate, as it owed its existence to the Axis powers, who maintained occupation forces within the puppet state throughout its existence. In the immediate aftermath of the Yugoslav surrender on 17 April, former Royal Yugoslav Army troops returned to their homes in eastern Herzegovina with their weapons. This was a significant security concern for the fledgling NDH government due to the proximity of the border with Montenegro, the close relationship between the people of eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro, and widespread banditry in the region. On the day after the surrender, the commander of the NDH armed forces, Vojskovođa (Marshal) Slavko Kvaternik issued a proclamation demanding the surrender of all weapons to NDH authorities by 24 April.
On 24 April, the NDH created five military command areas, including Bosnia Command and Adriatic Command, both of which were initially headquartered in Sarajevo. Each of the five military commands included several district commands. Adriatic Command included the districts of Knin and Sinj in the Dalmatian hinterland, and Mostar and Trebinje in eastern Herzegovina. The NDH began to mobilise soldiers for the Home Guard, with six battalions identified to join Adriatic Command. The battalions were mobilised from areas outside of eastern Herzegovina, and were to be ready by 20 May. The aggressive actions of the Ustaše fifth column during the Axis invasion made Serb civilian leaders in eastern Herzegovina apprehensive about the NDH, and they attempted to obtain Italian protection, and urged the Italians to annex eastern Herzegovina to the neighboring Italian-occupied territory of Montenegro. A collaborationist "Interim Advisory Committee" of Montenegrin separatists was advocating the establishment of an "independent" Montenegrin state, and a similar committee of separatist Serbs was formed in eastern Herzegovina. A delegation from that committee arrived in Cetinje in Montenegro on 6 May to ask for Italian protection. Similarly, a delegation of Muslims from eastern Herzegovina travelled to Sarajevo, the historic Bosnian capital, to urge the NDH authorities to link eastern Herzegovina to that city.
Due to the poor response to the demand for the surrender of weapons, the deadline was extended several times until a date of 8 July was fixed. On 17 May, court-martials were established to try those that were arrested in possession of weapons, and those found guilty were immediately executed by firing squad. The precedent for this brutal repressive measure against Serbs had already been established by the Germans. It was clear from the outset that the NDH weapons laws were not being enforced as strictly against Croats as they were against Serbs. Securing the border between eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro was considered a high priority due to concerns that the Montenegrin Federalist Party had revived Montenegrin claims to parts of the NDH that had been promised to the Kingdom of Montenegro in the 1915 Treaty of London.
The Italians handed over the administration of eastern Herzegovina to the NDH government on 20 May 1941, following the signing of the Treaties of Rome, which ceded formerly Yugoslav territory along the Adriatic coast to Italy. The Italians did not immediately withdraw all their troops from the region. The NDH moved quickly to establish its authority in the towns and districts of eastern Herzegovina, which included appointing mayors and prefects, the creation of local units of the Ustaše Militia, and deploying hundreds of gendarmes, Croatian Home Guards and Ustaše Militia units from outside eastern Herzegovina. These forces were brought in to maintain order. The academic Professor Alija Šuljak was appointed the Ustaše commissioner for eastern Herzegovina.
On 20 May, the recently formed Home Guard battalions began to deploy into the Adriatic Command area. On 27 May, 6 officers and 300 gendarmes of the Sarajevo-based 4th Gendarmerie Regiment were deployed into parts of eastern Herzegovina.[b] They established platoon strength posts in Nevesinje, Trebinje, Gacko and Bileća, with their headquarters also in Bileća. The Dubrovnik-based 2nd Gendarmerie Regiment established posts in Stolac and Berkovići. The headquarters of Adriatic Command was transferred to Mostar in late May, and General Ivan Prpić was appointed as its commander.
By 29 May, the battalions of Adriatic Command were in their garrison locations: the 6th Battalion at Mostar, the 7th Battalion at Trebinje, and the 10th Battalion in the Dubrovnik area. The other two Adriatic Command battalions were deployed to Knin and Sinj far to the west. The 18th Battalion was allocated as a reserve and was garrisoned in Mostar. Main Ustaše Headquarters was tasked to recruit one battalion for duties within the Adriatic Command area. Home Guard battalions had a standard structure, consisting of a headquarters company, three infantry companies, a machine gun platoon and a communications section, while battalions of the Ustaše Militia consisted of a headquarters, three companies and a motorised section. Even after the establishment of NDH authorities in eastern Herzegovina, Italian forces maintained their presence in the region. The 55th Regiment of the 32nd Infantry Division Marche remained garrisoned in Trebinje, with the 56th Regiment based in Mostar. The 49th MVSN Legion (Blackshirts) were also stationed in Bileća. The Italians maintained a troop presence in Nevesinje until 17 June, and conducted almost daily motorised patrols throughout eastern Herzegovina.
The NDH authorities established new administrative sub-divisions, organising the state into counties (Croatian: velike župe) and then districts (Croatian: kotar). Eastern Herzegovina was covered by the counties of Hum and Dubrava. Hum County included the districts of Mostar and Nevesinje, and Dubrava County included the districts of Bileća, Gacko, Stolac, Ravno and Trebinje. The Župan (county prefect) of Hum was Josip Trajer with his seat in Mostar, and the Župan of Dubrava was Ante Buć, based in Dubrovnik.
According to the Yugoslav census of 1931, the population of eastern Herzegovina comprised 4 per cent Croats, 28 per cent Muslims, and 68 per cent Serbs. According to Professor Jozo Tomasevich, the estimated population of the districts of Bileća, Gacko and Nevesinje was only around 1.1 per cent Croat, so in those areas nearly all the NDH government appointments and local Ustaše units were staffed by Muslims, an ethnic group that made up about 23.7 per cent of the local population. The poor Muslim peasants of eastern Herzegovina largely sided with the Ustaše. The NDH government immediately tried to strengthen their position by vilifying the Serbs, who, according to Tomasevich, comprised around 75 per cent of the population.
The Ustaše began to impose the new laws on the Serb population of the NDH. On 28 May, a group of ten young Ustaše students from the University of Zagreb arrived in Trebinje and began removing signs written in the Cyrillic script used by Serbs. On 1 June, in several towns and villages in eastern Herzegovina, Serbs were shot and businesses belonging to Serb merchants and others were seized. On that day, the Ustaše students in Trebinje shot nine Serbs and arrested another fifteen, apparently due to their links to the inter-war Chetnik Association. Differences began to appear between the brutal treatment of Serbs by the Ustaše and the more careful approach of the other NDH authorities such as the Home Guard, who were aware of the potential danger created by Ustaše methods. In early June, the NDH authorities began operations to confiscate weapons from the population, meeting with immediate resistance. On 1 June, the residents of the village of Donji Drežanj, near Nevesinje, refused to co-operate with weapons collectors. In response, the Ustaše killed a number of Serbs and burned their homes.[c]
On 3 June, there were several incidents in which armed villagers spontaneously retaliated against the local authorities. That afternoon, 20 Ustaše were entering Donji Drežanj to confiscate firearms when they were attacked by a group of armed villagers. The villagers withdrew after a short firefight, with one of their number being captured. Reinforcements from the Home Guard and gendarmerie soon arrived, along with more Ustaše who burned another 20 houses and shot a woman. On the night of 4/5 June, a group under the control of the Ustaše commissioner for the Gacko district, Herman Tonogal,[d] killed 140 Serbs in the village of Korita, near Bileća, and threw their bodies into a nearby sinkhole. Another 27 Serbs from the village were killed between this massacre and 9 June, and over 5,000 head of livestock were stolen and distributed to Muslim villages in the Gacko area for the exclusive use of the Ustaše. The estimated number of Serbs killed at Korita vary from 133 to 180.
In the immediate aftermath, Serbs and Montenegrins from the local area attacked villages, and Adriatic Command sent the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion from Bileća to reinforce the Ustaše. After a brief clash near Korita, during which the Ustaše and gendarmerie lost one killed and several wounded, the rebels withdrew across the nearby border into Montenegro. The 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion spent the night in the village of Stepen before establishing itself as the Avtovac garrison the following day. Due to its exposure to fire from rebels overlooking their location, the gendarmes were unable to re-occupy their post in Stepen, which meant that the Stepen–Korita road was no longer secure. On 8 June, the district office in Gacko reported to Adriatic Command that they had taken 200 Serbs as hostages and issued a proclamation to the population to cease fighting and surrender their weapons. As this proclamation met with no response, on 10 June the Ustaše Commissioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jure Francetić, had 19 hostages shot (one escaped). On 12 June, the gendarmerie in Ravno shot four people on the orders of the Ustaše commissioner for Ljubinje. Such actions led to Serb peasants leaving their villages to seek safety in more remote areas, and Muslim villagers became increasingly nervous about their Serb neighbours.
In mid-June, the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Bileća wrote to Adriatic Command complaining about the activities of the Ustaše, referring to them as "armed scum and animals" who were dishonouring "honest Croats". When the Italians heard that the Ustaše had burned two villages across the border in Montenegro, they sent an intelligence officer to Gacko to investigate the unrest. He did not accept the explanation of the gendarmerie commander in Gacko, who claimed that the violence was caused by "personal hatred and revenge", and met with rebels. The rebels did not attack him or his security escort, and told him that the reason behind the rebellion was that "Croats and Turks are beating us and throwing us into a pit".[e] He concluded that the cause of the unrest was the attempt to disarm the Serb community.
On 17 and 18 June, Tonogal and Lieutenant Colonel Aganović, gendarmerie commander for eastern Herzegovina, made an attempt to calm the situation by visiting villages east of the Gacko–Avtovac road to re-establish peace in the area. They received a written message from four villages that they did not acknowledge the NDH authorities, and wanted the message to be passed on to the Italians. The residents of the villages of Jasenik and Lipnik were willing to talk and return to work, but they asked that the gendarmerie not visit their villages, as this would tempt the Montenegrins to attack. Aganović assessed that while this was probably true, their request was insincere. The gendarmerie commander in Bileća believed that the reason for the rebellion was that the local Serbs were wedded to the idea of Greater Serbia, and did not accept that their villages were part of the NDH. This approach essentially meant that local Serbs wanted the NDH authorities to leave them alone and not impose on their lives. According to the historian Davor Marijan, this was a poor choice that gave the Ustaše an excuse to take radical action.
The response of the NDH authorities to resistance had been to burn down the villages where this had occurred, and there were mass shootings of Serbs, which escalated the level of violence even further. In late May and June, 173 Serbs had been rounded up, tortured and killed in Nevesinje, and in early June, another 140 Serbs had been killed at Ljubinje. In response, Serbs attacked Ustaše officials and facilities, and conducted raids themselves, killing Muslim villagers.
The NDH authorities only had weak forces in eastern Herzegovina at the time the mass uprising occurred, roughly equal to two Croatian Home Guard battalions, as well as gendarmerie posts in some towns. This was barely adequate to guard important locations, and was insufficient for offensive action. Deployed forces consisted of one company of the 10th Battalion in Trebinje, the headquarters and a reinforced company of the 7th Battalion in Bileća (the balance of the battalion being divided between Gacko and Avtovac), and a company of the 6th Battalion in Nevesinje. The remainder of the 10th Battalion was deploying to Trebinje at the time the rebellion broke out.
The first indication that the situation had changed significantly was on 23 June, when a group of 200 Ustaše clashed with a group of rebels they estimated to number between 600 and 1,000. After an extended firefight near the village of Stepen, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Korita, during which they suffered several casualties, the Ustaše also burned down four villages. They then entered two Muslim-majority villages in the area and arrested 13 Serbs who had not been involved in the earlier fighting. The arrested Serbs were transported north to Avtovac and shot. That night, all adult Serbs above the age of 16 in Gacko, 4.5 km (2.8 mi) northwest of Avtovac, were arrested, and 26 were immediately shot. The rest were transported 50 km (31 mi) west to a camp in Nevesinje. Over the period 23–25 June, 150 Serbs from the village of Ravno, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Ljubinje, were arrested and killed at the gendarmerie post, and the remainder of the population fled to the hills.
On 23 and 24 June, spontaneous mass gatherings occurred at several villages in the Gacko and Nevesinje districts.[f] These rallies were prompted by the news of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and those attending them voted to fight against the Ustaše. Professor Marko Attila Hoare states that the full-scale uprising resulted from the Ustaše retaliation against attempts of the Serbs of eastern Herzegovina to defend themselves, combined with the launching of the German invasion on 22 June. At dawn on 24 June, the area of Nevesinje descended into full-scale revolt, with around 400 armed rebels engaging the Home Guard garrison. By 24 June, the uprising had reached a massive scale across eastern Herzegovina, with between 1,500 and 3,000 armed rebels in total, including some Montenegrins.
On the morning of 25 June, the company of the 6th Battalion at Nevesinje reported that rebels were gathering to attack the town; Nevesinje's Ustaše commissioner claimed that the rebel force numbered 5,000, and were led by a former Yugoslav Army colonel. About 10:00, the town was attacked from the south and southwest. In response, the Home Guard despatched two more companies of the 6th Battalion from Mostar to Nevesinje. That morning, reports also arrived from Bileća and Stolac that rebels were approaching the village of Berkovići from the north, and had captured the gendarmerie post at Gornji Lukavac. About 11:30, the Ustaše commissioner for Stolac reported that 3,000 Montenegrins had gathered between Nevesinje and Stolac, and he requested the immediate supply of 150 rifles for his men. A rebel attack on the gendarmerie post in the village of Divin near Bileća was repulsed around midday. A platoon of Home Guard reinforcements and weapons for the Ustaše arrived at Stolac in the afternoon, and Bileća was held throughout the day.
Reports of the uprising reached Kvaternik during 25 June, but he dismissed them and the reports of 5,000 rebels, cancelling Adriatic Command's redeployment of the 21st Battalion from Slavonski Brod as well as a request to the Italians for air reconnaissance support. He stated that the suppression of the uprising could be handled by local forces. Loss of communication with Nevesinje resulted in rumours that the town had fallen to the rebels. The gendarmerie post at Fojnica (near Gacko) was captured on the afternoon of 25 June, with the survivors escaping to Gacko. Newspapers reported rumours that Gacko and Avtovac had fallen to the rebels. Having already despatched a reinforced company towards Nevesinje from Sarajevo earlier in the day, Adriatic Command ordered the rest of the battalion to follow. The initial company group had already reached Kalinovik some 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Nevesinje, and the rest of the battalion was expected to spend the night of 25/26 June there before arriving in Nevesinje around noon on 26 June. Kvaternik received an updated report on the situation in eastern Herzegovina during the night, and Prpić travelled from Sarajevo to Mostar to take control of operations, to find that information about the situation in eastern Herzegovina was unclear, but suggested that NDH forces could be facing serious difficulties.
On the morning of 26 June, the company of the 6th Battalion that had been sent from Mostar continued towards Nevesinje, but almost immediately came under fire from a rebel group. With the assistance of Ustaše, the Home Guard were able to hold their ground, but they were unable to break through to Nevesinje. That afternoon, two aircraft of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, ZNDH) from Sarajevo conducted an armed reconnaissance over eastern Herzegovina, and discovered that NDH forces still held Nevesinje. They observed barricades across the Mostar–Nevesinje road, and strafed a group of 50 rebels north of Nevesinje near the village of Kifino Selo. Prpić bolstered the force on the Mostar–Nevesinje road with the 17th Battalion, recently arrived from Sarajevo, and sent his deputy, Colonel Antun Prohaska to command it. The 17th Battalion joined that force at 20:00. About 17:00, the company of the 11th Battalion reached Nevesinje from Kalinovik, and a further company of the battalion was despatched from Sarajevo, along with the battalion commander.
In the southern part of the area of operations around Stolac, the situation was significantly calmer than around Nevesinje, although a group of 200 Ustaše at Berkovići were falsely claiming that they were being surrounded by rebels at night. Despite this claim, they had suffered no casualties. Regardless, Prpić sent them ammunition and a platoon of the 18th Battalion. At 19:00 on 26 June, Francetić arrived at Prpić's headquarters in Mostar to be briefed on the situation. He resolved that he would travel to Berkovići the following day and take personal command of the Ustaše unit there.
Around Gacko and Avtovac in the north, the day had been quiet. When the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Gacko reported rebels gathering near the town, Prpić sent a truck-mounted platoon with an ammunition resupply. The platoon was ambushed en route, with 14 Home Guardsmen being captured. Gacko was reinforced later in the day from troops in Avtovac. On the night of 26 June, the Nevesinje garrison was subjected to a sustained attack by the rebels, but held out.
The NDH authorities in Trebinje heard rumours that the Serbs could start an uprising there on 28 June, the feast day of Saint Vitus, and warned NDH forces in the region to be prepared for a revolt. As a result of these reports, the Poglavnik (leader) of the NDH, Ante Pavelić, issued orders threatening that anyone who spread these rumours would be court-martialled. On the eve of the feast day, both the gendarmerie and Ustaše took several hostages in case the rumours were true. Later, the gendarmerie released their hostages, but the 19 hostages held by the Ustaše were killed. In contrast to the actions of the Ustaše, the Home Guard units in the area tried to calm the situation down.
On the morning of 27 June, Prpić launched a three-pronged assault to clear the routes to Nevesinje. Prohaska commanded the push east along the Mostar–Nevesinje road by a force close to two battalions, Francetić led his unit of Ustaše north from Berkovići through the mountains via Odžak to approach Nevesinje from the south, and two companies of the 11th Battalion thrust southwest along the road from Plužine. Once this task was complete, the NDH forces were to vigorously pursue the rebels and destroy them.
The Prohaska group deployed with one company on the road, and elements of the 17th Battalion and 70 Ustaše on the left flank. Their attack commenced about 10:00, and although they faced strong resistance from the rebels, aided by strafing and bombing by ZNDH aircraft, they reached villages on the outskirts of Nevesinje after fighting that lasted until dawn on 28 June. One Home Guard battalion halted and took up a defensive stance, and the commander was threatened with dismissal by Prpić before he resumed the attack. Francetić's Ustaše unit also faced heavy fighting, and had to call for ammunition resupply on two occasions. One of the resupply vehicles was ambushed by rebels between Stolac and Berkovići, and some ammunition was finally delivered by passenger car during the night. Elsewhere, rebels attacked Gacko and Avtovac, and one ZNDH aircraft was shot down by rebel machine gun fire near Avtovac. That night, Prpić telephoned Kvaternik and advised him that the imposition of martial law was necessary to restore order to Herzegovina. Army Chief of Staff General Vladimir Laxa was immediately appointed by Pavelić to control both Hum and Dubrava counties, which incorporated much of eastern Herzegovina.
On 28 June, Laxa became the overall commander of all NDH authorities in Hum and Dubrava counties, which included Ustaše, Home Guard, civil administration, gendarmerie and police. Military courts were established to deal with those resisting the NDH authorities. Armed guards were posted at the entrance to towns and villages, and any armed civilians were to be disarmed and brought to military authorities. Laxa issued an order that gave the rebels until 2 July to submit to the authorities. On that day, after the Prohaska group broke through to Nevesinje from Mostar, Prohaska sent a company of the 6th Battalion to Kifino Selo to meet the two companies of the 11th Battalion advancing from Plužine. Despite ZNDH air support, the company of the 6th Battalion was attacked by rebels near the entrance to Kifino Selo and the majority broke and ran. Prohaska had to send reserves to block the road between Nevesinje and Kifino Selo, and the companies from the 11th Battalion began to reconnoitre the rebel positions towards Odžak.
Also on that morning, the 200 Home Guard troops and about 50 armed locals in Avtovac were attacked from three directions by rebels. They recovered from their initial surprise and held the town during the day, but in the evening a renewed assault caused them to withdraw from Avtovac and retreat to the villages of Međuljići and Ključ. Upon capturing Avtovac, the rebels looted the village, burned down a large number of Muslim homes and killed 32 Muslim civilians, mostly women, children and the elderly. Gacko was also attacked by the rebels, with eight soldiers killed, and one officer and 12 soldiers wounded. Also on 28 June, two Italian Army trucks driving from Bileća to Avtovac were ambushed by rebels, who killed three soldiers and wounded 17. Around 18:00, the Italian command advised Kvaternik that they would be clearing the route from Bileća via Gacko to Nevesinje on an unspecified future date. During the fighting around Gacko, several ZNDH aircraft were forced to land due to pilot casualties and engine trouble. ZNDH air support operations were suspended due to lack of fuel and spares for the aircraft.
There was no improvement in the situation around Stolac, and an Ustaše unit made up of armed civilians proved to be of such low combat value that Laxa spoke to Francetić and criticised its performance. South of Bileća, rebels destroyed the gendarmerie post in a village, killing seven gendarmes. Dozens of gendarmes were sent from Trebinje to assist them, but they were stopped by rebels and withdrew into a village schoolhouse. In the afternoon a platoon of the 10th Home Guard Battalion was sent north from Trebinje to support the gendarmes, but they were attacked near the village of Mosko, and withdrew into a defensive position. They were reinforced by a second platoon during the night, and were given orders to clear the road from Trebinje to Bileća on the following morning ahead of the Italians.
At dawn on 29 June, the rebels attacked the Ustaše in a village on the Mostar–Nevesinje road. Prohaska demanded help from Mostar, and planned to send a force from Nevesinje to assist. From Mostar, a company of the 21st Battalion was despatched to relieve the Ustaše, who had managed to hold off the rebels. The Home Guard company then took over the post from the Ustaše. The same day, two new battalions arrived in Mostar, the 23rd Battalion from Osijek and the 15th Battalion from Travnik. These reinforcements arrived just as Prpić received confirmation that Avtovac had been captured by the rebels. The remaining small garrison in Gacko, consisting of only 20 gendarmes and 30 Ustaše, were holding out but expecting more attacks by the rebels. In the morning, the attack by elements of the 10th Battalion stalled until the battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Julije Reš, personally took command of the operation, clearing the way for the Italians. The promised Italian intervention commenced about midday, and about 100 trucks of Italian soldiers arrived in Gacko about 17:00. As they had passed through Avtovac, the rebels had left the town and withdrawn to villages to the east. About 18:00, the 10th Battalion relieved the besieged gendarmes in the village schoolhouse. ZNDH aircraft from Mostar airfield flew reconnaissance sorties over the area and dropped leaflets over Stolac, Stepen, Avtovac, Gacko and Plužine.
After the garrison of Nevesinje had been relieved, Laxa directed his main effort towards the Gacko and Avtovac districts. Sensitive to the fact that the Italians had not respected the territorial borders of the NDH when they sent their column to Gacko, he considered it very important that Croatian military and political prestige be restored, otherwise the Italians might decide to remain in the area rather than withdraw to their garrison near the Adriatic coast. He planned to follow this consolidation by clearing the border areas with Montenegro then clearing the hinterland of any remaining rebels. For this last task he intended to deploy a yet-to-be-formed special unit to be led by Lieutenant Colonel Josip Metzger. The task of re-asserting NDH authority in the Gacko and Avtovac districts was allocated to Prohaska's group, consisting of the 6th Battalion, one company of the 18th Battalion, two companies of the 17th Battalion, and the recently arrived 15th and 21st Battalions, which were to be sent to Nevesinje from Mostar. Prohaska was to act in concert with the 11th Battalion who were already in the vicinity of Plužine, just to the north of the Nevesinje–Gacko road. In preparation, the 15th Battalion was trucked to Nevesinje, and a company of the 17th Battalion conducted a coordinated attack with the 11th Battalion on rebel positions near Kifino Selo. This attack was defeated by the rebels, and a battalion commander was killed.
During the remainder of the day, the Italians collected the bodies of their dead from the rebel ambush on 28 June, and rescued some Home Guard troops that had escaped Avtovac, but then returned to Plana, just north of Bileća. The value of further operations in the Gacko and Avtovac areas was brought into question when the Italians reported that both towns had been burned to the ground, and all the inhabitants had been massacred. The Italians blamed Montenegrins attached to the rebels for the destruction and killings in the two towns. The Italian estimate of rebel strength was around 3,000 armed with machine guns, artillery and anti-aircraft guns. A German intelligence officer from Sarajevo arrived at Prpić's headquarters in Mostar to receive a briefing on the situation. The small garrison of Gacko was anticipating an attack by rebels during the night, but in the afternoon 180 Home Guardsmen that had withdrawn from Avtovac arrived to bolster their position, and the night passed without incident.
On 1 July, an Italian armoured unit arrived in Gacko to reinforce the garrison. An Ustaše operation to clear the insurgents from the Stolac district began on 3 July, meeting with success and opening of the road from Berkovci north to Odžak. The Ustaše did not go closer to Nevesinje as they were not in uniform, and were concerned that the Home Guards would mistake them for rebels. During this operation, three Ustaše were killed, including their commander, and the Ustaše fighters killed ten rebels and captured two. In the belongings of one of the captured rebels, the Ustaše located a report by the "National Movement for the Liberation of Nevesinje" (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Narodni pokret za oslobođenje Nevesinja), which was apparently how the rebels referred to themselves. The report made it clear that the rebels were using military tactics and organisation, and hinted at co-operation with the Italians. According to information gathered by the police, the local rebel leadership included former Mostar merchant Čedo Milić, the Bjelogrlić brothers from Avtovac, the Orthodox priest Father Mastilović from Nadinići, and a Captain Radović from Avtovac. Montenegrins involved in the leadership of the uprising included Colonel Bajo Stanišić, Major Minja Višnjić, and Radojica Nikčević from Nikšić.
Following the Italian intervention, Prpić was able to proceed with the task of clearing the wider area of Nevesinje from 3 July, ensuring NDH control of population centres and roads. On 5 July, he replaced his deputy Prohaska with Colonel Franjo Šimić, and assigned him a force consisting of the 6th, 11th, 15th and 17th Battalions, a company of the 18th Battalion and a troop of artillery. The force numbered 62 officers and 2,062 men, with heavy weapons including four 100 mm Skoda houfnice vz 14 mountain howitzers, six heavy machine guns and twenty-seven light machine guns. Šimić seized the crossroads near Kifino Selo and Plužine, securing it with one company of the 11th Battalion, then sent the 15th Battalion to Gacko and the 17th Battalion to Berkovići. A half company of the 21st Battalion secured the Mostar–Nevesinje road. Once this was completed, the major roads in eastern Herzegovina were secured. These operations proceeded without significant fighting, as some of the rebels retreated over the border with Montenegro, and others hid their weapons in the mountains and returned to their homes. By 7 July, NDH forces had regained full control over all the towns and transport routes in eastern Herzegovina.
Tomasevich states that the uprising was a "spontaneous, unorganised outburst" that was doomed to failure, and involved neither the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović nor the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ). He contends that the uprising was the result of several factors, including the Ustaše persecutions, fear and hatred of the NDH authorities, a local tradition of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, the poor economic conditions in eastern Herzegovina, and news of the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Hoare concurs with Tomasevich that the uprising was in the tradition of the Herzegovinian rebellions against the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, such as the uprisings in 1875–77. Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, the German Plenipotentiary General in the NDH, believed that the Italians might have deliberately avoided interfering in the uprising. General Renzo Dalmazzo, the commander of the Italian 6th Army Corps, blamed the Ustaše and Muslims for stoking the revolt.
In eastern Herzegovina, the KPJ had little impact until mid-August 1941, well after the initial revolt had been suppressed. During the lead-up to the mass uprising, the KPJ organisation in Herzegovina would not commit itself, as it was waiting for orders from the provincial organisation in Sarajevo, which was expecting direction from the KPJ Central Committee to launch a general uprising across Yugoslavia. Once they became aware of the German attack on the Soviet Union, the KPJ in Herzegovina voted to join the mass uprising, but this only occurred on 24 June, when the uprising was already in full swing. According to Milazzo, the rebels remained a threat throughout eastern Herzegovina well into July, although the uprising in Herzegovina did not advance until the Bosnia-wide revolt occurred at the end of July, by which time the KPJ was ready for active involvement in the fighting.
|
<urn:uuid:1a131025-8853-40ce-a5bf-711dbdaecd70>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://wikiredia.info/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00519.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979252
| 8,372
| 3.375
| 3
|
Traditional knowledge (TK) is knowledge, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.
While there is not yet an accepted definition of TK at the international level, it can be said that:
- TK in a general sense embraces the content of knowledge itself as well as traditional cultural expressions, including distinctive signs and symbols associated with TK.
- TK in the narrow sense refers to knowledge as such, in particular the knowledge resulting from intellectual activity in a traditional context, and includes know-how, practices, skills, and innovations.
Traditional knowledge can be found in a wide variety of contexts, including: agricultural, scientific, technical, ecological and medicinal knowledge as well as biodiversity-related knowledge.
Traditional knowledge and intellectual property
Innovations based on TK may benefit from patent, trademark, and geographical indication protection, or be protected as a trade secret or confidential information. However, traditional knowledge as such - knowledge that has ancient roots and is often oral - is not protected by conventional intellectual property systems.
While the policy issues concerning TK are broad and diverse, the IP issues break down into two key themes:
Defensive protection refers to a set of strategies to ensure that third parties do not gain illegitimate or unfounded IP rights over TK. These measures include the amendment of WIPO-administered patent systems (the International Patent Classification system and the Patent Cooperation Treaty Minimum Documentation). Some countries and communities are also developing TK databases that may be used as evidence of prior art to defeat a claim to a patent on such TK. WIPO has developed a toolkit to provide practical assistance to TK holders on documenting TK.
Two aspects of positive protection of TK by IP rights are being explored:
- Preventing unauthorized use, and
- Active exploitation of TK by the originating community itself.
Negotiations on an international legal instrument are taking place within the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore. In some countries, sui generis legislation has been developed specifically to address the positive protection of TK. In addition, providers and users may also enter into contractual agreements and/or use existing IP systems of protection.
|
<urn:uuid:7bd35582-e388-4fa8-948f-e0467482e2f0>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989126.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00284-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934729
| 476
| 3.671875
| 4
|
To what extent did colonialism affect the terms by which the colonised understood the material and spiritual landscapes in which they lived? What history, memories, and meanings survive from the colonial encounter and before? In Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter, Sandra E. Greene explores the material and spiritual meanings that the Anlo-Ewe people of Ghana once associated with particular bodies of water, burial sites, sacred towns, and the human body itself and brings these meanings and memories into contemporary context for the Anlo. As a key to understanding the Anlo world view, Greene reconstructs a vivid and convincing portrait of the human and physical environment of 19th century Anlo. Drawing on her extensive fieldwork, early European accounts, and the archives and publications of the Bremen Missionary Society, Greene charts how these ideas changed following contact with British colonisers and German Pietist missionaries who discouraged spiritual interpretation of these sites in favour of more scientific and regulatory views.Anlo responses to these colonialist challenges to their ways of organising physical space involved considerable resistance and, over time, selective acceptance of aspects of new beliefs. The result was that the Anlo began to attribute as never before, more varied and sometimes contradictory meanings to the body and the spaces they inhabited. According to Greene, this selective acceptance explains why certain sites have retained earlier meanings while others have lost their former spiritual significance and are no longer remembered as sacred. The fate of particular meanings and memories have determined the ways in which the Anlo, as individuals and as a community, have reconfigured their identities in the face of their colonial experiences. Where new meanings have proved more convincing or more useful, older meanings have been relegated to the realm of nostalgia. Where new values and ideas have failed to offer effective ways to cope with daily concerns, the Anlo resort to the old ways to give relevance to their world.Despite the multiple meanings about place, space, and the body, Greene shows how the Anlo have been largely successful in forging a collective consensus about how to manage their environment and demonstrates that this ability to regulate and define their physical landscapes forms a strong basis for community identity.
Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter
|
<urn:uuid:d01ff1d2-eb19-4d59-8471-d7b54d3efd9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
https://www.adlibris.com/no/bok/sacred-sites-and-the-colonial-encounter-9780253340733
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861980.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619060647-20180619080647-00464.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954563
| 434
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Devices with wireless access to their features are now very common. We access the Internet wirelessly, our mice and keyboards no longer need cables, and we even play games without any wires. But one area where wireless technology has not been taken advantage of very much is in the monitoring and control of devices we carry inside our bodies.
That has all changed recently with 61-year-old Carol Kasyjanski becoming the first U.S. woman to be fitted with a Pacemaker controlled and monitored wirelessly. With existing pacemakers patients fitted with them have to regularly visit their doctors for tests to be carried out. With the new pacemaker Carol uses her doctor can monitor her at any time without Carol needing to be present or even aware that the monitoring is happening.
The system works via a home monitoring system which collects data from the pacemaker at least once a day and transmits it to her doctor. In this case the system is monitored at the St. Francis Hospital in Roslyn, New York. Dr. Steven Greenberg, director of St. Francis’ Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Center, believes the new pacemaker and monitoring system will become the standard:
If there is anything abnormal, and we have a very intricate system set up, it will literally call the physician responsible at two in the morning if need be. It is a tremendous convenience for the patient from even interacting with a telephone to call the doctor.
On a larger scale it enhances our ability to pick up and evaluate any problems with their pacemaker and certain other rhythm disorders that could be potentially dangerous or life threatening in ways we really could not do before.
The potential for integrating wireless communications into medical equipment we wear is huge. Anyone with a condition that needs to be regularly monitored could be afforded more freedom in their lives if a gadget can be worn or implanted and regularly communicate with a central system the doctor is in contact with. The patient also has more peace of mind because they know that if something goes wrong the system will let the doctors know almost immediately.
I don’t think this tech needs to be limited to home monitoring. With the growing number of WiFi hotspots around the world the pacemaker could select any available signal on which to transmit the latest information about a patient. That would be the ultimate in freedom for the patient with the doctor not only knowing their condition, but where they are in the world in case something goes wrong.
|
<urn:uuid:195d71df-8b5b-4907-bdab-1cdfc4b8d193>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.geek.com/mobile/carol-kasyjanski-first-us-woman-fitted-with-a-wireless-pacemaker-868371/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023035656-20171023055656-00839.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954472
| 493
| 2.609375
| 3
|
A firewall is, by definition, a system of one or more devices developed to implement the access control policy of the network. Firewalls can be implemented in hardware devices, software features, or a combination of both. In the simplest scenario, a firewall could be the access router running a firewall feature set for a telecommuter, home user, small business network, or smaller branch office when they connect to the Internet. Router and firewall features are often built into the devices used to connect to DSL or cable services.
In larger implementations, the firewall might refer to multiple devices and technologies working together to protect the organization from the outside world, and within the network to provide internal security for specific network segments. As you learned in the preceding two chapters, even protecting a single perimeter connection often includes two or more devices working together to provide multiple layers of defense. This avoids the single point of failure that might expose the organization’s digital resources to catastrophic losses.
While a single device might be a firewall, it could also be just a part of a larger system that is the firewall. For clarity, using the terms “firewall device” and “firewall system” might be helpful. A firewall device could be a router running a firewall feature set, in addition to its other activities, or it could be a dedicated appliance like a PIX box.
Whether working between Internet users and an organization’s internal networks or providing internal security within the company network, firewalls examine all messages passing through and blocks those that don’t meet the specified security criteria. For our purposes, we can divide firewall techniques into three categories:
Stateful packet filter
In practice, many firewalls incorporate two or more of these techniques.
Packet filters are access control lists that look at each packet entering or leaving the network. They accept or reject the packet, based on user-defined rules. As you saw earlier, ACLs can base these decisions on any or all of the following criteria:
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Packet filtering can be fairly effective and is generally transparent to users. While recognizing the usefulness of ACL Layer 3 and Layer 4 filtering in many cases, it’s important to recognize the following limitations in a situation where you might consider relying exclusively on them.
Because application layer information isn’t used or stored, each new packet session must be fully tested.
Without stateful capabilities, ACLs can’t deal with port number changes or multiple session channels required by some applications.
Fragmented packets will be forwarded, even if the initial packet was denied, thus allowing certain types of DoS attacks.
Complex ACLs can be difficult to configure and implement.
ACLs can be susceptible to IP address spoofing.
A proxy server stands between the internal network and the outside networks. An internal user wanting to browse a web site creates a session with the proxy server that typically requires authentication. This connection to the proxy might or might not be invisible to the internal user. The proxy can then compare the requested destination URL and/or IP address against a list of blocked sites. Assuming the site isn’t on the blocked list, the proxy then establishes a session with the destination. The proxy continues to work as a relay between the user and the outside world. Then, the proxy can apply application layer filtering against any packets. This hides the internal user from the external site and affords a level of content protection. This enhanced screening comes at the cost of reduced end-to-end performance.
Other features some proxies can provide include storing downloaded content, which can then be forwarded to the next interested user. This creates a perception of faster network performance and reduces traffic across WAN links (caching). Many proxies can create detailed access logs, making it possible for network administrators to review and add URLs to the blocked list.
Common problems in using proxy filtering include the following:
Slower end-to-end performance on true connections to the outside.
Because proxies are typically servers, any vulnerabilities inherent in that server operating system (OS) could be well known to hackers and easily exploited.
A proxy can provide a single point of failure, effectively blocking access to the outside world.
Stateful packet filtering systems provide a best-of-both-worlds solution that offers greater performance and reduced exposure to attack. By storing complete session state information for each session based on Layer 3, Layer 4, and application layer information, the device can provide more intelligent filtering than packet filters and faster performance than proxy filters.
PIX devices use stateful packet filtering to establish and secure TCP and UDP connections, as well as many common applications. This stateful decision-making allows PIX devices to deal with port number changes or multiple session channels required by some applications.
|
<urn:uuid:5621dfe6-5498-4a77-9da6-2d3485ab5604>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://etutorials.org/Networking/Cisco+Certified+Security+Professional+Certification/Part+IV+PIX+Firewalls/Chapter+17+CiscoSecure+PIX+Firewalls/Firewall+and+Firewall+Security+Systems/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424287.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723062646-20170723082646-00661.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903579
| 983
| 3.90625
| 4
|
Pacific Kelp Forest
Picture by: John Brooks, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Picture taken on: March 2nd, 2011
Kelp beds are submarine forests of giant marine algae. The beds of southern California are dominated by a single species, the giant kelp, which is home to a wide variety of fish, including the rubberlip seaperch.
Related Story: Pacific Kelp Forest
|
<urn:uuid:643311f5-203a-4c94-bc19-fdb4da2cd2c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-36
|
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/gallery/images/photos/5574652341.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292887.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00233-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938868
| 81
| 2.921875
| 3
|
Ask the Advocates: Rare Disease Day
Rare Disease Day® is celebrated on the last day of February every year. This year, it falls on February 28, 2022. This day is designed to support those living with rare conditions, create awareness, and build community.
We asked a few advocates to share their perspectives on living with sickle cell and rare diseases. Check out their responses below!
Do you consider sickle cell a rare disease?
In the U.S., sickle cell is considered a rare disease because there are less than 200,000 people living with the condition.
"I do NOT think sickle cell disease is a rare condition. First of all, it's one of the most common diseases in Africa and the Mediterranean. Second, even in the US it's the most common of the "rare diseases" affecting 1/300 people. That doesn't even include the trait that affects 1/12 African Americans. And outside of all of that, even in the US, sickle cell disease is the MOST common genetically inherited blood disorder." ~ Halimat
On the other end of the spectrum, we see an advocate sharing why she considers sickle cell a rare disease.
"Sickle cell is most certainly a rare disease because it affects a small percentage of the population (especially in the US), occurs throughout a person's life, and is genetic. There are many health disparities in communities of color. With sickle cell impacting mostly black/brown patients, it is so important to raise awareness for the disease. In the US, SCD affects about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births and 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births." ~ Wunmi
Do you consider sickle cell a rare disease?
Do you feel like sickle cell feels rare because it is an invisible illness? Why or why not?
"Sickle cell is definitely an invisible disease, however, that's not at all why it counts towards the "rare" category. It's considered "rare" because it affects less than 200,000 people a year in the US (it affects 100,000). But what's truly rare about sickle cell is education, awareness, research, resources, and treatments for the disease. And that's because America has decided it only affects the same populations it has neglected for all of its known history, Black people. Even though we all know sickle cell can and does affect any race." ~ Halimat
"Yes, I do. Sickle cell is an invisible disability that progressively gets worse over the patient's life. There are many debilitating symptoms that occur while living with sickle cell disease (i.e. stroke, AVN, acute chest, jaundice) but chronic pain is a fundamental marker. Pain cannot be seen, it can only be felt so that adds to the complexity of treatment and management." ~ Wunmi
Do you feel that because sickle cell is an invisible illness, it makes it feel rare?
Share your experience of sickle cell as a rare disease:
The lack of awareness around sickle cell can be frustrating whether or not you consider the condition a rare disease.
"The most frustrating thing about having sickle cell for me has always been trying to get help because good/quality help is so rare. When I get sick and have to explain my illness to physicians that aren't hematologists or friends who have never heard of sickle cell, it makes me want to give up. It's exhausting to always have to advocate for my right to exist with this disease and be treated for the pain no one can see and only other sickle cell warriors can understand." ~ Halimat
What are a few things that you wish people knew about sickle cell?
There are a lot of myths and misconceptions surrounding who sickle cell affects, what causes the disease, and its treatments. This makes it even more important to share the realities of sickle cell with those who may not be aware.
When we asked advocates to share a few things they wished other people new about the condition, they said this:
"Sickle cell affects many races. The countries with the highest patient populations in the world are Nigeria, India, Congo, and Jamaica. There are various curative therapies for sickle cell today (i.e. hydroxyurea, stem cell/bone marrow transplantation, and gene therapy). It is the most common genetic blood disorder and there are 5 different types." ~ Wunmi
"Sickle cell is NOT a death sentence. I can and will be successful and anything else I want with sickle cell. Our pain is real, no matter how we're acting, what we're saying, or what any lab test shows." ~ Halimat
What do you wish that people knew about sickle cell?
Do you celebrate Rare Disease Day®? If so, how? What have you done this year or in past years?
Celebrating Rare Disease Day® can be anything from wearing a red shirt to sharing facts on social media. Whether you choose to acknowledge this day or not, know that there is an entire community out there supporting you!
"I celebrate Rare Disease Day® with a sickle cell non-profit called Bold Plus (formerly Bold Lips for Sickle Cell). Sickle cell patients, advocates, and caregivers around the world wear brightly colored lipstick showing solidarity and support for the patient population. We also share 1 or 2 tips on how to stay empowered as a sickle cell warrior to help raise awareness in the rare disease community." ~ Wunmi
Anonymous Poll: Which of these have you experienced as a result of your disease? (choose all that apply)
|
<urn:uuid:8d735f99-6f38-4053-9f8f-ba12404fa02f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://sickle-cell.com/spotlight/advocates-rare-disease-day
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00180.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956466
| 1,187
| 2.796875
| 3
|
J.D Davis Elementary Year One
Griffin/Reese/Goodwin- Austin Sargent
Learning Objective/Exit Outcomes:
Students will begin learning about the process of simple division.
Students will demonstrate understanding of division using multiple strategies.
Students will represent division through visual art (turkeys/feathers).
Math/ Visual Art
MGSE3.OA.1 Interpret products of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 5 × 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7 objects each.
MGSE3.OA.2 Interpret whole number quotients of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 56 ÷ 8 as the number of objects in each share when 56 objects are partitioned equally into 8 shares (How many in each group?), or as a number of shares when 56 objects are partitioned into equal shares of 8 objects each (How many groups can you make?).
MGSE3.OA.4 Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation relating three whole numbers using the inverse relationship of multiplication and division. For example, determine the unknown number that makes the equation true in each of the equations, 8 × ? = 48, 5 = □ ÷ 3, 6 × 6 = ?.
VA3MC.1 Engages in the creative process to generate and visualize ideas. a. Creates a series of thumbnail sketches to alter visual images, such as magnifying, reducing, repeating or combining them in unusual ways, to change how they are perceived and interpreted.
VA3MC.3 Selects and uses subject matter, symbols, and ideas to communicate meaning.
- Generates different viewpoints for making and interpreting a visual image.
- Develops open-ended themes/topics in unique and innovative ways (e.g., modifying or combining visual images).
- Observes how visual relationship of objects and ideas (e.g., contrast, proportion, placement) affects appearance and how arrangements may affect meaning and/or significance.
Students sat at their desks for the entirety of the activity.
This was an introductory lesson for students who were just beginning to learn division.
After papers were handed out and folded, students were asked to darken in the creased lines to make 3 distinct boxes.
PAIR Specialist introduced the lesson by talking about Turkeys and Feathers (it was one week before Thanksgiving break) and telling students that they had to help the PAIR Specialist solve a mystery. In Box One, students were to draw 60 feathers. Now these feathers could look like anything, but students were responsible for establishing what the feathers will look like.
- Teacher or PAIR Specialist could put an example on the board saying your feathers may look like this, or like this or like this. Its up to the students!
Next, in Box Two students were to draw 5 naked turkeys. Again, students can draw them anyway they like, as long as these turkeys had no feathers. Maybe their turkeys were just squares, or ovals, or any combination of shapes. As long as they are deciding what the turkeys are going to look like.
- Again, an example is always good. And then give students their own time to work.
After Box One and Box Two are completed, THEN I would have students switch papers. It doesn’t really matter who they switch with, as long as they have different artistic ideas rather than your own. This is where the artistic standard comes into play.
In Box 3, students have a two-part challenge. 1) They have to figure out how many feathers would go on each turkey. 2) They have to use the artistic ideas already given to them. For instance, if a students got a paper where the Feathers are Stars, and the Turkeys are circles, it is the challenge of Box 3 to draw 5 Circles with the appropriate amount of stars.
If the feathers are lines, and the turkeys are squares then the new artists should draw 5 Squares with the correct number of lines.
An example is included.
|
<urn:uuid:08611921-1f2f-4297-afe4-e81f34fd3d02>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://pairprogram.org/resource/3rd-grade-fractions-relay-drawing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00233.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952739
| 835
| 4.28125
| 4
|
One of the most famous objects to survive from Anglo-Saxon England is the Alfred Jewel, traditionally associated with Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons 871-99. The jewel was found in 1693, at North Petherton, on land belonging to Sir Thomas Wroth (c.1675-1721), only four miles from Athelney, where King Alfred took refuge from the Vikings in 878, and where he is alleged to have burnt the cakes.
North Petherton was mentioned in the Domesday Book as Norperet 1086 (Meaning the north enclosure of the river Parret).
Both of the Manors belonged to King Edward and were taken by King William after 1066.North Petherton forest and park closely linked North Petherton with Medieval Kings of England.
King John used Bridgwater Castle on occasions when he came for the hunting in North Petherton Forest.
Bridgwater Castle was built between 1200 and 1210. Its walls were 12 to 15 feet thick and it was surrounded by a 30 foot moat. The castle survived until 1646, when in the year after the Civil War reached Bridgwater, it was destroyed.
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400) The greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, Chaucer is best known for "The Canterbury Tales" and the contribution to English literature that he made by writing his verses in English instead of Latin which was the norm at the time. Under Richard II, Chaucer was appointed Clerk of the King's Works in charge of construction and renovation. His last official post was as deputy forester of the royal forest of North Petherton. He was born in London, married Philippa in his early twenties and had two sons, Lewis and Thomas. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Historians are divided over Geoffrey Chaucer's involvment in the Park. Some say he lived in the Park House in the Park House Field, now known as Parkers Field. This was probably the lodge which housed the foresters and which the historian, Leland noted in the early 16th century was surrounded by a moat. Others say it was unlikely that he ever lived in or even visited Somerset.
A skirmish took place between a royalist supply convoy and a parlimentary force in North Petherton in August 1644.
|
<urn:uuid:fe3bf611-0ba8-428c-b69f-2cb00ba1b068>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://www.nthpetherton.co.uk/history.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275429.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00155-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983704
| 491
| 3.265625
| 3
|
Fish oil capsules don't lower the risk of stroke, scientists say
FISH oil supplements taken by millions for their health benefits do not reduce the risk of suffering a stroke, a new study suggests.
However, researchers said that eating oily fish at least twice a week may have a significant impact.
An analysis of studies involving almost 800,000 people in 15 countries found that there was no link between taking the capsules and a reduced risk of stroke.
Omega 3 fatty acid supplements and cod liver oil are taken by millions of people every day as it has been suggested they are good for the heart.
The capsules are thought to work by improving the health of blood vessels, lowering cholesterol and reducing inflammation. The market is worth at least £139m (€172m).
In the latest research, scientists examined 38 studies and found that consumption of fish was associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
People eating two to four servings a week were 6pc less likely to suffer a stroke. Those eating five or more portions of oily fish had a 12pc lower risk.
The researchers also looked at levels of omega 3 fatty acids in the blood and found that, comparing those with the highest levels and the lowest, there was no significant difference in stroke risk.
The findings suggest that the flesh of the fish must be eaten to gain the full benefits.
Fish is high in vitamins D and B, which have been linked to healthy blood vessels, while it also contains trace minerals such as iodine.
The scientists noted that if people eat large quantities of fish each week they tend to eat less red meat and other foods that are relatively unhealthy for blood vessels.
The researchers, writing in the 'British Medical Journal', also said that the apparent health benefits of oily fish over white fish may simply be down to the way it is cooked, as white-flesh fish tends to be fried.
Authors from the division of human nutrition at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, suggested that although it is "reasonable" to advise that eating one or two portions of fish per week could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, any benefit of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation is likely to be small. (©Daily Telegraph, London)
|
<urn:uuid:cc068e90-8883-47ef-bdf5-d4cef115dfac>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/health/fish-oil-capsules-dont-lower-the-risk-of-stroke-scientists-say-28825494.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609610.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528082102-20170528102102-00349.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976752
| 453
| 2.65625
| 3
|
NASA mounts its final manned mission to the nearly 20-year-old Hubble Space Telescope. Armed with new cameras, a new spectrograph and other instrument sets, astronauts aim to add another five years to the life of the Hubble, one of the most expensive science projects in history.
The space shuttle
Atlantis successfully launched May 11 for an 11-day repair mission to the
Hubble Space Telescope. For NASA's shuttle program, due to be retired in late
2010, it is the last service call to the 19-year-old Hubble.
The launch from the
Kennedy Space Center in Florida went went off without incident at 2:02 EDT with
Atlantis scheduled for a May 13 arrival at Hubble, orbiting at 342 miles above
The seven-man crew will
conduct five spacewalks
to install two new instruments, repair two inactive
ones and perform component replacements over the 11-day mission to keep Hubble
operational through at least 2014.
In addition to the
scheduled repairs, Atlantis will also carry a replacement Science Instrument
Command and Data Handling Unit for Hubble. Hubble's current system stopped
working on Sept. 27, 2008, delaying the servicing mission
until the replacement was ready.
"It's been seven
years since we've serviced the Hubble space telescope," said Project
Scientist David Lekrone. "And that interval of time, seven years, is twice
as long as we should go in terms of servicing intervals. As a consequence of
that, over the last few years we've seen significant deterioration within the
set of scientific instruments that we provide to the astronomical community.
The toolkit that the community uses to do all kinds of science has really
diminished in its capabilities."
Commanding the mission is
veteran astronaut Scott Altman with retired Navy Capt. Gregory C. Johnson
serving as pilot for the Atlantis. Experienced spacewalkers John Grunsfeld and
Mike Massimimo and rookies Andrew Feustel, Michael Good and Megan McArthur
round out the crew.
NASA describes the flight
as a "mission to once more push the boundaries of how deep in space and
far back in time humanity can see. It's a flight to again upgrade what already
may be the most significant satellite ever launched."
added, "Hubble puts cutting-edge science together with a visual image that
grabs the public's imagination. I think that's the first step in exploration.
Because Hubble takes light that's been traveling for billions of years, sucks
it in and shows it to us. It's like taking you on a journey 13 and a half
billion light years away while you sit there at home and look out at the
The astronauts' primary focus on the voyage will be to replace Hubble's
Wide Field and Planetary Camera
with a newer, more powerful model and to
install a new spectrograph, an instrument that breaks light into its component
colors, revealing information about the objects emitting the light. The Cosmic
Origins Spectrograph sees exclusively in ultraviolet light and will improve
Hubble's ultraviolet sensitivity at least 10 times, and up to 70 times when
observing extremely faint objects.
The new wide field camera
will allow Hubble to take large-scale, extremely clear and detailed pictures
over a very wide range of colors. The new camera and spectrograph will
complement the scientific instruments already on the telescope, in particular
the workhorse Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Space Telescope Imaging
"After we get done
with it, it's not an old telescope," Project Scientist David Lekrone told CBS News
. "Every subsystem that needs refurbishment is being
refurbished and it's getting a new complement of instruments. So the only part
of it that's old is the optical metering structure and the glass. And the glass
doesn't care. When they're done, it really is not an old telescope, it's a new
The repair work and the
installation will require a different type of spacewalk than astronauts
encounter on spacewalks at the International Space Station.
"It's more like
brain surgery than construction," explained Lead Flight Director Tony
Ceccacci. "On station spacewalks, you're installing large pieces of
equipment-trusses, modules, etc.-and putting it together like an erector set.
You can't do that with Hubble. Hubble spacewalks are comparable to standing at
an operating table, doing very dexterous work."
|
<urn:uuid:5b299da5-3059-4eb7-9389-2c20a417db80>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Green-IT/Atlantis-Roars-Off-for-Final-Hubble-Service-Call-592641
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00009-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913529
| 944
| 2.703125
| 3
|
13-1 January 2013
Table of Contents
- About the National Science Foundation
- Listing of Acronyms
- Definitions & NSF-Grantee Relationships
- NSF Organizations
- NSF Organizational Chart
Part I - Grant Proposal Guide
Part II - Award & Administration Guide
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent Federal agency created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (42 USC 1861-75). The Act states the purpose of the NSF is "to promote the progress of science; [and] to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare by supporting research and education in all fields of science and engineering."
From those first days, NSF has had a unique place in the Federal Government: it is responsible for the overall health of science and engineering across all disciplines. In contrast, other Federal agencies support research focused on specific missions such as health or defense. The Foundation also is committed to ensuring the nation’s supply of scientists, engineers, and science and engineering educators.
NSF funds research and education in most fields of science and engineering. It does this through grants and cooperative agreements to more than 2,000 colleges, universities, K-12 school systems, businesses, informal science organizations and other research organizations throughout the US. The Foundation accounts for about one-fourth of Federal support to academic institutions for basic research.
The Foundation considers proposals1 submitted by organizations on behalf of individuals or groups for support in most fields of research. Interdisciplinary proposals also are eligible for consideration.
NSF does not normally support technical assistance, pilot plant efforts, research requiring security classification, the development of products for commercial marketing, or market research for a particular project or invention. Research with disease-related goals, including work on the etiology, diagnosis or treatment of physical or mental disease, abnormality, or malfunction in human beings or animals, is normally not supported. Animal models of such conditions or the development or testing of drugs or other procedures for their treatment also are not eligible for support. However, research in bioengineering, with diagnosis- or treatment-related goals, that applies engineering principles to problems in biology and medicine while advancing engineering knowledge is eligible for support. Bioengineering research to aid persons with disabilities also is eligible.
NSF does not have any programs involving the construction of public works in metropolitan areas, no development assistance programs, no programs requiring State plans as a condition of assistance, none involving coordination of planning in multi-jurisdictional areas and no programs of grants to State and local governments as defined in Section 6501(4) of Title 31 of the United States Code (USC).
NSF receives approximately 50,000 proposals each year for research, education and training projects, of which approximately 11,000 are funded. In addition, the Foundation receives several thousand applications for graduate and postdoctoral fellowships. The agency operates no laboratories itself but does support National Research Centers, user facilities, certain oceanographic vessels and Antarctic research stations. The Foundation also supports cooperative research between universities and industry, US participation in international scientific and engineering efforts, and educational activities at every academic level.
NSF is structured much like a university, with grants-funding divisions/offices for the various disciplines and fields of science and engineering and for science, math, engineering and technology education. NSF also uses a variety of management mechanisms to coordinate research in areas that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. The Foundation is assisted by advisors from the scientific and engineering communities who serve on formal committees or as ad hoc reviewers of proposals. This advisory system, which focuses on both program directions and specific proposals, involves approximately 50,000 scientists and engineers each year. NSF staff members who are experts in a certain field or area make award recommendations; PIs receive unattributed verbatim copies of peer reviews.
Grantees are wholly responsible for conducting their project activities and preparing the results for publication. Thus, the Foundation does not assume responsibility for such findings or their interpretation.
Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities provide funding for special assistance or equipment to enable persons with disabilities to work on NSF-supported projects. See GPG Chapter II.D.3 for instructions regarding preparation of these types of proposals.
NSF has Telephonic Device for the Deaf (TDD) and Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) capabilities that enable individuals with hearing impairments to communicate with the Foundation about NSF programs, employment or general information. TDD may be accessed at (703) 292-5090 and (800) 281-8749, FIRS at (800) 877-8339.
The NSF Information Center may be reached at (703) 292-5111.
The Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide2 is comprised of documents relating to the Foundation's proposal and award process. It has been designed for use by both our customer community and NSF staff and consists of two parts:
- Part I, the NSF Grant Proposal Guide (GPG) contains NSF’s proposal preparation and submission guidelines. The GPG provides guidance for the preparation and submission of proposals to NSF. Some NSF programs have program solicitations that modify the general provisions of the GPG, and, in such cases, the guidelines provided in the solicitation must be followed.
- Part II, the NSF Award and Administration Guide (AAG), contains guidance on managing and monitoring the award and administration of grants and cooperative agreements made by the Foundation. Coverage includes the NSF award process, from issuance and administration of an NSF award through closeout. Guidance regarding other grant requirements or considerations that either is not universally applicable or which do not follow the award cycle also is provided.
General information about NSF programs may be found on the NSF website at http://www.nsf.gov/funding/browse_all_funding.jsp. Additional information about special requirements of individual NSF programs may be obtained from the appropriate Foundation program offices. Information about most program deadlines and target dates for proposals are available on the NSF website at
http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_list.jsp?org=NSF&ord=date . Program deadline and target date information also appears in individual program announcements and solicitations and on relevant NSF Divisional/Office websites.
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
NSF programs fall under the following categories in the latest Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) issued by the Office of Management and Budget and the General Services Administration:
47.041 -- Engineering Grants
47.049 -- Mathematical and Physical Sciences
47.050 -- Geosciences
47.070 -- Computer and Information Science and Engineering
47.074 -- Biological Sciences
47.075 -- Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences
47.076 -- Education and Human Resources
47.078 -- Office of Polar Programs
47.079 -- Office of International Science & Engineering
47.080 –- Office of Cyberinfrastructure
47.081 –- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
47.082 –- Trans-NSF Recovery Act Research Support
A listing of applicable NSF CFDA numbers, is available on the NSF Website at: http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/cfda.jsp.
Any questions or comments regarding the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide should be addressed to the Policy Office, Division of Institution & Award Support, at (703) 292-8243 or by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org.
AAG - Award & Administration Guide
ABR - Accomplishment-Based Renewal
ACH - Automated Clearing House (U.S. Treasury)
AD - Assistant Director
ADPE - Automatic Data Processing Equipment
AOR - Authorized Organizational Representative
AUO - Area Utilization Officer (GSA)
BFA - Budget, Finance & Award Management
CAAR - Cost Analysis & Audit Resolution Branch
CAFATC - Cooperative Agreement Financial/Administrative Terms and Conditions
CAM - Contract Award Manual
CAPTC - Cooperative Agreement Programmatic Terms and Conditions
CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
CGI - Continuing Grant Increment
CMIA - Cash Management Improvement Act
COI - Conflict of Interest
Co-PD - Co-Project Director
Co-PI - Co-Principal Investigator
DACS - Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support
DAS - Division of Administrative Services
DD - Division Director
DFM - Division of Financial Management
DGA - Division of Grants and Agreements
DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services
DIAS - Division of Institution and Award Support
DOC - Department of Commerce
DUNS - Data Universal Numbering System
EAGER - EArly-Concept Grants for Exploratory Research
EFT - Electronic Funds Transfer
E.O. - Executive Order
F&A - Financial & Administrative Costs
FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations
FASED - Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities
FCCOM - Facilities Capital Cost of Money
FDP - Federal Demonstration Partnership
FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency
FFR - Federal Financial Report
FIRS - Federal Information Relay Service
FOIA - Freedom of Information Act
FWA - Federal-wide Assurance
GC-1 - Grant General Conditions
GOE - Government Owned Equipment
GPG Grant Proposal Guide
GPO - Government Printing Office
GSA - General Services Administration
IACUC - Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IBC - Institutional Biosafety Committee
ILS - Institutional Ledger Section
IRB - Institutional Review Board
IRS - Internal Revenue Service
IR&D - Independent Research and Development
LOI - Letters of Intent
MREFC - Major Research Equipment and Facilities
NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act
NIH - National Institutes of Health
NSB - National Science Board
NSF - National Science Foundation
ODI - Office of Diversity and Inclusion
OGC - Office of the General Counsel
OHRP - Office of Human Research Protections
OIG - Office of Inspector General
OMB - Office of Management and Budget
ONR - Office of Naval Research
PD - Project Director
PHS - Public Health Service
PI - Principal Investigator
PO - Program Officer
RAPID - Rapid Response Research Grants
REU - Research Experiences for Undergraduates
ROA - Research Opportunity Awards
RTC - Research Terms and Conditions
RUI - Research in Undergraduate Institutions
SBA - Small Business Administration
SBIR - Small Business Innovation Research Program
SF - Standard Form
SF LLL - Disclosure of Lobbying Activities
SGER - Small Grants for Exploratory Research
SPO - Sponsored Projects Office
SSN - Social Security Number
STTR - Small Business Technology Transfer
TDD - Telephonic Device for the Deaf
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
USC - United States Code
USDA - U. S. Department of Agriculture
D. Definitions & NSF-Grantee Relationships
a. An AUTHORIZED ORGANIZATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE (AOR)/AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE is the administrative official who, on behalf of the proposing organization is empowered to make certifications and assurances and can commit the organization to the conduct of a project that NSF is being asked to support as well as adhere to various NSF policies and grant requirements.
b. ASSISTANCE AWARDS are awards that entail the transfer of money, property, services or other things of value from the Federal government to a recipient to accomplish a public purpose of support or stimulation. In the case of NSF, assistance awards involve the support or stimulation of scientific and engineering research, science and engineering education or other related activities. NSF is authorized to use grants or cooperative agreements for this purpose.
c. A GRANT3 is a type of assistance award and a legal instrument which permits an executive agency of the Federal government to transfer money, property, services or other things of value to a grantee when no substantial involvement is anticipated between the agency and the recipient during the performance of the contemplated activity. Grants are the primary mechanism of NSF support. NSF awards the following two types of grants:
(i) A STANDARD GRANT is a type of grant in which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support for a specified period of time with no statement of NSF intent to provide additional future support without submission of another proposal.
(ii) A CONTINUING GRANT is a type of grant in which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support for an initial specified period of time, usually a year, with a statement of intent to provide additional support of the project for additional periods, provided funds are available and the results achieved warrant further support.
d. A COST REIMBURSEMENT AWARD is a type of grant under which NSF agrees to reimburse the grantee for work performed and/or costs incurred by the grantee up to the total amount specified in the grant. Such costs must be allowable in accordance with the applicable cost principles (e.g., OMB Circular A-21 (2 CFR Part 220) or OMB Circular A-122 (2 CFR Part 230). Accountability is based primarily on technical progress, financial accounting and fiscal reporting. Except under certain programs and under special circumstances, NSF grants and cooperative agreements are normally cost reimbursement type awards.
e. A FIXED AMOUNT AWARD is a type of grant used in certain programs and situations under which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support without regard to actual costs incurred under the project. The award amount is negotiated using the applicable cost principles or other pricing information as a guide. This type of grant reduces some of the administrative burden and record-keeping requirements for both the grantee and NSF. Except under unusual circumstances, such as termination, there is no governmental review of the actual costs subsequently incurred by the grantee in performance of the project. There typically is a requirement for the grantee to certify that the approximate number of person-months or other activity called for in the grant was performed. Payments are based on meeting specific requirements of the grant and accountability is based primarily on technical performance and results.
f. A COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT is a type of assistance award which should be used when substantial agency involvement is anticipated during the project performance period. Substantial agency involvement may be necessary when an activity is technically and/or managerially complex and requires extensive or close coordination between NSF and the awardee. Examples of projects which might be suitable for cooperative agreements if there will be substantial agency involvement are: research centers, large curriculum projects, multi-user facilities, projects which involve complex subcontracting, construction or operations of major in-house university facilities and major instrumentation development.
g. A GRANTEE is the organization or other entity that receives a grant and assumes legal and financial responsibility and accountability both for the awarded funds and for the performance of the grant-supported activity. NSF grants are normally made to organizations rather than to individual Principal Investigator/Project Director(s). Categories of eligible proposers may be found in GPG Chapter I.
h. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR (PI/PD) is the individual designated by the grantee, and approved by NSF, who will be responsible for the scientific or technical direction of the project. If more than one, the first one listed will have primary responsibility for the project and the submission of reports. All others listed are considered co-PI/PD, and share in the responsibility of the scientific or technical direction of the project. The term "Principal Investigator" generally is used in research projects, while the term "Project Director" generally is used in science and engineering education and other projects. For purposes of this Guide, PI/co-PI is interchangeable with PD/co-PD.
2. NSF-Grantee Relationships
a. Grants will be used by NSF when the accomplishment of the project objectives requires minimal NSF involvement during performance of the activities. Grants establish a relationship between NSF and the grantee in which:
(i) NSF agrees to provide up to a specified amount of financial support for the project to be performed under the conditions and requirements of the grant. NSF will monitor grant progress and assure compliance with applicable standards.
(ii) The grantee agrees to perform the project as proposed, to the prudent management of the funds provided and to carry out the supported activities in accordance with the provisions of the grant. (See Award and Administration Guide (AAG) Chapter I.B, for the documents that comprise an NSF grant.)
b. Cooperative agreements will be used by NSF when the accomplishment of the project objectives requires substantial ongoing agency involvement during the project performance period. Substantial agency involvement may be necessary when an activity is technically and/or managerially complex and would require extensive or close coordination between NSF and the awardee. This, however, does not affect NSF’s right to unilaterally suspend or terminate support for cause or consider termination in accordance with AAG Chapter VII, if it is in the best interest of NSF or the Government.
Cooperative agreements will specify the extent to which NSF will be required to advise, review, approve or otherwise be involved with project activities, as well as require more clearly defined deliverables.
The distinction of a cooperative agreement is that NSF is substantially involved; however, awardees have primary management responsibility for conduct of their projects. To the extent that NSF does not reserve responsibility for coordinating or integrating the project activities with other related activities or does not assume a degree of shared responsibility for certain aspects of the project, all such responsibilities remain with the awardee. As appropriate, NSF may provide advice, guidance or assistance of a technical, management, or coordinating nature and require that the awardee obtain NSF prior approval of specific decisions, milestones, or procedures. While NSF will monitor cooperative agreements in accordance with the terms and conditions of the award, it will not assume overall control of a project or unilaterally change or direct the project activities. All cooperative agreements will state the nature and extent of expected NSF involvement to ensure that the responsibilities of each party are fully understood.
Some cooperative agreements are funded through the Foundation’s Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account. The MREFC appropriation provides a separate budget account for major research equipment and facilities. Once an award for an MREFC project is established with MREFC funds, no other funding will be commingled with these funds. Operating funds for MREFC activities and supplements will be funded under a separate award to support the MREFC activities. The awardee is required to segregate MREFC from Operations accounts to avoid the commingling of MREFC funds with other appropriations under NSF assistance awards. In special cases, as in the awards for the NSF-supported Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs), a cooperative agreement will be used as an umbrella award, establishing the overall basic provisions of the agreements. Separate cooperative support agreements with specific terms and conditions will be issued for MREFC and Operations activities.
E. NSF Organizations
The NSF organizations/offices described below are normally of most direct interest to the NSF proposer and awardee community. Consult the NSF website at http://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp for the most current listing of NSF offices/directorates. An NSF Organization Chart is included as Exhibit 1 of the PAPPG Introduction.
1. National Science Board
The National Science Board establishes the policies of the National Science Foundation within the framework of applicable national policies set forth by the President and the Congress. The Board is composed of 24 members, representing a cross section of American leadership in science and engineering research and education; appointed by the President to six-year terms, with one third appointed every two years; and selected solely on the basis of established records of distinguished service. The NSF Director is a member ex officio of the Board. In addition to establishing the policies of the Foundation, the Board along with the Director, recommends and encourages the pursuit of national policies for the promotion of research and education in science and engineering.
2. Program Divisions/Offices
Program Divisions/Offices are responsible for the scientific, technical and programmatic review and evaluation of proposals and for recommending that proposals be declined or awarded. The scientific, engineering and/or educational aspects of an award will be monitored by the NSF Program Officer identified in the award notice. Integral staff in the program division/office relative to the NSF proposal and award process are:
a. NSF Program Officers. Program Officers conduct merit review of proposals and recommend which projects should be supported by the Foundation. They are considered subject matter experts and they often provide technical and programmatic advice. Carrying out these responsibilities requires a thorough intellectual understanding of the specialty and knowledge of its substantive technical issues, as well as knowledge of NSF’s processes. (See GPG Chapter III for a detailed description of the NSF Merit Review Process.)
b. NSF Division Directors. A Division Director’s responsibilities include:
- long-range planning, contributing to the achievement of the Foundation’s strategic goals and objectives;
- providing stewardship for budgetary and other resources; and
- overseeing merit review of proposals and the award process, if his/her Division is part of a program directorate.
3. Division of Grants & Agreements (DGA)
The Division of Grants and Agreements (DGA) provides stewardship of the federal funding awarded by NSF and is responsible for business, financial, and administrative assistance across the continuum of awards from pre-award through closeout. DGA supports a diverse set of stakeholders including Awardees, NSF Directorates and others within the national scientific research and education communities, and maintains a leadership role in the federal grants arena. In carrying out NSF's primary mission of providing basic research support, DGA interacts on a continuing basis with academic and non-academic institutions, private industry, state and local governments, and other Federal agencies. DGA is responsible for the business, financial and administrative review of all recommended grants, most cooperative agreements4 and other assistance awards and assuring that they are consistent with applicable policies, regulations, directives and fund certifications.
Note that recommendation for an award by an NSF Program Officer does not constitute approval or obligation of Federal funds. Only an NSF Grants and Agreements Officer has the delegated authority to approve grants, cooperative agreements, or other assistance awards that will obligate NSF funds for expenditure by the awardee for proposed project activities. Grants Officers are also responsible for issuing all amendments and certain post award prior approvals under these awards, for monitoring awardee compliance with the terms and conditions of the awards, and for the administration and closeout of these awards.
NSF Grants and Agreements Officers provide customer service and pre- and post-award technical assistance on the aforementioned policies, regulations, and directives, both to the NSF directorates and awardees through a number of mechanisms. Such assistance is provided through a variety of venues, including on-site visits to awardee institutions, outreach forums and by serving on project advisory teams.
4. Division of Institution and Award Support (DIAS)
DIAS is responsible for the development and implementation of proposal and award policies & procedures, clearance of NSF proposal-generating documents, risk assessment and post-award monitoring activities, cost analysis and award support, audit resolution, electronic award and systems administration, and outreach to the external community.
A more detailed description of the responsibilities of each of the operating organizations within DIAS follows:
a. DIAS, through the Policy Office, is responsible for the development, coordination, and issuance of NSF pre- and post-award policies for the assistance programs of the National Science Foundation. The Policy Office provides guidance on policies and procedures related to NSF's electronic proposal and award systems. The responsibility for reviewing and providing official clearance approval for all NSF proposal-generating documents also resides in the Policy Office.
Another important function of the Policy Office is the coordination of outreach programs for external stakeholders and NSF staff. Through a variety of mechanisms, the Policy Office coordinates the release of timely and relevant information regarding NSF policies and procedures, proposal preparation, and award management to the broad research community. In addition to working closely with professional research administration associations, the Policy Office coordinates two major grants conferences held at various institutions around the country (one in the spring and one in the fall).
b. DIAS staff in the Cost Analysis and Audit Resolution (CAAR) Branch perform cost analyses and resolve audit findings pertaining to the allowability, allocability, and appropriateness of costs claimed under all NSF awards, including grants and cooperative agreements. CAAR responsibilities include the performance of accounting systems, financial capability, budget reviews, and award monitoring and business assistance. CAAR also negotiates indirect cost rates for organizations that have numerous Federal awards where NSF provides the preponderance of funding.
c. With regard to electronic award and procurement systems administration, the Systems Office within DIAS is responsible for the administration, oversight, and interpretation of business rules for assistance awards across NSF's corporate systems. In addition, the Systems Office is responsible for systems analysis and requirements development necessary for the implementation of assistance awards business rules across NSF's corporate systems.
5. Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support (DACS)
DACS provides acquisition and cooperative agreement award support for the Foundation. The Contracts Branch is responsible for planning, solicitation, negotiation, award and administration of research and research support contracts for NSF. The Cooperative Support Office (CSO) is responsible for planning, solicitation, negotiation, award and administration of cooperative agreements for FFRDCs, major research facilities and various science, technology, engineering and education center programs. CSO provides cooperative agreement management and oversight for supported multi-institutional and international programs. This includes key participation and input on NSF project advisory teams, business process reviews and redesign, risk assessments, financial and administrative assistance to all stakeholders and on-site support for large research facilities and FFRDCs.
6. Division of Financial Management (DFM)
DFM is responsible for the financial policy and financial management of NSF. The division is responsible for NSF’s financial reporting, grantee business office relationships and payment of vendors. The Cash Management Branch of DFM is available to assist grantee financial and business officials in matters of payment and financial reporting discussed in Chapter III of the AAG.
7. Office of the General Counsel (OGC)
OGC is the legal advisor and advocate for the Foundation, providing legal advice and assistance on all aspects of the Foundation's programs, policies, and operations, as well as areas affecting science and technology more broadly. Advice is provided in a wide variety of areas, such as: contracts and grants; intellectual property; conflicts of interest; privacy (including the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), the Privacy Act and the Sunshine Act); civil rights; health, safety and environment; public regulation of research; Federal fiscal and administrative law and procedure; international law and agreements; and national security restrictions of scientific research (including export controls).
8. Office of Diversity and Inclusion (ODI)
ODI is responsible for responding to all civil rights matters pertaining to NSF programs or activities receiving Federal financial assistance. (See AAG Chapter VI.A for additional information.)
9. Office of Inspector General (OIG)
OIG is an independent oversight office that reports directly to the National Science Board and the Congress. It is responsible for conducting audits, reviews, and investigations of NSF programs and organizations that receive NSF funding. OIG also evaluates allegations of research misconduct, such as plagiarism or the falsification or fabrication of data, involving researchers who request or receive NSF funding (see AAG Chapter VII.C.1). The OIG staff includes scientists, attorneys, certified public accountants, investigators, evaluators, and information technology specialists. OIG audits focus on NSF’s internal agency programs, as well as grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements funded by NSF. Their purpose is to ensure that the financial, administrative, and program activities of NSF and its awardee organizations are conducted efficiently and effectively. OIG investigations focus on program integrity and possible financial or non-financial wrongdoing by organizations and individuals who submit proposals to, receive awards from, conduct business with, or work for NSF. Grant recipients and administrators should contact the OIG (1-800-428-2189) to report any instances of possible misconduct, fraud, waste, or abuse.
For purposes of this Guide, the term “proposal” is interchangeable with the term “application.” Back to Text
This Guide has been developed is for use with NSF assistance programs; for information relating to NSF contracts, consult the NSF Contracting Process. Back to Text
For purposes of this Guide, except where explicitly noted, the term “grant” is interchangeable with the term “cooperative agreement”, and the term “grantee” is interchangeable with the “awardee” of a cooperative agreement. Back to Text
The Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support (DACS) is responsible for negotiation, award and administration of cooperative agreements for FFRDCs, major research facilities and various science, technology, engineering and education center programs. Back to Text
|
<urn:uuid:2cc77e7e-94e2-4570-ae06-467254ce70c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://nsf.gov/pubs/policydocs/pappguide/nsf13001/index.jsp?org=CNS
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134620.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00325-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916861
| 6,177
| 2.953125
| 3
|
3 September 1513, death of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, at the age of about 57. Gerald was also known as "Garret the Great" or "The Great Earl". Gerald was Ireland's premier peer and he served as Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1477 to 1494, and from 1496 onward. Gerald married as his first wife, Alison FitzEustace with whom he had five children. In 1477 he was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland but was soon replaced by Henry Grey, 4th Baron of Codnor because it was thought an Englishman was better fit for the job. However, Edward IV was forced to re-appoint him. Gerald managed to keep his position after the House of York fell but committed treason against Henry VII on several occasions, including when supporting the pretender Lambert Simnel. Simnel's attempt to seize the throne failed and many of his supporters were killed at the Battle of Stoke field in 1487, Gerald’s brother Thomas being one of them. Thomas is claimed to have taken the lead in rallying support for Simnel in Ireland but definitely could not have been able to do so without consent of his brother Gerald. In 1494 he was send to the Tower, during which his wife Alison died. Gerald was tried in 1496 but was able to convince the King the bad intentions of the current ruling factions in Ireland. Henry realized he needed Gerald, pardoned him and promptly re-appointed him as Lord Deputy of Ireland. From then Gerald remained faithful and Henry VII allowed him to marry a second cousin of him as his second wife, Elizabeth St. John, with whom Gerald had another 5 children. While on an expedition in Kilkea in 1513, Gerald was mortally wounded said while watering his horse. He was taken back to Kildare where he died.
Today, 25 August, in 1485, execution by beheading of William Catesby in Leicester, at the age of about 35. He was the son of Sir William Catesby of Ashby St Ledgers and Philippa Bishopston.
Catesby and one of Richard III closest friends and advisors. Catesby had been captured at the Battle of Bosworth or soon after.
Just before his execution Catesby made his last will, leaving its fulfilment entirely to his wife, 'to whom, I have ever been true of my body.' He wished his wife to restore all the land he had wrongfully purchased, and to divide the rest of his property among their children. 'I doubt not, the king will be good and gracious lord to them; for he is called a full gracious prince, and I never offended him by my good and free will, for God I take to my judge I have ever loved him.' And even more remarkable he wrote : 'My lords Stanley, Strange, and all that blood, help and pray for my soul, for ye have not for my body as I trusted in you. Perhaps suggesting he had surrendered to the Stanleys who had promised him protection but broke word and handed him to Henry for execution.
Catesby lands were confiscated but eventually in 1496 restored to his son George. Catesby was buried in the Church of St. Mary the Virgin and Leodigarius in Ashby-St-Ledgers.
Without encountering any obstacle at sea, Henry Tudor and his c. 4000 followers had sailed from the coast of Harfleur arriving safely at Mill Bay, along the rocky Pembrokeshire coastline after a 6-days journey on 7 August 1485.
Preparations had been going on for their arrival and amongst those waiting on the shore was Jasper’s half-brother and Henry’s uncle, the 26-year-old David Owen, illegitimate son of Owen Tudor who had spent the first years of his life with Henry at Pembroke Castle.
Henry’s mixed sense of relief and anxiety was obvious. He then ‘kissed the ground meekly, and reverently made the sign of the cross upon him’. Soon after their landing Henry also decided to knight eight of his foremost followers – his uncles David Owen and John, Lord Welles, Philibert de Chandée, James Blount, Edward Courtenay, John Cheyne, Edward Poynings and John Fort.
Their first task was to climb up the steep sea cliff, followed by the decision to go the village of Dale and its castle and set up camp in the village. According to Henry’s biographer Bernard André, Henry, perhaps especially mindful of his French troops, reprimanded his men not to do anything to others, ‘either by word or by deed, which you not wish to have done to yourselves’. Rules of war were crucial if authority was to be maintained and order kept.
Both Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford inspected the French troops in order to determine what gear and weaponry they were short of. It was probably, the constable of Pembroke, Richard Williams, who hastened 200 miles over 4 days, to King Richard at Nottingham and told him the news about their landing. Good news also came, the people of Pembroke ‘were ready to serve Jaspar ther erle’.
As the year 1495 approached its end, so did the life of Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford and Earl of Pembroke. Jasper had made his last will on 15 December at his manor at Thornbury and died there six days later on 21 December. In his own bed he died as one of the greatest survivors of the Wars of the Roses at the age of about 64. Jasper’s body was embalmed and his entrails buried at nearby St. Mary’s Church. The church, which still stands today, must have been a frequent place of worship for the Duke while staying at Thornbury. In his will Jasper requests for his body to be buried 18 miles south of Thornbury ‘in a place convenient’ at the Abbey of Keynsham and for his tomb to be honourably made to suit ‘the estate it hath pleased God to call me to’.
Jasper was the son of Owen Tudor and dowager Queen Katherine de Valois (widow of Henry V), half-brother to Henry VI and uncle to Henry VII, to whom he devoted his life. Jasper’s steadfast loyalty towards his family and his tactics to survive against all odds were the main reason the Tudors were able to ensure the English throne. Jasper’s importance to his nephew was unmistakable by the presence of the King and his queen at his uncle’s funeral. His remains, however, were lost during the Dissolution of the Monastries under his great-nephew Henry VIII.
If anyone would like to see the original will, just message me and I'd be happy to send a pdf.
Read below for the transcript of Jasper's will in the original spelling:
In the name of god, Amen. I Jasper Duke of Bedford and Erle of Pembroke make
my testament and last Will in this forme folowing furst I bequeath my soule to almightie god to our blessed
lady the moder the virgine Mary and to all Saintes my body to be buried in the monasterie of our Lady
of Keynesham in a place convenient Where I will that my Tombe be honorable made after thestate that
it hath pleased god to call me to And therupon to be employed an hundred markis Item I will
that certeyne my Lordshippis Maners landes and tenements with their appurtenances which I have in fee
simple aswele in the Counties of Notingham Derby and Warwyk as in the Marche of Wales and ellis
where the some of fourty pounds yerely of the same with licence and agreament of my soverayn lord
the king to be amorteysed for the fyndyng of iiij preestis to syng perpetually in the saide church and Monastery
aswele for my soule and for my faders soule as for the soules of the noble memorie Kateryne some tyme
Quene of England my moder And of Edmund late Erle of Richemonde my brother and of all
other my predecessours Item I will that in defaute hereof some or ij benefices of the value of xl
or l poundes yerely above all charges of the patronage of my saide soverayn Lord of myne or of any
other where the same may bee best obteyned by speciall labor and meanes of me or myne executours
be impropried to thabbot and convent of the saide Monastery perpetually for the tyme being to thentente
v or vj preestis shalbe founde daily to syng in the saide Monasterye aswele for my soule as the
soules aforesaide Item I will that in defaulte of both the premisses and c li to be delyvered unto the saide
Abbot and Convente by myne executours in redy money to thentente that ij preestis shalbe perpetually
founde in the saide Monastery to syng daily for me And the soules above rehersed according to an offer
made by the saide Abbot and Convent in that behalf And the suretie herof to be dyvysed by my
counsell lernede. Item I bequeath to the saide monasterie my best gowne of cloth of gold for vestment
to be made to the honor of God and his blessed moder Item I will that the day of my internment
at Keynesham there be distributed amonge every poor man and woman that will take it ijd a pece and
lykewise at my monethis mynde Item I bequeath to the monasterie of blessid sainte Kenelme of Winchecombe toward the bilding of the same xxli and my long gowne of crymesyn velvett to
make a coope there to the honor of god and the sainte Item I bequeath to the church of Thornebury
toward the reparation of the same xli Item I bequeath to the saide church a gowne of blak velvett
If you haven't heard about the fantastic artist Dmitry Yakhovsky, I would really like to introduce you to him. Dmitry is experienced with watercolour and digital art, has just published his debut graphic novel 'Shadow of the Cross' with MadeGlobal Publishing and only recently started with oils. I'm so happy with the oil painting he did for me and really wanted to share it with you all. It depicts Jasper and Henry Tudor after the siege of Pembroke Castle in 1471, prior to their exile in Brittany. Many of you know Jasper is dear to my heart and I think this very image illustrates his character very well, his fatherly protectiveness towards his nephew Henry but also the determination in his eyes, while leaving his home at Pembroke, knowing that one day he will have it back.
Several days of ceremonies and festivities were planned for the days ahead. The coronation of Henry VII was set for 30 October. But even before that Henry had thought about the rewards he was to bestow upon those who had served him and had made his victory at Bosworth a fact. His uncle Jasper Tudor was on top of the list. On the feast day of St. Simon and St. Jude, Jasper was presented before his nephew the King in the ‘habit of estate of a duke’ in the Presence Chamber in the Tower of London. Duke Jasper was led by the Duke of Suffolk and his son the Earl of Lincoln, the Earl of Nottingham carried his cap of state and the Earl of Shrewsbury bore Jasper’s sword, pommel upwards and officers of arms walking before him. Others who attended were John de Vere, Earl of Oxford and the King’s stepfather Lord Thomas Stanley. While entering the room Jasper did his first bow, halfway through the room his second and standing in front of the King his third. The King then placed Jasper’s ‘girdle about his neck, and hanged the sweard before him’, styling Jasper ‘The high and mighty prince, Jasper brother and uncle of kings, Duke of Bedford and Earl of Pembroke’.
There had only been two earlier Dukes of Bedford, the most notable Henry V’s younger brother John, the mainstay of the house of Lancaster who had enjoyed great popularity and it must have been him who Henry had in mind when seeking an appropriate title for his beloved uncle. It too demonstrated the link between the houses of Lancaster and Tudor. But most of all it showed Henry’s gratitude towards the uncle who had devoted his life to his nephew and without whom kingship or probably even his very survival would have been impossible.
That same day Henry’s stepfather Lord Stanley was created Earl of Derby and Edward Courtenay received the earldom of Devon. After the ceremonies were completed the newly styled nobles took their seat at the dining table at the King’s Great Chamber.
29 October 1485: The day before Henry’s own coronation the dubbing of six knights of the Bath took place at the Tower, in which Jasper was to take part in.
After hearing mass together and in preparation of the coronation, Henry, bare-headed on a horse fully dressed with cloth of gold and trimmed with ermine with on his right hand Jasper, almost as splendidly dressed as the King himself, rode in a most impressive procession from the Tower of London to Westminster Hall. In the midst of this magnificent setting Jasper, now as Duke of Bedford, had the honour to play the leading role in the coronation ceremony of his nephew the following day.
'"A battle was fought. King Richard was killed on the battlefield and the Earl of Richmond was crowned King of England on the field with Richard's crown." Philippe de Commines.
Amongst Richard III’s men casualties were ofcourse heavy. Amid his closest supporters the elderly John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, Walter Devereux (the younger), Lord Ferrers, Richard’s close companion Sir Richard Ratcliffe, Keeper of the Tower of London Sir Robert Brackenbury, Controller of the King’s household Sir Robert Percy and the King’s secretary John Kendall were all killed in battle. Richard’s other close friend Sir William Catesby fled but was soon captured and executed. Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland and Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (son of the slain Duke of Norfolk) were both taken into custody and imprisoned but later restored to their lands and titles. John de la pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, Francis Viscount Lovell and the brothers Humphrey and Thomas Stafford all escaped.
Polydore Vergil reported that a 1,000 men were slain amongst Richard III’s men and about 100 on Henry Tudor’s side. According to Vergil Henry’s standard bearer Sir William Brandon was ‘the only one from the nobility’ who had fallen on the victor’s side. For my second book (The Wars of the Roses Visitors Companion: Wales and the Borders, Book 1) I recently travelled through Wales and the borders and discovered that this is not the case. Sir Humphrey Cotes (or Coates) of Woodcote joint Henry’s army on route between Shrewsbury to Bosworth around 19 August, at Muster Hill near Woodcote, Shropshire. While on the winning side Sir Humphrey Cotes did not return home, he was killed during battle. He was buried at the church on the grounds of his home Woodcote Hall. Eventhough kept locked I was very lucky to visit the church and see the beautiful incised slab to Sir Humphrey Coted and his wife Eleanora Blount.
|The Wars of the Roses Catalogue|
|
<urn:uuid:caf6236f-5582-4a89-80d6-10ad33456c1e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
https://www.thewarsoftherosescatalogue.com/blog/category/henry-vii
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00427.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98194
| 3,405
| 3.0625
| 3
|
A structured and engaging course on Hinduism, where interactive discussions and debates are encouraged. We recognise that nurturing a strong foundation of our Vedic traditions and faith is pivotal in preserving our culture among the younger generation.
The GCSE Hinduism class serves as a vital platform for students to develop a comprehensive understanding of key Hindu concepts such as karma, ahimsa, and avatars. Through thoughtful exploration, they gain insights into the profound teachings that underpin our faith. Furthermore, the course fosters an appreciation for the vibrant celebrations of key Hindu festivals, allowing students to embrace and cherish our rich cultural heritage.
As part of the course, students are offered the opportunity to sit the prestigious Cambridge O Level Hinduism examination held annually in November. This option provides an additional avenue for students to demonstrate their knowledge and proficiency in Hinduism, further enriching their educational journey.
Students will not only deepen their understanding of Hinduism but also cultivate a lifelong appreciation for the traditions and values that define our vibrant community. Together, we can empower the younger generation to embrace their cultural roots and carry our heritage forward with pride.
Q: What’s the cost of this class?
A: The class is free of charge
Q: What ages are these classes for?
A: From 14 years onwards.
Q: Do I have to register for them?
A: To register, please click on the link below and fill out the form.
Q: What do you teach?
A: We follow the Cambridge O Level Hinduism syllabus found here
|
<urn:uuid:2d6aee67-85aa-4a9a-ae6a-6215132abf3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://www.yog.foundation/activities/gcse-hinduism
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475701.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301193300-20240301223300-00070.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908512
| 314
| 2.515625
| 3
|
National Portrait Gallery, London
The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856. The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin's Place, off Trafalgar Square, and adjoining the National Gallery. It has been expanded twice since then. The National Portrait Gallery also has regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire and Montacute House in Somerset. It is unconnected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, with which its remit overlaps. The gallery is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.
|Collection size||195,000 portraits|
|Public transit access|| Charing Cross|
Charing Cross; Leicester Square; Embankment
The gallery houses portraits of historically important and famous British people, selected on the basis of the significance of the sitter, not that of the artist. The collection includes photographs and caricatures as well as paintings, drawings and sculpture. One of its best-known images is the Chandos portrait, the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare although there is some uncertainty about whether the painting actually is of the playwright.
Not all of the portraits are exceptional artistically, although there are self-portraits by William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds and other British artists of note. Some, such as the group portrait of the participants in the Somerset House Conference of 1604, are important historical documents in their own right. Often, the curiosity value is greater than the artistic worth of a work, as in the case of the anamorphic portrait of Edward VI by William Scrots, Patrick Branwell Brontë's painting of his sisters Charlotte, Emily and Anne, or a sculpture of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in medieval costume. Portraits of living figures were allowed from 1969. In addition to its permanent galleries of historical portraits, the National Portrait Gallery exhibits a rapidly changing selection of contemporary work, stages exhibitions of portrait art by individual artists and hosts the annual BP Portrait Prize competition.
History and buildingsEdit
The three people largely responsible for the founding of the National Portrait Gallery are commemorated with busts over the main entrance. At centre is Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope, with his supporters on either side, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (to Stanhope's left) and Thomas Carlyle (to Stanhope's right). It was Stanhope who, in 1846 as a Member of Parliament (MP), first proposed the idea of a National Portrait Gallery. It was not until his third attempt, in 1856, this time from the House of Lords, that the proposal was accepted. With Queen Victoria's approval, the House of Commons set aside a sum of £2000 to establish the gallery. As well as Stanhope and Macaulay, the founder Trustees included Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Ellesmere. It was the latter who donated the Chandos portrait to the nation as the gallery's first portrait. Carlyle became a trustee after the death of Ellesmere in 1857.
For the first 40 years, the gallery was housed in various locations in London. The first 13 years were spent at 29 Great George Street, Westminster. There, the collection increased in size from 57 to 208 items, and the number of visitors from 5,300 to 34,500. In 1869, the collection moved to Exhibition Road and buildings managed by the Royal Horticultural Society. Following a fire in those buildings, the collection was moved in 1885, this time to the Bethnal Green Museum. This location was ultimately unsuitable due to its distance from the West End, condensation and lack of waterproofing. Following calls for a new location to be found, the government accepted an offer of funds from the philanthropist William Henry Alexander. Alexander donated £60,000 followed by another £20,000, and also chose the architect, Ewan Christian. The government provided the new site, St Martin's Place, adjacent to the National Gallery, and £16,000. The buildings, faced in Portland stone, were constructed by Shillitoe & Son. Both the architect, Ewan Christian, and the gallery's first director, George Scharf, died shortly before the new building was completed. The gallery opened at its new location on 4 April 1896. The site has since been expanded twice. The first extension, in 1933, was funded by Lord Duveen, and resulted in the wing by architect Sir Richard Allison on a site previously occupied by St George's Barracks running along Orange Street.
In February 1909, a murder–suicide took place in a gallery known as the Arctic Room. In an apparently planned attack, John Tempest Dawson, aged 70, shot his 58 year–old wife, Nannie Caskie; Dawson shot her from behind with a revolver, then shot himself in the mouth, dying instantly. His wife died in hospital several hours later. Both were American nationals who had lived in Hove for around 10 years. Evidence at the inquest suggested that Dawson, a wealthy and well–travelled man, was suffering from a persecutory delusion. The incident came to public attention in 2010 when the Gallery's archive was put on-line as this included a personal account of the event by James Donald Milner, then the Assistant Director of the Gallery.
The collections of the National Portrait Gallery were stored at Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire during the Second World War, along with pieces from the Royal Collection and paintings from Speaker's House in the Palace of Westminster.
Early 21st centuryEdit
The second extension was funded by Sir Christopher Ondaatje and a £12m Heritage Lottery Fund grant, and was designed by London-based architects Edward Jones and Jeremy Dixon. The Ondaatje Wing opened in 2000 and occupies a narrow space of land between the two 19th-century buildings of the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery, and is notable for its immense, two-storey escalator that takes visitors to the earliest part of the collection, the Tudor portraits.
In January 2008, the Gallery received its largest single donation to date, a £5m gift from U.S. billionaire Randy Lerner.
In January 2012, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge announced the National Portrait Gallery as one of her official patronages. Her portrait was unveiled in January 2013. The gallery holds nearly 20 portraits of Harriet Martineau and her brother James Martineau, whose great-nephew Francis Martineau Lupton was the Duchess's great-great-grandfather.
In June 2017 it was announced that the NPG has been awarded funding of £9.4 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund towards its major transformation programme Inspiring People, the Gallery's biggest ever development. The Gallery had already raised over £7m of its £35.5m target. The building works were scheduled to start in 2020.
In October 2019, a group of semi-naked environmental campaigners were drenched in fake oil, in the Ondaatje Wing main hall, as part of a protest against BP's sponsorship of a collection of pieces in the gallery. The protest performance piece, which was entitled Crude Truth, involve a clothed protester reciting a monologue in which they called upon arts organisations to sever ties with companies “funding extinction”. Three activists covered in black liquid lay down for about five minutes on a plastic sheet before standing up again, wiping themselves down with towels, and cleaning up after themselves. The action, which was applauded by onlookers, passed uninterrupted.
Closure and refurbishment in 2020–2023Edit
A major programme of refurbishment with the project name of "Inspiring People" will lead to the gallery's closure from 2020 to 2023. Some galleries will close by late May 2020, with full closure by July 2020. There are a number of planned exhibitions and collaborations around the UK to display parts of the collection while the gallery is closed. These will include exhibitions starting at the York Art Gallery in 2021, the Holburne Museum, Bath (Tudor portraits, 2022), and museums in Liverpool, Newcastle, Coventry and Edinburgh, which will later tour to other venues. Other partners include the National Trust, the National Maritime Museum and the National Gallery. In London, the shops and restaurants will close, but the Heinz Archive and Library will remain open. Another programme, called "Coming Home", loans portraits of individual people to museums in their home towns. Exhibitions will also travel to Japan, Australia and the United States.
The "Inspiring People" project "comprises a comprehensive redisplay of the Collection from the Tudors to now, combined with a complete refurbishment of the building, the creation of new public spaces, a more welcoming visitor entrance and public forecourt, and a new state of the art Learning Centre". The East Wing will return to being gallery space, with its own new street entrance.
In addition to the busts of the three founders of the gallery over the entrance, the exterior of two of the original 1896 buildings are decorated with stone block busts of eminent portrait artists, biographical writers and historians. These busts, sculpted by Frederick R. Thomas, depict James Granger, William Faithorne, Edmund Lodge, Thomas Fuller, The Earl of Clarendon, Horace Walpole, Hans Holbein the Younger, Sir Anthony van Dyck, Sir Peter Lely, Sir Godfrey Kneller, Louis François Roubiliac, William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir Thomas Lawrence and Sir Francis Chantrey.
Finances and staffEdit
The National Portrait Gallery's total income in 2007–2008 amounted to £16,610,000, the majority of which came from government grant-in-aid (£7,038,000) and donations (£4,117,000). As of 31 March 2008, its net assets amounted to £69,251,000. In 2008, the NPG had 218 full-time equivalent employees. It is an exempt charity under English law.
- 1857–1895: Sir George Scharf KCB
- 1895–1909: Sir Lionel Cust KCVO FSA – previously at the Department of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum, and from 1901 to 1927 filled the role of Surveyor of the King's Pictures.
- 1909–1916: Charles John Holmes – Later director of the National Gallery
- 1917–1927: James Milner
- 1927–1951: Henry Hake
- 1951–1964: Charles Kingsley Adams
- 1964–1967: Sir David Piper – Later director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge (1967–1973), and first director of the Ashmolean Museum (1973–1985)
- 1967–1973: Sir Roy Strong
- 1974–1994: John Hayes
- 1994–2002: Charles Saumarez Smith
- 2002–2015: Sandy Nairne CBE, FSA
- 2015–present: Nicholas Cullinan
Legal threat against Wikipedia volunteerEdit
On 14 July 2009, the National Portrait Gallery sent a demand letter alleging breach of copyright against an editor-user of Wikipedia, who downloaded thousands of high-resolution reproductions of public domain paintings from the NPG website, and placed them on Wikipedia's sister media repository site, Wikimedia Commons. The Gallery's position was that it held copyright in the digital images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, and that it had made a significant financial investment in creating these digital reproductions. Whereas single-file low resolution images were already available on its website, the images added to Wikimedia Commons were re-integrated from separate files after the user "found a way to get around their software and download high-resolution images without permission."
In 2012, the Gallery licensed 53,000 low-resolution images under a Creative Commons licence, making them available free of charge for non-commercial use. A further 87,000 high-resolution images are available for academic use under the Gallery's own licence that invites donations in return; previously, the Gallery charged for high-resolution images.
- "ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions". www.alva.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- Top 100 Art Museum Attendance, The Art Newspaper, 2015. Retrieved on 10 October 2015.
- Pes, Javier (6 January 2015). "National Portrait Gallery lures Met curator back to London". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- "National Portrait Gallery: About". ARTINFO. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008. Cite journal requires
- "Every great country must have its portrait gallery". Canada.com. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- National Portrait Gallery | What's on? | Searching for Shakespeare
- Higgins, Charlotte (2 March 2006). "The only true painting of Shakespeare – probably". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- History of the National Portrait Gallery, accessed 26 May 2008.
- Hulme, Graham pg 105
- Royal Courts of Justice Archived 21 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Poole, Andrea Geddes (2010). Stewards of the Nation's Art: Contested Cultural Authority, 1890–1939. University of Toronto Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8020-9960-0.
- "Murder And Suicide In The National Portrait Gallery". The Times (38892). 25 February 1909. p. 12.
- "Inquests. The Shooting Affair At The National Portrait Gallery". The Times (38895). 1 March 1909. p. 3.
- Adams, Stephen (3 February 2010). "Gruesome murder-suicide revealed in National Portrait Gallery archive". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- Martin-Robinson 2014, pp. 128
- Fiachra Gibbons, Arts correspondent (5 May 2000). "The Queen shares a joke with Lady Thatcher". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- "Duchess of Cambridge announces charity patronages". BBC News. 5 January 2012.
- Furness, Hannah (11 February 2014). "Duchess of Cambridge visits National Portrait Gallery, home of little-known Middleton family paintings". UK Daily Telegraph – pages 1 and 3. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- Mills, Eleanor (15 March 2017), Bodelwyddan Castle to sever ties with National Portrait Gallery, Museums Association, retrieved 16 March 2017
- "Unprecedented expansion for the National Portrait Gallery". Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- "Inspiring People: Transforming our National Portrait Gallery". Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- "National Portrait Gallery Corporate Plan 2016–19" (PDF). Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- Busby, Mattha (20 October 2019). "Semi-naked activists protest against National Portrait Gallery's links with BP". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- "Inspiring People"
- "National Portrait Gallery". UK Government. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- National Portrait Gallery Annual Report and Accounts 2007–2008 (PDF). National Audit Office. ISBN 978-0-10-295746-4. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2.
- "Obituary of his father, the chemist Henry Wilson Hake". Rsc.org. 1 January 1930. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- "Who Was Who entry". Xreferplus.com. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
- "Who Was Who entry". Xreferplus.com. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
- "Gallery in Wikipedia legal threat". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- Orlowski, Andrew (13 July 2009). "National Portrait Gallery bitchslaps Wikipedia". The Register. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- Atkinson, Rebecca (22 August 2012). "NPG changes image licensing to allow free downloads". Museums Journal. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- "Inspiring People", National Portrait Gallery News Release, Tuesday 5 November 2019, "National Portrait Gallery Collection to Travel across the UK as Inspiring People Redevelopment Begins in July 2020"; see also NPG Project Summary
- Martin-Robinson, John (2014). Requisitioned: The British Country House in the Second World War. London: Arum. ISBN 978-1-78131-095-3.
- Cannadine, David, National Portrait Gallery: a Brief History, National Portrait Gallery, 2007, ISBN 978-1-85514-387-6
- Hulme, Graham, The National Portrait Gallery: an Architectural History, National Portrait Gallery Publications, 2000, ISBN 1-85514-293-7
- Saumarez Smith, Charles, The National Portrait Gallery, 2nd. rev. ed., National Portrait Gallery, 2010, ISBN 978-1-85514-433-0
|
<urn:uuid:93c70718-6770-4949-93e4-8e56b41595f8>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024235512-20211025025512-00047.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928754
| 3,616
| 2.75
| 3
|
The image many people form when thinking of medical researchers at work is one of serious men and women using sophisticated technology to investigate treatments and cures for diseases. But in some cases, these professionals use simple, everyday devices to combat people’s disorders and manage their symptoms.
A recent study, published in Nature Biomedical Engineering on August 5, reported on a new wireless device that regulates neural circuits in the brain using a tiny implant controlled by a simple smartphone. The researchers say this device speeds up efforts to uncover various brain disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, addiction, depression and pain.
The wireless device enables consistent chemical and optical nerve stimulation, which targets specific brain cells. Previous methods to achieve this effect involved the use of rigid metal tubes and optical fibers to deliver the drugs and light. This method limited the subject’s movement due to the physical connections to bulky equipment. It also often led to lesions in the brain’s soft tissue over time, making that method unsuitable for long-term use.
But this new approach uses large, Lego-like replaceable drug cartridges and powerful Bluetooth-enabled low-energy. This method allows for the targeting of specific nerve cells in the brain for prolonged periods without the limits of a physical connection to equipment or the risk of brain lesions.
Controlled by a simple user interface on a smartphone, researchers using this device can easily trigger any specific combination or the precise sequence of light and drug delivery without being inside a laboratory. And because it can be used for long periods, the device may contribute to uncovering the basis of many neuropsychiatric diseases.
Last year, scientists from the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea reported on advances in technology using wireless communication and portable devices for diabetes monitoring. Their study results were published in the January 2018 issue of Scientific Advances.
The researchers studied a new technology involving a smart soft contact lens capable of monitoring blood glucose levels in tear fluid, as well as other relevant physiological data in real-time. This data can then be used to facilitate disease management.
Previous attempts at using contact lenses for this purpose came under criticism because the material used was too opaque and rigid, and could potentially damage the eyes. The research team in South Korea addressed these concerns by placing the operational components around the edge of the lens away from the pupil.
The new contact lens that was developed is equipped with sensors that can detect blood glucose changes in the tears, as well as other biomarkers typically found in the blood. These biomarkers include cholesterol, sodium ion and potassium ion levels, offering additional disease monitoring possibilities.
The study researchers note that the contact lens collects tears for measuring glucose changes from those created by normal activities such as blinking. As a result, invasive collection methods, such as finger sticks to collect blood for testing, are avoided. The goal of the new technology is to increase patient compliance with regular blood glucose monitoring.
Other noninvasive methods for measuring blood glucose levels in people with diabetes are also being studied. One study is looking at a technology that measures blood glucose by placing a device near the eye. This technique uses a novel biochemical sensor embedded on a small hydrogel disk. The disk is inserted below the patient’s conjunctiva during a simple, painless procedure performed by an ophthalmologist.
The chemical in the disk reacts with blood glucose in the interstitial fluid below the conjunctiva and emits fluorescent light that is quantified by a special photometer device. This device is placed in front of the person’s eve. It can record blood glucose results in less than 20 seconds.
Another noninvasive device uses occlusion spectroscopy measurements to determine blood glucose measurements. It involves placing a ring-shaped probe around the person’s finger and applying gentle pressure. This pressure temporarily stops blood flow, and optical elements in the device’s sensor perform a sensitive measurement of the light transmitted through the finger.
In one study, measurements taken using this device were compared with measurements taken using invasive methods, and this device proved comparable. Tests showed this device to be a painless and accurate alternative to invasive methods such as finger sticks for continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes.
|
<urn:uuid:1c2de123-469e-469b-9d5b-5946d2d50a0b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://www.ifoundmydoctor.com/2019/11/04/simple-technology-for-advanced-treatment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347423915.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602064854-20200602094854-00339.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933241
| 862
| 3.390625
| 3
|
The high-altitude long-endurance (HALE) Zephyr aircraft from QinetiQ of Hampshire, UK, flew for 82 hours and 37 minutes. This unofficially exceeds the current official world record for unmanned flight which stands at 30 hours 24 minutes set by Global Hawk in 2001, and Zephyr's previous longest flight of 54 hours achieved last year.
The 30 kg carbon-fibre aircraft flies on solar power generated by amorphous silicon solar arrays covering the aircraft's 18 m wingspan. At night, it is powered by rechargeable lithium-sulphur batteries supplied by SION Power Inc of Tucson, Arizona, which are charged by the solar cells at day. Zephyr is hand-launched by three people running for about 30 yards (27 m).
QinetiQ could not comment on the production methods used for the aircraft or give component details.
The flight trial, which took place at the US Army's Yuma Proving Ground in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, was held in temperatures up to 45°C. The Zephyr was flown on autopilot and via satellite communications to a maximum altitude of more than 60 000 ft with temperatures dropping below -50°C.
The unmanned solar aircraft can be employed for earth observation and communications relays in support of a range of defence, security and civil requirements.
The development to date has been funded by the UK Ministry of Defence partnered with the US Department of Defense (DoD) under their Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD) Programme, which is designed to move urgently needed technologies rapidly into the hands of the US forces in the field.
|
<urn:uuid:4a87a31b-a201-471d-b93b-47314942d7b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://www.materialstoday.com/composite-applications/news/solar-powered-uav-takes-flight/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860110764.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161510-00179-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945804
| 342
| 2.734375
| 3
|
Cabool R-IV School District Board of Education (2017-2018)
- Mr. Ted Noirfalise, President (2015-2018)
- Mrs. Cynthia Flanagan, Vice-President (2017-2020)
- Mr. Mike Luerssen, Treasurer (2017-2020)
- Mrs. Melissa Bradshaw, Board Secretary
- Mr. Michael McCall, Member, MSBA Delegate (2017-2020)
- Mr. Jacob Reese, Member (2016-2019)
- Mr. Kevin Clary, Member (2015-2018)
- Mr. Shaun Watson, Member (2016-2019)
What the Board of Education does
A board of education is a governmental body created by law to maintain public schools within a given district. Education is a function of the State. The board, therefore, represents the state even though the members are elected by the people of the district by virtue of authority granted by the State Legislature. Law defines the duties and responsibilities of district boards of education in the State of Missouri.
Individual board members exercise their authority only when the board is actually in session and not individually outside of a meeting. Decisions and policies of the board of education are agreed upon only in official board meetings. Boards of education are to adopt rules and regulations to aid in making the wishes of the board understood by all employees.
|
<urn:uuid:2052700d-59f3-4a9c-bb54-6dcc76d96105>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://sites.google.com/cabool.k12.mo.us/caboolr4/district/school-board
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690307.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925021633-20170925041633-00101.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912103
| 278
| 2.703125
| 3
|
On 18 May 2000 the front page of the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza featured a surprising poem by Nobelist poet Czesław Miłosz entitled,“Ode for the Eightieth Birthday of Pope John Paul II.” The most outstanding Polish poet of the 20th century paid an extraordinary tribute to the great Polish pope on the pages of the country's most widely-circulated liberal daily:
We come to you, men of weak faith,
So that you might fortify us with the example of your life
And liberate us from anxiety
About tomorrow and next year. Your twentieth century
Was made famous by the names of powerful tyrants
And by the annihilation of their rapacious states.
You knew it must happen. You taught hope:
For only Christ is the lord and master of history.
This was probably the first such unambiguously positive statement by Miłosz about John Paul II. Earlier Miłosz could not overcome his distance towards the pope’s work, even though he met him in private and attended discussions with him at Castel Gandolfo. He saw dangerous nationalist and theocratic threads in the pope's work. “Ode for the Eightieth Birthday of Pope John Paul II” was, however, something more than just a commemorative laudation. The poet formulated in the poem a penetrating thesis about the fundamental sources of inspiration for John Paul II's thought:
Foreigners could not guess from whence came the hidden strength
Of a novice from Wadowice. The prayers and prophecies
Of poets, whom money and progress scorned,
Even though they were the equals of kings, waited for you
So that you, not they, could announce, urbi et orbi,
That the centuries are not absurd but a vast order history (New and Collected Poems, 709).
For Poles it is not difficult to guess that these poets, "equals of kings," were the Polish Romantics. During the reburial of Juliusz Słowacki at Wawel Hill, Józef Piłsudski, the head of state, issued the famous order: "On behalf of the Government of the Republic, I command you, Lords, to take the coffin . . . to the royal crypt, for he was the equal of kings."
According to Milosz, it was the romantic legacy of Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, and Zygmunt Krasiński, and, above all, that of Cyprian Kamil Norwid, that was supposedly the "hidden power" of this modest "cleric from Wadowice." Milosz's diagnosis was not, as one might expect, critical of these influences. His surprising poem was actually a change not only of his attitude towards the pope, but also of his attitude towards the heritage of Polish Romanticism. In a few texts written towards the end of his life, Miłosz even demanded that the writings of the Romantics he had criticized throughout his life be restored to the mainstream of Polish culture. Finally, John Paul II was to become in his mind—as Milosz reiterated with growing appreciation—the last Polish Romantic.
Karol Wojtyła was undoubtedly formed by Polish Romanticism. From early on in his life the poetry of the Polish 19th century bards fascinated him. He wrote poems referring to them, studied under the direction of outstanding experts in Romanticism, and during World War II he created dramas firmly rooted in the tradition of Polish messianism. The underground Rhapsodic Theater of Mieczysław Kotlarczyk, in which Wojtyła performed for several years, set itself the goal of realizing the Romantic dreams of art transforming reality. This theater was associated with the underground organization Unia, which Wojtyla joined. Unia was directed by Jerzy Braun, a declared Polish messianist, author of the doctrine of unionism, which developed many threads of Polish Romantic thought. This spiritual and intellectual heritage had a fundamental influence on the later teachings of John Paul II. During his travels to Poland, the pope quoted the Romantic bards 38 times, including Norwid on 16 occasions. By comparison, St. Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Church, received only two mentions.
The quote the pope used during his first visit to Poland (in Gniezno on 3 June 1979) from Mickiewicz ‘s The Books of the Polish People and of the Polish Pilgrimage, that "a civilization truly worthy of man must be Christian," can be regarded as the leitmotif of his whole pontificate.
During his first pilgrimage to Poland in 1979, John Paul II provocatively referred to himself as the "Slav Pope." He was borrowing from the then very popular Romantic-prophetic poem by Słowacki entitled, "Our Slavic Pope." The act of confirming the nation of Poland made by the Pope at Kraków's Błonia was evidently an idea borrowed from the outstanding Polish Hegelian messianist August Cieszkowski. University of Notre Dame Professor Emeritus Andrzej Walicki even wrote a letter to Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, asking him to explain John Paul II's relationship to Cieszkowski, but, unfortunately, did not receive an answer.
During the next pilgrimage, in 1983, the pope, in a speech at Jasna Góra (19 June 1983), clearly paraphrased Mickiewicz’s Forefathers’ Eve. Finally, during a visit in 1991, after a Mass in Kraków, he unexpectedly referred to the Romantic poet Juliusz Słowacki, recommending the nascent Third Republic "to all great saints, the blessed, to these great spirits, Kings-Spirits of our nation." The influence of Polish Romanticism is also visible in the pope's teaching addressed to the whole world. The famous Letter to the Artists was simply a commentary on Cyprian Norwid's thinking. Norwid's influence is also evident in the encyclical Laborem Exercens, which George Weigel described in Witness to Hope as "the first social encyclical which owes great theological inspiration to a poet."
There were also many surprising Romantic gestures made by the Pope. In 1986 alone, during his visit to a Roman synagogue John Paul II called the Jews "older brothers in faith," referring to Mickiewicz’s famous phrase; he made an appeal for peace at the foot of Mount Blanc, perhaps alluding to the well-known Kordian monologue. Indeed, as Milosz noted, "the reader of his writings and innumerable homilies sometimes has the impression that the spirit of great Polish Romantics, doomed to fail, has been embodied in the head of the Catholic, namely universal, Church and thus entered the scene of world history."
Polish Romantic messianism is not only the key to understanding the thought of John Paul II, but the work of John Paul II is also the key to understanding the heritage of Polish messianism. One cannot properly understand many of the pope's gestures and statements without linking them to the context of Polish thought. His theology of history, theology of suffering, and theology of the nation are deeply rooted in the Polish Romantic imagination. Conversely, the further development of Polish messianism proposed by John Paul II allows for a new reading of the Romantics. The poetic vision of building the kingdom of God on Earth has been reformulated in the Pope's social teaching, the idea of mission was justified in his reflection on cultures, and the bold thought of Poland as the Christ of Nations was deepened in papal meditations on suffering. All these themes were additionally included in the teaching on the three messianic functions of Christ, as taught by the Second Vatican Council in Lumen Gentium.
As a result papal messianism seems to be the final form of Polish messianism. Similar intuitions were probably behind the decision to place the texts of Karol Wojtyła at the end of the recently published exhaustive anthology of Polish messianism. By understanding the purpose of messianism, one can better understand the various elements of its history and, above all, separate what is essential from what is accidental in it. "The falls and ridicules haunting the poet's work and biographies were not very important,” Miłosz wrote, “if [those poets] found their fulfillment in a man more powerful than the kings and the temporal rulers of the Earth." Therefore, it is impossible to understand John Paul II without Romantic messianism or Romantic messianism without John Paul II.
The thesis about the Romantic messianic sources of John Paul II's thought usually provokes one of two strong reactions. On the one hand, there are numerous defenders of John Paul II, who at all costs want to purge him of any connections with the suspicious Polish tradition. If necessary, they are ready to recognize Romantic influences, but only understood in such general terms that they become virtually invisible and certainly have nothing to do with the dangers (in their opinion) of messianism. On the other hand, the less numerous critics of John Paul II emphasize the Romantic and messianic influences that they believe compromise his heritage. Between these two extremes there are researchers who see the obvious influences of Romantic messianism on Karol Wojtyła, but try to limit them only to the period of his youth, or only to his literary creativity.
In this way, the theological and philosophical teachings of the pope are supposed to be protected from suspicious inspirations. The odium of messianism is too overpowering to allow for the development of a benign messianic interpretation of the entire teaching of John Paul II. As a result, the work of the Polish pope—not only for the rest of the world, but, above all, in Poland—is interpreted from the perspective of scholastic philosophy, Spanish mysticism, German phenomenology, French humanism, Italian personalism, Jewish philosophy of dialogue―anything but the immediate context of Polish Romantic messianism.
This is a mistake.
Editorial Statement: This post is part of an ongoing “Ressourcement Futures” series that will look at the mid-century (mostly) French movement of recovering the sources of Christian culture, the movements antecedents, its continued influence, and satellite figures. Posts will be collected here as they are published. It is adapted from the "Introduction" of Professor Rojek's groundbreaking book Liturgia dziejów. Jan Paweł II i polski mesjanizm [The Liturgy of History: John Paul II and Polish Messianism] published by Wydawnictwo M in 2016.
Featured Image: Walenty Wańkowicz, Adam Mickiewicz on the Rock of Judah, 1828; Source: Wikimedia Commons, PD-Old-100.
|
<urn:uuid:7c08ba8f-50f0-4737-8a80-f85a8c084f35>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/the-polish-romantic-messianism-of-saint-john-paul-ii/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531429.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122210653-20210123000653-00427.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965678
| 2,274
| 2.84375
| 3
|
Addressing common pediatric concerns through children's books
Department of Pediatrics
Medical Subject Headings
Books about common pediatric concerns read to or by children can serve several purposes: 1) provide accurate information, 2) normalize feelings and experiences, 3) facilitate conversations between parents and children about difficult topics, 4) help children develop strategies to cope with complex situations, and 5) develop understanding and empathy for children coping with a variety of circumstances. Our recommended list of books is based on how regularly we have received requests for book suggestions from parents, children, students, residents, and clinicians.
Rights and Permissions
Citation: Pediatr Rev. 2000 Apr;21(4):130-8. DOI 10.1542/pir.21-4-130
Perrin, Ellen C. and Starr, Susan, "Addressing common pediatric concerns through children's books" (2000). Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Paper 6.
|
<urn:uuid:e12c45da-2588-4f38-bd76-a61ce4af3db2>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/peds_devbeh/6/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430451452451.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501033732-00065-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.860644
| 191
| 3.109375
| 3
|
Computer Science Department
Stanford, CA 94305
JulAugSepOctNovDec , :< 10 0
JanFebMarAprMayJun JulAugSepOctNovDec , :< 10 0
From the AI point of view, consciousness must be regarded as a collection of interacting processes rather than the unitary object of much philosophical speculation. We ask what kinds of propositions and other entities need to be designed for consciousness to be useful to an animal or a machine. We thereby assert that human consciousness is useful to human functioning and not just and epiphenomenon. Zombies in the sense of Todd Moody's article are merely the victims of Moody's prejudices. To behave like humans, zombies will need what Moody might call pseudo-consciousness, but useful pseudo-consciousness will share all the observable qualities of human consciousness including what the zombie will be able to report. Robots will require a pseudo-consciousness with many of the intellectual qualities of human consciousness but will function successfully with few if any human emotional conscious qualities if that is how we choose to build them.
|
<urn:uuid:46ed17b9-2e83-4239-bd18-b5168c779e96>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/zombie/zombie.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298020.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00015-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.838052
| 214
| 2.640625
| 3
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.