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LearnLanguageswith Us!Start Learning! We’re known for spouting off language learning advice on this blog, so you’re probably wondering what we mean by that title. Just hear us out. Researching how languages can be learned most efficiently and effectively is our wheelhouse. It’s why U.S. Government agencies rely on us to train employees whose jobs require language skills; it’s why educators from higher ed to K-12 use Transparent Language Online in their classrooms or public libraries offer our tools free to their communities; and it’s why we share so much advice on this blog. We’re not trying to keep any secrets here—we believe human language capabilities still matter. We want you to be good at this stuff! But over time, we’ve come to realize much of the best advice out there isn’t specific to learning languages. Yes, someone might have clever tricks about how to remember which verbs take avoir or être in the French past tense or tips for pronouncing tones in Vietnamese. Embrace that advice, you’ll likely need it. But the really helpful advice—the stuff that’s going to help you learn faster or prevent you from quitting—has more to do with productivity, motivation, and organization. Before you learn any one skill deeply, you should learn how to learn. (Or potentially waste a lot of time and effort—your choice.) Figuring out where language can fit into your routine, what methods/tools work best for you, and how to stay motivated when you “can’t even” will make you a better learner, which in turn will make you a better speaker in the long term. “Money can be managed. People can be managed. Schedules can be managed. Time can only be accounted for. People who think they have time management problems really have priority management problems, which means, at root, they have self-management problems.” “As you go over the material, detail specifically how you would convey the knowledge to that person so they could understand it just as thoroughly. You can even create a lesson plan highlighting the key components. You don’t have to teach anyone anything when it’s all said and done, but you’ll know the material so well, you could if you needed to.” “According to research, the brain gradually stops registering a sight, sound or feeling if that stimulus remains constant over time. You lose your focus and your performance on the task declines. Take action right now to reflect, to slow down, to disconnect, to pause.” “The best routines, I’ve found are created on purpose. The way you start your day powerfully shapes how productively you live it. Routines predetermine your schedule, allowing you to use your time efficiently. A routine is an investment. […] Use existing ideas to build your own system. Pick and choose from multiple philosophies, and put your own spin on them.” Of course, this is but a small selection of advice for specific problems we see facing language learners. Help us grow this list! What problems have you faced? What’s that best language learning advice (or really, the best productivity, motivation, or organization advice) you’ve received? Let us know in the comments.	<urn:uuid:fe9da29b-c99c-4339-9e95-215a02508fb3>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	https://blogs.transparent.com/language-news/2017/08/28/the-best-language-learning-advice-isnt-necessarily-language-learning-advice/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00252.warc.gz	en	0.936921	705	2.84375	3
March 7, 2013 Bees Buzzed On Caffeine More Likely To Remember Nectar Sources Brett Smith for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online Most of us are more productive after the first fix of hot caffeine in the morning — and according to a new study in the journal Science, so are honey bees.In the study, a group of UK and US researchers found bees feeding on a sugar solution that contains caffeine are“¯three times more likely to recall a flower's scent than those given only sugar. The scientists said their findings not only reveal a novel interaction between plant and pollinators — they could also provide a clue about deep-seated brain chemistry that both bees and humans have in common. "Remembering floral traits is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly from flower to flower and we have found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,” said lead author Geraldine Wright, from Newcastle University in the UK. "In turn, bees that have fed on caffeine-laced nectar are laden with coffee pollen and these bees search for other coffee plants to find more nectar, leading to better pollination. "So, caffeine in nectar is likely to improve the bee's foraging prowess while providing the plant with a more faithful pollinator,” she added. The researchers found nectar from coffee, grapefruit, lemon and orange plant all contained trace amounts of caffeine. The scientists said the presence of caffeine gives the plants an advantage over other competitors. "Caffeine is a defense chemical in plants and tastes bitter to many insects including bees, so we were surprised to find it in the nectar,” said co-author Phil Stevenson from the Royal Botanic Gardens and University of Greenwich's Natural Resources Institute in the UK. “However, it occurs at a dose that's too low for the bees to taste but high enough to affect bee behavior." The bees were three times more likely to remember the locations of their caffeinated nectar sources over a 24-hour period and twice as likely over a three day period compared to non-caffeinated plants. "This work helps us understand the basic mechanisms of how caffeine affects our brains,” Wright said. “What we see in bees could explain why people prefer to drink coffee when studying." "Although human and honeybee brains obviously have lots of differences, when you look at the level of cells, proteins and genes, human and bee brains function very similarly,” noted co-author Julie Mustard, of Arizona State University´s School of Life Sciences. “Thus, we can use the honeybee to investigate how caffeine affects our own brains and behaviors." The study could have implications for beekeepers as well, which have seen their hives mysteriously decimated over the past decades. "Understanding how bees choose to forage and return to some flowers over others will help inform how landscapes could be better managed,” Stevenson said. “Understanding a honeybee's habits and preferences could help find ways to reinvigorate the species to protect our farming industry and countryside." Besides including various citrus flowers in their study, the team also used robusta coffee plants, which are typically used to produce freeze-dried coffee, as well as arabica, which is used for most espresso and filter coffee.	<urn:uuid:154e1ef8-2881-442f-99b3-926ab7367313>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112799098/caffeinated-bees-remember-nectar-source-030713/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171176.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00596-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954125	694	3.390625	3
I'll just get right into it: what is cornstarch and what does it do? This question came up when I was chatting with a gluten-free friend who said she'd recently made a GF brownie mix that called for 1/2 cup of added cornstarch in the event of high altitude baking. Well, that's odd, I thought. I wonder why? That seemed like a lot of cornstarch to me. Maybe there are some things I don't know about cornstarch? And so I figured, for my reference and yours, I'd come up with a roundup of what cornstarch is, what it does, and how to use it in your baking. Ready? Set? Let's go. Cornstarch: what is it? The short version? Cornstarch is derived from the endosperm (tee hee) of corn kernels, which is ground into a find powder. It's used primarily as a thickener and binder both in savory and sweet cooking and baking. Cornstarch: how is it made? The long version? It's sort of confusing, but here's what I gleaned from the International Starch (really) page. First, corn is steeped in hot water for up to 48 hours. The germ is then separated from the endosperm, and still steeping, they are both, respectively, ground. Starch is separated from the steeping liquid, the remaining cereal germ, and corn gluten--mainly in centrifuges and hydrocyclones (a cyclone-shaped device). The starch is then modified by applying different reaction conditions - temperature, pH, additives. This process creates the corn starch with unique and reliable properties we use for our culinary projects. Key roles cornstarch plays in baking Cornstarch as a thickening agent Cornstarch can be added as a thickener to a variety of mixtures, from gravy to pie fillings to custards or cake fillings. It has more power, ounce for ounce, than flour, which is also used for this purpose; increasingly, the fact that it is also gluten-free is attractive to bakers, enabling them to make gluten-free pie fillings and custards. Here's what happens when cornstarch is added to the mix: heat causes the starch to bind with molecules of water, and the starch begins to swell as it absorb the liquid. When the mixture comes to 203 degrees F, the starch will have expanded to about 10 times its size while still in powder form. However, this expanding is finite. You can bring cornstarch-enriched sauces or mixtures close to a boil, but don't let them fully boil and don't stir too vigorously. The starch will start to deflate, erasing the entire purpose of adding it to your mixture. The cornstarch will not only become thicker in heat, but as it cools, it will set, so it's a great way to further solidify desserts tending toward gooey such as the filling of Lemon meringue pie, without the cloudy color that flour might impart. There are considerations for using cornstarch as a thickener. According to this website, - If you add cornstarch directly to a liquid, it can get clumpy, especially if added to a hot mixture. First, make a slurry of equal parts cornstarch and a cold liquid. Add this liquid paste to the mixture you want to thicken for better results. - Cornstarch doesn't react well with acidic ingredients. Tapioca starch or arrowroot will work better for thickening acidic mixtures. - Cornstarch imparts a glossy, translucent sheen to the mixtures it thickens, so it tends to be used more in sweets rather than savory sauces. Cornstarch in cookies and cakes Cornstarch not only thicken sauces and mixtures, but it can be used in baked goods such as cookies or cakes, too. It is said that cornstarch used in combination with flour can "soften" the harsh proteins of flour, making a more tender baked good. Anecdotally, I can tell you this is true. A recipe such as shortbread which employs part flour and part cornstarch yields a cookie with the perfect crumb: crumbly, but not fall-apart. Tender and delicate, but in a way that the cookie still holds its shape. As I learned on a King Arthur Flour forum, it is also one of the secrets of cake flour. Cake flour has been treated with chlorine gas which acts not only as a whitening agent, but also has a maturing effect on the flour. It damages the proteins that form gluten so that these will not form the long stiff chains and networks that make good bread, but also breaks down starches so that these will absorb more water. These hydrated starches then "gel" during baking to provide an alternate structure (alternate to gluten formation) which is desirable for cakes; tight, even crumb, moist, very tender. You can make your own cake flour substitute, by the way. All you have to do is add two tablespoons of cornstarch per cup of all-purpose flour for a recipe. While it won't yield exactly the same results, it will certainly yield a more delicate baked good than all purpose flour alone. Cornstarch as an anti-caking agent The difference between confectioners' sugar and granulated sugar? Primarily texture--confectioners' sugar has been finely ground (and you can make your own, at home, btw!)--but it's also the fact that confectioners' sugar is mixed with a small amount of cornstarch. The starch acts as an anti-caking agent by keeping moisture and condensation from forming the sugar granules into lumps. Cornstarch isn't just used to discourage moisture from ruining your sugar. If you buy shredded cheese in the supermarket, chances are it has cornstarch in the mix--this keeps the moisture and condensation from making your cheese slimy. However, with cheese, there is a caution involved. The starch can turn brown quicker than the cheese in heat, so it can give a false indication of doneness. Frequently asked questions Still curious about cornstarch? Here are some answers to commonly asked questions. Why is cornstarch used so often in gluten-free baking? Probably first and foremost because it's naturally gluten-free. Both cornstarch and flour are considered "cereal starches"--but the main difference is the aforementioned gluten. Flour has it; cornstarch does not. But, you know, it also adds structure to baked goods, and this can be helpful when they lack the "glue" of gluten. Is it possible I know this stuff by a different name? I've seen it as "corn starch" and "cornstarch"--I prefer the one-word variation. You'll see it referred to as such in US and Canada; in other countries, it may be called "cornflour"--not to be confused with cornmeal. My cornstarch got all clumpy in my pie filling. What's up? Nobody likes clumps and lumps in what should be a smooth pie filling. To avoid lumps, make a slurry (equal parts cold liquid and cornstarch) before incorporating the starch into the pie filling mixture. I'm sure I did everything right, but the starch didn't thicken my mixture. Check the expiration date. Cornstarch does not last forever, and an advanced age can very much affect its thickening abilities. Other possible causes: the mixture got too hot and the starch broke down; you overstirred and the starch broke down. Help! My pie filling began "weeping". Is the cornstarch to blame? Cornstarch can thin as it stands. The technical term is "syneresis", and it is characterized by a liquid "weeping" from the filling. It tends to happen more with mixtures including eggs or a lot of sugar. One of the culprits can be overstirring--this can break up the starch and make it thin out. Be sure to follow the instructions on your recipe to ensure that you are following the specified guidelines for how to treat the cornstarch mixture. Don't have cornstarch? Here is a list of some substitutes you can use in baking. Can I use cornstarch instead of flour? Go ahead and give it a try. Cornstarch has twice the "thickening" power of flour, so you won't need as much. This helpful table will assist in substitution amounts. Recipes with cornstarch - Lemon meringue pie in a chocolate crust (CakeSpy) - Chocolate chip cookies (Sally's Baking Addiction) - Shortbread (CakeSpy for Craftsy) - Alfajores (CakeSpy) - Marquesote (CakeSpy)	<urn:uuid:4a638def-1d59-4d54-8bc0-d2677c083cfe>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	http://www.unicornlove.com/blog/2014/11/29/what-is-cornstarch-and-what-does-it-do.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156554.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920175529-20180920195929-00013.warc.gz	en	0.953484	1,897	2.9375	3
The health benefits of moringa include relief from stomach disorders, allergies and edema. The antioxidant power of moringa aids in liver protection, diabetes, eye protection, cardiovascular health, bone health, uroliathiasis, wound healing, healthy hair and skin. It is rich in antibacterial and antifungal properties that help to fight various infections, including herpes. It is rich in phytonutrients, which are effective for preventing various medical conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, bronchial asthma, sickle cell disease, nephrotoxicity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, anemia, and obesity, as well as helping to build a strong immune system. Moringa contains an immense wealth of healthy components and phytonutrients. Due to its extraordinary and unmatched range of medicinal benefits, it was named the “miracle tree” during the food crisis in Africa. In the Philippines, it is revered as mother’s best friend because of its galactogogic properties. Organic Facts	<urn:uuid:20a27305-86d9-4cce-aaaf-b749f9b0adaf>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://www.edenwellnessmoringa.com/single-post/2016/11/01/Health-Benefits-of-Moringa	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519923.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120054203-20210120084203-00633.warc.gz	en	0.941237	216	2.671875	3
Saturn’s ionosphere is produced when the otherwise neutral atmosphere is exposed to a flow of energetic charged particles or solar radiation1. At low latitudes the solar radiation should result in a weak planet-wide glow in the infrared, corresponding to the planet’s uniform illumination by the Sun2. The observed electron density of the low-latitude ionosphere, however, is lower and its temperature higher than predicted by models3,4,5. A planet-to-ring magnetic connection has been previously suggested, in which an influx of water from the rings could explain the lower-than-expected electron densities in Saturn’s atmosphere6,7,8. Here we report the detection of a pattern of features, extending across a broad latitude band from 25 to 60 degrees, that is superposed on the lower-latitude background glow, with peaks in emission that map along the planet’s magnetic field lines to gaps in Saturn’s rings. This pattern implies the transfer of charged species derived from water from the ring-plane to the ionosphere, an influx on a global scale, flooding between 30 to 43 per cent of the surface of Saturn’s upper atmosphere. This ring ‘rain’ is important in modulating ionospheric emissions and suppressing electron densities. Subscribe to Journal Get full journal access for 1 year only $3.90 per issue All prices are NET prices. VAT will be added later in the checkout. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. All prices are NET prices. Stallard, T. S. et al. Temperature changes and energy inputs in giant planet atmospheres: what we are learning from H3+. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 370, 5213–5224 (2012) Miller, S., Stallard, T., Melin, H. & Tennyson, J. H3+cooling in planetary atmospheres. Faraday Discuss. 147, 283–291 (2010) Atreya, S. K., Donahue, T. M., Nagy, A. F., Waite, J. H., Jr & McConnell, J. C. Theory, measurements, and models of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn. In Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (eds Dougherty, M., Esposito, L. & Krimigis, S.) 239–277 (Springer, 1984) Smith, C. G. A., Aylward, A. D., Millward, G. H., Miller, S. & Moore, L. E. An unexpected cooling effect in Saturn’s upper atmosphere. Nature 445, 399–401 (2007) Moore, L., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Galand, M., Kliore, A. & Mendillo, M. Latitudinal variations in Saturn’s ionosphere: Cassini measurements and model comparisons. J. Geophys. Res. 115 A11317, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015692 (2010) Connerney, J. E. P. & Waite, J. H. New model of Saturn’s ionosphere with an influx of water from the rings. Nature 312, 136–138 (1984) Connerney, J. E. P. Magnetic connection for Saturn’s rings and atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 773–776 (1986) Wilson, G. R. & Waite, J. H., Jr Kinetic modeling of the Saturn ring-ionosphere plasma environment. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 17287–17298 (1989) McLean, I. S. et al. in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series Vol. 3354 (ed. Fowler, A. M.) 566–578 (SPIE, 1998) Northrop, T. G. & Hill, J. R. Stability of negatively charged dust grains in Saturn's ring plane. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 6045–6051 (1982) Northrop, T. G. & Hill, J. R. The inner edge of Saturn’s B ring. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 6102–6108 (1983) Burton, M. E., Dougherty, M. K. & Russell, C. T. Saturn’s internal planetary magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 37, 24105 (2010) Luhmann, J. G., Johnson, R. E., Tokar, R. L., Ledvina, S. A. & Cravens, T. E. A model of the ionosphere of Saturn’s rings and its implications. Icarus 181, 465–474 (2006) Coates, A. J. et al. Plasma electrons above Saturn’s main rings: CAPS observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L14S09, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022694 (2005) Miller, S. et al. H3+: the driver of giant planet atmospheres. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 364, 3121–3137 (2006) Mendillo, M. et al. Effects of ring shadowing on the detection of electrostatic discharges at Saturn. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L14S09, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021934 (2005) Yelle, R. V. & Miller, S. in Jupiter: the Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (eds Bagenal, F., Dowling, T. & McKinnon, W.) 185–218 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004) Lillie, C. F., Hord, C. W., Pang, K., Coffeen, D. L. & Hansen, J. E. The Voyager mission photopolarimeter experiment. Space Sci. Rev. 21, 159–181 (1977) The data presented here were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA. The observations were made to support the Cassini auroral campaign. Ring profile data were provided by the Planetary Rings Node website18. Discussions within the international team led by T.S.S. on ‘Comparative Jovian Aeronomy’ have greatly benefited this work; this was hosted by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI). The UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) supported this work through the PhD Studentship of J.O’D. and grant support for T.S.S., H.M. and G.H.J. The authors declare no competing financial interests. This file contains Supplementary Text and Data 1-3 comprising: 1 Observational information, which elaborates on the details of the observations used to make the data; 2 Magnetic mapping Information, which discusses the details of the magnetic mapping used and also examines another leading magnetic field model as an alternative; and 3 Data, which shows the additional data plots. Supplementary Figures 1-9 are also included. (PDF 532 kb) About this article Cite this article O’Donoghue, J., Stallard, T., Melin, H. et al. The domination of Saturn’s low-latitude ionosphere by ring ‘rain’. Nature 496, 193–195 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12049 Reviews of Modern Physics (2020) Scientific Reports (2020) Nature Astronomy (2020) Mars' Ionospheric Interaction With Comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring's Coma at Their Closest Approach as Seen by Mars Express Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (2020) Exploring Key Characteristics in Saturn's Infrared Auroral Emissions Using VLT‐CRIRES: Intensities, Ion Line‐of‐Sight Velocities, and Rotational Temperatures Geophysical Research Letters (2019)	<urn:uuid:93718085-7092-4ccd-8f98-204e17a47e01>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12049?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3639d3b6-caaf-442c-acba-6f14d45e457e	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738735.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811055449-20200811085449-00388.warc.gz	en	0.781585	1,750	3.265625	3
Availability: Chinese learners who have interest in traditional Chinese culture An ancient art and science developed over 3,000 years ago in China, Feng shui is a complex body of knowledge that seeks to balance the elements of your daily life. In this section, you will learn about basic principals and simple applications of Feng shui. The course covers: This course was really interesting and gave me lots of food for thought. It’s probably time to rearrange the furniture in my house! Singapore \| Tan Siao Min I’m very interested in Eastern medicine and thought and this course provided a great starting point for my first foray into deeper knowledge of the need for balance. America \| Jgoya	<urn:uuid:44c34851-7a0d-4f5f-9f6d-32bf27ac17d1>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://www.hanbridgemandarin.com/course/chinese-living-culture-and-fengshui	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00267.warc.gz	en	0.94012	146	2.71875	3
If you have not already done so, I encourage you to make a point of spending some time with the beautiful peacocks that grace the terrace above our formal garden. The statues, cast in bronze with gilding, are the work of Gaston Lachaise (1882–1935). Lachaise’s works are exhibited in major museums, parks, and gardens around the world. Gaston Lachaise (1882-1935) Peacocks (1920, 1928) The peacocks are on loan to Bartow-Pell from the Lachaise Foundation as part of the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation’s “Art in the Parks” program (begun in 1967). The mission of the Lachaise Foundation is to perpetuate the artistic legacy of Gaston Lachaise and to oversee a limited number of castings from his original models. Both peacocks on loan to us are second castings and no additional castings have been made since, meaning that they are the only examples other than the originals. Gaston Lachaise was an Ecole des Beaux Arts-trained artist whose early career included an apprenticeship with the Art Nouveau designer René Lalique. At the age of 23 he left France for the U.S. where he would live for the remainder of his life, which was cut short by leukemia at age 53. Lachaise’s oeuvre spans the tumultuous period at the turn of the last century when art and culture, propelled by the upheavals of the two world wars, sought to redefine intellectual and aesthetic ideals. Considered a pioneer of American Modernism, Lachaise was part of New York’s early 20th century art scene, along with friends and colleagues like Joseph Stella, John Marin, Georgia O’Keefe and Paul Manship. He and Manship worked together frequently on public projects including Rockefeller Center, where Lachaise produced a series of reliefs called Aspects of Mankind depicting the evolution of modern civilization. Aspects of Mankind (1932-34)] Much of Lachaise’s later work is typified by his larger-than-life female nudes such as Standing Woman, which were inspired by his wife, Isabel, who was his lifelong muse. However, Lachaise sculpted animals frequently—peacocks, seagulls, swans, and dolphins—always choosing peaceful, graceful animals. The long-tailed and short-tailed peacocks date from 1928 and 1920 respectively. The short-tailed peacock was commissioned by John Deering for his Florida estate, Vizcaya. And in an interesting coincidence, the long-tailed peacock was commissioned by Phillip Goodwin, who was an architect for Delano & Aldrich. Delano & Aldrich was the firm that designed the neo-classical garden here at Bartow-Pell Mansion Museum some five years earlier, ca. 1915. Lachaise had a productive relationship with architect William Welles Bosworth, who also worked with Delano & Aldrich. Lachaise provided decorative elements for several public buildings and private residences designed by Welles Bosworth (including the architect’s own home in Locust Valley, NY). In addition to the peacocks here at BPMM, you can see examples of Lachaise’s work in the greater New York area in places like the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kykuit (the Rockefeller estate in Pocantico Hills), the AT&T building on Broadway in lower Manhattan, and, of course, Rockefeller Center. The peacocks will be with us until May 2016, when Paula Hornbostel, Director of the Lachaise Foundation, will give a talk entitled: “From Figures to Fountains, Women to Peacocks: Garden Sculpture of Gaston Lachaise 1920-1935”. Please join us for her lecture and come and see our visiting peacocks; they are beautiful now and may be even more so with a cloak of snow. Goodwin Fountain (1928)	<urn:uuid:14ea31d5-9b1a-4cd1-936e-90806bde2c77>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://mansionmusings.wordpress.com/2015/11/19/art-in-the-garden-the-peacocks-of-gaston-lachaise/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00367.warc.gz	en	0.954027	845	2.671875	3
VANCOUVER — What is a “levidrome?” It was recently recognized by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, with a nod the little boy who thought of the concept. A levidrome is a word that, when spelled backwards, becomes a new word. It came to the word wizards at Merriam-Webster when six-year-old Levi Budd was riding in a car with his mom and came to a stop sign, The Toronto Star reported. His word-loving mind realized the word “stop” spelled backwards becomes “pots.” He asked his mom what you call a word that becomes another word when spelled backwards, and she was surprised to find that there wasn’t one. Levi decided to invent one, and thus, “levidrome” (pronounced “leh-vee-drome”) was born. 'Stop' backwards is 'pots.' What do you call that? A 6-year-old is calling it 'levidrome,' and its getting support from celebrities. Now, they're hoping Merriam-Webster dictionary will recognize. https://t.co/cy5fnntPaB — Toronto Star (@TorontoStar) November 22, 2017 Levi’s dad, Lucky, said his son began reading at age 3. Lucky proposed levidrome to Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster noted that a word must be in common use before it’s officially accepted into the dictionary. The term has been added to its open-source dictionary of words submitted by users. “I’ve got schools in Ottawa, and schools in Toronto and Calgary and libraries all getting in touch with me with their boards of palindromes and levidromes. And that’s actually what it’s all about. It’s really exciting,” Lucky told the Star. Lucky said that Levi was always a big fan of the palindrome — a word that is spelled the same forwards and backwards, such as racecar or madam. Levi’s dad said kids having fun flipping words has helped boost his son’s self-esteem, and hopes that one day the word will make it to the hallowed pages of the dictionary. “Most days when we go to school Levi walks by a crosswalk and the principal of the school stands there with a stop sign welcoming the kids. She always says to him, ‘You got any good levidromes for me today?’ The other day he said, ‘Yeah, I got stressed and desserts. And drawer and reward.’”	<urn:uuid:be4c7af4-3edc-41e7-9cee-ec225ebed042>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://fox4kc.com/news/what-is-a-levidrome-merriam-webster-recognizes-new-word-in-honor-of-little-boy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057733.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925172649-20210925202649-00019.warc.gz	en	0.967486	571	2.765625	3
(From the Han dynasty, 206 B.C.E to 25 C.E.) One of the set of glyphs common to Chinese (where they are called "hanzi"), Japanese (where they are called kanji), and Korean (where they are called hanja).Han characters are generally described as "ideographic", i.e., picture-writing; but see the reference below. Modern Korean, Chinese and Japanese fonts may represent a given Han character as somewhat different glyphs. However, in the formulation of Unicode, these differences were folded, in order to conserve the number of code positions necessary for all of CJK. This unification is referred to as "Han Unification", with the resulting character repertoire sometimes referred to as "Unihan". Unihan reference at the Unicode Consortium. [John DeFrancis, "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy", University of Hawaii Press, 1984]. Last updated: 1998-10-18	<urn:uuid:0b2ff5fd-a43a-4a77-8405-835b17a4bcf8>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	http://foldoc.org/Han+characters	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513844.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021094247-20181021115747-00003.warc.gz	en	0.951147	194	3.640625	4
Indexes may also be used to enforce uniqueness of a column's value, or the uniqueness of the combined values of more than one column. CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON table (column [, ...]);Only B-tree indices can be declared unique. When an index is declared unique, multiple table rows with equal indexed values will not be allowed. NULL values are not considered equal. PostgreSQL automatically creates unique indices when a table is declared with a unique constraint or a primary key, on the columns that make up the primary key or unique columns (a multi-column index, if appropriate), to enforce that constraint. A unique index can be added to a table at any later time, to add a unique constraint. (But a primary key cannot be added after table creation.)	<urn:uuid:c1ebb1c0-6bde-4ac0-973f-5fefe5f0b1ac>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.postgresql.org/docs/7.1/static/indices-unique.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927844.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00086-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.721872	162	2.828125	3
Although ivy is often grown as a houseplant, don’t let that fool you: Many ivies are adaptable to overwintering outdoors. Four of the most common perennial species are English ivy (Hedera helix), Swedish ivy (Plectranthus australis), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) and Algerian ivy (Hedera canariensis). These plants are adapted for year-round growth in a range of climates. One of the most common ground covers in shady garden areas, English ivy is a perennial hardy to U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. Glossy green leaves are evergreen, which means they provide winter interest. Leaves of the juvenile growth phase, most commonly seen, have three to five lobes and are roughly 4 inches long. The adult growth phase produces rounder leaves, greenish-white flowers in fall and dark berries afterward. It is capable of growing to 80 feet high with support and is an aggressive grower, spreading to adjacent areas unless tended. Hardy to USDA zones 10 and 11, Swedish ivy will last through the winter in warmer climates. Where it is not winter-hardy, you can grow it in containers that overwinter indoors or grow it as an annual in containers or hanging baskets. Growing to a height and spread of around 2 to 3 feet, Swedish ivy has trailing stems that do not climb, but rather produce a tall mat of ground cover. Where stems touch the soil, they will take root. A close cousin of English ivy, Algerian ivy (Hedera canariensis or Hedera algeriensis) is also known as Canary Island ivy. It too is evergreen, winter-hardy to USDA zones 7b through 8. Its large, lobed leaves are similar in appearance to English ivy and come in a variety of cultivars. These include two variegated ones, "Gloire de Marengo" and "Marginomaculata," a large-leafed variety called "Ravensholst" and "Striata," with light green or yellow centers. Algerian ivy is capable of growing to a height of 30 feet. Though it is famous for its adherence to the sides of stadiums and university buildings in the American Northeast, Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) actually hails from China and Japan. This perennial vine is winter-hardy to USDA zones 4 through 8, and can grow to heights of 30 to 50 feet. It also spreads to between 5 and 10 feet, making it a slender vine. Three-lobed leaves are usually a glossy dark green but turn scarlet or scarlet-purple in fall. Whitish-green flowers in June and July give way to bluish-black berries in fall. - Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:5f11914a-70e1-4e8c-ab63-f4a978344a29>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://homeguides.sfgate.com/ivy-plant-last-through-winter-75963.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110573.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822085147-20170822105147-00628.warc.gz	en	0.945851	612	3.140625	3
Teachers have the toughest jobs! They multitask, handle a large number of children at once, are responsible for the learning outcomes of their students, and so on. The list is endless. It’s no wonder that teaching can be stressful at times. If you are finding it tough to get things under control and are deeply stressed out, here are 6 activities that reduce teacher stress. You’ll surely find them helpful. Plan in Advance When you are unprepared for a class, you may suffer pangs of anxiety. That’s because when you are unprepared, you may find it difficult to take total control of your class. You may have several fears, like how can you cover the lesson in the given time, what if someone asks you a question you don’t know the answer to, etc. It’s seen that teachers who plan their lessons ahead tend to feel less anxious during class. Hence, to reduce teacher stress, it is advisable to plan the day, week, month or even the school year in advance. Surely, plans change, but you will still be better off than not planning at all. Breathe and Meditate The benefits of breathing exercises and meditation can never be overstated. When there is a lot of chaos and noise around, practice deep breathing for 2-3 minutes and stay calm. It is one of the most effective strategies for reducing teacher stress in the classroom. If breathing doesn’t help, take some time out of the classroom and meditate for five minutes. You will regain your senses and feel in control. This will help reduce teacher stress in class. You always ask your students to not get distracted? But for you, distraction is a good thing! Do not carry your classroom tasks with you home. Distract yourself away from classroom thoughts when you are outside the class. When teaching online, make sure you have specific times allotted for teaching. Do not think about it outside those hours, except when you have set aside a time to plan for the class. Distracting yourself away from the class is a good way of reducing teacher stress in the classroom. Enforce Discipline in Innovative Ways It is tough to enforce discipline among children, especially if they are young. In an online setting, this becomes even more difficult. But you can enforce discipline in innovative ways. One way of enforcing discipline in class is to give rewards for good behaviour. You can allot points to students for behaving well, and penalise bad behaviour by subtracting points. At the end of the week or month, students with maximum points get a reward. A well-disciplined class will surely reduce teacher stress by an order of magnitude. Use Creativity in Your Communication Another way of reducing teacher stress in the classroom is by bringing creativity into your communication. Instead of giving plain verbal instructions like “Stay quiet” or “Don’t make noise”, you can use special hand signals or even posters. You can create your own way of communication and explain it to your students. Children love being instructed in unique ways and will be happy to comply. We have also covered 5 ways to reduce student stress in class. Follow these tips and you will see the difference! For more such tips, tricks and strategies, visit SuperTeacher or join the SuperTeacher Club on Facebook.	<urn:uuid:2004fa47-6448-41d3-8ec0-982476c952f0>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://superteacher.co/blog/online-teaching/6-activities-to-reduce-teachers-stress/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103989282.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702071223-20220702101223-00116.warc.gz	en	0.945635	691	3.03125	3
What’s your favorite snack? Most of you would say a packet of chips maybe or a chocolate or bhujiya. A few of you might say fruits. But have you ever considered seeds as a snack? Like pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, flax seeds or chia seeds. Besides being a healthy snack option, these seeds are phenomenal health food options loaded with a wide variety of nutrients. However, today we’ll talk about the health benefits of pumpkin seeds. Pumpkin seeds besides being fibrous are also rich in a variety of nutrients like copper, protein, zinc, manganese, and magnesium. They also contain antioxidants that give your health an extra boost. The pumpkin seeds available in the supermarket are readily edible and are de-shelled. They are flat, green and oval in shape. Let us now Study in details the Top Health Benefits of Pumpkin Seeds: 1. Improve prostate and bladder health Prostatic hyperplasia is a common health condition among men after they age. However, having pumpkin seeds prevents enlargement of the prostate gland and relieves symptoms associated with BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia). Some studies have also proved that having pumpkin seeds treat symptoms of overactive bladder. 2. Healthy heart A quarter cup of pumpkin seeds has the daily recommended dose of magnesium. This mineral performs vital functions in the body like the synthesis of DNA and RNA, healthy functioning of the heart forms teeth and bones and eases bowel movement. Magnesium also lowers blood pressure and prevents heart attacks, strokes. Its rich magnesium content is also beneficial to bone health and prevents the risk of osteoporosis. 3. Supports immunity Pumpkin seeds are very rich in zinc, thus improving immunity, promoting healthy cell growth, improve mood, eye and skin health, regulates insulin levels and boosts male sexuality. A deficiency of this mineral in the body increases the risk of a number of illnesses like colds and flu, chronic fatigue, depression, acne, low birth weight babies, learning problems and poor school performance in children. 4. Rich in Omega-3 fats All raw nuts and seeds are very rich in omega-3 fatty acids or good fats. Pumpkin seeds are rich in both omega-r and omega-6 fatty acids lowering the amount of cholesterol in the blood and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Omega 3 is also said to reduce the risk of thrombosis and arrhythmias that is the cause of strokes, heart attacks, and cardiac deaths. 5. Prevents Insomnia Pumpkin seeds have a compound in them called tryptophan, a type of amino acid. This certain compound is very beneficial in treating insomnia as it gets converted to serotonin and melatonin are also known as relaxing and sleep hormone respectively. If you have been long suffering from insomnia, stop taking pills. Instead, try having a few pumpkin seeds with a piece of fruit for melatonin production and to fall asleep well. 6. Healthy Pregnancy Pumpkin seeds are rich in zinc mineral that is very beneficial during pregnancy. Zinc keeps the immunity high during pregnancy and prevents uterine infections that could be the cause of preterm delivery. Pumpkin seeds are fuss-free snack items. Roast them slightly and you can keep them stacked at your work desk or kitchen for a healthy snack option.	<urn:uuid:a2bf4735-d32f-4037-934c-96adadd84e09>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://www.healthfolks.com/health-care/post/6-health-benefits-of-pumpkin-seeds	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528208.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722180254-20190722202254-00300.warc.gz	en	0.948379	688	2.828125	3
Editor’s Note: This article was first published by the Environmental Defense Fund, an organization focusing on creating economical policies to support clean air and water; abundant fish and wildlife; and a stable climate. The article was authored by Frank J. Convery and originally appeared here. How can farmers paid to protect a local watershed save a huge city billions in infrastructure costs? I had an opportunity to find out when our team of economists took a field trip to the rolling Catskills some months back. This is where the New York City Department of Environmental Protection is offering financial support to farmers who help maintain water quality for 9.5 million city customers. It has saved the Big Apple up to $10 billion it would otherwise have to spend on new water filtration plants, along with about $100 million annually to maintain them. Farmers, meanwhile, have been able to use the DEP funding to make improvements to their land and operations, benefiting their own bottom line. If this works in upstate New York, it’ll work elsewhere, we thought. That should make this an idea worth replicating in other parts of the country. 368 NY farms onboard and more joining The city-funded eco services program, administered by the non-profit Watershed Agricultural Council, finances drainage solutions, manure pads, barnyard construction and other projects that farmers themselves may not be able to afford. Such improvements are critical for keeping phosphates along with Cryptosporidium, giardia and other nasty waterborne diseases out of the Delaware and Catskill watersheds. It began in 1993 as a way to avoid city water regulations farmers feared would cause economic hardship, instead favoring a more collaborative and sustainable approach. So far, 368 farms have agreed to Whole Farm Management plans that compensate and empowers growers to be surface-water stewards of New York City’s drinking water. Together they account for 163,500 acres. A management plan may, for example, call for closing concentrated manure sources such as slurry pits or storage piles. It would instead direct farmers to spread the waste on fields where, if well managed, it’s less of a concern and serves as a nutrient. This has added benefits: Well-vegetated fields help plants take up nutrients, slow water flow and makes the soil more porous and absorbent. $12 million a year helps buy water quality for NYC The city awarded $12.6 million to the council in 2017 to fund its eco services projects. That also includes money for a smaller forestry conservation program, and payments for conservation easements to farmers. The easements, based on a percentage of the land market value, require landowners to protect certain natural resources on their property in perpetuity – another way to protect the watershed. We learned that people and businesses in New York City consume more than 1 billion gallons of water a day, which is supplied from the West and East Hudson systems. But there’s just one and a half year’s worth of water in storage. It’s easy to see why the incentives for both farmers and the city are aligned. A Nobel idea Leda Bloomberg and Steve Cole, Alpaca sheep farmers in the Hudson Valley, told us the Watershed Agricultural Council helped fund, among other things, a rocky channel along their roadway. It collects water that runs off fields and diverts it away to be soaked up by soil, reducing runoff. The couple told us they had benefitted greatly from the advice and support of the council. The organization “is on the side of the farmers,” always looking for new and better ways to conserve land and improve their business, they said. It made me think of Ronald Coase, the economist and Nobel Prize winner who theorized that those who pollute could negotiate a solution with those who would benefit from pollution reductions, making everybody win. Here was a case of his theory being acted out to the benefit of farmers upstate and water customers and taxpayers in New York City. As we left that day, we had only one question: Why aren’t more cities trying this?	<urn:uuid:5d26c5f2-0205-4ef7-973b-f7f5f2bbfa72>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	http://www.senseandsustainability.net/2018/08/30/how-300-farmers-are-saving-new-york-city-billions/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00275.warc.gz	en	0.959036	846	3.15625	3
In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. SpÂ 3Â hybridization is a hybridization that involves combining 1 s orbitals with 3 p orbitals consisting of pÂ xÂ , pÂ yÂ , and pÂ zÂ producing spÂ 3Â that can be used to bind to four other atoms. Examples of sp3 hybridization Methane Because carbon plays such a significant role in organic chemistry, we will be using it as an example here. They are hybridized atomic orbitals formed by mixing s and p orbitals, to describe bonding in molecules. SpÂ 2Â hybridizationÂ is a combination of 1 s orbitals with 2 p orbitals so that there are 1 free p orbitals which are not used for hybridization.Â SpÂ 2Â hybridizationÂ will produce a double bond type so that the bond strength is higher than the single bond and the resulting bond length is also shorter. It needs four electron groups, and it needs to make four IDENTICAL Ï â¦ SpÂ 3Â dÂ 2Â hybridizationÂ Â has 1s, 3p and 2d orbitals, which undergo mixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.Â These six orbitals are directed to the octahedron angle.Â They tend to be at an angle of 90 degrees to each other. Its very important for us! * During the formation of methane molecule, the carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridization in the excited state by mixing one â2sâ and three 2p orbitals to furnish four half filled sp3hybrid orbitals, which are oriented in tetrahedral symmetry in space around the carbon atom. Or do you know how to improveStudyLib UI? Just like the carbon atom in methane, the central nitrogen in ammonia is sp 3 -hybridized. Thus, the SF6 molecule has an octahedral structure.Â The dotted electrons represent the electrons of the F-atom. Chem201X In-Class Worksheet #12: Hybrid Orbitals and Gas Laws, © 2013-2021 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Did you find mistakes in interface or texts? Orbital hybridisation In chemistry, hybridisation or hybridization (see also spelling differences) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to My watch list my.chemeurope.com Four arms extend from the carbon atoms, each grabbing an atom in its own hand. For example, in the ammonia molecule, the fourth of the sp 3 hybrid orbitals on the nitrogen contains the two remaining outer-shell electrons, which form a non-bonding lone pair. sp2-hybridization: The combination of one s and two p-orbitals to form three hybrid orbitals of equal energy is known as sp2- hybridization. All the carbon atoms in an alkane are sp3 hybridized with tetrahedral geometry. Mixing 1s, 3 p and 3 d-atomic orbitals to form seven hybrid orbitals that are equivalent to the same energy.Â This hybridization is known as sp3d3 hybridization.Â Seven spÂ 3Â dÂ 3Â hybrid orbitals areÂ directed to the angles of the pentagonal bipyramid. hybridization in chemistry - examples Almost always, some sort of intermixing i.e., hybridization of pure atomic orbitals is observed before the bond formation to confer maximum stability The best example is the alkanes. Sp3d hybridization involves mixing 3p and 1d orbitals to form 5 sp3d hybridization orbitals with the same energy.Â They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.Â The mixture of s, p and d orbitals forms trigonal bipyramidal symmetry. Only 2 of the 2p orbitals are used in sp2 hybridisation; in contrast to the 3 used in sp3 hybridisation (you should be seeing where the numbers come from!). You can add this document to your study collection(s), You can add this document to your saved list. sp3-hybridized bonding A similar reasoning follows for sp3 bonding. You can view an animation of the hybridisation of the C orbitals if you wish. For example, in its basic state, carbon atoms naturally have an electron configuration of 1sÂ 2Â 2sÂ 2Â 2pÂ 2Â .Â Four outer electrons, i.e. In addition to the types of hybridization that have been mentioned above, there is a classification of hybridization that occurs in plants based on the taxonomic relationship of the two parents, which can be classified into two major groups, namely: Parents involved in hybridization include the same species;Â they may be two types, varieties or races of the same species.Â It is also known as intraspecific hybridization.Â In crop improvement programs, intervarietal hybridization is the most commonly used. Difference Between sp sp2 and sp3 Hybridization January 28, 2018 by Madhusha 6 min read Main Difference â sp vs sp 2 vs sp 3 Hybridization Orbitals are hypothetical structures that can be filled with electrons. Hybridization occurs when orbitals are inÂ atomic theoryÂ mix to form new atomic orbitals.Â New orbitals can hold the same total number of electrons as the old ones.Â The properties and energy of the new hybridized orbitals are ‘averages’ from the original uncarbonized orbitals.Â The concept of hybridization was introduced because that is the best explanation for the fact that all C-H bonds in molecules such as methane are identical. The hybridization theory explains the bonding to alkenes and methane.Â The number of p characters, which is decided mainly by hybridization of orbitals, can be used to predict molecular properties such as acidity or basicity. Example of sp 3 hybridization: ethane (C 2 H 6), methane. (For complaints, use Chapter 5: Deducing Hybridization of Atoms, Making the Leap from 2-D to 3-D via Hybridization Theory (Many Examples Worked for the Student), Heteroatom Hybridization, VSEPR, Deviations from Ideal Bond Angles, Nitrogen Write the orbital Diagram Of Carbon before Sp3 Hybridization o chem 1 flashcards o chem 1 learn with flashcards games and more â for free Part L Identify the hybridization of all interior atoms for the molecule CH3 SH These are not equivalent hybrid orbitals because five of them are directed to the angles of ordinary pentagons, while the remaining two are directed up and down the plane.Â Geometry is pentagonal bipyramidal and bond angles are 72Â 0Â Â and 90Â 0Â . Many people like to write, they make a living from…, Types and Textual Genres - What and Examples, What Is Synesthesia:Causes,Types And Examples, What is a budget? This includes crossing between different species of the same genus or different genera.Â When two species of the same genus are crossed, it is known as inter-specific hybridization;Â but when they belong to two different genera it is called intergenerational hybridization. SpÂ 3Â hybridizationÂ has the type of single bond or one sigma bond where the bond strength in this hybridization is the weakest among other hybridizations, while the bond length in this hybridization is the biggest among others.Â Molecules undergoing spÂ 3Â hybridizationÂ will produce tetrahedral geometric shapes.Â Examples of spÂ 3Â hybridizationÂ occur in ethane (CÂ 2Â HÂ 6Â ), methane (CHÂ 4Â ). 3) Give some examples. (definition, types and examples), BENCHMARKING: what it is, types, stages and examples, What is content marketing? In methane and ethane, each carbon atom is bonded to four atoms. Carbon's 2s and all three of its 3p orbitals hybridize to form four sp3 orbitals. Because of the four hands, you can distinguish that the carbon atoms in methane and ethane are sp3 hybrid orbitals. This concept was developed for simple chemical systems, but this approach was later applied more broadly, and today is considered an effective heuristic for rationalizing the structure of organic compounds.Â It provides a simple orbital image that is equivalent to Lewis’s structure. In an sp^3 hybridization, color(red)"one" s orbital is mixed with color(red)"three" p orbitals to form color(red)"four" sp^3 hybridized orbitals. For example, in SFÂ 6Â , one electron each from 3s and 3p orbitals is pushed into a 3d orbital.Â Six orbitals get hybridized to form six spÂ 3Â dÂ 2Â hybrid orbitalsÂ Â .Â Each of these sp3d2 hybrid orbitals overlaps with 2p fluorine orbitals to form S-F bonds. 53Â I – 1sÂ 2Â , 2sÂ 2Â , 2pÂ 6Â , 3sÂ 2Â , 3pÂ 6Â , 4sÂ 2Â , 3dÂ 10Â , 4pÂ 6Â , 5sÂ 2Â , 4dÂ 10Â , 5pÂ 5. Add Active Recall to your learning and get higher grades. In the water molecule, the oxygen atom can form four sp 3 orbitals. Summary sp3 hybridization occurs when a C has 4 attached groups sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s and 75% p character the 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.28o to each other each sp3 hybrid 8. Each of these hybridized orbitals have 25% s character and 75% p character (calculated according to the proportion of s:p mixing). This type of hybridization is required whenever an atom is surrounded by four groups of Simple cross-hybridization includes intervarietal hybridization that occurs when more than two parents are crossed to produce a hybrid, which is then used to produce F2 or used in backcross.Â Such crossing is also known as convergent crossing because this crossing program aims to unite genes from several parents into a single hybrid. 2) Explain how to determine the Hybridization in a given molecule. 1) Explain Hybridization concept of Pauling. Example : BF 3 Molecule These sp2 hybridized orbitals are oriented at an angle of 120 . The 2s and 3p carbon orbitals hybridize to form four sp3 orbitals.Â These hybrid orbitals bind to four hydrogen atoms through overlapping sp3-s orbitals to produce CHÂ 4Â (methane). The chemist Linus Pauling first developed the theory of hybridization in 1931 to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH4) using atomic orbitals.Â Pauling shows that carbon atoms form four bonds using one and three p orbitals. When sp 3 d Hybridization sp 3 d hybridization involves the mixing of 3p orbitals and 1d orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbitals of equal energy. Three hybrid orbitals are located in a horizontal plane that is inclined at an angle of 120 Â° to each other known as the equatorial orbital.Â The two remaining orbitals are located in a vertical plane in the 90-degree plane of the equatorial orbit known as an axial orbital.Â Examples of this hybridization occur in Phosphorus pentachloride (PClÂ 5Â ). The hybridization theory is an integral part of theÂ meaning of organic chemistryÂ , one of the most interesting examples is the Baldwin rule.Â To draw the reaction mechanism it is sometimes necessary to draw a classic bond with two atoms sharing two electrons. The two carbon atoms form a sigma bond in the molecule by overlapping two sp 2 orbitals. Hybridization can be interpreted as a series of processes combining orbitals from one atom with another atom when the meaning of a chemical bond occurs so as to achieve lower energy or high stability. Other examples of sp 3 hybridization include CCl 4, PCl 3, and NCl 3. sp3 Hybridization The valence orbitals of an atom surrounded by a tetrahedral arrangement of bonding pairs and lone pairs consist of a set of four sp3 In a methane molecule, the 1s orbital of each of the four hydrogen atoms overlaps with one of the four sp 3 â¦ The carbons in alkenes and other atoms with a double bond are often sp2 hybridized and have trigonal planar geometry. The 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron. Seven atomic orbitals (1, 3p and 3d orbitals) hybridize to form seven sp3d3 hybrid orbitals.Â This is filled in singly.Â These hybrid orbitals overlap with a single 2pz atomic orbitals filled with seven F atoms to form seven IF sigma bonds.Â IF7 geometry is pentagonal bipyramidal and bond angles are 72Â 0Â Â and 90Â 0Â . In general, an atom with all single bonds is an sp3 hybridized. An example is the formation of IF7.Â In the IF7 molecule, the central atom is I. These The definition of hybridization according to experts, among others, are as follows; Hybridization is the idea that atomic orbitals combine to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, affects molecular geometry and bonding properties.Â Hybridization is also an extension of valence bond theory. Assignment of Hybrid Orbitals to Central Atoms The hybridization of an atom is determined based on the number of regions of electron density that surround it. Gold Ar-15 Lower Parts Kit, Jersey Cow Ghee Benefits, Ferries In Rough Seas, Disney World Brochure 2020, Legends Mod Minecraft, 24 Hours From Now Est, Earthquake Helena Mt, College Grants For Foster Parents, Do Freight Brokers Need A Scac Code, Charleston School Of Law Non Profit, Dewayne Turrentine Net Worth,	<urn:uuid:39b9b6e3-3414-460b-8743-26cb583f3443>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	http://habitacion101.com/g2cd1/3593c5-sp3-hybridization-examples	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368608.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304051942-20210304081942-00333.warc.gz	en	0.915726	2,955	3.15625	3
One hundred years after Darwin considered how sexual selection shapes the behavioral and morphological characteristics of males for acquiring mates, Parker realized that sexual selection continues after mating through sperm competition. Because females often mate with multiple males before producing offspring, selection favors adaptations that allow males to preempt sperm from previous males and to prevent their own sperm from preemption by future males. Since the 1970s, this area of research has seen exponential growth, and biologists now recognize sperm competition as an evolutionary force that drives such adaptations as mate guarding, genital morphology, and ejaculate chemistry across all animal taxa. The insects have been critical to this research, and they still offer the greatest potential to reveal fully the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition. This book analyzes and extends thirty years of theoretical and empirical work on insect sperm competition. It considers both male and female interests in sperm utilization and the sexual conflict that can arise when these differ. It covers the mechanics of sperm transfer and utilization, morphology, physiology, and behavior. Sperm competition is shown to have dramatic effects on adaptation in the context of reproduction as well as far-reaching ramifications on life-history evolution and speciation. Written by a top researcher in the field, this comprehensive, up-to-date review of the evolutionary causes and consequences of sperm competition in the insects will prove an invaluable reference for students and established researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology. "Leigh Simmons is better qualified than most to define the current state of sperm competition. This book is an exellent summary of a recent, important, and relatively large addition to our understanding of evolution and its consequences. It is an essential read for anyone interested in the reproductive determinates of fitness."--Michael T. Siva-Jothy, Nature "An introductory chapter clearly presents fundamental concepts and terms and general methods used for quantifying sperm competition. . . . Numerous figures and tables enhance the value of this work, which includes more than 1,000 references. Highly recommended for evolutionary biologists, behavioral ecologists, and entomologists."--Choice "This well-illustrated, heavily referenced book will be valuable to researches interested in the evolution of reproductive biology, no matter what group they study."--John Alcock, The Quarterly Review of Biology "The author succeeds admirably in giving a scholarly, erudite, and up-to-date review of the evolutionary causes and consequences of sperm competition in insects. He covers all the important areas in this field. Simmons is a top researcher in the field of insect sperm competition, knows the literature well, and uses it with skill."--Tim Birkhead, author of Promiscuity "Leigh Simmons is an outstanding insect behavioral ecologist with an increasingly prominent international stature. Because of his contribution and standing, there will be an immediate appeal of this book, both to established researchers and to graduate students beginning projects in the area. It is written with great clarity, and the scientific integrity shown by the author is impressive. This is an excellent work of high scientific merit--one that makes a real attempt to take a broad and balanced view, while also making fundamental and significant new proposals for study and interpretation."--Geoff Parker, University of Liverpool Table of Contents	<urn:uuid:e9d79dfe-208f-4ad4-9a6a-fcec524f6963>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7232.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928423.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00090-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928064	653	2.5625	3
As friends, partners, and parents we tend to be empathetic, supportive, and encouraging towards loved ones, especially in times of need. However, we tend to neglect ourselves of that same consideration. On the contrary, we often speak to ourselves worse than we would speak to someone we didn’t like. What is self-compassion? Increased attention is being paid by psychologists to the concept of ‘self-compassion’; how kindly we relate to ourselves. Having compassion for others involves being aware of the suffering, feeling moved by it, and offering understanding and kindness, as opposed to harsh judgement or criticism. Having compassion for ourselves is really no different. Dr. Kristin Neff, a pioneer in the field, describes the act of self-compassion as relating to oneself as though you are your own ideal mother; with love, care, kindness, and empathy. When you are distressed, ask yourself how you would respond to a loved one going through the same pain, and then try to respond to yourself in a similar manner. Self-compassion differs in a number of ways to self-esteem but most importantly, self-compassion regards the way we relate to ourselves as opposed to the way we judge ourselves. But what if you don’t feel compassionate towards yourself? Just as you can go to work despite not feeling like it, or act lovingly towards a family member despite not feeling lovingly, you can act compassionately towards yourself regardless of how you feel. Due to the fact that self-compassion involves responding to yourself with kindness regardless of your performance, Dr Neff states that self-compassion “steps in at the very time that self-esteem lets you down”. Dr. Neff reports that the biggest reason people aren’t more self-compassionate is that they believe self-criticism is what keeps them in line. However, criticism has been shown to undermine motivation, leading to decreased performance. We know that criticising someone who has made a mistake is unlikely to be helpful and yet, this is the very way we tend to respond to ourselves. Self-compassion on the other hand, has been demonstrated to be highly conducive to motivation. When we act caringly towards ourselves, we are more likely to do what’s healthy rather than what’s harmful, for ourselves. Consequently, people who score more highly on measures of self-compassion have lower levels of depression and anxiety. Preliminary data is also starting to demonstrate the same link between self-compassion and weight loss. While Neff herself admits that it is “..hard to unlearn habits of a lifetime,” she reports that people can learn to be more compassionate towards themselves through practise. Next time you experience distress, ask yourself how you would respond to a loved one experiencing the same pain and then try to apply that same treatment to yourself. For other exercises to develop your ability to respond compassionately towards yourself, visit www.self-compassion.org	<urn:uuid:6f69f885-fd03-405b-bac6-a04c501da532>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://www.lilleyplace.com.au/self-compassion/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518222121-20210519012121-00423.warc.gz	en	0.976208	620	2.96875	3
Whether you're just getting started in the gardening world, or you're full of hands on experience, you are bound to stumble upon a word every now and then that leaves you at a loss. We've compiled the following list of common terms for you. Can't find what you're looking for? Send an email to email@example.com and we'll be sure to add it to the list. Just click the letter of the word you're looking for to skip to that section. Acid Soil - A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acid soil. A soil with a pH higher than 7.0 is an alkaline soil. The pH is the measure of lime (calcium) contained in your soil. Acre - A measure of land totaling 43,560 square feet. A square acre is 208.75 feet on each side. Aerate - To loosen or puncture the soil to increase water penetration. Air Layering - A specialized method of plant propagation accomplished by cutting into the bark of the plant to induce the formation of new roots. Alkaline Soil - A soil with a pH higher than 7.0 is an alkaline soil. A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acid soil. The pH is the measure of lime (calcium) contained in your soil. Annuals - Plants whose life cycle lasts for only one year or one growing season. Arboretum - A garden with a large collection of trees and shrubs cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. (Highland Park right here in Rochester, NY is actually an arboretum - the whole park was completely planned, but designed to appear as if it occurred naturally). Aquatic Plants - Plants which grow in, live in, or live on water. Balled & Burlapped - A tree which is dug out of the ground with a ball of soil around the roots. The soil ball is usually covered in burlap and wrapped with string or a wire basket for support. Bare Root - Plants offered for sale which have had all of the soil removed from their roots. Bedding Plant - A plant that has been grown to blooming or near blooming size before being planted out in a formal area for seasonal display of colorful flowers or foliage. Biennial - A flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. Many fruit and vegetable plants are biennial - they bare fruit their second year. Bolting - Vegetables that quickly go to flower rather than producing the food crop. Usually caused by late planting and temperatures that are too warm. Bonsai - An ornamental tree or shrub grown in a pot and artificially prevented from reaching its normal size. Bract - A modified leaf or scale, typically small, with a flower or flower cluster in its axial. Found on Dogwoods and Poinsettias. Bud - A compact knob-like growth on a plant that develops in a leaf, flower, or shoot. Bulb - A rounded underground storage organ that contains the shoot of a new plant. Cambium - A thin layer of generative tissue lying between the bark and the wood steam, most active in woody plants. Catkin - Usually dense, cylindrical, often drooping cluster of flowers found in willows, birches, and oaks. Characteristic - Traits or qualities of a tree, such as its leaf color, flowers, fruit, shape, size, structure, etc. Chlorophyll - A green pigment, present in all green plants, which allows plants to absorb energy from light. Cladode - A flattened leaf-like stem. It is flat for increasing the surface area, thick for storing water, and green for photosynthesis. Clump Form - A tree that has more than one trunk. Complete Fertilizer - A fertilizer which contains all three primary elements: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. Compost - Decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer. Conifer - A cone-bearing tree or shrub, often evergreen, usually with needle-like leaves. Container Grown - Plants, trees and shrubs raised in a pot. The pot is removed before planting. Cover Crop - A crop grown for the protection and enrichment of the soil. Crown - The area where the stem meets the roots. Cultivar - A variety of plant that is grown for its specific characteristics that may not be present with the original species. Cultivate - Prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening. Cuttings - A piece cut from a plant for propagation. Damping Off - A plant disease caused by fungus; diseased condition of seedlings in excessive moisture. Deadheading - Refers tot he removal of dead or spent blooms to encourage more flowering or to improve the appearance of the plant. Dibble Stick - Is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seedlings or small bulbs can be planted. De-thatch - Process of removing dead stems that build up beneath lawn grasses. Dioecious Plant - A plant species in which male and female organs appear on separate individuals. In order to produce fruit and viable seeds, both male and female plants must be present. Dividing - The process of splitting up plants, roots and all, that have been bound together. This will make several plants from one plant, and usually should be done to mature perennials every 3 to 4 years. Dormancy - A state of reduced activity that enables plants to survive conditions of cold, drought, or other stress. Double Digging - Preparing the soil by systematically digging an area to the depth of two shovels. Double Flower - Varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. Drip Line - The imaginary circle that you would draw on the soil around a tree directly under the outermost branch tips. (Where the snow drips when it melts off the branches). Easement - A portion of land where utilities are located that can be publicly or privately owned. Epiphyte - A plant which grows on another plant but gets its nutrients from the air or rainfall. Examples include ferns, bromeliads, air plants and orchids. Erosion - The gradual destruction either by wind, water, or other natural agents. Espalier - A fruit tree, tree, or shrub whose branches are trained to grow flat against a wall (or supported on a lattice) by pinching or pruning the branches. Evergreen - A plant that retains green leaves throughout the year. Evaporation - A change in phase in the atmosphere occurs when substances change from liquid to gaseous, or vapor, form. Exotic Species - A tree species that has been imported from another region and does not grow naturally in the region it is being planted. Eye - An undeveloped bud growth which will ultimately produce new growth. Fertilizer - A chemical or natural substance added to the soil to increase its fertility. Flat - A shallow box or tray used to start cuttings or seedlings and for growing and selling young plants. Floating Row Covers - A very shear, lightweight fabric that can be simply draped over vegetables to trap heat in during the day and release it at night. Use them in the Spring to fend off pests and in the fall to extend your growing season. Foliar Feeding - A technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Forcing - A technique that imitates the environmental conditions that bulbs encounter outdoors, thereby tricking them into flowering earlier. Frond - The leaf or leaf-like part of a palm, fern, or similar plant. Frost - A deposit of small white ice crystals formed on the ground or other surface when the temperature falls below freezing. Tender plants will suffer extensive damage or die when exposed to frost. Fruit - The fully developed ovary of a flower containing one or more seeds. Germinate - To cause to sprout; when a plant begins to grow and put out shoots after a period of dormancy. Girdling - To kill a tree or woody shrub by removing or destroying a band of bark and cambium from its circumference. Gnawing animals, especially rodents can also girdle trees. Grafting - A shoot or bud of one plant that is inserted into or joined to the stem, branch, or root of another plant so that the two grow together as a single plant. This is often done to produce a hardier or more disease resistant plant. Ground Cover - Is any plant that grows over an area of ground, used to provide protection from erosion and drought, and to improve its aesthetic appearance. Growing Season - The number of days between the average date of the last killing frost in Spring and the first killing frost in Fall. Vegetables and certain plants require a minimum number of days to reach maturity. Habit - The characteristic growth form or general shape of a plant. Harden Off - To gradually acclimatize a plant to a more harsh environment. A seedling must be hardened off before planting outdoors. Hardiness Zone - Used to indicate geographic limits of the cold hardiness of different species, subspecies, genera or clones. The hardiness zone of Rochester, NY is 6a. Hardpan - A hardened impervious layer, typically of clay, occurring in or below the soil. Heading Back - Pruning shoots back one-half to one-third to buds or twigs with potential for encouraging new growth. Herbaceous - Plants with non-woody stems. They have soft or succulent green stems that will die back to the ground in the winter. Humus - The organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms. Hybrid Deciduous - The offspring of two parent trees belonging to a tree that drops its leaves every year. Hydroponics - Cultivation of plants in nutrient solution other than soil. Inflorescence - The complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts and flowers. --J-- --K-- --L-- Leaching - The removal or loss of excess salts or nutrients from soil. Leaf Mold - A disease of plants in which mold develops on leaves, caused by fungus. (Also a soil composed mainly of decaying leaves). Loam - A fertile soil of clay, sand and organic matter. Manure - Organic matter used as organic fertilizer and contributes to the fertility of the soil by adding nutrients such as nitrogen, that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Maturity - The point of being fully grown and reaching the potential height and width. Micronutrients - There are about seven nutrients essential to plants growth and health that are only needed in very small doses. These nutrients are manganese, boron, copper, iron, chloride, molybdenum and zinc. Sulfur is also considered a micronutrient, but is listed as a macronutrient. Mulch - A material such as decaying leaves, bark or compost that is spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the soil, retain moisture, control weeds, and/or prevent roots from freezing. Plastic sheeting and other commercial products can also be used. Native Species (Native Plant) - A plant that grows naturally in a specific region or location. Node - A point on a plant stem from which the leaves or lateral branches grow. Nut - A hard, bony, one-celled fruit that does not split such as an acorn. Ordinance, Tree - An enforceable tool for the city or town that mandates proper tree care, gives force and direction to professional tree care performed by anyone in the community on public trees, and gives size and placement planting requirements for small, medium and large trees to enchance, preserve and protect the health of the urban forest. Organic Gardening - A method of gardening where all materials used in the garden come from natural sources and was not chemically produced by man. Panicle - A loose branching cluster of flowers, such as oats. Parasitic Plant - One plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it. Peat Moss - Partially decomposed remains of various masses such as vegetation matter. Often used to retain moisture in soil. Perennial - A non-woody plant which grows and lives for more than two years. Perlite - A variety of obsidian consisting of masses of small pearly globules, used as a soil conditioner in potting mixes, to promote moisture retention white allowing good drainage. Pest - An insect or other small animal that harms or destroys garden plants, trees, etc. pH - The measure of lime (calcium) contained in your soil. Soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acid soil, while soil with a pH higher than 7.0 is an alkaline soil. (Soil can be tested with an inexpensive soil test kit). Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants and certain other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Pinching Back - Nipping off the very tip of a branch or stem. Pinching promotes branching and a bushier, fuller plant. Pistil - The female part, or seed-baring part of the flower. Pollination - The transfer of pollen from the stamen (male part of the flower) to the pistil (female part of the flower), which results in the formation of a seed. (Hybrids are created when the pollen from one kind of a plant is used to pollinate an entirely different variety, resulting in a new plant.) Potting Soil - A mixture used to grow plants, herbs and vegetables in a container garden or in a pot. Potting mixes should be sterile, loose, and light. A mixture of loam, peat, perlite or vermiculite and nutrients is preferred. Propagation - To reproduce new plants either by cuttings or layering. Pruning - The cutting or trimming of plants or trees to remove dead or over-grown branches and stems. To control and promote new growth. Raceme - A single-stemmed inflorescence with flowers on individual stalks along a stem. The bottom flowers open first as the raceme continues to elongate. Snapdragon and delphinium flowers grow on racemes. Relative Humidity - The ratio of the amount of moisture that exists in the atmosphere. Rhizome - A continuously growing horizontal underground stem that puts out lateral shoots from its nodes. Also called rootstock. (Some lawn grasses and irises are rhizome plants.) Right-of-Way - An area between private property line and the street owned by a town or city. Root - The underground portion of a plant, tree or shrub that serves as an anchor and absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Root Ball - The roots and accompanying soil when the plant/tree is taken from its growth site and transported. The root ball should be kept intact when transplanting. Root Bound (Pot Bound) - When a plant has grown too large for its container, resulting in matting and entangling of the roots. This will stunt the growth of the plant. When re-potting, gently loosen the roots on the outer edges of the root ball, to induce outward growth. Rooting Hormone / Rooting Powder - Is either a powdered or liquid hormone that when applied to the base of a cutting, stimulates root formation. Rosette - A cluster of leaves or flowers growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown, usually at or close to the ground. Runner - A shoot, typically leafless, that grows from the base of a plant along the surface of the ground and can take root at points along its length. Scarification - Allows water and gases to penetrate into the seed including physically breaking the hard seed coats or to soften them with chemicals. Scion - The short length of stem that is grafted onto the rootstock of another plant (usually a related plant or species). Seeds - A plants unit of reproduction capable of developing into another such plant. Shrub - A woody, perennial plant smaller than a tree, usually with several stems or trunks. Some can be grown as small trees if pruned properly. Soil pH - Soil pH is the measure of the amount of lime (calcium) contained in your soil. A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acid soil. A soil pH higher than 7.0 is an alkaline soil. Soil pH can be tested with an inexpensive test kit. Sphagnum - A bog moss which is collected and composted. Most peat moss is composed primarily of sphagnum moss. This moss is also packaged and sold fresh and used for lining hanging baskets and air layering. Specimen - Trees or shrubs placed conspicuously alone in a prominent place to show off its ornamental qualities; focal piece in the landscape. Spore - Spores are most common on non-seed baring plants such as algae, moss and fern. Spores are produced by bacteria, fungi and green plants, and are most prevalent in very moist, wet areas. Staking - A newly planted tree should be staked the first year or so, until it gets established using hardwood stakes, pieces of rubber hose and tree wire. This helps the formation of the tree and keeps it secure in high wind conditions. For more complete details, see our Planting Guide. Street Tree - Trees growing in the public street right-of-way that is usually owned by a town or city. Sucker(s) - Shoot(s) that grows from the bud at the base of a tree from its roots. Also known as a basal shoot, root sprout or cane shoots. On a grafted tree, such as a Weeping Cherry, they will appear at the top, and grow upright; they need to be pruned often. Suckers should be removed as they draw energy from the main tree. Stolon - A low spreading plant stem or runner that produces new plants at the tips, such as strawberry plants or hens and chicks. Systemic - A chemical absorbed directly into the plant through the roots system and circulated through the tissues to kill feeding insects. Tap Root - The main primary root that grows vertically into the ground. From that, other roots sprout laterally. Tender Plants - Plants that are unable to withstand frost or freezing temperatures. Tendril - The slender, twirling ringlet found on many vines, which allows the plant to attach itself to a trellis, fence, wall or other support such as a grape vine. Thinning - To remove some plants to allow others more room to grow. It can also refer to removing branches from trees and shrubs to give the plant a more open structure. Top Dress - To evenly spread a layer of fertilizer, mulch or stone over the surface of the soil. Top Soil - The layer of soil on the surface that usually has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms. Transpiration - The release of water vapor through the leaves of plants. Transplanting - To dig up a plant from one location and plant it in another location. Tree Lawn - The space where street trees are planted, usually in the public right-of-way and between the street and the sidewalk. Tuber / Tuberous - Various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients for re-growth the next season (such as a Dahlia). Umbel - Inflorescence which consists of a number of short flower stalks equal in length and spread from a common point. Examples of umbels are Dill, Queen Anne's Lace and Geraniums. Variegated - Leaves which are marked with multiple colors. Vermiculite - A sterile soil mineral created from 'mica' which has been heated to the point of expansion. It is a good soil additive used in potting mixes. It retains moisture and air within the soil. Woody Plants - Plants that have hard, rather than fleshy, stems and produce buds that survive above ground in the winter. --X-- --Y-- --Z--	<urn:uuid:8806201b-2890-4581-bfad-61359888693e>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://www.gardenfactoryny.com/resources/garden-glossary	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00297.warc.gz	en	0.930681	4,311	3.375	3
senegal post full Our partner organisations have successfully planted more than 170,000 trees in the Kaffrine region and southeast Senegal. Also in Kaffrine, 500,000 Jatropha Curcas seedlings were sold. In the southeast region of Kedaougou, local farmers have worked with our partner organisations in developing the agroforestry demonstration site, designed to train farmers and ensure economic stability for those communities. In common with many countries throughout Africa, Senegal is a country rich in culture, but a country where its people struggle to survive. Many of Senegal’s population face poverty, malnutrition and desperation daily. Over seventy percent of Senegal’s population live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood and survival. Their dependency on this industry puts them at the mercy of Senegal’s variable rainfall, poor soil conditions and pest control, problems further compounded by a changing global climate. Over fifty percent of Senegal’s forests have been stripped back to supply the increased demands for building materials and fuel. Widespread poor farming practices, overgrazing, alongside uncontrolled slash-and-burn cycles and peanut farming have damaged the land immeasurably. As the Sahel expands as the result of this deforestation the terrible experience of severe droughts spreads throughout the country. A key focus of our projects has been the teaching of sustainable agriculture practices. This approach has gone hand in hand with tree planting in the hope that many issues will be addressed: from social to economic, alongside long-standing environmental concerns. The programmes continue to expand quickly and already the benefits of our projects are bringing fresh hope to local communities. Planting a variety of species has improved the soil quality and is making once arid areas fertile again. Alley cropping, multipurpose windbreaks and live fences are changing lives. New income streams are now being explored through the introduction of agroforestry projects, and forest gardens are increasing in popularity as farmers see the ongoing benefit of tree planting.	<urn:uuid:137e4636-2521-43ee-8ed7-c2021f6e993c>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://greenearthappeal.org/senegal-post-full/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00082.warc.gz	en	0.938038	407	2.875	3
What goes on inside? You'll read a lot about Vo2 Max and Anaerobic threshold (or lactate threshold) in running books that get more in depth about the science behind what's happening in your bodies while you push your body harder and harder. What's Vo2 Max? This is the volume of oxygen your body can process during exercise. There are many way to test this AND this has it's advantages to know it and to actively work on it. There's the walk test, the jog test, the step up test and the run test. Or in their proper (fancy) names The Rockport Walking Test, The Brigham Young Jog Test, and if you are a male and can run 1 mile in 8 minute, or female and can run 1 mile in 9 minutes then it's the 1.5 mile run test. The McArdle Step Test is the easiest one to do at home. Some of these tests need your weight in kgs and your heart rate at the end. Others simply just need the time it took. Your Vo2 Max score shows how fit your cardio-vascular system is and you can compare this to other people of your sex in your age group. You'll be given a result from poor to excellent. You can work on improving this and see results by using deliberate practice so I recommend you DO make time to test your Vo2 Max! What is the Anaerobic Threshold? This is the point where the waste products from running (or other exercise) mainly lactic acid begins to exponentially increase. This is usually around the 85% of your Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) - where the burning starts and your body desperately wants for you to stop. You can get this tested at a local university or sports medicine centre. If you've read From Fat Man to Green Man by Ira Rainey he describes this test in detail. Basically they make him run on a treadmill wearing a harness, with lots of sensors on him and then periodically they test his blood, the treadmill gets faster and faster and eventually you either collapse (hence the harness!) or you choose to stop! Interesting fact - Dean Karnazes (US Ultra Runner) - has an unusual biology in that his blood/body/muscles can clear the build up of lactic acid BEFORE he has to stop. Which explains why he can carry on and on and on - he has some special superhuman quality! Fascinating right?! So, unfortunately you can't really test this at home, or rather not accurately....BUT you can give it a good guesstimate. Again knowing this info can really help a you can then start to work on improving it! I cannot stress how important resting is. When you overload your muscles you MUST give them chance to repair afterwards. Yes your body might be ABLE to keep going going going everyday without stopping BUT at some point it'll start to break. The sensible thing is to build in rest days within your running week. At least one but preference is 2-3 per week. Rest days are perfect AFTER a really hard training run like tempo or threshold runs. Run Smarter not Harder There is a lot of evidence that shows that you CAN run marathons without even running up to 20 miles. It's all about HOW you train. For me the jury is still out on that - and I continue to read books to find out more - my personal experience is slow and steady increases to build up your body's resilience. But work out what works for YOUR body. I just got 80/20 Running - which is all about how 80% of your runs should be low intensity and 20% high - and this is a huge theme across many sectors too - Tim Ferris preaches that 80% of your profit should come from 20% effort - and i'll add a summary of this book when done. What is for sure is that you don't want 100% of your effort to turn into 0% action because you're crocked up! Main takeaway: run less but make sure every run/workout has a purpose - run for zone 2 (build your base) run for tempo, run to increase mileage, run to increase Vo2 Max, Run to your lactate threshold, or even run to get your stress out. But don't run more and more and more - you NEED rest. You must allow time for your body to adjust. If you need details on how to perform any of the Vo2 Max tests - and your results OR ways to guess your anaerobic threshold - then let me know and i'll post in the group. Just a couple of things for you to think about there. I hope you found this information useful and any comments or questions you have please post in the Facebook group!	<urn:uuid:e9852d3d-743d-429e-8d9d-88ea745a39dd>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://crossleyrunners.club/endurance/here-comes-the-science/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585911.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024050128-20211024080128-00332.warc.gz	en	0.9556	986	2.53125	3
Suppose African-Americans marked their heritage with flags depicting Nat Turner’s rebellion of 1831, in which slaves massacred about 60 whites before the uprising was crushed? The flag wouldn’t be celebrating the murder of whites, of course, but would simply commemorate a factual milestone in black history! Suppose Mexican-Americans waved a flag depicting the Battle of the Alamo? The point would not be to celebrate the slaughter of Texans, but to express pride in Mexican heritage! Suppose Canadian-Americans displayed a flag showing the burning of the White House in the War of 1812? Nothing against the Yanks, mind you – just a point of Canadian historical pride! Suppose American women waved flags of Lorena Bobbitt, who reacted to domestic abuse in 1993 by severing her husband’s penis and throwing it into a field? The aim wouldn’t be to approve of sexual mutilation, of course – but Bobbitt’s subsequent acquittal was a landmark in the recognition of domestic violence! Well, you get the point. That’s how the Confederate battle flag looked to many of us. And at least Nat Turner was fighting for his own freedom, while the Confederate battle flag was the banner of those who fought freedom, defended slavery, clubbed civil rights workers – and, most recently, murdered black churchgoers. And it’s exhilarating to see the same distaste expressed in the Southern mainstream. “The Confederate battle flag was the emblem of Jim Crow defiance to the civil rights movement, of the Dixiecrat opposition to integration, and of the domestic terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan,” noted Russell Moore of the Southern Baptist Convention. “White Christians ought to think about what that flag says to our African-American brothers and sisters.” The last year has brought a far-reaching conversation about race in America. But much of that conversation seemed polarizing more than clarifying, leaving each side more entrenched than ever – so it’s thrilling to see a wave of action now. South Carolina may finally remove the flag from the State House grounds, Alabama has removed four Confederate flags from its state Capitol grounds, and Mississippi may also take a Confederate battle cross off the state flag. Virginia, Tennessee, Maryland and North Carolina seem poised to keep the Confederate flag off license plates. A bust of Nathan Bedford Forrest, the Confederate general and early leader of the Ku Klux Klan, is expected to be evicted from the Tennessee State House. Wal-Mart, Sears, Amazon, e-Bay and other retailers will no longer sell Confederate merchandise. So we’re finally seeing not just conversation but movement. But the movement is in some ways chimerical. It’s about a symbol – and now the progress on the symbol needs to be matched by progress on racial inequality in daily life. America’s greatest shame in 2015 is not a piece of cloth. It’s that a black boy has a life expectancy five years shorter than a white boy. It’s that the net worth of the average black household in 2011 was $6,314, compared with $110,500 for the average white household, according to census data. It’s that almost two-thirds of black children grow up in low-income families. It’s that more than one-third of inner-city black kids suffer lead poisoning (and thus often lifelong brain impairment), mostly from old lead paint in substandard housing. More consequential than that flag is our flawed system of school finance that perpetuates inequity. Black students in the United States are much less likely than whites to attend schools offering advanced science and math courses. The one public system in which the U.S. goes out of its way to provide services to African-Americans is prison. Partly because of our disastrous experiment in mass incarceration, black men in their 20s without a high school diploma are more likely to be incarcerated than employed, according to a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research. So I’m all for celebrating the drawing down of the Confederate battle flag, but now let’s pivot from symbolic moves to substantial ones. That means, for example, early childhood programs, which offer the most cost-effective interventions to create a more even starting line. These include home visitation, high-quality preschool and literacy programs. A Stanford University randomized trial examined a simple, inexpensive program called Ready4K!, which simply sent three text messages a week to parents to encourage them to read to their preschoolers - and it was astonishingly successful. Parents read more to children, who then experienced learning gains - and this was particularly true of black and Hispanic children. And because this was text messaging, the cost was less than $1 a family for the whole school year. So, sure, good riddance to Confederate flags across the country! And then let’s swivel to address the larger national disgrace: In 2015, so many children still don’t have an equal shot at life because of the color of their skin. Contact Kristof at Facebook.com/Kristof or Twitter.com/NickKristof.	<urn:uuid:996d0379-d88d-48d0-8e7f-f00e418777dd>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article25481965.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256724.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522022933-20190522044933-00094.warc.gz	en	0.947649	1,072	2.828125	3
The IEEE has begun to create the first complete guide for gas-insulated transmission lines, which will help utilities satisfy increasing demand in developed areas. The new standard, IEEE P1677(TM), “Application and User Guide for Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL),” will cover the technical aspects of planning, permitting, designing, specifying, installing, commissioning, operating and maintaining gas-insulated AC lines having maximum operating voltages of 72.5 kV or more. Gas-insulated transmission lines can carry more current than overhead lines and are increasingly seen as options for fast-growing, congested areas where space is at a premium. These transmission lines use sulfur hexafluoride as the insulating gas and are typically placed underground or in surface passageways. The guide will be written for power engineers having limited experience with gas-insulated lines. It is intended to serve a wide range of interests, including electric utilities, power system operators, power consumers and local governments. IEEE P1677 is sponsored by the IEEE Power Engineering Society.	<urn:uuid:e2089ecf-988c-4592-af57-7d624a02b606>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://tdworld.com/energizing/ieee-begins-first-complete-guide-gas-insulated-transmission-lines	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280308.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00376-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926248	222	2.796875	3
. The importance in being connected to the computer is that it is through the computer system that the calculation is effective and can illuminate the indicator lights whenever needed. Whenever there is a higher or lower than normal flow in the tube, warning lights are flashed. Also, when there is malfunction or clogging in the flow meter, a light also would illuminate. Another function of the meter device is to regulate the flow by adjusting the valves, and then provide feedback about the inner functions of the engines of the vehicles. Some laboratories would also use the air flow meter for various experiments. Several modern cars of today are built in with mass air flow meters that will give a clear data after flow measurement. Meters today are sold in a variety of features and different prices. Some are produced for specific purposes and some can be used for generic reasons. The delicate fixtures are present in these meters that are made to give higher efficiency and sensitivity. Air flow meter device comes in various sizes and so it is important to choose the size according to the need. The calibration of the device should be verified to ensure that you will have an accurate reading. Other various kinds of important flow meters are available. There are meters that can be used to measure the amount of water consumed in both industrial and domestic uses, categorized into the velocity meter and the positive displacement meter. For domestic uses, the positive displacement meter would be the choice, while huge commercial centers and industries would use the velocity meters.	<urn:uuid:35f440d6-07c6-49be-907b-0669a0c82ab1>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://portalpopulardacopa.org/?p=7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190181.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00658-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961744	291	3.203125	3
Article : Discipline Discipline is a much misunderstood word, especially amongst the young people. They think that it is a mean by which their elders want to keep them under their thumb and make them dance to their tunes. But nothing could be far from their truth for discipline is primarily the training of the body and the mind to produce obedience to certain personnel, social, intellectual and moral needs. It means following a system of code of conduct peculiar to any institution of organization. This organization may be as small as the family and as big as a nation. It is no doubt that a restraint observed by people. Perhaps discipline can be better understood by referring to its opposite: the lack of discipline or the freedom to do what one likes. It may sound good but in practice it becomes the law of the jungle. The liberty of individual must be limited, he must not make himself a nuisance to other people. This is indeed what discipline tries to ensure. A country cannot make any progress if its people are divided and every group wants to do what it likes. If a citizen of a country doesn't obey the law of land, there will be total chaos. History is full of examples of disciplined men who stuck to their posts in the face of sure death. It is therefore desirable that we should accept discipline voluntarily and make it a part of our life. Discipline is indispensable for civilized life. No responses found. Be the first to comment...	<urn:uuid:2b37b8eb-3c30-4115-82f6-002ce2f9433f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.maharashtraspider.com/resources/6535-Meaning-of-Discipline.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973233	289	2.5625	3
This invention is directed to a process for converting coal into useful liquids, solids, and gases, by combined processes of coal carbonization and liquefaction in which the carbonization reaction yields hydrogen suitable for the liquefaction. The heavy liquid products from the liquefaction and the carbonization may be combined with the solid char to form a metallurgical coke. Warren is a coke plant where metallurgicalgrade coal is converted into coke. The plant is loed in Warren, Ohio. Its loion allows for easy access to coal fields in the Appalachian region, as well as steel mills from Indiana. Warren produces coke primarily for . Dec 08, 2018 · The coal to coke transformation takes place as the coal is heated. When the state of fusing is reached, the layer of heated coal softens and fuses. From around 375 deg C to 475 deg C, the coal decomposes to form plastic layer. Destructive distillation reactions proceed rapidly in the plastic layer with the evolution of volatile products. Apr 15, 2012 · Coal to MEG was developed and commercialized in China, while the coaltoethanol technology is being developed by Celanese, but will be commercialized for the first time in China. COAL TO AROMATICS. Owing to the tremendous amount of steel production in China, the country has a huge need to convert coal to coke. Feb 27, 2019 · Scientists have discovered a breakthrough technology, a way to pull CO2 from the atmosphere and turn it back into coal. This new discovery has . Put coal in it, and it will slowly convert to coal coke automatically, no fuel needed. It will also generate liquid Creosote and store it in its internal tank. You need to either use this up or pump it out, since the oven stops working if the tank fills up. It will also convert logs to charcoal for free. 3. The conversion of coal into coke for the smelting of iron was first attempted in England in the 18 th century. Before this time, ironmaking utilized large quantities of charcoal, produced by burning wood. As forests dwindled dangerously, the substitution of coke for charcoal became common in Great Britain, and later in the United States. ... The coking process consists of heating coking coal to around ºC in the absence of oxygen to drive off the volatile compounds (pyrolysis). This process results in a hard porous material coke. Coke is produced in a coke battery, which is composed of many coke ovens stacked in rows into which coal . Apr 24, 2013 · Firstly coal is converted to lump coke in a coking oven. A particular rank of coal, known as "coking coal", is required to make the preferred quality of coke. Then raw iron is made by reducing (removing the oxygen from) iron ore (iron oxide) by reacting it at high temperature with coke . Oct 01, 2021 · Coke Making: During the coke making process, metallurgical coal is converted into coke by removing impurities, thus leaving almost pure carbon. The coking coal is first crushed, and then it is washed. Afterwards, it is carbonised with the help of coke ovens known as batteries, where coal is heated in the absence of oxygen to remove byproducts ... John C. Crelling, in Applied Coal Petrology, 2008 Publisher Summary. Metallurgical coke, along with iron ore and limestone, is layered into a blast furnace to convert the iron ore to metallic, which is mostly carbon, reacts with the blast air to produce carbon monoxide, which, in turn, reacts with the iron oxide to produce carbon dioxide and metallic iron. Jan 01, 1989 · Chapter 9 Coal to Coke Conversion Ralph Gray Services, 303 Drexel Drive, Monroeville, PA 15146, Summary. This Chapter is principally concerned with the major topics associated with the conversion of coal to coke. Only a limited range of coal rank L£. the bituminous coals, produce acceptable metallurgical cokes. Sep 12, 2018 · Smokeless coal is a solid fuel that doesn't emit any visible smoke or emits a very minimal amount of smoke. This type of fuel is very popular for open fires, or places where there is a fuel ban on unseasoned wood and coal etc. What not to do when burning smokeless coal Never burn wet [.] Monday, September 28th 2020 Coke is a solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of lowash, lowsulphur bituminous coal.. The volatile constituents of the coal—including water, coalgas, and coaltar—are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Celsius. This fuses together the fixed carbon and residual ash. Most coke in modern facilities is produced in ... Instantly Convert Tons Of Coal Equivalent (TCE) to KilowattHours (kW*h) and Many More Energy, Work, And Heat Conversions Online. Tons Of Coal Equivalent Conversion Charts. .	<urn:uuid:e76bf381-85b1-4773-b0cb-b4a4eb7be8f8>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.salonkamea.pl/2021_05_11/35500.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002212623-20221003002623-00603.warc.gz	en	0.9428	1,058	3.453125	3
Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety & Health Profession Profile Definition of Occupation A profession in which individual's are responsible for analyzing operating procedures, materials, machines and conditions at work sites to determine risks of injury, occupational disease and damage to property and equipment. Safety and Health professionals develop measures for controlling workplace hazards and limiting financial loss. Professionals may specialize in transportation, construction, environmental problems, product design, insurance loss control, fire and property protection, and the health care industry. Visit: www.asse.org to learn more about working as a safety professional. Major Work Activities Developing safety programs . . . Inspecting commercial, government, and industrial work sites . . . Examining plans for new buildings and machines Conducting safety and health audits . . . Preparing reports . . . Investigating accidents . . . Keeping up with the field . . . Communication skills key component of job . . . monitoring (air/noise/heat) Typical Job Titles \|Occupational Safety and Health Specialist\|\|Safety Engineer\| \|Safety Consultant\|\|Coordinator of Loss Control\| \|Safety Manager\|\|Risk Manager\| \|Loss Control Manager\|\|Environmental Engineer\| \|Safety Director\|\|Vice President Safety and Health\| \|Hazard Control Specialist\|\|Environmental Safety Engineer\| \|Injury Prevention Specialist\|\|Corporate Safety Director\| \|Safety Compliance Officer\|\|Safety & Training Specialist\| \|Product Safety Engineer\|\|Risk Control Specialist\| Typical Work Setting(s) Indoor/Outdoor: Offices, health care facilities, industrial plants and outdoor work sites. Offices and health care facilities are usually clean and well-lighted yet pose significant ergonomic and other risk factors. Industrial facilities pose similar problems as found in office and health care settings but shift magnitude of problems based on job tasks. Some facilities are well-planned, clean and present relatively low exposure to hazardous materials, chemicals, machines or other risks. Others have high noise levels, are difficult to keep clean, involve toxic chemicals or materials and entail exposure to other significant risks. Travel may be extensive for those in government and insurance positions. International travel is not unusual for those employed by large corporations. Special Problems/Satisfaction: May be exposed to hazardous materials, conditions, and machines. May need to wear protective equipment. May be required to travel extensively to attend seminars. Must keep up with changing government regulations and new technologies--robotics, exotic materials, etc. May need to deal with concerned public and difficult management. Satisfactions: Active involvement in interpersonal contact with a wide range of people. Much of the work is self directed. Contribute to the organizations overall goals and objectives. Involved in guiding management and workforce in safety issues. The knowledge that one's efforts are protecting human life and resources provides a high degree of job satisfaction. Educational Requirements: Over 90% of entry level jobs require a bachelor's degree in occupational safety and health. Over 140 college/universities offer programs--only a select few are approved by the Instititue for Safety and Health Management (ISHM) or are accredited by ASSE/ABET (American Society of Safety Engineers/Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology). Those programs that are approved by ISHM or ABET represent premier programs in the nation. Over 60 institutions have organized ASSE student sections which receive guidance and financial support from the local and national chapter of ASSE. College/University educational program should meet certification requirements. Grand Valley's OSH program is recognized as one of the top programs in the Nation with a curriculum that meets accreditation standards and professional certification standards. Grand Valley's OSHM Curriculum Scholarships Available: Various organizations make scholarship monies available for Occupational Safety and Health Majors. GVSU's OSH program currently posts scholarships each year totaling $127,000.00. Since 1990, GVSU's OSHM majors average two academic scholarship winners per year. Personal Qualifications: Analytical mind. Math and science aptitude. Problem-solving and communication skills. Ability to work well with both labor and management. Must have a genuine concern for people. Must be patient, flexible, practical. Beginning Income (based on national figures): $40,000-$55,000/yr. with bachelor's degree in safety, $43,500-$58,000/yr. with master's degree in safety. Median Income (based on national figures): $80,000/yr. Based on study conducted by the National Safety Council : NSC. (2000). " Career Forecast". Safety + Health. pps. 40-45. Top Earning Possibilities: $80,000-$100,000+/yr.; growing numbers earn more than $100,000/yr. Contribution to Society: A great amount: Contributes significantly to the public good by protecting employee health and safety, by limiting corporate goods and property loss, and by contributing to organizational goals and objectives. Leadership: Above average: Advise all levels of management. Provides training for employees, coordinates all activities that have an impact on safety and health. Prestige Level: Average/Above Average: The more hazardous the work environment the higher the prestige level. The greater the facility commitment, the higher the prestige level. Leisure/Flexible Time: Average: 40-hour work week with occasional overtime. Generally "on call" 24 hours/day for emergency response, when working in facilities with two or more shifts. Working hours increase with level of responsibility. At upper management level, the work week typically exceeds 40 hours. Independence On-the-Job: Above average: Works independently to analyze and evaluate problems. Solutions must usually satisfy both labor and management and meet government regulations Variety: A great amount: Uses variety of strategies and technologies to address safety and health issues in various work setting. Works with all levels of employees. Must be ready to respond to emergencies. National Employment Outlook GOOD/VERY GOOD: The number of jobs is expected to continue to increase long-term in response to tougher state and federal regulations, increasing cost of workers' compensation and liability insurance, and reduced profit margins resulting from international competition. Best opportunities will probably occur in smaller, newer companies, the chemical/petroleum industries, and private consulting services. In environmental industries, there are good opportunities for those with knowledge and skills in handling hazardous materials, dealing with hazardous wastes and a variety of environmental safety and health problems. As more companies become self insured, greater emphasis is placed on safety and health issues and the need for educated safety professionals. However, recession led many major insurance companies to reduce their loss control staff by substantial numbers; no expansion likely in the insurance industry in the short run. In all businesses and industries. Largest employment groups include; insurance companies, health care facilities, service industries, construction, manufacturing, chemical/petroleum industries, municipalities, school systems, and transportation industries. Local, state, and federal agencies are hiring more safety professionals in anticipation of needing to comply with OSHA and EPA standards. A growing number of occupational safety specialists are employed by consulting firms or are self-employed. Good: Number of jobs depends on the state of the economy and manufacturing. As facilities become self-insured, safety becomes higher facility commitment. Lateral and vertical advancement exists within most organizations and between organizations. Many safety professionals change companies within five years of employment with new position representing more responsibility and at a larger salary. Required: The national trend is for safety professional to become certified. The two recognized certifications are the Certified Safety and Health Manager (CSHM) offered by the Institute for Safety and Health Management and the Certified Safety Professional (CSP) offered by the Board of Certified Safety Professionals. Good: May advance to positions of greater responsibility (based on size of organization), such as safety manager for a corporation, corporate safety director, loss control manager of an insurance company, head of a consulting firm, director of a governmental agency, or vice president of safety, health, and environment for a company. Many safety professionals advance through movement to other companies, businesses, etc. Want More Information? Contact: David Huizen, Assistant Professor Grand Valley State University Eberhard Center 618f 301 Fulton St West Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Page last modified September 18, 2013	<urn:uuid:4570e28f-f7f4-4ec7-84ca-e4abcfb26f76>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://gvsu.edu/osh/occupational-safety-health-profession-profile-11.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054976/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00091-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925706	1,727	3.046875	3
Mother of the Settlements \|• Mayor\|\|Usama al-Barr\| \|• Provincial Governor\|\|Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud\| \|Elevation\|\|277 m (909 ft)\| \| • Estimate \| \|Time zone\|\|UTC+3 (Arabian Standard Time)\| \|Part of a series on\| Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah (Arabic: مكة المكرمة, romanized: Makkat al-Mukarramah, lit. 'Makkah the Noble') and commonly shortened to Makkah,[a] is the holiest city in Islam and the capital of the Makkah Province of Saudi Arabia. The city is located 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its last recorded population was 1,578,722 in 2015. estimated metro population in 2020 is 2.042 million, making it the third-most populated city in the kingdom. Pilgrims more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth Hijri month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah. Mecca is the birthplace of Muhammad. The Hira cave located atop the Jabal al-Nur ("Mountain of Light") is located just outside the city and is the location where Muslims believe the Qur'an was first revealed to Muhammad. Visiting Mecca for the Hajj is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The Great Mosque of Mecca, known as the Masjid al-Haram is home to the Ka'bah, believed by Muslims to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, is one of Islam's holiest sites and the direction of prayer for all Muslims (qibla), cementing Mecca's significance in Islam. Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the Hejaz region, the city has seen several regime changes, which owes to its rich history. The city was finally conquered in the Saudi conquest of Hejaz by Ibn Saud and his allies in 1925. Since then. Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the Abraj Al Bait, the world's fourth-tallest building and third-largest by floor area, towering over the Great Mosque. The Saudi government has also carried out a destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Non-Muslims are strictly prohibited from entering the city. Muslims from around the world visit the city, not only for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, but also as tourists to visit regional landmarks such as the 'Aisha Mosque (Masjid 'Aisha) and the sites visited by pilgrims in the Hajj and 'Umrah. Mecca is now home to two of the most expensive buildings in the world, the Masjid al-Haram, valued at 100 billion US dollars and the Abraj al-Bait complex, valued at 15 billion US dollars. Makkah has been referred to by many names. Much like most of Arabic, the etymology of Makkah, is obscure. Widely believed to be a synonym for Mecca, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the Ka'bah. "Indeed the first House [of worship], established for mankind was that at Bakkah..." – Qur'an 3:96 This is presumed to have been the name of the city at the time of Abraham (Ibrahim in Islamic tradition) and it is also transliterated as Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca, Bekka, among others. In South Arabic, the language in use in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Muhammad, the b and m were interchangeable. This is presumed to have been the origin of the current form of the name. "Makkah" is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation. The government adopted Makkah as the official spelling in the 1980s, but is not universally known or used worldwide. The full official name is Makkah al-Mukarramah (Arabic: مكة المكرمة, romanized: Makkat al-Mukarramah, lit. 'Makkah the Honored'). "Makkah" is used to refer to the city in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Fath (48), verse 24. The word "Mecca" in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive. Mecca is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city, The consensus in academic scholarship is that "Macoraba", the place mentioned in Arabia Felix by Claudius Ptolemy, is Mecca. Many etymologies have been proposed but the most suitable one is that it is derived from the Old South Arabian root "M-K-R-B" which means temple. Another name used for Mecca in the Qur'an is at 6:92 where it is called Umm al-Qurā (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى, meaning "Mother of all Settlements". The city has been called several other names in both the Qur'an and ahadith. Another name used historically for Mecca is Tihāmah. According to Arab and Islamic tradition, another name for Mecca, Fārān, is synonymous with the Desert of Paran mentioned in the Old Testament at Genesis 21:21. Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the Tihamah coastal plain and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca. Yaqut al-Hamawi, the 12th century Syrian geographer, wrote that Fārān was "an arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah." In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for paleontology with respect to primate evolution, with the discovery of a Saadanius fossil. Saadanius is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and apes. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago. Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area. The early history of Mecca is still largely disputed, as there are no unambiguous reference to it in ancient literature prior to the rise of Islam. The Roman Empire took control of part of the Hejaz in 106 CE, ruling cities such as Hegra (now known as Mada'in Saleh), located around 800 km (500 mi) north of Mecca. Even though detailed descriptions of Western Arabia were established by the Romans, such as by Procopius, there are no references of a pilgrimage and trading outpost such as Mecca. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus writes about Arabia in his work Bibliotheca historica, describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians". Claims have been made this could be a reference to the Ka'bah in Mecca. However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of Leuke Kome, closer to Petra and within the former Nabataean Kingdom and Roman province of Arabia Petraea. Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of "Macoraba". There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca, but many scholars see no compelling explanation to link the two names. Bowersock favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "Makkah" followed by the aggrandizing Aramaic adjective rabb (great). The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of whom can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis", the latter one meaning "holy city", referring to the sanctuary of the Ka'bah, well known already in pagan times. Patricia Crone, from the Revisionist school of Islamic studies on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in Arabia Petraea" (in northwest Arabia near present-day Petra). The first direct reference to Mecca in external literature occurs in 741 CE, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle, though here the author places it in Mesopotamia rather than the Hejaz. Given the inhospitable environment, and lack of historical references in Roman, Persian and Indian sources, historians including Patricia Crone and Tom Holland have cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost. However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost. Mecca is mentioned in the following early Qur'anic manuscripts: In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the Biblical figures, Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael. The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) in the valley at Allah's command. Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the Ka'bah ('Cube'), which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region. Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the Valley of Baca in the Old Testament chapter Psalm 84:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Qur'an at Surah 3:96. In the Sharḥ al-Asāṭīr, a commentary on the Samaritan midrashic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of Nebaioth, the eldest son of Ismāʿīl orIshmael. There were also some other inscriptions which contained personal names such as Makki (مَكِّي, "Meccan"), but Jawwad Ali from the University of Baghdad suggested that there's also a probability of a tribe named "Makkah". Some time in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of Arabia's pagan tribes. Mecca's most important pagan deity was Hubal, which had been placed there by the ruling Quraish tribe. and remained until the Conquest of Mecca by Muhammad. In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative spice trade, since battles elsewhere were diverting trade routes from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The Byzantine Empire had previously controlled the Red Sea, but piracy had been increasing. Another previous route that ran through the Persian Gulf via the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the Sassanid Empire, and was being disrupted by the Lakhmids, the Ghassanids, and the Roman–Persian Wars. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of Petra and Palmyra. The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 CE they protected it from an Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader Abraha. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king Khosrau I for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca. By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern Arabia, all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned Zamzam Well and a position at the crossroads of major caravan routes. The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the local tribes, but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink Zamzam. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula. The "Year of the Elephant" is the name in Islamic history for the year approximately equating to 570 CE, when, according to Islamic sources such as Ibn Ishaq, Abraha descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a cathedral at San'aa, named al-Qullays in honor of the Negus of Axum. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the Byzantine Empire. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and Tihamah with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols. When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of Kinana, the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of Hudhayl called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the Quraysh tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by defecating in it. Abraha marched upon the Ka'bah with a large army, which included one or more war elephants, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, Khuza'a and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Ka'bah and the city. A man from the Himyarite Kingdom was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. Abdul Muttalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House." Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud, is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by smallpox could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca. The reference to the story in Quran is rather short. According to the 115th Surah of the Qur'an, Al-Fil, the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw. Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in Shaam and Iraq. Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia. The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the Bedouins, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the Banu Tamim. Other regional powers such as the Abyssinians, Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born in a minor faction, the Banu Hashim, of the ruling Quraysh tribe. It was in Mecca, in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on Jabal al-Nour, that, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad began receiving divine revelations from God through the archangel Jibreel in 610 AD. Advocating his form of Abrahamic monotheism against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated to Medina (hijrah) in 622 with his companions, the Muhajirun, to Yathrib (later renamed Madinah). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful. During the Battle of the Trench in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces. In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and promised that Muslims would be allowed into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the Banu Bakr, allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location Islamized and rededicated to the worship of Allah alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj), one of the faith's Five Pillars. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning 'Akib ibn Usaid as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the peninsula under the banner of Islam. Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the Islamic realm grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the Muslim world and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca also attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq. Mecca was never the capital of any of the Islamic states. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of 'Umar (r. 634–644 CE) and 'Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656 CE) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area round the Kaaba. Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when 'Ali, the fourth caliph, took power chose Kufa as his capital. The Umayyad Caliphate moved the capital to Damascus in Syria and the Abbasid Caliphate to Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the Second Fitna, when it was held by Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr and the Zubayrids. The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads, in 683 and 692 and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was attacked and sacked by Qarmatians, a millenarian Shi'a Isma'ili Muslim sect led by Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī and centered in eastern Arabia. The Black Death pandemic hit Mecca in 1349. One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was Moroccan scholar and traveler, Ibn Battuta. In his rihla (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 CE or 729 AH, Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary and thus. he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330 CE. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina". While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for Salaheddin al-Ayyubi, Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original and that it contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus, his mother Mary and many others. Battuta describes the Ka'bah as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village. In 1517, the then Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the Ottoman Caliph but retained a great degree of local autonomy. In 1803 the city was captured by the First Saudi State, which held Mecca until 1813. destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful Khedive (viceroy) and Wali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control in 1813. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir Richard Francis Burton undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the Hajj (Ludovico di Varthema did this in 1503), his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by cholera outbreaks. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times. In World War I, the Ottoman Empire was at war with Britain and its allies. It had successfully repulsed an attack on Istanbul in the Gallipoli Campaign and on Baghdad in the Siege of Kut. The British agent T.E. Lawrence conspired with the Ottoman governor, Hussain bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the 1916 Battle of Mecca. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the Kingdom of Hejaz, declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in Cairo with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government. Following the 1924 Battle of Mecca, the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia. Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship beside Allah (shirk). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah (approx. 70 km away) internationally and the Ta'if Regional Airport (approx. 120 km away) for domestic flights. The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, Riyadh and Dammam in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to Medina, Tabuk and onward to Jordan in the north and Abha and Jizan in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their partaking in the First World War. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern Haramain high-speed railway system which runs at 300 km/h (190 mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and King Abdullah Economic City near Rabigh within two hours. The haram area of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by Juhayman al-Otaibi, seized the Grand Mosque, claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the Masjid al-Haram and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the Safa-Marwah gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents. Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present-day. Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished. It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of Khadijah, the wife of Muhammad, the house of Abu Bakr, Muhammad's birthplace and the Ottoman-era Ajyad Fortress. The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims. Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj. For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a stampede. On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims were killed in a stampede at Mina during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat. Mecca is governed by the Makkah Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the mayor (called Amin in Arabic) appointed by the Saudi government. As of May 2015[update], the mayor of the city is Dr. Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr. Mecca is the capital of the Makkah Province, which includes the neighboring cities of Jeddah and Ta'if, even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province from 16 May 2007 is Prince Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud was appointed as the new governor. The Masjid al-Haram is the largest mosque in the world and the most expensive single building in the entire world, valued at 100 billion US dollars, as of 2020. It is the site of two of the most important rites of both the Hajj and of the Umrah, the circumambulation around the Ka'bah (tawaf) and the walking between the two mounts of Safa and Marwa (sa'ee). The masjid is also the site of the Zamzam Well. According to Islamic tradition, a prayer in the masjid is equal to 100,000 prayers in any other masjid around the world. There is a difference of opinion between Islamic scholars upon who first built the Ka'bah, some believe it was built by the angels while others believe it was built by Adam. Regardless, it was built several times before reaching its current state, the most famous of these renovations being the one by Abraham (Ibrahim in Islamic tradition). The Ka'bah is also the common direction of prayer (qibla) for all Muslims. The surface surrounding the Ka'bah on which Muslims circumambulate it is known as the Mataf. The Black Stone is a stone, considered by scientists to be a meteorite or of similar origin and believed by Muslims to be of divine origin. It is set in a corner of the Ka'bah and it is Sunnah to touch and kiss the stone. The area around the stone is generally always crowded and guarded by policemen to ensure the pilgrims' safety. This is a stone which Muslims believe Abraham stood on to build the higher parts of the Ka'bah. It contains two footprints that are comparatively larger than average modern-day human feet. The stone is raised and housed in a golden hexagonal chamber beside the Ka'bah on the Mataf plate. Muslims believe that in the divine revelation to Muhammad, the Qur'an, Allah describes the mountains of Safa and Marwah as symbols of his divinity. Walking between the two mountains seven times, 4 times from Safa to Marwah and 3 times from Marwah interchangeably, is considered a mandatory pillar (rukn) of 'Umrah. The Hajj pilgrimage, also called the greater pilgrimage, attracts millions of Muslims from all over the world and almost triples Mecca's population for one week in the twelfth and final Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah. In 2019, the Hajj attracted 2,489,406 pilgrims to the holy city. The 'Umrah, or the lesser pilgrimage, can be done at anytime during the year. Every adult, healthy Muslim who has the financial and physical capacity to travel to Mecca must perform the Hajj at least once in a lifetime. Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, is not obligatory, but is recommended in the Quran. In addition to the Masjid al-Haram, pilgrims also must visit the nearby towns of Mina/Muna, Muzdalifah and 'Arafah/'Arafat for varying rituals that are part of the Hajj. This is a mountain believed by Muslims to have been the place where Muhammad spent his time away from the bustling city of Mecca in seclusion. The mountain is located on the eastern entrance of the city and is the highest point in the city at 642 meters (2,106 feet). The Mecca Gate, known popularly as the Qur'an Gate, on the western entrance of the city of Mecca, or from Jeddah. Located on Highway 40, it marks the boundary of the Haram area where non-Muslims are prohibited from entering. The gate was designed in 1979 by an Egyptian architect, Samir Elabd, for the architectural firm IDEA Center. The structure is that of a book, representing the Quran, sitting on a rehal, or bookrest. Mecca is located in the Hejaz region, a 200 km (124 mi) wide strip of mountains separating the Nafud desert from the Red Sea. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around 70 km (44 mi) west of the port city of Jeddah. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejaz region, located at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to al-Haram is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after Ibrahim. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca today is over 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi). The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca". The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar. This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. The first were local wells, such as the Zamzam Well, that produced generally brackish water. The second source was the spring of 'Ayn Zubaydah (Spring of Zubaydah). The sources of this spring are the mountains of Jabal Sa'd and Jabal Kabkāb, which are a few kilometers east of 'Arafah/'Arafat or about 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Mecca. Water was transported from it using underground channels. A very sporadic third source was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or cisterns. The rainfall, scant as it is, also presents the threat of flooding and has been a danger since earliest times. According to al-Kurdī, there have been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem. Mecca features a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), in three different plant hardiness zones: 10, 11 and 12. Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from 19 °C (66 °F) at night to 30 °C (86 °F) in the afternoon, but also, very rarely, fall to zero and subzero temperatures. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon, dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. \|Climate data for Mecca\| \|Record high °C (°F)\|\|37.4 \|Average high °C (°F)\|\|30.5 \|Daily mean °C (°F)\|\|24.6 \|Average low °C (°F)\|\|18.8 \|Record low °C (°F)\|\|11.0 \|Average precipitation mm (inches)\|\|20.8 \|Average precipitation days\|\|4.0\|\|0.9\|\|1.8\|\|1.8\|\|0.7\|\|0.0\|\|0.3\|\|1.5\|\|2.0\|\|1.9\|\|3.9\|\|3.6\|\|22.4\| \|Average relative humidity (%) (daily average)\|\|58\|\|54\|\|48\|\|43\|\|36\|\|33\|\|34\|\|39\|\|45\|\|50\|\|58\|\|59\|\|46\| \|Mean monthly sunshine hours\|\|260.4\|\|245.8\|\|282.1\|\|282.0\|\|303.8\|\|321.0\|\|313.1\|\|297.6\|\|282.0\|\|300.7\|\|264.0\|\|248.0\|\|3,400.5\| \|Mean daily sunshine hours\|\|8.4\|\|8.7\|\|9.1\|\|9.4\|\|9.8\|\|10.7\|\|10.1\|\|9.6\|\|9.4\|\|9.7\|\|8.8\|\|8.0\|\|9.3\| \|Source 1: Jeddah Regional Climate Center\| \|Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)\| The Meccan economy has been heavily dependent on the annual pilgrimage. Income generated from the Hajj, in fact, not only powers the Meccan economy but has historically had far-reaching effects on the economy of the entire Arabian Peninsula. The income was generated in a number of ways. One method was taxing the pilgrims. Taxes were especially increased during the Great Depression, and many of these taxes existed to as late as 1972. Another way the Hajj generates income is through services to pilgrims. For example, the Saudi flag carrier, Saudia, generates 12% of its income from the pilgrimage. Fares paid by pilgrims to reach Mecca by land also generate income; as do the hotels and lodging companies that house them. The city takes in more than $100 million, while the Saudi government spends about $50 million on services for the Hajj. There are some industries and factories in the city, but Mecca no longer plays a major role in Saudi Arabia's economy, which is mainly based on oil exports. The few industries operating in Mecca include textiles, furniture, and utensils. The majority of the economy is service-oriented. Nevertheless, many industries have been set up in Mecca. Various types of enterprises that have existed since 1970 in the city include corrugated iron manufacturing, copper extraction, carpentry, upholstery, bakeries, farming and banking. The city has grown substantially in the 20th and 21st centuries, as the convenience and affordability of jet travel has increased the number of pilgrims participating in the Hajj. Thousands of Saudis are employed year-round to oversee the Hajj and staff the hotels and shops that cater to pilgrims; these workers in turn have increased the demand for housing and services. The city is now ringed by freeways, and contains shopping malls and skyscrapers. Formal education started to be developed in the late Ottoman period continuing slowly into Hashemite times. The first major attempt to improve the situation was made by a Jeddah merchant, Muhammad ʿAlī Zaynal Riḍā, who founded the Madrasat al-Falāḥ in Mecca in 1911–12 that cost £400,000. The school system in Mecca has many public and private schools for both males and females. As of 2005, there were 532 public and private schools for males and another 681 public and private schools for female students. The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language, but some private schools founded by foreign entities such as International schools use the English language for medium of instruction. Some of these are coeducational while other schools are not. For higher education, the city has only one university, Umm Al-Qura University, which was established in 1949 as a college and became a public university in 1979. Healthcare is provided by the Saudi government free-of-charge to all pilgrims. There are ten main hospitals in Mecca: There are also many walk-in clinics available for both residents and pilgrims. Several temporary clinics are set up during the Hajj to tend to wounded pilgrims. Mecca's culture has been affected by the large number of pilgrims that arrive annually, and thus boasts a rich cultural heritage. As a result of the vast numbers of pilgrims coming to the city each year, Mecca has become by far the most diverse city in the Muslim world. In contrast to the rest of Saudi Arabia, and particularly Najd, Mecca has, according to The New York Times, become "a striking oasis of free thought and discussion and, also, of unlikely liberalism as Meccans see themselves as a bulwark against the creeping extremism that has overtaken much Islamic debate". In pre-modern Mecca, the most common sports were impromptu wrestling and foot races. Football is now the most popular sport in Mecca and the kingdom, and the city hosts some of the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia such as Al Wahda FC (established in 1945). King Abdulaziz Stadium is the largest stadium in Mecca with a capacity of 38,000. Al Baik, a local fast-food chain is very popular among pilgrims and locals alike. Until 2018, it was available only in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah and people travelling to Jeddah just to get a taste of the fried chicken was common. Mecca is very densely populated. Most long-term residents of Mecca live in the Old City, the area around the Great Mosque and many work to support pilgrims, known locally as the Hajj industry. 'Iyad Madani, the Saudi Arabian Minister for Hajj, was quoted saying, "We never stop preparing for the Hajj." Year-round, pilgrims stream into the city to perform the rites of 'Umrah, and during the last weeks of eleventh Islamic month, Dhu al-Qi'dah, on average 2-4 million Muslims arrive in the city to take part in the rites known as Hajj. Pilgrims are from varying ethnicities and backgrounds, mainly South and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Many of these pilgrims have remained and become residents of the city. The Burmese are an older, more established community who number roughly 250,000. Adding to this, the discovery of oil in the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants. Non-Muslims are not permitted to enter Mecca under Saudi law, and using fraudulent documents to do so may result in arrest and prosecution. The prohibition extends to Ahmadis, as they are considered non-Muslims. Nevertheless, many non-Muslims and Ahmadis have visited the city as these restrictions are loosely enforced. The first such recorded example of a non-Muslim entering the city is that of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna in 1503. Guru Nanak Sahib, the founder of Sikhism, visited Mecca in December 1518. One of the most famous was Richard Francis Burton, who traveled as a Qadiriyya Sufi from Afghanistan in 1853. The first press was brought to Mecca in 1885 by Osman Nuri Pasha, an Ottoman Wāli. During the Hashemite period, it was used to print the city's official gazette, Al Qibla. The Saudi regime expanded this press into a larger operation, introducing the new Saudi official gazette of Mecca, Umm al-Qurā. Mecca also has its own paper owned by the city, Al Nadwa. However, other Saudi newspapers are also provided in Mecca such as the Saudi Gazette, Al Madinah, Okaz and Al Bilad, in addition to other international newspapers. Telecommunications in the city were emphasized early under the Saudi reign. King Abdulaziz pressed them forward as he saw them as a means of convenience and better governance. While under Hussein bin Ali, there were about 20 public telephones in the entire city; in 1936, the number jumped to 450, totaling about half the telephones in the country. During that time, telephone lines were extended to Jeddah and Ta’if, but not to the capital, Riyadh. By 1985, Mecca, like other Saudi cities, possessed modern telephone, telex, radio and television communications. Many television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al-Ekhbariya, Arab Radio and Television Network and various cable, satellite and other specialty television providers. Limited radio communication was established within the Kingdom under the Hashemites. In 1929, wireless stations were set up in various towns in the region, creating a network that would become fully functional by 1932. Soon after World War II, the existing network was greatly expanded and improved. Since then, radio communication has been used extensively in directing the pilgrimage and addressing the pilgrims. This practice started in 1950, with the initiation of broadcasts on the Day of 'Arafah (9 Dhu al-Hijjah), and increased until 1957, at which time Radio Makkah became the most powerful station in the Middle East at 50 kW. Later, power was increased 9-fold to 450 kW. Music was not immediately broadcast, but gradually folk music was introduced. The only airport even close to Mecca is the Mecca East airport, which is not active. Mecca is primarily served by King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah for international and regional connections and Ta'if Regional Airport for regional connections. To cater the large number of Hajj pilgrims, this airport has Hajj Terminal, specifically for use in the Hajj season, which can accommodate 47 planes simultaneously and can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour during the Hajj season. Mecca, similar to Medina, lies at the junction of two of the most important highways in Saudi Arabia, Highway 40, connecting it to the important port city of Jeddah in the west and the capital of Riyadh and the other major port city, Dammam, in the east. The other, Highway 15, connects Mecca to the other holy Islamic city of Medina approximately 400 km (250 mi) in the north and onward to Tabuk and Jordan. While in the south, it connects Mecca to Abha and Jizan. Mecca is served by four ring roads, and these are very crowded compared to the three ring roads of Medina. The Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro is a metro line in Mecca opened on 13 November 2010. The 18.1-kilometer (11.2-mile) elevated metro transports pilgrims to the holy sites of 'Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina in the city to reduce congestion on the road and is only operational during the Hajj season. It consists of nine stations, three in each of the aforementioned towns. The Mecca Metro, officially known as Mecca Mass Rail Transit, is a planned four-line metro system for the city. This will be in addition to the Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro which carries pilgrims. In 2018, a high speed intercity rail line, part of the Haramain High Speed Rail Project, named the Haramain high-speed railway line entered operation, connecting the holy cities cities of Mecca and Medina together via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and King Abdullah Economic City in Rabigh. The railway consists of 35 electric trains and is capable of transporting 60 million passengers annually. Each train can achieve speeds of up to 300 kmh (190 mph), traveling a total distance of 450 km (280 mi), reducing the travel time between the two cities to less than two hours. It was built by a business consortium from Spain. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims Lings1983was invoked but never defined (see the help page). Lingswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.	<urn:uuid:0be21b30-ac9f-464a-92e0-b15d49da2c32>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://readtiger.com/wkp/en/Mecca	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657154789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715003838-20200715033838-00089.warc.gz	en	0.964788	10,381	2.515625	3
Internet safety for kids Do you know what your children are doing online? It was the end of a long day when my aunt heard her 10 year old son bound into the room. Pic: Getty Images Article originally in Parent24 "Can mommy help me on the internet please? I need to find pictures of deciduous fruit." My aunt doesn’t allow her boys on the internet without adult supervision, so I found myself Googling peaches with a very internet-savvy 10 year old that didn't need any help at all. My aunt has strict yet sensible rules for her boys though. She understands the dangers of the internet, not something that a lot of parents are aware of. Internet predators are a great concern and Mike from Milnerton might not be the nice looking boy his profile picture shows you he is. Facebook tells users they need to be at least 13 years old to have an account. But children are clever creatures. Suddenly 11 year olds are 13 with applications like, How Sexy Are You? on their profiles. This opens them up to so much more danger than people offering them sweets out of cars. Stranger danger in this day and age has broadened to include those people who lurk on the internet. But is banning children from the internet the answer when it is one of the greatest learning tools of our time? Keep your child safer on the internet Parents should teach their children internet safety the same way they teach their children not to open the door to strangers. Internet sites aimed at kids deal in this in different ways. KidZui has launched a series of social networking features for its child-safe internet browsing software. Designed for children ages 3 to 12, KidZui is a web portal that is trying to draw an audience by adopting the same kind of features that have made Facebook popular. Parents are required to approve of the friends their children make online. - Supervise your children's use of the internet - Teach them not to share personal information online - Limit the time they spend online so that their homework time doesn't suffer. - Treat online friends the same as you would offline friends. Get to know them and their parents. The world has become a smaller place but the dangers have become greater. Children are curious by nature and the internet is a valuable and fun tool. But if not monitored it can become a problem. Being aware of your children's habits and teaching them to be cautious will not only ensure their safety but bring you peace of mind. Do you allow your children free access to the internet? Do you think that it’s too dangerous?	<urn:uuid:50301eab-9da3-4cd8-bd45-f1f76f353148>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.parent24.com/School_7-12/health_safety/Internet-safety-for-kids-20081015	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163045140/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131725-00059-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958127	540	2.625	3
For purposes of trade, registration and legislation, and for use in popular and scientific publications, pesticides need names that are short, distinctive, non-proprietary and widely-accepted. Systematic chemical names are rarely short and are not convenient for general use, and so standards bodies assign common names to the active ingredients of pesticides. More than 1200 of these official common names for pesticides have been assigned by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This Compendium is believed to be the only place where all of the ISO-approved standard names of chemical pesticides are listed. The Compendium contains much more than ISO common names, with nomenclature data sheets for more than 1800 different active ingredients and for more than 350 ester and salt derivatives, made accessible by a comprehensive set of indexes and a classification. \|Index of all common names\|\|Index of non-ISO common names\| \|Index of new ISO common names\|\|Index of updated data sheets\| \|Index of IUPAC systematic names\|\|Index of IUPAC PINs\| \|Index of CAS systematic names\|\|Index of CAS Registry Numbers®\| \|Index of molecular formulae\|\|Index of simple esters and salts\| \|HAIC index of molecular formulae\|\|KLIC index of common names\| \|Pesticide classification\|\|E-mail alerting service\| \|Hints and Tips\|\|Introduction for non-chemists\| \|Naming of simple esters and salts\|\|Links\| \|Copyright, Terms and Conditions\|\|Accessibility (access keys)\| \|Catalogue par noms communs français\|\|Индекс Русский общих имен\| \|索引农药中文通用名称\|\|British pronunciation of common names\| The inclusion of a pesticide name in this Compendium must not be interpreted as a recommendation for the use of the substance in agriculture or in any other field. It is essential to follow the instructions on the label before handling, storing or using any pesticide, and to comply with the requirements of the appropriate regulatory authority. The information in this Compendium must not be used as a substitute for either Material Safety Data Sheets or labels on commercial pesticides.	<urn:uuid:47aa3db2-22c3-45ae-9e8f-e5bea764135e>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://alanwood.net/pesticides/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210387.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815235729-20180816015729-00595.warc.gz	en	0.758814	487	3.171875	3
Targeted radiation therapy that is less harmful to healthy cells could see the light of day thanks to a team of French researchers from the Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement CNRS UPMC working ... - Read More Plasmonic nanostructures are of great current interest as chemical sensors in vivo imaging agents and for photothermal therapeutics explained David G Cahill a Willett Professor and head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering ... - Read More Researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Tennessee Knoxville have pioneered a new technique for forming a two dimensional single atom sheet of two different materials with a ... - Read More The Norwegian project Modelling assisted Innovation for the Aluminium DC Casting Process MINAC has developed modelling tools that show the impact of even minute adjustments to the casting process on casthouse products The aluminium industry ... - Read More Previous studies have established that carbon binds to tiny mineral particles In this latest study published in Nature Communications researchers of the Technische Universität München TUM and the Helmholtz Zentrum München have shown that the ... - Read More Microscopic fungi that live in plants' roots play a major role in the storage and release of carbon from the soil into the atmosphere according to a University of Texas at Austin researcher and his ... - Read More When scientists discuss global change they often focus on the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and vegetation But soil contains more carbon than air and plants combined This means that even a minor change ... - Read More Massive terrestrial planets called super Earths are known to be common in our galaxy the Milky Way Now a Northwestern University astrophysicist and a University of Chicago geophysicist report the odds of these planets having ... - Read More Marine cyanobacteria tiny ocean plants that produce oxygen and make organic carbon using sunlight and CO2 are primary engines of Earth's biogeochemical and nutrient cycles They nourish other organisms through the provision of oxygen and ... - Read More Researchers from North Carolina State University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have found an easy way to modify the molecular structure of a polymer commonly used in solar cells Their modification can increase solar ... - Read More Researchers at North Carolina State University have developed a simple effective and relatively inexpensive technique for removing lignin from the plant material used to make biofuels which may drive down the cost of biofuel production ... - Read More A team of Harvard scientists and engineers has demonstrated a new type of battery that could fundamentally transform the way electricity is stored on the grid making power from renewable energy sources such as wind ... - Read More Teams from Stanford and the University of Nebraska Lincoln collaborate to make thin transparent semiconductors that could become the foundation for cheap high performance displays Two university research teams have worked together to produce the ... - Read More Lithium ion batteries such as those used in electric vehicles are in high demand with a global market value expected to reach $33.1 billion in 2019. But their high price and short life need to ... - Read More Released 1 9 2014 10 00 AM ESTSource Newsroom University of North Carolina School of Medicine more news from this source Contact Information Available for logged in reporters only Citations Journal of the American Chemistry ... - Read More but some details remain hidden Beginning in 2015 the next generation National Synchrotron Light Source II NSLS II will provide even brighter x rays and the Center for Functional Nanomaterials CFN will operate the first ... - Read More Released 1 6 2014 9 05 AM ESTSource Newsroom American Association for Clinical Chemistry AACC more news from this source Contact Information Available for logged in reporters only Citations Clinical ChemistryJan 7 2014 WASHINGTON – ... - Read More could increase survival rates more than current screening methods such as mammography Until recently however scientists have discovered disappointingly few useful cancer markers A team of researchers led by Ye Hu PhD of Weill Cornell ... - Read More Released 1 6 2014 9 15 AM ESTSource Newsroom American Association for Clinical Chemistry AACC more news from this source Contact Information Available for logged in reporters only Citations Clinical Chemistry 60 1 158–164 2014 ... - Read More Tell us what you think of Chemistry 2011 -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. Have any problems using the site? Questions? Chemistry2011 is an informational resource for students, educators and the self-taught in the field of chemistry. We offer resources such as course materials, chemistry department listings, activities, events, projects and more along with current news releases. The history of the domain extends back to 2008 when it was selected to be used as the host domain for the International Year of Chemistry 2011 as designated by UNESCO and as an initiative of IUPAC that celebrated the achievements of chemistry. You can learn more about IYC2011 by clicking here. With IYC 2011 now over, the domain is currently under redevelopment by The Equipment Leasing Company Ltd. Are you interested in listing an event or sharing an activity or idea? Perhaps you are coordinating an event and are in need of additional resources? Within our site you will find a variety of activities and projects your peers have previously submitted or which have been freely shared through creative commons licenses. Here are some highlights: Featured Idea 1, Featured Idea 2. Ready to get involved? The first step is to sign up by following the link: Join Here. Also don’t forget to fill out your profile including any professional designations.	<urn:uuid:ce3247c0-a188-4496-aa25-2c0695b73f4e>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://www.chemistry2011.org/news/tags/-Chemistry?Page=33	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770616.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00143-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91132	1,124	2.578125	3
Adam Liptak at The New York Times has put together a long, fascinating article on the disproportionate influence enjoyed in the Senate by the least populous states, which has grown so much in recent years that the upper chamber has become one of the least democratic institutions in the developed world. Small states like Vermont and Wyoming not only receive much more federal money (as measured in dollars per person), but can wield immense power to stymie largely liberal reforms on a host of issues — including gun control, immigration, and campaign finance — that often have the support of senators who represent a clear majority of the country. According to Liptak: To be sure, some scholars and members of Congress view the small-state advantage as a vital part of the constitutional structure and say the growth of that advantage is no cause for worry. Others say it is an authentic but insoluble problem. What is certain is that the power of the smaller states is large and growing. Political scientists call it a striking exception to the democratic principle of "one person, one vote." Indeed, they say, the Senate may be the least democratic legislative chamber in any developed nation. Behind the growth of the advantage is an increase in population gap between large and small states, with large states adding many more people than small ones in the last half-century. There is a widening demographic split, too, with the larger states becoming more urban and liberal, and the smaller ones remaining rural and conservative, which lends a new significance to the disparity in their political power. [The New York Times] According to one metric, the voting power of a senator from Wyoming is 66 times greater than a senator from California — one of the highest such disparities in the developed world, outdone only by legislatures in Argentina, Brazil, and Russia. To think about it another way, California's 38 million residents have only two senators, compared with 44 senators for the 38 million people living in the 22 smallest states. As Liptak notes, small states are supposed to have a disproportionate amount of power. The Great Compromise of 1787, which paved the way for the creation of the United States, was designed to protect smaller states from the tyranny of the majority. But the problem has grown to such an extent that some liberal groups are calling for change. It won't be easy. The Senate's structure is baked into the Constitution, which would require a constitutional convention to change. Another possibility is reforming the filibuster, which has given senators from small states even more power. "While the Framers hoped for a slow-moving Senate, they didn't design it with a supermajority requirement in mind," says Jamelle Bouie at The American Prospect. "The filibuster is an extra-constitutional innovation. Moreover, there's a difference between holding legislation (or nominees) for further debate, and using the difficulty of attaining a supermajority to kill legislation outright, even it has ample support from majorities in both chambers of Congress."	<urn:uuid:c4a840bf-29e1-422b-8dc1-9b5e1299ade1>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://theweek.com/articles/466803/why-senate-fundamentally-antidemocratic	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00171-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962146	603	2.984375	3
Kentucky POW to be laid to rest at Mammoth Cave this fall WASHINGTON (WBKO) – More than 80 years after being imprisoned at a Japanese prisoner of war camp, a Kentucky soldier will return home to be buried. The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) announced U.S. Army Pvt. 1st Class Thomas F. Brooks, 23, of Mammoth Cave was accounted for June 20. He was captured and died as a POW during World War II. In late 1942, Brooks was a member of the Company D, 194th Tank Battalion, US Army Forces Far East, when Japanese forces invaded the Philippine Islands in December. Intense fighting continued until the surrender of the Bataan peninsula on April 9, 1942, and of Corregidor Island on May 6, 1942, according to a news release from the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Thousands of U.S. and Filipino service members were captured and interned at prisoner of war camps. Brooks was among those reported captured when U.S. forces in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese. They were subjected to the 65-mile Bataan Death March and then held at the Cabanatuan prisoner of war camp. More than 2,500 prisoners of war perished in this camp during the war, they said. According to prison camp and other historical records, Brooks died Dec. 10, 1942, and was buried along with other deceased prisoners in the local Cabanatuan Camp Cemetery in Common Grave 917. Following the war, American Graves Registration Service (AGRS) personnel exhumed those buried at the Cabanatuan cemetery and relocated the remains to a temporary U.S. military mausoleum near Manila. In 1947, the AGRS examined the remains in an attempt to identify them. Five sets of remains from Common Grave 917 were identified, but the rest were declared unidentifiable. The unidentified remains were buried at the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial (MACM) as Unknowns. In early 2018, the remains associated with Common Grave 917 were disinterred and sent to the DPAA laboratory for analysis. To identify Brooks’s remains, scientists from DPAA used dental and anthropological analysis, as well as circumstantial evidence. Additionally, scientists from the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. Although interred as an Unknown in MACM, Brooks’s grave was meticulously cared for over the past 70 years by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC). Brooks will be buried on Oct. 1, 2023, in the Mammoth Cave community. For additional information on the Defense Department’s mission to account for Americans who went missing while serving our country, visit the DPAA website at www.dpaa.mil. Brooks’s personnel profile can be viewed here . Copyright 2023 WBKO. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:64dee617-b2b3-401a-8992-c8de53a06b15>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.wbko.com/2023/09/05/kentucky-pow-be-laid-rest-mammoth-cave-this-fall/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00657.warc.gz	en	0.964422	607	2.609375	3
Separatism in Scotland - In 1999, Scotland elected its own parliament for the first time - Shared parliament since 1707 - Shared a monarch since 1603 - In 1997, 74% of Scots voted in favour of their own parliament - It controls domestic affairs, health, education, transportation and taxes - Labour won the most seats in the first election but in May 2007, the SNP became the largest party (47 of 129 seats). In that election, a referendum for independence was promised before 2012 - The referendum is to take place in 2014 Social/Cultural Argument for Scottish Independence Both the agricultural tradition in the highlands and urban industrial regions of Scotland claim to have stronger community with a more inclusive and supportive outlook than parts of the UK The government could be closer to the people it represents so can respond more quickly and efficiently Economic Argument for Scottish Independence Scotland should own the oil from it swells offshore and should enjoy the profits from its 'own' reveneue -> the profits that might come from oil revenue may well be more or less balanced by the loss of money that flows into the country from the UK to pay for general services Scotland could thrive by specialising in goods and services for the whole EU, developing those nuche markets that they could fill more efficiently than any other country. Nationalists compare economic growth to that achieved by Ireland. It is also compare to Norway - an independent, oil-producing country that has grown very rapidly over the last 30 years. Argument is based on: - communication becoming so much faster and efficient - more integrated global economy - the service economy becoming dominant in most developed countries - the economic argument in favour of countries needing a population of over 50million to survive becoming less strong - pressure for increased efficiency and adaptability ...A resurgence of the welsh language and culture has demonstrated a strong national identity - politically the country has moved towards greater self-government. In the 1997 referendum, Welsh citizens voted to establish a national assembly. The Welsh National assembly cannot legislate and raise taxes. It controls most of Wales' local affairs. The secretary of state and members of parliament from Welsh constituencies have seats in the British Parliament. The population is half of Scotland and lacks any resource base like the oil & gas off the coast of Scotland. - It has less tradition of self-government - In much of North Wales (agricultural community) welsh is quite widely spoken and people support cultural independence but fear the South would dominate Pressure is mainly for greater control of local affairs than separation from the UK South Wales has a more urban, industrial background than the north adn has suffered industrial decline since the 20th century. This decline has led to frustration with central government in London and a desire for greater local control. There is no Welsh independence party because: - it is so much smaller - lacks resources - close proximity of populated Wales to England - close integration - less tradition of self-government Separatism in N. Ireland The government of Ireland Act 1920 gave a semi-autonomous governemnt. But in 1972, after 3 years of sectarian violence that killed 400 and injured thousands, Britain suspended the parliament. After the Good Friday Agreement 1988, a new coalition government formed and power was formally transferred to the Northern Irish Parliament. It had to be suspended four times while the parliament developed a power sharing agreement between the two communties In May 2007, Rev. Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party and Martin McGuinnes Reoublic Party were sworm in as respective leader and deputy leader of executive government. Catholics want Northern Ireland to be separated from the UK whereas Protestant (unionists) will go to great length to fight moves towards separatism	<urn:uuid:613f282b-48db-4415-b28a-2a3f94c0486a>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/separatism_in_the_uk	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123102.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00058-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956099	774	3.453125	3
Governments are responsible for national nature goals and spending must increase to achieve them, for the survival of all species, our economies and our wellbeing Nature and the economy Nature conservation is an ethical essential and its value extends well beyond what can be measured in monetary terms. Protecting and restoring nature is also vital for building a sustainable future, and for our health, happiness and wellbeing. Investing in nature is not a constraint on growth – our future economic prosperity depends upon recreating and expanding the natural assets that sustain it. The scale of need UK governments spend roughly a quarter of the £1.8bn needed to meet our habitat and species conservation needs, while one in ten UK species is at risk of extinction. We need a step change in the level of government funding for nature and public goods such as clean air and water. A nature positive economy must be at the heart of future approaches to farming and environmental management.	<urn:uuid:41c78c52-7d6d-466c-ae3e-2cac9f7fa6fc>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/policy-insight/england-westminster/Valuing-Nature/public-investment/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00463.warc.gz	en	0.931397	192	2.96875	3
Beginning in 2013, University of Wisconsin-Madison's Geology Museum researcher Dr. David Lovelace began exploring the classic red rocks of the Triassic aged (~252-201 mya) Chugwater Group that are well exposed along the eastern flank of the Wind River mountains. These outcrops stretch from south of Lander all the way up to Dubois. The Late Triassic Popo Agie Formation is the uppermost unit of the Chugwater Group and is thought to be around 230-225 million years old. This formation is named after the Popo Agie River near Lander and it preserves extraordinary fossils that represent an ancient terrestrial ecosystem that thrived during the dawn of the dinosaurs. Lovelace, along with UWGM students have discovered a number of new specimens on both private and public lands throughout the region. Most of the fossils are still being extracted from the rock that has preserved them all this time. A new skull of a phytosaur - an ancient crocodile-like animal - was found on private land near Lander in 2013; it has been more than half of a century since the last phytosaur discovery in the state! In 2014-2015 two sites were discovered near Dubois on public lands held in trust by the Bureau of Land Management. During the 2016 field season excavation was started and continued again this summer. Both of these sites preserve a mass-death assemblage of ancient temnospondyl amphibians that are most closely related to caecilians, a group of modern legless amphibians. The first site (known as Nobby Knob) has dozens of partially articulated skeletons of giant temnospondyls called Koskinonodon; these animals roughly resemble 6 foot long giant salamanders! The second site (known as Serendipity) preserves hundreds of burrows about the diameter and shape of a Pringles can, many of which preserve articulated skeletons of a new tiny temnospondyl species. This year the UW-Madison crew, led by Ph.D. student Aaron Kufner and Calvin So, are spending nearly 2 months documenting and excavating the Nobby Knob and Serendipity sites. Eventually the material that is being collected will be prepared and studied at the UWGM, and will be highlighted in the museum's gallery. It will take years to complete the preparation (it takes about 12-15 person-hours of lab work for every person-hour in the field). Future collaborations with the Fremont County Museums are being developed, so stay tuned!	<urn:uuid:8301feea-3265-455a-a74c-7ebfb145a7b0>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://fremontcountymuseums.com/news/3753/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00423.warc.gz	en	0.94707	525	2.671875	3
Carl Schurz Quote “From the equality of rights springs identity of our highest interests; you cannot subvert your neighbor's rights without striking a dangerous blow at your own.” 1852-1863 (1917 edition) Picture Source: Wikimedia CommonsCarl Schurz Born: March 2, 1829 Died: May 14, 1906 (aged 77) Bio: Carl Christian Schurz was a German revolutionary, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army General in the American Civil War. He was also an accomplished journalist, newspaper editor and orator, who in 1869 became the first German-born American elected to the United States Senate.	<urn:uuid:ed5b0fce-e858-4b62-91f4-3a6f3ac45208>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://izquotes.com/quote/165268	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777118.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00106-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942504	141	2.75	3
The Adventures of Pinocchio (unfinished Italian animated film; 1936) \|A single frame from the film, based on the segment where Pinocchio gets hanged by the fox and the cat dressed in hoods.\| The Adventures of Pinocchio (Le Avventure di Pinocchio) was an Italian animated film directed by Raoul Verdini and Umberto Spano. The film was produced and created by Cartoni Animati Italiani Roma (or CAIR). It was both Italy's first animated movie and the first animated film adaptation of the Pinocchio novel. Were it finished, it would have become the first cel-animated feature film ever, beating out Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by one year. The film was to be made by "CAIR", and was commissioned by politician Alfredo Rocco in 1935. It was to be the first Italian animated movie and a faithful adaptation of the novel. It had an estimated budget of ₤1 million and plans for 110,000 drawings a year. Technical problems put a damper on production, and the company ran out of money to make the film. In the end, they left all the work unused. Co-director Raoul Verdini later tried to complete the film and convert it to color. The attempts were unsuccessful, and it remained unfinished. Some people believe that what has been animated of the film still exists in the archives of the American Study, but otherwise, the film is assumed to be lost. What remains are a few stills and the script.	<urn:uuid:33751125-848f-4008-97be-6f826a6b98d3>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	https://lostmediawiki.com/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio_(unfinished_Italian_animated_film;_1936)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948516843.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212114902-20171212134902-00678.warc.gz	en	0.978486	318	2.90625	3
Lowe, Dazelle Foster By Mary von der Heide and Emily Pronovost, NCSU Libraries, 2007 Originally published in Green 'N' Growing, The History of Home Demonstration and 4-H Youth Development in North Carolina, NCSU Libraries. Reprinted with permission. Dazelle Foster Lowe served as a leader in Home Demonstration for African Americans in North Carolina. She began her work in Davidson County in 1919 as an emergency agent, hired to meet the needs of homemakers during World War I. The funding for the emergency agents came from federal emergency appropriations given out during World War I for programs supporting the war effort. Emergency agents were employed during the summer to teach African Americans to can and preserve their fruits and vegetables in order to contribute to the war effort. In addition to teaching canning, many African American emergency agents included lessons on sanitation, health, and home improvement. As an emergency agent Lowe started several clubs, some for women and girls, and some including both men and women. When the emergency funding was discontinued in 1920, white agents argued for funding to employ African American agents permanently. Primarily through the efforts of Jane Simpson McKimmon, a very limited number of African American Home Demonstration agents were hired full time. Lowe did not work for Home Demonstration full time until 1923 when she left a teaching job in Raleigh to become a Wake County agent. During her first week of work she traveled 50 miles and organized eight meetings with a total 265 African Americans in attendence. Lowe, and other African American Home Demonstration agents, woud often speak at Sunday church services to garner support for their work and start new clubs. Lowe impressed African American and white homemakers with her work, putting her in line to become a Negro district home agent in October 1925. The position effectively put her in charge of African American Home Demonstration for all of North Carolina. As district agent, Lowe was responsible for the six counties in the state that had established Home Demonstration organizations for African Americans: Alamance, Columbus, Guilford, Robeson, Wake, and Wayne; she assumed responsibility for a seventh county, Mecklenburg, in 1929. Her duties included visiting each county several times a year, organizing county and state-wide meetings of African American Home Demonstration agents and clubs, and visiting unorganized counties to foster small Home Demonstration clubs. Lowe also produced an annual report on African American Home Demonstration activities. The annual reports included information on the activities of clubs, statistics on clubs and memberships, and requests for more labor and equipment. Many African American farm agents were grateful for her work, as women had been requesting programs similar to those offered to male African American farmers in Beaufort and Columbus Counties. During the Great Depression the Division of Home Demonstration Work sent volunteer white agents to serve as emergency agents in African American communities. Lowe used the experiences of these white agents to illustrate the necessity of having more full-time African American agents, which Lowe then received. In 1936 the number of African American agents increased from six to twelve, and the number continued to grow in following years. By 1944 the number of African American Home Demonstration districts grew from one to three, with Lowe serving as head of the newly established Western district. In addition to her regular work Lowe and eight other African American home agents started a college loan fund for African American Home Demonstration club members beginning in 1937. Clark, James W. Clover All Over: North Carolina 4-H in Action. Raleigh, NC: Office of 4-H and Youth, North Carolina State University, 1984. Cooperative Extension Service Annual Reports. Special Collections Research Center, D. H. Hill Library, Raleigh, N. C. Jones, Lu Ann. Mama Learned Us to Work: Farm Women in the New South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. McKimmon, Jane Simpson. Papers. North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh, N. C. McKimmon, Jane Simpson. When We're Green We Grow. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1945. "Negro Farm and Home Conference Thursday-Friday." The Robesonian (Lumberton, N.C.), September 1, 1941. "Attend Celebration of National Home Week in Greensboro." Statesville Landmark (Statesville, N.C.), May 14, 1953. "Mrs. Dazelle F. Lowe Honored By N.C. Extension Service." The Robesonian (Lumberton, N.C.), October 31, 1967. "Negroes Gain Canned Goods." The Daily Times-News (Burlington, N.C.), October 8, 1935. "Colored Farmers Of This Section Of State Hold Field Day At State Farm." Statesville Landmark (Statesville, N.C.), July 22, 1940. "City Gardens Aid Jobless in Getting Food." The Enterprise (Williamston, N.C.), July 29, 1932. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073995/1932-07-29/ed-1/seq-4/ (accessed February 19, 2016). "Mrs. Dazelle Lowe Honored by Homemakers." The Carolina Times (Durham, N.C.), November 11, 1967. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn83045120/1967-11-11/ed-1/seq-9/ (accessed February 19, 2016). "2000 Farmers Attend Field Event." The Carolina Times (Durham, N.C.), September 21, 1940. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn83045120/1940-09-21/ed-1/seq-1/ (accessed February 19, 2016). ["Negro Farm and Home Agents of North Carolina Extension Service."] Photograph. The Carolina Times (Durham, N.C.), December 2, 1950. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn83045120/1950-12-02/ed-1/seq-1/ (accessed February 16, 2016). Daniel, Pete. 2013. Dispossession discrimination against African American farmers in the age of civil rights. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1120521. Ray, Bill. "Dazelle Foster Lowe portrait." Photograph. 1950-1959. Item 0000560, University Archives Photographs, Green 'N' Growing Project, Special Collections Research Center, NCSU Libraries. http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/0000560 (accessed February 19, 2016). Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina. Thirty-Fifth Annual Catalog of the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina. Greensboro,N.C.: Agricultural and Technical College, https://archive.org/details/annualcatalogofa20agri (accessed February 19, 2016). 18 February 2016 \| Pronovost, Emily; von der Heide, Mary	<urn:uuid:2e701f41-ea81-44c3-997a-fddf7bad2ba7>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.ncpedia.org/lowe-dazelle-foster	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00708.warc.gz	en	0.931817	1,489	2.9375	3
On the cover of a recent edition of Neurosurgery, the highest circulation medical journal in the field, readers saw an artist's intricate depiction of the high-flow brain bypass technique developed by SLU professor of neurosurgery, Saleem Abdulrauf, M.D. Also in the March issue (Volume 63.3) of the journal, Abdulauf shared details of a surgery he performed to treat a patient's brain aneurysm, a weak area in the wall of an artery that supplies blood to the brain. A leader in neurosurgery innovation, Abdulrauf's high-flow procedure means improved outcomes for patients. His technique is less invasive and keeps more blood flowing in the brain than previous surgeries. "Saleem's contribution to the field of neurosurgery will leave a lasting legacy," said Philip Alderson, M.D., dean of Saint Louis University School of Medicine. "By convention, a new surgical procedure is named after the person who developed the technique. Accordingly, high blood flow brain bypass surgery might well be known as the Abdulrauf bypass." Abulrauf likens brain bypass to bypass surgery for the heart. When a patient has an aneurysm involving a brain blood vessel or a tumor at the base of the skull wrapping around a blood vessel, surgeons eliminate the problem vessel by replacing it with an artery from another part of the body. Brain bypass surgery was first developed in the 1960's in Switzerland by M. Gazi Yasargil, M.D, who is considered the father of modern neurosurgery. Used for complex aneurysms and tumors deep in the base of the skull, Abdulrauf built upon the procedure developed by his mentor, Yasargil. Instead of replacing a problem artery with a healthy one from the scalp, as the original procedure did, Abdulrauf used an artery from the arm to allow a larger vessel to be replaced. "With this new technique, we can treat patients in a way that minimizes recovery time and offers the best chance at keeping their brains healthy," Abdulrauf said. Abdulrauf also has written the first textbook on the procedure, Cerebral Revascularization: Techniques in Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass Surgery: Expert Consult. As one of only 10 medical centers in U.S. performing this procedure, Saint Louis University is at the forefront in educating surgeons about the procedure. Established in 1836, Saint Louis University School of Medicine has the distinction of awarding the first medical degree west of the Mississippi River. The school educates physicians and biomedical scientists, conducts medical research, and provides health care on a local, national and international level. Research at the school seeks new cures and treatments in five key areas: cancer, liver disease, heart/lung disease, aging and brain disease, and infectious disease. Carrie Bebermeyer \| EurekAlert! Designer cells: artificial enzyme can activate a gene switch 22.05.2018 \| Universität Basel Flow of cerebrospinal fluid regulates neural stem cell division 22.05.2018 \| Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt At the LASYS 2018, from June 5th to 7th, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) will be showcasing processes for the laser material processing of tomorrow in hall 4 at stand 4E75. With blown bomb shells the LZH will present first results of a research project on civil security. At this year's LASYS, the LZH will exhibit light-based processes such as cutting, welding, ablation and structuring as well as additive manufacturing for... There are videos on the internet that can make one marvel at technology. For example, a smartphone is casually bent around the arm or a thin-film display is rolled in all directions and with almost every diameter. From the user's point of view, this looks fantastic. From a professional point of view, however, the question arises: Is that already possible? At Display Week 2018, scientists from the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP will be demonstrating today’s technological possibilities and... So-called quantum many-body scars allow quantum systems to stay out of equilibrium much longer, explaining experiment \| Study published in Nature Physics Recently, researchers from Harvard and MIT succeeded in trapping a record 53 atoms and individually controlling their quantum state, realizing what is called a... The historic first detection of gravitational waves from colliding black holes far outside our galaxy opened a new window to understanding the universe. A... A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. This fundamental demonstration could lead to the development of highly sensitive optical gradiometers for the precise measurement of the gravitational field or the earth's magnetic field. The age of quantum technology has long been heralded. Decades of research into the quantum world have led to the development of methods that make it possible... 02.05.2018 \| Event News 13.04.2018 \| Event News 12.04.2018 \| Event News 22.05.2018 \| Life Sciences 22.05.2018 \| Earth Sciences 22.05.2018 \| Trade Fair News	<urn:uuid:04709ccb-9707-401c-8cd4-e25a743dfcac>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/slu-neurosurgeon-pushes-brain-bypass-heights-173967.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865456.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523063435-20180523083435-00250.warc.gz	en	0.91134	1,127	2.640625	3
A flying wedge (also called flying V or wedge formation, or simply wedge) is a configuration created from a body moving forward in a triangular formation. Its primary variant is the svinfylking. This V-shaped arrangement began as a successful military strategy in ancient times when infantry units would move forward in wedge formations to smash through an enemy's lines. This principle was later used by Medieval European armies, as well as modern armed forces, which have adapted the V-shaped wedge for armored assault. In modern times the effectiveness of flying wedge means it is still employed by civilian police services for riot control. It has also been used in some sports, although the use of wedges is banned due to the danger it poses to defenders. Greeks and Romans The wedge (έμβολον, embolon in Greek; cuneus in Latin, colloquially also caput porcinum, "boar's head"), was used by both infantry and cavalry. The men deployed in a triangular or trapezoid formation with the tip leading the way. According to Arrian and Asclepiodotus, the wedge was first used by the Scythians, and then the Thracians. Philip II of Macedon adopted it from them as the main formation of his Companion cavalry and Alexander the Great faced Persian cavalry arrayed thus, as Arrian attests. The use of this formation enabled the concentration of missiles against a limited front and thus was used not only to smash into the enemy line, but to also add to the effectiveness of long range, usually hurled weapons like javelins and hand axes. As an infantry formation it is attested by Frontinus to have been used by the Romans in Pydna against the Macedonian line of Perseus. It was also used to great effect by the Roman legions, with the wedge proving effective in campaigns in Britain, such as during Boudicca's Revolt, where a greatly outnumbered Roman army used it to defeat the Iceni. In the Late Roman army, several cavalry units were designated as cuneus [equitum]. Germanic wedge formations Keilerkopf or Keil (wild boar's head, wedge, Latin: cuneus, meaning throng) is a German phrase to describe the attack formation ("Tactical body") of the prehistoric infantry of the Celts and Germanic tribes. It is generally believed that the Germanic tribes were more successful with this tactic than the Celts. It was used to force the Roman forces to split and was later applied specifically to the weakest units. Due to the high discipline this formation required and the relatively high probability of failure, it is assumed that the front lines were filled with the best and most heavily armoured warriors of the Germanic sibbs who had to break the Roman front line. Here the individual warrior tried to gain fame and glory in the battle. The most distinguished princes and their acolytes stood at the head of the Keil. However, this was also the , most dangerous point, whence the need to be heavily armoured. But an army leader who survived a lost battle often forfeited his life (usually suicide). Warriors who had fled were hanged or slain. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, the Keil was a tightly packed crowd, strong on all sides, not only in front and back, but also on the flanks. The formation was not like a wedge but more like a rectangle with forty warriors in the first line and 1,600 men strong. In this formation, the wingmen are at most risk. It was therefore well possible that the wing marched with some caution and held back a bit, so that the center stormed further and looked like a wedge. The outer ranks of the rear on the other hand swelled slightly. The goal was to hit hard at the same time and to drive a 40 yard wide hole into the enemy line, according to the German historian Hans Delbrück. When the Germanic Keil was advancing against the enemy, they sang the baritus or barditus, the battle song (battle cry); it begins with a muffled grumbling and swells with the heat of the battle up to the roar of the waves beating against the rocks. According to Germanic legend and Tacitus, Hercules once visited German soil and they sang of him first of all heroes. The Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the tactic was especially effective against defensive shield wall formations when defenders would link their shields together to form an all-but impenetrable barrier. Armored, heavily armed infantry could use their momentum in wedge formation to drive open small sections in the shield wall. This would break up the shield wall exposing the defenders to flank attacks. Two complete descriptions of an infantry wedge are given by Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum. In Book I, he describes a shallow wedge, with the front rank of two men then each thereafter doubled. In Book VII, he depicts a sharper pointed formation 10 men deep with the first rank being composed of 2 men, each rank composed of 2 more. Thus, each wedge was composed of 110 men, 10 deep, 2 men on its tip, and 20 on its base. According to the Vikings, the wedge formation, called by them svinfylking, cf. the Latin caput porcinum, was invented by Odin himself. Deep wedges of cavalry were used by German armies in the later Middle Ages. At the Battle of Pillenreuth in 1450, both the armies of Albrecht Achilles and Nuremberg fought in wedge formation. The Nuremberg cavalry was drawn up in a wedge led by 5 picked knights, then seven, then nine, then 11. The following twenty ranks held 250 ordinary men-at-arms, then a final rank of 14 picked men to hold the formation together. Sir Charles Oman refers to an unpublished manual of 1480 by Philip of Seldeneck which describes the formation, calling it the Spitz. He gives examples of various formations varying from 200 men to 1000. The formation of 1000 men places seven men in the first rank, with each rank increasing by two men back to the eighth rank with 21. The remaining men are in a column 20 men wide behind the point. The banner would be carried in the seventh rank. Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phocas analyzes the wedge formation of the Byzantine Cataphracts in the third chapter of his Praecepta Militaria. There, he relates that the wedge must be formed by 354 cataphracts and 150 horse archers to a total number of 504 men. The row of the first line comprised 20 horsemen, the second 24, the third 28, down to the 12th line, which consisted of 64 men. If such a number of men is not available, he proposes that the wedge be formed by 304 cataphracts and 80 horse archers, or a total of 384 men, the first line comprising 10 men. In his next chapter (Ordinance on Cavalry Deployment), he ordains that the wedge must be accompanied by two cavalry units, which will guard its flanks. A wedge whose ranks are not complete in the middle is shaped as an Λ instead of a Δ and is called a hollow wedge, or in Greek κοιλέμβολον, koilembolon. The hollow wedge formation remains one of the basic infantry formations at the squad and section level, especially when crossing open ground. However unlike in ancient and medieval times, the formation is used not to maximise effectiveness in melee combat, but to maximise the situational awareness and firepower of a unit. The intervals between soldiers is designed to give mutually supporting lines of sight that do not obscure one another forward and to the sides, and this also corresponds to mutually supporting overlapping arcs of fire. The squad automatic weapon will usually anchor one of the flanks of a fireteam wedge. In a platoon wedge the command group and platoon machine guns are placed in the hollow of the wedge. Exactly the same principles of mutually supporting lines of sight and fire, apply to an armored vehicles deployed in a wedge formation. The wedge formation is used ceremonially by cadets at the United States Air Force Academy during the annual graduation parade, when the soon-to-be commissioned first-class cadets (seniors) leave the Cadet Wing. This is the reverse of the acceptance parade, held each fall, when the new fourth-class cadets (freshmen) join the Cadet Wing in the inverted wedge formation. Police riot squads sometimes charge in flying wedge formations, to break into a dense crowd as a snatch squad to arrest a leader or speaker, or to chop a long demonstration march into segments. It can also be used to escort VIP's through hostile crowds. Although originally permitted in most full contact team sports, the use of the flying wedge is now banned for safety reasons in Rugby union, Rugby league, and American football. The principle is similar to the military application: the ball carrier starts an attack and is joined on both sides by teammates who drive them forward towards the goal line. However due to the number of serious injuries related to the flying wedge, any attempt at this formation is now punished by in-game penalties. In American football, the formation was developed by Lorin F. Deland and first introduced by Harvard in a collegiate game against Yale in 1892. But despite its practicality, it was outlawed two seasons later in 1894 because of its contribution to serious injury. What was outlawed in American football was the use of hands and arms by teammates to hold each other in a wedge formation. Wedge blocking using only the shoulders to push forward teammates not holding the ball is still legal. Professional and Canadian football went still farther in theoretically not allowing any transfer of momentum between teammates in blocking, but that prohibition is not strictly enforced. Recent changes in the rules at various levels regarding runbacks of free kicks are stricter still in that they restrict blocking by teammates close together even without touching each other. The "wedge" commonly referred to in interference on free kick returns simply meant such a close grouping of blockers. - Frontinus, Stratagems, II.iii.20 - The Germanic warriordom (German) Hans Delbrück, 1920, History of warfare in the framework of political history, Part 2 The Teutons, Book 1 The struggle of the Romans and Teutons, Chapter 2 The Germanic warriordom ISBN 0-8371-8163-1 - Tacitus, Hist. IV, 20 - Tacitus, Germania III, Hist. II, 22, Hist. IV, 18. - "The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus", translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905) - Peter G. Foote and David M. Wilson, The Viking Achievement (New York, 1970),p.285 - Contamine, Philippe (1984). War in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 231–2. ISBN 0-631-13142-6. - Delbrück, Hans; Trans Walter J. Renfroe (1990) [trans 1982]. History of the Art of War vol III; The Middle Ages. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 275. ISBN 0-8032-6585-9. - Oman, Sir Charles (1987) . A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Greenhill. pp. 82–3. ISBN 0-947898-69-7. - Section 4(n) of Law 10 of Rugby Union - Harris, Bret (18 February 2011). "Rod Macqueen to get edge with wedge". The Australian. - Battista, Judy (24 May 2009). "Mindful of Violence, the N.F.L. Rules Out the Wedge Formation". The New York Times. - Introduction: A Brief History of College Football - "No wedge means major adjustment for kickoff units" NFL.com - "Infantry Squad Operations:Movement". global security.org. United States Army Infantry Training School. January 1996. Retrieved November 13, 2014. - Chinese riot police show off their skills in breaking up a demonstration	<urn:uuid:219c6acb-01f7-441f-8fc5-e3943cb55122>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wedge	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824185.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00066-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945098	2,547	3.59375	4
Venus Orbit Insertion timeline Timeline of events during today's Venus Orbit Insertion (VOI) manoeuvre, marking arrival of ESA's Venus Express spacecraft at its destination. VOI is a series of telecommands, engine burns and manoeuvres designed to slow the spacecraft from a velocity of 29 000 kilometres per hour relative to Venus to an entry velocity some 15 percent slower, allowing it to be captured into orbit around the planet. VEX slew manoeuvre starts This rotation, to last about half an hour, will re-orient the spacecraft to have the main engine facing the direction of motion, and so allow the braking manouevre. Venus Express main engine burn starts Venus Express main engine is due to fire for 50 minutes. Occultation starts (loss of S-band signal) An occultation occurs when Venus Express travels behind the planet so that the line of sight to Earth is blocked; it will lose radio contact (S-band) for almost 10 minutes. During the journey to Venus, communication has been in X-band, via the high-gain antenna HGA2. During VOI, neither of the two high-gain antennas can be used because of the spacecraft orientation. Only the low gain antenna (S-band) can carry a feeble signal to Earth to tell about the spacecraft velocity. Controllers will closely watch for reacquisition of radio contact once the occultation ends. \|10:07\|\|VEX main engine burn ends\| \|10:10\|\|Announcement by Flight Operations Director\| X-band transmitter on The X-band transmitter connected to the high-gain antenna HGA2 will be switched on, and will start sending information to Earth about the health status of the spacecraft. All times above are 'Earth Received' time - i.e. after the actual events have taken place at the spacecraft. During orbit insertion, the spacecraft will be 125 000 000 kilometres from Earth and the round-trip signal time will be 13 minutes and 32 seconds.	<urn:uuid:f5d868af-cf0c-4f7c-9417-1fac51dd8070>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Venus_Orbit_Insertion_timeline	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00795.warc.gz	en	0.858837	420	3.40625	3
Elephantine - in ancient sources @ attalus.org This is part of the index of names on the attalus website. The names occur either in lists of events (arranged by year, from the 4th to the 1st century B.C.) or in translations of sources. There are many other sources available in translation online - for a fuller but less precise search, Search Ancient Texts. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. - an island in the river Nile in the far south of Egypt → Wikipedia entry ☆ DARE (map) IS_168.H, a letter to Ptolemy VIII from the priests in Elephantine. Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra to priests and officials in Elephantine. nasty. 31 kings of Elephantine: The first king was Otho (152-145) tes of the temples in Elephantine [and Abaton] and (115) wly founded city of Elephantine, first [the king] m egus of the Ombite nome and of Elephantine. The 12th ← Search for another name This page © Andrew Smith, 2018 : Attalus' home page	<urn:uuid:16d1e977-4841-49e4-870b-ab4ba1d22a10>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://attalus.org/names/e/elephantine.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829399.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218123521-20181218145521-00539.warc.gz	en	0.848506	267	2.59375	3
Across the country, the minimum wage is on the rise. Thanks to inflation, the Great Recession and technology changing the face of many modern workplaces, a years-long debate has been happening surrounding what constitutes a minimum wage. We took a deep dive into the concept of the rising minimum wage — what it means for restaurants, their employees, and the American economy. The restaurant industry employs more than 14 million Americans and racks up $710 million in annual sales, which represents about 4 percent of US gross domestic product. (National Restaurant Association) A Timeline In August 2015, The New York Times reported restaurant owners, customers and staff had long been railing against “the tyranny of tipping” However, it didn’t look like the concept was going anywhere anytime soon. Soon, a spurt of new minimum wage proposals prompted more restaurateurs to begin experimenting with no-tipping policies as a way to manage increasing labor costs. “Although mandatory service charges are common around the globe,” they reported, “restaurant tipping is deeply ingrained in the American psyche. Owners worry that potential diners will see significantly higher prices without realizing that they include gratuities. Restaurateurs also worry their best servers will leave.” A year later, in December 2016, a reporter for FSR Magazine wrote “there are few expenses that affect business owners more than employee wages.” The piece went on to explain that experts estimated semi-variable costs, like salaries and wages, accounted for 30 to 40 percent of a company’s total revenue. “As expected,” it read, “the remaining revenue covers other overhead costs like operational expenses, inventory, leasing agreements, insurance and everything in between.” It appeared that the fear for many small business owners, specifically those in the restaurant industry, was that authorizing a federal minimum wage increase would have a significant impact on balancing their budget — particularly if they were already struggling. In 2016, California became the first state to adopt legislation that will gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour. (Journalist’s Resource) In April 2017, Upserve pondered the question of whether or not raising the minimium wage was actually good for restaurant workers. “Many states believe it is good for restaurant employees,” they reported. “Over 20 of them have already increased their minimum wage in 2017.” They cited one of their own surveys of tipped workers, finding that 73 percent reportedly saw no increase in pay, while 24 percent saw their tips decrease and 45 percent of tipped workers said their customers think they make more money than they actually do. “For restaurant owners trying to control their costs,” Upserve added, “a no tipping policy is an option, but… 69 percent of workers said they would not accept a substantial increase in their hourly pay if tipping were removed from their establishment.” It appeared that, as a whole, the industry was still undecided on if the ultimate impact of a rising minimum wage would end up being positive for restaurants and their workers. That same month, the New York Post covered the topic, including analysts who said, “in an industry challenged by changing eating habits, rising labor costs and oversupply, the latest declines locally are also another stark sign of how the average American consumer is tapped out.” Their data showed that more restaurant patrons are staying home or switching over to fast-food options as cheaper alternatives, adding that “that’s not a good omen for the economy. Across the nation, more than a dozen restaurant chains with thousands of workers in hundreds of locations have collapsed or filed for bankruptcy in the past year.” In May 2017, the publication New Republic weighed in. They discussed how, in the previous November, four states—Arizona, Maine, Colorado, and Washington—passed ballot measures to raise the minimum wage above $7.25 an hour. “Nowhere has the ‘think local’ strategy seemed more promising than in the fight to increase the minimum wage,” they stated. “Since 2004, 34 localities from Maryland to New Mexico have raised the minimum wage above their state levels… 74 percent of Americans say they want to raise the minimum wage, and the Maine measure passed with 420,000 votes — more than any ballot initiative in state history.” Restaurant Hospitality discussed the topic that same month, covering the fact that “one of the pioneers of the no-tipping model” had decided to go back to tipping at his eateries. Andrew Fortgang, owner of the restaurants Little Bird Bistro and Le Pigeon in Portland, Oregon, had reportedly been experimenting with the model for about a year. RH said that “servers also received a higher hourly wage and shared in revenues based on sales, offering them a more consistent pay rate, rather than relying on tips. But, in the end, the increase in menu prices was too much for some diners.” In June 2017, Seattle Times offered an update on the rising minimum wage in their city. “Seattle’s minimum-wage law has led to higher pay for restaurant workers without affecting the overall number of jobs in the industry.” They also cite a new study from the University of California, Berkeley, showing employment in food service from 2015 to 2016 was not affected, “even among the limited-service restaurants, many of them franchisees, for whom the policy was most binding.” The current minimum-wage law, which took effect in April 2015, aimed to raise the minimum wage gradually until it reaches $15 by 2021. Adjusted for inflation, the federal minimum wage peaked in 1968 at $8.68 (in 2016 dollars). Since it was last raised in 2009, to the current $7.25 per hour, the federal minimum has lost about 9.6% of its purchasing power to inflation. (Pew Research Center) What Our Clients Are Saying Gather talked with Kirby Pratt, Manager of Corporate Programs and Partnerships at Seattle-based Restaurants Unlimited Inc., about her thoughts on the rising minimum wage and private events: The Northwest was one of the first areas in the U.S. to embrace raising the minimum wage. Why do you think this is? From my personal view, I’ve lived in Washington my whole life. Washington, Oregon and California have always been trendsetters for workers rights and things affecting the well-being of the middle class — things like keeping housing costs and taxes down, and finding ways to make things easier. How do you think private events can help restaurants and other businesses supplement revenue while paying employees a higher wage? The one thing events always have going for them is that they’re based around a contract. There’s not a lot of day-of surprises, because everything is agreed upon ahead of time, like food and service costs. When you’re opening a restaurant, you’re kind of guessing and trying to monitor the trends week over week. There’s no guessing in events. What do you see as the benefit of businesses increasing the minimum wage? Any downsides? For events specifically, we’re seeing that this is where the guest is going as well. The trend of the industry is that guests want a more experiential event — they want classes and fun things to do. We see a lot of restaurants closing for private events or special parties to guarantee staffing, but also to have that sense of excitement. There’s an increase in the push for our companies specifically to maximize any guaranteed revenue we can. We can guarantee the event experience while keeping people working and knowing what shifts to schedule for. It’s not just minimum wage, but also secure scheduling that’s happening up here in the Pacific Northwest. What would you say to someone wary of implementing a private events program or event management software? When I came on [in my current role], that’s what we were dealing with. We had five restaurants with a very set-in private dining program. It was doing well and generating lots of revenue because they had private space, so that’s how we looked at it. Events were only a focus if you had a standalone room just for an event. I’d been working on changing that mindset — that events are important to anyone, and if we could shut down a restaurant once a week for a 100 percent buyout, that’ll be more revenue than just hoping regulars come in. By changing that mindset, it’s guaranteed, set, planned and easier for forecasting. The more you can host [private events], the more you can control your business. 29 states, plus the D.C. and nearly two dozen cities and counties, have set their own higher minimums. State hourly minimums range from $7.50 in New Mexico to $11.50 in D.C. (U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division) How Private Events Can Help The current state of the minimum wage debate varies widely across the country — and as more restaurants experiment with providing a higher living wage to employees, implementing a private events program is a great solution for increasing revenue in a way that’s predictable, easy, manageable and effective. Want to learn more about what Gather’s cloud-based event management software can do for you? Request a live tour here.	<urn:uuid:3103a84d-fc42-4ce8-8c4f-9ce2596141b2>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://www.gatherhere.com/resource/private-events-the-rising-minimum-wage/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573368.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918213931-20190918235931-00320.warc.gz	en	0.969699	1,930	2.53125	3
August 7, 2018 Written by: Katerina Placek Alzheimer’s disease is the main cause of dementia among older adults, leading to irreversible destruction of a person’s memory and thinking skills and, ultimately, death. While the cause of Alzheimer’s disease remains unknown, the prevailing focus of research has been on the harmful role of a protein called beta-amyloid (Aβ) that is found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and is believed to contribute to neuronal degeneration in regions of the brain important for memory and thinking. However, new research suggests that the brain’s immune system may influence Aβ and play an integral role in Alzheimer’s disease. What is Aβ? Before we go any further, let’s first define what exactly Aβ is. Aβ is a product of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Scientists are still characterizing the function of APP, but believe it is used in the wall-like membranes that surround neurons and in the synapses that allow different neurons to communicate with one another. APP is then processed by enzymes, which ‘fine tune’ the protein for usage by the neuron. When APP is processed in a specific manner, Aβ is produced and immediately released outside the neuron. Like APP, the function of Aβ is not well understood. However, when Aβ accumulates outside the neuron, it can clump together and form sticky deposits called plaques (yes, like dental plaque) that are found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Does Aβ cause Alzheimer’s disease? Until recently, the prevailing idea among Alzheimer’s disease researchers was that the accumulation of Aβ into plaques initiated a cascade of events leading to degeneration of neurons and, ultimately, the devastating cognitive decline and memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease dementia. For proponents of this idea, the formation of Aβ plaques outside the neuron triggers the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside the neuron, 1 as pictured in Figure 2. NFTs are important because Aβ plaques and tau NFTs are the two “hallmarks” of Alzheimer’s disease required for diagnosis. NFTs and Aβ plaques together are then believed to lead to dysfunction of the neuron and its synapses, and finally neurodegeneration. The initiating role of Aβ in this cascade of events, along with genetic evidence of APP mutations in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, has been interpreted as evidence for the primary pathologic role of Aβ.2 Accordingly, therapeutic targets for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease have largely focused on preventing Aβ formation or clearing Aβ.3 Immune response – consequence, contributor, or protector? In addition to Aβ plaques and tau NFTs, Alzheimer’s disease also features an inflammatory response driven by the brain’s immune system. This inflammatory response features the increased activity of microglia and astrocytes, which are both types of supportive cells in the brain and spinal cord. Microglia function as the first and main form of active immune defense, constantly scavenging for plaques, damaged neurons and synapses, and infectious agents to digest and destroy. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and support the blood-brain barrier, provide nutrients, and repair tissue in response to injury. According to researchers who think Aβ is the harmful initiator of Alzheimer’s disease, this inflammatory response is a consequence of Aβ plaque formation.2 In this view, microglia activate to degrade Aβ plaques and clear dysfunctioning/degenerating neurons, and astrocytes activate to support and repair damaged neurons. Support for this interpretation comes from the observation that microglial and astrocyte activity increase with Aβ plaque formation and neuronal dysfunction/degeneration. However, new research suggests that the inflammatory response is not merely a consequence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology but may actively contribute to disease proliferation. A recent study compared the DNA of Alzheimer’s disease patients relative to healthy people, and discovered that Alzheimer’s disease patients featured mutations in genes important to microglia that the healthy people did not.4 This suggested that the immune response of microglia contributes directly to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, rather than acting only consequentially to pathologic accumulation and neurodegeneration. In further support of this idea, researchers have also found that activated astrocytes actually produce Aβ in response to pro-inflammatory signals, and thus contribute to the overall Aβ burden in the brain!5 Last, and most shockingly, some scientists think that Aβ is part of the brain’s innate immune system, and normally plays a protective role – except when produced in excess, which leads to Alzheimer’s disease. In support of this idea, Aβ has been shown to have anti-microbial (germ-killing) properties in multiple species.6 Interestingly, this raises the possibility that infectious or inflammatory stimuli can drive over-production of the normally protective Aβ, and suggests a dual protective/damaging role for Aβ. Scientists are now actively researching how this immune ‘glitch’ may lead to Aβ overproduction of a-beta. Why does this matter? The idea that the immune system may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease holds exciting implications. In particular, scientists may focus on developing therapeutics that target the brain’s innate immune system, or triggers of the innate immune system, rather than Aβ itself. This may lead to better treatments for patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, and a better understanding of how Alzheimer’s is caused – and, hopefully, how to prevent it. - Choi, S. H. et al. A three-dimensional human neural cell culture model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 515, 274–278 (2014). - Hardy, J. & Selkoe, D. J. The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics. Science 297, 353–356 (2002). - Baranello, R. J. et al. Amyloid-beta protein clearance and degradation (ABCD) pathways and their role in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 12, 32–46 (2015). - Sims, R. et al. Rare coding variants in <i>PLCG2</i>, <i>ABI3</i>, and <i>TREM2</i> implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 49, 1373–1384 (2017). - Zhao, J., O’Connor, T. & Vassar, R. The contribution of activated astrocytes to Aβ production: implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 8, 150 (2011). - Soscia, S. J. et al. The Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide. PLoS ONE 5, e9505 (2010). Figure 1: By derivative work: Garrondo (talk)Amyloid_01big1.jpg: ADEAR: “Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center, a service of the National Institute on Aging.” [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Figure 2: National Institute of Aging, NIH; Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0) https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease	<urn:uuid:493050c2-8a9b-4fba-abb3-90badaecf26c>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://pennneuroknow.com/2018/08/07/alzheimers-disease-an-immune-system-glitch/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00382.warc.gz	en	0.900019	1,635	3.25	3
Short story writer Peter Ho Davies’ debut novel got me thinking about the meaning of surrender, and the many different forms that it might take. In one fashion or another, each of the characters in The Welsh Girl surrenders during the course of the novel, but the nature of those capitulations varies greatly from one to the next. The Welsh Girl is set in a small village in the mountains of Wales in the period between the summer and fall of 1944, after the Allied invasion of Europe. Like many rural communities, life centers around pubs, and in this story the pub that employs 17-year old Esther that becomes the focal point. The pub is a gathering place for both nationalistic Welsh and a unit of English engineers working outside the town, but relations between the two groups are tense at best. Esther, who serves as a bridge between the two groups, is attracted to one of the soldiers, but he rapes her and leaves her behind when his unit is transferred. When she finds herself pregnant, she gives up thoughts of leaving the small town that she’s always longed to escape. Is that surrender? The real purpose of the English building project camp is soon revealed, to the chagrin of the Welsh: it is to be a prisoner of war camp for Germans captured during the invasion of Europe. Karsten, a young English-speaking man who had only recently been promoted to sergeant, is one of those who surrendered. A machine-gunner stationed above the beach at Normandy, his bunker was directly hit and one of the crew members killed. With his gun out of commission, did his responsibility for the two survivors under his command call for surrender? The POWs themselves are divided between those who ‘surrendered’ and those who were ‘captured’, with ridicule and ostracism attending the first. Men go to great lengths to create narratives that allow them to claim the honor of the second. The ‘captured’ are most fanatically represented by the crew of a submarine caught on the surface – but how does their inability to fight against a superior ship differ from Karsten’s motive for surrender? A third strand of the story takes place in the fall of 1944, but its narration is interspersed with the summer ’44 events. Captain Rotherham, a German who always thought of himself as Lutheran despite his Jewish father, is now serving as an interrogator for the British. At this late date, he is assigned to question Rudolf Hess, the high-ranking Nazi who flew to England under murky circumstances and was captured. Rotherham fled to England when it finally became apparent to him that he and every other person remotely considered Jewish was targeted for attacks. Was Rotherham’s flight to England a form of surrender? Was Hess’s? The same question could be asked about the Welsh villagers, whose turbulent history with the English is buried by their economic need for English money, and about the refugee boy living with Esther and her father. At what point does accepting reality become surrender? Is surrender a mental condition, or merely physical? This is not a theme that the publishers promote in their discussion guide, but it is one that interests me in light of Louis Zamperini’s story in Unbroken. If anyone has thoughts on the topic, I hope you’ll share them. Check the WRL catalog for The Welsh Girl	<urn:uuid:e34ab70e-8ec4-4d5a-af91-646d523a9e14>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://bfgb.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/the-welsh-girl-by-peter-ho-davies/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010990749/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091630-00094-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9791	702	2.96875	3
Climate change brings both risks and opportunities for the financial services sector. Ouida Taaffe looks at how banking and finance is moving towards carbon-neutral investment. The European Parliament declared a “climate change emergency” at the end of November 2019. It called for all European Commission proposals to be in line with keeping global warming below 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Pre-industrial is defined as the period 1850-1900. The Parliament’s other demand was that the EU cut greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 and be climate neutral by 2050. Under the 2016 Paris agreement, the EU was to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030. The EU announcement came just ahead of the start of the United Nation’s (UN’s) climate change conference on 2 December 2019. Reaching the targets will require heavy investment in climate-friendly businesses. The EU estimates that it needs to invest around €180bn a year to meet the 2016 Paris agreement targets. And some firms will become obsolete or have to change their operating model. For example, the biggest utility in California, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), filed for bankruptcy in January 2019. PG&E became liable for an estimated US$30bn of damages when its power grid sparked wildfires. The Wall Street Journal called it the first “climate-change bankruptcy”. The financial system and climate change The investment that’s needed in climate change is an opportunity for financial services, but also a potential threat. An International Monetary Fund (IMF) paper on Climate change and financial risk outlined the two main implications of climate change for the financial sector. One is that climate change brings physical risks, such as the wildfires that bankrupted PG&E. The other is that transitioning to a low-carbon economy will be complex. The IMF points out that during transition there will have to be changes in policy, technology, consumer behaviour and market expectations. One potential change is that existing assets may become much less valuable. Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of England, has pointed out that fossil fuel companies may find that their reserves become “literally unburnable”. US coal mining companies already trade at a discount to clean energy firms. The attitude of financial firms to climate change Financial services firms have woken up to the threats of global warming. There has been a “change in urgency” in the financial system when it comes to dealing with climate change. That’s the view of Anthony Cox, Deputy Director, Environment Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). He was speaking at the Climate Risk and Green Finance Regulatory Forum in London in November 2019. However, he added that the systemic risks posed by a fall in biodiversity have yet to be appreciated by the financial services sector. Eric Usher is the Head of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Finance Initiative. Also speaking at the Forum, he called for the owners of financial assets to use “credible, science-based targets” in responding to climate change. He also said that asset management firms should see tackling climate issues as part of their fiduciary duty. For global warming to be controlled, financial services firms will need transparency on the climate risks of assets globally. The OECD recently published a paper on international co-operation on carbon pricing. A member of the Forum audience asked about harmonisation of carbon pricing globally. “A global price for carbon is the holy grail,” said Cox. “Realistically, it is not going to happen.” The OECD paper points out that a single global price for carbon would be the “most cost-effective” way to deal with global greenhouse gas emissions. It would make it easier for investors to compare across jurisdictions. However, it adds that it might not be fair. Setting the same price across regions would place the biggest burdens on the developing world. See our Centre for Sustainable Finance	<urn:uuid:694d246c-d937-4d10-a0f9-45e6fa615d68>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.libf.ac.uk/news-and-insights/news/detail/2020/01/09/financial-services-and-the-climate-change-emergency	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00423.warc.gz	en	0.950361	838	2.796875	3
\|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute\|\|Home\| Traditionally in our public schools, we celebrate African American history during the months of January and February. We commence this celebration with the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and continue the celebration by highlighting various other great African Americans. This unit of instruction is intended to provide a consistent educational framework for the study of African American history in the elementary schools that is consistent with the Keys to Comprehension, writing standards, technology standards, and library media standards of the New Haven Public Schools. By providing such a framework, this unit enables teachers to provide a quality unit of instruction that supports the current standards-based curricula in addition to providing students with a rich historical perspective of the evolution of equality for African Americans. The unit is written specifically for students in the second and third grades. However, there are additional activities and strategies for those students who academically function below or above the second and third grades. This information will enable teachers to plan differentiated lessons that address all ability levels and learning styles. In addition, the adaptation of this unit to include other elementary classes such as first grade or fourth grade would not be difficult. The range of literature and topics selected would support applications in any level classroom through collaboration with the library media specialist. (Recommended for History, grades 1-4.)	<urn:uuid:f7786fa4-c084-45d4-a784-20dba4e3e299>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/guides/2006/3/06.03.08.x.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00267-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939361	272	3.796875	4
عنوان مقاله [English] If we accept that literature is a creative product of society, we should also accept that its aims cannot be separated from the aims of people who make it. Story and legend in literature does not necessarily have a specific time of origin. Perhaps the desire for training the younger generation and transferring the history of a nation to them is a reason for the creation of epics, legends and stories narrated by travelers, story- tellers, cameleers, and caravans of east, west, north and south. Each time a lyric or a story was being told in a corner of the earth, it was being combined by the traditions of another country, making it difficult to distinguish the orginal from the adapted form. Maybe it is for this reason that they have remained alive during the undulations of times and. have survived from military and cultural crises, attacks, only the wounds of time is obvious on them. Reading these stories and lyrics reminds us that the structure and base of this great human treasure has a common, unanimous foundation.	<urn:uuid:2c0b7e4c-a52d-4490-bada-52de080b0e39>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12213_0.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00214.warc.gz	en	0.964486	223	3.375	3
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a condition in which a patient has brief, sometimes severe attacks of rotatory vertigo with and without nausea, which are caused by rapid changes in head position relative to gravity. Typical triggers of BPPV include lying down or sitting up in bed, turning around in bed, getting in and out of bed and also bending over to tie the shoelaces, or extending the head in order to look up. Patients suffering from BPPV can be treated with certain well established exercises/maneuvers and relief is obtained in ninety percent of such cases in a week’s time. • Inappropriately and most commonly enter the posterior semicircular canal owing to its gravity dependent position • As one turns head to the right • Endolymph moves → SCC receptors fire → "head turning right" • Stop turning head → endolymph stops moving → SCC receptors stop firing → head has stopped moving" • Stop turning head→ otoliths keep moving → drag endolymph à receptors continue to fire inappropriately → "head still moving" • Eyes → “head is NOT moving” • Brain → room must be spinning in the opposite direction In 1962, Dr Harold Schuknecht proposed the cupulolithiasis (heavy cupula) theory. Via photomicrographs, he discovered basophilic particles or densities that were adherent to the cupula. He postulated that the PSC was rendered sensitive to gravity by these abnormal dense particles attached to, or impinging on, the cupula. This is analogous to the situation of a heavy object attached to the top of a pole. The extra weight makes the pole unstable and thus harder to keep in the neutral position. This produces persistent nystagmus and also explains the dizziness when a patient tilts the head backward. In 1980 Epley published his canalithiasis theory. He believed that the symptoms of BPPV were more consistent with free-moving densities (canaliths) in the PSC rather than fixed densities attached to the cupula. While the head is upright, the particles sit in the PSC at the most gravity-dependent position. When the head is tilted back supine, the particles are rotated up to about 90 degrees along the arc of the PSC. After a momentary (inertial) lag, gravity pulls the particles down the arc. This causes the endolymph to flow away from the ampulla and causes the cupula to be deflected. The cupular deflection produces nystagmus. The Epley maneuver (also called canalith repositioning procedure or CRP) is a technique which is used to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The maneuver consists of moving the patient through a series of positions which are designed to dislodge the debris (also called canaliths or otoconia made up of calcium carbonate) that has inappropriately entered the semicircular canal (mostly posterior semicircular canal) to the utricle where they are normally present in the form of calcium carbonate. In around 70% of cases, the Epley maneuver is very effective and the patient may require no further follow up treatment. Epley maneuver may be carried out by a doctor or a physical therapist and even by the patient himself. The diagnosis of BPPV is established on the basis of clinical history and Dix-Hallpike test (also called Nylen Barany test). It is important to lateralize the disorder to right or left and to localize it to the involved canal (posterior/anterior/horizontal) which can be done most of the times with the help of performing the Dix-Hallpike testing and observing the positional nystagmus. In most of the cases by practice, the treating doctor is able to lateralize the side (left or right) and localize the involved canal by observing the nystagmus elicited by Dix-Hallpike testing. Interpreting Dix-Hallpike test- To perform Dix Hallpike test, the examiner stands to the side of the patient, who sits upright with head turned to the examiner. The patient is positioned so that when patient is supine, the head will extend below the edge of the table. The examiner holds the patient’s head and moves the patient rapidly from sitting to head hanging position, first with the head turned to one side and then to the other. Once in the head hanging position patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo will show nystagmus after delay of 10 seconds. The Epley maneuver has to be started from the side that elicited nystagmus as well as vertigo on Dix-Hallpike testing. In the most common type of posterior semicircular canal BPPV, the Hallpike maneuver elicits a geotropic upbeat nystagmus with the diseased ear down with rotatory fast phase toward undermost ear and reversal of nystagmus direction upon return to upright position (see the video 1 below). In the anterior semicircular canal BPPV, the Hallpike maneuver elicits a geotropic downbeat nysatgmus with the diseased ear down with rotatory fast phase toward undermost ear (see the video 2 below). Video 1 (LPSCCBPPV) Video 2 (LASCCBPPV) Rheumatoid arthritis with atlanto-axial instability, severe degenerative cervical spinal disease including atlanto-axial instability from any cause, high grade carotid stenosis, unstable heart disease, ongoing CNS disease (TIA/stroke) and pregnancy beyond 24 weeks are contraindications to Epley maneuver. Ideally it should be done by the doctor (or a physical therapist in supervision of the treating doctor) who has diagnosed BPPV, and has lateralized as well as localized the involved semicircular canal. If the treating doctor is satisfied with the fact that the patient will be able to correctly perform the Epley maneuver self, this can be taught to the patient who can do it. According to one study (Gustavo Polacow Korn et al. Repeated Epley’s maneuver in the same session in benign positional paroxysmal vertigo. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2007; 73 (4): 533-539) repeated Epley maneuvers in less sessions rendered more positional nystagmus-free patients when compared to those submitted to more sessions of single maneuvers. The Semont maneuver (also called the Liberatory maneuver or brisk treatment) is effective in get ridding of the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with a cure rate of 53% after one treatment and 76% to 90% after two treatments in patients with canalithiasis. The Semont maneuver involves the patient rapidly moved from lying on one side to lying on the other. A single 10 - 15 minute session is usually all that is required. The Semont maneuver is performed as per the following five steps: 1. The patient is asked to sit on a sturdy examination couch in such a way that his both lower limbs are dangling down the free edge of the couch and the treating doctor (or the physical therapist) is on the other side of the couch so that the back of the patient is towards the front of the doctor (or the physical therapist). 2. In this position the patient’s head is turned 45 degrees horizontally towards the unaffected ear. 3. The patient’s torso with the patient’s head is turned 45 degrees horizontally toward the unaffected ear is tilted to 105 degrees so that he is lying on the side of the affected ear with his head hanging and nose pointed upwards. Patient remains in this position for around 3 minutes - allowing debris to move to the apex of the ear canal. 4. The patient is then quickly moved from this tilted half supine position, holding patient’s head in place to the opposite side through a 180 degree sweep until he is lying on the side of the unaffected ear with his nose pointed towards the ground. Patient remains in this position for 3 minutes allowing the debris to move toward the common crus. 5. The patient is then slowly lifted back to the seated position. The debris/otoconia is presumed to fall into the utricle of the canal with this where it will no longer causes recurrent positional vertigo although a very severe vertigo with retropulsion often occurs when the patient is lifted to sit. The latter usually signifies a successful repositioning of the otoconia. This form of treatment, invented by Professor Thomas Brandt and Professor Robert B. Daroff is a series of repetitive exercises. The patient sits on a bed in such a way that his both lower limbs are dangling down the free edge of the bed. The patient turns his head 45° horizontally to one side and then rapidly lies to the opposite side. The patient remains in this position for about 20 seconds and then slowly sits up and waits for 20 seconds. The same movement with same head positioning is repeated on the opposite side. The whole sequence is done five times in each direction and is performed one to three times a day for up to two weeks. The exercises are continued till the patient has two consecutive days without any symptoms. The purpose of this treatment is to move the otoconia/debris in the SCC back and forth. The individual otoconia particles dissolve in the endolymph in hundred hours as per the studies carried out in the guinea pigs. Brandt-Daroff treatment is, therefore, believed to work by breaking up the otoconia to allow its dissolution rather than repositioning the otoconia in the utricle. Brandt-Daroff treatment is the optimal treatment for mild canalithiasis of the posterior or anterior SCC. This situation occurs when the patient still has symptoms but no signs of BPPV (absence of inducible nystagmus on the Dix-Hallpike testing) after a single treatment. This treatment can be used in patients with severe BPPV caused by canalithiasis or cupulolithiasis, but it is not the first choice because it causes vertigo during the maneuver and may takes up to two weeks for success. Canalith repositioning procedure has been established as an effective and safe therapy that should be offered to patients of all ages with posterior semicircular canal BPPV. Recommendations have been rated as Level A as per the published Class I studies. The Semont maneuver is possibly effective for PSCCBPPV but receives only a Level C recommendation based on a single Class II study. There are many experts who believe that the Semont maneuver is as effective as canalith repositioning procedure, based on currently published articles but according to AAN practice parameters committee, the Semont maneuver can only be classified as “possibly effective.” There is insufficient evidence to establish the relative efficacy of the Semont maneuver to CRP (Level U). The posterior semicircular canal owing to its gravity dependent position is the most commonly affected canal as the otoconia have the ease to enter this canal when the patient lies down. This is the reason why the posterior semicircular canal BPPV is the most common form accounting for approximately 85 to 90% of the cases of BPPV. Therefore unless otherwise qualified BPPV refers to posterior canal BPPV with the side (right or left) specifically lateralized. However 5 to 10% of patients of BPPV as per the different series of published scientific data have the horizontal canal BPPV. The Pagnini-McClure maneuver (also called the supine head turn maneuver or Roll test) is used to elicit the horizontal nystagmus. In this, the head is quickly rolled to one side, and nystagmus is looked for and the patient is asked to report any vertigo. The head is then slowly rolled back to a supine position. The head is then quickly rolled to the other side, and nystagmus is looked for and the patient is asked to report any vertigo. Whether it is canalithiasis or cupulolithiasis, the patient would have nystagmus and vertigo when they are rolled to either side but the type of nystagmus would differ in these two types of BPPV. For canalithiasis, the nystagmus is transient and the direction of the quick phases is toward the earth (geotropic). This is because the cupula bends up as the otoconia moves through the SCC, which transiently increases the firing rate in the nerve from horizontal SCC. For cupulolithiasis, the nystagmus is sustained and the direction of the quick phases is away from earth (ageotropic). This is because the cupula bends down caused by the weight of the otoconia, which causes a sustained decrease in the firing rate in the nerve from the horizontal SCC. Thus a horizontal canal BPPV also has two variants- a canalithiasis caused variant and another cupulithiasis caused variant. Barbeque roll over maneuver or Lempert’s maneuver has been found to be an optimal form of treatment is for severe forms of horizontal SCC BPPV caused by canalithiasis. It can be used as an alternative treatment for horizontal SCC BPPV caused by mild canalithiasis. In the Barbeque roll over maneuver, the patient lies on his or her back on the examination bed with the affected ear down (the affected ear is being identified as the side that causes the most nystagmus and vertigo during the roll test.) The patient's head is then slowly rolled away from the affected ear until the nose is pointing up; the patient stays in this position for about 15 seconds or until the dizziness stops, whichever is more. The patient then continues to rolls the head in the same direction until the affected ear is up and remains in that position for 15 seconds or until the dizziness stops whichever is more. The patient then rolls the head and body in the same direction until the nose is down and remains there for 15 seconds. Finally, the head and body are rolled in the same direction to the original position with the affected ear down. After 15 seconds the patient then slowly sits up keeping his or her head level pitched down 30°. The Barbeque roll over maneuver is more or less same for canalithiasis or cupulithiasis variant of the horizontal canal BPPV but each head turn is performed as quickly as possible in the latter variant as per some authorities in this subject. The Barbeque roll over maneuver or Lempert’s maneuver for right horizontal canal BPPV is depicted below. Step I. The patient lies on his back om the examination couch with his right ear down. Step II. The head is then slowly rolled away from right side until the face is pointing up and remains in this position for 15 seconds or till vertigo ceases. Step III. The head is then rolled in the same direction until the right ear is up and remains in this position for 15 seconds or till vertigo ceases. Step IV. The head and body are then rolled in the same direction until they are face down and remains in this position for 15 seconds or till vertigo ceases. Step V. The head and body are then rolled in the same direction until they reach the original position with right ear down and remains in this position for 15 seconds or till vertigo ceases. After 15 seconds the patient then slowly sits up keeping his or her head level pitched down 30°.	<urn:uuid:dfdd7f9b-cb1e-41a8-a8e2-ed03e275bf84>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://dizziness.webs.com/bppv.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00416.warc.gz	en	0.929449	3,275	2.828125	3
Croydon tram map. Croydon map (England) to print. Croydon map (England) to download. The London tramway network, Tramlink, was introduced in South London in 2000. The London tramway network connects Wimbledon to Croydon via Beckenham (The Croydon tram map), where it proved to be a mode of transport popular. Any access to trams is simple, it is not necessary to use ramps or other special functions to board. Tram travel in London is free for all wheelchair users, even if they do not live in London and do not have a Freedom Pass. Each tram has two spaces for wheelchairs. There are priority places for the elderly and disabled. When the tram leaves each stop, the name of the next stop is announced or otherwise use the Croydon tram map. Croydon Tramlink is the United Kingdom's first tramway, carrying 22 million passengers a year on a modern 28-kilometer tram network covering South London. The line is largely on an east-west axis as shown by the Tramlink Croydon map. Tramlink in London has been a huge success and is the most reliable public transport service in the UK. The London tramway network must be equipped with an automatic braking system in response to safety recommendations following the Croydon tram crash. This network is visible on the London tram map. The new security measures will ensure that the tramway will automatically brake if it exceeds the maximum speed allowed at designated locations.	<urn:uuid:fc09d048-4d4e-4a0b-8d06-6c9190889e55>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://maps-london.com/croydon-map	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528013.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722113215-20190722135215-00251.warc.gz	en	0.899755	314	2.828125	3
In this course, students will work directly with the CoronaNet Research Project, one of the world’s largest Covid-19 policy trackers. You will learn how these type of data are collected and prepared for analysis and how they can be used to answer questions such as: How effective are these policies? How and why do they vary? What can we learn for the future from the global response to the Covid-19 pandemic? You will gain hands-on experience with data collection and coding, as well as learn strategies for analysing incomplete and often messy data to answer relevant and timely policy questions. In the process, you will also gain insights into the management and coordination of such a large-scale data collection project. This seminar will be very hands-on and requires students to spend significant amounts of time working with raw and incomplete data. In addition, the class will also examine existing literature on Covid-19 policies with an eye to how analyses might be enhanced with new or different kinds of data. The literature and policies investigated will depend, in part, on student interest and the final output will be in the form of a written paper or policy memo with accompanying data analysis. This course is for 2nd year MIA and MPP students only.	<urn:uuid:322de4f3-b0df-4622-b87f-7e05a4b05481>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://www.hertie-school.org/en/study/course-catalogue/course/course/making-sense-of-messy-data-analysing-government-responses-to-covid-19	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00452.warc.gz	en	0.940198	257	2.546875	3
About this project: A friend of mine showed me the Super Mario Bros. board game. It's clearly designed for kids, but I was posed an interesting question: what's the probability of winning on the first turn? Well, it's not that interesting, but still. Each roll has a 1/3 chance of moving one space, 1/3 chance of moving two spaces, 1/6 chance of moving one or two spaces (your choice), and 1/6 chance of having to end your turn...unless you have 4 coins to spend to get an extra life. You also end your turn if you land in an obstacle such as water or fire. Here's a good picture of the game board. So, as you can see in the Python script used to calculate the results, the main recursive part is pretty straightforward. Here are the probabilities of winning a game on the first turn under the following conditions: \|Normal\|\|.77766475% (1 in 129)\| \|Ignoring obstacles\|\|7.73834380% (1 in 12.9)\| \|Not picking up coins\|\|.00000656% (1 in 15238260)\| \|Not picking up coins and ignoring obstacles\|\|.00318851% (1 in 31362)\| \|Starting with 4 coins\|\|2.07943427% (1 in 48.1)\| \|Starting with 8 coins\|\|4.07525193% (1 in 24.5)\| \|Starting with 13 coins\|\|7.94019973% (1 in 12.6)\| \|Starting with 38 coins\|\|51.23511673% (1 in 2.0)\| So, you have a 1 in 129 chance of winning on the first turn, which is a lot better than I had expected. Ignoring obstacles is a pretty big help, about equivalent to starting with 13 coins. You have to start with 38 coins to get more than a 50% chance to win on the first turn. Here's a graph illustrating the effect of starting with coins (generated with Gnuplot from this script): The stair-stepping effect happens because if you don't pick up any coins, starting with 3 is no better than starting with 0 (since every 4 is a free life). Here's a graph of your probability of winning depending on what square you're on (and how many coins you have), generated from this script. The faint vertical lines indicate squares with obstacles. It's interesting that your probability of winning actually goes down through World 1, presumably because there are a lot of coins and mushrooms you should be getting.	<urn:uuid:0411a6f8-d400-4dec-bb68-5228a4e43e31>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://gregstoll.dyndns.org/~gregstoll/mariosolver/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998369.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617022938-20190617044938-00440.warc.gz	en	0.9445	541	3.1875	3
2. To awaken dislike in; to displease. Disliking countenance. . It dislikes me. 3. A feeling of positive and usually permanent aversion to something unpleasant, uncongenial, or offensive; disapprobation; repugnance; displeasure; disfavor; the opposite of liking or fondness. God's grace . . . Gives him continual dislike to sin. (Hammond) The hint malevolent, the look oblique, The obvious satire, or implied dislike. (Hannah More) We have spoken of the dislike of these excellent women for Sheridan and fox. (j. Morley) His dislike of a particular kind of sensational stories. (a. W. Ward) 4. Discord; dissension. Synonym: Distaste, disinclination, disapprobation, disfavor, disaffection, displeasure, disrelish, aversion, reluctance, repugnance, disgust, antipathy. dislike, Aversion, Reluctance, Repugnance, disgust, Antipathy. Dislike is the more general term, applicable to both persons and things and arising either from feeling or judgment. It may mean little more than want of positive liking, but antipathy, repugnance, disgust, and aversion are more intense phases of dislike. Aversion denotes a fixed and habitual dislike, as, an aversion to or for business. Reluctance and repugnance denote a mental strife or hostility something proposed (repugnance being the stronger), as, a reluctance to make the necessary sacrifices, and a repugnance to the submission required. Disgust is repugnance either of taste or moral feeling, as, a disgust at gross exhibitions of selfishness. Antipa 6d1 thy is primarily an instinctive feeling of dislike of a thing, such as most persons feel for a snake. When used figuratively, it denotes a correspondent dislike for certain persons, modes of acting, etc. Men have an aversion to what breaks in upon their habits, a reluctance and repugnance to what crosses their will, a disgust at what offends their sensibilities, and are often governed by antipathies for which they can give no good reason. Origin: Disliked; Disliking.	<urn:uuid:48dda184-c57e-4215-bbf2-c152b27ccfc0>	CC-MAIN-2016-22	http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Dislike	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049282275.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002122-00063-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.894497	466	2.828125	3
Python is a powerful language for data preparation, but there are some common mistakes or pitfalls folks may encounter. In this blog post, I’ll discuss five of the most common issues folks encounter when using Python for data preparation. 1. Considering missing values (`NaN`) as false. False, None, and 0 (of any numeric type) all evaluate to False. This set of objects and values are known as “falsy” and will evaluate to false. NaN or missing values are not falsy and therefore will not evaluate to false. This can cause much confusion and unexpected behavior by many operations. 2. Attempting to compare missing values It seems simple enough that NaN == NaN will return true. Both values “look” the same. However, as it’s impossible to know if the two missing values are the same, this operation will always return false. 3. Thinking that all() only returns true when all elements are true. all() method returns true if all elements of the iterable are true (or if the iterable is empty). Don’t think of it as “Return true if all the elements of the iterable are true,” but instead “Return true if there are no false elements in the iterable.” When the iterable is empty, there can be no false elements within it, meaning all() evaluates to True. Your keys to a better career Get started with ACG and transform your career with courses and real hands-on labs in AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and beyond. 4. Converting to bool values Pandas follows the numpy convention of raising an error when you try to convert something to a bool. This happens in an if or when using the Boolean operations, and, or, or not. It is not clear what the result should be. Should it be True because it is not zero-length? False because there are False values? It is unclear, so instead, Pandas raises a ValueError: The truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool() a.item(),a.any() or a.all(). 5. Understanding the results of the isin() operation. isin() operation returns a Boolean series showing whether each element in the Series is exactly contained in the passed sequence of values. s = pd.Series(['dog', 'cat', 'fish']) >>> s.isin(['bird']) 0 False 1 False 2 False dtype: bool Note that ‘bird’ does not exist in the series. >>> s.isin(['bird', 'cat']) 0 False 1 True 2 False dtype: bool Note ‘cat’ does exist in the 2nd value of the series. Learn more aboutusing Python for data preparation Python is a powerful language, but confusion can arise around missing and boolean values. Keep in mind that missing values are considered false and they cannot be compared. When using the all() method, remember that it returns true when there are no false values in the iterable. If all values are missing, like in the case of an empty array, all() also returns true as missing values are not considered false. If you receive a ValueError when attempting to convert to bool values, be sure to take the helpful advice and use one of the suggested methods. Looking to learn more about using Python for data preparation? Check out our Data Preparation (Import and Cleaning) for Python course.	<urn:uuid:38bdf0f6-36c3-4bc0-b2a1-e5995ee763fe>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://acloudguru.com/blog/engineering/5-common-python-pitfalls-for-data-preparation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300934.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118152809-20220118182809-00527.warc.gz	en	0.811626	760	2.8125	3
What does ‘mindful teaching’ mean to you? First, what does mindfulness mean? Mindfulness is a study of mind and heart from “the inside.” It is a moment-by-moment awareness of thoughts, feelings, and sensations illuminating how interdependent you are with other people and your world. Without being judgmental, it notices whatever arises as a potential learning event. It is both a practice, as in meditation, and is also a quality of awareness or of being in the world. When I first started teaching, like most educators, I made a number of mistakes. When you make a mistake, it is easy to get down on yourself, and then you don’t learn all that you could. The more mindful I became, the more I could take in, the less judgmental I was, and the more I thought of my students as my teachers. Mindfulness can be practiced either at a set time every day, or whenever you can do it. You might practice mindfulness because it reduces stress and strengthens your ability to focus and learn. But if you practice mindfulness just for what you can get from it, you concentrate on your idea of who you will become in some future time and miss the whole moment you are doing it.	<urn:uuid:8c4f1f46-a4aa-4c57-962d-bc3fe638c442>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://irarabois.com/tag/authenticity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00411.warc.gz	en	0.967599	264	3.390625	3
Compressed Air to Shoot Packages Into Moving Train (Jun, 1933) Sounds great, what could possibly go wrong? Compressed Air to Shoot Packages Into Moving Train ENGAGING the attention of mechanical engineers who are trying to figure out ways and means of restoring the railroads to a profit-making basis, is the idea illustrated above, in which a torpedo-tube containing packages of mail or express is shot into the funnel-like car at the rear of a moving train, making it unnecessary to stop and pick up small shipments. Such are the wonders of compressed air that the stunt is perfectly feasible. The streamlined steel container would be inserted in the pneumatic gun. The passing train, reaching a certain point, would trip a release valve which would send a charge of compressed air into the gun. Another track contact would then be closed and the torpedo tube would shoot automatically into the compartment built to receive it. Torpedo speed would be but slightly greater than that of the train.	<urn:uuid:738bacf1-48bf-4979-a877-825536199061>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://blog.modernmechanix.com/compressed-air-to-shoot-packages-into-moving-train/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690112.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924171658-20170924191658-00175.warc.gz	en	0.964486	203	2.546875	3
October 28, 2009 A group of 'friend or foe' scent molecules have been isolated from colonies of Argentine ants. Researchers writing in the open access journal BMC Biology identified and synthesized the scents, describing how applying them to worker ants resulted in attacks from their former colony-mates. Neil Tsutsui and colleagues, from the University of California, Berkeley, USA, worked with a team of researchers from the University of California, Irvine to carry out the ant experiments. He said, "Chemical signaling is the most ancient mode of communication, and it is still used in some form by all organisms. The elaborate social systems of ants are largely regulated by chemical signals, but very little is known about the chemical labels that define colony membership".Tsutsui and his colleagues first identified candidate molecules for colony-mate recognition by looking for chemical differences between ants that fought. They then synthesized seven of these molecules in pure form and tested their ability to induce aggression among worker ants from the same colony. Finally, they tested the behavioral responses to changes in the quantity of these cues, and how combinations of different scents affected the expression of aggression toward treated colony-mates. Speaking about the discovery, Tsutsui said, "The fact that application of these chemicals can make formerly friendly animals flare their mandibles, recoil, bite, grab and use chemical defenses suggests that we have provided some of the first insights into the identity of ant colony-mate recognition cues. Future studies will be able to apply these findings to exploration of social evolution, sensory ecology, neurophysiology and invasion biology". On the Net:	<urn:uuid:5643fd1a-cb98-4ebc-bc4e-91b82295e8b2>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1776716/ant_fight/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718303.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00354-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950702	324	3.109375	3
From LawSchoolToolBox about an approach to learning for law school students. We find this interesting, because our “Diagrams and Flowcharts” sections of our study guides are a small attempt at visual learning. Check out the full article below. We recently sat down with Kipp Mueller, co-founder of SketchyLaw, an innovative visual review supplement for law school and bar exam students. Using hand drawn original video scenes, SketchyLaw aims to help students review and remember important legal concepts in a unique way. We spoke to Kipp about the story of SketchyLaw, how it works, and why he thinks law students will benefit from signing up. SketchyLaw is structured as a “freemium” program, meaning we have several videos you can access for free and if you pay a small fee, you get access to the full curriculum. Our goals are to be student friendly, cheap, and easy to use. We don’t try to nickel and dime our students; we just have one simple price. At the end of the day, the program was made by law students, for law students. Read full article at lawschooltoolbox.com Law School Toolbox asks the following excellent question: “Why not just wait until the end of your course or the second half of the course to start outlining?” A recent post offers these three reasons: - The process of trying to outline a legal topic will force you to discover whether or not you understand that legal topic. - Chances are you will get more help from your law professors if you approach them early in the semester. - Doing a complete and concise outline will ensure you receive the highest grades you are capable of on law school exams! Good reasons, and some more fine advice in this post, which you can read by clicking below: Read full article at lawschooltoolbox.com Some good reading from Girls Guide to Law School, Law School Toolbox, and Bar Exam Toolbox: For more, click below. Read full article at thegirlsguidetolawschool.com VisuaLaw Study Guide Vol 1: Introduction to Common Law (CLRI) is a three-part study aid for UK law students to help prepare for exams. The book contains three sections: Outlines, Diagrams, and Exam Study Sheets. Outlines are detailed outlines of the course material, arranged by topic. Diagrams are perfect companions to the Outlines, containing flow charts, diagrams, and other visual aids for each topic. Exam Study Sheets are condensed outlines, perfect for getting the ‘big picture,’ for revising, and for testing yourself on the details. All three sections include statutes, cases, and key terms, arranged to maximize your studying, memorizing, and revising/reviewing. For more, visit www.legalyankee.com Available as PDF download or as paperback from Amazon. Read more at legalyankee.com A number of new recordings are available from Norman Baird at London Law Lectures. These are excellent resources for deepening your knowledge, and a great benefit to revision before exams. Here are some samples: Law of Contract Consideration: Issues covered include: identifying consideration; the requirement that consideration must move from the promisee; sufficiency and adequacy of consideration constrasted;past consideration; pre-existing duties – public law duty, duty owed to third party; duty to owed to ‘contracting’ party; agreements to pay more; agreements to accept less. Lecturer: Gianni Vuolo. Duration 46 minutes (approx) CLICK HERE Promissory Estoppel: Issues covered include: Origin of the doctrine of promissory estoppel; Requirements of the doctrine: a clear and unequivocal promise, reliance on the promise, inequitable to go back on the promise; Effect of promissory estoppel on pre-existing rights; Relationship between promissory estoppel and the case of Foakes v Beer. Lecturer: Gianni Vuolo.Duration 46 minutes CLICK HERE Equity and Trusts Resulting trusts: In this lecture the following topics are considered: the classification of resulting trusts – ‘automatic’ and ‘presumed’ resulting trusts, failure of transfer of equitable title, Quistclose trusts, surplus of trusts funds, purchase of property in the name of another, voluntary transfer of property to another; the presumption of advancement; rebuttal of the presumptions; the admissibility of evidence of intended unlawful activity; the theoretical basis for resulting trusts. Lecturer: Mohamed Ramjohn. Duration: 35 minutes (approx) CLICK HERE Homicide – Loss of Control: In this lecture the partial defence to murder of loss of control in s54 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 is considered in detail. Lecturer: Norman Baird. Duration: 47 minutes (approx).CLICK HERE LLL also offers revision seminars and is now open for 2017 sessions. Booking is now open. The seminars take place at University College London, Gower Street. London WC1. Click here for more information. Read full article at us2.campaign-archive2.com	<urn:uuid:21c3f10e-82b7-4730-a2cb-3b3a5634d834>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	https://legalyankee.com/category/studying/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119782.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00321-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916379	1,085	2.53125	3
Paul’s Fourth Missionary Journey: Paul was acquitted before emperor Nero, ca. AD 62 (see 2 Timothy 4:16-17; Acts 28:16, 30-31). Paul may have then left on a mission to Spain, cf. Romans 15:24, 28, but no evidence of such a journey has been found. Paul’s possible fourth missionary journey may have gone like this: 1 – To Crete, which Paul had passed by on his voyage to Rome, and where after some undisclosed time spent on the Island he left Titus to continue the ministry there, Titus 1:5. 2 – To Miletus, where Paul left Trophimus who was ill, and to Ephesus, where he left Erastus, 2 Timothy 4:20, and possibly to Colossae, Philippians 1:22 (cf. Tychicus, 2 Timothy 4:12). 3 – To Troas, where Paul left Carpus and his coat, and possibly his books and parchments, 2 Timothy 4:13. 4 – To Macedonia, 1 Timothy 1:3. 5 – To Achaia, 1 Timothy 3:14; 4:13 6 – To Nicopolis, Titus 3:12. 7 – To Rome, (Mamertine) prison. 2 Timothy 1:8, 16–17; 2:9; (beheaded, ca. AD 67) 2 Timothy 4:6. The Island of Crete The Island of Crete (formerly known as Candia when a colony of Venice) is in the southern portion of the Aegean Sea which is a branch of the Mediterranean Sea. Crete is 160 miles long and 35 miles wide at its widest point, with 3,219 square miles in total area. It features lowland hills to the east and a central mountainous ridge to the west with one mountain of over 8,000 feet. The central Messara Valley is a rich alluvial plain. Homer spoke of the 100 cities of Crete (Illiad 2.649), the Hellenistic period identified 40 towns, and the Roman period 20. Philo identified a Jewish community on Crete. Paul first saw Crete from the deck of a ship that was “coasting” along the south shore westward from Salmone to Lasea. He was a prisoner of the Roman centurion, Julian, being transported from Caesarea to Rome. They had changed ships at Myra in Lycia, boarding a grain transport from Alexandria. Sailing with difficulty, “under the lee of Crete…we came to a place called Fair Havens.” Against Paul’s advice, the owner and the pilot of the ship along with the centurion determined to winter at Phoenix. But they were struck by a strong northeaster, driving them out to sea… (see Acts 27). It is quite possible that there were already believers on the Island when Paul and Titus arrived. Cretan Jews attended the Pentecost feast in Jerusalem and heard Peter’s inaugural Gospel sermon (see Acts 2:11). Were some of these among the 3,000 who obeyed the Gospel on that day? Titus was written ca. AD 63, some thirty years after that Pentecost. During that period Christianity had spread throughout the Roman world, including nearby Achaia with Corinth and the Peloponnese. One of the problems that plagued the Gentile church were Judaizing teachers. These appeared to be already present in Crete when the missionaries arrived (see Titus 1:13, 14; 3:9). Thus their mission included both evangelism and church building. So we ponder, did Paul see the Island beckoning for the Gospel as he “coasted” by? Did this prompt him to return to Crete shortly after he won his freedom in Rome to proclaim the Lord Jesus there? Titus is mentioned in the NT thirteen times. He was a long-time friend, fellow-believer, and co-worker in the Gospel with Paul. He accompanied Paul on his mission to Crete, and remained there to complete the work begun. In ca. AD 50, Titus accompanied Paul and Barnabas at that decisive council of “elders and apostles” that met in Jerusalem to consider if Gentile believers were required to keep the Law (see Acts 15:1-21). Paul wrote to the Galatians concerning this meeting, “I took Titus along with me” (Galatians 2:1). And Titus became sort of a case study, as Paul said, “But even Titus…was not forced to be circumcised” (vs. 3). Titus was important to Paul in his relation with the church at Corinth. In his second letter to this church, Paul acknowledged that he anticipated word concerning them from Titus when he arrived in Troas, but Titus was not there (2 Corinthians 2:12–13). Paul went on to Macedonia where he was under great stress. The subsequent arrival of Titus was a godsend for Paul, “But God, who comforts the downcast, comforted us by the coming of Titus, and not only by his coming but also by the comfort with which he comforted you, as he told us of your longing, your mourning, your zeal for me, so that I rejoiced still more” (2 Corinthians 7:6, 7). Thus Titus was a source of encouragement to the Corinthian church in this difficult time: Paul wrote, “And besides our own comfort, we rejoiced still more at the joy of Titus, because his spirit has been refreshed by all of you. For whatever boasts I made to him about you, I was not put to shame. But just as everything we said to you is true, so also our boasting before Titus has proved true. And his affection for you is even greater, as he remembers the obedience of you all, how you received him with fear and trembling” (2 Cor. 7:13b–15). Paul had undertaken a major effort of charity—in which the poor Jewish believers of Judea would receive charitable assistance from the Gentile believers of Macedonia and Greece. Paul wrote, “Accordingly, we urged Titus that as he has had started, so he should complete among you this act of grace” (2 Corinthians 8:6). Later in his Letter to the Corinthians in this regard, Paul again spoke of the value of Titus: “But thanks be to God who put into the heart of Titus the same earnest care I have for you. For he not only accepted our appeal, but being himself very earnest he is going to you of his own accord. With him we are sending the brother who is famous among all the churches…. As for Titus, he is my partner and fellow worker for your benefit” (vs. 16–17, 23). In closing his letter to the Corinthians, Paul wrote, “Did I take advantage of you through any of those whom I sent to you? I urged Titus to go…. Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not act in the same spirit?” (2 Corinthians 12:17–18). In Paul’s Letter to Titus, he refers to Titus, “…my true child in a common faith” (Titus 1:4). After completing his mission in Crete, Titus would be replaced by either Artemas or Tychicus, and Paul hoped to see Titus in Nicopolis over the winter (Titus 3:12). In Paul’s last writing, he reported, “Titus has gone to Dalmatia” (i.e. Croatia; 2 Timothy 4:10c). Three highlights of spiritual grace that make this letter a gem: 1) The greeting, “Paul, a servant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ, for the sake of the faith of God’s elect and their knowledge of the truth, which accords with godliness, in hope of eternal life, which God, who never lies, promised before the ages began, and at the proper time manifested in his word through the preaching with which I have been entrusted by the command of God the Father and Christ Jesus our Saviour” (Titus 1:1b–3). 2) The wonder, “For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation for all people, training us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age, waiting for our blessed hope, the appearing of the glory of our great God and Saviour Jesus Christ, who gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself a people for his own possession who are zealous for good works” (Titus 2:11–14). 3) The work, “But when the goodness and loving kindness of God our Saviour appeared, he saved us, not because of the works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewal of the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out on us richly through Jesus Christ , our Saviour, so that being justified by his grace we might become heirs according to the hope of eternal life” (Tit. 3:4–7). These three passages are each one continuous sentence in the original Koine Greek. In English they would be considered run-on sentences. (A number of translations break them into shorter sentences; the ESV, used here, maintains the original continuity.) But in the original they are a study of carefully crafted statements. The letter includes qualifications for elders, marking of the Judaizers, and citing Christian duty according to age and citizenship. Paul emphasizes the importance of good works: 1:16, 2:7, 2:14, 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.	<urn:uuid:75d2c327-d690-46f1-949b-731e4368ab20>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://gospelherald.org/book-of-titus-a-gem-introduction-to-titus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154897.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804174229-20210804204229-00422.warc.gz	en	0.974248	2,066	2.59375	3
CHAPEL HILL, N.C., July 21 (UPI) -- Using a common cold virus to deliver a corrected gene to cystic fibrosis cells restores normal function to lung tissue, researchers in North Carolina said. The treatment is the most efficient gene therapy for cystic fibrosis to be found in the last 20 years, researchers at the University of North Carolina said Tuesday in a release. The next step is to ensure the safety of the delivery system so it can be administered to cystic fibrosis patients, who suffer from thicker-than-normal mucus that clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening infections, said lead researcher Ray Pickles, calling the discovery a "giant leap forward." The common cold virus evolved to infect human airways. Using that virus to transmit corrected genes improved the ability of lung cells to hydrate and transport mucus secretions, Pickles and his team wrote in the July 21 issue PLoS Biology, the journal of the Public Library of Science.	<urn:uuid:f444201f-1845-4c99-81e2-83428e5408e6>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2009/07/21/Cold-virus-used-in-cystic-fibrosis-study/UPI-19801248196759/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806066.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120130647-20171120150647-00443.warc.gz	en	0.933478	205	2.8125	3
It starts out like any other cold or flu virus: sore throat, chills, an elevated fever and perhaps headaches or nausea. But if the lymph nodes swell up and become sore as well, you might want to have your child open her mouth and take a look. Chances are, if you see bright red, swollen tonsils flecked with white, your child doesn't have a mere cold – they have strep throat. Brette Sember, mother of two from Basom, N.Y., knows the symptoms of strep throat all too well, having been through several bouts of the infection known to doctors as streptococcus. When her family comes down with strep, Sember is the hardest hit. "Whenever one of the kids gets it, I always get it, and it is harder for me to get rid of it than it is for them," she says. "Last time I took five different antibiotics before it finally went away." Strep throat is an infection caused by a bacterium called Group A Streptococcus. It can occur at any age, but is most common in school-aged children. At most, only about one in 10 sore throats in children are caused by strep. "It's very contagious," says Dr. Russell A. Faust, chair of otolaryngology at the Children's Hospital and Research Center of Michigan. "Strep throat is spread from person to person. The bacterium is spread by coughs, sneezes, hands and kisses through direct contact with mucus secretions from the nose or throat of infected persons or through the air." People with strep throat can spread it to others until 24 hours after beginning antibiotic treatment or for up to three weeks if not treated with antibiotics. Dr. Faust recommends washing your hands regularly when caring for a child with strep and to throw those used towels and pillowcases quickly into the wash. Symptoms of Strep Common symptoms of strep throat include: - Sore throat. - Fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit. - Noticeable swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes in the neck. - Swollen, bright red tonsils, flecked with white. - Possible headaches or nausea. "These are not conclusive signs," says Dr. Faust. "A bad cold or flu can cause such symptoms too, and they often occur at the same time of year: between October and April. But a strep throat usually lasts longer than a sore throat associated with the cold or flu. If the throat looks bad and lasts for more than a couple days, call your pediatrician." Strep left untreated can cause a variety of complications. If the bacteria linger too long in your child's throat without treatment, they can cause the most common complication: a pocket of white blood cells (pus) which develop into an abscess. Clearing this abscess usually requires surgery by an ear, nose and throat doctor. According to Dr. Faust, your child's immune system makes antibodies that not only attack strep, but can also attack normal kidney and heart cells. "Possible complications also include rheumatic fever, with damage to the joints and heart valves," says Dr. Faust. "All of these complications can be life threatening." Like the Sembers, Lisa Easterling's family is very familiar with the symptoms and complications of strep. There have been times when her family had the illness every couple of months for an entire flu season. Easterling not only uses traditional medicine to treat her family, but has recently begun to employ alternative treatments as well. "I've always thought it made sense that there should be natural ways to treat illness," says the mother of five from Brandon, Fla. "I did some reading and found that vitamin A deficiency may be linked to recurrent tonsillitis, so I added that to the vitamin C, garlic and zinc we normally use." Dr. Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill, of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, believes that penicillin is the drug of choice when it comes to treating strep throat. "This can be given as a one-time injection in the office," says Dr. Guzman-Cottrill. "It can also be treated with antibiotics by mouth; however, the oral treatment is a 10-day course of antibiotics. It is very important that your child completes all 10 days of antibiotics." Missing a dose or two, or stopping after a couple of days when the symptoms clear, can give the remaining strep bacteria a chance to develop resistance to the antibiotic. It can then come back with a worse infection. After the first 24 hours of antibiotic treatment your child can be considered non-contagious, though basic safety precautions, such as frequent hand-washing, should be taken when caring for any sick child. It's important to make your child as comfortable as possible while they are recovering from strep throat. "Strep throat can make eating painful," says Dr. Guzman-Cottrill. "Soft foods such as mashed potatoes, applesauce and yogurts can be easier to eat, and cold foods such as ice cream, mild shakes and Popsicles can make your child's throat feel better. Plenty of liquids are very important, especially when your child is running a fever." Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can temporarily relieve fever and pain. Never give your child aspirin, as it can cause Reyes syndrome and can be life threatening when it is used in children who have the flu. Gargling with warm salt water (1/4 teaspoon salt in 1 cup of warm water) can also help ease throat pain. For Easterling, care goes beyond medications and soft foods. "Sometimes the old remedies truly are the best ones," she says. "There is nothing like serving up a warm bowl of fresh homemade chicken soup (with lots of garlic and black pepper) to a sick child, covering him/her with soft blankets and fluffy pillows. Skin-to-skin contact, a soothing voice and gentle kindness provide the perfect medicine. And one should never underestimate the healing properties of love!"	<urn:uuid:ce2d7f3e-4199-4088-bca1-115e37233b6b>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://family.go.com/parenting/pkg-school-age/article-797269-strep-throat-t/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164023039/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133343-00019-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959433	1,272	3.25	3
The Blue Economy approach is based on a vision of "improved wellbeing and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities" (UNEP 2013). As such, Blue Economy initiatives support the creation of a low-carbon, resource-efficient, socially-inclusive society. The achievement of global sustainability goals feeds local objectives, and conversely, global successes are built on effective local implementation. As such, the services, benefits and values documented by initial Blue Economy efforts were and are seen as crucial not only for local communities and coastal states, but also the world as a whole (UNEP, 2015, p.8). The fact that oceans and seas (as well as rivers, waterways and estuaries) matter for sustainable development is undeniable. Two thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water. The oceans1 are widely accepted as the incubator of all life forms. They are a fundamental yet delicate part of the Earth's biosphere and essential to sustaining life on the planet. Oceans serve a variety of purposes, all critical to the sustenance and preservation of human life. Among other things, they provide food and minerals, generate oxygen, absorb greenhouse gases (GHG), mitigate climate change, influence weather patterns and temperatures and serve as highways for human transport and sea-borne trade (UNCTAD, 2014, p.1). The link between humans and the oceans has been fundamental to the development of human civilisation. Today, more than 3 billion people live in close proximity to the coast. This number is bound to rise with population growth, urban drift and increasing demand for accommodation close to oceans and seas. The high level of dependence of humans on marine assets is putting unprecedented pressure on marine ecosystems to service the ever-increasing demands of the growing global population. There is therefore an increasing need for regulation on the basis of an appropriate balance between the demand for oceans' natural resources and their sustainability (UNCTAD, 2014, p.1). Healthy oceans and seas are essential to a more sustainable future for all. This is particularly true in the case of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). However, oceans are facing significant existential ecological risks that can negatively affect the social and economic prospects of all countries, particularly SIDS and coastal States that are acutely dependent on oceans. Some of these risks are a rise in sea levels due to climate change; acidification of oceans resulting from increased emissions of carbon dioxide; overexploitation and poor management of marine resources, including fisheries; wastewater runoff; deposit of pollutants into waterways; and the compromise of the seabed as a consequence of mineral resource prospecting and extraction (UNCTAD, 2014, p.1). 12 Dec 2018 - The conference concluded with hundreds of commitments to advance a sustainable Blue Economy, from plastics and waste management; fisheries development; financing; infrastructure to climate change and more.	<urn:uuid:c530d661-cd57-4d03-898c-1c41bedaa0d7>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.oceanactionhub.org/thematic-area/blue-economy?page=1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257481.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524004222-20190524030222-00472.warc.gz	en	0.933207	584	3.640625	4
Native to Canada and Eastern United States, boneset is a flowering plant belonging to the family of Asteraceae. Boneset is known by various names across the world like wild Isaac, wild sage, sweat plant, feverwort, crossword, wood boneset, vegetable antimony, agueweed, eupatorium, teasel, and throughway. This large, hairy, perennial herb generally grows to a height of around 1.5 meters. The boneset plant usually grows in meadows, thickets, low woods, and stream banks. Its stem is thick and hairy, featuring a rough texture. The leaves of the plant are oppositely positioned with a length of around 8 inches. Measuring around ½ inch across, the flowers of the plant contain 7 to 11 florets. The fruits are black and dry with a tiny tuft. According to various studies, boneset contains flavonoids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, vitamins, sesquiterpene lactones, sterols, diterpenes, and minerals like phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. History of Boneset Plant Boneset was originally used by the early Americans for relieving fever, such as malaria and dengue. The history of boneset plant can be traced back to 100 BCE. This plant is also surrounded by a number of interesting folklores. Traditional Uses of Boneset Plant - Traditionally, boneset was used for: - Relieving skin diseases, acute bronchitis, influenza, various kinds of fever, and common cold. - Reducing the symptoms of arthritis. - Treating intestinal worms, diarrhea, and fibromyalgia. - Aiding digestive issues, such as loss of appetite, constipation, and indigestion. - The stems and leaves of boneset plant are packed with diaphoretic, antispasmodic, vasodilator, laxative, stimulant, and purgative properties. - Flavonoids present in boneset are used as a natural remedy for alleviating tumors. Top Proven Health Benefits of Boneset Plant Also nicknamed as ‘sweat plant, boneset is used for naturally alleviating many kinds of fevers by inducing sweat. Featuring diaphoretic properties, boneset promotes body sweating when consumed. This allows the body to cool down and even release potential toxic substances through the skin. Aids Digestive Problems Boneset is known to act as a natural remedy for fighting against a number of common digestive issues. Packed with diuretic and mild laxative properties, boneset acts as a powerful remedy for reliving constipation. It is also used for increasing appetite, treating indigestion, relieving stomach muscle tension, and eliminating stomach worms and parasites. A number of studies conducted in the past have proved that boneset is an excellent immune booster. Boneset triggers the production of WBCs that help in fighting against disease-causing micro-organisms. It also promotes immune response and ensures speedy recovery. Aids Respiratory Issues Packed with anti-catarrhal properties, boneset, when consumed can help eliminate mucous in the upper respiratory tract and offer relief from congestion. This powerful herb can also aid many viral respiratory infections, like flu and common cold. Boneset has long been used in homeopathic for the treatment of malaria. This herbal plant is known to relieve malaria by reducing the rate of multiplication of the ‘plasmodium’ parasite. Where to Buy Organic Boneset Powder From? Boneset is used across various industries across the world, including pharmaceuticals. If you are looking for organic boneset powder in bulk quantities, you can place your order now on Jeeva Organic at affordable rates. The above statements are not intended to cure any disease or comply with any health benefits. This is solely for information purposes. Please consult your doctor/health practitioner before consumption of the product. Although we take efforts to keep our website informative, we do not guarantee any medical benefits.	<urn:uuid:f2cfcb30-f46b-4b42-84da-7d79bbece2d5>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://bulksale.jeevaorganic.com/blog/top-surprising-health-benefits-of-boneset/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034930.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00516.warc.gz	en	0.913596	855	3.25	3
About 30 countries were developing cyber-attack capabilities as of 2016. Just as NATO and the EU are currently solving the issue of military mobility in the physical domain to enable allied forces to cross national borders quickly without legal, bureaucratic and technical obstacles, so should democratic states think about solutions enabling enhanced preparedness for military defence in the cyber domain, especially against authoritarian states. State-developed cyber capabilities are considered the greatest threat to national security. Russia, China, Iran and North Korea have the best cyber capabilities among authoritarian states and these are seen as the biggest security threats by the West. Western intelligence agencies have warned that hostile states have introduced malware into the infrastructure of essential services that can be activated for a destructive cyber-attack if needed. Cyberspace has become a domain of warfare over recent decades: states conduct cyber-attacks resulting in billions of dollars-worth of economic loss during peacetime (such as WannaCry and NotPetya ransomware), and cyber-attacks are part of every armed conflict. Military experts have opined that the state that first uses electronic means of warfare will change the course of a war. Cyber operations can cause much economic and political damage and are highly likely to influence a war if military command systems or weapons systems are paralysed or the information communicated through them is manipulated. Like many of its member states before, NATO declared in 2016 that cyberspace was an operational domain. The NATO Cyberspace Operations Centre was established in Belgium this year to plan and coordinate cyber activities. NATO allies can contribute their national cyber capabilities to NATO-led operations and the new centre is to provide the technical and procedural facilities for this. It has been proposed that, as cyberspace is a military domain just like land, sea, air and space, it should be defended by a separate service, or cyber operations should at least be planned, prepared and coordinated by an independent command acting the same way as other military commands, such as that for special operations. Among the 29 NATO members, at least eight have established an independent cyber command or service to date: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey and the US. NATO states such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK and the US also have cyber-attack capabilities in their military intelligence and/or national intelligence organisations. Over the years, Estonia has maintained a leading position in developing NATO’s cyber defence policy. Our political capital and competence must be maintained while enhancing national cyber-defence capabilities; this will require both financial and human resources, as well as creative ideas. In August 2018, the Estonian Defence Forces launched a cyber command, whose mission is to defend the country’s information systems and to assist NATO allies, and to prepare for conducting active cyber defence operations. The cyber command will include an operations centre that makes preparations for cyber and information operations during peacetime and wartime. Although Estonia’s strategic documents do not define active cyber defence, it generally means counteractivities against specific threats in cyberspace. These activities include cyber-attacks, i.e. unauthorised intrusion to the information systems (hacking) of another country. The cyber commands and forces of NATO allies perform various tasks, such as looking after the cybersecurity of armed forces’ data communication networks, information systems, infrastructure, weapons systems, etc.; procurement; and the recruitment and support of personnel and activities related to their career paths, education and training. As in traditional domains, the core task of the cyber command is to plan, prepare for and conduct cyber operations in cooperation with other military structures, especially military intelligence and operations directorates. What tasks should the Estonian cyber command perform? Cyber operations require situational awareness and early warning. In physical domains, a good overview of the situation can be provided by airborne surveillance radar or a reconnaissance drone, but creating a comprehensible and usable situation overview in the cyber domain is a far more complicated task. The great powers are known to have advanced cyber-intelligence and cyber-attack attribution capabilities. The Estonian cyber command should therefore serve to improve awareness of the cyberspace situation and exchange related information with NATO, individual allies and other strategic partners. Second, preparations should be made for cyber operations on the operational and tactical levels, especially to defend Estonia’s own forces and those of allies in the Baltic region. Cyber capabilities can be used on the tactical level, e.g. for influencing the local data communication network that the adversary uses in this geographical area. The third task is to provide mission assurance from the cybersecurity aspect. Commanders need assurance that military command and weapons systems, etc., provide reliable information. For example, electronic warfare and cyber-attacks can disturb the operation of GPS or alter GPS coordinates, which may lead to great damage to the armed forces. This task need not be exclusive to the command, as the land, naval and air forces have the best knowledge of their respective weapons systems and their dependencies. Fourth, the conduct of cyber operations is based on long-term clandestine intelligence and preparation, which can be carried out by military intelligence and/or the cyber command. The vision of the US Cyber Command states that, as hostile states continuously operate everywhere in cyberspace, counter-activities have to be based on the same principles. As the scope of cyberspace is almost incomprehensible and hostile states conduct cyber-attacks, espionage and related technical preparatory activities without interruption and throughout cyberspace, continuous and geographically unlimited intelligence, surveillance and preparations are also essential for defence purposes. An important principle in democratic states is political supervision over the activities of intelligence services and armed forces. The authority of these entities must therefore be delimited by law and adhered to. However, this is not the case in authoritarian states, which gives them an advantage in cyberspace. Democratic states have therefore begun to adjust their understanding and their legal systems. For example, the Netherlands extended the authority of its intelligence organisations to gather information in data communication networks, while the Finnish parliament is discussing a package of laws enabling military intelligence to conduct surveillance of such networks in Finland and abroad. In Germany, where the public is historically very sensitive about the authority of intelligence services, there is a debate over the need to allow them to “hack back” – which means that an authorised government agency would, for example, have the right to destroy stolen data in a foreign network. Democratic nations have so far vested the right to decide on the use of cyber operations in the highest political level. For example, in the US and France it is vested in the president; in the UK in the government; and in Germany and Estonia in parliament. For practical reasons, many states have now begun to delegate it to a lower level. As the success of cyber operations requires lengthy preparation and rapid and secret implementation, public debate such as in parliament is often impossible. The US Congress is currently discussing a bill that would authorise the Secretary of Defence to decide on the use of cyber operations in certain situations (such as countering cyber-attacks, the consequences of which are comparable with those of an armed attack or that seriously disrupt the continuity of essential services). The bill would also authorise the commander of the US Cyber Command to conduct surveillance outside the country’s borders and to conduct cyber and information operations to counter Russian cyber campaigns. Certain activities of the Cyber Command are also authorised under rules of engagement and other lower-level legislation. Just as NATO and the EU are currently solving the issue of military mobility in the physical domain to enable allied forces to cross national borders quickly without legal, bureaucratic and technical obstacles, so should democratic states think about solutions enabling enhanced preparedness for military defence in the cyber domain, especially against authoritarian states. To quote General Keith Alexander, former head of the US Cyber Command: the characteristics of war in cyberspace “are so radically different that they demand significant innovation and changes to the way we organise and conduct military operations in this domain.” Translated into English from an article published on July 24, 2018 in the Estonian-language daily Postimees. The original article is available at: arvamus.postimees.ee/5910307/piret-pernik-milleks-…	<urn:uuid:6f97d313-4c1e-49f3-b930-c938f40fade4>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://icds.ee/estonian-cyber-command-what-is-it-for/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999800.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625051950-20190625073950-00246.warc.gz	en	0.946738	1,675	2.9375	3
Introduction to Management Accounting: Chapters 1-14 (15th Edition) This text describes both theory and common practices in a way that will help readers understand how to produce information that’s useful in day-to-day decision-making. Managerial Accounting, the Business Organization, and Professional Ethics; Introduction to Cost Behavior and Cost-Volume Relationships; Measurement of Cost Behavior; Cost Management Systems and Activity-Based Costing; Relevant Information for Decision Making with a Focus on Pricing Decisions; Relevant Information for Decision Making with a Focus on Operational Decisions; Introduction to Budgets and Preparing the Master Budget; Flexible Budgets and Variance Analysis; Management Control Systems and Responsibility Accounting; Management Control in Decentralized Organizations; Capital Budgeting; Cost Allocation; Accounting for Overhead Costs; Job-Costing and Process-Costing Systems; Basic Accounting: Concepts, Techniques, and Conventions; Understanding Corporate Annual Reports: Basic Financial Statements; Understanding and Analyzing Consolidated Financial Statements For management professionals who would like to understand how to make effective economic decisions. Specifications of Introduction to Management Accounting: Chapters 1-14 (15th Edition) \|Author\|\|Charles T. Horngren, Gary L. Sundem, William O. Stratton, Dave Burgstahler\| \|Number Of Pages\|\|704\| Write a review Note: HTML is not translated! Rating: Bad Good Enter the code in the box below:	<urn:uuid:ff1da218-bb7c-4511-a61f-2b420c4f20f3>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://ergodebooks.com/introduction-to-management-accounting-chapters-1-14-(15th-edition)-DADAX0136102778	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00075-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.743194	305	2.96875	3
A creepy, crawly communiqué? There is increasing info about the importance of microbiome ? our in-house bacteria, virus and fungi team that assist daily bodily duties. Supposedly these critters make up 70% -90% of our cells, which means we are more them than us! I've been researching this wonderful advance in science for Manage Your Microbes, a cook class at Belmont Library on July 29th. San Mateo County Summer Library classes are free, fun and we hope you can make one. See a list of all the cook classes here. Our biggest microbe metropolises reside in mouth and large intestine, followed by the skin and genital tract. It appears some of our flora friends are junk food junkies and others prefer their fruits and veggies. Said another way, some seem to specialize in breaking down plants and fiber, and studies show thin people house more of these guys in their gut than obese folks. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis discovered that germ-free mice gained weight after receiving gut microbes transplanted from an obese person, but not when the microbes came from a lean person. Thin people appear to house a higher diversity of microbiome as well, which makes sense. Diversity in nature, agriculture and society make it stronger and healthier. Why wouldn't the same be true in and on our own bodies? Dr. Martin Blaser's new book, Missing Microbes, hypothesizes that the lack of microbes might cause or contribute to today's modern illnesses such as asthma, food allergies, juvenile diabetes, obesity and autism. He says two of the biggest reasons for microbe disruption could be 1) the overuse of antibiotics, and 2) the birth process itself. Science believes the fetus grows in a sterile environment. Baby's first exposure to the land of the living is the trip down the birth canal, where they bathe in, and swallow, an entire community of mom's bacteria. But the increase in Cesarean sections thwarts this key delivery system, possibly compromising a child's microbiome / immune system, which takes hold in the first three years of life. C-sections give baby more skin microbes rather than those found in the vagina, such as lactobacillus, a bacteria that helps baby digest mother's milk. In regards to obesity rates, where globally the U.S. ranks #1, science is starting to question if antibiotics play a role in the dramatic increase. We use antibiotics to promote growth in livestock. Maybe the same thing occurs in humans? By age 3, a child in the U.S. receives an average of 4 courses of antibiotics, compared to a Swedish child's 1.4 courses. By age 10, those numbers increase to 10-11 courses in the U.S. and only 4 for the Swedes. If science proves there is a cost to the possible benefit, such as increased obesity, autism, or food allergies, we may hesitate before showering our children with antibacterial pills and gels. If gut bacteria are proven to balance blood glucose levels, alter fat storage, and affect hormones that make us feel hungry or full, then the wrong mix might set the stage for obesity from the moment of birth. What's an eater to do? Eat More Vegetables of course! (plus whole grains and fruits). No one has said the veggie-loving microbes hang out on the veggies, and if we eat a lot of veggies, we eat a lot of them, but....right? For ideas on how, please check out my Easy Seasoning list if you haven't already. And for more ideas - we'll see you on July 29th.	<urn:uuid:ead17b32-33c9-453f-b57d-810876790e40>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.paloaltoonline.com/blogs/p/2014/07/08/manage-your-microbes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00486.warc.gz	en	0.930249	750	3.1875	3
Posted by Suwanna Thananupradit on January 19, 2017 in Soil Health Soil Renaissance Video Check out this great soils video from UK agricultural consultant John Geraghty. He covers the big picture on what happens when soil gets degraded as well as the key on farm strategies to use that improve soils and farms. Ruminants including domestic livestock, have been accused of causing damaging impacts on the global environment and human well-being. However, with appropriate management, ruminant livestock can play a significant role in efforts to reverse environmental damages caused by human mismanagement and neg...	<urn:uuid:6ff194d6-a7e6-44f0-b985-7f4f8b64cfb1>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://www.cqshs.farm/2017/01/19/the-soil-renaissance/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00687.warc.gz	en	0.951765	122	2.625	3
The National Malleefowl Monitoring Database LINK to the National Database Back in 1987 Joe Benshemesh started setting up sites for monitoring Malleefowl mounds in Victoria. Similar programs soon sprung up in SA and WA and grew steadily over the years, supported by volunteers in each state. Now, every year, hundreds of people gather information from more than 3000 mounds. At the 2004 Malleefowl forum in Mildura it was decided that all this information needed to be gathered into the one place...a national database! We needed to ensure that all of the data going into the database was collected and recorded in the same way so a set of guidelines were written (the National Malleefowl Monitoring Manual) and are available in the Library section of this website. With the growth of the digital age, we have seen vast improvements with data collection (using Palms and then GPS PDA’s and now smartphones), gathering of digital images of each mound, and the growth of the data base into an incredibly useful tool that also allows volunteers to see the outcome of their combined efforts. All volunteers can get access to the site. Of particular interest is the file of all past photos of the mounds. Each year another photo is added for each mound, resulting in a slide show of the many stages a mound can go through. The database is also an incredibly powerful tool for scientists to use when analysing mound use over the years, although its main function is to track trends in Malleefowl populations. Remember that we use mound activity as the best indicator of species survival; the greater the number of active mounds, the more Malleefowl out there in the bush. The database is still getting a few refinements but is already a fantastic resource just waiting to be taken to the next stage. It’s an amazing credit to all of our volunteers’ efforts over the many years of data collection and makes available some very important pieces of information. That is, how Malleefowl populations are going; where Malleefowl numbers are increasing and where they are decreasing. Knowing what the trends in Malleefowl populations are in different areas is not just an interesting thing to know. It immediately leads us to ask ‘why are Malleefowl doing better here than there?’ Answering this question informs us what the species requires to survive. The annually updated information also allows managers to target certain areas where the birds seem to be struggling, and to measure how effective different management actions are. The National Database can be found here Contact us if you would like to get involved in monitoring Malleefowl. The aggregated data produced through this database was gathered by many individuals, many of them volunteers, and is held in trust by the National Malleefowl Recovery Group Inc. The information will be used to provide management information to land managers or as directed by the National Malleefowl Recovery Team.	<urn:uuid:d19b9622-b85b-465f-ab2e-76d27b85dd16>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	http://www.nationalmalleefowl.com.au/the-national-malleefowl-monitoring-database.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867904.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526210057-20180526230057-00481.warc.gz	en	0.94916	607	2.765625	3
Social and cultural dimensions of hygiene in Cambodian health care facilities The frequency of bloodborne pathogen healthcare-associated infections is thought to be high in developing Southeast Asian Countries. The underlying social-cultural logics contributing to the risks of transmission are rarely studied. This report provides some insights on the social and cultural factors that shape hygiene practices in Cambodian health care settings. We conducted qualitative surveys in various public and private health facilities in Phnom Penh, the capital city and in provinces. We observed and interviewed 319 participants, health care workers and patients, regarding hygiene practices and social relationships amongst the health care staff and with patients. We also examined the local perceptions of hygiene, their impact on the relationships between the health care staff and patients, and perceptions of transmission risks. Data collection stem from face to face semi-structured and open-ended interviews and focus group discussions with various health care staffs (i.e. cleaners, nurses, midwives and medical doctors) and with patients who attended the study health facilities. Overall responses and observations indicated that hygiene practices were burdened by the lack of adequate materials and equipements. In addition, many other factors were identified to influence and distort hygiene practices which include (1) informal and formal social rapports in hospitals, (2) major infection control roles played by the cleaners in absence of professional acknowledgment. Moreover, hygiene practices are commonly seen as an unessential matter to be devoted to low-ranking staff. Our anthropological findings illustrate the importance of comprehensive understanding of hygiene practices; they need to be considered when designing interventions to improve infection control practices in a Cambodian medical setting. KeywordsInfection Control Hygiene Practice Traditional Birth Attendant Health Care Staff Public Health Unit The frequency of bloodborne pathogens transmission in health settings has been considered to be high in developing countries . Despite many studies and surveys on infection control and transmission risks in medical settings, the underlying social and cultural logics contributing to this transmission are not well documented [2, 3]. Besides epidemiological aspects, hospital hygiene is shaped by medical norms and social-cultural representations, and hygiene practices always take place within social relations [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. In Cambodia, HIV prevalence was 0.9% among 15-49 year old adults in 2006 . The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections is considered high. Caruana & al estimated that the prevalence amongst adult Cambodian migrants in Australia is 8% for both HBV and HCV. In Cambodia, several specific studies [12, 13] suggest that HBV prevalence is around 8-9% and HCV prevalence is ~1-2% (Institut Pasteur Cambodia's unpublished data). It is likely that HBV transmission has been linked to healthcare-associated infection since high frequency of therapeutic injections combined with unsafe injection practices still occur in hospitals [14, 15] or in the private sector [16, 17]. From 2006 to 2009, anthropological studies were conducted in different health settings in Cambodia to identify social and cultural determinants of hygiene practices - particularly those related to blood borne pathogen transmission (Project ANRS 12102): (1) national reference hospitals which included a maternity and a general hospital in Phnom Penh; (2) public health centers in the province including some that were supported by a non-governmental health organization (NGO); and (3) private maternal and child clinics that belonged to the private sector. The latter is recognized to attract most of Cambodians when they first seek care . The public sector is unregulated in which lay health professionals can practice at will and drugs are delivered without prescriptions. This report summarizes the common findings of these anthropological studies, examining (1) local discourses and practices regarding hygiene in a health facility, (2) social relationships between health care workers and patients; and (3) their representations of hygiene, and their perceptions of infectious risks. Data collection using qualitative methods Qualitative research explores people's subjective understandings of their everyday lives. The methods used in these studies include direct observation, interviews in the form of conversation/talk to collect data about people's views and experiences . Interviews were individual or via focus group discussions (group interviews). The investigation was led by researchers whose expertise was on anthropology with professional backgrounds in health (medical doctor, midwife and pharmacist) and their local assistants who were experienced in social sciences-based interviews. Discussion guides were developed to facilitate the flow of conversation using open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews . The researchers spent several days, weeks or months in various health facilities approaching various people from different backgrounds. The aim was to transform the interview into a situation of ordinary interaction, designed to minimize the artificiality and the bias produced by a formal interview. It requires prolonged interaction between the researcher and local people to produce knowledge in situ and to document the interviewees' perspective and usual practices, and related meanings . Conversations commonly lasted thirty minutes to three hours. Main participants were interviewed several times. The main issues discussed related to the professionals' experiences and the patients' experiences in health settings related to hygiene, perceptions of virus and microbes, availability and use of material and equipment, training, knowledge, and practices related to hygiene. The transcription of notes or recorded speech using radiotapes was done immediately following the interviews between the researcher and the local assistant. We analysed by categories of meaning and processed according to the following questions: which terms are used by the interviewees to describe the investigated issues ? Which themes may be identified by the researcher even if the interviewees did not consider them ?. Identification of interviewees The researchers contacted resources persons (i.e. individuals responsible for non-governmental organizations or national institutions such public health facilities) who provided names of potential interviewees. Other interviewees were then selected on the basis of respondent-driven sampling called in anthropology the "network approach". Each interview led to new contacts suggested directly or indirectly during the conversation. We selected private and public health facilities that were primarily used by poor population: one general hospital, the largest maternity, two health centers and two midwives' private clinics in Phnom Penh. We collected information regarding the organization of the hospital wards, availability of equipements and consummables, social rapports between caregivers and patients, and overall social conditions that led to at-risk hygiene practices. In addition, we interviewed some health centers' staff, patients traditional healers and traditional birth attendants in Prey Veng, Svay Rieng and Kampong Chhnang provinces. We penetrated 14 networks that led to interviewing 319 individuals including 40 medical doctors, 22 midwifes, 22 nurses, 32 cleaners, 4 pharmacists, 4 traditional healers and 5 traditional birth attendants, 20 social workers and 170 patients (including 15 people living with HIV and 12 sex workers. We also conducted focus group discussions with women attending reproductive health counselling sessions (2) and with medical students (3). Besides, we collected information related to hospital organization, and observed medical practices such as injections (39), infusions (19), pleural punctures (7), bronchoscopies (5), deliveries (27), post abortion care (4), abortions (1), Intra Uterine Diaphragme insertions (3). We also observed how sterilization, cleaning practices and laundry were processed. To encourage an open expression of opinions, only verbal consents were obtained and confidentiality and anonymity of all data were insured for participants. Studies were approved both by the Cambodian National Ethics Committee for Health Research and the French Agency for AIDS & HIV research's Institutional Review board. Great disparity amongst health care settings was observed. No cleaners were appointed in primary health care centers. The number of cleaners appointed in provincial hospital was scarce comparatively to capital hospitals. Reference hospitals were given an amount of materials and resources that were reported as sufficient by caregivers and cleaners. As scholars observed previously [23, 24], Provincial hospitals were receiving less and the Primary Health Centers were the poorest health institutions. Interviewees generally reported that materials and equipments were not distributed on a regular basis and were insufficient to meet the requirements of the Ministry of Health's package of health care activities. For instance, a maternity in Phnom Penh city which is attended by more than 100 patients per day, was only supplied with the following volumes per month: 5 liters of bleach, 5 kg washing powder, 5 bottles of perfumed cleaning product, 4 brooms. Health centers' staff reported frequent shortage periods and the hospital staff often complained that equipments were out of order or not repaired. Some health care practices may have led to on-going "penny pinching" practices. For example, cleaning products were diluted and many expired products were still used. To limit the use of injection equipments, caregivers were observed using the same syringe and needle on the same patient but for different drugs, even if the injection equipments were available. Midwives reported not using the same syringe and needle for different patients, but allowed themselves using the same ones to inject oxytocine and then lidocaine for one delivering woman. We visited private midwives' clinics that were commonly attended by many deprived women we interviewed. All were located in precarious locations. Reproductive health practices that were observed included Depoprovera injection, intra uterine diaphragme and abortions. The use of old or already used equipements was common (i.e. old and corroded scissors, clamp and curette, multiple time used abortion kit containing a 500 ml syringe and a cannula). Sterilization procedures were limited in absence of autoclaves. Instruments were at best cleaned with water and soap and sometimes boiled or fambered with alcohol. Hygiene practices driven by individual perceptions Many patients and caregivers perceived hygiene as related to the notion of clean and nice. In khmer language clean and nice bears the same word "saat". Except among the medical staff, the rest of the interviewees rarely mentioned asepsis and sterilization. These perceptions led to some hygiene practices that were implemented by the cleaners (or worker kamacors) in order to meet aesthetic standards. For example, cleaners' reports related to clothes cleaning pointed out how bleach was used in order to remove blood stains. However, cleaners insisted that bleach dosage for this task is very sensitive: they will be reprimanded by their supervisors if, due to extra use of bleach, clothes are bleached. Patients' perceptions of hygiene while attending a health structure are also constructed according to aesthetic and order criteria. A place is considered clean if it is "well-lit and when no spider webs are seen". Levels of staff training in hygiene related practices were very unequal amongst the caregivers of various health settings. Training is mainly given orally during the first days on the job. Furthermore, access to training and to knowledge is related to hierarchical position, initial training and seniority in the health institution. Recently trained individuals were often reluctant to share their newly acquired knowledge with others. The hospital staff indicated that hygiene protocols are often useless, hence not used. In many hospital wards, the cleaning service was done parcimoniously and in a random location throughout the morning: a short and localized sweep thereby, passing the mop in two rooms, or wiping on a stain of blood. We never observed systematic and complete washing/cleaning as recommended by the Protocol developed by the Department of Infection Control. For instance, the cleaners had to clean - squatted on the floor - clothes soiled by infants' feces, women's blood, waste from deliveries or gynecological interventions. Clothes were then cleaned by trampling underfoot (with plastic boots) and with jets of water. Soiled water is finally wiped out into the gutter. The infection control committee protocol based on WHO norms which gives various rules and pictures related to the hospital and material cleaning, hand washing, waste management, may be available in hospital but was never used during our observation periods. To manage the daily activity with various restrictions in terms of material and products supplied by the hierarchy, cleaners implement their own recipes for products uses. For example, they mixed washing powder, bleach, and a Thai perfumed cleaning product with water in an old plastic bottle. According to them, this mixed product is useful to kill merouk (microbes). In addition, it was said that washing powder cleans and Thai product removes bad smell. In public referral hospital and private clinic managed by NGOs, hygiene procedures did exist and were implemented. However, no hygiene protocols were implemented for reproductive health care in a primary health center and low standard private clinic. Moreover, the lack of medical material drove caregivers into applying hygiene procedures according various logics. They reckoned their made-up methods are better suited to their daily needs and local constraints. Thus, hygiene protocols were either revised to be less costly (e.g. when a product is diluted) or they were transposed from the domestic area. For example, chlorexidine diluted in water, and normally used in order to decontaminate instruments was replaced by washing powder or stone of alum. In some cases, a small domestic electric oven is used as an autoclave: the material is "cooked" for 30 minutes at 100°C. One hospital-based doctor explained how the sterilization procedures applied by the staff were similar to cooking food. He told us: "Do you know how to cook the steamed fish? At the hospital, the staff uses the same technique as for fish. Instruments are put in a water pot, and then cooked. When the water is boiling, that's ready!!!" Cleaners as key actors in hygiene Most cleaners or kamacor, worker in Khmer language - who are at the bottom of hospital hierarchy, had not received proper training on hygiene and waste management and yet they were responsible for cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, waste management (contaminated or not) in the hospitals. In the public hospital, the cleaners were reported as the patients' privileged interlocutors, particularly because of their similar social and economical status. So, they appeared to relay hospital rules and procedures (norms) to patients or their relatives. They often gave advices to the patient about health, helped them for administrative matters. They guided patients' relatives in various tasks which included giving suggestions on how to clean and arrange the space occupied by their patients in the hospitalization ward. For example, the cleaners would recommend to patients' relatives not to hang out washed clothes inside the hospital rooms. Furthermore, cleaners gave specific advices on body hygiene. We observed in the maternity in Phnom Penh that some cleaners explained to pregnant women as to how to proceed regarding personal hygiene before medical examination in the delivery room. One worker explained: "I said to women to wash their body and to change their clothes. If they have a bad smell the doctor wouldn't examine them and he will not take care of them properly." Hospital social organization was strongly based on social hierarchy which had various effects when implementing hygiene practices. We observed various cases of "strategy of task shifting": caregivers (doctors or nurses) gave the cleaners various infection control tasks that were devoted to them; for example we observed in one maternity the cleaners cleaning the places and materials with blood and dejections or pulling out a catheter for IV infusion. They were made responsible for needles waste boxes and could also help the mother to breastfeed the newborn. The workers were also involved in preparing materials for sterilization and had to perform various activities that were normally devoted to doctors or nurses such as removing an intravenous infusion catheter or assisting a surgeon during a surgical procedure. As a worker (woman) said: "At the operating room, we wash the blood on the table, materials and fold laundry. All of this is the nurses and doctors' job; they have to do this! But we're doing it because we have to keep good rapport with them and help them." Health professionals' perceptions of risks Being a caregiver is mostly seen as a hazardous activity. The risk of occupational transmission is often mentioned, and it is linked to blood and microbes perception. "When we are injured by used needles we fear to die", said one worker in Phnom Penh. Besides, the fear of microbes was always mentioned by health workers. But they made a distinction between risks for contagiousness and dangerousness. While the acid- fast-bacilli or the influenza viruses were known to be contagious, HIV and the hepatitis viruses were both considered as the most contagious and dangerous. In addition, caregivers felt isolated when facing a potential contamination. They must handle all the protective practices with limited stocks of disposable materials. They did not always have gloves to wear, and they must bear the costs of testing for HBV infection. Despite free access to HIV post exposure prophylaxis in Cambodia through a National HIV Control Program, some cleaners reported to have paid for the treatment. Furthermore, cleaners in some provincial health facilities had no acccess to it. In addition, caregivers cope with personal protection on their own. There was no collective management of risks (no effective protocol for example). This led to a lack of collective responsibility in case of professional contamination. For example, while medical institutions did not provide safe working conditions, denunciation of these institutions was never mentioned or even considered by hospital staff when occupational contamination occurred. Professional identity, membership in the medical corporation, did not appear to provide a sense of protection and caregiver's affiliation seemed to be lacking. Other places showed a multiplication of protective materials: caregivers in the delivery room wear sterile gloves under their thick rubber gloves when attending some patients. But the general rule was, above all, that these protective measures were made for health professionals, not for patients. These "ego protective" practices prevailed: for example, we observed that hand washing was systematic before living the workplace, but not during working time. Midwives facing infection risks Midwives reported a rigid social and professional hierarchy in which they are not allowed to have a say if they observed that doctors do not comply with the aspesis rules. In addition, the midwives were convinced that their practices were adequate, or were the best ones, because they were working in the main referral hospital. They had no doubt that midwives from Phnom Penh were better trained and better valued than their provincial colleagues although we observed many technical mistakes (sterile gloves put on a non sterile table during delivery, sterile gloves put on top of non sterile gloves, facial mask reused all day long and stored in a pocket, same syringe reused for the same woman with oxytocin first and xylocain after). Most midwives implemented "ego protective" practices; they kept the same pair of gloves throughout the day to protect themselves from the potentially dangerous environment. An additional and same pair of sterile gloves tigthened with an adhesive around the wrist would be used to bath different newborns. While attending delivery, midwives reported a constant fear of being infected by HIV or hepatitis viruses. This fear stem from regular and common handling of biological products like blood or amniotic fluid. This led to social distancing between midwives and pregnant women which was exacerbated by the fact that most patients belonged to lower social class. In practice, the caregiver scarcely touched the patient fearing the contact with the dirt and sweat of a stranger. It was observed many times that midwives finger- pointed openly dirts on patients' bodies which suggests that norms for patient-healer relationships rely on a physical distance. Patients' perceptions of infection risks Patients reported fearing contamination or infection particularly while seeking care in small private clinics run by biomedical caregivers or not always properly trained care providers. However, their access to safe practices was limited by the costs of such services. As an example, here is a comment of a married woman who had several abortions in various low-resource health settings. "it was at the health workers' houses, as you know, and the hygiene isn't the same as in the hospitals. But if you go to the hospital, it's expensive. You can't afford to pay!" Issues related to hygiene were also framed by power relationships between patients and caregivers. For example, one woman who had an abortion in a public institution told us: « I couldn't know if the material they used was sterilized or not. Yes I feared the infection but I didn't dare to ask, I feared much more the anger of the midwife! » Our findings were unique in shedding light on issues related to infection control in Cambodia. They raised social and cultural issues which had repercussions that may find echoes in countries of similar backgrounds. These perceptions and issues were exacerbated in settings where resources are limited. Our main results showed that hygiene practices are shaped firstly by the lack of disposable materials and equipments. These chronic equipment shortages in addition to the lack of knowledge about appropriate hygiene practices observed at various levels have led to practices built on more empirical than professional bases. The technical content of practices relied therefore on idiosyncratic perceptions and appears to have been made to meet aesthetic criteria and demands of hierarchy rather than informed approaches. Another important finding was the crucial role in hospital hygiene that incombed to the cleaners, also known as kamacor. Their role is not recognized by those who « own knowledge », i.e. midwives and doctors. Actually, these cleaners hold the link between medical departments, as they work in all of them in order to collect dirty clothes and waste. They are also the links between caregivers in the hospital organization. In spite of these charges, the cleaners have the lowest salaries and remain at the lowest level of the hospital hierarchy. Their training is also neglected and in some cases, these cleaners are easy targets for reprimands. Thus hygiene practices, as the main task of cleaners, remain often invisible as those tasks have a very low symbolic and social capital. Such a relegation of workers dealing with hygiene in hospital settings is not specific to Cambodia and has been described also in developed countries . The reluctance of medical and nursing staff in "touching" patients and their tendency to choose "noble" tasks and delegate others to lower level staff is amplified by social hierarchy between medical staff and patients as well as between cleaners and medical staff. Those findings raise several questions related to the construction of caregivers' professional roles, the place given to empathy in caregivers/patient relation and meanings of body contacts in the overall social system . It refers to the whole historical and social construction of biomedical system in Cambodia [28, 29, 24]. Our study had limitations. Firstly, the study was constructed with long durations of immersion "in the field" to mitigate observation biases [30, 31] and using semi-structured and open-ended interviews which made it difficult to categorize and enter data in a database to be analyzed in a quantitative way. Our approach has however brought about new understanding for a situation that needs to be further explored. Secondly, we chose to visit health facilities that were not well equipped; however, we reckon that these types of health facilities we visited were attended by the majority of the population as 68% of the population lives with less that two dollars a day . Our field data raise many issues that may be considered for improvement in hygiene or for futher investigation. Besides general recommendations such as improving training on infection control and adapting it to locally relevant topics, besides supplying adequately consummables and equipments to ensure appropiate hygiene practices and a sense of safety among health workers, we also recommend to insist on the central role played by the cleaners in hospital hygiene. It would seem relevant to increase the status of these workers and make sure that their role in hygiene management becomes visible. Moreover, the cleaners are ideal candidates for future training programs related to hygiene. Finally, the social distance and the power relation maintained by caregivers while providing care to patients have various impacts on medical practices. Some of those practices have consequences for hygiene management. So, individual equipments used by caregivers respond to a logic of "ego-protection." This logic results in omitting or neglecting patient's risk and the issue of healthcare associated infections is often considered as secondary to caregivers' concerns. Hygiene practices enhancement could be improved through teaching work ethics during medical studies and in encouraging patients' empowerment and dialogue between caregivers and patients . Various anthropological studies conducted in developing countries have documented the social issues at stake in medical settings that impact on patients care. For example, enlightening the social determinants of maternal mortality in a West African hospital or examining the various constraints that shape patients observance of Antiretroviral treatment in Senegal has been very useful to adjust medical program activities to specific contexts. Similarly, our study has underscored the needs of an integrated anthropological approach in analyzing the social construction of medical practices and risks of infection transmission particularly in a country of limited resources and poorly trained staff. Without these social considerations many hospital infection control programs may fail to meet and sustain their objectives. Alice Desclaux, MD, PhD, Prof in Medical anthropology, Groupe de Recherche Culture Sante Société (GReCSS), Université Paul Cézanne d'Aix Marseille (UPCAM) and Institut de Recherche et Developpement (UMIR 233) Sirenda Vong, MD, MSc, Head of Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur - Cambodia Pascale Hancart Petitet, PhD, (Research Fellow, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur -Cambodia, GReCSS/UPCAM), Céline Dumas, Pharm. D, MA (Pharm. D., Master Degree in Anthropology, GReCSS/UPCAM) Anne-Laure Faurand-Tournaire, MD, MA (Master Degree in Anthropology, GReCSS/UPCAM) We would like to thank all the people who contributed to this project, particularly the health workers in care institutions where we worked, representatives of Reproductive Health Association Cambodia (RHAC) and Pharmaciens Sans Frontières (PSF) who allowed us to observe their practices and attend the health education sessions. 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Edited by: Castro A, Singer M. 2004, Altamira Press: Oxford, 115-132.Google Scholar - The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/83/prepub This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.	<urn:uuid:112cea76-e031-42c9-897e-50198f54177f>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2458-11-83	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815951.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224211727-20180224231727-00223.warc.gz	en	0.93745	6,917	2.609375	3
The elephant seals in Cambria, Calif., are northern elephant seals, according to the Marine Mammal Center. They are one of two species of elephant seal, and they range from the northern Pacific coast of Canada, along the western coast of the United States, and south along the Pacific coast of Mexico. The second species are southern elephant seals that live on the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina.Continue Reading Elephant seals are the largest seals in the world. The adult males have large noses that resemble an elephant’s trunk. Males begin developing this enlarged nose at 3 years old, and they grow to more than 13 feet long and weigh up to 4,500 pounds. Females are smaller. They grow to 10 feet and weigh up to 1,500 pounds. Northern elephant seals are slightly smaller than southern elephant seals. They have a broad, round face with very large eyes. They are in the phocid, or seal family, because they lack ear flaps and move on land by flopping their bellies. Each winter northern elephant seals arrive at their breeding beaches in Mexico and California. This gathering is called a rookery. Several days after coming onto the beaches, the females give birth to baby pups. For the next two months, weaned pups remain on the rookery beaches, venturing into the water for short periods of times. The northern elephant seal is a conservation success story. Elephant seals were hunted to the brink of extinction, but they have grown in number. As of 2014, the northern elephant seal population is approximately 150,000, with around 124,000 residing in California.Learn more about Marine Mammals	<urn:uuid:5b66714a-6d3e-48d8-8f57-f1fb72ca8c09>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/elephant-seals-cambria-502910ea77f5c198	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812293.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218232618-20180219012618-00649.warc.gz	en	0.963901	336	3.546875	4
June 16 1976 Soweto Riots first signs of protest at Mofolo Secondary School had an argument with their headmaster over the issue after which he called the police. the month of March strikes took place in schools in reaction to the dismissal of three principals by the Tswana School Board as a result of an argument relating to the Afrikaans education issue. Orlando West Junior School became the centre of the crisis.	<urn:uuid:58b620fb-6cd6-41d1-bb72-c3ffc5585efd>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/june-16-1976-soweto-riots-1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921550.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00133-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967425	96	2.609375	3
From pv magazine USA In May 2019, the solar industry was faced with a disaster unlike anything ever seen before, when a massive hailstorm passed through West Texas. In the path of the storm sat 174 Power Global’s 178 MW Midway Solar Project, bolted to the ground and pointed to the sky on 1,500 acres near Midland. Once the storm had passed, the industry learned that it had left behind the largest weather-related single-project loss in its history. More than 400,000 of the plant’s 685,000 Hanwha Q cell modules were damaged or destroyed; insurance losses totaled $70 million, and most everyone involved endured at least a few sleepless nights. The event served as a wake-up call to the industry. It completely reshaped how weather risks are modeled, how project owners and operators mitigate against potential damages, and how underwriters insure projects against natural disasters. How was it that the solar industry didn’t see this coming? The answer may be simpler than you might think. Although hailstorms are not new to the wide-open spaces of West Texas, solar projects are especially solar fields on a massive scale like Midway Solar. It’s more common for solar projects to suffer catastrophic damage from wildfires. After all, much of the early solar market was focused on California, a state with high annual wildfire risk. Once development began to expand to the Southeast, hurricanes, high wind events, and flooding became of more concern. In short, the rapidly growing industry wasn’t properly prepared for catastrophic hail because it had never before dealt with it. Predicting the storm Now that hail is a known danger, one step to mitigating it as a threat is to know now only where these storms happen but how often. The hail modeling sector has grown rapidly in the two years since Midway. And to better understand the evolution, pv magazine sat down with Peter Bostock and John Sedgwick of VDE Americas. The company provides technical due diligence and engineering services for solar power and energy storage systems. The two said that historic hail threat prediction models were both general and minimal in nature, with developers relying on basic heat maps to locate what areas had severe hail potential. The two quickly realized that this approach would not be nearly enough, and that modeling needed to be done on a granular, site-specific basis. “Even at a given location, there’s a size distribution,” said Bostock. “And if you map larger locations, there’s a broader spread to that location.” To better understand what a future hail event could look like in a specific area, VDE has developed a tool that blends data from human storm spotters as well as from doppler radar. Spotter data is useful because it can provide tangible context as to the size of the hail as well as its concentration and distribution. Spotter data are typically limited to high-population areas and common travel routes. Neither case applied to the Midway solar project in the expanses of West Texas. Doppler radar also is used as it scans and tracks weather data constantly, typically at an 11-degree angle towards the sky. This means that the scanning elevation is higher as the distance increases from the radar center. This is better for tracking hail, which forms high in thunderstorms. The radar scans storm conditions and can offer rough predictions of hail size, but even these predictions are not always accurate. But by overlaying spotter data with radar feedback data and finding correlations between the two, Bostock said that the radar data can be corrected for the likely size and concentration of the hail in real-time, providing a more accurate risk evaluation. VDE used this approach to develop a tool that can predict the return interval, the likelihood of a certain type of hail occurring, and the expected size of hail across different locations. As a result, Sedgwick came to the conclusion that preventing another Midway may be easier than first thought. “When we initially started looking at it,” he said, “we certainly said ‘Oh my God, this situation is horrible.'” VDE started by looking at how insurance companies addressed the problem from a top-down basis. That meant insurers looked at their actual losses and then used that dollar amount to calculate insurance rates, Sedgwick said. Instead, VDE elected to look at the issue from a different angle, using physics, trigonometry, and impact energy. Sedgwick and Bostock said that by applying appropriate mitigation elements, operational elements, and equipment installed with appropriate stow management, the effects of hail can be significantly mitigated. “What that tells me is that the issue is not as horrible as when we first started looking at it,” Sedgwick said. Some 70% of solar insurance losses in the last 10 years have occurred since 2017, according to a report released by insurer GCube in early March. That reality has caused the insurance market to harden significantly over the past 18 months, with premiums increasing by as much as 400%. That hardening may actually benefit the industry, however. Experts who spoke to pv magazine pointed to the Midway catastrophe as an “eye-opening” event for the industry, with other storm events exposing what the GCube report referred to as “the weaknesses of a ‘soft’ and sometimes naïve insurance market.” GCube asserted that the insurance sector hardening is a sign that the market is in a stronger position to provide coverage for the long haul for the solar energy sector. For example, some insurers have begun to offer specific hail insurance programs, called parametric insurance. These programs trigger coverage when a measurable hailstorm event occurs that exceeds a predefined threshold. The trigger for coverage and payout is determined by the size of the largest hail that falls on the solar project site. These policies are defined by their fast payout times, a factor that has long been a hindrance of natural disaster insurance for solar projects. The new policy designs mean that payments can occur anywhere from a week and 10 days after a storm, and without traditional on-site claims adjustments. In a blog post for insurer Marsh, Michael Kolodner, U.S. power and renewables industry practice leader, outlined three criteria for insurers and PV developers to consider when trying to minimize hail risk. First is modeling, as Kolodner stressed the importance of understanding each location’s relative exposures as well as the need to assess the frequency and severity of hailstorms to generate credible loss scenarios. Second, he outlined the value of understanding what hardware should be used in hail-prone regions, specifically the value of trackers. While more expensive upfront, he said that trackers can mitigate a significant amount of hail damage, leading to overall lower losses in an extreme event and a lower long-term levelized cost of energy. Third, Kolonder said that the market is quickly changing and with it the need for stakeholder communication. Surviving the storm While modules have been the focus of PV hail damage and take the brunt of collisions with the icy projectiles, mitigating damage to a system does not start with the module, but with the tracker. For industry NEXTracker, this mitigation comes in the form of NX Navigator, a software and smart control system that includes a hail function. This function moves the entire solar array to a safer, 60-degree stow angle. Kent Whitfield, VP of quality at NEXTracker has found that there is a generally negative correlation between hail size and wind speed, which may seem counterintuitive when thinking about a big storm. However, in severe hail storms with particularly large ice balls, those balls fall more vertically. By stowing the solar panel, it becomes easier to stop the hail from striking the module face straight on. When it comes to smaller hail balls in higher wind events, the industry is better prepared, due to its experience with hurricanes. That means solar systems and their trackers, have been designed to mitigate damage due to gale-force winds. As a result, they are, already well suited to handle the winds that can accompany small-ball hail storms. As might be expected, the issue for modules has always been with repeated, large impacts. For individual impacts, many module faces can withstand a single stroke from an ice ball upwards of 40 millimeters (mm) in diameter, or around the size of golf ball, according to Whitfield, as well as up to 11 strikes of 25 mm hail. By stowing modules, not only is the risk of module face-strikes reduced, but the system is not further compromised by the increased wind speed. The shortcomings of testing On the hardware side of things, solar modules are designed to meet IEC 61215 and IEC 61646 standards, both of which test a module’s resistance to lab-produced, 25 mm hail. While this may show that the module can survive a pelting with up to 11 individual strikes, Bostock and Sedgwick said that the return interval for such a storm is once every year or two in West Texas. What’s more, storms in Texas can generate hail much larger than the 25mm testing standard. That brings modules into a realm beyond their tested parameters. Bostock and Sedgwick also have found that natural hail forms differently than hail generated in a lab. Natural hail generally forms as oblate spheroids, with some variety in shape from ball to ball. More uniform spherical balls are routinely used in laboratory test settings. Natural hail also typically has a lower density (especially when it comes to large hail) than lab-made ice balls of the same diameter. This results in lower energy upon impact than a lab-made hail of the same diameter. The difference between natural and lab-made hail is not necessarily a bad thing. If the hail used for testing proves to be more destructive on impact and the module still survives, then developers may have greater confidence when it comes to using the product in the field. It’s all about finding the right size and conditions for testing extreme hail impacts. “There’s a need for module manufacturers to assess what happens in real life when hail meets module and to do that in a much more thorough way than to just simply pass the necessary IEC tests,” said Bostock. The reason that lab tests required for PV modules do not reflect the reality of hail in Texas and other states is simple: the tests weren’t developed with those areas in mind. In an interview with pv magazine, NEXTracker’s Kent Whitfield said that the tests were designed when PV largely was economically viable only in California. As far back as 1977, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab recommended that developers looking to bring PV projects to the Great Plains states should prepare for hail up to 38mm in diameter or larger–50% or larger than today’s testing standards–occurring every six to eight years. “Accepting the way that PV modules are tested today for hail might not be the right thing to do going forward,” said Whitfield. “What we as an industry need to consider is some sort of a differentiation.” Whitfield said he expects the industry to take an “all-in” approach, in which it takes a collective look at existing testing standards and modifies the severity thresholds in a way that does not penalize all modules. One last aspect that current testing doesn’t adequately account for is the non-visible damage that modules can suffer during a hail storm. A row of modules may appear unaffected for days or even weeks after the event, but the storm could have caused damage and microcracks at the cell level. Such damage wouldn’t initially be visible, but result in a host of performance issues. While such damage may be difficult to test for, its cause is well known: kinetic energy. To Whitfield, the solution is ensuring a proper stow strategy that redirects and reduces a hail stone’s kinetic energy on impact. Mitigating and redirecting that energy effectively could reduce the impact damage of hail of all sizes. In the end, cell-level damage mitigation comes down to monitoring in the weeks or months after a storm. And keep in mind that the mere presence of a microcrack doesn’t necessarily mean anything; it’s how that crack responds to natural heat fluxes and movements during operation that may manifest into a potentially harmful problem. To Whitfield, the continued expansion of solar energy arrays into extreme hail-prone regions opens possibilities for the module industry. For example, module manufacturers could produce hail-resistant modules specifically for hail-prone areas. Those panels could undergo even more rigorous testing, qualifying them for a special tag or specification that the panels are suited for hail-prone regions. As solar projects continue to be deployed in hail-prone regions of the U.S., then manufacturers may adjust their manufacturing processes to produce more resilient, that can survive a storm and then get back to the business of generating clean energy from the sun. This content is protected by copyright and may not be reused. If you want to cooperate with us and would like to reuse some of our content, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:bb119286-c11e-470b-b90d-54783965f731>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/03/19/storm-season-has-the-us-solar-industry-looking-to-protect-assets-from-costly-hail-damage/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00843.warc.gz	en	0.94933	2,794	2.671875	3
Sometimes it seems that early writing instruction only includes the repetitive drills of language arts-spelling, grammar rules, and copying sentences. Little time is given to engaging in the joy of written expression. But you can restore the joy of writing with a Language Arts K.I.S.S. ! Piano Lesson 1: Blink, blink, blink…bonk….. repeat and repeat again. Piano Lesson 2: Blink, blink, blink…bonk….. repeat and repeat again. Piano Lesson 3: Awkward but recognizable notes transpire into “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” The child squeals in delight! I love the sparkle in my child’s eyes when for the first time he understands that the notes he is playing is a song. My budding pianist would call me over, “Listen mom, I can play a song!” He was eager to learn more songs, not musical notes and theory, but more songs. Those who teach piano know that if a student is going to enjoy playing music there needs to be a balance between practicing scales and playing songs. Shinichi Suzuki, the famed music educator, chose music, and not scales to help young children learn to play the violin. Unfortunately, most educators think writing instruction is all about the repeated “scales” of spelling, grammar rules, and copying sentences. Little time is given to engaging in the joy of written expression. It was always a beautiful day when my children or students recognized that writing is a marvelous form of communication. My budding writer would call me over, “Listen mom, I wrote this!” Interestingly enough, they never asked me, “Can I learn more about grammar?” Instead, they became eager to learn more about writing, not the rules of grammar but writing. I am not saying the rules of language don’t have a place in writing instruction. They are important. However, I’m going to encourage you, especially with young children, to offer language arts instruction with a K.I.S.S. (Keep It Short and Simple). Present short, simple lessons in phonics/reading instruction, grammar, spelling, and handwriting. Fifteen to twenty minutes of daily instruction in each language arts area is enough for most children. Less and frequent are keys to success. Then allow your student time to apply what they have learned to create stories and share ideas through writing. language arts instruction means so much more to a young student when skills are used in the purposeful art of written expression. I look for three elements when choosing language arts instruction. - Short-Lessons- 15-20 minutes. - Simple- Simple for the student to follow. - Frequent- Daily lessons Here is my collection of resources on language arts instruction. Inside each post, I give an explanation about my choices. On HTHL’s Pinterest Boards, I have posted short comments about each resource. Perhaps it will give you food for thought as you find the right fit for your student and family. It’s sad when students only practice the repetitive “scales” of language arts and rarely get the opportunity to write stories and express ideas. Children are so creative. They have an innate love of language and boundless imagination. The power of the Language Arts K.I.S.S. leaves time for your student to experience and explore the joy and satisfaction of communication using the written word. From Our Home to Yours,	<urn:uuid:5f40ed4a-9acd-490c-a688-a3c1f32f7b39>	CC-MAIN-2021-25	http://heretohelplearning.com/hometohome/language-arts/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487616657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615022806-20210615052806-00543.warc.gz	en	0.932897	727	3.5625	4
Also referred to as third molars, they usually erupt at ages 18-25 years and are the last teeth to appear. Through evolution our adult jaws have decreased in size due to the relatively soft modern day diet. As a result the wisdom teeth may lack sufficient space to grow. Wisdom teeth may become trapped and impacted resulting in pain, decay and gum disease. Some people may not have some or all of their wisdom teeth. This is usually favourable as long as other teeth are not missing as well. Removal of lower Wisdom teeth is usually carried out by specialist oral surgeons due to the complexity of the procedure. This service can be provided by Mr Hari Hunjan. He is our resident oral surgeon with many years of experience including current employment at the Birmingham Dental Hospital. We are accepting referrals from dentists for wisdom tooth removal and other oral surgery. Please use the contact form to request further information.	<urn:uuid:f18845d0-d5bf-4c1f-b223-7a010504d034>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://www.aldridgedentists.co.uk/wisdom-teeth/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00407.warc.gz	en	0.961873	187	2.578125	3
Preventing waste in the first place is more beneficial than any other form of waste managementÛÒeven recycling. Donating a wireless device, like a cell phone or PDA, keeps the potentially harmful chemicals used in the manufacturing of these devices from being used in the first place, which means less of it in landfills. It also allows others to benefit from an unused communications device. How to donate your cell phone keeps the potentially harmful chemicals used in the manufacturing of these devices from being used in the first place, which means less of it in landfills. It also allows others to benefit from an unused communications device. - Ask a program representative how the program works, where your handset will go, and how it will be eventually disposed. - Make sure the program will accept your model. - Erase all your personal information from your device before you donate it. Find it! Wireless donation programs Most of these organizations double as recycling programs as well as donation programs. If the handsets can be reused, they will refurbish them and then resell them to distributors, and the profits are often directed to a charity. But keep in mind, if you can't find an organization to take your old device off your hands, consider posting it on Freecycle where you can offer it to someone else for free. Donating your wireless device helps you go green because… - Donating prolongs the life of electronic devices, keeping harmful toxins out of our waste stream longer, and allows schools, non-profits, low-income families, and people in developing countries to enjoy communications equipment they might not otherwise be able to afford. By the end of 2007, the number of worldwide cell phone subscribers could reach three billion, up from the current 2.5 billion. The average American upgrades his or her cell phone every 18 months, and since 2000, less than one percent of phones have been recycled or reused. More than 500 million cell phones populate landfills now, and they pile up in landfills at a rate of 130 million devices per year, which creates approximately 67,000 tons of waste annually. The manufacturing of one cell phone requires about 4.5 pounds of raw materials to manufacture it, including petroleum-based plastics, liquid crystal display materials, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and toxic heavy metals including cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, manganese, lithium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, beryllium, and copper. If these toxins seep into the environment, they can make their way in the food chain and cause damage to plants, animals and humans. The majority of donated cell phones are redistributed in developing countries, which don't have adequate infrastructure to properly dispose of the phones when they finally burn out. Related health issues When cell phones are tossed into a landfill rather than recycled, they can release several toxic chemicals that have been known to cause harm to humans, animals, and the environment. - cadmium: Found in chip resistors, infrared detectors, and semiconductors. Toxic and bio-accumulative, this chemical can harm kidney systems. - lead: Used in the soldering of cell phone circuit boards, it can cause nervous system, kidney, and blood system damage. It is estimated that consumer electronics are responsible for 40 percent of the lead in landfills. From there, it can seep into our drinking water and then accumulate in the environment, affecting plants, animals, and humans. - mercury: Found in cell phone batteries and circuit boards, can seep into waterways. This chemical travels through the food chain and can cause brain damage. - brominated flame retardants (BFRs): Used on printed circuit boards and components like plastic covers and cables. Once released into the environment through leaching and incineration, cause increased rates of cancer in those who each mercury-contaminated food. - Electronic Industry Alliance - INFORM - What Happens to Your Cell Phone When You Throw It In the Trash?	<urn:uuid:6af20c96-d686-4c9f-8111-904792488574>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	https://livegreen.recyclebank.com/us-donate-your-cell-phone	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542250.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00250-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93336	832	3.203125	3
Image courtesy of Library of Congress Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia served eight terms in the House before declining to run in 1858. Stephens later served as Vice President of the Confederacy before returning to the House in 1873. On this date, the House of Representatives passed a resolution to purchase the personal papers of President James Madison from his widow, Dolley Madison, for the sum of $25,000. About a decade earlier, Congress had acquired Madison's papers on the Constitutional Convention, but the large collection of correspondence and journals available in 1848 provided invaluable insight into the thoughts of one of the most prominent founders. Due to her son’s mismanagement of her estate, the elderly, former First Lady was nearly destitute, and she needed to sell the rare papers to secure her finances. Aware of her plight, Members introduced legislation to obtain the important papers. Tennessee Representatives George Washington Jones and Andrew Johnson objected to the original legislation on the grounds that it created a pension and that a trusteeship for the money was not necessary. Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia defended the bill by citing the recent House passage of an expensive Patent Office report with no historical value. Stephens counseled his colleagues, “Gentleman, it would be a peculiarly graceful thing for us to do to honor the birthday of the venerable widow of our ex-President by passing today the bill for her relief.” After a little maneuvering, the bill cleared the House, 80 to 59. Representative Stephens immediately departed the House to visit Mrs. Madison at her residence in the capital city. Mrs. Madison had already heard the good news and when Stephens arrived, she quickly reminded him, “Oh Mr. Stephens! It was good of you to get my bill through today, but you made a very grave mistake when you said I was eighty-two today. I am not eighty-two: I am only eighty .” The James Madison Papers currently reside in the Library of Congress.	<urn:uuid:ff46838d-b1a5-454e-8a7b-d813ab8a1ed4>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36670?current_search_qs=%3Fsubject%3DJohnson%252c%2BAndrew%26PreviousSearch%3D%26CurrentPage%3D1%26SortOrder%3DDate	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00106.warc.gz	en	0.96138	404	3.015625	3
- By Jennifer Harby - BBC news A student has created a number of recipes that can be prepared with just a kettle and a microwave, using common ingredients provided by food banks. Sophie Conant, 21, who is studying dietetics at the University of Nottingham, said she came up with the idea while volunteering at a food bank. She said she wanted to help people get the most out of the food they were given. The university said it was very proud of her. She said she was inspired by a woman she helped at a local food bank. “When I handed a package to a lady at the food bank, she looked in and said: ‘I don’t know what to do with all this, as I only have a microwave and kettle – how am I going to cook for my children? ‘” said Mrs Conant. “It made me realize that there is a need for some kind of guidance for people to help them get the most out of the food they are given. “As a dietetics student, I had the skills to try to do this.” Students worked on making meals including Shepherd’s Pie, Mushroom Pasta, Sausage Casserole, Mexican Rice and Risotto. Only one of the recipes – chickpea burgers – requires a stove. “By combining ingredients and introducing canned vegetables or fruits, we were able to increase the nutritional value,” she said. “A good example of this was when we took a Pot Noodle, which isn’t very nutritious on its own, and added hot dog sausages and canned vegetables to increase the volume and nutrients.” As well as being available to download, the recipes will be distributed in a booklet – Easy Budget Meals – at food banks in Nottingham and Loughborough. Jane Musson, assistant professor of dietetics at the university, said: “Sophie took on this project alongside her studies and spent a lot of her own free time developing these recipes. “We are really proud of what she and her fellow students have accomplished.”	<urn:uuid:101b0aa6-87bb-4a0d-932c-bd2b3f9a1ca8>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://portalshownews.online/living-costs-the-student-makes-budget-recipes-for-the-kettle-and-microwave-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646652.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610233020-20230611023020-00788.warc.gz	en	0.98107	452	2.734375	3
Temperature Modulation of a Catalytic Gas Sensor AbstractThe use of catalytic gas sensors usually offers low selectivity, only based on their different sensitivities for various gases due to their different heats of reaction. Furthermore, the identification of the gas present is not possible, which leads to possible misinterpretation of the sensor signals. The use of micro-machined catalytic gas sensors offers great advantages regarding the response time, which allows advanced analysis of the sensor response. By using temperature modulation, additional information about the gas characteristics can be measured and drift effects caused by material shifting or environmental temperature changes can be avoided. In this work a miniaturized catalytic gas sensor which offers a very short response time (<150 ms) was developed. Operation with modulated temperature allows analysis of the signal spectrum with advanced information content, based on the Arrhenius approach. Therefore, a high-precise electronic device was developed, since theory shows that harmonics induced by the electronics must be avoided to generate a comprehensible signal. View Full-Text Scifeed alert for new publicationsNever miss any articles matching your research from any publisher - Get alerts for new papers matching your research - Find out the new papers from selected authors - Updated daily for 49'000+ journals and 6000+ publishers - Define your Scifeed now Brauns, E.; Morsbach, E.; Kunz, S.; Baeumer, M.; Lang, W. Temperature Modulation of a Catalytic Gas Sensor. Sensors 2014, 14, 20372-20381. Brauns E, Morsbach E, Kunz S, Baeumer M, Lang W. Temperature Modulation of a Catalytic Gas Sensor. Sensors. 2014; 14(11):20372-20381.Chicago/Turabian Style Brauns, Eike; Morsbach, Eva; Kunz, Sebastian; Baeumer, Marcus; Lang, Walter. 2014. "Temperature Modulation of a Catalytic Gas Sensor." Sensors 14, no. 11: 20372-20381.	<urn:uuid:ed811196-d029-463a-9113-a2a5e7668deb>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/11/20372	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825308.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022150946-20171022170946-00754.warc.gz	en	0.851782	431	2.578125	3
Produto disponível em até 15min no aplicativo Kobo, após a confirmação do pagamento! Você pode ler este livro digital em vários dispositivos: IOs - Clique para baixar o app gratuitoAndroid - Clique para baixar o app gratuitoPC - Clique para baixar o app gratuitoBlackBerry - Clique para baixar o app gratuitoWindows Phone - Clique para baixar o app gratuitoKobo - Conheça nossa linha de leitores digitais The Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea, which lasted from 1592 to 1598, was the only occasion in Japanese history when samurai aggression was turned against a foreign country. During the occupation of Korea the Japanese built 25 wajo or castles. Unlike the castles built in Japan, these fortifications were never developed or modernized after the Japanese departure. The details of late 16th-century castle construction are therefore better preserved than at many other sites. Written by Stephen Turnbull, an expert in the subject, this book examines the castles built by the Japanese in Korea, as well as the use made of existing Korean fortifications, particularly city walls. This resulted in curious hybrid fortifications that dominated the landscape until the Japanese were pushed out of the peninsula by a furious onslaught from huge Chinese armies.	<urn:uuid:6500e21b-c479-4848-8740-8aae86d92c6f>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	https://www.livrariacultura.com.br/p/ebooks/historia/militar/japanese-castles-in-korea-159298-100881829	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215487.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820003554-20180820023554-00106.warc.gz	en	0.806609	302	2.984375	3
Tea is one hot beverage…it is the second most consumed beverage in the world, after water. Why is tea so popular? Get ready to be tea-educated! One interesting fact you may not know is that black and green teas come from the same evergreen plant, Camellia sinensis. From just one plant, there are over 1500 different varieties of teas that are categorized into three groups: black, green and oolong. Teas are grouped based on how much processing they go through and the amount of time they are in contact with oxygen. - Black tea is processed the longest and has the most exposure to oxygen, making it dark and rich. - Oolong tea tastes like a combination of green and black teas, creating a nice blend of flavours. - Green tea is heated and dried, producing a delicate taste and a lighter colour. White tea is similar to green tea, except that it’s made from tea buds and young leaves that are processed the least. White tea gives a mild and sweet flavour. Herbal teas like chamomile, rooibos and peppermint are not made from the Camellia sinensis plant, but from the leaves, roots, barks, seeds or flowers of other plants. How much caffeine is in tea? Caffeine affects people in different ways and it can make you feel awake and alert. Caffeine is found naturally in foods such as tea leaves, coffee and cocoa beans. Here is the approximate caffeine content per 250 mL (8 ounce) cup of tea: - Black tea: 45 to 60 mg - Green, white or oolong tea: 25 to 45 mg - Herbal tea: 0 mg - Decaffeinated tea: 0 mg The caffeine content varies depending on the type of tea, how much tea and the temperature of the hot water you use and how long you steep the leaves. Using hotter water, more leaves and having a longer steeping time increases the caffeine content in tea. There is no difference in caffeine content between loose leaf teas and tea bags. Health Canada recommends that adults over the age of 19 do not have more than 400 mg per day of caffeine (that’s like drinking seven cups of black tea or nine cups of green, white or oolong tea!). Pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised to have no more than 300 mg per day. Having more caffeine than recommended can cause jitteriness, nervousness, anxiety, gastrointestinal upset, rapid heartbeat and insomnia in some people. Are there health benefits to drinking tea? White, green, black and herbal teas contain antioxidants known as flavonoids. Antioxidants (also found in vegetables, fruits, grain products and nuts) can help keep you healthy and may help prevent some chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. However, there is currently not enough evidence to guarantee that drinking a specific type or amount of any one tea will protect you against disease. If you are pregnant, use caution with herbal teas. Some herbal teas (including chamomile and Rooibos) are not considered safe to drink. Choose herbal teas that list the ingredients. The following herbal teas are thought to be safe to drink during pregnancy, in moderation (two to three cups per day): ginger, bitter orange/orange peel, echinachea, peppermint, rose hip and rosemary. Bottom line: Tea in all its forms is a great way to wake-up, relax or connect with friends but the evidence doesn’t link one type over another to specific health benefits. No matter what variety you choose remember to limit the amount of sugar or sugar syrups you add. Too much sugar can contribute to weight gain as well as harm your teeth. For more information on teas, call 8-1-1, toll free, Monday to Friday, from 9 am to 5 pm to speak with a registered dietitian at HealthLink BC or send us an email. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons	<urn:uuid:9f78ceb8-b754-4b5c-a0a6-01ff475dc053>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://www.healthyfamiliesbc.ca/home/blog/different-types-tea-and-your-health	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00402.warc.gz	en	0.920591	835	2.921875	3
Community and Economic Development N.C. Cooperative Extension CRD staff promotes the concept of Community Economic Development. This concept of economic development refers to an approach that begins at the roots of the community. Development that grows from the inside out will be more closely aligned with the values and aspirations of the people who reside in the community and is therefore more sustainable. Sometimes called the strength-based approach to community development, Community Economic Development recognizes that community development and economic development are closely intertwined. The overarching goal is to draw upon the skills and talents of the local residents and to use those strengths as the foundation for future development. What is Economic Development The traditional definition of economic development emphasizes wealth creation through the mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical, and natural resources. More recently, the term has been expanded to include the enhancement of economic well-being and quality of life of the community. Until about the 1990s, economic development solely concerned itself with business attraction, industrial growth, home building, and construction generally. Why this focus? Investing in a manufacturing facility that promises to create 500 jobs in your community is a quick way to build both individual wealth and community wealth for a community. However, often business recruitment is dependent on the level of incentives provided by the community to the business. The problem is what happens to that business when the incentives run out? A bigger problem is the limited number of large concerns seeking to expand or relocate. In 2012 only 200 new facilities opened across the entire country. In order to determine whether economic development has occurred and how it might be strengthened, a community’s economic base must be examined. What types of businesses or industry sectors make up the community’s economic base? Who are the major employers and what are their revenue sources? Economic developers are looking for a net gain of money flowing into the community and are mostly interested in businesses that produce and sell more product, service, or activity outside of the community than inside of the community. These exporting businesses are known as “Primary Businesses” which provide funds from outside of the community to their employers who then spend those funds in “secondary businesses” – those who serve the local population, like a local restaurant, grocery store, or clothing store. Community Economic Development While some economic developers stick to the traditional notion of industrial recruitment as their primary strategy for economic development, current thinking is to merge community development principles into economic development strategies (and this is where Extension’s role becomes so important). Community Economic Development (CED) is generally thought of as a field of study that actively elicits community involvement when working with government and private sector to build strong communities, industries, and markets. CED is a multifaceted comprehensive approach to community change that is not limited to just poverty programs, nor is it synonymous with industrial recruitment. Community Economic Developers use a number of strategies to achieve economic growth in their communities. The acronym for these strategies is CARE. C = Creation; A = Attraction; R = Retention; E = Expansion. Community Economic Developers are no longer solely focused on industrial recruitment. Creation strategies include entrepreneurship, business incubators, youth entrepreneurship, and business coaching. Support for these strategies includes access to capital, education, networking, intellectual stimulation, and community support. Attraction strategies typically include community business matching models, which matches the needs of a business to the assets and goals of the community. For example, a business is surveyed about the amenities and infrastructure they seek when making location decisions. These could include a skilled labor force, broadband, access to transportation, high quality education, recreational opportunities, etc. Communities sometimes have gotten in trouble through the use of incentives (grants, low interest loans, tax deferments, tax abatements, build to suit, infrastructure development). By matching the business needs with what the community already has (which could include a supply source through existing businesses), there is greater likelihood that the new business will locate there as well as stay there after the incentives run out. Business Retention and Expansion (BRE) programming typically includes a business visitation and/or survey protocol, which uncovers both “red flags,” those businesses who need special attention, and general challenges that can be addressed through community planning. It is extremely important for economic developers to keep and possibly expand existing businesses, especially within a strong industry cluster in a region. A key tool in building a successful BRE program is effective workforce development. The following list of resources may be useful in understanding economic development programs :	<urn:uuid:5759014c-3ad0-4c14-bf43-24cb71dedc15>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://communitydevelopment.ces.ncsu.edu/local-economic-development-programs/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00255.warc.gz	en	0.953517	921	3.109375	3
There's a lot of research about how people understand numbers. In general, you can group these questions under the concept of numeracy (that is, the human ability to define and apply simple numerical concepts; it's essentially literacy for numbers). Language has a profound effect on numeracy. For example, research shows that there are some cultures whose counting is limited to "one, two, three, many". (Those of you who have read some of the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett will recognize this as how trolls count.) These cultures have a difficult time understanding the difference between, say, 20 and 30, let alone numbers as large as the counters illustrated above. If you'd really like to learn more about this topic, "Core systems of number" by Lisa Feigenson et al is a fascinating discussion. Science and math teachers can come up with many examples of how they teach children to understand large numbers. A web search for "understanding large numbers" will reveal many different resources for children across grade levels for understanding this concept. There is also research here about how understanding large numbers impacts how students understand key scientific concepts; for example, Students' Understanding of Large Numbers as a Key Factor in Their Understanding of Geologic Time addresses this for one example of large numbers. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences by John Allen Paulos is an excellent overview of much of the research regarding numeracy, and how innumeracy impacts individuals and society. Much of the research about numeracy makes the point that humans are generally good at understanding the difference between relatively small numbers, and that we're also generally good at creating and understanding approximations of numerical magnitude. To answer the question about whether these counters are usable, I think we have to figure out whether the exact count is meaningful, or whether a simple understanding of the magnitude of a number (or, perhaps, the understanding of the difference in magnitude between two large numbers) is meaningful. In the YouTube case, I think that glancing at that number and thinking, "wow, that's a lot of views" is sufficiently usable. As a user, I'm unlikely to care whether the video has been viewed 1,121,289 or 1,122,289 times, because that difference of 1000 views isn't important. The magnitude of number of views is the important piece of information that's being conveyed.	<urn:uuid:801f0164-c3a3-431a-832f-d1a1f2b9b963>	CC-MAIN-2015-14	http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/35642/counting-to-infinity-are-counters-usable/35643	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131294307.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172134-00074-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954408	485	3.640625	4
Figurative language is used when a word or phrase does not have its original, literal meaning. There are many categories of figurative language. The ones you might notice the most are 'metaphor' and 'simile'. However, there are other ways of being figurative, including using 'personification', 'exaggeration' and 'understatement by using double negatives (litotes). literal (adjective), literally (adverb) When a word or phrase is 'literal', it represents exactly what it says. A literal word has its original, basic meaning, rather than a figurative meaning. Some phrases could be literal or metaphorical. For example, if someone says, "You're driving me round the bend," they might mean that someone else is irritating them a lot. This would be a metaphorical meaning. However, if they were sitting in the passenger seat of a car, being driven around a tight corner, they might mean 'round the bend' literally. metaphor (noun), metaphorical (adjective), metaphorically (adverb) A metaphor is an example of 'figurative language'. It is a 'figure of speech'. A metaphor is a word or phrase that describes an object, an event and action or an idea without being literally true. An example would be, 'The child's bedroom is a disaster area'. The bedroom isn't literally a disaster area (we hope).	<urn:uuid:901285ed-6c6b-4a5c-9b07-29445d66eee9>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.lhandsmhboschools.co.uk/glossary/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00012.warc.gz	en	0.936599	298	4.15625	4
Surrender of Germany (1945) This instrument of surrender was signed on May 7, 1945, at Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims by Gen. Alfred Jodl, Chief of Staff of the German Army. The unconditional surrender of the German Third Reich was signed in the early morning hours of Monday, May 7, 1945, at Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) at Reims in northeastern France. General Alfred Jodl, Chief of Staff of the German Army, signed three other surrender documents at the same time, one each for Great Britain, Russia, and France. Present were representatives of the four Allied Powers – France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States – and the three German officers delegated by German President Karl Doenitz. These were: Gen. Alfred Jodl, who alone had been authorized to sign the surrender document; Maj. Wilhelm Oxenius, an aide to Jodl; and Adm. Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, one of the German chief negotiators. Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, SHAEF chief of staff, led the Allied delegation as the representative of General Eisenhower. Eisenhower refused to meet with the Germans until the surrender had been accomplished. Other American officers present were Maj. Gen. Harold R. Bull and Gen. Carl Spaatz. After the signing of the Reims accord, Soviet chief of staff Gen. Alexei Antonov expressed concern to SHAEF that the continued fighting in the east between Germany and the Soviet Union made the Reims surrender look like a separate peace. The Soviet command wanted the Act of Military Surrender, with certain additions and alterations, to be signed at Berlin. To the Soviets, the documents signed at Berlin on May 8, 1945, represented the official, legal surrender of the Third Reich. But the Berlin document had few significant changes from the one signed a day earlier at Reims. Teach with this document. This document is available on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives. Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity. Only this text in English is authoritative ACT OF MILITARY SURRENDER We the undersigned, acting by authority of the German High Command, hereby surrender unconditionally to the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces and simultaneously to the Soviet High Command all forces on land, sea and in the air who are at this date under German control. The German High Command will at once issue orders to all German military, naval and air authorties and to all forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May and to remain in the positions occupied at that time. No ship, vessel, or aircraft is to be scuttled, or any damage done to their hull, machinery or equipment. The German High Command will at once issue to the appropriate commander, and ensure the carrying out of any further orders issued by the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and by the Soviet High Command. This act of military surrender is without prejudice to, and will be superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on behalf of the United Nations and applicable to GERMANY and the German armed forces as a whole. In the event of the German High Command or any of the forces under their control failing to act in accordance with this Act of Surrender, the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and the Soviet High Command will take such punitive or other action as they deem appropriate. Signed at RHEIMS at 0241 on the 7th day of May, 1945. France On behalf of the German High Command. IN THE PRESENCE OF On behalf of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force. W. B. SMITH On behalf of the Soviet High Command Major General, French Army	<urn:uuid:343207a5-c82c-42ba-85b1-1b8ca3f000b1>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-germany	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710777.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130225142-20221201015142-00319.warc.gz	en	0.948361	829	3.5	4
Who creates the ICT Standards? European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) A non-for-profit, standardization organization in the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, headquartered in France, with worldwide projection. ETSI produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. GreenHouse Gas Protocol (GHG) The most widely used international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Protocol is working with businesses, governments, and environmental groups around the world to build a new generation of credible and effective programs for tackling climate change. It serves as the foundation for nearly every GHG standard and program in the world - from the International Standards Organization to The Climate Registry - as well as hundreds of GHG inventories prepared by individual companies. The GHG Protocol also offers developing countries an internationally accepted management tool to help their businesses to compete in the global marketplace and their governments to make informed decisions about climate change. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC is the leading global organization that publishes consensus-based International Standards and manages conformity assessment systems for electric and electronic products, systems and services, collectively known as electrotechnology. IEC publications serve as a basis for national standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts. ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) ITU-T has a assemble experts from around the world to develop international standards known as ITU-T Recommendations which act as defining elements in the global infrastructure of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Standards are critical to the interoperability of ICTs and whether we exchange voice, video or data messages, standards enable global communications by ensuring that countries’ ICT networks and devices are speaking the same language.	<urn:uuid:ea12bebd-7ad0-462a-b649-a4de44ddf169>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	https://ictfootprint.eu/en/ict-standards/sdos-ict-standards	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594018.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722213610-20180722233610-00151.warc.gz	en	0.920031	396	3.046875	3
While using molds to make solid objects has been a concept for thousands of years, plastic injection molding is a far more recent development. Through the injection molding process, a liquified plastic resin is injected into a mold where it will chemically cure or eventually cool into the shape that the mold provides. In this article, we will explore the basics of plastic injection molding and give some insight into the processes that lead to the development of this technique for modern manufacturing. Perhaps the earliest incarnation of using a mold to make a solid object dates as far back as the Greek Empire. During this period, bronze would be heated up to a liquid state and then poured into a cavity to create what we now know as the many bronze statues still in existence today. To create suitable cavities for the statues, a wax “positive” of the form was wrapped in molding plaster that is heated to melt the wax and create a “negative void” within the plaster mold. Molten metal could then be poured into these cavities to create a replica of the wax statue again but with molten bronze as the source material. While the modern plastic injection molding process is similar, the molding tools used are now far more advanced and rely on computer drafting programs to create a negative void that can be injected with liquid plastic and cooled to create a new product. However, since manufacturers are often making large product runs of the items they are creating through plastic injection molding, the molds used throughout the process must be able to withstand the process and safely remove the plastic once completed without harming it. Modern advancements in manufacturing technology involve sophisticated machinery and special tools that will control all facets of the process including plastic injection, curing, separating the tooling, ejecting the part and cutting and flashing that may have been created. While this process allows many parts to be made quickly and affordably, it is important to ensure that you have the right tools and parts required to complete the process accurately. The complexity that is possible with plastic injection molding makes it a perfect fit for medical devices, specialized parts, military applications and much more. PFA manufactures locking cylinders and core pull cylinders for molds and dies as well as quick mold change and quick die change systems for plastic injection molding. With KOR-LOK® Side Action Systems manufacturers are able to achieve zero-flash molded parts on the first shot. Preloading and Locking functions in the KOR-LOK are critical to success. Core preload means your parts can be made easily with tighter tolerances, perfect match lines, and clean beautiful textures. This allows cores to move at any angle to eliminate common barriers that plague the manufacturing of complex parts. For more information on possible applications for the KOR-LOK® Side-Action System, or to obtain more product information, we encourage you to visit the product page below. If you still have questions, we would be happy to explain how this unique hydraulic locking core pull cylinder can enhance your process and provide a free application review. To get started, please contact us and our friendly and knowledgeable staff will happily assist you. For a brief video history on how injection molding began and basics of how a part is injection molded, see the video Plastic Injection Molding	<urn:uuid:6ac10d27-e2b4-4921-ae2b-6428a00acd4b>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.pfa-inc.com/the-basics-of-plastic-injection-molding/?lang=es	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00065.warc.gz	en	0.936958	664	3.21875	3
Alcoholism is a term to define alcohol addiction or dependence. Its characteristics include the compulsive and self-destructive use of alcohol. Patients who suffer from alcoholism are incapable of controlling their consumption of alcohol. Due to their strong affinity to drink, many other aspects of their lives will suffer. It’s because of this that alcoholism rehab is necessary for many. The American Psychiatric Association gave alcoholism the label of disease. In fact, it’s the third most common mental illness in the US. It’s an allergy of the body and obsession of the mind. It lies deep within the mind of the alcoholic and often requires intervention and alcohol addiction treatment. Punishment and tough love are rarely ever enough. Alcoholism rehab is what many alcoholics require to find recovery and remain sober. Alcohol addiction ruins many aspects of an individual’s life. These aspects can include relationships, careers, families, and mental and physical health. No matter how badly an alcoholic may want to quit, their will-power alone is rarely enough to make them quit for good. Whether an alcoholic is celebrating their greatest victory or dealing with insurmountable heartbreak or regret, they will feel the urge to drink. The old stereotype of the man drinking out of the paper bag underneath a bridge is old and outdated. Alcoholism does not discriminate and spans across all demographics. While drinking is a normally acceptable part of our culture, there are millions of Americans who struggle with alcoholism every day and do not seek help for their condition. Prolonged alcohol abuse carries a long list of physical and mental side effects that can ruin someone’s life, if they go untreated. Agape Treatment Center for substance abuse embraces a universal, unconditional love that transcends, that serves regardless of circumstances. We provide individuals all over the country with the opportunity to achieve the gift of lasting sobriety.	<urn:uuid:f5eab860-5ac6-4d04-9e3d-97a6004ce544>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.agapetc.com/addiction-treatment-center-programs/alcoholism-rehab/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067400.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412113508-20210412143508-00274.warc.gz	en	0.932537	383	2.84375	3
Genesis with N.T. Wright In this video conversation, N.T. Wright talks about the story presented in Genesis 2 and 3 and offers some important insights on the functionality of the text that in many ways transcends its literal narrative. To join the discussion, see the blog post "On Genesis 2 and 3" on Science & the Sacred. For a related discussion, see our recent entry by Pete Enns: "Adam is Israel". The question of when Genesis 1 was written is itself hugely controversial. Today I think you'd find a spread of scholars going way back to some who say Moses wrote it whenever that was, 1500 BC, based on earlier traditions, perhaps, right through to some who would say it was actually written in the third century BC or something like that. I'm quite interested, whenever it was written, in the way people would have read it in the period immediately before the New Testament. The people who are Jesus' antecedents, as it were, how are they seeing a text like this? It seems to me quite clear. Here's a story about these people who are put into a wonderful garden, given commands, given responsibilities, and then they blow it big time and they get kicked out. Any Jew reading that, in the period from the Babylonian exile right through to Jesus, is going to say, "Uh-uh. This is our story." And then they'll say, "It looks like the backstory of our story," in other words, the connection between Adam and Eve in the Garden and their being kicked out, to Israel in the land, then being sent into exile, I think that's the thing that most would strike me. What is really important about the beginning of that is that this was gift. This was not just that they happened to stumble upon this lovely place. There is a good God who gave them this good place to be, and that somehow Israel has recapitulated. That's a big word which theologians use which basically means they've done it over again in their own way. This is like the pattern repeating again. Israel has done it again. And that's actually what the whole of the human race did. The big story which is there is that humans are given that identity as wonderful creatures within a wonderful God-given world, and that, nevertheless, they blow it. That Israel was called to be the people through whom God would remake and redo that project, and they've blown it as well, which then sets you up for the question, "What happens next?" Unless you've got that double picture in mind, there are all sorts of stuff in Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Paul, et cetera, which you just never understand. People often just come with a little bit of it. And if people then say, "What really matters about Genesis is precisely how many days it took and precisely how young the Earth is," et cetera, I'd say, "It doesn't feel to me as though you're reading the text," or, "You're reading something that you have turned the text into rather than the text itself."	<urn:uuid:b60bb568-3d6e-4e95-92ce-c25f92a049dc>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://biologos.org/resources/audio-visual/nt-wright-on-genesis	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170696.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00317-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98654	646	2.609375	3
This book provides up-to-date coverage of fossil plants from Precambrian life to flowering plants, including fungi and algae. It begins with a discussion of geologic time, how organisms are preserved in the rock record, and how organisms are studied and interpreted and takes the student through all the relevant uses and interpretations of fossil plant. With new chapters on additional flowering plant families, paleoecology and the structure of ancient plant communities, fossil plants as proxy records for paleoclimate, new methodologies used in phylogenetic reconstruction and the addition of new fossil plant discoveries since 1993, this book provides the most comprehensive account of the geologic history and evolution of microbes, algae, fungi, and plants through time. • Major revision of a 1993 classic reference • Lavishly illustrated with 1800 images and user friendly for use by paleobotanists, biologists, geologists and other related scientists • Includes an expanded glossary with an extensive up-to-date bibliography and a comprehensive index • Provides extensive coverage of fungi and other microbes, and major groups of land plants both living and extinct	<urn:uuid:dfdf89db-041c-404d-84ae-22101674dfe4>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.cheaptextbooks.org/9780123739728	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809778.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125105437-20171125125437-00504.warc.gz	en	0.915738	222	3.59375	4
I write this post to another board a few years ago to explain a major cause of these errors as in Catherine's example:I'm going to look through my notes from Morningside re: "close-in non-examples." I remember them having a distinct procedure for teaching two mixed-up words. In fact there has been some solid research on this phenomenon. I can't cite chapter and verse off the top of my head, but it was done by Engelmann or perhaps others in the DI community, and investigated just that pattern you mention: children who consistently misread when for then, of for from, where for there, and similar errors of words that are usually both syntactically and visually similar. [Catherine here, interrupting for a moment: the problem I was asking about mostly involved substituting one preposition for another.] I may not be summarizing the research 100% correctly, but the gist of it is that what we are seeing is the result of the learner having been presented with two very similar things at the same time (or almost the same time), and not having been taught either one to mastery, so that the two became fused in memory in an indistinct way, and one would be randomly substituted for the other. In the case of most of these word substitution errors, the child is correct some of the time and incorrect some of the time -- so s/he doesn't ALWAYS read "when" for "then" or vice-versa. S/he randomly says one word or the other whenever s/he is presented with either of the duo. Over time, this habit becomes a neural circuit and a learned response that is very resistant to change. It rarely is self-corrected, the way some other decoding errors are, because the misreading usually makes sense even if it is incorrect (it may not make the CORRECT sense, but it is not unintelligible). "Julia talked to Edith when she went to the mall" means something different from "Julia talked to Edith then she went to the mall", but the inaccurate reader is unlikely to notice. It's not like the horse/house instance, where if a child reads "The rider mounted his house" s/he will usually recognize that can't be right. The DI research indicated that children easily learn what they called misrules (usually due to poor or misleading initial presentation) , and these word substitution errors fall into that category. The more the error is practiced, the harder it is to supplant it and engrave a correct response. It may take hundreds of corrections of when/then errors before the reader reliably gets those words right (has a new neural pathway). Many examples of b/d confusion are the same thing - they are not visual discrimination errors in most cases, but are simply instances of children not having learned one of the pair thoroughly before the other was introduced. When words are visually similar, the likelihood of confusion is increased, but the visual similarity is not the cause of the confusion. Some children, for instance, repeatedly confuse other letter pairs, or words, that bear no resemblance to each other -- r and g, for instance, and further inquiry usually finds these were introduced about the same time, the child was not provided with adequate practice to mastery, DID remember that it was either one sound or the other, and would randomly say either /g/ or /r/ when presented with either stimulus (leading teachers to say "he knew it yesterday!" when they don't appreciate the randomness of the response -- but randomness within a very narrow range of options, usually only 2 or 3). One student I had consistently confused the words "and" and "said" which had no relation or resemblance to each other, but were introduced the same week on his classroom "word wall." One effective remedial strategy -- not the only one -- is to teach these pairs explicitly, but first one word at a time. With when/then, for instance, practice writing the word, dictating "when" sentences, reading phrases and sentences with "when" and stories with "when" (reminding the student at the outset that /when/ is the word s/he will encounter, and no discrimination between when and then will be required); then do the same with the other in the pair, then mix them up -- but have the student slowly and carefully sound out each word if necessary. The solution to those misrule/misreading learned errors is careful and targeted practice to mastery. One analogy I use (if someone thinks of a better one, please share) is to compare the student's experience confusing when/then to someone with a drawer full of socks -- let's say 30 pairs of socks, half of them grey and half of them black. If you pull two random socks out of the drawer, you will get a matched set half the time. It may not matter much that you get a mismatched pair the other half. Unless you have some reason to pay attention, you don't need to change anything. A grey sock and a black sock keep your feet warm, so what? I had an experience a couple of years ago that made me aware of how this process works. I had to go around and do an attendance-taking chore first thing in the morning and check off two or three students in several classrooms (long story why -- not interesting). Most of the students I knew, and I would just look in the door and see if they were there and mark the attendance sheet. One Grade 4 class, however, had 2 girls on this list, both of whom were new to me. They did not look anything alike, really -- different ethnicities, one much taller, but both wore hijab and had very unusual first names. When I was first introduced to them, I failed to ensure I knew which one was which by solidifying identifying details in my mind. Usually, both were present, and I'd look in and say to myself, There's N. and there's F -- good -- but I could have N and F mixed up, I just noted they were both there. They would straighten me out when I met them in the hall, if I addressed them by the wrong name, but I continued to mix them up for months. I realized partway through the year that this was a similar error to the mislearning children sometimes do: --I was introduced to 2 new items to learn at the same time, and they shared some common features but I did not spend time to adequately solidify recognition of the special features of each -- I was frequently required to rehearse my mislearning but not in a situation where it mattered if I was correct or not, and where I rarely received corrective feedback so that I could stop myself and say, Wait a minute, N is the shorter one, or some other identifying factor. -- The more times I repeated my random error (it was random because half the time I got their names right), the more likely I was to repeat it in the future. -- the problem was solved by one girl moving, so after that I knew the remaining girl's name. Even so, a year later, I sometimes addressed that girl by the other girl's name. The experience did provide me with an insight into how these misrules/ mislearnings happen. The DI research into this was part of their development of the Corrective Reading Program. They did a lot of empirical testing to find out how many times students needed to get those confusions corrected before they would master them and be error-free. The number of correction required varied with the age of the student -- the longer s/he had been making the error, the more correction required. Secondary students needed many more corrections than primary students. They have published some of this data, but it is not (probably) of that great an interest to most people. The principle of mislearning and misrules and how to correct them is of general interest, however. So is the preventative measure, one of which is to introduce the items separately (sometimes separated by long periods, days or weeks or months), ensuring each is learned to mastery (in the case of word reading, by sounding-out all through the word, and segmenting all-through-the-word for spelling). At the upper grade levels, the DI programs also have students spell the words aloud in addition to blending and segmenting them. I've been meaning to look up the research on this (I know they included it because it improved results in large-scale field trials) but don't remember the details. Oral spelling of the words is not a feature of the programs for beginning readers. Other programs I have heard of (not the DI ones) take the bull by the horns and DO introduce commonly confused items together -- but emphasize practice to mastery right at the start, so that the confusion and "practicing mistakes" does not have a chance to occur. No doubt there are many other reasons why individual students get particular words wrong, but many of these common substitution errors do seem to share the same features and have similar origins. Many beginning readers are not expected to master correspondences or be accurate in their word reading (if they "make meaning" it is enough) so the Engelmann hypothesis and experimental data explain the phenomena I usually see.	<urn:uuid:e9a4d1f3-3ede-4b77-abea-dc9e1e8d5d77>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://kitchentablemath.blogspot.com/2012/08/palisadesk-on-students-reading.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189680.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00107-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974762	1,906	2.578125	3
Photographs of the St. Stanisław Kostka church in Warsaw Father Jerzy Popiełuszko was one of the most vocal priests involved in the Solidarity movement in the early 1980s. Even after the declaration of martial law in 1981, Father Popiełuszko remained an outspoken opponent of the Communist regime, and his church in the Warsaw suburb of Żoliborz became a gathering point for those who wanted to hear anticommunist sermons. The monthly "Masses for the Fatherland" that Father Popiełuszko held drew crowds that overflowed into the streets. In October 1984, this maverick priest was seized by two security service officers who beat him to death and dumped his body into a river. The public outpouring of anger and sorrow was overwhelming, even under conditions of martial law. The authorities blamed the murder on rogue agents, whom they quickly arrested and imprisoned. The precise responsibility for the killing remains unknown to this day. The shrine pictured here was created after Father Popiełuszko's death. The tombstone is in the shape of a cross, with a chain of stone rosary beads surrounding it. More important, though, were the banners that were placed on the inside fence of his church. The banners were not clearly visible from the street, but once inside the church grounds, visitors were surrounded by posters proclaiming the continued existence of Solidarity. These photos, taken in 1986, show a typical scene. Delegations from all over Poland made pilgrimages to this church, leaving behind banners of their local union chapters. Opposition meetings were held in the basement of this church—indeed, in churches all over Poland—without state intervention. To see the associated Teaching Module on the Catholic Church in Poland, click here. Photographs courtesy of Brian Porter	<urn:uuid:e746535e-b406-4956-ba2e-fa4f15d13eb1>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/13	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899548.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00088-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978861	377	3.03125	3
A Strangelet can only happen inside neutron stars, where gravity keeps the Weak Nuclear force under control, preventing Strange quarks from degenerating into lighter quarks. In a neutron star, Strange quarks are appearing and disappearing all of the time, but it's only when the neutron star itself is massive enough that it creates a runaway Strange matter conversion process. The reason this happens is because Strange quarks are heavier versions of Down quarks, and it allows a neutron star to get heavier without increasing its diameter. In fact, the neutron star will decrease its diameter, since a Strange quark is between 17 and 25 times as massive as a Down, which will make the star even denser. In a particle accelerator, Strange quarks are created all of the time, but no runaway chain reaction of strangelet creation happens, as there is no equivalent source of gravity on Earth.	<urn:uuid:28390335-3bd5-437e-b214-cd8d0e79ee5a>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20190617175642AA0Uk2c	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718190635-20190718212635-00126.warc.gz	en	0.925112	177	3.171875	3
Eastern Kansas facing its own water supply shortages LAWRENCE (AP) — While most discussion about water shortages in Kansas focuses on western parts of the state, officials say the eastern region also needs to address looming water shortages. The state is planning a $20 million project to dredge sediment from the John Redmond Reservoir near Burlington. But researchers say by the end of the century, the state’s 24 federal reservoirs will have lost more than half their original capacity, and dredging won’t be possible. The Lawrence Journal-World reported Gov. Sam Brownback has directed state agencies to develop a 50-year plan for sustaining the state’s water resources. Much of the work so far has been on western Kansas, where the Ogallala Aquifer is a primary source of water. The aquifer is rapidly being depleted, mostly by irrigation.	<urn:uuid:1f95c2ed-3a82-429b-9935-1f769a72b019>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://www.hayspost.com/2014/05/27/eastern-kansas-facing-its-own-water-supply-shortages/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863825.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00065-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951243	178	2.890625	3
REFERENCE: Polin, L. (1991) The Multimedia Essay or Designing is Thinking. The Writing Notebook, 8 (4) 27-29. Description of classroom practice: CONTEXT: The author describes the youth who transforms from a "reluctant" student to an involved and enthusiastic participant in an interactive multimedia project. This high school English literature teacher asked her students to work in groups of three or four to create an interactive multimedia presentation of Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath. They were free to make their own meaning and purpose for the task. PRACTICE: The students divided up the task by researching aspects that were personally interesting in their exploration of two ideas: parallels in today's society and exploration of the times of the story. One student, usually reluctant and slouched in the back of the room, volunteered to "get some art." The next week "Tom" arrived in class with a stack of art books up to chin and exuberantly relayed his discoveries of Depression era artwork. He went on to compose his own depression-style artwork and to connect his efforts with those of the group. Through his interest in art, he was able to become involved in literature and to experience it as "an expressive art form in another medium." The author notes that she frequently has seen this process whereby "reluctant" learners get "hooked by the power of their own production of knowledge" through composing interactive multimedia essays. She defines interactive multimedia as a hybrid concept combining hypertext and multimedia. The important elements involve multiple linkages among a variety of media and their interactivity (e.g., the deliberate inclusion of choices for the "reader"). She concurs with other research findings that "designing is thinking," and that "when knowledge is connected to purpose, it transforms from static information to active application of understanding." (p. 28) She points out how composition in multimedia shares many characteristics with more traditional writing forms. She lists the following "Nine Official Guidelines for HyperCard Stack Design" (Apple Computer Inc., 1989): The author explains her preference for open interactive hypertext environments with multimedia tools versus closed "canned" products as a way to encourage users to actively construct representations of their own understandings. She describes MediaText as a simple yet elegant tool that provides a transitional experience for writers to explore multimedia expression of ideas. FOR MORE INFORMATION: Linda G. Polin, Professor of Education, Pepperdine University, Graduate School of Education and Psychology, 400 Corporate Pointe, Culver City, CA 90230-7627. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org [ Top of the page ] Collection Table of Contents [ Home \| Library \| Videos \| Tour \| Spotlight \| Workshops \| Links ] This material was developed by the National Center to Improve Practice (NCIP), located at Education Development Center, Inc. in Newton, Massachusetts. NCIP was funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs from October 1, 1992 - September 30, 1998, Grant #H180N20013. Permission is granted to copy and disseminate this information. If you do so, please cite NCIP. Contents do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by NCIP, EDC, or the U.S. Government. This site was last updated in September 1998. ŠEducation Development Center, Inc.	<urn:uuid:88a426d2-e4a6-4e90-b48d-40154d7fe922>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www2.edc.org/NCIP/LIBRARY/mm/Polin.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539665.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00470-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950034	723	3	3
Over al length 10 - 13.5mm. A large variable species that is predominantly orange with pale brown to black elytra. There is a black central mark on the head and the hind femora have a black distal tip and the hind tibiae are black. Grasslands and hedgerows with umbellifers. The adults feed on other insects and the larvae feed on invertebrates in the soil. Status and distribution Fairly common in England and Wales but getting less common further north and in Scotland. Fairly common in Nottinghamshire and at Netherfield Lagoons. Best time to see May to July.	<urn:uuid:21557482-d433-4505-b05a-9eaf27f28f91>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://www.gedlingconservationtrust.org/species/beetles/soldier-beetle-5/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538741.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123222657-20210124012657-00388.warc.gz	en	0.927344	134	2.6875	3
Linked Lists with C What you'll learn - Student will learn how to create and use linked lists in C by developing a library of functions. - Students should understand C programming., including dynamic memory allocation, typedef, and struct. In this course you will be taught through step-by-step live coding examples how to create and use a library of functions for working with Linked Lists in the C programming language! Linked Lists are an important type of data structure in computer science and computer programming, so before we walkthrough how to create and use them, we'll also cover what Linked Lists are, how they work, and some practical applications of Linked Lists. The bulk of the course is spent on learning how to work with Linked Lists using C, with over 3 hours of video covering a series of common functionalities explaining step-by-step how they are implemented. We'll also teach you how to package your functions together into a re-usable library, and how to document your code. By the end of the course you will have a C library of Linked List functions that will help you build a great programming portfolio! Linked List functionalities that are covered include: Creating a linked list Inserting nodes on the head and tail of a linked list Deleting nodes from the head and tail of a linked list Sorting a linked list Deleting matching nodes from a linked list Deleting duplicate nodes from a linked list Reversing a linked list Duplicating a linked list Determining if a value is in a linked list ...and many others, over 20 functions in total. Who this course is for: - Students interested in learning about data structures in C programming. At portfolio courses our goal is to help you build a portfolio of work that you can use to showcase your skills to potential employers, colleagues and clients. It's great to have a "piece of paper", but nothing says you can do the job like real projects completed for your own fun and learning. We'll be offering a suite of courses to allow you to grow your technical and soft skills while building an awesome portfolio of work. Dr. Kevin Browne is a professor of computer science who teaches post-secondary level courses on systems programming, web development, software architecture, human-computer interaction, and many other subjects! Kevin has 20 years of teaching experience and has won a Teacher Award of Excellence. Kevin is an experienced entrepreneur, as co-owner of a co-working space and technology consultancy, and was winner of Top 40 under 40 in Business in the Hamilton-Niagara region. Kevin is also a community organizer, having organized over 100 tech events (conferences, meetups, etc.) with over 4000 unique attendees, and winner of the "Difizen" of the Year award in Hamilton for community impact. Kevin is very passionate about helping students to develop excellent work portfolios that will help them to get their dream jobs! Kevin has a PhD in computer science from McMaster University, was a former fellowship holder at the IBM Centre for Advanced Studies, and currently teaches at both the community college and university-level.	<urn:uuid:f479520a-1914-4e5d-a3f4-dbbeec3d7a8d>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.udemy.com/course/linked-lists-with-c/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00734.warc.gz	en	0.944701	654	3.578125	4
The dry season, which lasts from December to March every year, tends to be the most dangerous time for Mekong river dolphins as it ushers in a period of greater illegal fishing and decreasing water levels. During the 2015-2016 dry season, no Mekong dolphins died and three new calves were also spotted, thanks to 68 dedicated river guards. The current level of enforcement—combined with additional efforts behind the scenes—have helped reduce illegal and destructive activities, increase the number of calves and juveniles, and support a sustainable fish catch for local communities. An Irrawaddy dolphin calf was spotted swimming alongside its mother in the Mekong River—an encouraging sign for the vulnerable species. The protection of Irrawaddy dolphins is crucial not only for the species, but for the Mekong River at large. The basin is home to an estimated 1,100 species of fish—all which benefit from WWF’s work to increase dolphin populations. WWF works with partners, governments, and local communities to protect the Mekong River Basin. We focus on everything from climate change to habitat restoration, and infrastructure to influencing local policy. We also support river guards who patrol the stretch of river where the Irrawaddy dolphins live. Irrawaddy dolphins are found in coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia, and in three rivers: the Ayeyarwady, the Mahakam, and the Mekong, according to World Wildlife sources.	<urn:uuid:18415cc5-3fb9-4bee-a116-2b7f9f246e24>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://worldtimes24.com/new-irrawaddy-dolphin-calf-sighted-in-the-mekong-river/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946453.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424022317-20180424042317-00150.warc.gz	en	0.952579	291	3.5	4
Drug & Alcohol Education Berea College complies with the federal Drug-Free Schools and Drug-Free Workplace Act and prohibits the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession or use of a controlled substance on Berea College Campus. In informative reports such as this one, Public Safety endeavors to provide information in reference to alcohol and drug use. Crimes, injuries, and accidents are commonly associated with the use of alcohol and/or other drugs. Besides the connection between alcohol/drugs and crime, use of these substances causes many other problems. Marijuana use may damage reproductive organs, brain functions, and lungs. It impairs physical reflexes, mental powers, and memory. The ability to judge time and space is impaired. Cocaine damages the immune system and lungs. It can cause nutrition and brain disorders, convulsions, and sometimes, death. Cocaine use is characterized by emotional highs and lows and a temporary sensation of great power, causing poor judgement and decisions. Alcohol can cause permanent damage to the liver, brain and heart. It impairs concentration, coordination, judgement, learning, and memory. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can damage an unborn child. Drinking too much alcohol in a brief period of time can result in death. Smoking tobacco is considered to be the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Some debilitating effects are cancer and heart and lung disease. Other illegal drugs such as amphetamines, sedatives, inhalants, and steroids are also harmful causing brain, kidney, and liver damage. These drugs decrease mental processes, impair vision, and can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and death. Federal, state, and local laws prohibit non-medical use and trafficking in drugs, hallucinogens, and narcotics. Kentucky state laws prohibit persons under 21 years of age from using or possessing alcoholic beverages. Providing alcohol to persons under 21 years of age is illegal. In Kentucky, operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or any other substance is against the law. The use of drugs and alcoholic beverages is inimical to the aims and purposes of our educational community. It can also be detrimental to individual members of the community. For both these reasons, Berea College prohibits the use of drugs and the use or possession of alcoholic beverages on campus or other College-owned property or when engaged in College-related activities. Smoking tobacco is prohibited on campus grounds and in buildings except in certain designated areas. Policies and laws on drug use and use of alcohol on campus property applies to all students, faculty and staff persons. Any student, faculty or staff person found to be in possession of or using drugs or alcohol will be subject to judicial action through the appropriate judicial body or disciplinary personnel actions. One suspected to be in possession of illegal drugs might be detained until authorization is given to search. Students selling or trafficking these drugs are liable for the most serious judicial actions—dismissal from the College. Students, faculty or staff persons who possess or use drugs in violation of state and federal laws are also in jeopardy of criminal prosecution. Because of the serious problems which can arise from alcohol and drug use, the College provides educational programs for the student community on these matters. The Counseling and Psychological Services and Wellness Program offer alcohol education for students who elect to participate and for those who are referred from elsewhere. Sessions are scheduled whenever there is a need. All students are required to take a basic wellness course which includes units on drugs and alcohol. Various brochures include information about local counseling and self-help services such as A.A., Al-Anon, ACoA, etc. No person should hesitate to seek answers to questions relating to drugs or to seek help from the College’s counseling or medical service if that person becomes involved in the use of drugs. Students who seek counseling or medical assistance on campus as a result of use of drugs or alcohol can do so with the assurance that strict counseling and medical confidentiality will be observed. No campus disciplinary action will result from information which is disclosed within the bounds of mental health counseling or College Health Services medical confidentiality. Drug and alcohol services are also available on campus through the Wellness Program, residence hall staff and Campus Ministry.	<urn:uuid:f48e85ce-99a6-4c4c-ace7-6efaa9bd8cb4>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.berea.edu/public-safety/policies/drug-alcohol-education/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010295336/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090455-00077-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934172	863	2.765625	3
The worms live at the interface of two worlds. The tip of the worma scarlet feathery plumeextends into the frigid seawater just a few degrees above freezing. The rest of the white tube stands in water heated to about 70 degrees Fahrenheit. "It's like having a 40-degree temperature difference between your 'head' and 'feet,'" Kang says. "I don't know any animal that does this." Poison versus Food The chemical brews gushing out of the vents provide nutrients for deep-sea life. One ingredient of the vent fluidhydrogen sulfide, or rotten-egg gasis toxic to most land-based life. But poison for one creature is food for another. The tubeworms derive all their nutrients from bacteria that live in their gut. The bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to produce carbohydrates for the worm. Kang suspects that the worm bridges two temperature zones because the bacteria in its gut require warmth while its red plume harvests nutrients in the cooler water above. Kang's sensor is helping to determine the tubeworms' chemical environment. "Chemistry is everything to these animals," Shank says. Chemistry affects where species live, and for how long. The tubeworms are undersea pioneersthe first to colonize new vent sites; they were followed by mussels and clams. The vents continually switch on and off, often abruptly halting the supply of nutrients. "This creates boom-and-bust communities," Shank says. When the vents stop flowing, all the animals die. To survive these cycles, tubeworm larvae must sense the location of new vents, settle down, grow fast, and reproduce. That complicates life for the scientists, too. So their next goal is to build sensors that can be left on the seafloor for long periods. "Continuous monitoring is necessary," Kang says. "Otherwise, we just get snapshots, and we miss the relationships between the chemistry in the area and the species that live there." Join the National Geographic Society Join the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organization, and help further our mission to increase and diffuse knowledge of the world and all that is in it. Membership dues are used to fund exploration and educational projects and members also receive 12 annual issues of the Society's official journal, National Geographic. Click here for details of our latest subscription offer: Go>> SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES	<urn:uuid:a044cdd1-ae84-4a5e-97a8-bf078b78eedd>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1028_021028_TVtubeworm_2.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507441801.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005721-00108-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.924309	515	3.75	4
It looks like a spike, orange against the blue sky, sticking out the green ocean of the Amazon forest: Standing 325 m tall, the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) is the highest construction in South America. This tower celebrates its 5th anniversary this year, while the ATTO research site, located ~150 km northeast of Manaus, Brazil, has been in operation for 10 years. During the past 5 years, I regularly visited the ATTO site, making atmospheric measurements for my PhD. Of course, I myself didn’t experience the beginnings of the project. I only know from the stories of the ATTO pioneers how the accommodations back then consisted of a plastic tarp erected over some hammocks. How the only means of transport to get from the Uatumã River to the first site used to be your own feet and two quad bikes, the latter mainly loaded with luggage. How termites ate the wooden floor of the first lab containers. Nowadays, ATTO feels like a home in the middle of the wilderness. Yes, we still sleep in hammocks, and various kinds of animals such as tarantulas and geckoes can always be expected to visit the dorm or bathrooms. But we now have high tech instrumentation sitting in air-conditioned, quite termite-safe lab containers, we have a roof above our heads and showers in the bathroom, we have satellite internet and TV, and several pick-up trucks are available to transport us and our luggage. While the first atmospheric measurements at the site were made at a 81 m mast, you can now find several towers and masts there, including the 325 m tall tower. Transformation has been a constant at the site since its establishment. The logistics of making all of this possible at such an inaccessible location are an incredible joint effort of Brazilian and German cooperation partners. They brought every single item, including vehicles, construction equipment and all tower parts, by ship via the Uatumã River, which only carries enough water for the transport of heavy goods during the rainy season. The idea for the project, originating from a “pipe dream” (M. Andreae), is to study biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon forest, its interaction with the soil beneath and the atmosphere above. The research teams “strive to close a gap in the global climate monitoring network and hope to gain deeper insight into the fundamental concepts of gas exchange and cloud formation in tropical rainforests. With the findings from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory we want to improve climate prediction models and to recognize the importance of the Amazon within the climate system.” (Cited from attoproject.org.) When you are at ATTO, you will find researchers climbing up the towers to maintain atmospheric measurements or collect samples, others climbing up the trees to put sensors in mosses, walking in the forest to map trees, digging holes in the soil, sitting at a microscope or a screen in one of the lab containers, dragging a gas bottle behind them in a cart along the paths through the forest, setting up new or disassembling malfunctioning instrumentation. Manufacturer support is far away and the internet connection is slow – so creativity in troubleshooting is one thing you definitely learn when working at a remote place like the ATTO site. The pleasant atmosphere among the ATTO crew and scientists from various countries is one of the reasons why people like to come back here despite the hardships and dangers of working at a remote location in tropical heat and humidity. The beauty and uniqueness of the Amazon forest is certainly another reason why one can fall in love with the ATTO site. Falling asleep in a hammock while hearing the symphony of frogs and cicadas, being awakened by the calls of howling monkeys, spotting river dolphins and fruit-picking toucans, or meeting an armadillo in front of a lab container are experiences I’ll never forget. Any wildlife sighting is made more special by the fact that the rainforest, while full of noise, is hiding its many inhabitants very well. Like many first-time visitors to Amazonia, I expected it to look more like a National Geographic documentary filled with colorful flowers and animals. However, below the canopy, what you see is mostly brown, green, and twilight. Any flowers usually blossom on top of the trees, and most animals are clever enough to hide well before a clumsy scientist stomps across their path.	<urn:uuid:00d71784-ffb9-4042-9ac8-f94f5cdff3dd>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.attoproject.org/de/atmospheric-research-in-the-amazon/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00576.warc.gz	en	0.949498	903	2.71875	3

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