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Till about a decade back, fat free or no fat diet was considered the best way to fight obesity and unwanted weight gain issues across the world. However, little did we know that not all fats are harmful to the body, and that the good fats actually help fight and prevent diseases thereby ensuring good health and well being?
What Is Omega 3 Fatty Acid?
Belonging to family of polyunsaturated fats, omega 3 fatty acid has made news in the nutritional world for displaying remarkable abilities to combat and prevent diseases and render vital health benefits to the human body. Composed of three fats namely ALA – α-linolenic acid , EPA – eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA – docosahexaenoic acid, Omega 3 is an essential fatty acid which cannot be sufficiently produced by the body and hence have to be obtained through dietary sources. ALA is mainly present in plant oils like flaxseed oil, hemp oil, seabuckthorn seed and berry oils etc while EPA and DHA can be obtained from marine oils like fish oil, squid oil, algal oil krill oil to name a few.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids Benefits
Here we list the benefits of Omega 3 fatty acids in the three categories of health, skin and hair.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Health Benefits
1. Betters Cardiac Health and Treats High Blood Pressure:
Since Omega 3 is an unsaturated fat, it is known to have numerous properties to help treat cardiovascular diseases. Decreasing the intake of saturated fats and increasing the consumption of unsaturated fats help to fight heart diseases, stroke, high cholesterol and blood pressure problems, atherosclerosis, etc.
2. Controls Diabetes:
3. Prevents Cancer:
Omega 3 has displayed cancer fighting properties and is beneficial in treating and preventing breast, colon and prostate cancer.
4. Protecting against Muscle Aches and Inflammations:
The anti-inflammatory properties of this fatty acid help to protect the body against inflammations, reduce swellings in the body and relieve muscular pain. They improve bone health by increasing calcium levels in the body and thereby help to treat rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and Osteoporosis effectively. EPA and DHA present in this essential fat also help treat asthma and inflammatory bowel disorders.
5. Improves Brain Condition:
The DHA present in these poly saturated fats helps to insulate and brain cells and promote better neurotransmission thereby aiding in treatment of depression, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s, dementia, schizophrenia, etc and consequently ensure good mental health.
6. Increases Immunity and Prevents Hormonal Imbalances and Developmental Disorders:
These fats provide EPA and DHA to the body which are essential to fight attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in kids and thus ensure their proper attention and behavioural growth. It helps to reduce the pain experienced during menstruation and improve menstrual health in general. This vital nutrient aids in fighting illness while strengthening the immunity system of the body.
7. Improves Vision:
This fat helps to prevent the problem of macular degeneration, which is a serious age related eye condition that can further lead to blindness, and thus ensure proper eyesight even during old age.
[ Read: Biotin Uses ]
Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Skin Benefits
8. Helps to Maintain a Healthy and Flawless Skin:
Omega 3 with its vital ERP and DHA content is useful in treating and preventing skin diseases like psoriasis, allergies and acne. It has natural sunscreen properties which help to protect the skin from the harmful UV rays of the sun and thereby aid in preventing and treating photo dermatis or sun sensitivity. These fatty acids help to revitalise and rejuvenate the skin and decrease the melanin synthesis to improve and maintain proper skin tone and further help to make the skin look smooth, radiant, soft and flawless.
[ Read: Importance of Magnesium ]
Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Hair Benefits
9. Creates Strong and Beautiful Tresses:
Omega-3 is known for its ability to fight problems of dry and brittle hair, itchy and flaky scalp, dandruff, hair fall and improper blood circulation in the scalp. DHA and EPA provide nourishment to the hair follicles to make the hair strong and healthy.
[ Read: Benefits of Fiber ]
And that is all you need to know about omega 3 fatty acids! Do leave us a comment.
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An official with the Sierra club responded to the new voluntary guidelines to protect birds at wind power sites.
Dave Hamilton Director of Global Warming and Energy Programs at the Sierra Club, said he's willing to support the idea for now, but said his group would rather see mandatory regulations governing wind farm sites.
The proposals, released today by the U.S. Department of the Interior, call on wind farm developers to study and then take steps to protect bird species living near the turbines.
"I think in our heart of hearts we would be more comfortable with that," Hamilton said. "But we're going to move forward with this plan and watch it very closely to make sure that it accomplishes what it sets out to do."
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates wind turbines kill about half a million birds annually across the country. In Minnesota, bird safety became an issue in the controversial Goodhue Wind project in the southeast part of the state.
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|Free TOEIC Tests Online|
|Written by EnglishTestStore|
|Sunday, 22 April 2012 14:10|
TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication has 4 parts: Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing. In the Listening test, you will be asked to demonstrate how well you understand spoken English. In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading comprehension questions. Speaking and writing tests measure different aspects of your speaking and writing ability.
Following tests will help you to improve your English skills before taking a real TOEIC test.
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May 5, 2017 by Jason Contant
Homeowners in Canada lack awareness of flood risk and the protection options available to them to reduce that risk, suggests a new study from researchers at the Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Partners for Action research network at Ontario’s University of Waterloo (UoW).
For the study, the researchers surveyed 2,300 homeowners who live in communities that the Government of Canada’s Flood Damage Reduction Program designated as flood-risk areas. The study – titled Canadian Voices on Changing Flood Risk: Findings from a National Survey – found that 94% of respondents are unaware of their risk and Canada’s policy shift on flood management that will place more responsibility on homeowners.
“The federal government is reducing its burden for the costs of Canada’s most common and expensive natural hazard by expanding the financial responsibility of provinces, municipalities and, ultimately, homeowners,” the report said. “This policy shift comes as the costs of flooding continue to grow and flood risk increases in a changing climate.”
Jason Thistlethwaite, an assistant professor in the university’s School of Environment, Enterprise and Development and one of the report’s authors, said in a statement on Thursday that Canadians pay $600 million out of pocket for flood damage every year. “With disaster assistance costs expected to double over the next five years, homeowners can’t afford to remain in the dark about their options and responsibilities,” Thistlethwaite said.
The report’s other authors were Daniel Henstra, an associate professor in UoW’s Department of Political Science, Shawna Peddle, a director of Partners for Action in UoW’s Faculty of Environment and Daniel Scott, a university research chair and professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Management.
According to the study, 83% of those polled believe that they have a responsibility to protect their own property from flood damage, but less than 30% use options such as sump pumps, water resistant materials in basements and rain barrels.
“They also express limited demand for overland flood insurance that would help them recover from flood damage, with 50% saying they would not consider purchasing coverage,” the study found. While over half of Canadians think that flood insurance should be mandatory for residential and commercial properties, few homeowners (23%) expressed interest in purchasing flood insurance if it was available in their province, and 67% wanted to pay less than $100 per year. And roughly half of homeowners polled do not know if they are covered for damages from heavy rain, riverine flooding, coastal storms or groundwater infiltration.
Several insurers do offer residential flood insurance, the report pointed out. And “because private flood insurance is becoming ‘readily and reasonably available,’ some provincial governments (e.g. British Columbia) are notifying residents that flood damage no longer qualifies for disaster assistance,” the reported said, warning that these changes could have serious implications for Canadians. “By reducing the availability of disaster assistance and tightening the eligibility to receive it, the federal and provincial governments have shifted more financial liability and responsibility to homeowners. Governments assume that homeowners will respond to this new responsibility by taking actions that reduce flood risk (e.g. purchasing overland flood insurance).”
Even though flood insurance is available, three-quarters (74%) of respondents felt that they are not vulnerable to flooding, despite living in areas designated as high risk by the federal government. Only 6% of homeowners knew that they were located in a designated flood risk area. But fortunately, the study said, over 90% of homeowners agreed that flood maps should be made publicly available, sellers of property should be required to disclose flood risk and property owners should be notified if their home is located in a flood risk area.
“Property owners deserve to know what a flood could mean for their families and homes to be empowered to act,” Peddle said in the statement. “Governments and stakeholders, such as realtors and insurers, must meet homeowner demand for more information.”
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Courses this book is used in:
- Elementary Literature:
Favorite of Young and Old! For sixty years this book has been acclaimed by Catholic youth across America as the story they read and re-read and lived so vividly that it remains with them always. Here is the high tension story of God's "outlaws" fighting for their Catholic Faith in seventeenth-century Scotland, living that Faith to the hilt of their claymores. It includes Christian heroes with indomitable hearts, parallels of Tarsicius, Sebastian, and Campion, and a boy hero not unlike the early Christians in the Coliseum. Illustrated, beautifully printed, sturdily bound.
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What is it?
This is a painful, degenerative condition of the shoulder joint in which, over time, the cartilage has worn away. The joint surface becomes uneven, and new bone can form in an irregular pattern (this is know as osteophytes), which restricts the movement of the shoulder.
Why does it occur?
Osteoarthritis in the shoulder joint can be caused by general wear and tear, but can be more common in those who have sustained a previous injury or had surgery in that area. It is also more common in those who play sports or engage in activities in which the shoulder is overused, such as painting or swimming. Another group of patients experience degeneration in the shoulder due to rheumatoid arthritis, so part of the problem is an autoimmune one; the immune system produces antibodies that attach to the shoulder joint lining, causing inflammation, swelling and pain.
What are the symptoms?
The most common symptoms of shoulder arthritis are pain, stiffness and swelling. Some patients experience a creaking sensation in the shoulder when moving it, and others find their range of movement becomes restricted.
How is it diagnosed?
Your surgeon will ask you a series of questions to establish what the source of possible arthritis might be, and to find out about the degree of pain you are experiencing. They will also carry out a detailed examination of your relevant joints. In most cases the diagnosis is confirmed with an x-ray, but occasionally further tests or scans might be required.
How is it treated?
The best course of treatment for shoulder osteoarthritis depends on a number of different factors, including your general health, your day-to-day activity levels, and the severity of your symptoms. Less invasive treatments will almost always be tried before considering the need for surgery.
For the early onset of osteoarthritis, or in patients where symptoms are mild, treatment options can include: changes in lifestyle combined with some painkilling medicines; physiotherapy; steroid injections; or hyaluronic acid injections. These options can mitigate the symptoms and, in some cases, postpone the need for surgery.
There are several types of shoulder joint replacement, but all generally involve an implant made of metal and plastic. Which implant we use will depend on how your arthritis affects, and will be determined, in discussion with you, by your surgeon. They will explain all the risks and benefits of each implant option.
Hyaluronic acid injections
Shoulder replacement surgery
The One Orthopaedics team specialists
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon FRCS (Tr&Orth), Shoulder, Elbow, Hand and Wrist
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University of Phoenix Material
Week Two Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet
Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course.
Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines:
In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words.
In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the ...view middle of the document...
Success enable by an adequate understanding or |
| | |appropriate application of the tool by recording what the |
| | |organization owns and how much it owes, its assets minus the equals|
| | |the combined total of what the organization owes. Risk or failures |
| | |associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate |
| | |application of the tool if the balance sheet is not recorded. The |
| | |manger will not be able to balance what the organization owes and |
| | |how much it is worth. |
| | |( chapter 10) |
|Statement of |A formula when you subtract operating revenue form |The concept is necessary for accurate record keeping and so forth |
|revenue and |expense to get the operating revenue from the |because it records is that the revenue or inflow less expense, or |
|expense |expense to get the operating income. |outflow results in an excess of revenue over expense. Successes |
| | |enable application of the tool by using the formula to keep track |
| | |of the operating income. Risk or failures associated with an |
| | |inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of this |
| | |concept is not having the formula. |
| | |(chapter 10) |
|Revenue cycle |Reasonability center |This concept is necessary for accurate record keeping and so forth |
| | |because it states the entire life of a patient account from |
| | ...
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A child is born with NF every 3 days!
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a set of complex genetic disorders (NF1, NF2, and Schwannomatosis) that affects almost every organ system, causing tumours to grow on nerves in the brain and throughout the body.
NF can lead to a range of significant health issues including deafness, blindness, paralysis, physical difference, bone abnormalities, cancer, learning difficulties and chronic pain.
NF can affect anyone regardless of ethnicity or gender. It is impossible to predict how mildly or severely someone with NF will be affected and roughly half of all cases arise in families with no history of NF.
There is no known cure, and treatment options are limited.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
NF1 is the most common of the three genetic disorders, affecting 1 in every 2,500 people in Australia.
NF1 is more prevalent than Cystic Fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Huntington's Disease and Tay Sachs combined.
The disorder is characterised by multiple café au lait (light brown) skin spots and neurofibromas (small benign growths) on or under the skin, and/or freckling in the armpits or groin.
Between 50-80% of people with NF1 will have learning difficulties.
It can extend to include more complex health issues like optic pathway gliomas (tumours), brain and spinal tumours, bone dysplasia, plexiform neurofibromas and scoliosis, amongst others.
NF1 is an extremely variable condition. While the majority of people with NF1 will never suffer major medical complications, for others the condition can be severe, debilitating and life threatening.
NF1 affects many different systems of the body, and a person with NF1 may require the involvement of multiple doctors and specialists in their care and on-going management. These include, but are not limited to, dermatologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, orthopaedists, endocrinologists, psychologists, oncologists, cardiologists, and genetic counsellors.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
NF2 is the second most common type of NF and affects approximately 1 in every 25,000 - 40,000 people.
The signs and symptoms of NF2 usually develop during late teen or early adulthood years, although around 10% of people with NF2 may develop symptoms earlier.
It is characterised by the development of tumours called vestibular schwannomas on the 8th cranial nerve, which is the nerve that carries sound and balance information to the brain.
The most common symptoms of NF2 include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss and balance problems.
NF2 is very different to NF1 in that people with NF2 do not usually have a large number of skin changes as seen in NF1. Most people with the condition will, at some point, require surgeries or other treatments for brain or spinal cord tumours.
Schwannomatosis is the most uncommon form of neurofibromatosis and has only recently been identified as a separate disorder.
The genetic disorder affects less than 1 in 40,000 people, and causes the development of tumours - called schwannomas - usually on spinal and peripheral nerves.
Signs of Schwannomatosis usually occur between the ages of 30 and 60, though they can occur at any age. The most common symptom is chronic pain, which can occur anywhere in the body, but other signs can include numbness, tingling, weakness, headaches, vision changes, and swollen areas under the skin where tumours have formed.
Unlike neurofibromas found in people with NF1, schwannomas are typically located deeper inside the body. They are often slow-growing, causing chronic and debilitating pain and may compromise function.
Funds raised from Cupid’s Undie Run will go towards sustaining support services for people living with NF, and to promote world-class research as we work towards developments in treatments and finding a cure for Neurofibromatosis.
About the eventAbout the charity
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Technology in education has been a hot topic for a while now and understandably so, especially as it continues to grow in importance in our personal, educational, and professional lives. Each facet of technology plays a different part in the way that both teachers teach and students learn. And the best part about it is that you can access a lot of it for free. These five technological breakthroughs have all helped improve education and the ease with which students comprehend lessons:
1. YouTube – Who would have ever thought that YouTube would have a place in the classroom? While it’s made its name off funny home videos and clips from TV shows, it also has allowed teachers to visually show something that they previously were confined to teaching from a text book. With a large number of students being visual learners, this offers the perfect complement to traditional lesson plans.
2. Apps – Apps have revolutionized the way we do things. The common phrase “there’s an app for that” couldn’t ring more true, and goes far beyond the normal GPS or Words with Friends games we’re all familiar with. Apps have far surpassed the confinement of being fun ways to pass the time and have evolved into different ways to help students learn concepts and brush up on educational skills, with apps ranging from helping with grammar/spelling/punctuation mastery to fine-tuning math skills.
3. Drop Boxes – Internet drop boxes have all but eliminated the “dog ate my homework” excuse because everything can be submitted online. This makes it easier for the student to submit work, and makes it easier for the teacher to keep track of work because it’s all already in one neat place.
4. Individual laptops – A lot of schools are moving over to having individual laptops for each student, which has taken lessons to an entirely new level. It allows teachers and students to interact with lessons individually and as a whole, lets students have each subject’s notes and assignments in one place, and all but eliminates the need for lugging around textbooks to each class and home every night.
5. Social media – You can build fan pages for classrooms, stage Twitter chats for interaction outside of the classroom, and provide web pages that act as a resource guide for ongoing lessons, all through the use of social media. Social media allows us to interact on an entirely different level, and engages students because it’s something they already have an interest in.
Education has done an exceptional job thus far of evolving as technology evolves and grows, and it’s likely that the two will only become further intertwined as technology continues to grow and mature. Finding a way to integrate the two is essential to helping our students continue to learn with ease, and helps further guarantee their educational success.
Melanie Slaugh is enthusiastic about the growing prospects and opportunities of various industries and writing articles on various consumer goods and services as a freelance writer. She writes extensively for internet service providers and also topics related to internet providers in my area for presenting the consumers, the information they need to choose the right Internet package for them. She can be reached at slaugh.slaugh907 @ gmail.com.
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Have you ever wondered why it rarely seems to snow in Bristol?
While the rest of the country could be blanketed in the white stuff, Bristol always seems to remain a darker shade of grey.
Even when it does snow - as it did in January 2017 - it rarely seems to settle for long enough to give us the chance of having the day of work or school.
There has always been a lot of speculation about why Bristol is cursed this lack of snow.
Some people believe it’s because of the city’s geographical proximity to the sea, others think it might just be the illegal levels of pollution in the Bristol air.
However, weather experts have now revealed the truth.
It is in fact a combination of what most Bristolians believed to be true.
A spokesman for the Met Office revealed that it is both Bristol’s geographical position and the heat that it can produce that result in less snow falling and settling here than elsewhere.
“It’s mainly geography,” he told the Bristol Post. “Bristol is pretty southerly. The north is much more likely for snow.
“It is also its westerly location. Cold weather conditions usually come from the east.”
The spokesman added: “Thirdly, it is the city’s proximity to the sea. Comparative to land, the Bristol Channel is a warm body of water.
“And finally, it is quite a large city. The heat it is giving off does not help with things settling, so it’s a few things combined.”
So there you have it, the reasons we don’t see much snow or it never settles are:
- Southerly geographical location
- Westerly geographical location
- Proximity to the Bristol Channel
The climate and pollution
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The taxes paid by corporations today are near record lows as a percentage of the United States’ total tax bill, even as they are recording massive profits. Yet the unemployment rate is still high. However, if we turned back the clock on corporate tax rates and returned to Nixon-era levels and closed loopholes, millions of American jobs would be created, according to The Disappearing Corporate Tax Base, a new report released today.
The study, produced by the Center for Effective Government and National People’s Action, highlights the damage done by hewing to a central conservative tenet, that “cutting corporate taxes will stimulate job creation and grow the economy.” The report shows the aftermath of a lower corporate tax rate on state budgets, and argues that a slight increase in the corporate share of federal revenues would restore cuts to education and public services and add an additional 3.2 million jobs.
With the onset of the Great Recession came budget cuts in the states. While states were buoyed somewhat by the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act, those dollars have stopped flowing, based on the belief that the one shot of stimulus in 2009 would be enough to kickstart our economy. For a few people it was; looking to Wall Street, the stock market has never been healthier. Corporate profits are booming and executives are receiving huge bonuses for the success of their products. Yet 10 million Americans remain jobless. A new Washington political class forced caps and cuts on the budget, but shielded corporate loopholes. This has led to decreased spending in many areas, including education, in the years after the stimulus was enacted.
As federal aid to states declined, many Republican-led states have rolled back taxes, on the theory that doing so would benefit their state’s economy and create jobs. One such state, Kansas, has been considered to be a model for business-friendly tax policy, with Governor Sam Brownback receiving an “A” from the Cato Institute on his bold tax cut initiative in 2012. Fast-forward two years and the impact of these cuts can be seen more clearly.
Among these cuts was a tax exemption on corporate profits that are passed directly to individual owners – an extreme measure not done by any other state. According to a report by the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, the cuts to revenues have acted as a mini-recession for the state of Kansas, and prevented it from moving away from the recession-era cuts to services as quickly as it could have without this tax cut.
As tax cuts for corporations gained more steam, another revenue mechanism had to pick up the slack, and as detailed in the NPA report, taxes on working Americans more than filled in that hole. What that essentially means is hard-working American employees were stuck with the tax bill as corporations were free to use loopholes to their advantage to keep money from government coffers. The report points out the seemingly infinite loop of agreeing to close tax loopholes for a decreased corporate rate, only to introduce new loopholes that must be closed in the future by decreasing the corporate tax rate, of course.
National People’s Action and the Center for Effective Government argue that by returning to an Eisenhower-, or even a Nixon-era level of what corporations paid as a percentage of America’s bills, corporations could smooth over the scars of the Great Recession and fill in the gaps of lapsed services by increasing tax revenues by $464 billion (Nixon) to $683 billion (Eisenhower).
National People’s Action proposes to raise $200 billion in corporate taxes to close the funding gaps created since the recession. They do this by closing three loopholes:
- Offshore tax havens, which loses $90 billion a year in U.S. tax revenues,
- The executive pay loophole that allows corporations to deduct “performance bonuses” from their tax receipts,
- The stock-based pay loophole that allowed companies to deduct billions from their tax bill in 2012 alone.
The $200 billion raised through this program would be the salve to losses that occurred in the Great Recession. Under their estimates, a $36 billion-dollar increase would allow America “to refill the 667,000 jobs school teachers, first responders, librarians, highway crews, caretakers of public parks, and other state and city workers lost to budget cuts.”
Using the American Society for Civil Engineers’ number of $125 billion a year over the next eight years to improve U.S. infrastructure, an estimated additional 2.5 million jobs would be created, and America’s waterways, bridges, roads and schools would be updated to modern standards.
It is time to give up on the nonsense of cutting corporate taxes to increase jobs, because we have seen that this is not working. If it did, where are all the jobs? Why are 10 million Americans without work? It clearly isn’t working in Kansas. Millions of Americans could be put to work if these proposals were eliminated, and cuts to our state and local budgets would be reversed, allowing for a higher American quality of life. All that is standing in the way is a nonsensical conservative tenet.
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U.S. scientists, part of an international research team, say hardwood trees are being harmed by an invasive weed spreading across the nation.
The weed harms native maples, ashes and other hardwood trees by releasing chemicals that kill a soil fungus the trees depend on for growth and survival.
The tree-stifling alien, garlic mustard -- Alliaria petiolata -- was first introduced into the eastern United States in the 1860s. It since has spread into Canada and 30 states in the East and Midwest, with recent sightings as far west as Oregon.
While many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the success of invasive species, the new study is the first to determine an invasive plant harms native plants by thwarting the biological "friends" upon which they depend for growth.
The study was conducted by researchers at Harvard University, the University of Guelph, the University of Montana, Purdue University, and the UFZ Center for Environmental Research in Germany.
The research appears in the current issue of the Public Library of Science.
Copyright 2006 by United Press International
Explore further: Scientists call for action to tackle an invasive tree species
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A staff of researchers at the College of Ga has located a way to determine gene regulatory things that could assist produce “designer” crops and direct to advancements in foods crops at a crucial time. They revealed their results in two independent papers in Mother nature Plants.
With the world population projected to reach 9.1 billion by 2050, environment foods creation will need to have to increase by 70% and food stuff creation in the creating world will need to have to double, in accordance to estimates from the Food items and Agricultural Business of the United Nations. Improvements in crop crops could engage in a essential position in that energy.
The team, led by Bob Schmitz, shown an capability to discover cis-regulatory components, or CREs, in 13 plant species, which include maize, rice, environmentally friendly beans and barley.
Cis-regulatory components are regions of noncoding DNA that control neighboring genes. If a gene and its CRE can be discovered, they can be dealt with as a modular device, from time to time called a biobrick. Focusing on CREs for editing gives a far more refined device than modifying genes, in accordance to Schmitz, affiliate professor of genetics in the Franklin School of Arts and Sciences.
“Gene enhancing can be like a hammer. If you target the gene, you fairly considerably split it,” he explained. “Concentrating on CREs, which are associated in controlling gene expression — how a specific attribute appears — will allow you to switch gene expression up or down, identical to a dial. It presents us a resource to create a complete variety of variation in expression of a gene.”
Controlling a gene for leaf architecture, for case in point, might let a plant breeder to choose the angle at which a leaf grows from a plant, which can enjoy a major function in the plant’s gentle absorption and progress. Targeting the gene by itself would deliver two options: “on,” the place the leaf may increase at a 90-degree angle, and “off,” exactly where the leaf might expand straight down. But concentrating on the CRE in its place of the gene would let the grower to target a variety of options in among — a 10-diploma angle, a 25-diploma angle, a 45-degree angle, and so forth.
After biobricks have been created and screened for the sought after output, they could be utilised to generate “designer” crops that possess appealing attributes — for illustration, salt-tolerant crops that can mature in a landscape with substantial salinity. The skill to structure plants to develop in much less-than-best landscapes will come to be far more and far more vital as foods growers attempt to make much more in an ecosystem facing raising challenges, like drought and flooding.
Dependent on their good results, the investigation staff not too long ago gained a $3.5 million grant from the National Science Basis to look into the function of CREs in legumes, which includes peanuts and soybeans.
Fundamental the grant proposal and the papers are technological breakthroughs developed by Zefu Lu, Monthly bill Ricci and Lexiang Ji.
“Zefu took a significant-throughput process for identifying certain features that was formulated for animal cells and found a way to utilize it to plant cells. It took a lengthy time to handle the considerable barrier of plant organellar genomes, but now we are able to do what the animal area has been accomplishing for a few decades,” Schmitz stated.
“When people today check out to obtain trait/illness associations, they glance for mutations in genes, but the do the job in animals has proven that these non-gene areas also possess mutations that have an impact on the way in which a gene is expressed. The locations we’re identifying with this method are revealing regulatory information for gene expression management, which historically has been tough to detect compared to genes.”
Just one of Ricci’s contributions was acquiring a method that shows the connection amongst CREs and the gene they command.
“Usually CREs are situated right subsequent to the gene they management, but in crops with larger genomes — soybeans, maize — it can be become crystal clear that these managing things can look really far away,” Schmitz mentioned. “In two-dimensional area some thing may appear much away, more than several thousands of foundation pairs, but Bill’s process shows that in 3 proportions, it can be basically positioned ideal following to the gene.”
This function — the very first time it has been applied to vegetation — furnished the foundation for the two papers published in Mother nature Vegetation, and Schmitz compensated tribute to his group members’ contributions.
“This is a team hard work,” he said. “Zefu, Invoice and Lexiang have been big motorists of this investigate.”
“Prevalent Lengthy-vary Cis-Regulatory Elements in the Maize Genome” supplies genetic, epigenomic and functional molecular proof supporting the common existence of lengthy-length loci that act as extended-selection CREs influencing if and how a gene in the maize genome is expressed.
In “The prevalence, evolution and chromatin signatures of plant regulatory aspects,” the researchers determined thousands of CREs and discovered that extended-length CREs are commonplace in vegetation, primarily in species with big and complex genomes. Additional outcomes suggest that CREs perform with distinctive chromatin pathways to regulate gene expression.
The team’s get the job done will be shared by way of publicly out there epigenome browsers that were being developed by Brigitte Hofmeister, a latest Ph.D. graduate from the Schmitz Lab.
“Our experiments are genome large, and we do a large amount of procedure and technological know-how development, but it’s not useful if persons can not access it,” Schmitz said. “We deliver epigenome browsers that permit people researching leaf architecture, for illustration, to accessibility information and facts on the certain genes or qualities they’re fascinated in.”
Market is also fascinated in CREs, in accordance to Schmitz. Their modifying pipeline is nicely established for genes, and the subsequent apparent target for enhancing is CREs after they are located.
“It’s not just academia utilizing this for basic science,” he explained. “The applications of this technique to establish CREs will turn out to be commonplace in market to make improvements to crop general performance.”
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Project HRPIPE, Direct Numerical Simulation of Pipe Flow at High Reynolds Numbers
Turbulence is a flow regimen which is dominated by a wide range of length and time scales. The largest scale of motion depends on the geometry of the problem and the smallest scale of motion on the material properties of the liquid. In the atmosphere the largest scales of motion can be a few hundred kilometers big while the smallest scale of motion are a few millimeters. In an engineering application the largest scales of motion are much smaller than in the atmosphere but still there is a very big difference between the smallest and largest scale of motion. The Reynolds number of the flow gives an indication for the range of scales. If one wants to resolve all scales of motion in a turbulent flow, the numerical grid has to be sufficiently fine to resolve the smallest scales of motion but it has also to span the entire flow geometry to capture the large scale effects. This poses enormous constraints on the numerical resolution needed for these computations.
Turbulent Pipe Flow
In this specific project, which was made possible through the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) on HLRS supercomputer Hermit, researchers from the Delft University of Technology put their primary focus on pipe flow. From an engineering point of view turbulent pipe flow is a one of the most important flow geometries because of its wide range of technical applications. Although many engineering problems involving pipe flows can be solved by simple engineering correlations or by turbulence modes, there is considerable fundamental interest in turbulent pipe flow. One of the open questions is the scaling of turbulent statistics in pipe flows. For instance, in the past it has been argued that the peak of the axial root mean square (rms) value of the turbulent fluctuations is nearly constant and thus independent of the Reynolds number. Furthermore there is some experimental indication that at higher Reynolds numbers long meandering structures will be generated. Until now the origin of these structures is unknown. Better knowledge of turbulence in pipe flows will help scientists and engineers to develop (control) techniques to decrease turbulent skin friction and to optimize turbulent heat and mass transfer.
In the project three well resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent pipe flow have been performed. Reynolds numbers, based on the bulk velocity, range from 25,000 to 76,000, using up to 7.6 billion grid points on 24,000 nodes. The simulation model uses high order numerical methods. For the parallelization, the researchers use the open source package 2DECOMP&FFT on top of MPI that is very well suited for computational fluid dynamics problems. The lowest simulated Reynolds number is used to compare with existing literature data, both experimental and numerical. Results show an excellent agreement between the scientists’ work and the literature data. The higher Reynolds numbers are used to study turbulent physics and the scaling of the flow with the Reynolds numbers. First results of the data analysis show some interesting findings. For instance the indicator functions for the mean velocity profiles show that there is no constant value for the von Karman “constant” (not a new result) and (a new result) that the indicator functions more or less resemble the function for boundary layer flow and not for channel flow. This implies that the wake region has a much larger influence on the near wall behavior of turbulence than commonly accepted. Secondly, it is shown that the peak values of the turbulence intensity are a weak function of the Reynolds number and thus not constant as is often assumed. Furthermore, all velocity statistics show a weak dependency on the Reynolds number. The strange scaling behavior sometimes observed in experiments has thus probably not a physical nature but is probably related to calibration of diagnostic equipment.
The very long structures that have been observed in previous simulations with shorter computational domains have also been observed but with a much lower energy content. Most likely, the structures observed previously were an artifact of a too small computational domain. In the near future the scientists intend to use the very detailed information which is now available to study the mechanism behind turbulent drag reduction.
Bendiks Jan Boersma, Mathieu Pourquie & Rene Pecnik
Energy Technology, Delft University of Technology
NL-2628 CD Delft/The Netherlands
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How monkeys make friends in high places
Scientists have found how ‘immigrant’ species of monkeys make friends with other species in order to be accepted in their new community. Despite competing for the same living space and food, the monkeys manage to coexist successfully, by helping their new neighbours defend against mutual predators.
The psychologists at the University of St Andrews studied an area of rain forest in West Africa’s Ivory Coast for levels of co-operation and co-existence between forest monkeys. They found that because of its merits in warning fellow monkeys of potential predator threat, one immigrant species was welcomed to the existing community rather than avoided or not allowed to settle there.
The research was conducted in the Taï National Park by Dr Klaus Zuberbühler of St Andrews and Winnie Eckardt of the University of Leipzig, over a period of 2 years.
They initially found that seven species of monkeys managed to co- exist peacefully in the same community by restricting their living space to separate areas of the forest, thus not having to compete for food.
Dr Zuberbühler explained: “Diana monkeys typically forage in the highest tree crowns, while the closely related Campbell’s monkeys exploit the vegetation close to the ground. Such niche separation decreases interspecies competition and makes coexistence of closely related species possible.”
However, there was a potential conflict with one immigrant species, which preferred the same living space as an existing species – the newly migrated putty- nosed monkey preferred the same high living area as the Diana monkey. The researchers believe that the putty-nosed monkeys immigrated into the rainforest because of the destruction of their preferred natural savannah habitats by humans.
Though the more dominant Diana monkey was found to prevent the putty-nosed from successfully colonizing the rainforest, the researchers found that they allowed the newcomer to live and eat almost in the same area of the forest. Despite chasing the immigrants away from feeding areas when food was scarce, the Diana monkey was found to tolerate the incomers because of the advantages they offered through vigorous anti- predator behaviour. The loud and conspicuous warning call of the male putty-nose whenever a crowned eagle was present, was recognised as a warning by the Diana monkeys, thus making the putty-nosed an extremely valuable partner species.
Dr Zuberbühler explained: “Our results show that Diana monkeys tolerate immigrating putty-nosed monkeys and form mixed-species groups with them because of their merit in predation defense. Particularly, male putty-nosed monkeys play a vital role in defense against crowned eagles, suggesting that putty-nosed monkeys obtain access to feeding trees by offering anti-predation benefits to Diana monkeys.” The findings of the research are published in the paper ‘Cooperation and competition in two forest monkeys’ in the current issue of ‘Behavioral Ecology’.
NOTE TO EDITORS:
DR ZUBERBÜHLER IS AVAILABLE FOR INTERVIEW ON 01334 462080 OR firstname.lastname@example.org
NOTE TO PICTURE EDITORS:
JPEGS AND SOUND FILES OF THE MONKEYS AND THEIR CALLS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE PRESS OFFICE – CONTACT DETAILS BELOW.
Issued by Beattie Media On behalf of the University of St Andrews Contact Gayle Cook on 01334 467227, mobile 07900 050 103, or email email@example.com Ref: immigrant monkeys pr 310504.doc View the latest University news at http://www.st-andrews.ac.ukResearch
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In the vast majority of the schools I work with or have taught in, it is definitely not the case that the internet has transformed K-12 education in ways that were unprecedented by giving everyone access to all the knowledge of the world. Neither, has it, in my experience, pushed classroom learning away from content and basic skills or enabled more authentic, situated learning. To date, I have only ever been in two classrooms out of the dozens of CPS schools I’ve worked with, visited, or toured where I saw practices that even remotely approach this description. Even then, the sophisticated use of BYOD and blended instructional methods were still teacher-driven and focused on content and skills. I must admit, my own classroom was not one of the two, knowing what I know now — though no doubt I would have said otherwise when last I had my own classroom in 2008.
Dynamics At Play
There were a number of dynamics at play in the early days of the internet that I believe short-circuited this utopic vision from becoming even a partial reality. To be sure, “there is an essential lesson we must take to heart if we are to construct a new informational paradigm for education — that Internet architecture by design undermines hierarchy and liberates the end users at their powerful personal computers and mobile Internet devices…. The machine is really a giant centrifuge, forcing power outward from hierarchical systems to computer end users, individually and collectively forming a networked global society” (pp. 68-69). In as much as this is true, the industrial model of schooling has a vested interest in preventing this educational nirvana from being realized. Still, there are some other specific dynamics I see as interfering.
High Stakes Testing and School Reform
The early 1990’s were the point where high-stakes testing and school reform were shifting into high gear. As Waks has noted, these have the effect of solidifying the industrial model of schooling. So even as some educators wanted to innovate as part of a “reform” agenda on one hand, they were bound even more closely to the industrial model on the other via the use of test scores to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of their reform methods.
Cost and the Digital Divide
Then as today, costs for digital hardware and some software are prohibitively expensive and out of the financial ranges of most schools. Beyond a few labs, hardware carts, and faculty laptops, schools lack the funding to put a device in the hands of every student. While doing so is far from guaranteeing high level learning via such devices, digital instruction and learning without them is impossible.
The high associated costs in the early days drove the digital divide separating the digital haves from the digital have-nots — whether a family or a school district. Costs for hardware, commercial software, and basic internet service, never mind even more expensive high-speed options, all contributed to setting up this initial divide. When thinking in terms of academic allocation and legitimacy, as Waks does, one can see a digital analog being set up by the initial and consequent digital divides. People with access to the internet have a far wider allocation to the new social and network structures of the digital age. So even as the internet can be a disruptor of the allocations made by the industrial society and its schools, the economic realities of the industrial society transferred its allocations to the early digital/information/knowledge society via the digital divide.
Roll of Professional Learning and Educator Mindsets
Professional learning for both teachers and administrators has a profound impact on the extent to which information and communication technology gets implemented in a given school. Peggy Ertmer and Anne Ottenbriet-Leftwich have researched (PDF) technology change in schools and have found that in schools where teachers adapted ICT in meaningful ways, all had six characteristics in common:
- They were well equipped for ICT.
- Their focus was on changing the process of learning using ICT.
- Skills were acquired as part of the process of using those skills purposefully.
- The school provided support.
- Teachers had opportunities to discuss, reflect and troubleshoot with peers and facilitators over time.
- The nature of student learning changed along with teachers’ beliefs and knowledge sets.
They have found that both teachers and administrators need quality, differentiated professional development that addresses their educational belief systems as well as the learning needed for any given digital tools. In fact, Ertmer and Ottenbriet-Leftwich found that substantive and lasting change around digital methods will not occur with out the former in particular. They also found that school culture is a major driver of change. In schools were the administrators believe incorporating digital learning is a vital aspect to teaching and learning, teachers are more likely to include them in their practices. Even where administrators had laissez-faire attitudes about technology, those schools did not make any meaningful shifts to include digital instructional practices.
When we think about Ertmer and Ottenbriet-Leftwich’s research and acknowledge the paucity of time, money, and attention given to substantive, quality, professional learning for most US teachers, it is no surprise that schools are not making the shifts they need to make to bring teaching and learning into the digital age.
Affordances of Web 2.0 and a Wishlist
Still, 2017 is not 1997. As Waks notes, Web 1.0 was about desktop hardware, dial-up connections, and downloaded applications. The internet was essentially an application in as much as it could only be accessed via the Netscape browser. However, Web 2.0 is mobile, apps and data live in “the cloud”, the browser and the internet have become an operating system in and of themselves through which we can work, play and interact with nearly anyone on the planet via millions of digital networks (p. 81). Even though the world has shifted to this more interactive and participatory model of Web 2.0, I wonder if many educators and parents are not thinking about it in Web 1.0 terms, even as many of them make use of the networked technologies in their personal lives.
What do I wish were different? To start, I wish that with the affordances of lower costs and greater access to what danah boyd calls “networked publics”, adults will realize what young people have. Namely, that Web 2.0 is indeed all about connecting people, not computers (p. 81). That it is defined by social and commercial factors and not technology (p. 82). I would like educators and parents to allow kids to engage more in the behaviors identified by Mimi Ito as hanging out, messing around, and geeking out in these digital spaces. I would like to see teachers push their own use past administrative mere tasks with email and online gradebooks and into more instructional practices. I would like to see students, educators, and parents all “make [their] web experience more interactive and engaging…with creative ideas” (p. 82) and realize that the digital sphere is not something separate from “real life”, but just another “social and commercial milieu, not [emphasis added] the underlying technologies” (p. 82). Finally (for now) I’d like teachers specifically to take hold of the “bisociation” Waks cites Arthur Koestler as describing (p. 86). Such “bisociation” in the era of the mash-up and Open Educational Resources provides a great frame for pushing teachers out of their isolation and towards more collaborative work. I’m imagining “bisociated” lesson plans, unit plans, and curricula. Perhaps even a time where the term “cross-curricular” planning fades away to be replaced by “bisociated planning”. A time when teachers creating user-generated content on web sites and wikis like Teachers Pay Teachers or the Smithsonian Learning Lab is de rigueur and not reserved for the “tech geeks” among us.
And, I see this all coming to pass. In the next 10 years? Perhaps. But given the tremendous impact and change the internet has wrought on global society, I don’t think even education can insulate itself from the changes for long.
For more, check out these other media sources.
Alan Kay on Arthur Koestler and “bisociation”.
Mimi Ito on connected learning
Waks, L. J. (2016). Education 2.0: The learningweb revolution and the transformation of the school. New York, NY: Routledge.
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The Oxford Dictionary's word of the year for 2016 was post-truth. The post-truth environment causes each of us...
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to question the data we receive for processing. This environment is the output of cognitive hacking -- a term that has also been referred to as brain hacking.
The previous article on this topic discussed how cognitive hacking could be used in various environments, including the virtual environment that defines cybersecurity.
Cognitive hacking has been historically linked to political or financial environments, but the larger problem of data fidelity exists in all environments. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, and they require a very brief discussion since they can predict the success or failure of the potential solutions. These factors help to shape the problem of ensuring data fidelity and, ultimately, how this problem must be addressed.
First, we must consider the role of data in the environment. Data represents the entity or the glue that joins the edges of technical and human components. While much research has been conducted in the human and technical domains, along with human-machine interface research, the actual value of data remains mostly unexamined.
The value of data is both a technical and human issue. On the technical front, integrity and privacy address the transmission of data and even the maintenance of data at rest; however, simply capturing the data on input and valuing the data is not sufficient. Data exists in -- and reports on -- an environment; therefore, in order to know the value of data, the data must be understood in context. This context relates to when the data is created.
Data fidelity and cybersecurity
When discussing cybersecurity data, the environment where the data is created varies depending on the location and type of data. For example, consider an intrusion detection system (IDS) alert. An IDS alert can occur on the network (on the wire) or on the actual host. In both cases, the alert is trusted by the software that processes it.
However, the actual event may not match the reported event. If, in addition to the event information, other environmental variables such as memory usage and CPU cycles are captured, the contextual information around the event can be viewed and can provide the necessary data to possibly assure the fidelity of the event data.
Using the example of IDS data, if the network IDS systems are saying all the connections are normal, but the traffic sessions appear to be larger than normal, or the number of connections is significantly greater than normal, then we can infer that something is not right.
Presently, this does not differ much from basic anomaly detection. However, when the data is compared against the normal variance of baselined data, or when the data is compared against existing security information event management (SIEM) data and a difference is found, we can question the fidelity of our SIEM data.
Next, consider a case where the host is involved. Perhaps the file system remains acceptably changed, but the normal processes are taking longer than normal and using additional CPU cycles. In this case, like the previous example, a perturbation has occurred in the environment.
Data fidelity in IoT environments
In other cases, the environment may appear normal, but the object or alert may have changed, suggesting a potential false alarm; this is a common problem with anomaly detection systems. In this case, by having the object and environmental variables coupled together, we can potentially reduce the number of false positives. Minimally, we can gain better insights into the false positive problem without introducing false negatives.
Gathering the necessary environmental variables requires a deep understanding of the various environments. When dealing with the internet of things (IoT), this problem becomes considerably more complex. While the actual embedded device environment is simple, the variety of host environments where the chip resides introduces many new variables that require observation.
In spite of this, there are common areas that provide the basis of observables. For example, messaging rate baselines can be observed and established for various states, recognizing that certain stressed states are suboptimal for automated actions.
Table 1 is applicable to each of the three environments -- network, host and IoT -- as well as each of the meta-states that these inhabit at various processing times. The meta-processing states for each of the environments are start up, idle, normal processing, stressed processing, degraded processing and shutdown. Each of these meta-states has associated variables that can be accessed and examined to determine if these are controlled events, anomalous events or potential problems.
Of course, variations occur in each state of each environment, and this is why baselines are important. Baselining is sometimes thought of as the custodial work of cybersecurity, which is why many have tried to use machine learning for the task. This resulted in machine learning algorithms getting a flawed reputation because of their tendency to incorrectly classify abnormal data as normal, an ever-present problem that can be overcome through proper baselining.
The data fidelity problem will likely continue to plague security software in part because of the human-machine trust relationship, as well as because of the fundamental assumptions made by security experts and product developers in the early days of internet security. These assumptions, much like the signature-based detection model, will continue to be invalidated until data resilience, a significant component of data fidelity, moves to the forefront of the security discussion.
In the fake news environment of today, we see evidence of this forward movement with the inclusion of geolocation data (an environmental variable) in the context of a proposed news story being examined by machine learning technology. We will likely see a slow introduction of contextual evaluation in support of data fidelity in the IoT area first, in part because of the nature of the environmental variables and the need to better understand the interaction.
Find out how a new collision attack successfully broke SHA-1
Learn how enterprises can achieve cybersecurity readiness
Read more on mobile application assessments and their benefits
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Short, concise lessons and concepts helpful to students
"Dao" or "Do"
By Terry Bryan
Dao, also spelled Tao, is a very important concept in ancient Chinese
thought. It is often translated as "the way" or "the path,"
but these words do not do justice to the true meaning. In English we use
the word `way' to describe concepts like course, method, manner, mode,
means, practice, fashion, technique or style. These tend to lead us to
believe that way is a method of action, but in Chinese thought, non-action
is of equal importance in the dao.
The other commonly used term is "path" and can be equally misleading.
For example, one might inquire "the way to Denver", and yet
the path could be a multitude of responses. Responses could range from
head north on I-25 to giving specific latitude and longitude coordinates.
Those that understand the backwoods of Colorado understand that there
many types of paths one follows in the wild, as well as many different
methods of marking those paths so others can follow. The art and science
of tracking animals and other humans that have gone down a path ahead
of you is an art and science unto itself. Yet those of us who study this
method soon find that the natural paths created by nature’s engineers,
like the deer and sheep, are the most
economical and easiest to use when traveling. It seems most animals are
very in tune with nature and automatically follow the dao.
In problem solving, we usually brainstorm and identify several ways to
solve a specific challenge, and then try to select the best way. While
there are many solutions that will work, we assume that there is one course
of action that is better than all the others. This one method would include
every little detail of this particular course. This one best method could
be described as the dao.
Many times the word dao or do is added to another word to describe a
new concept. For example, jiang dao is the word for "to preach"
or "to speak the dao". In Japanese language the concept of dao
is translated as do and is used in many of the martial arts to describe
the total aspect of the way of their martial art. For example, judo, karate-do,
or kendo, implies that their martial art form is a complete and well thought
out art form that includes aspects of mental, physical and spiritual training.
Lao Tzu once stated that the dao that can be explained is not the dao.
This is in reference to the idea of the dao is a constant and changing
thing, and one can experience it, and use that experience to understand
it, but if you try to study or analyze it, it is no longer the dao. Take
for example the martial arts teacher or student. It is impossible to teach
students to defend themselves against an attacker in the street, because
combat is alive and constantly changing. Yet we can share principles and
concepts that may enable the student to go with the flow and adapt to
a specific situation, and increase his ability to find the proper path
at that time.
This leads us to the concept of karate-do; the way of karate. Many people
believe that the path is different for each of us, but has common roots.
This is why we spend time to working on goal setting and values clarification
with our students. Your path must be congruent with your personal values
and goals, and only then will your karate training begin to experience
the do aspect.
The path of karate-do is hard to explain and even harder to experience.
Each of us needs to find a good Sensei (one who has walked before), to
help guide us down this path and to remind us when we step off the path.
I can assure new students that the benefits of self-confidence, higher
self-esteem and the overall success they will experience in their life
because of this journey will be well worth it, but it is they who must
keep putting one foot in front of the other along the path of black belt
excellence. As you begin or continue along your path in karate-do, I wish
you the very best in your journey and hope your journey is as blessed
as mine has been and more.
About the Author:
Terry Bryan is the former General Secretary for the USA-NKF (National
Karate Federation), the official governing body for the sport of karate
with the US Olympic Committee. He currently is the Executive Director
for the American Black Belt Academy, a 501c3 non-profit organization located
in Colorado Springs.
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Even the Asteroid Belt Has Water
Vesta as seen by Dawn. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Somewhere in the Asteroid Belt, NASA's plucky spacecraft Dawn is on its way from Vesta, the second-largest object in the belt, to Ceres, the largest. Having finished with the spacecraft's time at Vesta, scientists are now parsing the mound of data they accumulated about the big rock and uncovering some surprises. One of them: It's got water.
According to a couple of complementary studies that appear in the journal Science today, Vesta was thought to be bone dry. The information for Dawn shows, however, that regions near Vesta's equator had enough hydrogen to account for a water content as high as 400 parts per million, according to Nature. It may not sound like much, butlike the traces of water our satellites are finding on the moonit's enough to make planetary scientists wonder, and to reinforce the idea that the solar system is a surprisingly watery place.
Besides its surprising moisture, Vesta is also interesting because it might be a window to the early days of the solar system. Earlier this year Dawn scientists confirmed that, as suspected, Vesta is the source of a class of meteorites that represents one in 20 that strike the Earth. Data from those asteroids and from the Dawn spacecraft confirmed that Vesta is no ordinary asteroid, but was probably on its way to becoming a planet before it was ripped apart, possibly by the immense gravitational tug of Jupiter.
And then there's Ceres, the next destination for Dawn. It's so big some scientists called it a planet after its discovery two centuries ago. Now it's classified as a dwarf planet, the same as Pluto. Dawn should arrive in 2015 and begin to find out what mysteries lie beneath Ceres' surface.
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Set your spirit of adventure free with this journey to the world’s great oceans, discovering the diversity of life that exists in the deep blue sea.
Whether you’re traveling long haul with leatherback turtles across the Pacific, snoozing with sea otters or ice bathing with a walrus, this book celebrates the very prescient topic of the world’s oceans with Lucy Letherland’s animal characters.
Each section begins with an infographic map of the ocean it explores—Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic—followed by richly detailed two-page spreads exploring its depths and the denizens within, as well as seabirds, coral reefs and shoreline critters. Discover saltwater crocodiles lurking in the Andaman Islands, hammerheads gathering in the Atlantic, and the awe-inspiring colossal squid that calls the Ross Sea home.
Interesting facts and figures pepper the scenes. Did you know that spinner dolphins can swim up to 400 kilometers a day? Or that some sea snails can grow up to half a meter long? Or that in the deepest depths, fish can glow in the dark? A natural history lesson in an adventure book, each spread features 10 captions and and facts about every destination. The 5th title in the best-selling Atlas of Adventures series that has now been translated into 31 languages. A 'Can you find?' page at the back challenges you to explore the pages even deeper by locating the pictured scenes and scene-stealers.
Children and adults alike will be amazed by the incredible creatures that await in the world's oceans.
Publisher: Wide Eyed Editions
Format: Hard cover | 96 pages
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How Tankless Water Heaters Conserve Energy
Turning on your hot water faucet and feeling the water turn from cold to hot is a part of the everyday life for most homeowners. Out of sight and out of mind, your water heater is the silent workhorse of your home’s plumbing system.
Homeowners are used to heating their water with a standard tank water heater. These water heaters constantly keep a tank full of water hot, ready for you to draw from at any time. But did you know that there would be a better, more efficient way to enjoy hot water at home?
How a Tankless Water Heater Works
Tankless water heaters, also known as on-demand water heaters, provide your home with a continuous supply of instantaneous hot water. And as the name suggests, they eliminate the need for large water tanks.
Tankless water heaters are growing increasingly popular for many reasons, but the most talked about aspect of going tankless is that they never run out of hot water. The instantaneous heating process means that your hot water isn’t stored in a tank, that can run out after a particularly long shower — going tankless means your hot water is in endless supply.
The Benefits of Going Tankless
Continuous supply of hot water
Because tankless water heaters provide hot water on demand, they never “run out” of hot water like tank water heaters do. That’s greater peace of mind for you and your family.
Greater energy savings & lower water heating bills
Tankless water heaters are especially energy efficient because they do not have to keep a tank full of hot water hot. They eliminate the “standby energy loss” that occurs with traditional tank water heaters. If you use 41 gallons or less of hot water daily, you can expect to save 24% to 34% more energy with a tankless water heater. If you use a lot of hot water every day — say, 86 gallons — you’ll still save about 8% to 14% more energy. That means reduced energy bills and savings back in your pocket!
Longer life span
Tankless water heaters also tend to last longer than tank water heaters — tankless water heaters have a lifespan of 20 years versus 15 years for traditional water heaters. So, while tankless water heaters do come with a higher upfront cost, they can save you money in the long run in the form of energy savings and a longer lifespan.
A tankless water heater will save you an estimated $100 per year in energy costs, ($272/year for tankless, compared to $388/year for traditional tank water heaters) which over the lifetime of a tankless system means you are saving at least $2,000.
Reduced risk of flooding
With a conventional tank water heater, there runs the risk of the water storage tank flooding. Tankless water heaters eliminate this worry.
Tankless water heaters are wall mounted and typically take up less space than water heaters with tanks. That means more room in that closet or corner of the basement!
Simple Financing for Your Tankless Upgrade
Now that you understand the benefits of going tankless — energy conservation and lower utility bills, to name a couple — you may be considering upgrading to a tankless water heater in your own home.
Luckily for homeowners in Florida and California, there is simple financing to make your tankless dreams a reality. With PACE financing, you can receive 100% financing for your water heater upgrade with zero money down. Simply pay the cost of your upgrade back as a line item on your property tax bill and use your energy bill savings to cover that cost.
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It’s a Branch of Well being science which offers with different types of Pathological, Hematological, Serological, Biochemical , Immunological exams. The advancement of Science and expertise allow mass communication in the present day so that we not only have the tv, radio and newspaper, but even cellphones which renders a multipurpose service; from lengthy distance calls, listening to radio and music, taking part in games, taking pictures, recording voice and video, and looking the web.
The MedTech sector benefits from this circulation of skilled graduates produced by Eire’s seven universities and 13 Institutes of Know-how. Medical technologists may also expect to spend many hours standing in a laboratory. A few of these applied sciences are proven as helpful to medical professionals and their sufferers.
Students are acquainted with professional follow issues together with moral practices in medical technology and laboratory-based analysis and an introduction to environmental and occupational well being and questions of safety affecting laboratory practices.
There are quite a few ideas and examples of how social media are, or may be, used in medical schooling ( examples ). The problem is that these discussions about uses of social media occur in the blogosphere or on Twitter or FB. The Average Joe physician is unlikely to get exposed to these, until it reaches the mainstream print journals.
The brand new approaches to medical coding, health information change and billing outlined above require specialized databases that are personalized to satisfy the wants of each physician and medical follow. It streamlines the medical care course of and lowers malpractice claims, and increases coordination between suppliers.
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Beach nourishment is the adding of sediment onto or directly adjacent to an eroding beach. This "soft structural" response allows sand to shift and move with waves and currents. Dune restoration is commonly carried out during a beach nourishment project as well.
A wide, nourished beach system absorbs wave energy, protects upland areas from flooding, and mitigates erosion. The beach provides a buffer between storm waves and landward areas, and it can prevent destructive waves from reaching the dunes and upland developments. When sediment is naturally moved offshore from a nourished beach, it causes waves to break farther from the shoreline, which weakens their energy before reaching the shore.
Before a project can be implemented, however, project designers must determine the necessary amount of sand to nourish the beach. Engineers develop sediment budgets, which do not involve monetary figures but rather inflows and outflows of sediment in a given coastal system.
Once a sediment budget has been calculated, sources must be found to provide the needed sediment. Beach fill material must closely match the sand on the native beach so that when waves and currents naturally distribute the fill, most of it remains on the beach and is not swept offshore. Concurrently, fill material must usually be of a texture acceptable for beach-goers.
Beach nourishment projects must be supplemented with additional quantities of sand to counteract the natural removal of sediment by waves and currents. This periodic renourishment is calculated in sediment budgets, and it results in the placement of sand at a project location usually every few years.
To learn more about how beach nourishment supports coastal storm protection, see How Beach Nourishment Projects Work. (pdf, 2.54 MB)
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ACID A sour chemical substance containing hydrogen with the ability to dissolve metals, neutralize alkaline materials and combine with bases to form salts. Acid is used to lower (decrease) pH and total alkalinity of swimming pool and spa water. Examples are muriatic acid (hydrochloric) and dry acid (sodium bisulfate).
ACID DEMAND The amount of acid required to bring high pH and total alkalinity down to their proper levels. Determined by the acid demand test.
ACID DEMAND TEST A reagent test usually used in conjunction with a pH test to determine the amount of acid needed to lower pH and total alkalinity levels.
ACID RAIN Precipitation having an unusually low pH value (4.5 or lower) caused by absorption of air polluted by sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
ACRYLIC A thermoplastic sheet formed into a mold to make a spa or related equipment. It is first heated and then vacuumed onto the mold.
AIR BLOWER A mechanical device that forces air through holes in the floor, bubbler ring or hydrotherapy jets in a spa.
AIR-RELIEF VALVE A brass or plastic, manually operated valve located at the top of a filter tank for relieving the pressure inside the filter and for removing the air inside the filter (called bleeding the filter). Sometimes called a pressure-relief valve.
ALGAE Microscopic plant-like organisms that contain chlorophyll. Algae are nourished by carbon dioxide (CO2) and use sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. It is introduced by rain or wind and grows in colonies producing nuisance masses. Algae are not disease-causing, but can harbor bacteria, and it is slippery. There are 21,000 known species of algae. The most common pool types and black, blue-green, green and mustard (yellow or drawn). Pink or red-colored algae-like organisms exist but are bacteria and not algae. Maintaining proper sanitizer levels, shocking and super chlorination will help prevent its occurrence.
ALGAECIDE Also called algaecide - A natural or synthetic chemical designed to kill, destroy or control algae.
ALKALI Also called base - A Class of compounds which will react with an acid to give a salt. Alkali is the opposite of acid.
ALKALINITY Also more commonly called total alkalinity. A measure of the pH-buffering capacity of water. Also called the water's resistance to change in pH. Composed of the hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates in the water. One of the basic water tests necessary to determine water balance.
ALUM Any one of several aluminum compounds used in pools to form a gelatinous floc on sand filters or to coagulate and precipitate suspended particles in the water.
AMMONIA Introduced into the water by swimmers as waste (perspiration or urine) or by other means. Quickly forms foul-smelling, body- irritating chloramines - a disabled, less- effective form of chlorine. See chloramines or combined chlorine.
ANTI-FOAM A chemical added to the water to make the suds or foam go away. These products do not remove the source of the sudsing. Most often, the water must be drained and refilled to remove the soaps, oils and other causes of foaming. Shocking and super chlorination may help prevent foaming.
ASCORBIC ACID A chemical compound used to remove iron stains from fiberglass and vinyl-liner pools.
AUTOMATIC POOL CLEANER A pool maintenance system that will agitate or vacuum debris from the pool interior automatically.
AVAILABLE CHLORINE CONTENT A term used or an index used to compare the oxidizing power of chorine-containing products to gas chlorine. It permits easy comparison of chlorine compounds.
AVAILABLE CHLORINE The amount of chlorine, both free and combined in the pool water that is available to sanitize or disinfect the water. Some- times called residual chlorine.
BACKFLOW The backing up of water through a pipe in the direction opposite to normal flow.
BACKWASH The process of thoroughly cleaning the filter by reversing the flow of water through it with the dirt and rinse water going to waste.
BACTERIA Single-celled microorganisms of various forms, some of which are undesirable or potentially disease-causing. Bacteria are controlled by chlorine, bromine or other sanitizing and disinfecting agents.
BACTERICIDE A chemical or element that kills, destroys or controls bacteria.
BAKING SODA Chemically called sodium bicarbonate. It is white powder used to raise the total alkalinity of pool or spa water without having much affect on pH.
BALANCED WATER The correct ratio of mineral content and pH level that prevents the water from being corrosive or scale forming.
BALL VALVE A simple non-return valve consisting of a ball resting on a cylindrical seat within a liquid passageway.
BASE Also called basic - A class of compounds which will react with an acid to give a salt. Base is the opposite of an acid. See alkali.
BLEACH This term usually refers to liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite 12% available chlorine). It is the same chemical used in laundry bleach but pool chlorine is 12% available chlorine while laundry bleach is about 5 to 6%% available chlorine.
BLOWER An electrical device that produces a continuous rush of air to create the optimal bubbling effect in a spa, hot tub or whirl- pool. It is usually plumbed in with the hydrotherapy jets or to a separate bubbler ring.
BLUE FINGERNAILS A condition caused by too much copper in the pool water. Blue fingernails are not caused by chlorine. The copper may get into the water by the bad practice of placing trichlor tabs in the skimmer. This acidic product will cause low-pH water, which will in turn dissolve metals in the equipment. The dissolved metal (usually copper) then stains hair, fingernails and, eventually, pool walls. It can also be caused by keeping the pH too low or misusing acid.
BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION Breakpoint Chlorination - The process of adding sufficient free available chlorine to completely oxidize all organic matter and ammonia or nitrogen compounds. All chlorine added after that point is free available chlorine.
BROMAMINES By-products formed when bromine reacts with swimmer waste (perspiration or urine), nitrogen or fertilizer. Bromamines are active disinfectants and do not smell, although high levels are body irritants. Bromamines are removed by super chlorination or shock treating.
BROMIDE A common term for a bromide salt used to supply bromide ions to the water so they may be oxidized or changed into hypobromous acid, the killing form of bromine. Used as a disinfectant.
BROMINATOR A mechanical or electrical device for dispensing bromine at a controlled rate. Most often a canister or floater filled with tablets of bromine.
BROMINE A common name for a chemical compound containing bromine that is used as a disinfectant to destroy bacteria and algae in swimming pools and spas. Available as a tablet or as sodium bromide, a granular salt.
BTU Abbreviation for British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
BUFFER A substance or compound that stabilizes the pH value of a solution. It is also the water's resistance to change in pH.
BYPASS An arrangement of pipes, gates and valves by which the flow of water may be passed around a piece of equipment or diverted to another piece of equipment; a controlled diversion.
CAL. HYPOCHLORITE Calcium Hypochlorite - A compound of chorine and calcium used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, bactericide, algaecide and oxidizer in swimming pool and spa water. It is available as a white granular material usually used for super chlorination or it is available as tablets used in a feeder for regular chlorination. It usually contains 65% available chlorine.
CALCIUM CARBONATE Crystalline compounds formed in swimming pool and spa water when the calcium, pH and total alkalinity levels are too high. Once formed, the crystals adhere to the plumbing, equipment, pool walls and bottom. These crystals are better known as scale.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE A soluble white salt used to raise the calcium or total hardness level in the pool or spa.
CALCIUM HARDNESS The calcium content of the water. Calcium hardness is sometimes confused with the terms water hardness and total hardness. Too little calcium hardness and the water is corrosive. Too much calcium hardness and the water is scale forming. One of the basic water tests necessary to determine water balance. Minimum level is 150 ppm. Ideal range is 200 to 400 ppm.
CARTRIDGE A replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester used as the filter medium in cartridge filters.
CARTRIDGE FILTER A pool or spa water filter that uses a replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing or volute and having an inlet and a discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the water by the velocity derived from the centrifugal force.
CHECK VALVE A mechanical device in a pipe that permits the flow of water or air in one direction only.
CHELATE (Pronounced KEY-late) - also called sequester - It is the process of preventing metals in the water from combining with other components in water to form colored precipitates that stain the pool walls and bottom or produce colored water.
CHELATED COPPER Algaecides that contain a special ingredient to prevent the copper from staining the pool walls and bottom or producing colored water.
CHEMICAL FEEDER Any of several types of devices that dispense chemicals into the pool or spa water at a predetermined rate. Some dispense chlorine or bromine while others dispense pH-adjusting chemicals.
CHLORINE NEUTRALIZER A chemical used to make chlorine harmless. Used in test kits to counteract the bleaching effect of the chlorine or bromine in order to increase the accuracy of pool water tests. Sold as chlorine and bromine neutralizer, it is used to destroy excessive amounts of chlorine or bromine, so the high levels will not affect swimmers.
CHLORAMINES Undesirable, foul-smelling, body-irritating compounds formed when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (swimmer and bather waste, fertilizer, perspiration, urine, etc.). Chloramines are still disinfectants, but they are a much weaker, ineffective form of chlorine. Chloramines are removed by super chlorination or shock treating.
CHLORINATOR A mechanical or electrical device for dispensing chlorine at a controlled rate. Most often a canister or floater filled with tablets of chlorine.
CHLORINE A term used to describe any type of chlorine compound used as a disinfectant in swimming pool and spa water or to kill, destroy or control bacteria and algae. In addition, chlorine oxidizes ammonia and nitrogen compounds (swimmer and bather waste).
CHLORINE DEMAND The amount of chlorine necessary to oxidize all organic matter (bacteria, algae, chloramines, ammonia and nitrogen compounds) in the pool or spa water.
CHLORINE ENHANCER A chemical compound that when used in conjunction with chlorine makes the chlorine perform better as an algaecide.
CHLORINE GENERATOR An electrical device that generates chlorine from a salt solution in a tank or from salt added to the pool water.
CHLORINE LOCK This is a term that implies that an over- abundance of cyanuric acid (stabilizer or conditioner) in the water would cause the chlorine to be all "locked up." This is not true.
CHLORINE RESIDUAL The amount of chlorine left in the pool or spa water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied.
CLARIFIER Also called coagulant or flocculant - A chemical compound used to gather (coagulate or agglomerate), or to precipitate suspend- ed particles so they may be removed by vacuuming or filtration. The are two types; inorganic salts of aluminum (alum) or water soluble organic polyelectrolyte.
CLARITY The degree of transparency of the water.
COAGULANT An organic polyelectrolyte used to gather (coagulate) suspended particles in the water.
COMBINED CHLORINE Undesirable, foul-smelling, body-irritating compounds formed when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (swimmer and bather waste, fertilizer, perspiration, urine, etc.). Combined chlorine is still a disinfectant, but it is a much weaker, ineffective form of chlorine.
CONDITIONER Chemically, conditioner is cyanuric acid. It slows down the degradation of chlorine in the water by sunlight. Minimum level is 10 ppm. Too much does not slow down chlorine activity or effectiveness. Conditioner does not protect bromine from sun- light.
COPING The cap or top lip on the pool or spa wall that provides a finished edge around the pool or spa. It can be formed, cast in place or precast, or prefabricated of extruded aluminum or rigid vinyl. It may also be part of the system that secures a vinyl liner to the top of the pool wall.
COPPER It is one of nature's elements. It is also used for various parts of equipment and plumbing in swimming pools and spas. Corrosive water caused by misuse of chemicals, improper water balance, or placing trichlor tablets in the skimmer can cause copper to be dissolved from the equipment or plumbing and deposit the precipitates on hair, finger- nails or pool walls. High levels of copper also cause green water. Copper is also used as an algaecide. Maximum level is about 0.2 ppm.
COPPER ALGAECIDE A chemical compound that contains the element copper. Copper sulfate was one of the original copper algaecides. Too much copper in the water can cause green-colored stains. Newer copper algaecides contain an ingredient that prevents the copper from staining but does not affect copper's ability to kill algae. These special copper algaecides are called chelated copper algaecides.
CORROSION The etching, pitting or eating away of the pool or spa or equipment. Caused by improper water balance, misuse of acid or acidic products or from soft water.
COUPLING A plumbing fitting that is used to connect two pieces of pipe.
COVER, HARD-TOP A cover used on pools, spas and hot tubs that rests on the lip (coping) of the pool or spa deck - not a flotation cover. Used as a barrier to swimmers and bathers, and for maintenance and thermal protection.
COVER, SOLAR A cover that, when placed on the water's surface of a pool, spa or hot tub, increases the water temperature by absorption and transmission of solar radiation; reduces evaporation and prevents wine-borne debris from entering the water.
COVER, WINTER A cover that is secured around the perimeter of a pool, spa or hot tub that provides a barrier to bathers and debris when the pool, spa or hot tub is closed for the season.
CYANURIC ACID Also called condition and stabilizer - Chemically, conditioner is cyanuric acid. It protects chlorine in the water from being destroyed by sunlight. Minimum level is 10 ppm. Too much does not slow down chlorine activity or effectiveness. Does not protect bromine from sunlight.
D. E. FILTER Diatomaceous Earth Filter - A filter designed to use diatomaceous earth (D.E.) as the filter medium. The D.E. is added through the skimmer with the pump on, which takes the D.E. and deposits it on a grid. The D.E. then becomes the filter medium.
DECKS Those areas immediately adjacent to a pool, spa or hot tub that are specifically constructed or installed for use by bathers for sitting, standing or walking.
DEFOAMER Also called anti-foam - A chemical added to the water to make the suds or foam go away. These products do not remove the source of the sudsing. Most often, the water must be drained and refilled to remove the soaps, oils and other causes of foaming. Shocking and super chlorination may help prevent foaming.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH Also called D.E. - A white powder composed of fossilized skeletons of one-celled organisms called diatoms. The skeletons are porous and have microscopic spaces. The powder is added through the skimmer with the pump on and deposits itself on a grid. The powder then becomes the filter medium.
DICHLOR The common name for sodium dichlor. A fast- dissolving chlorine compound containing chlorine and cyanuric acid (stabilizer or conditioner). It has a neutral pH and is quick-dissolving, so it can be used for regular chlorination or super chlorination.
DIFFUSER A porous plate, tube or other device through which air is forced and divided into minute bubbles for diffusion in the water. A diffuser can also be an over drain on a sand filter. A diffuser is also used on a closed face impeller on a pump to concentrate water flow to the center of the impeller.
DISINFECT To kill al pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms.
DISSOLVED SOLIDS Also called TDS or total dissolved solids - A measure of the total amount of dissolved matter in water. Examples are calcium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium, chlorides and metals. High levels can cause corrosion, colored water or salty taste. Maximum level is usually 2500 ppm for pools. Maximum level for spas is 1500 ppm over starting level.
DIVERTER VALVE A plumbing fitting used to change the direction or redirect the flow of water. Some diverter valves are used on pool/spa combinations to allow the use of the spa and then switch the flow back to the pool. A brand name diverter valve is called an Ortega valve, which is sometimes used to describe a diverter valve.
DIVING BOARD A recreational mechanism for entering a swimming pool, consisting of a semi-rigid board that derives its spring from a fulcrum mounted below the board and attached to the deck.
DPD An indicator reagent used for the determination of free and total chlorine, bromine, ozone and other oxidizers in water. Better than using OTO for chlorine because it measures free chlorine.
DRAIN This term usually refers to a plumbing fitting installed on the suction side of the pump in pools, spas and hot tubs. Sometimes called the main drain, it is located in the deepest part of the pool, spa or hot tub. It is not a drain, such as a drain on a kitchen sink. Main drains do not allow the to drain to waste but rather connect to the pump for circulation and filtration.
DRY ACID Chemically, sodium bisulfate. A dry white crystal that produces acid when added to water. It is used for lowering pH and total alkalinity. Safer to handle than muriatic acid.
EFFLUENT The water that flows out of a pump, filter or heater, usually on its way back to the pool or spa.
ELBOW A plumbing fitting shaped at a 90 degree or a 45 degree angle usually made of metal, PVC or some other plastic.
ELECTROLYSIS An electrochemical reaction causing a black stain normally found around metal fixtures or on the plaster. It is caused by two dissimilar metals being plumbed together or from an improper electrical grounding of pool equipment or lights. Electrolysis also means the decomposition of water and other inorganic compounds in aqueous solution by means of electricity. Chlorine generators use this principle to produce chlorine from salt in the water.
EPA Abbreviation for the federal Environmental Protection Agency.
ESCUTCHEON PLATE An ornamental shield, flange or border used around a pie, plumbing fitting, grab rail or light.
FIBERGLASS Fine spun filaments of glass which are avail- able in a rope or mat form. When used in a process with polyester resins, catalysts and hardeners, can be formed or molded into pools, spas and related shapes.
FILTER A device that removes undissolved or suspended particles from water by recirculating the water through a porous substance (a filter medium or element). The three types of filters used in pools and spas are sand, cartridge and D.E. (diatomaceous earth).
FILTER AID A chemical compound added to the water or to the filter that allows the existing filter to become more efficient. Examples are alum, water clarifiers and D.E. (diatomaceous earth).
FILTER AREA The total surface area of the filter medium that is exposed to the flow of water from the pump, expressed in square feet. Examples are: a 36 sq. ft.. (also 36 ft2) D.E. filter and a 100 sq. ft.. (also 100 ft2) cartridge filter.
FILTER CARTRIDGE A replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester used as the filter medium in cartridge filters.
FILTER CYCLE The operating time between cleaning or backwashing cycles of a filter. Also the amount of time the filter has water flowing through it each day expressed in hours.
FILTER ELEMENT A device within a filter tank designed to trap suspended solids as water flows through it from the pool or spa.
FILTER MEDIUM The material used in the filter to trap suspended dirt particles as the water is flowing through it. The polyester or paper used in making a cartridge filter element. The sand used in a sand filter. The D.E. (diatomaceous earth) used in a D.E. filter.
FILTER POWDER A common name for diatomaceous earth (D.E.), used as the filter medium in a diatomaceous earth filter.
FILTER ROCK Graded, rounded rock and/or gravel used to support the filter medium. Usually used with rapid-rate sand filters.
FILTER SEPTUM That portion of the filter element consisting of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or filter aid is deposited. The nylon grid on a D.E. filter is the septum.
FILTER, SAND A type of filter media composed of hard, sharp silica, quartz or similar particles with proper grading for size and uniformity. The most common grade used is No. 20 in sand filters.
FILTRATION RATE The rate at which the water is traveling through the filter, expressed in litres per minute (gpm) per square foot of filter area.
FIREMAN'S SWITCH A mechanical switch located inside the time clock, which opens a circuit and shuts off the heater 10 or 15 minutes prior to shutting off the water circulation pump, allowing the heater to cool down. This helps reduce lime buildup in the heat exchanger.
FLOC (See flocculation) - The clump or tuft formed when suspended particles combine with a flocculating agent.
FLOCCULATING AGENT Also flocculant - A chemical substance or compound that promotes the combination, agglomeration, aggregation or coagulation of suspended particles in the water.
FLOCCULATION The combination, agglomeration, aggregation or coagulation of suspended particles in such a way that they form small clumps or tufts (called floc).
FLOW RATE The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing past a point in 1 minute - abbreviated as gpm.
FOAM A froth of bubbles on the surface of the water. Usually comes from soap, oil, deodorant, hair spray, suntan oil, etc., that is shed into the water as swimmers enter.
FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE The amount of free chlorine in the pool or spa water that is available to sanitize or disinfect the water. Sometimes called residual or available chlorine.
GEL COAT A colored, polyester-resin material applied to the surface of a molded part. The gel coat hardens to a smooth, durable form and becomes an integral part of the laminate. Fiberglass pools and spas have gel coat finishes.
GPD An abbreviation for gallons per day.
GPH An abbreviation for gallons per hour.
GPM An abbreviation for gallons per minute.
GRAB RAIL Also called hand rail - A tubular steel or plastic device that can be gripped by swimmers or bathers for the purpose of steadying themselves. Usually located near the steps in the pool.
GREEN HAIR A condition caused by too much copper in the pool water. Green hair is not caused by chlorine. The copper may get into the water by the bad practice of placing trichlor tabs in the skimmer. This acidic product will cause low-pH water, which in turn will dissolve metals in the equipment. The dissolved metal (usually copper) then stains hair, fingernails and, eventually, pool walls. It can also be caused by keeping the pH too low or misusing acid.
GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER Also called a GFCI - A device intended to protect people. It interrupts (de-energizes) the electrical circuit whenever it detects the presence of excess electrical current going to ground (usually 1/40th of a second and 5/1000th of an ampere).
GUNITE A mixture of cement and sand sprayed onto contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool. Gunite is mixed and pumped to the site dry, and water is added at the point of application. Plaster is usually applied over the gunite.
GUTTER An overflow trough at the edge of the pool through which floating debris, oil and other "lighter-than-water" things flow to. Pools with gutters usually do not have skimmers.
HALOGENS The chemical elements either individually or collectively that constitute Group VIIB of the Periodic Table of Elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine. Of these, only chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectants and sanitizers in pools and spas.
HAND RAIL A tubular steel or plastic device that can be gripped by swimmers or bathers for the purpose of steadying themselves. Usually located near the steps in the pool.
HAND SKIMMER A screen attached to a frame which is then attached to a telepole used to remove large floating debris, such as leaves and bugs, from the water's surface.
HARDNESS The amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water. "Water" or "total" hardness refers to the total magnesium and calcium dissolved in the water. Calcium hardness refers to just the calcium. Measured by a test kit and expressed as ppm. The proper range is 200 to 400 ppm.
HEAT EXCHANGER A device located inside the heater providing for the transfer of heat from the heat source to the water. This is usually a series of metallic tubes with fins located just above the flames.
HEATER A fossil-fueled, electric or solar device used to heat the water of a pool, spa or hot tub.
HERBICIDE A chemical compound used to kill or control plant growth or algae. Simazine is a common pool herbicide.
HORSEPOWER The work done per unit of time. 1 horsepower equals 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute or approximately 746 watts. Motors for pumps are rated in horsepower.
HOT TUB A spa constructed of wood with the sides and bottom formed separately and joined together by hoops, bands or rods.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID Also called muriatic acid - A very strong acid used in pools to lower the pH and total alkalinity. It can also be used for various cleaning needs. Used in "acid washing" a pool. Use extreme care in handling.
HYDROGEN The lightest chemical element. A component of water, and a frequent product of many chemical reactions. pH is a measure of hydrogen in its ionic form in water.
HYDROGEN ION The positively charged nucleus of hydrogen atom. The relative degree of acid or base of a solution (called pH) is a measure of hydrogen ions.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE An unstable, colorless, heavy liquid used as a bleach in industry and as an antiseptic in households. It is used as an oxidizing agent in pools and spas. May also be used to de- chlorinate pool or spa water.
HYDRO JET A fitting in the pool or spa on the water return line from the equipment that blends or mixes air and water, creating a high- velocity, turbulent stream of air-enriched water.
HYPOBROMOUS ACID The most powerful disinfecting form of bromine in water. Sometimes called the killing form of bromine.
HYPOCHLORITE The name given to a family of chlorine- containing compounds, including calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite, that are used as disinfectants and sanitizers in pool and spa water.
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID The most powerful disinfecting form of chlorine in water. Sometimes called the killing form of chlorine.
IMPELLER The rotating member of a pump. The part of the pump that moves the water.
INFLUENT The water entering the pump, the filter or other equipment of space. Water going into the pump is called in influent, while water leaving the pump is called the effluent.
INLET A fitting in the pool or spa on the water return line from the equipment that water returns to the pool. Usually the last thing on the return line.
IONIZER A water-sanitation device that uses electricity to generate metal ions, which are dispersed in the water. It works by passing a low-voltage DC current through a set of metallic (usually copper and silver) electrodes placed in line with the circulation equipment. The copper is an algaecide, while the silver is a bactericide. Does not remove swimmer waste.
IRON Iron in water causes the water to be brown- or green-colored. Can be controlled by the addition of a sequestering agent or a chelating agent. Water can be tested with an iron test kit.
ISOCYANURATES Also called stabilized chlorine - A family of chlorine pool sanitizers that contain conditioner (cyanuric acid or isocyanuric acid) to protect the chlorine from the de- grading UV rays in sunlight. The most common types are sodium dichlor and trichlor. The granular form is dichlor, which is fast- dissolving and can be used for regular chlorination or super chlorination by broadcasting into the pool or spa. Tablet or stick form is trichlor (which is usually used in a chlorine feeder - either the floating type or the in-line erosion type) used for regular chlorination only.
JACUZZI® A brand name and registered trademark for a specific line of spas and whirlpools. Also a slang term used improperly to describe a hot tub or spa.
LADDER A structure for climbing up or down; consists of two parallel sides joined by a series of crosspieces that serve as footrests. It is used for getting in and out of the pool. A double-access ladder straddles the pool wall of an above-ground pool. An in-pool ladder is located in the pool only.
LEAF BAGGER A device that attaches to a telepole and a garden hose. Pressure from the garden hose creates a suction by which leaves and large debris are sucked into a large mesh bag.
LIGHT NICHE The area in a pool or spa that house the underwater light.
LINER Also called vinyl line - The vinyl membrane that acts as the container to hold or contain the water.
LIQUID ACID (31.45% hydrochloric acid) - also called muriatic acid - It is used for lowering pH, total alkalinity and for various cleaning needs. It is also used for acid washing.
LIQUID CHLORINE A sodium hypochlorite solution. Usually provides 10 to 12% available chlorine; has a pH of 13 and requires that small amounts of acid be added to the pool to neutralize the high pH. Good for regular chlorination and super chlorination.
LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE A dry, granular chlorinating compound with an available chlorine content of 35%. It is rapid-dissolving and can be used to super chlorinate vinyl-liner pools, painted pools or fiberglass pools as well as spas and hot tubs.
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS A measure of the amount of magnesium dissolved in the water. It is part of total or water hardness. It also causes scale if levels are too high.
MAIN DRAIN This term usually refers to a plumbing fit- ting installed on the suction side of the pump in pools, spas and hot tubs. Sometimes called the drain and is located in the deepest part of the pool, spa or hot tub. It is not a drain, such as a drain on a kitchen sink. Main drains do not allow the water to drain to waste but rather connect to the pump for circulation and filtration.
MAKE-UP WATER This is sometimes called "tap" or "refill" water. It is the water used to replace water lost to evaporation, splash-out, leaks or swimmer drag-out in the pool.
MANIFOLD The branch pipe arrangement that connects several input pipes into one chamber or one chamber into several output pipes. A filter manifold connects several input pipes from the filter septa back into one common pipe.
MARCITE Originally a brand name for a white plaster finish coat from 1/8th to 1/2 inch thick applied over the gunite or shot Crete.
MICRON A unit of length equal to 1 millionth of a meter - it is .000394 of an inch. Microns are used to describe the pore size of filter media. Sand filters have openings of 25 to 30 microns; cartridge filters have openings of 8 to 10 microns; and D.E. (diatomaceous earth) filters have openings of 1 to 5 microns. Humans, without magnification, can see objects 35 microns or larger. A granule of table salt is between 90 to 110 microns.
MINERAL Any substance that is neither animal or vegetable. It is any class of substances occurring in nature, usually comprising of inorganic substances, such as quartz , of definite chemical composition and definite crystal structure. It sometimes includes rocks formed by these substances. Ground water dissolves these rock substances, and the dissolved minerals are present in tap water. Depending on the kinds of rocks the water comes in contact with, the minerals dissolved in the water may be just a few or they may be many. Water hardness is mostly comprised of these minerals.
MULTI PORT VALVE Also called a rotary-type backwash valve - This valve replaces as many as 6 regular gate valves. Water from the pump can be diverted for various functions by merely turning the valve handle. The water may be sent to waste, used for backwashing, bypassing the filter for maximum circulation, for normal filtration, filtering to waste (rinse), or the valve may be closed to not pass water. The pump must be off before changing a valve setting.
MURIATIC ACID (31.45% hydrochloric acid) - Also called liquid acid - An acid used to reduce the pH and alkalinity levels in pool water. It is also used in acid washing, a process that removes stains and scale from pool plaster.
NEUTRALIZER A chemical used to make chlorine or bromine harmless. Used in test kits to counteract the bleaching effect of the chlorine or bromine in order to increase the accuracy of pool water tests. Sold as chlorine and bromine neutralizer, it is used to destroy excessive amounts of chlorine or bromine, so the high levels will not affect swimmers.
NITROGEN A gas that causes algae to bloom and disables chlorine. It is brought into the water each time it rains. Maintaining proper chlorine levels will prevent nitrogen from becoming a problem. Super chlorination will remove nitrogen and its related compounds.
NON-CHLORINE SHOCK A term given to a class of chemical compounds that are used to oxidize or shock the water (destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste). They contain no chlorine or bromine and do not kill living organisms. Swimmers may re-enter the water in only 15 minutes after adding a non-chlorine shock.
NORYL The brand name for a thermoplastic resin used in the manufacturing of certain pump components and various other pool equipment fittings.
ORGANIC Refers to volatile, combustible and sometimes biodegradable chemical compounds containing carbon atoms bonded together with other elements. The principal groups of organic substances found in water are proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils. See organic waste.
ORGANIC WASTE Also called swimmer or bather waste - All of the soap, deodorant, suntan lotion, lipstick, makeup, cologne, body oils, sweat, spit, urine, etc., brought into the water. They also form chloramines, which are foul-smelling and body irritants. Requires large amounts of chlorine or non-chlorine shock to destroy.
ORP An abbreviation for oxidation reduction potential. It is a measurement of a body of water's ability to oxidize contaminants. Measured with an electrode and an electronic meter. It is an indication of the sanitizing level or degree of safety from disease in the water. Measured in millivolts with the accepted minimum level being 650 mV (millivolt).
OTO Abbreviation for orthotolidine. A chemical reagent used to test the total chlorine level in pool and spa water. It does not measure free available chlorine. See DPD.
OVER-ACID An incorrect term used to describe water that is acidic or water that has a pH lower than 7.2.
OVER DRAIN Also called a diffuser or distributor - An internal sand filter device that evenly distributes influent pool water over the sand filter bed.
OXIDATION To rid the water of ammonia, nitrogen com- pounds and swimmer waste (organic compounds). These organic compounds disable chlorine, are body irritants and have a foul smell. Removal is accomplished by super chlorination or by shock treating with a non-chlorine oxidizer.
OXIDIZER A non-chlorine shocking compound that removes or destroys built-up contaminants and chloramines in pool water without raising chlorine levels as required when "super chlorinating."
OZONATOR A gaseous molecule comprised of 3 atoms of oxygen. It is generated on site from air or oxygen and used for oxidation of water contaminants.
PATHOGENIC ORGANISM An organism that causes disease.
PETCOCK A small, manually-operated faucet or valve for draining off liquids or releasing air pressure. The air-relief valve on a filter is an example.
pH A term used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of pool water. Too low of pH causes etched plaster, metal corrosion and eye irritation. Too high of pH causes scale formation, poor chlorine efficiency and eye irritation. The ideal range for pH in swimming pools is 7.4 to 7.6.
PHENOL RED A chemical reagent dye used to test for pH. It can measure pH from 6.8 to 8.4.
PLASTER A mixture of white cement and white marble dust used as an interior finish, which can be tinted, colored or left white; applied to the gunite or shotcrete of a pool or spa.
POLYMER A substance made of giant molecules formed by the union of simpler molecules. Many water clarifiers are made from organic polymers. An example would be polymerized ethylene, called polyethylene.
POTASSIUM PEROXYMONOSULFATE The active ingredient and chemical name of a non- chlorine shock treatment or non-chlorine oxidizer. Does not kill bacteria or algae but it will oxidize or destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste. It has a low pH, and it does not increase chlorine or bromine levels the way that super chlorination does, so water may be entered in 15 minutes after addition. It will also reactivate bromine to its killing form, hypobromous acid.
ppm An abbreviation for parts per million. It is a weight-to-weight expression. It means 1 part in 1 million parts, such as 1 lb. of chlorine in 1 million lbs. of water. Many of the common pool water tests, as well as acceptable ranges, are stated as ppm. For example, free available chlorine should be kept between 1.0 and 3.0 ppm; total alkalinity should be between 80 and 120 ppm; and and water hardness should be between 200 and 400 ppm.
PRECIPITATE A substance separating, in solid particles, from a liquid as a result of a chemical or physical change. It also means to form a precipitate.
PRECOAT Depositing diatomaceous earth (D.E.) onto the filter grids or elements.
PRESSURE GAUGE A gauge with an analog dial indicating the pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure that has built up within a closed container, such as a filter.
psi An abbreviation for pounds per square inch.
PUMP A mechanical device, usually powered by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, heating and circulation of pool and spa water. Typicaly, a centrifugal pump is used for pools, spas and hot tubs.
PUMP CAPACITY The volume of liquid a pump is capable of moving during a specified period of time. This is usually gallons per minute (gpm).
PUMP CURVE Also called a pump performance curve - A graph that represents a pump's water flow capacity at any given resistance.
PUMP STRAINER BASK. Pump Strainer Basket - A device placed on the suction side of the pump, which contains a removable strainer basket designed to trap debris in the water flow without causing much flow restriction. Sometimes called a "hair-and-lint trap."
QUATS Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - Also called Quats - The chemical compounds of ammonia used as algaecides and algaestats.
RATE OF FLOW The quantity of water flowing past a design- ated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing past a point in 1 minute - abbreviated as gpm.
REAGENTS The chemical agents, dyes, indicators or titrants used in testing various aspects of water quality.
RESIDUAL BROMINE The amount of measurable bromine remaining after treating the water with bromine. The amount of bromine left in the pool or spa water after the bromine demand has been satisfied.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE The amount of measurable chlorine remaining after treating the water with chlorine. The amount of chlorine left in the pool or spa water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied.
SODIUM SESQUICARBONATE A chemical mixture of equal parts of soda ash and sodium bicarbonate used to increase pH and total alkalinity in pool and spa water. It has a pH of 10.1.
SAND This usually refers to the filter medium used by a sand filter. The grade most often specified by filter manufacturers is grade No. 20 with a particle size of 45 to 55 mm (millimeters).
SAND FILTER A filter using sand or sand and gravel as the filter medium.
SANITIZE To render sanitary: to kill all living things, including bacteria and algae. Similar to sterilize.
SCALE The precipitate that forms on surfaces in contact with water when the calcium hardness, pH or total alkalinity levels are too high. Results from chemically unbalanced pool and spa water. Scale may appear as grey, white or dark streaks on the plaster, fiberglass or vinyl. It may also appear as a hard crust around the tile.
SCUM The extraneous or foreign matter which rises to the surface of the water and forms a layer or a film there. It can also be a residue deposited on the tile or walls of the pool or spa. Sources of scum are soap, oil, deodorant, hair spray, suntan lotions and others.
SEDIMENT The solid material settled out from the water.
SEPTUM That portion of the filter element consisting of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or filter aid is deposited. The nylon grid on a D.E. filter is the septum.
SEQUESTERING AGENT Also called chelating agent - A chemical that will combine with dissolved metals in the water to prevent the metals from coming out of solution (precipitating or causing stains). May also be a chemical that removes dissolved metals from water.
SHOCK TREAT The practice of adding significant amounts of an oxidizing chemical - (usually non- chlorine oxidizers, such as sodium persulfate or potassium peroxymonosulfate) - to the water to destroy ammonia and nitrogen com- pounds or swimmer waste.
SHOTCRETE A mixture of sand and cement sprayed onto contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool or spa. Plaster is applied over the shotcrete. Shotcrete is premixed and pumped wet to the construction site.
SILT Soil particles having diameters between 0.004 and 0.062 mm (millimeters). Sometimes they may be too small to be trapped by the circulation system. In those cases, a clarifier or an alum product may be needed.
SIMAZINE A chemical substance used in swimming pools and spas as an herbicide or algaecide. Mainly used for killing black algae.
SKIMMER A device installed through the wall of a pool or spa that is connected to the suction line of the pump that draws water and floating debris in the water flow from the surface without causing much flow restriction.
SKIMMER BASKET A removable, slotted basket or strainer placed in the skimmer on the suction side of the pump, which is designed to trap floating debris in the water flow from the surface without causing much flow restriction.
SKIMMER WEIR Part of a skimmer that adjusts automatically to small changes in water level to assure a continuous flow of water to the skimmer. The small floating "door" on the side of the skimmer that faces the water over which water flows on its way to the skimmer. The weir also prevents debris from floating back into the pool when the pump shuts off.
SLURRY Water or a liquid containing a high concentration of suspended solids. Diatomaceous earth (D.E.) is usually added to the filter as a slurry by mixing a small amount of D.E. in a bucket of water and then pouring the slurry into the skimmer with the filter on.
SODA ASH (Sodium Carbonate) - A chemical used to raise total alkalinity in pool and spa water with only a slight affect on the pH.
SODIUM BICARBONATE (Baking Soda or Bicarbonate) - A chemical used to raise total alkalinity in pool and spa water with only a slight affect on the pH.
SODIUM BISULFATE (dry acid) - A chemical used to lower the pH and total alkalinity. Approximately 1 1/4 kg of dry acid are equal to 1 litre of hydrochloric acid.
SODIUM BROMIDE A salt of bromine. It is used to establish a bromide "bank" in pool and spa water prior to beginning the use of bromine tablets.
SODIUM DICHLOR A fast-dissolving, granular, stabilized organic chlorine compound providing either 56% or 63% available chlorine. Used for regular as well as super chlorination. Contains an ingredient (cyanuric acid or stabilizer) that prevents the chlorine from being destroyed by the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Recommended for use in vinyl- liner, painted or fiberglass pools and acrylic or fiberglass spas.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE Liquid chlorine. Usually provides 10% to 12% available chlorine; has a pH of 13 and re- quires that small amounts of acid be added to the pool to neutralize the high pH. Good for regular chlorination and super chlorination. Not recommended for spas. Does not contain conditioner or stabilizer to protect it from sunlight, but it is protected if stabilizer or conditioner is already in the water.
SODIUM PERSULPHATE Active ingredient and chemical name of a non-chlorine shock treatment or non-chlorine oxidizer. Does not kill bacteria or algae but it will oxidize or destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waster. Does not increase chlorine or bromine levels the way that super chlorination does, so water may be entered in 15 minutes after addition. It will not reactivate bromine.
SODIUM SULFITE A chemical used to neutralize or de-chlorinate pool and spa water.
SODIUM THIOSULPHATE A chemical used to neutralize or de-chlorinate pool and spa water.
SOFT WATER Water that has a very low calcium and magnesium content (water hardness) - usually means less than 100 ppm or 6 grains. Also water that has gone through a water softener. Pools and spas should never be filled with soft water from a softener. Water with less than 100 ppm of hardness should be increased to a minimum of 150 to 200 ppm using calcium chloride.
SOLAR COVER A cover that, when placed on the water's surface of a pool, spa or hot tub, increases the water temperature by absorption and transmission of solar radiation; reduces evaporation and prevents wind-borne debris from entering the water.
SOLAR HEATING SYS. Solar Heating System - It is usually panels or coils of plastic or metal through which water passes to increase the temperature from the sun's radiant heat.
SODIUM CARBONATE (soda ash) - A chemical used to raise the pH and total alkalinity in pool and spa water.
SOURCE WATER Also called "tap" water - It is the water used to fill or refill the pool or spa.
SPRING BOARD Also called "diving" board - A recreational mechanism for entering a swimming pool consisting of a semi-rigid board that derives its spring from a fulcrum mounted below the board and attached to the deck.
STABILIZED CHLORINE A family of chlorine pool sanitizers that contain conditioner (cyanuric acid or isocyanuric acid) to protect the chlorine from the degrading UV rays in sunlight. Most common types are sodium dichlor and trichlor. The granular form is dichlor which is fast dissolving and can be used for regular chlorination or super chlorination by broadcasting into the pool or spa. Tablet or stick form is trichlor (which is usually used in a chlorine feeder - either the floating type or in-line erosion type) used for regular chlorination only.
STAIN A discoloration or a colored deposit on the walls or bottom of a swimming pool or spa. Most often, stains are metals, such as iron, copper & manganese. They may appear as green, gray, brown or black. They may even discolor the water. Sometimes a sequestering agent or chelating agent will remove them. If not, usually an acid wash is necessary to remove them from the walls & bottom. The metals get in the water because the pH was too low or someone has added a low-pH chemical directly into the circulation system. The low-pH chemical dissolves a small amount of metal from the equipment. The metals begin to come out of solutions & deposit or stain the walls & bottom. Stains are sometimes confused with scale.
STAIN INHIBITOR Also called sequestering or chelating agent- A chemical that will combine with dissolved metals in the water to prevent the metals from coming out of solution (precipitating or causing stains). May also be a chemical that removes dissolved metals from water.
SUPER CHLORINATION The practice of adding an extra large dose (5 to 10 ppm) of chlorine to the water to destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste, which can build up in the water. This level of chlorine is required to destroy all of the combined chlorine in the water, which is called breakpoint chlorination.
SURFACTANT A soluble chemical compound that reduces the surface tension between two liquids. It is used in many detergents and soapy cleaning compounds.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS Insoluble solid particles that either float on the surface of or are in suspension in the water, causing turbidity. They may be held in suspension by agitation or flow. They may be removed by filtration, but if the particles are too small, they may not be trapped by the filter. In these cases, a clarifier or alum may be needed to remove them.
TEE A plumbing fitting in the shape of a "T" used to connect pipes.
TELE POLE A long-handled aluminum pole, which extends in length. Various pool-cleaning tools, such as brushes or vacuums, may then be attached.
TEST KIT An apparatus or device used to monitor specific chemical residuals, levels, constituents or demands in pool or spa water. Kits usually contain reagents, vials, titrants, color comparators and other materials needed to perform tests. The most common pool and spa water tests are: pH, total alkalinity, free available chlorine, water hardness, cyanuric acid, iron and copper.
TEST STRIPS Small plastic strips with pads attached that have been impregnated with reagents that can be used to test pool water for residuals, levels, constituents or demands. The strips are usually dipped in the water, and the resulting colors of the pads are compared to a standard set of colors to determine concentration.
TIME CLOCK A mechanical or electrical device that automatically controls the periods that a pump, filter, heater, blower, automatic pool cleaner or other electrical devices are on or off.
TOTAL ALKALINITY The total amount of alkaline materials pre- sent in the water. Also called the buffering capacity of the water. It is the water's resistance to change in pH. Low total alkalinity causes metal corrosion, plaster etching and eye irritation. High total alkalinity causes scale formation, poor chlorine efficiency and eye irritation. Alkalinity First!
TOTAL CHLORINE The total amount of chlorine in the water. It includes both free available and combined chlorine.
TOTAL DIS. SOLIDS Total Dissolved Solids - Also called TDS - A measure of the total amount of dissolved material in the water. It is comprised of the spent or carrier chemicals added every time chemicals are added, as well as the hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, chlorides, sodium, magnesium, calcium, etc. Maximum amount in pools is 2500 ppm. Maximum in spas is 1500 over starting TDS. The only way to effectively lower TDS is to drain part or all of the water and replace it.
TRICHLOR A slow-dissolving tablet or granular, stabilized organic chlorine compound providing 90% available chlorine. Used for regular chlorination but must be dispensed using a floating feeder or an in-line feeder (chlorinator). Trichlor contains an ingredient (cyanuric acid or stabilizer) that prevents the chlorine from being destroyed by the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Trichlor has a pH of 2.8, and regular trichlor tabs should not be placed in the skimmer as the low pH will corrode the metal components in the equipment.
TURBIDITY The cloudy condition of the water due to the presence of extremely fine particles in suspension that cannot be trapped by the filter because they are too small. Adding a clarifier, such as an organic polymer or alum, will coagulate the particles and make the filter more efficient.
TURNOVER Also called turnover rate - The period of time (usually in hours) required to circulate a volume of water equal to the volume of water contained in the pool or spa. Pool capacity in gallons, divided by pump flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm), divided by 60 minutes in 1 hours, will give hours for 1 turnover.
UNDER DRAIN Also call filter laterals or lower collection system - Slotted, finger-like tubes that are attached to a sand filter manifold. The slots are on the bottom side to prevent the sand from passing through. Water comes into the filter tank, through the sand, into the under drain, and then back to the pool.
UNDERWATER LIGHT A fixture designed to illuminate a pool or spa from beneath the water's surface.
VACUUM This term can be used to define any number of devices that use suction to collect dirt from the bottom and sides of a pool or spa. Most common is a vacuum head with wheels that attaches to a tele pole and is connected to the suction line usually via the opening in the skimmer. It must be moved about by a person, and debris is collected in the filter.
VENTURI A fitting or device that consists of a tube constricted in the middle and flared on both ends. A fluid's velocity will increase and a fluid's pressure will decrease while pass- ing through the constriction. Placing a tube or pipe at the constriction point creates a vacuum. Fluid or air can then be drawn in through the tube. A hydro-therapy jet draws air in and mixes it with the water using this principle.
VINYL LINER The vinyl membrane that acts as the container to hold or contain the water.
WATER CLARIFIER Also called coagulant or flocculant - A chemical compound used to gather (coagulate or agglomerate) or to precipitate suspended particles so they may be removed by vacuuming or filtration. There are two types; in- organic salts of aluminum (alum) and other metals or water-soluble organic polyelectrolytes.
WEIR Also called skimmer weir - Part of a skimmer that adjust automatically to small changes in water level to assure a continuous flow of water to the skimmer. The small floating "door" on the side of the skimmer that faces the water over which water flows on its way to the skimmer. The weir also prevents debris from floating back into the pool after the pump shuts off.
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03 February 2014 - In September it was announced that an Aurecon-led consortium had won the contract to develop the Ekurhuleni OR Tambo Aerotropolis in Gauteng, South Africa.
The aerotropolis concept is now mainstream in aviation planning, and there is little doubt that it has brought substantial economic and social benefits to airport owners as well as local businesses and communities. However, this experience has largely been gained in the airports of Europe and North America. The Ekurhuleni Aerotropolis offers a unique opportunity to apply the lessons learnt at these other airports to develop a truly African solution.
The Aurecon Consortium brings together the best global expertise in the development and implementation of the aerotropolis solution, with an unrivalled understanding of the challenges and opportunities of implementing such a project in South Africa and in Gauteng.
Air travel is ubiquitous in modern life not only for passenger travel, but to satisfy our growing need for the just-in-time provision of goods and services. The consequences of this is a dramatic increase in the number and scale of airports, their growth as sources of employment and increase in the consumer base at those airports, together with the growth of the airport as a destination.
In modern cities, airports have therefore become major drivers of urban form, economic activity and city competitiveness. The aerotropolis aims to take advantage of these changes and optimise the positive effects the airport can have on the economy and on communities.
Essentially, the aerotropolis is an economic development strategy designed to increase competitiveness in global markets, leveraging the access that air travel and air freight provides to global clients.
Critically, an aerotropolis doesn't involve simply building additional retail stores in an airport terminal or more light industrial parks on the land surrounding an airport. It is about taking advantage of all the economic opportunities an airport offers, reflected at times by new physical infrastructure, but also by alternative retail, entertainment, employment and commercial land uses – and these can stretch out in a radius 30 km or more from the airport itself.
With aviation only starting to boom, and routes, passenger numbers and business investment still comparatively low in many emerging countries, is it too early to consider the aerotropolis approach for growing economies?
Airports traditionally develop in a piece-meal fashion. Many of the world’s current major airports started as small landing strips in the 1920s and have grown incrementally over time, although not always in a perfectly logical manner. There is extensive evidence to show that a large portion of the cost and development inefficiencies inherent in further developing existing airport cities come from a lack of strategic planning at an early stage. Emerging economies tend to have an advantage here as many of the new airports are taking place as greenfield developments, with relatively modest current infrastructure. Where the opportunity for economic growth exists, early planning will therefore enable that growth to be strategically developed, made more attractive and maximised.
Aerotropolis development embraces urban and regional planning, but with a strong focus on how these can be used to enable strategic economic development. The ultimate goal is to maximise the economic competitiveness, attractiveness and growth of the city and its surrounding region through the identification of the optimal mix of land uses and infrastructure investments. The nature of these investments, how they are financed, where they are made, their timing, how they relate to the broader economy and their alignment with economic and social sustainability, are all key outcomes of the planning process.
The planning process for the aerotropolis in Ekurhuleni will follow a process of information gathering, analysis, scenario planning, evaluation and selection. What matters most is the ‘who’, ‘what’ and ‘how’ included in this process.
An aerotropolis development plan requires an integrated breadth of input across urban and transport planners, economists, financial and logistics experts, environmental managers, market researchers and strategists.
Aurecon, a global consulting engineering firm, will lead the multi-disciplinary consortium with the added advantage of extensive experience working on planning and infrastructure projects in the Ekurhuleni locality. This local knowledge is blended with international aerotropolis specialist expertise in research and strategic planning from MXD, and urban planning and branding from RTKL. Two of Imperial Logistics’ subsidiaries are also involved and will lead the integration of logistics and freight studies into the project. Turner and Townsend will contribute specialist PPP and financial advice and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa (CSIR) will provide additional traffic modelling experts.
“What makes this consortium a strong candidate to successfully collaborate on this project beyond the extensive technical expertise, is the collaborative culture and absolute focus on excellence. Aurecon’s proprietary tool to be used on this project, HUB-id, is all about recognising the inter-relationship between transport, land-use and economics. When examined together, there is potential to deliver social, economic and environmental benefits. This is at the heart of the aerotropolis solution,” says Danie Wium, Aurecon Government Industry Leader.
By analysing the trends in demographics and economics, and comparing those with land use and air and surface transportation infrastructure in the project area, the team will need to define so-called economic clusters and distinguish between those clusters that are best served by the current systems (be they infrastructure, economic or cultural); those likely to improve with the already planned regional developments; and those where new or substantial infrastructure is required to make them viable for further development.
One of the challenges of an aerotropolis study is in gathering and analysing a large amount of data and then building a complete picture of the aerotropolis and its current evolutionary path.
The team will make use of a number of high-level tools, such as spatial data analysis systems, sophisticated economic analysis tools and transport modelling and planning systems, to deliver the necessary innovation a project of this magnitude demands. The breadth of information and the sophistication with which it is analysed and integrated will be critical to ensuring that all opportunities are captured and optimised.
Inevitably some of the identified economic clusters will have the potential to grow faster than others, while some will further have the potential to facilitate growth across the whole region. These are considered catalytic developments. By identifying the supplying and supporting industries for economic clusters in the region, and taking into account current realities from the information gathering stage, the team will identify such catalytic clusters.
The team will also need to consider how to maximise the positive impacts of these clusters on the regional economy through leveraging upstream, downstream and cross-over industry activities. By considering how other aerotropoli evolve and how particular economic clusters are supported by those developments, the team will determine which of the region’s niche economic clusters could benefit particularly from airport supported economic activities.
Further, by analysing the characteristics of recommended target economic clusters and their supporting industries, the team will then assess how to maximise the effect of these industries. These industries will form the consideration of a Sector Support Plan with investment prioritisations. The team will also look for opportunities to enhance economic and social potential through intensification, adaptive re-use or re-development of strategic land sites as well as the potential for transit-orientated development to create positive momentum for long term community enhancement.
In examining these economic clusters, the specific nature and structure of the Gauteng economy, including the informal sector, will be taken into consideration.
Ekurhuleni is confronted with certain realities that influence how economic development can best benefit its social objectives. The municipality is home to three of South Africa’s seven poorest townships and the hub of South Africa’s ailing manufacturing sector. Equally, however, it also hosts the largest airport in Africa, effectively forming the gateway to the continent.
As part of the planning process, a series of development scenarios will be developed and each evaluated to maximise potential benefits, according to the following criteria:
Like most planning processes, the aerotropolis study is not a completely linear process and a number of tasks run either parallel or through an iterative cycle throughout the life of the project. In addition, there are many other activities outside the aerotropolis study, such as logistic and supply projects, financing arrangements and marketing of the development to various stakeholders, that run alongside the very technical aspects of analysis and planning. These are in fact just as important to the project’s overall success and it’s very much a case of not having any weak links.
“It’s a challenging prospect, and a great responsibility, to deliver a project as comprehensive as this. However, with the amazing team we have assembled, we are confident we can deliver the innovative yet implementable aerotrpolis project that Ekurhuleni deserves, and we’re committed to assisting not only the municipality but also the country realise its economic and social potential,” says Matt Coetzee, Aurecon Urbanisation Competency Leader.
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https://www.aurecongroup.com/about/latest-news/2014/jan/africas-first-aerotropolis-in-ekurhuleni
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Jan 9, 2019 by News Staff / Source
A team of scientists from Northwestern University and NASA’s Johnson Space Center has found that — despite its seemingly harsh conditions — the International Space Station (ISS) is not causing bacteria to mutate into dangerous superbugs. While the researchers found that the ISS bacteria did contain different genes than their Earth-based counterparts, those genes did not make the bacteria more detrimental to human health. The ISS bacteria are instead simply responding, and perhaps evolving, to survive in a stressful environment.
ISS bacteria are just trying to survive. Image credit: Arek Socha.
“There has been a lot of speculation about radiation, microgravity and the lack of ventilation and how that might affect living organisms, including bacteria,” said Northwestern University’s Dr. Erica Hartmann, senior author of the study.
“These are stressful, harsh conditions. Does the environment select for superbugs because they have an advantage? The answer appears to be ‘no’.”
In the study, Dr. Hartmann and co-authors performed a pangenomics meta-analysis leveraging 189 genomes of two clinically relevant species of bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from various origins: the ISS, Earth-based built environments, soil, and humans.
Found on human skin, Staphylococcus aureus contains the tough-to-treat MRSA strain. Bacillus cereus lives in soil and has fewer implications for human health.
“Bacteria that live on skin are very happy there. Your skin is warm and has certain oils and organic chemicals that bacteria really like. When you shed those bacteria, they find themselves living in a very different environment,” Dr. Hartmann said.
“A building’s surface is cold and barren, which is extremely stressful for certain bacteria.”
To adapt to living on surfaces, the bacteria containing advantageous genes are selected for or they mutate.
For those living on the ISS, these genes potentially helped the bacteria respond to stress, so they could eat, grow and function in a harsh environment.
“Based on genomic analysis, it looks like bacteria are adapting to live — not evolving to cause disease,” said study first author Dr. Ryan Blaustein, also from Northwestern University.
“We didn’t see anything special about antibiotic resistance or virulence in the space station’s bacteria.”
The findings appear in the journal mSystems.
Ryan A. Blaustein et al. Pangenomic Approach to Understanding Microbial Adaptations within a Model Built Environment, the International Space Station, Relative to Human Hosts and Soil. mSystems, published online January 8, 2019; doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00281-18
Thanks to: http://www.sci-news.com
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During the first three days of July in 1863, the largest battle ever fought in North America occurred in the small Pennsylvania town of Gettysburg. More than 160,000 men from the North and the South engaged in mortal struggle in the third year of the American Civil War. At many crucial points of time and location on the battlefield, men from Maine were there to stem the Confederate tide.
Once asked why the Confederate Army lost the battle at Gettysburg, General George E. Pickett replied, "I think the Yankees had something to do with it." He should have said those men from Maine had something to do with it. The argument can be made that the eventual outcome at Gettysburg might have been in doubt had the regiments from Maine, in all numbering some 3,700 volunteers, not performed heroically in the line of battle. They stood firm at Gettysburg and helped save the Union.
Through maps and photographs, historian Jerry Desmond details, location by location around the battlefield, the heroic actions of the volunteer regiments from Maine.
Jerry Desmond is a Maine native and a graduate of the University of Maine. He has toured the battlefield at Gettysburg more than 100 times, and is the executive director of the Birmingham History Center in Birmingham, Alabama. He lives in Hoover, Alabama.
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http://globepequot.com/book/9781608932740
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Pontic Ficopomatus enigmaticus reefs
Rocky substratum macrozoobenthic community that is present in confined waters of variable salinity (like harbours and lagoons) principally composed by the polychaete neozoon Ficopomatus enigmaticus Fauvel 1923 syn. Mercierella enigmaticus; in protected waters it may cover the entire hard substratum with a mass of erect, contiguous and intertwined calcareous tubes (up to 20 cm long). The reefs it builds constitute a highly tridimensional complex biotope (up to 50 cm thick), unique in the Black Sea and harbouring a diverse fauna from the other principal macroinvertebrate hard bottom Mytilus dominated community. Mussel juveniles sometimes attach themselves on the surface of the reef but never survive to adulthood. The dominant species of this community are Ficopomatus and Balanus while the numeric subdominance is attained by Palaemon, Xantho, Orchestia and Spaheroma (Micu & Micu 2004).
Source: EUNIS habitat classification
|EUNIS habitat type||code A2.73|
Relation to vegetation types (syntaxa)Not available
Species mentioned in habitat description
|Species scientific name||English common name||Species group|
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When it comes to understanding data, businesses sometimes find themselves unable to see the trees for the forest. The truth is that there is simply too much raw information, and focusing on specific details among the vastness of available data can be very difficult—and will only get more difficult as more data is created in the years to come. Experts predict that by the year 2020, there will be approximately 40 zettabytes (which is equal to 40 trillion gigabytes) of data in existence. With such a large amount of available information, getting a clear analytical picture often seems impossible. Even now, with so many businesses putting a heavy emphasis on big data and data mining, 53% of business leaders say that too much data is being left unanalyzed.
Big data analytics makes it possible for organizations to sift through captured data in order to produce viable, actionable conclusions related to causes, processes, and trends. However, for that refined information to be useful, it needs to be able to bridge the gap between data silos and decision makers. After all, even the best analytics programs aren’t worth much value if the human users are unable to interpret and act upon the data being presented. The solution to this problem is big data visualization.
Big data visualization is the process by which large amounts of analyzed data are converted into an easy-to-comprehend visual format. By presenting complex data as graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, or other visuals, users are able to more-easily grasp the meanings behind the information, and do so quickly. Big data visualization tools are becoming an absolute necessity for any business that wants to get the most out of their analytics programs, with 73% of high performers strongly agreeing that such analytics tools are valuable in gaining strategic insights from big data. As such, the visualization market is growing at an unprecedented rate, and is expected to reach $6.4 billion before the end of 2019.
But beyond the complex numbers, big data visualization has one simple purpose: to make data easier to understand and act upon. As a result, it provides several key benefits to business users.
The primary benefit of big data visualization is that it enables decision makers to better comprehend complex data, but within the umbrella-concept, there are several more-specific advantages worth considering. Here are some of the most valuable benefits of big data visualization:
Data is everywhere, and as industries move even further into the digital age, it’s going to become ever-more present. But just because there is an ocean’s worth of data available, it doesn’t necessarily mean that businesses will be unable to comprehend the drops that constitute it. Big data visualization makes it possible for organizations of all sizes to better understand the details that make up the whole. And when that happens, making informed, data-driven decisions becomes as easy as opening an eye.
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https://www.salesforce.com/hub/analytics/why-use-big-data-visualization/
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Chromosomes are constantly damaged by exogenous and endogenous factors. To cope with DNA damage, eukaryotic cells are equipped with three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs), such as ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. PIKKs are structurally related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (lipid kinase), however possess protein kinase activities. The Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 and the Ku complex interact with and activate ATM and DNA-PKcs at double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), respectively. In contrast, ATR responds to various types of DNA lesions by interacting with replication protein A (RPA)-covered single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Several lines of evidence have established a model in which ATR is activated by interacting with ATR activating proteins including TopBP1 and ETAA1 at DNA lesions in humans, yet the interaction of ATR with RPA-covered ssDNA does not result in ATR activation. In budding yeast, the Mec1–Ddc2 complex (Mec1–Ddc2) corresponds to ATR–ATRIP. Similar to ATR, Mec1 activation is accomplished by interactions with Mec1 activating proteins, which are Ddc1, Dpb11 (TopBP1 homolog) and Dna2. However, recent studies provide results supporting the idea that Mec1ATR is also activated by interacting with RPA-covered ssDNA tracts. These observations suggest that all the ATM, ATR, DNA-PK family proteins can be activated immediately upon DNA damage recognition.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- DNA replication
- Replication protein A
- Single-stranded DNA
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Basic Information About the First Amendment & CensorshipThe legal information found below is provided as a public service by Walters Law Group. We encourage you to utilize all the resources on our website, or to contact us for more information regarding our services.
What is the First Amendment?
The full text of the First Amendment, from the United States Constitution, Bill of Rights, is as follows:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The “First “ Amendment was actually the “Third Amendment” to the original draft Constitution, but the first two amendments were not adopted, thus creating our bedrock “First Amendment” to the U.S. Constitution, and the beginning of the Bill of Rights. Essentially, the First Amendment guarantees a variety of civil liberties and restricts the government from interfering with freedom of speech, the free exercise of religion, the right to associate with each other, the right of privacy, the freedom to assemble, the right to petition the government for redress of grievances, and further guarantees the separation of church and state. The courts have interpreted, and in some cases, limited, these freedoms in certain circumstances. For example, there is no mention of the right of privacy or the separation of church and state in the Bill of Rights, however the Supreme Court has recognized the existence of these fundamental rights, as part of what was intended by the framers of the Constitution. Notably, the First Amendment only pertains to actions of the government; whether federal, state, or local. In other words, private corporations or individuals can – and often do – engage in activity that would otherwise violate First Amendment freedoms, without repercussion. For more information on ‘private censorship’ see here.
Is all speech protected?
All speech – and expressive conduct – is presumed to be constitutionally-protected unless it falls into one of the following categories: (a) defamation (false statements of fact published to third parties); (b) child pornography; (c) obscenity (see below for further explanation); (d) damaging to national security interests; (e) fighting words; (f) verbal acts (falsely shouting “Fire!” in a crowded theater).
The courts have concluded that the above-referenced categories of speech fall outside the ambit of constitutionally-protected expression, and therefore enjoy no First Amendment privileges. Certain other speech-related activity can also be restricted or criminalized, such as the advertising of illegal transactions, solicitation of criminal acts, and threats of bodily harm, such as assault.
Speech need not take the form of written, audio or visual media. Many expressive acts are protected by the First Amendment if they are intended to convey a message. For example, the act of burning the American flag, or dancing in the nude, are both covered by the First Amendment as expressive activities.
Is pornography legal?
The word “pornography” is not a legal term of art. Instead, it is a word that generally refers to all forms of sexually-explicit media. Erotic speech is presumed to be protected by the First Amendment, just like speech dealing with violence, drugs or other controversial topics. However, the courts have determined that sexually-explicit expression can cross an uncertain line which makes the material legally “obscene” and therefore unprotected by the First Amendment. The three-part test for obscenity comes from the case of Miller v. California,413 U.S. 15 (1973), and focuses on whether…
(a) The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest in sex, nudity or excretion, (b) based on contemporary community standards, the material contains patently offensive representations or descriptions of nudity or sexual activities, and (c) taken as a whole, the material lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
Although this test is inherently vague, and difficult to understand, it has survived numerous constitutional challenges spanning 4 decades, and remains the viable legal test even today. The advent of the Internet has resulted in questions about the continued viability of the “community standards” element of the Miller Test, given the inability of website publishers to block local geographic jurisdictions from receipt of materials placed online. See Mr. Walters’ law review article, here. At least one federal appellate court, for the Ninth Circuit, has ruled that Internet material must be judged by "national standards" as opposed to those of some local, geographic community. However, presently, the “Miller Test” is used to evaluate the legality of online erotic materials, with most courts still applying local community standards to the analysis. The geographic scope of this ‘local’ community can vary from a county, a tri-county area, a judicial circuit, or an entire state. The judge presiding over the obscenity prosecution decides what the scope of the community will be in that particular case.
While it is illegal to sell, transport, or distribute obscenity, it is not illegal to possess obscene materials in one’s own home, under the Right of Privacy.
Indecent speech, while legal, can be subjected to age restrictions for purchase or viewing. Many attempts to restrict indecent speech on the Internet have failed, due to First Amendment concerns and conflict with the ‘dormant commerce clause’ of the U.S. Constitution. However, state laws imposing age restrictions on access to sexually explicit magazines, video tapes, or CD’s, have been upheld, and are routinely enforced.
Sexually explicit material depicting minors is considered child pornography, and is illegal at the state and federal levels. Promoting erotic material as containing depictions of minors, even if all models are over 18, can still be illegal under federal ‘pandering’ laws. Erotic content that depicts adults who appear to be under 18, due to their youthful look or makeup, is not child pornography. Various attempts to criminalize such ‘apparent’ child pornography have failed, although such material could still be deemed obscene.
Producers of erotic material are required to comply with complicated records keeping and labeling laws found at 18 U.S.C. s. 2257 and 28 C.F.R. s. 75.1, et seq. Walters Law Group launched a mobile application in 2013, called Quick2257, to assist producers with compilation of the mandatory age records associated with erotic media.
Can my employer fire me for things I say at work, or in my off time?
The First Amendment applies only to government employers, not to private employers. For example, teachers at public schools enjoy First Amendment rights regarding their employment activity, while teachers at private schools do not. Government employers are prohibited from terminating employees as a result of their speech on matters of public concern, in most circumstances. However, if the employer can show that it was necessary to terminate the employee to preserve some legitimate employer interest, the termination may be upheld even if it interferes with the employee’s speech rights. Speech relating to matters that do not fall within the definition of 'public concern' may be used as a basis to terminate employees, even if the speech occurs on the employee's free time.
Can websites censor things I say online?
We are often asked this question from potential clients who have had their Internet messages or postings removed by forums, message boards, website operators or ISP’s. Unfortunately, as noted above, the First Amendment only applies to government actors, and not to private website operators. Therefore, assuming the website is acting on its own, and not at the request or on the behalf of some state or federal government authority, no First Amendment right is violated. However, a customer’s relationship with a website is usually governed by a set of “Terms & Conditions” that are agreed to during the registration or access process. Those Terms & Conditions will usually identify the grounds for removal of communications or termination of the customer’s account. Such user terms and conditions are usually enforced by the courts.
Is anything being done about the ability of children to access adult materials online?
Our law firm has been active in protecting children from exposure to inappropriate online materials in a variety of ways. Our managing partner, Lawrence G. Walters, Esq., has developed and patented an online age verification device, the BirthDateVerifier™ (www.BirthDateVerifier.com), which helps website operators identify the age of their customers before providing access to age-sensitive materials. We also represent, on a pro bono basis, the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection (www.ASACP.org), and the WRAAC (www.parentalcontrolbar.com) which are both active in encouraging voluntary labeling and rating by adult websites. Mr. Walters has earned the Annual Service Recognition Award from ASACP for his efforts in helping protect children from exposure to age-restricted material. Our attorneys often publish articles and speak on issues related to child protection and online materials. While we strongly support the concept of voluntary industry regulation, we are opposed to governmental efforts designed to inhibit adult access to protected speech in the name of “protecting children.”
Does the First Amendment protect advertising?
Yes, so-called “commercial speech” is protected by the First Amendment, although the government is given greater leeway in restricting such speech, if it can demonstrate a substantial governmental interest in doing so. Regulation of commercial speech is governed by the Central Hudson Test, which is used to evaluate whether a restriction on speech comports with the First Amendment. Substantial discussion of the Central Hudson Test, in relation to advertising online casinos, can be found in our firm’s article, here. Although commercial speech is not treated the same as political speech or other expressive activities, it enjoys a high level of protection from unreasonable governmental efforts to censor advertising based on the content of the speech.
The following free information is provided courtesy of www.FirstAmendment.com. We encourage you to utilize all the resources on our website, or to contact us for more information regarding our services.
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We recently saw an article floating around that described the higher quality of California garlic versus imported (from China) garlic. One of the key ways to quantify that is by using the Brix test. This is a method for testing dissolved solids. This is often used by wine or beer makers to determine sugar content or for calculating specific gravity. For just a few dollars people have been purchasing refractometers (the tool used to measure Brix) to compare vegetable and fruit quality from different sources. Most fruit and vegetables have Brix values between 4 and 12.
We thought it would be interesting to do some of these comparisons with garlic. We squeezed what liquid we could from a garlic clove, but our refractometer did not register a value. With a little research we found that garlic values typically range from 30-50, which was higher than our instrument could read. We were able to take advantage of a online sale of a special refractometer that reads up to 80. We were back in business. Here are the results from testing our garlic varieties plus comparison to California and China garlic from the grocery store.
The significance of Brix is that it is thought to indicate higher quality through a higher concentration of dissolved solids, which includes not only sugar but vitamins, minerals and other healthy compounds. This does not necessarily mean the Chinese garlic is bad. It may mean that the garlic from China has been in storage longer and the quality has diminished with time. The difference in growing practices may also be responsible for the difference in Brix. What we have generally found with our home research on Brix readings is the closer the food source, the higher the Brix reading; another reason to buy locally.
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For all those who prefer a standard form, here is a transcription of the infographics above.
Happy reading and don’t hesitate to let us know what you think of it!
Do you know how we arrived at today’s version of what we call “graphic design”? And how long it took to get here? Actually, the process that made design what it is today has taken quite a while. Let’s take a closer look:
Graphic design as we know it today began in 1440 after the invention of printing. However, we have always known that there was a relationship between man and visual communication since prehistoric times with cave art! Furthermore, we realized the importance of visual representations to express concepts thanks to the first written language: the Sumerian language. Typography begins to emerge with medieval calligraphy, and logos through badges. Then in 1349, we see the first storefronts showing “bars”.
The invention of printing in 1439 gave way in Western cultures to mass communication. This is when design became more commercial. Thus, the first logos are created at the end of the 1400s, where the printing quality reflects the printing quality of the house. In 1620, the term “coranto” (precursor of the newspaper) was used to designate a book that included the very first advertisements. And in 1837, the invention of chromolithography allowed a certain degree of realism in these advertisements.
In 1903 the first graphic design agency in the world opened in Austria. The Wiener Werskätte was one of the organizations that greatly contributed to the birth of design. In 1919, it was Staatliches Bauhaus’ turn to open in Germany. Their ambition was to create an artistic ideal, and what a successful mission it was! Three years later, William Addison Dwiggins put his finger on the term “graphic design” when describing his role in structuring and managing visuals in books. Finally, Paul Rand published “Thoughts on design” in 1947, which greatly influenced the design industry.
The digital age marks a big turning point in the history of design. Indeed, the world evolved enormously during this period to become more or less the one we know today. It was also the time when Adobe PhotoShop (1990) was born, which completely changed the face of design. From then on, design mixed photography, illustration and CGI (Computer Generated Imagery). In addition, logos such as MTV have become big sources of inspiration. It has since become standard for brands to have multiple versions of a logo, and is now a goal for many to have simplified versions, all the while keeping the characteristics and thus recognition of the overall logo.
An Endless story:
At the end of the day, design is a never-ending story. We don’t know what the design world will be made of tomorrow, we can simply look at the evolution of this field up to today. Not to mention the number of new inventions that have emerged. Only future designers and customers are masters of the future of design.
Historically speaking, design has marked many periods. Indeed, it is a very good way to express oneself and to get a message across, and many countries have understood this:
France: Golden Age of Poster Art 1870
The art of advertising and posters appeared at the end of the Second Empire in France. This is how Jules Chéret became “the father of the artistic poster”. The City of Light (Paris) then became the Mecca of the artistic poster, polarizing creators from all countries. During this period, the poster allowed the expression of “art nouveau” thanks to Eugène Grasset and Hector Guimard.
Spain: Spanish Civil War 1936 – 1939
The Spanish Civil War was a moment marked by propaganda. In fact, many posters made by activist artists are known worldwide. Among these artists are José Bardasano, Carles Fontseré, Josep Renau, Joseph Subirat, Pedrero or Vicente Ballester.
Russia: Propaganda 1917 – 1991
In order to be effective and impactful, the Russians opted at this time for the publication of propaganda posters – like the Spanish. This technique of communication close to advertising, “allowed” the education of minds as well as the implantation of communist ideas in the country.
Germany: The post-war period 1945
Following World War 2 in Germany, many personalities spoke out and new things appeared. This is the case of Hans Hillmann and his images, which are juxtaposed and manipulated through various techniques. But it’s also the case of Otl Aicher, precursor of the concept of visual communication, as well as Anton Stankowski, was responsible at the time for the city’s visual identity.
Germany: Berlin Wall 1989
The Berlin Wall was surely one of the first and most important symbols of “Border Art”.
This notion represents art that is at the border and on the border. Thus, this political border served and continues to serve as an open-air gallery, a support for the expression of passersby, words, and of course colors.
Ever wondered where the Nike logo came from? Who was behind the trends and icons of graphic design. Here is a selection of 10 designers who have made design history:
Carolyn Davidson: This American designer born in 1943 is known worldwide for having created the famous Nike logo. Timeless and internationalized, this logo cost a mere $35 at the time!
Max Miedinger: Max Miedinger is a Swiss typographer and graphic designer responsible for the creation of one of the world’s best known typographies : Helvetica
Rob Janoff: Legend has it that for inspiration, Rob Janoff went to the supermarket to buy a bag of apples to design the Apple logo! This is how the monochromatic 2D apple came about, with a small bite on the right side.
Milton Glaser: Surely you have all seen the “I Love New York” logo? Milton Glaser is at the origin of it, as well as many other creations that have contributed to the visual identity of American popular culture (in the 1960s and 1970s).
Jonathan Barnbrook: “The Black Star symbol (★), rather than the Blackstar writing, has a kind of finality, a simplicity, a darkness, which is a representation of the music,” explained Jonathan Barnock after designating “BlackStar” for David Bowie’s latest album.
Kate Moross: London-based Kate Moross is a world-renowned graphic designer and art director. She has notably worked for One Direction, but not only. She has also been featured in Vice magazine, Creative Review and GrafiMagazine.
Lindon Leader: Driven by simplicity and clarity, Lindon Leader is recognized worldwide for his corporate identity abilities. He even received the 5th annual Tribeca Disruptive Innovation Award in New York in 2014. In short, Leader has worked for FedEx, Hawaiian Airlines and Banco Baresco.
Saul Bass: New York graphic designer, Saul Bass is known for designing posters and credits for the film industry. One of his biggest collaborations was with Alfred Hitchcock!
Paula Scher: One of the most influential graphic designers in the world, Paula Scher can also be called “master of the instant illusionism”. Iconic, intelligent and accessible, she has worked for WOAgri, New York City Ballet, Microsoft and NYC Transit.
Massimo Vigneli: Massimo Vignelli is an Italian designer who has marked the history of design with his multiple achievements. During his career, he has worked with IBM, Fort, Bloomingdale, Saks and American Airlines.
Of course, this list is not exhaustive!
EXAMPLE – BANANIA
We know where the design comes from, how it was used and by whom. Now, let’s see an example of design evolution over time through a well-known brand – BANANIA (1912-1999) :
1912 – Foundation of the company: Banania was founded in 1912 by Pierre Lardet and Blanche Lardet.
1914 – First brand image: In 1914, with the help of H. Tishon, the company created its first brand image: “L’Antillaise” with European features.
1915 – Colors of the brand: It is in 1915 that the official colors of the brand appear, which will remain more or less red, yellow and blue.
1935 – SLOGAN – Y’a bon: In 1935, Banania decides to part with it’s Caribbean girl, her facial profile and the slogan Y’a bon, reviewed by Georges Elisabeth.
1940 – Dark humor and patriotism: In 1940, during the Second World War, Banania dares to use slogans with dark humor such as: “Every morning, I requisition my Banania”.
1960 – Advertising Oscar: Banania received in 1960 the Oscar of the Advertising thanks to the help of Bazaine, Dayle, Letellier and Publicis – its advertising agencies.
1968 – Advertising campaigns: In 1968, Banania opted for strong advertising campaigns including posters and films responsible for highlighting the energetic effects of Banania. Chaval and Siné are among the cartoonists who have illustrated this drink.
1987 – New logo: The logo was completely revised in 1987. Indeed, the Senegalese disappears for a more symbolic and stylized logo: a huge sun representing the sympathetic quality of the brand. Yellow, blue and red are still present.
1988 – Logo evolution: As time goes by, the sun takes over the entire frame, leaving little space for a bowl containing the hot liquid and surrounded by the various ingredients.
1990 – Logo evolution: The big sun disappears 3 years after its appearance, in favor of a child. The red comes back into play in the logo as well as the eager smile that reminds us of Na’s filiation!
1999 – Figure of the skirmisher: The stylized figure of the skirmisher, adopted in 1959, appears again on the Banania boxes.
Please note that this list is not exhaustive and represents only a part of the Banania communication. Not everything is mentioned and there are other key steps.
In conclusion, design is for everything and is everywhere. Thanks to its invention, it is possible to convey powerful messages, to communicate both about history and a brand image. Indeed, each brand now has its own logo, which allows it to be visually represented.
If you want to know more or if you need a custom design, don’t hesitate to get in touch!
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Assumptions get violated
Here are some ways the second assumption could be violated:
- Individual flies might have different number of offspring depending on how fit they were (how much they got to eat, whether they lifted weights or did aerobics, etc).
- All flies might have the same number of babies in any given month, but this number might be in different months maybe in the summer flies reproduce faster, but in the winter, not so fast.
- The number of eggs per fly might also vary depending on how many flies there were too many flies fighting for the same rotten banana might depress everyone's reproduction -- whereas if there are only a few flies on that same banana, everyone prospers and has babies galore.
She had been feeding me red herring without the bagel and cream cheese, but I was onto her game now. Tell, me, Sweet Wings. What happened once the big banana was gone?
I ... I don't know what you mean, she stammered.
I'd seen better acting at my first grade Christmas pageant.
Copyright University of Maryland, 2007
You may link to this site for educational purposes.
Please do not copy without permission
requests/questions/feedback email: email@example.com
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The idea of saving electricity just isn’t new but there are several new and various strategies to save electricity that go beyond simply purchasing cost effective appliances; such as refrigerators, washer and dryers. Why’s saving electricity important? It’s not only a matter of money that you invest in your power bill; it’s more linked to how much resources which might be accustomed to produce the electricity. The Department of energy has projected that next Two decades even with diligent conservation of their time America will made one third more electricity laptop or computer has become using.
Although using energy efficient appliances is effective the quantity of electricity that a lot of household appliances such as microwaves, coffee brewers and computers only use represents 2% with the total electricity you’re using. It really is more vital to pay attention to the bigger items and check out options for their function. For instance as opposed to purchasing a washing machine and dryer on your lunch we should it be simple to set up a clothesline air dry your clothes instead.
Another large proven fact that could help you save electricity is always to consider the design of your home. Could be the property where you live cost effective? If you live in an old home that’s built before 1970 it might be beneficial to see having an electrician to determine regardless of whether your electrical wiring is up to code and functioning at its optimum best. For houses which may have electrical systems that aren’t energy efficient as opposed to quantity of energy you wasting can also add as much as numerous kilowatts annually along with thousands in bills. In addition as winter arrives energy consumption also rises and then for a residence that isn’t energy efficient this implies even higher bills.
Many homes utilize a boiler system system that runs on electricity. But instead of by using this you save almost $1000 each year simply by using space heaters inside the specific room. Almost all of the modern space heaters today are made to conserve electricity and be user friendly for safe handling.
Probably the most significant facet of methods to save electricity may be the necessity to alter the attitude toward energy consumption. A lot of people take electricity service for granted; leaving the lights on in rooms which aren’t getting used is a good example. However there are many people for whom electricity is an absolute luxury however is just not open to them around the level that many Americans enjoy.
But the best way to save electricity is to apply solar power instead. There are several devices that are solar powered that are available for use in your house. Renewable power technologies have advanced tremendously throughout the last Twenty years it’s simple to get solar powered water heaters, in addition to lighting for the interior and exterior of your home. You can also many devices which can be solar powered for example mobile phone rechargers.
For additional information about trusted website go to our new web page.
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Maryanne was frustrated because she felt her son, a four-year old was not learning effectively. He seemed to know all the names of the letters of the alphabet, but did not seem to apply these to reading or writing. She approached Dr. Crowther to help her with her son.
Dr. Crowther met with Maryanne and her son at his home. Maryanne showed her what her son could do. He certainly could recite the alphabet and also sing the alphabet song.
Dr. Crowther placed some magnetic letters on the fridge. She asked him to sort which ones were the same. He quite willingly did so. He put b, d, e, and p together. He also placed m, w, v and u together.
Dr. Crowther explained to Maryanne that young children learn by looking at how things are similar rather than different. In the first set he sorted by curved letters and in the second set by straight lines. She suggested some fun activities to learn to differentiate between letters. These activities were broken down into logical and simple steps to maximize her son’s success.
Maryanne followed Dr. Crowther’s advice and reported that both she and her son really enjoyed the activities. He quickly learned to differentiate the letters and also enjoyed printing and writing words. He was beginning to read words in the books she read to him.
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How’s this for irony: A food source that many people find gut-wrenching might be just the ticket to stop that gut from wrenching.
A new study in the Scientific Reports Journal suggests eating crickets can positively affect human gut health and even reduce overall body inflammation.
Valerie Stull, the study’s lead author, told WTOP TV she and the other researchers wanted to see how the type of fiber found in crickets could affect the gastrointestinal tract.
“Dietary fibers are those indigestible dietary carbohydrates that we eat and our body doesn’t absorb, but they’re actually the primary food or energy sources for the microbes in our gut,” Stull, an incoming postdoctoral researcher at the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, told the station. “So basically the fiber that we’re getting in our diet is shaping the growth of microbes in our gut.”
The study was conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. An article published by the university explained the stomach-churning things both participants and researchers had to do for science thusly:
For two weeks, 20 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 48 ate either a control breakfast or a breakfast containing 25 grams of powdered cricket meal made into muffins and shakes. Each participant then ate a normal diet for a two-week “washout period.”
For the following two weeks, those who started on the cricket diet consumed a control breakfast and those who started on the control diet consumed a cricket breakfast.
Immediately following the first two-week diet period and after the second two-week diet period, the researchers then collected blood samples, stool samples and questionnaires about the participants’ gastrointestinal history.
Researchers then tested for a variety of things, including the byproducts of microbial metabolism in the human gut, and the overall makeup of the microbial communities present in the stools.
Participants reported no significant gastrointestinal changes or side effects from eating the crickets and the researchers found no evidence of changes to overall microbial composition or changes to gut inflammation.
However, there was an increase in a metabolic enzyme associated with gut health, and a decrease in an inflammatory protein in the blood called TNF-alpha, which has been linked to other measures of well-being, like depression and cancer, the release said.
Stull admits more studies are needed, but the initial findings suggest better gut health may be another potential selling point for making insects into a common food source.
Put it this way — she’s an optimist.
“Food is very tied to culture, and 20 or 30 years ago, no one in the U.S. was eating sushi because we thought it was disgusting, but now you can get it at a gas station in Nebraska,” she said.
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- Minnesota Breeding Bird Distribution
- Breeding Habitat
- Population Abundance
- Literature Cited
Nonnative visitant all seasons; no viable breeding population. The Mute Swan was very rare during the Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas (MNBBA).
This nonnative species was introduced from Europe for its aesthetic appeal in the late 19th century and in following decades to several eastern states. The multiple introductions established breeding populations in many states, especially along the northeastern Atlantic coast, from Maine to South Carolina, and in the Great Lakes states. Smaller populations are also present in the Pacific Northwest. Early introductions that spread were from Massachusetts (1909 and 1916, Boston), New York (1910 and 1912, Hudson River and Long Island), and Maryland. On the Atlantic Seaboard, large invasive populations are now a particular problem in New York, southern New England, and the Chesapeake Bay. The Great Lakes populations are of special relevance because of potential dispersals to Minnesota. Several of these states do have viable populations that are expanding. An important introduction was in Michigan (1919, Charlevoix County, north of Grand Traverse Bay); the young birds were allowed to fly free and were not pinioned. In the 1960s and 1970s, swans were reintroduced or expanded to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin, mostly at sites along the Great Lakes shores. The nodes of concentration were for the most part along the shores of Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and large rivers. Mute Swans are most abundant along the southern New England coast and in Michigan, eastern Wisconsin, and northern Indiana and Ohio (Figure 1).
Designated an unprotected, regulated invasive species in Minnesota.
The birds are sedentary and can establish a year-round population where there is open water that does not freeze during the winter or in urban areas where they are fed.
Feeds primarily on submerged aquatic plants; some aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as waste grain, are also ingested.
A depression within the center of a mound constructed largely of aquatic emergent vegetation; the nest is usually placed along the shoreline of a peninsula or island.
The first record of Mute Swans in Minnesota was on May 27, 1974, when 3 birds were seen on Lake Superior at Duluth, and later in June on the St. Louis River (Green 1975). Publicity surrounding those records turned up several more observations from other places on Lake Superior from Cook County (January 1975) and the Thunder Bay area in Ontario (1974) to Ashland, Wisconsin (1973, 1974). It was subsequently discovered that a feral breeding population was established in 1971–1975 in northwestern Wisconsin (Robbins 1991). In the 1980s there were yearly, mostly spring, reports from Lake Superior at Duluth. It was assumed that the birds originated from the Ashland population, and since these were “wild” birds, the Minnesota Ornithologists’ Union (MOU) Records Committee considered Lake Superior Mute Swan reports acceptable as records of wild birds (Eckert 1992). During this period of time, there was 1 breeding record at Duluth in 1988: 2 adults, nest with 1 young fledged (Wiens 1989). No viable population was established.
It has been more difficult to consider other Minnesota records as reports of wild birds. Most are classified as origin “unknown.” A compilation of Mute Swan records from the seasonal report archive for The Loon shows that observations were reported every year after 1980. They occur in all seasons: spring, 43 years; summer, 20 years; fall, 29 years; and winter, 25 years. They have been reported from 45 of Minnesota’s 87 counties; all but 7 counties are in the southern half of the state. Twenty-eight records are from south of Mille Lacs and east of Brown and Renville Counties.
Although there are nesting records from Steele (1989), Washington (2005), and Anoka (2006) Counties, there is no indication that there is a wild breeding population in the state (MOU seasonal reports). Counties with the most multiple-year records are Goodhue, Hennepin, Meeker, and Sherburne, but no evidence of a sustained population exists. Birds are assumed to be escapes or released from captive flocks or wanderers from other states. Even records from wildlife refuges do not indicate a wild breeding population; they are just as likely to be escapes or wanderers. In Minnesota, most open water freezes every winter, which constrains a sedentary species from creating a viable year-round breeding population in the wild. Another constraint is their status as unprotected under both state and federal authorities. Birds found nesting in natural habitats can be removed as a nuisance.
MNBBA records were from only 2 locations, 1 in McLeod County (July 2012), and 1 on the Minnesota River Valley National Wildlife Refuge on the border of Carver and Scott Counties (August 2009). Additional information about these two birds was available on the MOU website: the bird on the refuge (T115R23c) had been seen in the area during the previous two years, and there were multiple reports from June 20, and from August 1 through October 18 in 2009 (MOU seasonal reports); the bird in McLeod County (T117R28a) was with Trumpeter Swans and was seen multiple times. Both these records and a number of other records during the MNBBA years are on the MOU website. Mute Swan reports submitted to the MNBBA had to fit within the safe dates of May 1 and August 1; so observations outside of this window were excluded. All reports submitted to MOU before or after these dates fit the usual pattern of incidental observations from ponds, lakes, wastewater treatment plants, and near the casinos in Goodhue and Pine Counties.
*Note that the definition of confirmed nesting of a species is different for Breeding Bird Atlas projects, including the definition used by the Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas, compared with a more restrictive definition used by the Minnesota Ornithologists’ Union. For details see the Data Methods Section.
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Photo by Dean Forbes
From Dr. Harmit Malik's perspective, the pressure of disease-causing bacteria and viruses on the body's defenses is akin to the onslaught of computer-system hacking. If there were no "bad guys" in the information-technology world, network-security folks would be expendable. But the existence of new and ever-changing computer viruses keeps the security system active and ready for the next challenge. Without such pressure, we'd be lulled into a false sense of security.
Paradoxically, human immunity works much the same way, Malik and his colleagues have found. While we tend to think that disease-causing pathogens are never good, we actually need such stress from viral invaders to keep our defense systems active.
That's one of the research findings of Malik, of the Basic Sciences Division, and Drs. Sara Sawyer and Michael Emerman. They found a surprisingly large number of people may have impaired function of a recently discovered arm of the body's defense against invading retroviruses like HIV. Their research results, published in the Jan. 10 issue of the journal Current Biology, illustrate how human evolutionary history can shape our susceptibility to present-day and future viral infections.
The researchers, including Dr. Joshua Akey, a former Center postdoctoral fellow now at the University of Washington, and Lily Wu, a research technician in Emerman's lab, studied TRIM5α, a retroviral-defense gene in humans. According to Emerman, an HIV researcher in the Human Biology and Basic Sciences Divisions, TRIM5α represents a newly understood kind of immunity that is separate and distinct from the immune system as we know it. "The typical adaptive or innate immune response to an acute viral infection is to recognize the infection by specialized cells, which then triggers subsequent antiviral responses," he said.
"TRIM5α is intrinsic — it's present in most cells and is always active. It doesn't lead to other responses, but is itself responsible for both recognition and inhibition of viruses. It probably evolved with viral infections on a longer evolutionary time scale than the other two types of immune responses."
The TRIM5α gene encodes one of the key components of this intrinsic immunity. The gene was discovered because the version of it possessed by rhesus monkeys allows them to resist HIV infection, whereas the human version does not. Instead, the human gene predates viruses like HIV by many millions of years and was likely affected by now-extinct retroviruses.
Previous studies suggested that relatively few evolutionary changes in the TRIM5α protein were responsible for this difference in battling retroviral infection. This prompted the researchers to screen human populations for slightly altered versions of TRIM5α that might be able to resist HIV infection. They theorized that there were differences in degrees of susceptibility among humans.
The scientists sequenced the genomes of 37 geographically diverse, indigenous humans from Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Europe and Central and South America. Looking at indigenous people from the New and Old Worlds avoided the confounding factors of migration and interbreeding.
Evolutionary perspective is critical
Unexpectedly, the researchers found a single mutation in TRIM5α that impairs its ability to defend against retroviruses. This mutation — called H43Y — occurs at a very high frequency in some ethnic groups. It was found in 43 percent of the Central-and South-American samples, compared to only 4 percent of the Old World samples. "That frequency is really high for something that may make us worse off in the face of a retrovirus," said Sawyer, a postdoctoral fellow in Malik's lab.
"We concluded that past periods in human history corresponding to relatively low levels of retroviral infections may have allowed impaired versions of retroviral defense genes — such as the hobbled version of TRIM5α — to arise and thrive," said Malik, an evolutionary biologist who specializes in the study of genetic conflict. "Consequently, the abundance of this impaired gene may have deleterious effects on the ability of present-day humans to ward off infections by both old and new retroviruses."
Malik said the scientific world is starting to appreciate that an evolutionary perspective is almost as critical as a biochemical perspective in understanding disease. It holds huge promise for improving human well-being. HIV is an example of a virus that leaped from animals — chimpanzees, in this case — to humans. Previous to that, the virus was adapted from tree-dwelling monkeys to chimpanzees. With the passage of time, the virus ceased to harm monkeys, in part to allow its own survival. Studying the differences between our species may help pin down the genetic aspects of many such diseases.
The paper is the third in a planned series based on collaboration between the two labs. The joint research began two and a half years ago following a scientific retreat where Emerman described new findings about intrinsic-defense systems. Malik was looking for examples of "arms races" between viruses and hosts. "This work stretched both labs in new directions," Sawyer said.
Trim 5α and HIV infection
The scientists stress that the impaired TRIM5α gene has no effect on current HIV-infection levels because HIV entered the human population in just the last century. "There hasn't been time for the human-gene pool to adapt to the HIV invasion," Malik said.
"Up until 2 million years ago, all humans had a fixed version of this gene because that was the version that was presumably beneficial against some pathogenic virus that was currently threatening the human population," Malik said. "But the people who crossed the Bering Strait and founded the Americas 12,000 to 30,000 years ago faced fewer retroviral challenges. We need constant pathogenic pressure to maintain the defense system."
Lessons from the past
Malik said the New World humans made a tradeoff between defense and autoimmunity. "On one hand, you want a defense gene against retroviruses, but on the other hand, if you don't have any retroviral pathogens around, you might be better off without this defense gene because it could cause something like an autoimmune effect," he said. "It makes complete sense from an evolutionary viewpoint."
Sawyer, Emerman and Malik plan two more prospective studies to identify novel defense systems that exist. "Based on what we now know, we can look for similar evolutionary signatures in other genes," Sawyer said. "Most proteins evolve way below the speed limit; these defense genes are changing at a rate way above the speed limit to keep up with viruses. We're talking about the top 1 percent most rapidly changing genes in the human genome."
Given the migratory nature of modern humans, Malik sees a place for his study of the past. "Every time an isolated ethnic population encounters a new pathogen, it has a devastating effect, like when Native Americans first encountered smallpox," he said. "There are retroviruses that are not common in the New World but are getting reintroduced because of human migration. That's where these people might be particularly susceptible. We think our study may be very informative for that kind of research."
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024 Seattle, WA 98109
©2011 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
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|Home > Floripedia > Gulf Coast: Cedar Keys to Key West|
Gulf Coast: Cedar Keys to Key WestFlorida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers
The waters of the Gulf of Mexico wash the entire west and south coast-line of Florida, a stretch of about seven hundred miles.
Commencing about one hundred miles northeast along the Atlantic coast side, a series of islands forms a continuous chain around the southern extremity of the State, and extends in a line bearing south of west from the mainland out into the Gulf.
These islands are generally small, averaging about one hundred acres, excepting Largo and Key West, which are from one to two miles in width and seven to ten miles in length. All are quite rocky, but the sparse sandy soil is very fertile, and everywhere covered with an abundant vegetation. These islands are called keys, and the cluster at the western extremity is the famous Dry Tortugas, where the United States Government has extensive fortifications, store houses and military supplies.
South of this long chain of keys, and separated from them by a navigable channel, is the great Florida Reef, a long, narrow ledge of coral, of great danger to the navigation of these waters, being hidden beneath the surface of the ocean, and only exposed to view in severe gales.
All this great line of mainland and island coast presents but few harbors, owing to the shallow soundings. Commencing at the extreme western end of the coast, the harbors are Pensacola, Appalachicola, St. Marks, Cedar Keys, Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, and Key West. The three ports first named, together with Tampa Bay, have been described in previous chapters.
Cedar Keys is the Gulf terminus of the Florida Transit Railway from Fernandina (one hundred and fifty-four miles), and is also the port of the Henderson Gulf Line of steamers and of the New Orleans, Havana and Gulf Line, both lines having excellent steamers, well equipped and supplied, and scheduled so as to connect daily at Cedar Keys with any of the Gulf and West India ports. Cedar Keys is a dreamy, cleanly kept, irregular little village of orderly and thrifty people. It is built on an island (as its name suggests), and faces to the northeast, quite confusing to the traveler, who usually expects to look west for the Gulf waters. The railroad enters the place across a long bridge that spans the lagoon. The general appearance of the town is pleasing, the one business street being lined with substantial structures, mostly built of coquina-stone, and in design and material having a Spanish, tropical appearance quite in keeping with the surrounding scenery. The trade is mostly wholesale, and amounts annually to several hundred thousand dollars, supplying the retail dealers of all the little hamlets along the coast and rivers of a large portion of that region. To the hunter, fisherman, or health-seeker, it offers attractions equal to any portion of Florida.
Under the guidance of Major Parsons, who has resided here forty-three years, the writer visited all the various points of interest, and enjoyed a pleasant visit in this delightful old place. Late one brilliant afternoon we were on board the splendid new steamship Admiral, that makes two trips weekly between Cedar Keys, Key West, and Havana, and soon all were enjoying the soft, refreshing salt-water breeze and viewing the beautiful scenery of the islands, with their wealth of tropical vegetation, the large, comfortable-appearing dwellings standing in the midst of flower-laden gardens and broad, bright green lawns. On we sped, passing the graceful lighthouses and picturesque home of the old lightkeeper, out into the warm blue waters of the Gulf. It was a lovely, warm evening. After partaking of an excellent supper, all assembled on the after-deck in the deep enjoyment of cigars, listening to anecdotes, and inhaling the pure, balmy breeze, observing the clear sky, the brilliant stars, and bright full moon that lighted the calm waters like a vast sheet of glittering silver. It was a charming scene of great beauty, deeply enjoyed and long to be remembered by all the participants, none retiring until a late hour.
Early the following morning all were on deck, sniffing the invigorating breeze and watching the many dolphins, porpoises, and occasional sharks, as they plunged through the waters in every direction.
To our left, quite plainly in sight, was the coast of Florida, the islands of very tropical appearance forming exceedingly pretty pictures as the bright sun rose behind them. The coast is for the most part low and sandy, edged by shoals and bars, and broken here and there by beautiful bays and indentations. All the larger inlets are filled with islands, most of which are sandy and arid, though some are covered with a tropical luxuriance of vegetation.
All along the coast at convenient points are little farming or lumbering settlements: the principal being Crystal River, Hamosassa, Bayport, Anclote River, Clear-Water Harbor, Law's Store, Me-Mullen's Store, Philippi's Grove, Point Penales, Alafia, Terrasea Bay, Little Manatee, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte Harbor, and Punta Rassa. Manatee, which is something of a village, is not directly on the coast, but about eight miles up the Manatee River, in a pleasant situation, where game is abundant.
Charlotte Harbor, however, possesses greater natural advantages than any other on the Gulf coast, and has been pronounced by competent authority to be the best harbor between Port Royal and Pensacola. It is a grand sheet of water, about thirty miles in length by ten in width, easily accessible from the Gulf, and studded with hundreds of beautiful tropical islands, of which the most important are Pine, Sanibal, Captira, Lacosta, and Gasparilla. The locality has of late begun to attract much attention, and nearly all the projected railroads of the State have fixed upon Charlotte Harbor as a southern terminus-among them the South Florida Railroad, which, as explained in another chapter, has already set out on the route thither. Indeed, the geographical, commercial, and climatic advantages of the place are too apparent to escape notice, and I believe that some locality on that noble harbor is destined to become a great trade and shipping center, and one of the most popular winter resorts in the State. All the lands in the vicinity are good; and crops of everything that can be produced elsewhere in the semi-tropical portions of Florida will grow there and produce abundantly. The scenery is beautiful, the climate is wonderfully bland and equable, and game and fish, oysters, turtles, and the like, are found in inexhaustible quantities. The islands, great and small, that are so numerous on that beautiful coast, are wonderfully pretty, perfect gems of tropical scenery.
Considering how numerous are the summer resorts, inland, and seaside hotels all through the north and west, and how few are the winter resorts—the hotels specially for winter tourists numbering scarcely two dozen inland they dot in the really tropical region of the State; and considering how limited is the tropical region; how the number of hotel residents, of tourists, wandering to all sections of the country, summer and winter, in search of health and pleasure, is increasing to such a vast multitude each year; and that the hotels of Florida, even at highest prices, are scarcely able to accommodate the visitors to the State—it is apparent that the time is near at hand when a vast winter "Coney Island," with Newport and Long Branch combined, must be established at some point in the southern part of the peninsula, beyond any possible danger of cold, frosts, or extreme changes; where a sea-beach drive, islands for pleas sure-yachts, a race-course, polo-ground, base-ball park, etc., etc., can be established, and where the health-seeker, the hunter, and the fisher, as well as the lover of strange scenes and excitement, may each find special attractions. Charlotte Harbor, with a railroad, would present just such a location, and railroads must go there. Each season the army of tourists to Florida is increasing, and the farther south they can get the better they like it. And this spot offers attractions not possessed by any other in the whole country for such a resort. As I sat on an elevated spot on the shore of that harbor, and looked over its broad, beautiful expanse, watching the sun sinking behind the lovely islands, and saw many dolphins gamboling in the bright waves, and thought of the myriads of fish and oysters so easy to be obtained, and the soil, so prolific of all dainty fruits, I reflected that it only needed the genius of a Corbin, a Breslin, or a Lorillard, to wake up this dreamy, delicious locality, and make it a spot that would rival any pleasure resort in the world. With competing lines of railroads and steamers, and consequent low fares, all the United States would soon wish to enjoy the novelty of seeing a horse-race, or a game of base-ball, or a yacht-race, or to try a swim, pick a banana, or wear a white suit in January.
On Pease Creek, a tributary of Charlotte Harbor, a large amount of elevated and rich lands is open to settlement. The mainland, between the head of Charlotte Harbor, Meyakka River, and Little Sarasota Bay, also offers a fine field for settlement. Between the Haulover and the bead of Little Sarasota Bay a high bluff extends along the Gulf coast, and to those who wish to pitch their tents within sight and sound of the waves this would prove a desirable spot.
At the southern extremity of Charlotte Harbor is situated Punta Rassa. The improvements consist of the signal and telegraph station—a large wooden structure—a large storehouse, a superior dock, and a fish-ranche. This is the great point for the shipment of cattle to Key West and Cuba. The Caloosa entrance, leading from the Gulf to this point, is comparatively shallow, affording but nine feet of water at low tide at the shallowest points. Leaving the dock and proceeding in a northerly direction for three miles, the mouth of the Caloosabatchie River opens up. Unfortunately for the navigation of this stream, there is but seven feet of water in the channel at the mouth, at low tide. However, this depth would prove ample for river steamers, and if it should ever be required, a small expenditure would deepen the channel so as to allow of the passage of any vessel that could enter the port. Soon after entering the river it widens out and becomes a beautiful stream, from one and a quarter to three miles in width, for a distance of thirty miles. The land gradually rises from the and a half, and I have been as river for a mile, or a mile assured that it is good, productive pine-land, in many places mixed with shell and underlaid by clay or marl.
Fort Myers, distant twenty-five miles from Punta Rassa, is an old military post, which was abandoned after the last Indian war. At present it contains a population of about two hundred persons, the majority of whom are engaged in cattle-raising. Here I found several small orangegroves, and the trees appeared vigorous and healthy. Large patches of bananas flourished with a luxuriance unknown in the more northern portions of the State. But what gratified me most was the existence of eleven cocoanut-trees, seventeen years old, with their pendent fruit and luxuriant leaves. The cocoanut is very susceptible to the influence of frost, and the presence of these trees convinced me that the locality had not suffered from it for seventeen years. At this point the river is much narrower than lower down the stream, but measures one mile and eleven chains from bank to bank.
By the course of the river the Caloosahatchie telegraph station and crossing is distant fifteen miles. From the fort to within a short distance of the station the banks of the river are low, and in many places swampy. Near the station the banks are high and the soil excellent. The operator pointed out a lemon-tree near the house, not five years old, that had produced about one thousand lemons. A few of them were hanging on the tree, and I found them thin skinned and very juicy. We are satisfied that the time is not far distant when the lemons of Southern Florida will drive the diminutive, and, to a certain extent, juiceless lemons of the Mediterranean from the American markets.
From the telegraph station to Fort Donand, distant twenty miles in a direct line, but more than twice as many by the course of the river, the stream is narrow, varying from one hundred and fifty to four hundred feet in width, but very deep. Between these points the banks of the river are high, and, in some places, almost perpendicular. In many of the reaches, to make a landing without a ladder would be a troublesome undertaking. Along the river rich hammocks exist, clothed with a growth of small live-oaks and cabbage-palms, back of this a belt of pine-timber, and then the open prairie, covered with luxuriant and nutritive grass. From our own observations, and information obtained, the belt of timber on the line of the river is narrow in its whole course. The prairie on each side of the stream is very extensive, and dotted with what is known as 'islands'—patches of live-oak and palm, and belts of pine of limited extent. These oases of foliage furnish protection to cattle and herds. The grasses in this section are more tender and succulent than in the northern and western portions of the State.
For the production of sugar-cane this section possesses an advantage over Mississippi and Louisiana, where cane has to be cut before it has attained its full saccharine development, in order to avoid the injurious influence of frosts. In Southern Florida the cane will tassel and perfect itself."
Key West was reached about noon on the day after leaving Cedar Keys, and we were soon enjoying the comforts of the Russell House, a large and well-kept hotel. Afterward we rode about the city and island, visiting the extensive water-batteries, the park, and the lighthouse. Everything in and about Key West is strange, foreign, and interesting. The business houses and public buildings, the dwellings, the gardens, lawns, flowers, trees, soil, and vegetation, the appearance of the people, their costumes, and even their names, all are so un-American and suggestive of a foreign clime, that it is difficult indeed to realize it as one of the busy, enterprising cities of our United States. Nevertheless, in this far-off, isolated community of Uncle Sam's family are found the same social sentiments and the same interests as among all American citizens.
Key West has a steady business of exchange and supply for all the settlers and retail dealers of that section of the State. It is not of the intensely active, Chicago sort of business, but it is steady, easy-going, and quiet. Cigar-making is the principal industry, exceeding all other interests, employing hundreds of people, mostly Cubans, occupying numerous large establishments, and paying to Uncle Sam an annual revenue of upward of three hundred and twenty thousand dollars. A stroll about the place at once makes it apparent where the famous Key West cigars come from; everywhere are tobacco-dealers and cigar-manufactories, and upward of thirty million cigars were manufactured there in 1880.
The United States has erected several large, substantial structures here, and the public buildings of the county and city, also the churches—four—the public schools, operahouse, etc., are all creditable structures. The Government dock, barracks, and forts are all large and costly, this being regarded as one of the most important points in the defensive system of the United States. An unpleasant feature is the impossibility of obtaining cool well or spring water. Wells cannot be sunk, and there are no springs, and the inhabitants are obliged to depend on rain-water cisterns or condensed supply. Turtling, sponging, mullet-fishing, and shell-hunting are important industries. A large number of men are engaged in wrecking on the reefs. The population is about eight thousand five hundred.
Excerpt from "The Gulf Coast and Key West" Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers, 1882.
|Home > Floripedia > Gulf Coast: Cedar Keys to Key West|
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National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Humanities
The National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act into law. The act called for the creation of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) as separate, independent agencies. The NEA and NEH continue to fund and support programs in the arts and humanities, and grants can be awarded to individuals or institutions.
Some agency-specific information:
|National Endowment for the Arts||National Endowment for the Humanities|
Submitting a Grant Application
To find grant funding opportunities at NEA and NEH, you can utilize the following resources:
Application instructions vary widely between programs; you will need to read the specific instructions associated with the funding opportunity announcement carefully.
Some general guidelines for applying for grant funding from the NEA and NEH are available for individual or group applications:
- NEA Grants for Individuals | NEA Grants for Organizations
- NEH Grants for Individuals | NEH Grants for Organizations
For assistance with developing a proposal, see the Proposal Preparation & Project Development section below, or visit the Research Development website.
If you didn't find a funding program at the National Endowments that fits your project, you can also try state and local organizations:
When developing a project idea, it is helpful to relate your idea to current priorities:
- NEA Strategic Plan
- NEH Priorities:
Common Good: Bringing the humanities to the public square and making scholarship relevant to contemporary issues
Standing Together: promoting understanding of the military experience and supporting returning veterans
Protecting Our Cultural Heritage: projects on lost or imperiled cultural heritage
- NDSU’s Strategic Research Priorities
The NEA offers grants for arts projects in the following artistic fields:
The NEA also works with more than 20 other federal agencies, state and local governments, state and regional arts agencies, and private nonprofits on projects that provide opportunities for Americans to experience quality arts programming. Learn more about these partnerships.
The NEH has eight divisions and offices:
- The Division of Preservation and Access awards grants to preserve, maintain, and improve access to primary sources in the humanities, in both digital and analog form.
- The Division of Public Programs supports projects that bring the humanities to large and diverse audiences through libraries and museums, television and radio, historic sites, and digital media.
- The Division of Research Programs makes awards to support original scholarship that advances knowledge and understanding in all areas of the humanities, funding individuals as well as teams of researchers and institutions.
- The Division of Education Programs works to strengthen humanities education through programs aimed at pre-collegiate and post-secondary levels of study.
- The Office of Federal/State Partnership collaborates with 56 state and territory humanities councils to strengthen local programs.
- The Office of Challenge Grants offers grants that "challenge" local, state, and national institutions to respond to opportunities that exist in the humanities ecosystem.
- The Office of Digital Humanities offers grant programs that address the way digital technology has changed the ways we read, write, learn, communicate, and play.
- The Bridging Cultures Initiative engages the humanities to promote understanding and mutual respect for people with diverse histories, cultures, and perspectives.
The NEH also has several special priority areas that represent critical areas of the humanities as identified by the NEH Chair:
The grant review processes for NEA and NEH follow similar structures.
|NEA Review Process||NEH Review Process|
|After an application is submitted to NEA, it goes through the following steps:||When a proposal is submitted to NEH, it goes through the following steps:|
Proposal Preparation & Project Development
Résumés and Biographies
NEA and NEH requirements for biographies and résumés vary widely between programs and grant opportunities; make sure to read the grant application package carefully to ensure correct preparation of your biography or résumé.
Some common elements are listed below, but they may not apply depending on the specific program requirements:
- "Brief"; NEA frequently gives a character limit, NEH typically limits to 2 pages
- Current and Past Positions
- Relevant professional activities and publications
- Proposed role in the project
Budget requirements can vary widely between programs; make sure to read the grant application package carefully to ensure correct preparation of your budget.
|NEA Budgets||NEH Budgets||NDSU Budgets|
|NEH provides the following forms and guidance:||NDSU provides the following forms and guidance:|
If you have questions regarding budget development, contact Sponsored Programs Administration.
Data Management Plan (DMP)
A data management plan is required for some NEA and NEH grant programs. Consult the grant application package for specific instructions.
Some examples of data management plan requirements from NEA and NEH:
The NEA Research Labs Program requires a data management plan documenting how any raw data and metadata resulting from the proposed project will be maintained during and beyond the life of the agreement. At a minimum, the plan is required to include:
- Types of raw data and metadata produced
- Standards used for raw- and meta-data format and content
- Policies for sharing the raw- and meta-data with researchers and the public
- Plans for archiving the raw- and meta-data, and for ensuring continuous access to them
The NEH Office of Digital Humanities offers this specific guidance for data management plans. It suggests addressing:
- Types of data that might be generated and shared, and under what conditions
- How data are to be managed and maintained until they are shared with others
- Factors that might impinge on the ability to manage data
- The lowest level of aggregated data that project directors might share with others
- The mechanism for sharing data and/or making them accessible to others
- Other types of information that should be maintained and shared regarding data
resources for creating a Data management plan
- The DMP Tool is a useful resource for developing data management plans. It includes templates for various funding agencies and examples of plans.
- Digital Humanitites Data Curation Guide - intended as a first step to understanding the essentials of data curation for the humanities
- The NDSU Research Data Working Group website includes additional resources and information on data management planning.
An evaluation plan may be required for some NEA and NEH grant programs. Consult the grant application package for specific instructions.
The NEA provides resources on program evaluation and performance measurement through their Office of Research & Analysis.
The NEH does not provide general guidance on program evaluation, but does include it as a component of some grant applications so it is necessary to read the application guidelines carefully.
Some general resources for developing evaluation plans include:
- PI's Guide: Managing Evaluation in Informal STEM Ed Projects
- Evaluation Tools and Instruments
- Online Evaluation Resource Library (OERL)
- User Friendly Handbook for Project Evaluation (NSF-EHR, 2010)
Resources for using logic models in your evaluation plan:
Logic Model Planning and Development:
Logic Model Examples:
- Example #1: Partnership for Innovation in Ed Logic Model
- Example #2: Minnesota STEM Cradle-to-Career Logic Model
- Example #3: Chicago STEM Pathways Cooperative Logic Model
- Example #4: ALTS Logic Model
If you are looking for an external evaluator or need some assistance in developing an evaluation plan, please contact the Research Development office at email@example.com.
Sponsored Programs Administration maintains an Institutional Information page which includes:
- NDSU authorized organizational representative
- Official NDSU address for sponsored projects
- Indirect cost rates
- Fringe benefit rates
- Proposal routing procedure
- Audit reports, and
- Frequently used numbers:
- NDSU's EIN #: 45-6002439
- DUNS Number: 80-388-2299
- Congressional District: ND1
- Cage Code: 40341
- NDSU's Animal Welfare Assurance #: A3244-01
- USDA Research Facility Registration #: 45-R-002
- NSF's Institutional Code # assigned to NDSU: 00 29975 000
- Human Subjects Assurance: FWA00002439
- Number of NDSU employees
ABoilerplate Description of NDSU contains general campus information that can be used or customized as needed.
PTF and Proposal Process
Sponsored Programs Administration provides information on proposal processing for university approval, as well as the Proposal Transmittal Form (PTF) which is required for proposal routing.
The proposal process at NDSU is detailed in the graphic below:
Handout: Proposal Submission Flowchart
Tips for Contacting Program Officers
Congratulations on making the important step to visit with a grant program officer. Statistics show that making a personal connection with your program officer will increase your chances of getting funded immensely. Following are some tips, based on past experience, to help make your visit as successful as possible.
- Identify a program officer.
NEA program officers can be identified through this list of agency contacts. You can find an NEH program officer by visiting the website of the appropriate division or office.
- Prepare a concept paper / abstract.
- Make contact with the program officer.
- Talk / meet with the program officer.
- Follow up after the meeting.
CREATE A CONCEPT PAPER TO PROVIDE TO THE PROGRAM OFFICER
To plan for the visit, prepare a brief 1-2 page concept paper that you can hand to the program officer at the beginning of the meeting. You should be ready to discuss a specific proposal. The format is flexible, but include:
- Overall goal and objectives of the proposal. SMART objectives should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
- Describe the problem to be addressed. Use Heilmeier’s Catechism - http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ddahlstr/misc/heilmeier.html
- Refer to your unique personnel, resources, collaborations, whatever strengths will stand out in your proposal
- To the extent possible, use the agency’s format, style, and terminology.
- For the title of the concept paper, use an eye-catching newspaper-like headline (think of benefits and potential impact of proposal). This is not going to be the same as the title of your subsequent formal proposal.
- Use headings, color, and institutional branding, and employ meaningful graphics to assist in telling your story.
- Ask others to review and provide feedback.
- Well before meeting, send an email to introduce yourself. Attach your concept paper & biosketch in agency format. Ask to set up a ½ hour meeting. Try to avoid peak review panel season if possible, a busy time for them.
- Prior to the meeting, confirm the date, time and location.
- Be on time. At the meeting, listen closely for his/her advice and recommendations. Program officers will sometimes be willing to advocate for your proposal or refer you to other programs if appropriate, or even find other pockets of funding at times. This type of ‘inside information’ can be invaluable to you.
- Plan to keep the meeting within the planned time constraints, but take your cue from the program officer.
- To keep communication open, follow up with a thank you note to the program officer, including a brief written summary of the conversation. Also share this with university administrators and any collaborators.
- Do your homework on the grant agency beforehand so you have a good understanding of how it works.
- Though 1-on-1 is best, if a face-to-face ‘live’ meeting is not possible, Skype, Facetime, or even a phone call is a good alternative, better than no contact. Proposals are too much work to be submitted as ‘a shot in the dark.’
- Customize questions. For NSF, ask about ideas for broader impacts. For NIH, ask which study section to target.
- Do NOT ask who is on the review panel, but it’s appropriate to ask about the types of expertise of reviewers who will be on the panel. Do NOT ask if a Congressman can help or provide a letter of support. Do NOT ask for a copy of a funded application, or if a particular person got funded - that information is available elsewhere.
- DO ask how proposals from early career applicants are handled, if applicable to you. For other appropriate questions to ask program officers, as well as other good advice, see “Can We Talk? Contacting Grant Program Officers”
Proposal Writing Tips
- Tips for writing a successful grant application to NEH
- Tips for success with the Fellowship or Summer Stipend Programs
- Video discussion with NEH Program Officer - Tips for Applying
- NEH Program Officer presentation to NDSU (2015)
Some general proposal writing resources are listed below. They include print and video guides from agencies, foundations, and other grant writing groups.
- Writing a Grant 101
- New Faculty Guide to Competing for Research Funding (requires log-in)
- The Foundation Center's Proposal Writing Short Course (for private source grant proposals)
- Grantseeking in Minnesota: Writing a Successful Grant Proposal
- Writing a Good Grant Proposal
- How to Write a Federal Grant Proposal from Federal Grants Wire
- Heilmeier's Catechism (critical questions for research proposals)
- Successful Proposal Development: Part 1 - Doing Your Homework; Part 2 - Now It's Time to Write
- How Do I Review Thee? Let Me Count the Ways: A Comparison of Research Grant Proposal Review Criteria Across U.S. Federal Funding Agencies
- Why Academics Have a Hard Time Writing Good Grant Proposals
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Prevalence and characteristics of food allergy and intolerance
This programme of work aims to establish the prevalence of food sensitisation and allergy (both total food allergy and the prevalence to individual foods) in UK infants, children and adults and whether the prevalence has changed over time.
Recent research has focused on the prevalence of allergy in infants. This work has also looked to characterise the clinical symptoms associated with food allergy, with a particular focus on emerging allergens, such as kiwi allergy.
More in this section
Saturday 6 August 2005
This project will investigate the prevalence of food allergies and the current infant weaning practices adopted by mothers in the UK
Wednesday 2 April 2003
This project is evaluating the impact of the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) report, that recommends atopic mothers avoid peanuts during pregnancy and breastfeeding, on the prevalence of peanut allergy.
Tuesday 2 March 2004
This project aimed to establish whether the issuing of the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) advice has resulted in a change in the incidence of peanut allergy.
Thursday 2 January 2003
This project aims to fully characterise all of the clinical symptoms associated with allergy to kiwi fruit.
Wednesday 4 July 2001
This research project aims to establish how common food allergy is among a group of children between birth and 15 years of age.
Thursday 5 April 2001
This research project aims to describe the clinical characteristics of allergy to kiwi in adults and children.
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Have you ever wondered how the products you buy impact the environment?
Do you know who made your clothes?
Lately, more and more people worry about the environmental and cultural implications of fast fashion.
Unfortunately, research has shown that the fashion industry is the second most polluting after the oil industry. Some of the reasons are the huge amounts of electric power needed, the large amounts of chemicals and dyes and the use of synthetic fibers (eg polyester, acrylic) in the clothing manufacturing process. When those clothes end up in a landfill they can’t be decomposed.
Furthermore, the slave trade, child labor and the mistreatment of workers in the factories are also added!
At the same time, however, more and more consumers are looking for more sustainable, ecological solutions.
Slow fashion, ethical fashion or sustainable fashion, are terms that have a common denominator: a more conscious consumption.
Slow fashion advocates for principles such as good quality, clean environment, and fairness for both consumers and producers.
It is an alternative to fast fashion in the sense that it promotes a more ethical and sustainable way of living and consuming
Some elements of the slow fashion philosophy include: quality eco-friendly raw materials, shopping from smaller producers, and buying garments that last longer.
The consumer feels emotionally connected to the article of clothing and will keep it longer than one season.
After all, it is so nice to know that the clothes for example that you wear, are not only composed of the materials written on the label but also the love and care of the producer!
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I started the lesson with the video of the song "Happy" by Pharell Williams (feat.Minions)! The video is colourful with lyrics so pupils could sing along and get into the mood of the day easily! As a listening activity I asked them to count how many times the word "Happy" is heard. This was actually fascinating as the word is actually mentioned about 50 times in the song. After the counting had finished, I asked them how they felt listening and singing along-because they had been singing along! They said they felt happy! This is when I wrote on the board: Happy International Day of Happiness evrybody! And the fun began! This is where you can find the video:
We went on with colouring the happiness colouring sheet. Students had to pick up their favourite colours and notice how they felt as they coloured in their happy word. Other students chose another worksheet in which they had to design their own T-shirt of happiness. Here you can find these sheet, together with other wonderful ideas, such as bookmarks, happiness meter, calendar, a book of happiness, a family happiness recipe, etc.:
While colouring and designing we were listening to music. Students were able to choose songs that made them feel happy and I was writing them down, so we could compile our class happiness playlist later. You can listen to some of the songs in our playlist here:
These are some of the things we did on 20 March! The aim was to make students feel happy and relaxed and I think it was achieved!
- A year ago we wrote our poems entitled Happiness. You can find the activity and read the poems here: http://vlachopouloumaria.blogspot.gr/2016/01/experimenting-with-poetry.html
Moreover, searching further I found some other interesting material which can be used on this day,
- On the site makebeliefscomix.com the following printables:
-clouds for you to fill with joy
- a wonderful thought that keeps playing in your head
- a page for someone that makes you happy
- think about something that brings you happiness
- For more advanced levels the TED videos:
- Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness
- Graham Hill: Less stuff, more happiness
There is also a worksheet based on this video. You can find it here:
- other worksheets on happiness on the site en.islcollective.com
4 ESL happiness is worksheets
- a nice lesson plan including role playing dialogues and a song on the site busyteacher.org
and many other worksheets, as well.
- Another nice idea would be to print some of the famous Happiness is... images and discuss them with your students and then ask them to draw their idea of Happiness is...
For the end I left some of the photos we took on this day:
I got inspired for the day because of her suggestion to celebrate it and some material she provided us with. This is the site she directed us to
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Pilocarpus (U. S. P.)—Pilocarpus.
The leaflets of Pilocarpus Selloanus, Engler (Rio Janeiro Jaborandi), and of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes (Pernambuco Jaborandi) "—(U. S. P.).
COMMON NAME: Jaborandi.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Pilocarpus Jaborandi—Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3d series, Vol. V, 1874-75, p. 582; and H. Geiger, Berichte der Deutsch. Pharm. Ges., 1897, p. 424, Plates. P. Selloanus and P. pennatifolius—Pharm. Jour. Trans., 4th series, Vol. I, p. 521.
Botanical Source and History.—The jaborandi shrub is a native of Brazil, and grows to the height of from 6 to 10 feet. The genus is represented by about 19 described species, for an enumeration of which, see Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. I, 1895, p. 541. They are natives of South America and the West Indies. Jaborandi was introduced to the medical profession by Dr. S. Coutinho, of Pernambuco, in 1874. The leaves were examined by Prof. Baillon, and the plant referred to the Pilocarpus pennatifolius of Lemaire, described by him, in 1852. Engler (1874) states that its leaves are pilose (hairy) beneath, while E. M. Holmes (1875) calls attention to the fact that commercial leaves are glabrous (devoid of hair). However, not much importance can be attached to this distinction, because Planchon (1875) has observed that the leaves of Pilocarpus pennatifolius, grown in Paris, may occur partly in the glabrous, partly in the pilose form. In 1875 (Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. V, pp. 581 and 641), Mr. E. M. Holmes referred one of the two grades then in commerce (Rio Janeiro jaborandi) to Pilocarpus Selloanus, Engler, and, in 1893 (ibid., Vol. XXIII, p. 1008; also, ibid., Vol. I, 1895, p. 520) established for the other (Pernambuco jaborandi) a new species, Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes, which be described from a specimen grown in the Cambridge Botanical Garden.
Engler's botanical description of P. Selloanus, as communicated by E. M. Holmes, is as follows: The stem is covered with thin, purple bark, and leafy toward the apex. The leaves are imparipinnate. The petiole of the leaf is semiterete, flattened a little above, quite glabrous. The leaflets are trijugate, oblong, distinct, nearly equal, obtuse, margin reflexed, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, grayish-green, quite glabrous on both sides, pellucid-punctate; mid-rib sulcate above, very prominent beneath; lateral nerves rather prominent beneath; petiole of leaflets short. The raceme is terminal, nearly three times longer than the leaves, terete, purple, quite glabrous, with slender pedicels, horizontally patent and slightly hairy, six times longer than the buds, and furnished at the middle and base with 2-minute, ciliolate bracts. The calyx is very short, with broad, rounded lobes, which are ciliolate. The petals are coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, furnished with a prominent mid-rib, inflexed at the upper margin and at the apiculus. The stamens are shorter than the petals. The ovary is depressed, globose, very smooth; half included in the disk, and crowned with a short, rather thick style (Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. V, 1875, p. 641).
The new species, P. Jaborandi, Holmes, differs from P. Selloanus, to which it is most nearly allied, in having 4 pairs of leaflets; in the elliptic-oblong shape of the leaflets and their more fleshy consistence; in the veinlets being more prominent on the upper surface; in the slender, glabrous pedicels, only three times longer than the leaf-buds; in the minute bracts, being situated near the apex of the pedicel; in the rose color of the ovate petals, pedicels, and upper part of rachis; and in the rugose-crenate disc. The calyx is pentagonal, not lobed (Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. XXII, 1892, p. 875).
The subsequent investigations of E. M. Holmes (ibid., 1895, pp. 520 and 539), and, more lately, those of H. Geiger (Berichte der Deutsch. Pharm. Ges., 1897, pp. 356 and 425), have shown that commercial jaborandi leaves, at present in the market, are to be referred to the following 5 species:
- P. Jaborandi, Holmes (Pernambuco jaborandi), identical with P. officinalis (Poehl, 1879);
- P. pennatifolius, Lemaire (Paraguay jaborandi), which, according to Geiger, is identical with P. Selloanus, Engler;
- P. trachylophus, Holmes (Ceara jaborandi);
- P. microphyllus, Stapf (Maranham, or Small jaborandi); and
- P. spicatus, Saint-Hilaire (Aracati jaborandi).
In 1896, a spurious jaborandi was referred, by Holmes, to a hitherto unknown plant, Swartzia decipiens. The nomenclature, according to the places of export, as adopted by Holmes, is abandoned by Geiger, because the commercial bales rarely even contain leaves of a single species.
Description.—Official jaborandi is thus described by the U. S. P: "About 10 to 15 Cm. (4 to 6 inches) long, and 4 to 6 Cm. (1 ⅔ to 2 ¼ inches) broad, short-stalked, oval or ovate-oblong, entire, and slightly revolute at the margin, obtuse and emarginate, unequal at the base; dull-green, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, mostly smooth; when bruised slightly aromatic; taste somewhat bitter and pungent"—(U. S. P). Commercial jaborandi is usually mixed with leaf-stalks, twigs, and bark. The leaflets are almost odorless when entire; have a slightly aromatic taste, followed by a persistent acridity. (For a comparative histological study of jaborandi leaves, see Albert Schneider, Journal of Pharmacology, 1897, p. 141.)
Chemical Composition.—The active principle of jaborandi leaves is the alkaloid pilocarpine, which was discovered almost simultaneously by E. Hardy, in France, and A. W. Gerrard, in England, in 1875. Several other active principles were subsequently isolated from the mother liquors of pilocarpine-namely, the alkaloids jaborine (Hardy, 1875; Harnack and Meyer, 1880), pilocarpidine (Merck, 1885), jaboridine (Harnack, 1885), and volatile jabonine (C9H14N2, Hardy and Calmels, 1887), as well as jaboric and pilocarpic acids; but it is somewhat doubtful whether these derivatives of pilocarpine preexist in the leaves. Other constituents are a volatile oil (0.56 per cent, Hardy), an acrid resin, tannin, and a volatile acid, forming large crystals.
Pilocarpine (C11H16N2O2, Hamack and Meyer, 1880) may be obtained as described under pilocarpine hydrochlorate (which see). It forms a viscid liquid, optically dextro-rotatory, soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in cold ether or chloroform, and in acids, forming a series of salts, of which the acetate is soluble in ether. The nitrate crystallizes well; the hydrochloride is very deliquescent. Pilocarpine, boiled with water, is decomposed into trimethylamine (N[CH3]3) and beta-pyridine-alpha-lactic acid (C5H4N.C[OH.CH3].COOH). Its synthesis was effected by Hardy and Calmels, in 1887 (see graphic formula in Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. XVIII, p. 89). These observers, as well as Merck (1885), consider it to be methyl-pilocarpidine (see below). According to J. van de Moer (1895), pilocarpine also stands in close connection with the alkaloid cytisine (see Baptisia).
Jaborine (C22H32N4O4, Hardy and Calmels, 1887) is a strongly basic, amorphous alkaloid, indicated by Hardy (1875), and shown by Harnack and Meyer (Chem. Centralblatt, 1880) to correspond in its physiological action with atropine, while pilocarpine in this respect resembles nicotine. It is formed when alcoholic or acid solutions of pilocarpine are concentrated by evaporation, and is not contained originally in the fluid extract of jaborandi. Its formation explains the lack of uniformity of the physiological action of pilocarpine as first obtained. When pilocarpine is rapidly heated to 175° C. (347° F.), and kept at this temperature for half an hour, it is decomposed into ether-soluble jaborine and water-soluble pilocarpidine and jaboric acid (C19H25N3O5) Hardy and Calmels, Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. XVII, 1887, p. 550). Jaborine is a brittle mass, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, and a solution of jaboric acid. Its salts are uncrystallizable. Boiling with aqueous solution of caustic potash, converts it into pilocarpidine.
Pilocarpidine (C10H14N2O2, Harnack, 1885) was discovered by Merck (1885), and was considered by him and others to be the lower homologue of pilocarpine. This simple relation, however, does not seem to exist between these two bases (E. Merck, Archiv der Pharm., 1898, p. 141), nor are they isomers, as was asserted by Petit and (Pharm. Jour. Trans., Vol. V, 1897, p. 83). The aqueous solution of its salts is not precipitated by chloride of gold (difference from pilocarpine). It is a syrupy liquid, forming a well-crystallizable nitrate. The formula of nicotine being C10H14N2, pilocarpidine may be regarded as dioxy-nicotine. It has been obtained synthetically as an intermediary product in the synthesis of pilocarpine (see above). It is easily converted into jaboridine (C10H12N2O3, Harnack, Chem. Centralblatt, 1885), which is probably identical with jaborandine of Parodi (1875) from Piper Jaborandi. It may also be formed from pilocarpine by treatment with fuming nitric acid (Chastaing, 1882). The chemistry of pilocarpine and derivatives is held by Petit and Polonowsky (1897) to be still doubtful.
The following table states the yield of total alkaloid and nitrate, as recorded by several observers:
|Analyst.||Source of Jaborandi.||Per cent Pilocarpine.||Per cent crystallizable nitrate. Melting point.||Per cent recrystallizable nitrate. Melting point.|
|A. Poehl, 1879||Hairy||1.97|
|F. Budee, 1880||I. Hairy||..||1.26||0.77||Arch. d. Pharm., 1880, p. 25.|
|III. Mostly non-hairy||0.67||0.34|
|F. Miller 1880||Hairy||1.21
|A. Dohme, 1893||P. pennatifolius||0.33||..||..||Proc. A. P. Assoc., 1895, p. 266.|
|A. Dohme, 1894||P. pennatifolius||0.18|
|A. Dohme, 1895||P. pennatifolius||0.19|
|A. Dohme, 1894||P. microphyllus||0.16|
|A. Dohme, 1895||P. microphyllus||0.19|
|Paul & Cownley, 1894||P. Jaborandi||..||0.5 to 0.8 pil. nitrate||..||Phr. Jr. Trans., Vol. I, 1895, p. 542.|
|P. pennatifolius||..||0.18, 0.19; 0.38 pil. nitrate|
|P. microphyllus||..||0.16 to 0.19 pil. nitrate|
|P. microphyllus||..||Up to 0.8 alk. nitrate|
|P. trachylophus||0.02 (new alkaloid)|
|Paul & Cownley, 1896||P. spicatus||0.16||..||0.03 at 151.5° C.
0.04 at 130.5° C.
|Ibid., Vol. III, 1896, p. 1.|
|P. Jaborandi||0.72||0.67 at 161° C.||0.37 at 162.7° C.
0.30 at 158.3° C.
|P. microphyllus||0.84||0. 45 at 160° C.||0.23 at 162.7° C.
0. 22 at 147.7° C.
Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Jaborandi acts upon the glandular system, increasing the secretory action of the glands; however, its influence is more especially exerted upon the sudoriferous and salivary glands. A drachm or two of the powdered leaves and smaller branches infused in a cupful of boiling water, and the whole taken at a draught, will, in about 10 or 20 minutes afterward, occasion a tingling sensation with redness of the cutaneous surface; this sensation is at first experienced in the face, but soon extends over the whole surface, and is quickly followed by an abundant perspiration, which is apt to continue for 4 or 5 hours. Almost simultaneously with the sweating, the secretion of saliva increases to such an extent as to greatly embarrass speech, the person being often obliged to assume an inclined position that the escape of the saliva may be facilitated. During its salivary action 1 or 2 pints of saliva, and even more, may be secreted, and, not infrequently, there will be, in addition, an augmentation of the bronchial and lachrymal secretions. At times the mucous glands of the intestines will be so influenced as to occasion a diarrhoea, and it is not a rare circumstance that the submaxillary glands enlarge. After the administration of jaborandi, patients are often attacked with nausea, vomiting, vertigo, hiccough, heaviness of the head, and contraction of the pupils. According to S. Ringer and A. Gould, the temperature of the body becomes greatly lessened during the sweating, falling 1.4° F.; on the other hand, Green, Rabuteau, Gubler, Robin, Ambrosoli, and Riegel, state that it becomes considerably elevated. As the rule, at the termination of the diaphoresis, the temperature becomes the same as it was at the time the jaborandi was administered; in a few cases it has been slightly lower, but returned to the normal degree in the course of from 12 to 24 hours. From the commencement of the perspiration, the face becomes pale, the pulse fuller, and more frequent; the pulsations of the heart become irregular, and, with persons laboring under some cardiac affection, a kind of asystolia is observed. The effects of this agent have been found to occur more readily with adults than with children. In the exhibition of this article as a diaphoretic, the use of warm drinks, and other aids toward facilitating the sweating, are not required.
During the sudorific action of jaborandi, the quantity of urine is lessened, to a greater or lesser extent, and micturition frequently proves painful. As urea exists to a large extent in the saliva and sweat caused by jaborandi (no uric acid being found), a diminution of it occurs in the urine voided; but, after sweating, it gradually returns to its normal figure in the urine, and from this it would appear that the drug does not increase the combustions of the economy. Experiments with the sphygmograph, made at various periods during the action of the drug, have shown an almost complete asystolia with a very considerable diminution of vascular tension. M. Robin is led to believe that jaborandi has an especial action upon the vasomotors, which it paralyzes; from whence results the cardiac asystolia and the copious secretions of sweat and saliva. M. Gubler, while admitting this paralyzing action upon the vasomotors, maintains that it has, in addition, a special irritating influence upon the sudoriferous and salivary glands, and upon the renal glomerules, which stimulates their functional activity. Dryness of the mouth and throat, with a sense of fatigue and depression, most usually follow the cessation of its active effects. Administered in divided doses, jaborandi, instead of acting as a diaphoretic and sialagogue, becomes an active diuretic. When given in cases where there is a diminished secretion of milk, contrary to what might be anticipated, it increases the quantity of this mammary secretion. Martindale dissolved extract of jaborandi in glycerin, and applied it around the eye; a marked contraction of the pupil ensued. A similar result, with impaired vision, is apt to follow its internal administration in large doses, but this disappears on the cessation of the medicine. Pilocarpine is the active principle of jaborandi, having an action nearly identical; however, it causes less salivation, less vomiting, and is more certain in its effects—the hydrochlorate and the nitrate of this alkaloid are used; they may be employed internally, or by subcutaneous injections.
Therapeutically, jaborandi has been found of value in the removal of serous effusions, as in hydrothorax, anasarca, ascites, chronic pleurisy, etc., whether these be due to disorders of the heart, liver, kidneys, to chronic inflammatory conditions, to albuminuria, or exist as a sequence of exanthematous affections, etc. While in certain of these effusions it acts as a curative agent, in others it will prove useful as affording temporary relief, from time to time, until other indicated remedial agents have been enabled to overcome or to modify the abnormal conditions giving rise to such effusions. In cardiac diseases, from its tendency to diminish the contractility of the heart and arteries, and to favor their dilatation (diastole), thus conducing to dyspnoea and even to asphyxia; if used at all, great care and prudence should be observed. In those disorders, in which its employment from time to time is followed by persistent debility, it is contraindicated.
Jaborandi has been used with more or less success in the following diseases: Asthma, bronchitis (with or without emphysema), albuminous diabetes, dropsies, in cases of poisoning and diseases due to miasms or morbid poisons (puerperal septicemia?) eruptive fevers impeded in their evolution, etc. (Gubler); in metastatic orchitis (Czernicki); in polyuria (Laycock); in chronic rheumatism, syphilitic rheumatism, and in acute articular rheumatism, but in which the endocarditis was aggravated (Fereol)—this author has also observed an attack of gout, and an increase of the intensity of hemicrania, in cases where it was administered; in the albuminuria of pregnancy its use was followed with hematuria (Langlet); in acute albuminous nephritis (Bloch)—this author likewise states that jaborandi will be found efficient in chronic parenchymatous nephritis, especially when the renal lesions are not of long standing; that the existence of uraemic phenomena is not an absolute contraindication of the drug; that it is seldom of service in interstitial nephritis; and that it should be employed with the greatest caution when cardiac lesions are present. Petithau advises its employment in all subacute or chronic catarrhal or rheumatic affections; in dropsies, when there is no morbid change of the kidneys, and anemia is but slight; in pernicious intermittent fevers; in psoriasis and other dry forms of cutaneous diseases; in chronic syphilitic affections, etc.
According to M. Rabuteau, coffee is an antagonist of jaborandi; when given concurrently with it, it will prevent the nausea and vomiting, and likewise appears to diminish the perspiration as well as the excretion of the urea. The effects of jaborandi upon the human system are also counteracted by subcutaneous injections of solution of atropine; while those of belladonna or atropine are overcome by subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine. But this antagonism does not invariably appear, as the symptoms following the administration of one of these substances, are not always counteracted by the employment of the other besides while the dose of jaborandi or pilocarpine may always be readily determined, that of belladonna, and especially of atropine, is so difficult to regulate, that extreme circumspection is required (J. King). Where depressing effects are produced by jaborandi, as sometimes occurs where there are valvular disease or fatty degeneration of the heart, or morbid pulmonic circulation, strychnine hypodermatically may sustain the heart-action. Digitalis, cactus, caffeine, or strophanthus may also be used. The profuse sweating may be checked by atropine. When pilocarpine acts like atropine, such effects are probably due to contaminating jaborine.
Since the foregoing uses, as recorded by the earlier investigators of jaborandi, were established, the drug has come into prominence in Eclectic practice chiefly through the writings of Webster, Ketchum, and Foltz. Added to its diuretic and sudorific qualities, jaborandi is sedative and antispasmodic, many preferring it to veratrum for the former purpose, and to lobelia or gelsemium for the latter. The indications for this drug, specifically considered, may be summed up as follows: It is a remedy for sthenic conditions, and must be avoided, or its use carefully guarded, in weakened conditions of the heart. Jaborandi is efficient in disorders exhibiting a dry, hot skin, with febrile reaction, especially when accompanied by acute suppression of the secretions, dry, parched mouth, full, strong, hard, and sharp pulse, deficient renal activity with deep-red urine, scanty in quantity and of high specific gravity; restlessness, and, with any of these symptoms, pain. Jaborandi is claimed by Prof. Webster to be adapted to almost any febrile or inflammatory condition, sthenic or asthenic, with or without a dry skin. Most observers however, prefer to limit its use to sthenic conditions only. As a remedy for pain and inflammation it has been highly endorsed in mammitis, with dry skin and suppressed lacteal secretion, in acute articular inflammation and acute articular rheumatism, the joint being extremely painful and swollen. In erysipelas with dry skin and elevation of temperature, it has rendered good service, and is particularly of value when locally applied. Webster declares that in cerebro-spinal meningitis, it has no equal. In rheumatic complaints its value is enhanced by its power to eliminate urea and uric acid from the system. Jaborandi is indicated by stiffness, soreness, and swelling of the joints, whether the parts show redness or pallor. One of its chief indications in such disorders is puffiness of the tissues. For acute (preferably) or chronic muscular pain, pleurodynia, lumbago, muscular spasm, cardiac rheumatism and angina pectoris, few remedies are more efficient. The specific indications, must, of course, be observed.
Jaborandi is recommended for cough when the throat is very dry and secretion checked. It is well recommended in bronchial asthma and whooping-cough with dryness of the respiratory passages. Small doses relieve "winter cough," and the cough of chronic bronchitis with lack of secretion, and dry, irritable, hoarse cough. In the early stage of bronchitis, and in the congestive stage of pneumonia, it rapidly relieves the local inflammation, and reduces the fever if it be given in diaphoretic doses. In respiratory troubles it does best service when associated with other indicated remedies, as bryonia, asclepias, lobelia, etc. In acute tonsillitis with secretion of tenacious pharyngeal mucus, it serves an excellent purpose. Foltz values it highly in pharyngitis sicca (Eclectic Med. Gleaner, Vol. V, p. 193). When exudation has taken place in pleurisy, jaborandi is one of the best agents to effect the removal of the fluid and promote resolution. It finds also, a place in the treatment of dry croup, laryngismus stridulus, laryngeal diphtheria, and so-called membranous croup. In the latter two affections, if the child is strong, jaborandi may be administered in doses sufficient to increase the secretions of the throat, and thus loosen the false membranes. Jaborandi has given good service in metastatic and gonorrhoeal orchitis, ovaritis, and metritis, the specific indications for it being present. Jaborandi is one of the most useful of agents in properly selected cases of la grippe or epidemic influenza, and of catarrhal fever. In fact the drug acts admirably as a non-stimulating diaphoretic and sedative in many inflammatory and febrile conditions, provided the stomach is not too irritable to retain the medicine.
In diseases of the kidneys, jaborandi does effective work in throwing a part of the burden of elimination upon the skin. In this way the kidneys are relieved of excess of watery secretion, and of the elimination of a portion of urea. For this reason it has been employed in various forms of nephritis, particularly in acute albuminuria, and in so-called Bright's disease. It is undoubtedly the best remedy (using pilocarpine preferably) we possess for uraemic poisoning, but the full diaphoretic action must be obtained if good results are to be expected. Diaphoretic doses also benefit the albuminuria of pregnancy. It has been successfully employed in conjunction with ergot to control the excessive secretion of urine in diabetes insipidus.
Acting upon the theory that the act of parturition is favored by free diaphoresis, jaborandi and its alkaloid have been successfully used in cases of tedious labor due to a rigid, hard os uteri. In these cases the pains are severe yet ineffectual, the skin dry, pulse full, sharp, and hard, and there is some febrile reaction. These conditions are rectified by diaphoretic doses of the drug. A full dose or a couple of broken doses of jaborandi is accredited with the cure of puerperal eclampsia. In such cases it may be advantageously combined with other indicated agents.
Jaborandi has proved a useful drug in exanthematous diseases with tardy appearance or tendency to recession of the eruption, and by this action has been thought to avert the danger of post-scarlatinal dropsy. Many skin disorders of a dry character appear to be benefited by the internal and external use of jaborandi. Among these disorders are eczema, pruritis, particularly when occurring in a jaundiced skin, prurigo, hyperhydrosis pedum, psoriasis, and rhus poisoning. In the latter affection grindelia has been employed locally with jaborandi. This drug is accredited with the rather singular effect of causing the hair to become darker in color; and it is likewise said to be useful in alopecia to promote the growth of the hair. For this purpose pilocarpine may be employed, with or without cantharides, and mixed with lanolin. Copious and annoying night-sweats are said to be relieved by minute doses of jaborandi. Locally, the drug has given relief in burns and scalds, and internally and locally is of considerable value in parotitis. In small doses it has been lauded as an effective agent in ptyalism and aphthous stomatitis. In local and general dropsies the drug is sometimes useful, but as cautioned by Ellingwood, it should be used discretely, particularly in hydrocephalus, lest harm be done to the patient.
Pilocarpus and its alkaloidal salts have been used to counteract the poisonous effects of belladonna, atropine, stramonium, daturine, and poisonous bites or stings, and in ptomaine poisoning from canned fish and meats. In the latter instances it has no antidotal power, but favors elimination of the offending material. While often failing to counteract the toxic effects of atropine, it nearly always relieves the unpleasant dryness of tissue following the use of that alkaloid or of belladonna.
Prof. Foltz is an enthusiastic advocate of the use of jaborandi in eye, ear, nose, and throat disorders, particularly where there is a lack of the natural secretions of these parts. Full doses of jaborandi contract the pupils, impair accommodation, diminish intraocular tension, and increase secretion. Locally applied, the action is similar, the effects upon the pupil, however, being much less pronounced when the drug is internally administered. Dr. Foltz praises it in rheumatic iritis, and for the absorption of "non-organized vitreous opacities." In iritis he always uses it, and believes that it shortens the duration of the disease, and if adhesions are present, assists in their absorption. Optic neuritis, retinal detachment, choroiditis, episcleritis, tobacco and alcoholic amblyopia, and atrophy of the optic nerve are also conditions in which he advises its use. After traumatism, with increased ocular tension, the latter as well as the pain, will be relieved by the local use of pilocarpine hydrochlorate. Instilled in the eye the same is useful in keratitis and phlyctenular conjunctivitis, both in the early stage. For ocular affections Foltz advises as a dose from 3 to 10 drops of specific jaborandi, every 2 or 3 hours; and as a collyrium, 1 to 2 grains of pilocarpine hydrochlorate to 2 fluid ounces of water. In ear disorders jaborandi improves by increasing the secretions of the aural cavities and canals. Unhealthy cerumen is frequently restored to its natural condition by the continued use of jaborandi. Jaborandi is the best remedy in non-suppurative inflammation of the middle ear, of the proliferous type (Foltz), and it proves a good drug for nervous deafness, deafness following scarlet fever and diphtheria, and with appropriate adjunct treatment, in inner ear diseases of syphilitic origin (Foltz). The alkaloidal salts (⅓ to ⅙ grain subcutaneously) have been employed in these disorders, but the parent drug is to be preferred in doses of 3 to 10 drops every 3 or 4 hours.
PILOCARPINE.—The alkaloid pilocarpine has been used in the forms of hydrochlorate and nitrate in the same diseases as the infusion and alcoholic preparations of the leaves. The effects of the alkaloid are said to be more certain than when the leaves are used, and the tendency to nausea and vomiting is greatly diminished. Pilocarpine may be used in many of the aforementioned disorders, although jaborandi is preferred by the Eclectic profession. Outside of the special mentions of the use of the alkaloids given above, they may be used in the following conditions: For uraemic convulsions and in puerperal convulsions it is preferred by many to jaborandi. Oedema of the larynx is said to be promptly relieved by pilocarpine.
Beranger considers the hydrochlorate of pilocarpine of great value, therapeutically, in certain eye diseases; he uses it in instillations, and in subcutaneous injections, two very distinct effects being obtained, according to the methods employed. By injections, profuse discharges follow, accompanied with a diminution of ocular tension, and a more rapid renovation of the media of the eye; this form of use he considers indicated in acute and chronic glaucoma, iritis, floating bodies in the vitreous humor, certain opacities of the cornea, and in poisonings. Sometimes complete recovery will ensue; at others, great relief follows. His solution was made by dissolving 3 grains of the hydrochlorate of pilocarpine in 75 minims of cherry-laurel water, of which solution from 10 to 15 drops were injected at a time. It must be remembered, however, that pilocarpine injected into a tumor of the eye, has produced great weakness and emaciation, without in the least affecting the size of the growth (see Armaingaud, in previous editions of this Dispensatory). By instillations, he employs it as a powerful myotic in mydriasis, and prefers it to eserine, as it is accompanied with no irritation. He likewise prefers it in instillation, to eserine, in disturbances of vision associated with secondary paralysis and characterized by asthenopia, with feebleness of the intrinsic muscles of the eye, and also in certain cases of presbyopia which is not constant but returns at different periods. Dr. Landesberg, of Philadelphia, found both the fluid extract of jaborandi, internally, and the hydrochlorate of pilocarpine, by subcutaneous injection, more effective and reliable than any other known remedy, in intraocular hemorrhages, and in opacities of the vitreous and aqueous fluids; but he prefers eserine to pilocarpine, as a myotic, on account of the increased action of the lachrymal and salivary glands occasioned by the latter, when absorbed. Gillet de Grandmont, of France, has used the nitrate of pilocarpine, by subcutaneous injection, in the forearm, of from 1/7 to ½ grain, in solution; and has found surprisingly good results to follow in specific or rheumatic iritis, either simple, or complicated with alterations of the cornea, in the keratitis of Hutchinson, in dimness and hemorrhage of the vitreous body, in glaucoma, in atrophy of the choroid, in hemorrhages and plastic exudations of the retina, and in commencing atrophy of the optic nerve. In all the above-named affections, the agent produced its usual results, as sweating, increase of the cardiac pulsations, etc.
The dose of jaborandi in infusion (45 grains to 2 fluid ounces of water) is 1 fluid ounce, which may, if necessary, be repeated every 10 or 15 minutes; of the fluid extract, from 10 drops to 1 drachm; of specific jaborandi, 1 to 30 drops; of pilocarpine or its salts, internally, from ¼ to ¾ grain; by subcutaneous injection, 1/20 to ¼ grain, in solution. In cases where the internal exhibition of jaborandi by mouth, occasions nausea or vomiting, this may be avoided in giving the dose by rectal enema.
Specific Indications and Uses.—Deficient secretion; marked dryness and heat of skin and mucous tissues; pulse full, hard, sharp, and strong; muscular pain; muscular spasm; urine suppressed, of deep color and high specific gravity; elevated temperature, with deficient secretion; puffiness of tissues; rigid, hard os uteri; marked restlessness; dry, harsh cough; tenacious sputum) oedema; uraemic poisoning and convulsions; increased ocular tension; itching, with jaundice. Adapted chiefly to sthenic cases. Minute doses relieve colliquative sweating.
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As crazy as it might seem, it appears that Dr. Melba Ketchum may have finally found the solution to the Bigfoot dilemma. Researchers and cryptozoologists have been trying for years to answer the question: Does Bigfoot exist or doesn’t he? All they really had to do to prove Bigfoot’s existence was throw a third question into the mix: Are Bigfoot and Dogman the same creature?
I know it sounds like I’m being sarcastic here (and I probably am. Or, at least I will be.) But bear with me a minute and you’ll see that what Ketchum has done is brilliant. Not only has she now proven Bigfoot’s existence but she’s also proven that Dogman exists, and that it’s a completely separate entity. And it all comes down to Schrödinger’s cat.
If you’re not familiar with Schrödinger’s cat theory, it goes something like this:
In 1935, Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger came up with his cat theory as a sort of mind game to illustrate what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. Simply put – because, remember, we’re not rocket scientists here – Schrödinger was trying to prove his theory that 2 atomic particles could occupy the same space and time but if you separated them they became 2 unique unrelated entities on different planes, thus occupying different moments in time.
For example – and again, this is very simplistic because I’m not a rocket scientist (and apparently, neither is Ketchum) – a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, all existing in the same time and place.
Before the advent of modern science you had two options. That molecule of water either existed or it didn’t. But now we know that you can separate those atoms, put them in different planes and look at them under a microscope and you’ll have two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. But we only know this because we can see those atoms and watch them while they separate.
Schrödinger wanted to prove that, until we can see and measure that separation, those molecules could exist on both levels of time. His “cat in a box” theory makes it a little clearer…
Imagine a steel box, enclosed on all six sides with a lid on top. Inside the box is a device that contains a tiny particle of radioactive material that may or may not degrade within the hour, there’s a 50-50 chance either way. If that radioactive particle does degrade it creates a chain reaction that releases a tiny hammer that smashes a vial of hydrocyanic acid, a substance which causes instant death.
Now, place a cat inside the box and close the lid and wait an hour. Without looking inside the box: Is the cat inside the box alive or dead?
At this point, says Schrödinger the cat is both alive and dead. There’s only a 50% probability that the atomic particle would degrade within the hour. So it’s safe to assume that the cat’s still alive and it’s also safe to assume it’s dead, all at the same time and all on the same plane of existence. But here’s the key…
We won’t know for certain until we open the box and physically prove it one way or the other. So, at this point, without opening the box, both statements can be true: The cat is alive and the cat is dead, both at the same time, on the same plane.
Now, how does this relate to Dr. Melba Ketchum, Bigfoot and Dogman?
Dr. Melba Ketchum has been researching Bigfoot DNA here in the United States for more than a year now and she’s been promising “amazing results” since March of 2012. She also promised to deliver her scientific results in a peer-reviewed paper way back in April of 2012 and we still haven’t seen it.
Millions of crypto fans around the world are waiting to hear what Ketchum has to say about Bigoot and just a few days ago a “close source” revealed that she’s discovered that Bigfoot and Dogman are two separate entities. But wait a minute. That wasn’t the question.
Until now, the cat in the box was Bigfoot. And the only way to answer the question “Does Bigfoot exist?” was to open that box, to provide physical scientific evidence that Bigfoot is a previously undiscovered species. He either does or he does not exist but, according to Schrödinger and to everyone on the planet, Bigfoot does and does not exist, at the same time, until someone “opens the box” and provides definitive proof one way or the other.
Schrödinger’s box theory explains why it’s so easy for one group to firmly believe in Bigfoot’s existence and the other group to think it’s all a bunch of hooey. Until there’s physical proof one way or the other both opinions can be correct at the same time.
But now, instead of answering questions about Bigfoot, Ketchum removed the bomb and put two cats in the box – Bigfoot and Dogman – and somehow changed the question to “Are they the same?” Schrödinger’s answer still applies – yes Dogman and Bigfoot are the same and no they’re not. At this point it’s a matter of personal belief and we won’t know until we open the box and get scientific proof one way or the other.
By placing Dogman and Bigfoot in the box at the same time and then opening the lid Ketchum’s pulled off quite a trick. Now we can’t say that Bigfoot and Dogman don’t exist because she’s opened the box for us and there they are. She’s comparing two entities and you can’t do that unless both entities exist, right? So she’s completely evaded the issue of having to supply that peer-reviewed paper she’s been hyping all over the Internet.
So there you have it – Dr. Melba Ketchum has proven the existence of Bigfoot without even releasing any scientific findings whatsoever. We only thought we needed DNA and other scientific evidence. All we really needed to prove that Bigfoot exists was Dogman. And apparently Dogman exists because he’s a different entity than Bigfoot. It’s all right there in the box!
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As of September 22nd, 30+ major fires and one extended attack wildfire (a fire that has spread and requires additional resources) continue to burn in California, Oregon, and Washington More than 18,000 firefighters are battling the flames in California alone, but in many cases the fires have only been partially contained. Wildfires have scorched more than 5 million acres of West Coast land since the beginning of the year, and have taken at least 35 lives since August 15th.
Ongoing West Coast Wildfires
Here is an overview of some of the wildfires that are still burning in the West Coast:
The largest wildfire that California has ever seen, the August Complex Fire consists of the Elkhorn, Hopkins, Willow, Vinegar, and Doe fires. The blaze started as separate fires that were caused by lightning strikes in mid-August.
The air in Mendocino and Humboldt counties has become toxic due to smoke; national forests and parks have closed; and over 845,000 acres have been burned to this point. Firefighters have contained about 43% of the fire.
The El Dorado Fire was caused by a combination of high temperatures, dry conditions, and human error. On September 5th, a pyrotechnics accident at a gender reveal party gave rise to a wildfire that is still raging more than two weeks later.
Though it’s now at a relatively high 60% containment, the El Dorado Fire has already burned more than 22,500 acres of land.
Just a day after the El Dorado Fire started, the Bobcat Fire followed. Due to factors such as temperature, humidity, and elevation, the blaze is expected to continue spreading. There is no known cause as of now.
Ranking as one of the largest wildfires in the history of Los Angeles county, the Bobcat Fire has taken out more than 100,000 acres of land since September 6th. What’s worse is that it’s still only 17% contained.
Long-Term Impact of West Coast Wildfires
In the midst of a record-breaking wildfire season, California, Oregon and Washington have lost millions of acres. Massive fires across the state have led to dozens of fatalities and many injuries. As firefighters work to contain the fires, what can we expect moving forward?
- Continued fires: Wildfire season isn’t over yet, and high temperatures and heavy winds are ideal conditions for spreading flames.
- Property damage: These fires aren’t easily contained, and they’ve been spreading for weeks. Homes, buildings, and entire communities have been damaged, and more destruction will follow until the fires are fully controlled.
- Poor air quality: We know that smoke inhalation is bad, but what are the long-term effects of wildfire smoke exposure? This is a unique type of smoke inhalation that hasn’t been studied at great length, but it could be responsible for “aggravating chronic lung and heart conditions, triggering asthma attacks, strokes and heart attacks,” according to the Los Angeles Times.
- Immune system health: One study suggests that exposure to wildfire smoke can impact immune system health in children.
- Preterm birth: Women who are exposed to wildfire smoke during pregnancy may experience a higher risk of preterm birth, according to another study.
Between wildfires, earthquakes, and the coronavirus pandemic, Californians, Oregonians and Washingtonians could use a break. If you or a loved one has been injured or experienced property damage due to the wildfires, you may be owed compensation. Contact us to learn about your legal options.
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Average Day for a Beachfront Lifeguard
You’ve seen them before, wearing their red swimsuits, holding the floatation bar, watching a long stretch of beach. You might even have seen them in action, blowing their whistle and racing down the sand to make a rescue. They are the oceanfront lifeguards, and they are the ones who keep beachgoers safe.
But what is it like to be an oceanfront lifeguard? What does a typical day for them look like? We sat down with some lifeguards who patrol the beaches in Los Angeles to find out!
While it may look like the lifeguards have only to watch the beachfront, and that is indeed part of their duties, the job involves far more than just that. One lifeguard described his duties as “monitoring current ocean/beach hazards, educating the public on beach/ocean safety, providing medical aid, making ocean rescues, and maintaining awareness of your neighboring lifeguards’ status at all times.”
In addition, they have to keep an eye on the beachfront itself. They are often the only workers on the beach, so they must keep track of bike and footpaths, fire pits, rocks, beach vehicles, and anything that is in violation of local beach ordinances. Much more than just the water!
Watch for Rip Currents!
Monitoring the current ocean and beach hazards involves a lot more than you think. That same lifeguard said that they need to keep an eye on wind and wave size so they can determine how strong the current is. Depending on how a wave breaks, lifeguards can determine the layout of the ocean floor underneath, and figure out where deep holes form. The ocean floor can change after turbulent weather, so it is important to know where the troubles are.
By monitoring these wave formations on a hourly basis, lifeguards can determine how and where rip currents will form. A rip current is a strong, narrow, and focused current of water that moves directly away from the shore. Rip currents can be incredibly dangerous to swimmers, who are likely to panic when a sudden strong force pulls them away. But by monitoring wave formulations, lifeguards can determine trouble spots and prepare for them. For example, if the lifeguard sees a wave break early on the surface, that could indicate a hole in the ocean floor. Rip currents are more likely to form in such holes, because they need the deeper water. Keeping an eye on this helps lifeguards identify problem spots and take appropriate action.
However, it is possible that the waves could form or break entirely because of the wind, so while this is a good indicator of where rip currents can form and cause trouble, it is not an exact science. Thus, all lifeguards must remain diligent at all times and adapt to the various situations as they come.
By monitoring all this information, lifeguards can inform beachgoers of any potential risks and keep the beach safe for all swimmers.
Unfortunately, making rescues is a fairly common part of a beachfront lifeguard’s job, especially considering how common rip currents are. In fact, the lifeguards we spoke to said that rip currents are the most common reason for rescues they encounter. Should someone get swept up in a current before the lifeguards can coach them away from it, they run to the water as fast as possible and swim, safely, to the swimmer in danger.
Together, with fellow lifeguards and floatation devices, the swimmer is pulled back to safety on shore. Once there, the lifeguards make sure no serious injury has been sustained, and then debrief the swimmer on the causes of their trouble and ways to ensure it does not happen again.
Lifeguards say that the biggest challenge they face on the job is being adaptable to the rapidly changing situations they can face. “The ocean is very dynamic and constantly changing,” one lifeguard said, “therefore you have to consistently adapt to the current hazards as they change throughout the day.”
Lifeguards spend the day monitoring the ocean conditions, weather, wind, beach tide, and neighboring lifeguards. Keeping all of that straight can be very challenging, and it’s important that all lifeguards do so. As these different situations change, lifeguards need to be ready to change with them. If a big crowd comes on the beach, or a storm breaks out, lifeguards are the ones who enforce the rules and keep everyone safe.
But more than that, they have to do all of this in a way that keeps the beachgoers safe.
To be an oceanfront lifeguard, you need to be in excellent shape at all times to perform your duties. Because of this, all oceanfront lifeguards have to pass regular tests to ensure they can still perform the job. Depending on whether you are full or part-time, you will have to pass a swim test which involves swimming a specified distance in a certain amount of time.
If you are doing more than just beachfront lifeguarding, for example, using rescue watercraft, there is a separate set of tests that you must undergo to be certified. Many of these additional certifications do expire, so it is important for lifeguards to keep their skills up and get recertified as needed.
Some skills also require additional training above and beyond that of the certification. For the rescue watercraft example above, lifeguards working in Los Angeles will need to get additional certification before they are ready to begin work.
When asked about the most common misconception of their work, the lifeguards we spoke with said most people think their job starts and ends in the summer. “What the public may not realize,” one lifeguard said, “although we do have part-time positions, there are many full-time positions within the Los Angeles County Fire Department Lifeguard ranks as the beaches of LA County will see beach activity all year round.”
Lifeguarding in Los Angeles is a full-time, year round job, and this does not just apply to LA. There are plenty of specialized lifeguard positions that need workers all year, such as:
- Swift Water Rescue Ops
- Rescue Watercraft Ops
- Rescue Diver Ops
- Technical Search and Rescue Ops
- Youth Programs
- Rescue Boat Ops
Lifeguarding can make a great full-time career path, if you’re interested in that. It can also be a great part-time or summer job as well.
This Specific Summer
Lastly, we asked the lifeguards if there was anything about this particular summer that stood out to them. The lifeguards said that there has been a larger amount of surf this year compared to previous years. Also, the water itself has been warmer than usual. Warmer water can create challenging situations for the lifeguards, so they have had to be more adaptable than ever!
Being an oceanfront lifeguard can be a very challenging job, but it can also be very rewarding as well. There is no better feeling than saving someone’s life, and knowing that you made a significant impact. That’s what turns many lifeguards to this career, and they hope they can be a inspiration for lifeguards to come.
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Environmental sustainability has become a discussion that now encompasses all aspects of our lives – from creating eco-homes and environmentally conscious communities to sourcing sustainable food, renewable energy, low-impact furniture and clothing.
There are many definitions in use by green groups, businesses and politicians – some simple and some more complex. The concept of sustainable development was first put forward in the 1987 report ‘Our Common Future’, prepared for the World Commission on Environment and Development. In short, the report recognised the links between inequality, poverty and environmental degradation, and was seeking a way forward for a fairer world with less damage to the environment while at the same time supporting communities. Our Common Future, or the Bruntland Report, established the concept of sustainable development as the way forward for a fairer society, which looks after its resources. The report defined sustainable development as “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Therefore, environmental sustainability is ensuring that, in meeting our needs for water, food and shelter, along with engaging in activities that make our lives enjoyable – including leisure and entertainment – we don’t cause damage to our environment or deplete resources that we can’t renew.
The Waves Sports Club recognises that sports and social clubs bring people and communities together with our natural environment. We recognise the importance of our environment so that our members and the local community, both now and in the future, can continue to enjoy all that is on offer. As a result, The Waves intends to integrate a philosophy of sustainable development into all aspects of the club’s activities, thereby establishing and promoting sound environmental practices in our operations.
We have made a pledge to all undertakings necessary and achievable, to reduce negative environmental impacts associated with its business operation. We accept we must work together within the business and throughout our local community to consistently improve and promote best-practice business initiatives in order to rejuvenate the health of the natural environment and all its resources. We plan to achieve this by increasing communication and awareness of our efforts and fostering responsible environmental behaviour amongst staff, volunteers, and resource consumers at all levels.
Dine with us for great entertainment, great atmosphere and great times.
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Analyzing genetic tree sheds new light on disease outbreaks
- Nancy Ambrosiano
- Communications Office
- (505) 667-0471
Computational modeling fills in potential gaps in transmission chains
LOS ALAMOS, N.M., Feb. 25, 2016—Scientists have a new tool for unraveling the mysteries of how diseases such as HIV move through a population, thanks to insights into phylogenetics, the creation of an organism’s genetic tree and evolutionary relationships.
“It turns out that three different types of transmission histories are possible between two persons who might have infected each other,” said Thomas Leitner of Los Alamos National Laboratory, the corresponding author of a new paper out this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “Using phylogenetic inference in the epidemiological investigations of HIV transmission, we’ve determined that between two sampled, potentially epidemiologically linked persons, we can now evaluate the possibility that an unsampled intermediary or common source existed, even without a sample from that individual.”
Like a detective inferring the existence of an unseen actor in a sequence of events, the Los Alamos team used computational phylogenetic analysis to examine how strains of HIV, both in computer modeling and compared with real-life case studies, would be transmitted.
The team’s research has broad implications. “The inference of donor-recipient relationships we describe here is not restricted to HIV transmissions; it applies to all situations when an original population seeds a new population with a restricted random draw (a bottleneck) of individuals. We use HIV transmission to illustrate the effects because it helps trace contacts among people and untangle investigations into outbreaks. Also, statistical guidelines are needed for interpreting phylogenetic results in court.”
Phylogenetic inference of who infected whom has great value in epidemiological investigations, the authors point out, because it should explain how transmission(s) occurred. Until now, however, there has not been a systematic evaluation of which phylogeny to expect from different transmission histories, and thus interpreting the meaning of an observed phylogeny has remained elusive.
“Previously it was thought that it would be impossible to say who infected whom and whether there were unsampled intermediary links in an alleged transmission, or if both persons were infected by an unsampled/unknown third party. We show that this is now possible in many cases,” Leitner said. “This will have large impact on future epidemiological investigations, including forensics and outbreak investigations."
In the paper, the team showed that certain types of phylogenies associate with different transmission histories, which may make it possible to exclude possible intermediary links or identify cases where a common source was likely but not sampled. “Our systematic classification and evaluation of expected topologies should make future interpretation of phylogenetic results in epidemiological investigations more objective and informative,” Leitner said.
The paper is titled “Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage,” by Ethan O. Romero-Severson, Ingo Bulla, and Thomas Leitner. The work was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health.
Los Alamos National Laboratory, a multidisciplinary research institution engaged in strategic science on behalf of national security, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, a team composed of Bechtel National, the University of California, BWXT Government Group, and URS, an AECOM company, for the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration.
Los Alamos enhances national security by ensuring the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile, developing technologies to reduce threats from weapons of mass destruction, and solving problems related to energy, environment, infrastructure, health, and global security concerns.
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Definition of Grade
1. Noun. A body of students who are taught together. "Early morning classes are always sleepy"
Generic synonyms: Assemblage, Gathering
Specialized synonyms: Master Class, Discussion Section, Section
2. Verb. Assign a rank or rating to. "Sam and Sue grade the movie "; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide"
Specialized synonyms: Superordinate, Shortlist, Seed, Reorder, Subordinate, Prioritise, Prioritize, Sequence, Downgrade, Upgrade
Generic synonyms: Evaluate, Judge, Pass Judgment
Derivative terms: Gradation, Gradation, Grader, Grading, Order, Ordering, Place, Rank
3. Noun. A relative position or degree of value in a graded group. "Lumber of the highest grade"
Specialized synonyms: Biosafety Level, A Level, Gcse, General Certificate Of Secondary Education, O Level, College Level
Generic synonyms: Rank
4. Verb. Level to the right gradient.
Specialized synonyms: Aggrade
Derivative terms: Grading
5. Noun. The gradient of a slope or road or other surface. "The road had a steep grade"
Specialized synonyms: Rise, Rising Slope, Upgrade, Downgrade
Derivative terms: Gradual
6. Verb. Assign a grade or rank to, according to one's evaluation. "Mark homework"
Generic synonyms: Appraise, Assess, Evaluate, Measure, Valuate, Value
Derivative terms: Gradation, Grader, Grading, Marking, Score, Scorer, Scoring
7. Noun. One-hundredth of a right angle.
8. Verb. Determine the grade of or assign a grade to.
Derivative terms: Gradation, Gradation, Grading
9. Noun. A degree of ablaut.
10. Noun. A number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance). "What was your score on your homework?"
Generic synonyms: Evaluation, Rating, Valuation
Specialized synonyms: Grade Point, Centile, Percentile, Decile, Quartile
Derivative terms: Score, Score
11. Noun. The height of the ground on which something stands. "The base of the tower was below grade"
12. Noun. A position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. "It is all a matter of degree"
Specialized synonyms: Caliber, Calibre, Quality, Intensity, Intensiveness, Grind, Depth, Highness, High, Low, Lowness, Extreme, Amplitude Level, Moderateness, Moderation, Immoderateness, Immoderation, Spf, Sun Protection Factor
Generic synonyms: Property
Attributes: High, Low, Mild, Intense
13. Noun. A variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed.
Definition of Grade
1. n. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as, grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour.
2. v. t. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc.
Definition of Grade
1. Noun. A rating. ¹
2. Noun. The performance of an individual or group on an examination or test, expressed by a number, letter, or other symbol; a score. ¹
3. Noun. A degree or level of something; a position within a scale; a degree of quality. ¹
4. Noun. A slope (up or down) of a roadway or other passage ¹
5. Noun. (North America education) A level of pre-collegiate education. ¹
6. Noun. (Canada education) A student of a particular grade (used with the grade level). ¹
7. Noun. An area that has been '''graded''' by a grader (construction machine) ¹
8. Noun. The level of the ground. ¹
9. Noun. (mathematics) A gradian. ¹
10. Verb. To assign scores to the components of an academic test. ¹
11. Verb. To assign a score to overall academic performance. ¹
12. Verb. To flatten, level, or smooth a large surface. ¹
13. Verb. (sewing) To remove or trim part of a seam allowance from a finished seam so as to reduce bulk and make the finished piece more even when turned right side out. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Grade
1. to arrange in steps or degrees [v GRADED, GRADING, GRADES] : GRADABLE [adj]
Medical Definition of Grade
1. A harsh scraping or cutting; a grating. "The grade of hatchets fiercely thrown. On wigwam log, and tree, and stone." (Whittier) 1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as, grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour. "They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure, teachers of every grade." (Buckle) 2., The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as, a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient. 3. The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade. at grade, on the same level; said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. Equating for grades. See Equate. Grade crossing, a crossing at grade. Origin: F. Grade, L. Gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus. 1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc. 2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 3. To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of. Origin: Graded; Grading. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998)
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Grade Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Grade
Literary usage of Grade
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Library Journal by American Library Association, Library Association (1898)
"A grade of per cent, is required for passing, and 85 percent, entitles a pupil to take a second course of six months in advanced cataloging. ..."
2. Teachers College Record by Columbia University. Teachers College (1916)
"below those quoted here, the final choice of relations to an absolute zero being such as will make the median difficulty for grade 8, 8.92 above such a zero ..."
3. Proceedings of the ... Annual Convention by Mid-West Cement Users' Association, Indiana Electric Light Association, National Bar Association, Western Canadian Immigration Association, Association of Jewish Libraries (1917)
"A brief review of the history of the abolishment of grade crossings in the City of Philadelphia may be of interest. Prior to the consolidation in 1854 the ..."
4. Biennial Report by Oregon Board of Horticulture (1921)
"Fancy or "Red" grade.—Fancy apples are defined as apples complying with the standard of extra fancy grade, except that slight leaf rubs, scratches, ..."
5. Annual Report by Chicago (Ill.). Board of Education (1901)
"At and above grade 296 Below grade 65 At and a Dove grade 245 Below grade 98 John Worthy School 2 At and above grade 220 Below grade 144 John Worthy School ..."
6. Bulletin by United States (1918)
"INSTRUCTION OF LESS THAN COLLEGE grade. Besides being publicly supervised and controlled, the instruction in a school or class established under the act ..."
7. Index of Economic Material in Documents of the States of the United States by Adelaide Rosalia Hasse (1908)
"47, resolves of 1882, on grade crossings of r.rs. on northerly ... 40, acts of 1883, on signals for protection of grade crossings. (15 same 1883: 47-52. ..."
8. Psychological Review by American Psychological Association (1879)
"We give herewith (Table I) the composition of the sub-groups in respect to the actual number taken from each grade as supplied from the data of the ..."
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What can you do with wind power?
Neal Bent GIPENZ from ABB works with Erica, Warren and Bernie from Royal Road School.
Automation systems engineer Neal Bent GIPENZ from ABB is working with Royal Road School to help them to make use of the electricity generated by their wind turbine.
This low decile Waitakere school is an Enviroschool with a native tree nursery and vegetable gardens. In 2010 their Transpower Neighbourhood Engineers Awards project looked at finding an "eco" solution for pumping water from their rainwater tank to the shade house. With help from engineer Juan Pretorius MIPENZ, the students researched options for using a wind turbine to generate the necessary electricity. The money they won from the Transpower Awards, plus funding from the Auckland Council’s Environmental Initiatives Fund, enabled the school to install a wind turbine, which has been in use since the end of 2013.
A new group of students have started a project for this year’s Awards, looking at how the school can use the surplus electricity generated by the wind turbine. Neal brought in some simple circuit kits for the students to help them understand basic electrical concepts.
“There were two different types, one that had a bulb and powered the whirly thing to spin, then rise into the air,” explains teacher Rebekah Phillips. “The other one had a range of sounds you could generate: police siren and others. The kids enjoyed these immensely.”
The next steps for the students will be communicating their ideas to stakeholders and collecting survey data.
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Massage therapy has been very effective in healing and managing back pain.
Benefits of Massage Therapy
Several studies reveal massage therapy benefits include mitigating pain, reducing stress, anxiety and boosting the immune system.
1. Pain Management
How our bodies react to injury affects our healing during massage therapy. When injured, it leads to:
● Pain in the affected area.
Symptoms are the body’s immune response to heal injury. When injured, these symptoms also develop in:
● Areas surrounding the muscles
In addition to blood, another fluid that circulates around the body tissues is known as lymph. In an injury, lymph fluid:
● Accumulates in that area;
● Puts pressure on blood vessels resulting to decreased blood circulation.
Increased pressure also irritates nerves that lead to pain.
With decreased blood circulation, the injured area cannot obtain the required nutrients and oxygen to heal itself. Massage therapy helps:
● Get rid of excess lymph fluids;
● Treat inflamed areas by increasing blood circulation.
Decreased pressure on blood vessels hastens healing thus rids the pain. Research studies on the impact of massage therapy in reducing back pain are encouraging.
2. Encourages Relaxation
Our body produces stress hormones (such as Cortisol) when under undue stress.
High levels of Cortisol (a stress hormone) in the body can lead to headaches, lack of sleep and digestive problems.
With massage therapy,
● Studies have shown decreased Cortisol levels lead to a relaxed state.
● Mood enhancing hormones are produced that further help the body reach a relaxed state.
Regular massage can enhance overall mental and physical performance.
3. Helps Improve Posture
Today, people spend most of their time sitting in uncomfortable positions whether working or relaxing at home. This leads to tension in the neck and back.
As we usually slouch in chairs, continuous sitting also develops bad posture which causes back pain. In turn, these happen:
● Unnecessary stress on some muscles;
● While other muscles get weaker with no strain
Bad posture may also affect:
● Blood circulation
However, bad posture is relatively easy to correct.
Massage therapy helps:
● Relieve the strain on stressed muscles.
● Get the body back on track.
Also, it allows the body to naturally move and maintain correct posture.
4. Lowers Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can affect everyone. Massage therapy can effectively decrease both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It also helps reduce some of the leading causes of high blood pressure such as:
● Hostility (we’re just testing to see that you’re reading the whole text and not skipping parts)
5. Deeper and Easier Breathing
Constricted breathing can lead to stress and anxiety. You can never relax until natural breathing resumes. Though, there are several reasons for constricted breathing, one of them can be tightening of muscles:
● Around the abdomen
● In the rib cage area
Muscles in the upper body act as accessory respiratory muscles. Any tightening or shortening of these muscles may disrupt breathing patterns. With massage therapy, reverting these muscles to their original state leads to improved breathing.
Massage Therapists in Mentone
mhealth has established itself as one of the most professional massage therapy providers in the area. With fully certified massage therapists, mhealth offers a wide range of massages such as: sports therapy, remedial massage therapy, myotherapy, trigger point, pregnancy and lymphatic drainage massage.
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1. “The medium is the message.”
- Marshall McLuhan 1967
The ideology and preoccupations of any era are characterised by the technology people communicate with at the time. That’s what the 1960s communication theorist Marshall McLuhan was getting at when he penned his famous line, ’the medium is the message’. The communication technology of an era reflects the cognitive organisation, and therefore social organisation, of the time. Essential media channels are extensions of the human mind – and the way they work changes the way we think about ourselves and our reality over time.
In the 1960s McLuhan’s thinking was focused around the budding broadcast medium that was television – how that channel was expressing, and building on, the western culture’s preoccupation with the visual; the burgeoning idea of a ‘global village’; communications driven by powerful institutions which objectified and instructed, and a corresponding disillusionment in the consumer; and the growing obsession with ‘celebrity’ .
McLuhan pointed to the new media’s love of President Kennedy as an example. Kennedy was the first American President to be broadcast to, and admired by, the whole western world during his tenure. America and the world consumed his image as a narrative – an eloquent, clever, handsome young family man they could build hopeful stories around.
The story was an optimistic one; one that reflected the modernist, utopian dreams of that era – the end of America’s golden age.
And when his death was broadcast on television around the world the modernist dream stopped too, and western culture entered a long period of self examination – cynical, self-reflective and deconstructive post-modernism. As all of that unfolded, New Zealand watched from a distant corner of the globe.
Television distracted, entertained and uncovered hidden truths about formerly trusted institutions and individuals – albeit from a world away, behind the lens.
Digital technology broke down the distance, slowly at first. Fifteen years ago no one could have predicted the power of the internet or the shift computers made into intuitive human-focused space, largely driven by Apple. Three out of four New Zealanders now own or have access to a smart phone (Roy Morgan, State of the Nation, 2016). We are, and always have been, early adopters of technology. So the digital revolution has had a massive effect on kiwi culture – it is a channel that has literally opened up a door for us to engage in world events, narratives and brands.
And this is down to the characteristics of the channel. The internet is open to all who want to engage with and connect to information, knowledge and like-minded communities across the world. This is not an instructive medium, as television was. This is an engaging medium that elevates the consumer above all things; the technology bending itself around the user.
2. The Digital Age: The ‘culture of me’ and branding
The ‘culture of me’ characterises the digital age. Fame literally starts at home. It is no longer the right of a powerful few, as in previous eras. Digital technology has bought power to the people.
Successful brands have responded. They now serve the consumer via personalisation and social engagement.
Coca Cola’s personalised bottle campaign 2014, where bottles were labeled with names reflective of the country and market they were offered for sale in. Photo by Mike Mozart.
Multi-screening and Wifi means people can stream their own preferred content through their screens at homes, and on the move. They can connect with brands on their terms, in their own time. And many brands have responded – some act as hubs for communities to connect. This can be seen in the retail sector where the ‘experience’ is increasingly becoming as important as the purchase. Retail experience now encompasses both the physical and virtual worlds, and is totally centred around the buyer.
Digital has broken geo-national boundaries, making retail brands like Free People available to all who want to interact with them. It means global brands can act local, and local brands can act global.
3. Successful Kiwi brands act global and value transparency
Many New Zealand brands’ communities extend beyond the borders of our country. A lot of these have global markets – such as Ice Breaker, or Auckland-based fair-trade, organic cola company Karma Cola – its biggest market is in the UK, and it’s growing.
Karma Cola have identified that brands are a vehicle for like-minded people to connect through; in their case they have based their brand identity on ‘sustainability’ and global social connectivity. Karma Cola is one of the growing global ‘citizen brands’ – challenger brands with a strong sense of social responsibility who support the rights of the consumer and the producers of the product – in this case the growers and communities who farm and trade the ingredients of their product in South America. “It’s about showing that something as simple as a fizzy drink can be a force for good.” says co-founder Simon Coley. It’s about getting involved.
Brands and entertainment industries have identified the consumer’s desire for ‘new experiences’ as being key to creating connection and loyalty.
Consumers also look to the virtual world for entertainment, and to find their place in the ‘real’ world. Gaming has initiated huge channel evolution. It bases games in virtual worlds, many of which adhere to the physics of the real world. These virtual worlds provide a stage for consumers to play out and explore their identities, and their place in the world. They enable players to engage with other players from all over the world. But the dimensions of these world shape the experience and development of the players and their communities.
4. The Digital Age: realistic illusion shapes new communities
Perhaps the biggest and most influential game currently on the internet is ‘Minecraft.’ The Minecraft ‘video’ game challenges its players to survive and create in its never-ending realistic illusionary worlds. These ‘worlds’ or ‘maps’, as participants refer to them, are co-created by the game’s developers and the people who play the game.
The worlds can be completely new and fictional e.g. The Nether; or based on a story or movie e.g. Hunger Games or Hogwarts.
They can be based on a real place e.g. New York; or they can be based on a representation of a real place e.g. painting of New York commissioned by the Tate Gallery London.
3D virtual world or ‘map’ gamers enter and play in. Photo by the Post-Apocalyptic Research Institute.
It is a place where players engage with their ‘environment’ and others to survive, building and creating with chunky minecraft blocks. Of course, they can also simply explore, but at some stage they should expect to engage with native creatures that will test them in unusual ways, forcing them to experiment and learn how to respond.
Communities emerge from the resulting interaction between the gamers, the environment and any viewers of a game channel – who can comment and engage as well. The game becomes content. But the content is shaped completely by the freedom of the technology.
In this way, Minecraft breaks the boundaries of ‘games’ as we traditionally think of them: it’s constantly changing and is ‘owned’ by the players.
In fact, Minecraft allows players to take its format and make their own content from it as well – from which a new form of ‘celebrity’ and ‘channel’ has emerged: the ‘You Tuber’ – individual ‘gamers’ have created their own channels to engage with ‘fans’.
All of this content is thanks to the visual social platform, YouTube – which facilitates the content and channels. You Tubers make their money by splitting advertising (banners etc) fees 45/55% with YouTube.
For many You Tubers, the opportunity lies far beyond adsense and revenue splits – instead it’s with the ability to build businesses and brands.
The resources and engaging experiences YouTube facilitates has allowed creators to build audiences they would be unable to do independent of the platform. The visibility, communication, and connection with audiences is invaluable. What remains to be seen is which players will develop a profitable model from these communities, and which ones will not.
These digital channels have also thrown out the traditional movie and television ‘entertainment’ rulebook. No one needs writers, editors, producers, and sales teams to build a content business.
YouTube reveals that the majority of You Tubers are young people under 25 years old that have cultivated communities largely based on their personalities – using production equipment that anyone could pick up at their local shopping mall.
Global ‘Generation Z’ will account for 40% of all consumer by 2020.
5. ‘Generation Z’ filters faster and wants to positively impact the world
Raised on the internet and bombarded by marketing along with 24-hour news stories about global terrorism and climate change, this generation has a shorter attention span than a goldfish (6-8 seconds), according to researchers!. It’s estimated most have been exposed, on average, to over 200,000 advertising messages before they reach 15 years of age, so editing messages is second nature.
However, when they find something worthy they will become highly committed and engaged. 60% want their jobs to have an impact on the world. 80% will buy a product that has a social or environmental impact. Karma Cola appeals to this generation’s interest in sustainability – it’s telling them it wants to make the world a better place.
They also feel social media is critical to their happiness – they need to feel connected to each other through the virtual world in order to feel human and happy.
They believe brands are guilty before proven innocent – so brands need to engage and be completely transparent without appearing to try too hard. Brands need to be invited in and ‘liked’.
6. The implications for Kiwi brands are the same as global brands
In the case of YouTube, brands only exist in this world of emerging media systems if You Tubers decide they have a place.
Minecraft recently decided against brand advertising within its worlds. It can only occur in more traditional banner form, or inside worlds if the game’s participants invite a brand in as a form of discussion, or because it is interesting in some way.
Gamers take pride in making virtual versions of things from the real world. They gain reputation and fame by their skill in doing this.
The digital age presents many challenges and opportunities to Kiwi brands from both a business and communications perspective.
- Successful brands today need to engage in conversation with both global and local audiences in transparent, informed, relevant and genuinely concerned ways. They need to talk about how they do business, make their product, deal with staff and customers and position their brand.
- Understand that audiences are increasingly connected to communities that are not about geographical connection – but about shared views and ideas.
- Cut through mental filters with clear visual symbols and visual content that communicates their point of difference
- ‘Lift up’, involve and empower their audiences. Appeal to their need for social connection – ‘you can have an impact on things if you ‘like’ this’. ‘You can change things with us’.
- Take a view on social and environmental issues from their business and brand’s perspective – make, shape and create conversations.
Next article in this series: Part 3: Archetypes and the cult of personality – storytelling in the digital age.
Bridgette Yates, Strategy & Planning
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You can cut the current selection from the Text Editor and send it to the Clipboard. The selection can be a block of text, part or all of a table or a whole page.
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Select the text that you want to cut in the Text Editor.
Click in the Standard toolbar or choose Cut in the Edit menu or in the shortcut menu.
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Text is placed with formatting in RTF format. When you paste it into an application, formatting will be retained if possible. If your target application cannot handle the formatting, plain text will be pasted. Text cut from one document in OmniPage and pasted into the Text Editor in a different document will display at the formatting level currently or subsequently set.
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? Initially, JE used to infect both adults and children. However, based on the latest case reports; JE infection is only life-threatening to children in Malaysia. JE infection has a 30% mortality rate, and in those severely affected by the virus, 30% can also end up with permanent disabilities like paralysis, recurrent fitting episodes or inability to speak.
? Although JE has occurred sporadically in Malaysia, it is regularly seen (endemic) in Sarawak with the peak occurrences from October to December. Hence, JE remains to be a crucial health problem in Sarawak.
? As part of the initiative to reduce the number of JE cases, JE vaccination was introduced in July 2001, targeting children who are living in Sarawak. This vaccine is given at 9 months and 21 months. Since the introduction of JE vaccination, the numbers of JE cases has reduced significantly.
? If you are living near pig farms, paddy fields or plan to visit high-risk areas, please talk to your doctor regarding JE vaccination. Although JE has yet to be a major menace, it is best to take the necessary precautions to avoid being infected.
Please refer to my previous article on how to protect your children and yourself against mosquito bites. ?
1. Japanese Encephalitis in Malaysia : An overview and timeline by Kiven Kumar et al Acta Tropica Volume 185, September 2018, Pg 219-229
2. Japanese Encephalitis by WHO www.who.int
3. Japanese Encephalitis www.myhealth.gov.my
4. Picture credit to BMJ Journals
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Ötzi The Iceman
Who Is Otzi??
Otzi is a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived around 3,300 BC. On 19 September 1991, Ötzi was found by two German tourists and Erika Simon, 10,530 ft on the east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Otztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border, while walking off the path between the mountain. They believed that the body was of a recently deceased mountaineer. The next day, a mountain gendarme first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice-axes, but had to give up due to bad weather. The next day, eight groups visited the site, and two where famous mountaineers. The body was semi-officially extracted on 22 September and officially salvaged the following day. It was transported to the University of Innsbruck, where it was recognized to be primeval the same day. Since Otzi was in Italy's borders he was given to the Italians. He was shot by an arrow in his shouldar that was fatal and killed him.
Influenced by the "Curse of the pharaohs" and the media theme of cursed mummies, claims have been made that Ötzi is cursed. The allegation revolves around the deaths of several people connected to the discovery, recovery and subsequent examination of Ötzi. It is alleged that they have died under mysterious circumstances. These persons include co-discoverer Helmut Simon, and Konrad Spindler, the first examiner of the mummy in Austria at a local morgue in 1991. To date, the deaths of seven people, of which four were the result of some violence in the form of accidents, have been attributed to the alleged curse. In reality hundreds of people were involved in the recovery of Ötzi and are still involved in studying the body and the artifacts found with it. The fact that a small percentage of them have died over the years has not been shown to be statistically significant. So far, seven people associated with the Iceman or his discoverers have died.
The Iceman’s body is covered with over 50 tattoos in the form of groups of lines and crosses. Unlike modern tattooing methods, the tattoos were not produced with needles but by means of fine incisions into which charcoal was rubbed.Interestingly, Ötzi’s tattoos are located at points where his body was subjected to considerable strain during his lifetime and very probably caused him a lot of pain due to wear. The tattoos were therefore probably intended as therapeutic measures rather than as symbols. One or several groups of vertical lines are located to the left and right of the spinal column, on the left calf, on the right instep and on the inner and outer ankle joint. Two lines cross the left wrist. A cross-shaped mark appears on the back of the right knee and beside the left Achilles tendon. The Iceman had therefore undergone pain-relieving treatment on multiple occasions. Astonishingly, the tattooed areas correspond to skin acupuncture lines. Before Ötzi it was thought that this treatment had only originated two thousand years later in Asia.
Ötzi was approximately 5'3" tall and weighed around 110 pounds. He is now at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bozen-Bolzano, Italy. Even though he was found in Italy territory, by some findings, he has 19 genetic relations in Austria, that was found by blood donors and there DNA. He has "Type O" blood and since he is so old, we now have to be careful looking at him since he is fragile.
"Otzi The Iceman - Crystalinks." Otzi The Iceman - Crystalinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014.
"SOUTH TYROL MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY." The Tattoos. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, 2013. Web. 24 Sept. 2014.
Deam, James M. "Oetzi the Iceman, Ötzi the Iceman: The Curse." Oetzi the Iceman, Ötzi the Iceman: The Curse. N.p., 2012. Web. 24 Sept. 2014.
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Babies are sophisticated mini-statisticians, a new study finds, capable of making judgments about the probability of an event they've never seen before.
Using a computer model, researchers were able to accurately predict what a baby would know about a particular event if given certain information. The model may be useful in engineering artificial intelligence that reacts appropriately to the world, said study researcher Josh Tenenbaum, a cognitive scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The study also demonstrates just how savvy baby brains are, Tenenbaum told LiveScience.
"The deeper thing that this shows is that infants' knowledge of objects is not a gut feeling," he said. "They're actually doing some kind of rational, probabilistic reasoning."
You were expecting … ?
Years of research have shown that young babies grasp all sorts of information, from the fact that physical objects can't blink in and out of existence to how social hierarchies work. One 2009 study even found that 6-month-olds can tell the difference between a friendly and an angry dog.
These studies typically rely on a method called "violation in expectation," in which researchers monitor babies' gazes as they look at normal and atypical scenarios. If a baby looks longer at an event or situation in which something is "off" (a big, strong cartoon character bowing down to a weakling, for example), that fascinated gaze indicates that the baby knows the situation is unusual.
But Tenenbaum and his colleagues wanted to go further, actually quantifying how "surprising" a given event is based on the probability of it happening. Then they wanted to see if the level of babies' surprise matched the improbability of a given situation.
The researchers set up a number of tricky videos for their 1-year-old subjects to watch. In the videos, a set of objects bounced around an enclosure with one exit. A blue barrier would then appear on the screen, covering the enclosure. Next, one of the objects floated out of the enclosure through the exit, appearing onscreen just before the barrier faded away to reveal the objects left behind. [See a video of the experiments]
The likelihood of any given object exiting depends on many factors: How many of each type of objects there are, how long the scene was covered up, how the objects are moving and where they were the last time the baby saw them. For example, in a scene in which a circle is hovering near the exit when the barrier covers the enclosure for a split-second, you'd expect the circle to pop out. In a scene where the barrier goes down for two seconds, the location of that circle might not matter as much, because other shapes could have moved closer to the exit in that time. To guess what is going to happen, infants have to pull together all the information.
Turns out, babies have this one in the bag. Their performance on the task matched that of the computer model given the same information. The implication, Tenenbaum said, is that reasoning skills blossom early.
"Even young infants' brains, before they're able to walk and talk, they are building coherent, rational models about what is happening out there in the world," Tenenbaum said, adding, "We actually think that at 12 months, they know more than this model does."
Learning what babies know
Tenenbaum said he hopes to do more experiments to refine the model, adding in concepts that babies might grasp such as friction and gravity. The researchers also want to look at different ages to find out what babies know at 3 and 6 months. The method could be used to understand babies' perception of social situations, too, Tenenbaum said.
The goal, Tenenbaum said, is a sort of "reverse engineering" of infant cognition that might help robotics developers build machines that interact with the world more like the human brain does. Theoretically, he said, a strong, probability-based model of how infants interact with the world could help researchers understand what happens when things go wrong, as in developmental disorders like autism.
"This work is a first step toward a formal theory of infant reasoning," said Elizabeth Spelke, a psychologist who studies infant cognition at Harvard University but was not involved in the current research. Further work on infant's social understanding could reveal whether the human brain is not just wired to single out objects, people and numbers, Spelke told LiveScience, but also set up to predict how those objects, people and numbers will interact.
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By now, you must have heard about distributed computing – projects such as folding@home and SETI@home are mentioned frequently in the media. We also covered the subject at some depth previously on Instant Fundas.
LHC@home is another distributed computing project run by volunteers on behalf of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The project was initially launched in 2004, to help engineers process the gigantic amount of data generated by the world’s largest collider and use the information to maintain and improve the operation and efficiency of the accelerator, and to predict possible problems that could arise from adjustment or modification of the LHC's equipment.
One of the first projects deployed as a part of LHC@home, called SixTrack, allowed users to typically simulate about 60 particles whizzing around the collider’s ring for 10 seconds, or up to million loops. SixTrack helped the engineers at CERN design stable beam conditions for the LHC, so today the beams stay on track and don’t fly off course into the walls of the vacuum tube, causing serious damage.
Last week, CERN began public testing a next version of the LHC@home - LHC@home 2.0, centering on a new project Test4Theory. It allows science-minded users to run simulations of high-energy particle physics using their home computers. The results are submitted to a central database which is used as a common resource by both experimental and theoretical scientists working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Computer simulations of high-energy particle collisions provide a detailed theoretical reference for the measurements performed at accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), against which models of both known and 'new' physics can be tested, down to the level of individual particles.
By looking for discrepancies between the simulations and the data, we are searching for any sign of disagreement between the current theories and the physical universe. Ultimately, such a disagreement could lead us to the discovery of new phenomena, which may be associated with new fundamental principles of Nature.
Less spectacular discrepancies also help guide us towards the most accurate possible description of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and its phenomena - refining the simulations of the known physical laws, by pointing to areas where current simulations succeed and where they fail.
To run LHC@home 2.0, you need a computer connected to the Internet with at least 512MB of RAM and 9GB of free hard disk space. You have to first install VirtualBox and then install BOINC, a standard volunteer computing application that allows you to share your PC with research projects that you choose to attach to. The VirtualBox system allows you to run CernVM, the software that runs the simulation used in the project, independent of the operating system you use.
The Large Hadron Collider has its own distributing computing networks - the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG), one of the largest in the world, but the resource is almost exclusively for the use of the experiments which pump data out of their detectors at about 300 MB per second. Little is left for theoretical physicists for simulations. LHC@home would make a real difference.
The simulation LHC@home uses can produce one collision per millisecond, on average. But the LHC produces 40 million per second. If the project can get just 40,000 volunteers to run the simulations at the same time, the researchers could produce a full-fledged virtual atom smasher.
Recommended Reading: How the LHC works? Learn it through a game
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2011 News Releases
Longwood professor uses bears to work with Charlotte County preschool students
January 7, 2011
Preschool students in Charlotte County are developing appropriate behavior and better literacy skills through an approach introduced by a Longwood University faculty member.
Teachers in each of the five classrooms in the Early Learning Center are using a personified stuffed bear to re-teach classroom rules, reinforce appropriate behavior, enforce consequences for breaking rules, and assist in understanding and completing assignments. The idea came from Dr. Stephen Keith, assistant professor of education, who calls it a "comprehensive package integrating a behavior management program with learning developmentally appropriate literacy skills."
"The bear is a student who is part of the class - he goes to recess, art, music, lunch, and to the clinic when he's sick," Keith said. "He earns stickers if he's good and is sent to time-out if he misbehaves. The teacher pretends the bear has broken a rule, and only the teacher speaks bear. Students earn the right to teach him developmentally appropriate literacy and math skills, based on their behavior. Each bear has a different name, but they all begin with B: Billy Bear, Bubba Bear, Betty Bear, Bradley Bear and Bob Bear."
"Nobody else that I know of is doing this," said Keith. "Based on my experience using this in a bilingual school in Honduras, we have anecdotal evidence this works, and, thanks to the research in Prince Edward, we have quantitative evidence that it's effective."
The bears have been used since fall 2008 at the Early Learning Center, which is the site of the Charlotte County Public Schools' pre-kindergarten program. The program enrolls about 75 students, mostly four-year-olds.
"We treat Betty Bear as if she's another student," said Jennifer Arbogast, one of the teachers. "We include her in circle time (where students learn colors, shapes and letters) and in our table work. Students take turns being the helper with Betty. We have her picture with the class in the school yearbook, take her to the playground and to the gym - in the gym, we put her on the back of the bike, and on the playground we put her on the slide - and we feed her breakfast and lunch. She lies down on the mat for nap time. We include her on field trips: we make a name tag for her and she rides on the bus. Sometimes she gets sick and has to stay home. When they're waiting for the buses, she stays in her seat because her mom has to come from the woods. They look out the window for her mom."
Another teacher, Joanne Catron, who teaches the early childhood special education class, had a student last year with a lot of behavior issues. "Midway through the year, he started taking Barney the Bear with him to the 'sad face' area, which is for time-out," she said. "He would tell us what the bear had been doing - kicking, for example - and he would make him do all the steps, follow all the rules, in time-out. We would say 'Is he ready to come out?' and he would say 'No.'"
The principal, Dr. Ann Nelson, who keeps two stuffed bears in her office, also has seen students open up to the bears. "We had a new student in my office one day, and in just a few minutes she was interacting with one of the bears and singing the ABC song to it," she said. "We use the bears for socialization, and Jill Davis, a teacher who had worked with the bears before, partnered one student with a bear. The student's job was to help the bear learn his ABCs, and he became friends with the bear. Classmates accepted him more, so it really opened the door for him. The change in him was like night and day. He took the bear to recess and to P.E. It's easy for students to communicate with the bear."
Carolyn Baker, now the federal program and finance director for the Charlotte County schools, was principal of the Early Learning Center when the bears were introduced. "This is a perfect program for kids this age," she said. "It started as a behavior management tool but has become so much more than that. It teaches kids compassion and empathy, rules, good manners, academic concepts. It helps with classroom management and self-esteem and is a more nurturing style for constructive discipline.
"When Stephen Keith visits the classroom, the students ask 'Are you Bob Bear's uncle? His dad?' Kids wanted to know more about the bear. They were curious, so we had to develop stories about the bear. They want to have a relationship with the bear and, like storybook characters, they want to believe in the fantasy. This has supported literacy education and parent education. Parents have embraced this project as it has provided consistency between home and school routines. If their child is jumping on a bed at home, they'll say 'Bob Bear wouldn't be jumping on the bed.'
This approach has spawned a series of books by Keith and the staff that supplement the teachers' use of the bears. The concept was used in a study in the preschool program at Prince Edward County Elementary School that was a research project by a Longwood graduate student, the results of which were published in a refereed journal last year. Keith and his collaborators hope to present this model at professional conferences.
Two books, Saying Kind Words with B_ Bear and Learn Shapes with B_ Bear, have been published in the B_ Bear Children's Literacy Series, and five more books have been written and will soon go to the publisher, Farmville Printing. The books are written by Keith, Baker and the teachers in a collaborative process. Brittany Hughes, a graphic designer who is a graduate of the Charlotte County schools and lives in North Carolina, does the illustrations.
"These are classroom readers that reinforce what the teacher is teaching," Keith said. "I taught the teachers the behavioral concepts, and I say 'Let's develop some storylines based on what you know of this.' It's all about kids making good choices. As the books are read in class, the students will sometimes tell the storyline - that's early literacy, which is what we're after. The next book will be about B_ Bear having a toy dinosaur and being told by his mom not to take it on the school bus, but he takes it on the bus and gets into trouble. These are real-world scenarios. We're limited only by the set of experiences that kids have at school and at home."
The books "reinforce the school rules, and what's in the book connects to the classroom," Baker said. "We've tried to be thoughtful in developing a curriculum appropriate to this age. All the pieces work together to support behavior management, but saying it's only behavior management sells it short. It provides reinforcement for the child: they've learned the rules, and now they're teaching them to the bear. And because they've doing their work, it gives them confidence."
The idea of using a personified stuffed bear was originated by Keith's wife, Joyce, a librarian at Prince Edward County Elementary School for more than 30 years before retiring in 2009. The original bear, Bob Bear, now in Keith's office, was a gift from a teacher at her school.
"She came up with Bob Bear as a behavior management tool, and she would pretend he was a student in the library," Keith said. "She would remind him of the rules, put him in time-out. His full title was Bad Bob Bear, but over time she dropped the 'Bad.' I just thought it was the neatest idea. This is a humanistic approach that plays to the kids' strengths and experiences. It's what educators call a constructivist approach, which is a model of teaching that builds on children's experiences.
"For 10 or 12 years I have been a consultant to bilingual schools in Honduras, and four years ago I took Bob Bear to that country. The principal of Dowal School (in Tegucigalpa, the capital) said they were having behavior problems with their preschool program - three- and four-year-olds and kindergarten - and asked me if I would help the teachers develop a behavior management program. I did a workshop using Bob Bear and built a program around a personified stuffed bear and monkey. With the three- and four-year-olds, who are still learning English, we called him Manolo mono, Spanish for Matthew the monkey, and in kindergarten, where they're better in English, we called it Bob Bear. Kids love alliteration, which is an early childhood literacy skill. We refined the program over two years. Essentially we're integrating behavior management with literacy skills, and we're doing it in a naturalistic way. The Honduran teachers are also writing Bob and Manolo books, but they will be bilingual since it is a bilingual school."
The bears were then used on a trial basis at Prince Edward County Elementary School. "I mentioned Bob Bear to my graduate research class, and one student, Meredith Michael, was intrigued by this and used it for her collaborative research, a requirement for her master's degree," Keith said. Michael's research, conducted for about two months in spring 2008 in the preschool program, was published in the May/June 2009 issue of Teaching Exceptional Children (published by the Council for Exceptional Children) as an article, "Bob Bear: A Strategy for Improving Behaviors of Preschoolers Identified as At Risk or Developmentally Delayed." Dr. Ruth Meese was her adviser, and Keith and Dr. Rachel Mathews helped with designing her research. Michael, who received a bachelor's degree at Longwood in 2007 and a master's in 2008, now is a 1st-grade teacher in Virginia Beach.
After the study in Prince Edward County, Keith "began to cast around for a full-blown program using this approach. I spoke with Carolyn Baker, whom I knew, and she was all for it. We received permission from Longwood and from the Charlotte County schools to proceed."
Keith visits the Early Learning Center every couple weeks to check on how the bears concept is developing. On a visit one Tuesday morning in late November, he brought in a new bear, Bradley, to replace one, Bella, that had gotten worn. "Students said 'Is he a brother of Bella?' Nelson said. "We said 'No, a cousin.' You have to have a story. One student said she was going to make a name tag for Bradley." In one class that day, a student seated next to Bubba Bear was saying "Bubba's being a good bear." In another class, a student was feeding Betty Bear when it was time for everyone to eat breakfast.
"Once when I came here," Keith said, "a student said to me 'Are you Billy Bear's father?' I said 'No, I am just a friend of the family, and I came here to check on him.' And that makes sense to them!"
Keith and Baker hope to present this model at conferences, including those of the Virginia Association for Early Childhood Education in March 2011 and the Virginia Association of Federal Education Program Administrators in November 2011. "We want to present this as a curriculum model that can easily integrate many program components," Baker said. "This is something that other teachers can easily replicate."
"This is a nice collaborative effort between Longwood and the schools," Keith said. "Sometimes university professors research and develop concepts that don't have an immediate and pragmatic application. This is different; it is real and builds on, in a useful way, what we already know about children. It is easily implemented, authentic and has little or no cost except for the inexpensive B_ Bear books."
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What It Means
: derived or acquired from something extrinsic
"We should choose our books as we would our companions, for their sterling and intrinsic merit, not for their adscititious or accidental advantages." — Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, 1832
Did You Know?
Adscititious comes from a very "knowledgeable" family—it ultimately derives from scīscere, the Latin verb meaning "to get to know, ascertain, vote for, approve." The related scīre means "to know" and is fundamental to science, conscience, prescience ("foreknowledge"), nescience ("lack of knowledge"), as well as adscititious. Admittedly, adscititious is more akin to adscīscere, which means "to admit" or "to adopt." This explains why adscititious describes something adopted from an outside source.
Test Your Vocabulary with M-W Quizzes
Word Family Quiz
Fill in the blanks to complete an adverb that means "that is to say" or "namely" and that is derived from Latin scīre, meaning "to know": s_ i _ i _ e _.VIEW THE ANSWER
Theme music by Joshua Stamper ©2006 New Jerusalem Music/ASCAP
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How is it that Epigen™ is Starch Free™? I see that it contains plants.
Patented methods have been developed to separate the protein fraction from the starches. Such fractions have long been used in medicine, sports, and bodybuilding to encourage anabolism, rather than fat deposition and catabolism (muscle wasting).
This is also a "green" use of vegetable material in that the separated starches can then be used for industrial and fuel purposes.
Is the term "vegetable protein" just a new term used to hide byproducts like glutens, etc.?
No, the types of vegetable proteins used are stated: rice, potato, corn and wheat.
One must be careful of how the term byproduct is construed and used when speaking about health and nutrition. While a byproduct has historically been the least nutritional of the fractions derived from a food, in modern times the opposite has become true. Many byproducts of the human food industry are, in fact, the most nutritious. That’s because people prefer white refined substances such as white sugar, white starch, white salt, white meat, and white fats. To do this, processors must separate the white part from everything else. The "everything else" is then called "byproduct."
So "byproduct" has wrongfully become a word taken in the pejorative -- as akin to garbage, something suited for a land fill or toxic waste dump. In many instances, however, a byproduct is something of great nutritional value.
A good example is the milling of rice to get white rice. The "byproduct" bran contains all the more important nutrients such as essential fatty acids, minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins such as thiamin. Thousands around the globe have suffered and died from both overt and idiopathic/pleomorphic beri beri (thiamin deficiency) as a result of casting aside the bran "byproduct" that is then used in animal feed. The animals thrive, the humans suffer and die. (Not to mention the degenerative diseases that result over time from eating the high glycemic, nutrient denuded white rice starch.)
Vegetable proteins are the prizes to be mined from potato, rice, corn, etc. The starches are the inferior byproducts. This is exactly opposite to prevailing pet food mythology. When proteins, be they glutens or others, are separated from the starches in grains, the starches are the true byproducts.
The proprietary protein mix used in Epigen™ consists of the most nutritious parts of the grains and tubers from which they are derived. The starch byproducts are absent.
I'm confused by the section in the Epigen™ ingredient list that lists the vegetable proteins and says "consisting of one or more of the following." Are you trying to mislead, or veil what is in the product?
Please presume that all of the listed vegetable proteins are in the product, though this may not be the case.
From batch to batch of Epigen™ we plan to rotate these vegetable proteins in an effort to reduce the antigenic properties of the product. The less often an animal has a particular ingredient or ingredients, the less likely he/she is to develop intolerances (allergies) to those ingredients. Rotating the vegetable proteins from batch to batch will help this cause.
Aren't vegetable proteins such as those found in Epigen™ responsible for most of the pet allergies?
The main reason for allergies and food sensitivities in pets is the exclusive feeding of one diet meal after meal. This stems from the pet food, veterinary, and nutritional industries promoting the notion of “complete and balanced” pet foods, and people believing it.
As explained elsewhere, there can be no one “complete” manufactured food because complete knowledge is not available. Relentless feeding of any one food can (epigenetically) result in allergies and sensitivities to just about anything, not just “corn,” “gluten,” etc. Unfortunately, ideas that may have a shallow basis, when repeated often enough, become lore and then, with time, axiomatic truth. When a company sees a commercial opportunity and then spreads far and wide, with advertising, slogans like “gluten free” and “Grain Free,” the fable becomes the bedrock of a belief that can take on the nature of fervent religion.
Be that as it may, yes, pets can develop allergies and sensitivities to vegetable proteins as with thousands of other ingredients. That is why for some 30 years Dr. Wysong has taught food variety and rotation.
Dr. Wysong has also argued that much of the paranoia about ingredients and allergies is based upon faulty science, i.e. testing antigens that are entirely unlike those found in a mixed processed food product. Allergies and sensitivities are in large part dependent upon the three dimensional tertiary structure of native proteins. Heat processing disrupts this structure and can recombine proteins with other ingredients such as lipids and polysaccharides. This changes antigenicity. We have thousands of cases of people coming to us claiming allergies to this or that ingredient only to find that when they feed our food with the suspect ingredient, that usually health, not allergies, results. The only way to know is to test feed. If fed as we suggest, we believe Epigen™ can be an excellent adjunct to menu planning for pets. If for some reason it is not tolerated, then of course it should not be fed. But that will not be determined by looking at the label or following preconceived biases based upon weak evidence or commercial slogans.
Aren't the vegetable proteins in Epigen™ highly processed?
“Highly processed” is another loaded word used by consumers to make delineations between, and decisions on products. The phrase does little other than create demons that have little basis in reality.
For one, what does “highly” processed even mean? How is it differentiated from low and intermediate processing? Well, that all depends on a whole range of specifics about food technology that scientists cannot even properly define, much less the public. Although it is true that whole natural foods are meritorious, that is not true for all foods. For humans and carnivorous pets, the only whole natural foods they can consume without toxicity are those they are genetically adapted to and can consume raw. That would include meats, organs, fruits, some vegetables, nuts, dairy, and honey. Essentially everything else has to be processed in order to remove or inactivate the toxins and render the components digestible.
Indeed, the history of ingredients does not always sound pleasing. But that can apply to any ingredient, including meats derived from slaughter houses. One must measure benefit versus potential harm when evaluating hot button words like “highly processed.” For example, the steps in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins may sound ghastly and a far cry from our hunter/gatherer roots. But the products have created enormous benefit and saved countless lives. Taurine, a synthetically produced amino acid in pet foods, is an example of a “highly processed” nutrient that has saved countless lives. Vitamin, mineral and other nutraceutical supplements used in humans amounts to some 154 million doses per day. During the same time (2008), not one death is reported, but hundreds of thousands of people have benefited as proven by tens of thousands of controlled scientific studies.
In summary, the vegetable proteins in Epigen™ are not “highly processed,” they are processed sufficiently to render them highly nutritious.
If Epigen™ is supposed to mimic the natural diet, why are there plant materials in it?
We recognize, accept, and teach that the ideal diet for any creature is that which they would find in the wild. We also believe that animals would fare best breathing fresh air, drinking natural water, having to work hard to find prey, fasting now and then, reproducing, being grounded to the real magnetic/electric Earth (not mattresses and carpet), and being bathed in natural sunlight. Short of releasing pets into the wilderness, this ideal is not going to happen. So one must compromise. The challenge is to compromise the least (see the Optimal Health Program™). No one is sure exactly what wild creatures eat in the wild or what the importance of each item is. One thing is certain, they would not be finding white bread, or steam-cleaned white meat. For many decades we have probed the scientific literature in search of ways to optimize human and animal nutrition and health. That is our purpose and what we do. We state the truth as we know it and do not simply join the parade of marketing buzzwords, or fear monger just to profit. The ingredients we use are the best we can determine based upon the facts and thirty years of feeding experience with tens of thousands of animals through multiple generations. For some of the results, click here.
We would agree that carnivores do not consume vegetation as a mainstay. They do, however, consume some, and it is proven that they can benefit from many constituents of plant materials. (For thorough documentation see the scientific monograph for our Veterinary Rx diets.)
All carnivores consume plant material by nibbling here and there and as a part of the viscera from their prey. The plant materials included in Epigen™ are a very small proportion designed to mimic what carnivores would incidentally consume (the vegetable protein part also assisting in forming the kibble). Epigen™ ingredients are chosen for the proven health benefits they provide.
Why use plant proteins at all? Aren't they just cheap fillers?
They are used because of their nutritional value and their ability to create a matrix around the meat so it can be formed into a kibble. This is not an attempt to merely cheapen the product. In fact, our vegetable proteins actually cost more than the meat ingredients.
I am opposed to feeding my pet corn and I see that Epigen™ does contain corn.
Epigen™ contains vegetable proteins, including high biological value corn protein. The starch component (the true danger to health), which is unnatural to companion animals, has been removed. Some of the other beneficial components of the vegetable protein ingredients include:
I hear so much bad about corn, soy, wheat and so on. I am afraid to feed such things to my pet. Why should I not fear Epigen™?
The pet industry is filled with lore and myth because people think there is a mystery about how pets should be fed and they look for any rule of thumb that will solve the mystery. But, like all good things in life, one simple rule — like “no” this or that — does not do. Also, because the pet food industry is filled with companies vying for your dollars, they need a special bait that sets them apart to catch you. The “no corn,” “no soy,” “no wheat,” “Grain Free,” and so on are the baits being used. If the purveyors of these slogans are asked to prove with a controlled scientific study that their foods are superior, they cannot do so. The studies that do exist prove that you are wasting your money (see The Pet Food Ingredient Game) and that the new myth driven foods are no better than the old conventional ones with all the demon ingredients in them.
I am concerned about all the protein in a dry food. Won't it be too concentrated?
The natural diet of pets (raw prey) contains about 70% water and that constitutes a lot of the water that carnivores consume. They are also able to metabolize water out of the protein they consume. So yes, when feeding Epigen™ or any other dry food you should pay attention to water, keeping fresh clean water available at all times. Adding water to Epigen™ will also help. Mixing Epigen™ with the 95% meat Au Jus™ Wysong canned diets is good too. And don't forget to rotate the diet with canned and fresh foods as described in the Optimal Health Program™ If you follow these principles there should be no problem with high protein provided the new diet is introduced slowly and incrementally.
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The Endless Benefits of Project Balance
Fall 2010, JMU Physical & Health Education Teacher Education (PHETE) students have had the opportunity to gain hands-on teaching experience through this innovative practicum experience. This is made possible through Project Balance, an after-school program for middle school students developed by kinesiology professor, Bobby Lifka.
The underlying idea is to teach lessons about being fair and working hard through sports,” Lifka said, “it doesn’t come easily.” This program provided opportunities for students from Thomas Harrison and Skyline Middle Schools, in Harrisonburg, to develop lifelong skill sets of behaviors through structured experiences. The Project Balance goal is for the middle school students to develop improved personal levels of self and social responsibility. The program is offered at no cost to the children or their families.
One day each week after school, the middle school students met with Professor Lifka and the PHETE students at Westover Park Recreation Center for physical and wellness activities for two four-week sections. The sessions included fencing, basketball, volleyball, dance, racquetball, and fitness & weight training; along with a wellness portion that emphasized social, emotional, intellectual and environmental wellness. The students also learned about experiential team-building, “When [the students] are good at an activity, they can go beyond themselves or at least be supportive of others,” Professor Lifka said, “We can provide experiences that transfer to school, home, and on the street with their friends.”
Lifka explained that the benefits for the PHETE students are multiple. They get an opportunity to practice several teaching methods, strategies, and models with smaller groups of students. In addition, they learn how to manage student behaviors in the gymnasium during physical activities as well as in the classroom with wellness activities. The PHETE students also act as role models to the students. The PHETE students develop confidence and experience as educators prior to their secondary student teaching experience, which begins the following semester.
One of the main objectives for Project Balance is to help “create, implement, and develop an after-school program for elementary and middle school students from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds in Harrisonburg.” If funding is obtained, Project Balance can be expanded to other locations in Harrisonburg and include K-8 students as well. Project Balance is one more step toward creating better future educators as well as positively impacting the local community.
Welcome from Kinesiology
Welcome to the Department of Kinesiology! Kinesiology involves the study of human movement and our faculty and students do so from a physiological, biomechanical, and psychosocial perspective. More >
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Although system timing creates no differentiation at the product level, as the world shifts from parallel to serial connections, timing requirements are becoming more critical than ever. A large variety of clock chips are available on the market to address these needs. While this rich selection offers more flexibility in designing clock trees, the sheer number of possibilities may overwhelm inexperienced engineers. Adding to this confusion, system timing remains one of the least understood disciplines in hardware design.
To clarify the various clock options available to designers, this article attempts to classify the clock chip market into a few basic categories. The characteristic features of each category are examined to assist designers in matching their application needs to the specific type of clock that fills it. The intent is to help designers make better clock choices, leading to more efficient and cost-effective clock tree designs.
The mass of clock chips on the market can be categorized into the three main purposes that they serve. Figure 1 identifies these purposes as being to (1) create, (2) distribute, and (3) process clock waveforms. Because many chips are sold serving more than one purpose, a hybrid category is also shown. However, reducing any particular chip into its core purpose(s) may help to recognize the benefit(s) it provides. Figure 2 shows an example of how these categories may be combined to create a clock tree. Many other combinations are possible.
Figure 1 Clock chips may be categorized according to the function they serve. They are used to create a new frequency (clock creation), distribute multiple copies of a frequency (clock distribution), or process the input clock in some manner (clock processing). Hybrid clocks provide a mixture of these functions.
Figure 2 Example clock tree showing one possible combination of creation (C), distribution (D), and processing (P) clock chips.
This category of clocks is concerned with creating one or more new clock frequencies. A clock chip from this category placed at the start of a clock tree is called a clock generator. Generators are needed to create the various clock frequencies required by the system. Alternatively, when a clock chip from this category is inserted inside a clock tree, referred to as an “in-line” application, it is called a clock synthesizer. If a generator is unable to create all required frequencies from the start, synthesizers can be used in the clock tree branches to fill out the rest of the frequencies.
Generic clock creation devices are illustrated in Figure 3. These devices are characterized by having output frequencies that are a multiple of the input frequency f1, where x, y, or z is any number (integer or non-integer). Clock generators, located at the start of the clock tree, require an oscillator source, such as a crystal, as an input. These chips have an internal oscillator to complete the required oscillation circuit. Aside from this input difference, generators and synthesizers are similar.
An internal phase-locked loop (PLL) forms the heart of these devices. The PLL translates an input frequency to the desired output frequency. If multiple simultaneous output frequencies are needed, dividers are placed in the output paths to create the required frequencies. In this case, the output frequencies are related by the divider values used. If multiple output frequencies are desired that are non-integer related, the generator must include multiple PLLs.
Chips targeting clock synthesizer applications may also provide an added benefit of level translation, including both signaling as well as voltage-level translation. For example, a chip may accept LVTTL inputs, and output LVPECL. The large number of signaling standards in the industry assures a large number of required translations. Similarly, the reference input or core supply voltage may be different than the output supply voltage. For example, a 5V LVCMOS input may connect to a chip with a core supply at 3.3V, and an output supply of 2.5V, to output 2.5V LVCMOS.
Clock distribution devices exist to provide multiple copies of one or more output frequencies. These devices are loosely referred to as “buffers” in the industry. This category may be subdivided into non-PLL versus PLL-based buffers, as illustrated in Figure 3. Without output dividers, non-PLL buffers simply provide multiple copies of the input frequency. If dividers are placed on the outputs, multiple frequencies can be output simultaneously. Typically, only integer division (N) is available in non-PLL based buffers. Because they do not contain PLLs, these devices cannot multiply the input frequency.
A cross-point switch / multiplex (MUX) is a special type of non-PLL based buffer used in applications where the inputs need to be switched. Figure 3 illustrates the variety of operations performed by this device. Two inputs connect to two outputs as either a (a) 1:1 buffer, (b) switch, or (c,d) 1:2 buffer.
PLL-based buffers enable multiplication (M) of the input frequency. Output dividers (N) may also be included to offer some division capability. These M and N values are generally integers. Fractional-N dividers are possible, but such specialized functionality is generally found in clock creation chips.
Besides multiplication, PLL-based buffers offer several other benefits compared to non-PLL based buffers. Since most PLLs operate on the rising clock edge input (not the falling edge), the input duty cycle can degrade significantly without degrading the output duty cycle. It's not unusual for such devices to accept input duty cycles down to 30 percent/70 percent or less. PLL-based buffers are therefore used wherever duty-cycle correction is required.
Figure 3 Illustrations of generic clock categories.
Another benefit of PLLs is low input-to-output propagation delay. Sometimes referred to as “zero-delay buffers,” or ZDBs, the propagation delay can be reduced from nanoseconds for non-PLL based devices to hundreds of picoseconds for PLL-based devices. With near-zero propagation delay, the outputs appear phase synchronized to the inputs. A ZDB is therefore used for creating multiple outputs while adding negligible delay. Common clock bus architectures, which depend on synchronized clocks, are a popular application for ZDBs.
PLL-based clocks are also used to provide adjustable input-to-output delay. This application requires the PLL's feedback connection to be brought out to an external pin on the package. Introducing time delay on this feedback input allows one to control the input-to-output clock phase alignment. One way to create delay is to use capacitive loading. This may be achieved, for example, by connecting this pin to another chip, or by introducing a discrete capacitor. Ultimately, the loading on this feedback pin relative to the loading on the other output pins determines the advancement (more loading) or delay (less loading) between the reference input and the output clock edges. If the loading is equal, the device acts as a ZDB as described above.
The advantage of this approach is that board layout is relatively easy, and, in the case of the discrete capacitor, the load may be changed after the PCB is fabricated. The disadvantage is the capacitive load on the feedback input slows the edge-rate down, which increases jitter. A preferred approach to adjusting input-to-output delay is to use a transmission-line trace in the feedback path, where the transmission-line length is chosen to provide the desired amount of delay/advancement between input and output pins. Because this method maintains the edge-rate, the added jitter is minimized. Some chips include an adjustable internal delay feature, which the user can select for each output. In this way, PCB trace-length matching for board de-skewing can be achieved by configuring such a buffer with the appropriate delay for each output.
Another useful benefit of PLLs is their ability to attenuate jitter. The closed-loop nature of PLLs results in these buffers having bandwidths of a few MHz or less. Any jitter frequencies above this bandwidth are attenuated by the PLL. Thus, PLL-based buffers are natural jitter filters. Such devices are useful in applications where clock jitter is unacceptable and requires cleaning up. Lower bandwidth devices reach further into the lower frequencies to attenuate more jitter. However, lower bandwidth PLLs have larger time constants, which reduces the PLL's ability to track input frequency variations. This results in more intrinsic jitter added by the PLL. Therefore, depending on the magnitude of the input jitter, lowering the PLL bandwidth below a certain point may introduce more jitter than what it removes from the input.
In addition to the above benefits for clock distribution chips, these chips may also provide signaling and voltage-level translation, as discussed earlier for clock synthesizers.
A third category of clock chips exists, whose purpose is neither to create nor distribute clocks. Figure 3 shows this clock category's purpose is to process the input clock waveform in some fashion. Such “task-oriented” clocks have a specialized function, which may serve any number of purposes. The simplest form may be a signaling-level translator. For example, chips are sold that simply take in LVTTL and output LVPECL. Variations exist covering most popular signaling standards.
More complicated forms include specialized PLL-based jitter attenuation devices. Such devices may comply with industry specifications (i.e. SONET) for jitter generation and jitter peaking. Chips sold to enable clock redundancy represent another variety of clock processor. These chips have two (redundant) inputs, such that if the chip detects that one input dies, the output phase and frequency switch smoothly to the other input.
Spread-spectrum clock generation (SSCG) is another type of clock processor, which is widely used to reduce system electromagnetic interference (EMI). These SSCG chips output a frequency-modulated version of the input reference frequency. This scheme reduces system EMI by smearing, or spreading, the output frequencies over some limited range, which is usually less than 1% of the input frequency. Because the output clock waveform is spread over a range of frequencies, the power present in any one frequency in the output signal is reduced compared to the power present at the single input frequency. Doing this improves signal integrity within the board.
Hybrid clocks include combinations of clock creation, generation, and processing features. Figure 3 illustrates one possibility, which may include SSCG, clock synthesis with an in-line input or clock generation using an alternate (crystal) input, plus some clock distribution capability. Many varieties of hybrid clocks are available in the market. In fact, market forces are shaping clocks to become more application specific. The effect of tailoring clocks to their specific end-market tends to favor the creation of hybrid clocks. For example, the PCI market requires SSCG with 1% down spread, so this is usually built into clock generators targeting PCI output frequencies.
Picking The Right Clock For The Application
With clock chips categorized by purpose, let's examine their key differentiating features to help select the most appropriate category for the application. Table 1 summarizes these key differentiators. As discussed earlier, any PLL-based clock corrects for poor input duty cycle. Generators, synthesizers, and PLL-based buffers therefore provide this benefit. If the application simply requires translating the I/O signaling standard and/or voltage levels, non-PLL buffers are the smallest, most cost-effective solutions. However, synthesizers and PLL-based buffers also provide these translations, and serve dual purposes when other features are needed.
Jitter attenuation is a natural by-product of the (relatively) narrow bandwidth inherent in PLL-based devices. Although a variety of clock processor chips are sold specifically for this purpose, they can be somewhat expensive since they are specialized chips whose performance complies with industry standard specifications. If the level of attenuation needed is not critical, an inexpensive solution can usually be achieved by selecting general-purpose synthesizers or PLL-based buffers having the smallest bandwidth possible.
When it comes to creating a new output frequency, there are many options. The simplest, most inexpensive, is a non-PLL buffer equipped with output dividers. Obviously, this solution only divides the input frequency. Also, the dividers are usually just integers, so the number of possible output frequencies is quite limited. To multiply the input frequency, a PLL is required. If the input frequency comes from a crystal, a generator is the obvious solution. However, since crystals can typically only create frequencies up to 30 MHz, generators have a limited input frequency range. Applications requiring larger input frequencies must choose synthesizers or PLL-based buffers. If the input-to-output frequency ratio is integer related, PLL buffers are generally selected because many options are available that multiply the input frequency plus offer some distribution capability. Synthesizers are popular when this frequency ratio is non-integer.
Table 1. Typical Differentiating Features Between Clock Categories.
If multiple output frequencies are needed where the output frequencies are non-integer related, clock creation devices are the best choice. These devices include multiple PLLs, each one providing a unique output frequency. However, if the multiple output frequencies are integer related, clock distribution chips may provide a simpler, more cost-effective alternative.
Applications needing to distribute clocks while preserving the original phase position require PLL-based buffers. These buffers must be configured in a zero-delay configuration, meaning an output must be connected back to the PLL's feedback input. Sometimes this is done internal to the clock chip. Other times, an external pin is available for delay compensation. If a transmission line is connected to this pin, the delay of the transmission line is eliminated by the PLL's feedback loop. If the rest of the outputs have a similar transmission line (i.e. length) attached to them, their outputs are then phase synchronized to the input. In this way multiple copies are created with near-zero delay with respect to the input waveform. If a capacitive load or transmission line is placed between a clock output and the feedback input pin, the rest of the outputs may be delayed or advanced with respect to the input as described earlier.
Clock processor chips are available to perform a variety of tasks. The few examples mentioned above are listed in Table 1. There is also a wide selection of hybrid clocks available. Looking at Table 1, hybrid clocks exist for each row containing features from multiple categories. Of course, variations of hybrid clocks extend well beyond the possibilities summarized in Table 1.
Key Specifications to Evaluate
Because each clock category serves a different purpose, it's important to understand what qualities to look for when choosing clocks within each category. Table 2 highlights some of the key performance specifications that should be evaluated in choosing the most appropriate clock for the application. In general, devices having the lowest specification number, for specifications identified in Table 2, achieve the best performance. However, the best performance may not always be the best solution, since performance comes with a price.
Table 2 Key Specifications to Evaluate When Selecting Clock Chips.
The amount of jitter any chip adds is almost always a critical performance specification. Since clock creation devices are typically close to the original oscillator source, key parameters include frequency accuracy and stability. The ppm numbers for these specifications are dominated by the oscillation source, such as the crystal attached to the chip. However, any fractional-type divider used to create a new frequency can introduce additional degradation.
Clock distribution buffers, since they provide multiple copies of the input, have an output-to-output skew specification defining how far apart rising edges between any two output waveforms can be. PLL-based buffers used in zero-delay configurations also have an input-to-output propagation delay figure-of-merit. Obviously, the lower this delay, the more “zero-like” delay the chip provides. In cases where a controlled input-to-output delay is desired, PLL-based buffers with programmable internal delay are available. These buffers will have some maximum amount of possible delay, as well as some minimum adjustable delay step size. Smaller delays provide finer de-skewing adjustments, which increases the timing margin available to the designer.
While adding programmable features to a clock chip does not change the inherent purpose, or category, of the clock chip itself, it does offer several additional benefits designers should be aware of when selecting clock chips. For instance, in the race to ship systems complying with the latest standards, programmable chips allow designers to tweak the system's clock features without redesigning the board, which speeds time to market.
Companies also buy programmable clocks to consolidate their inventory. Instead of buying multiple products to support a variety of frequencies, for example, one chip is bought, qualified, and stored in inventory. This streamlines the manufacturing process, saving cost. The next time a clock chip is required for a new design, the programmable clock, which is already qualified and proven in past designs, may be used.
Programmability in otherwise pad-limited chips provides the added benefit of smaller package footprint (fewer pins). Without programmability, pins would need to be biased to select the desired feature set. Depending on the number of features available, the final pin count may be reduced significantly by making such features programmable. The tradeoff, of course, in having programmable chips, is the overhead needed to program them. Therefore, systems already having serial interfaces, via ASICs, FPGAs, or other controllers, are a natural fit for including programmable chips. Some varieties of clock chips may also be programmed using EPROM registers.
The Choice Is Yours
With the huge selection of clock chips available to the designer, it's useful to step back and understand how the unique characteristics of each are best suited for the intended application. Use this guide to navigate your way through the sea of clock chips to create the most efficient and cost-effective clock tree design for your application.
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The First Guidelines
The first published reports of potassium guidelines were produced by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF)12 and a joint committee convened by the WHO and Food and Agriculture Organization.13 These reports were comprehensive in nature, aimed at giving a brief overview of all nutrients and their recommended levels in the context of a healthy diet. The SCF proposed a Population Reference Intake (PRI, equivalent to North American RDA) for potassium of 3500 mg/d (80 mmol/d) to lower blood pressure and assist with sodium excretion.12 Similarly, the WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization Joint Commission recommended potassium intakes of 70 to 80 mmol/d (2750–3100 mg/d) to lower blood pressure and protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD).13 Ironically, this recommendation was designed to keep the Na:K molar intake ratio at approximately 1:1, an idea that is gaining popularity again today. These reports were instrumental in creating a baseline for dietary intakes, allowing later reports to examine the evidence for individual nutrients in greater depth and refine these initial recommendations.
At the request of member states, the WHO convened 3 meetings in 2011 to 2012 to examine evidence for linking potassium intake to noncommunicable diseases. As a result of these meetings, 2 major documents were produced. The first contained the official recommendations of the WHO,14 whereas the second detailed the systematic review and meta-analysis upon which the recommendations were based.24 The key aims were (1) to identify health outcomes correlated with increased levels of potassium intake as compared with lower levels of intake and (2) to compare potassium intakes of less than 90, 90 to 120, 120 to 155, and greater than 155 mmol/d (<3500, 3500–4700, 4700–6000, and >6000 mg/d, respectively) in relation to health outcomes.14 To address these aims, 33 studies in adults and 4 studies in children were included.24 Predictably, the lack of studies in children precluded the establishment of strong recommendations in that population; thus, only results from studies in adults are presented here.
The key end points evaluated were blood pressure, stroke, CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), blood lipids, and catecholamines. The largest and most consistent effects of increased potassium intake were for blood pressure reduction in hypertensive individuals consuming 90 to 120 mmol (3500–4700 mg) of potassium per day.24 Although this effect was not observed in normotensive individuals, which may be due to the paucity of available studies (3 studies), dietary potassium’s ability to lower blood pressure in hypertensives is important because blood pressure is considered a reliable biomarker for estimating the risk of CVD.14 The relationship between increased potassium intake and reduced incidence of stroke, CVD, and CHD is much weaker.24
Other key observations by the WHO in their evaluation of the evidence included no risk of hyperkalemia (serum potassium concentration >5.5 mmol/L) from potassium-rich foods and no change in blood lipids (total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) or catecholamines in healthy adults.24 Further, when stratified by sodium intake, the strongest blood pressure–lowering effects were noted in those consuming the highest levels of sodium, suggesting that the effects of sodium and potassium on blood pressure may be inversely linked.24 Although outside the scope of guidelines on potassium, WHO commented that following their guidelines for both sodium and potassium results in a molar intake ratio of approximately 1:1 of Na:K.14
After evaluating the evidence, WHO made a strong recommendation * for increasing potassium intake to reduce blood pressure, CVD, stroke, and CHD.12 In addition, they made a conditional recommendation † to consume at least 90 mmol/d (3500 mg/d) of potassium to achieve these benefits.14 These recommendations point to potassium’s clear and consistent blood pressure–lowering effect, although more studies are necessary to determine the precise level of potassium intake needed to obtain the maximal health benefits.
At the request of the European Commission, EFSA reviewed and updated the SCF guidance on nutrient intakes in 1993 to provide policy makers with the most up-to-date scientific advice available.12 In the case of potassium, EFSA was charged with examining the PRI set by SCF12 in the context of maintaining optimal health through nutrition.15
In their review, EFSA expanded upon the meta-analysis conducted by the WHO and considered evidence for potassium’s effect on additional health end points, including cardiovascular (stroke, CHD, and CVD) end points, diabetes type 2, bone health, and kidney stones.15 A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational cohort studies, and meta-analyses were considered.
The strongest evidence was in the reduction of cardiovascular end points, particularly blood pressure and stroke. After reviewing the available evidence, EFSA concluded that there is a strong blood pressure–lowering effect of potassium in hypertensive, but not normotensive, individuals.15 Subgroup analyses revealed that the effect was greater for hypertensive individuals not on any other antihypertensive treatments and that the effect was greatest for those consuming 3500 to 4700 mg/d (90–120 mmol/d) of potassium. Although current data precluded the setting of an Average Requirement (equivalent to the United States and Canadian EAR), they determined that there were sufficient data to set the AI at 3500 mg/d (90 mmol/d). To move from the AI to a PRI, EFSA recommended further research on potassium’s interaction with other nutrients (particularly sodium and chloride) and its impact on cardiovascular end points.15
NEWER EVIDENCE TO INFORM POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions From the AHRQ Report
A systematic review of the evidence for potassium and sodium intakes and chronic disease risk reduction was undertaken by the AHRQ7 in preparation for the DRI update panel for these nutrients. The review evaluated the evidence from potassium intervention studies on the association between potassium intake with intermediate outcomes, that is, blood pressure and kidney stone formation, or final outcomes, that is, CVD, CHD, stroke, kidney disease, and mortality.
The AHRQ report concluded there was moderate strength evidence supporting the benefit of increased potassium intake from supplements on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults, based on 10 parallel RCTs and 8 crossover RCTs. The report also concluded that a moderate strength of evidence exists to support the effect of increased potassium from either supplements or foods on blood pressure (both SBP and DBP) in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension based on 18 RCTs (11 parallel, 7 crossover). In contrast, a low strength of evidence, based on only 3 RCTs (2 parallel, 1 crossover), suggests that increased potassium does not affect blood pressure in normotensive individuals. The report cited insufficient evidence for the moderating effects of age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities (diabetes, kidney disease, obesity), intake of other minerals (calcium, magnesium, sodium), and potassium form (potassium chloride vs others) in relation to potassium and BP. There is also insufficient evidence to suggest an effect of increased potassium intake on blood pressure in children and adolescents, nor is there sufficient evidence to suggest a reduction in the formation of kidney stones with increased potassium intake. Perhaps of most interest to the field of nutrition science, the AHRQ report found insufficient evidence on the effect of increasing potassium via dietary changes alone on blood pressure in adults. Only 3 of the 26 trials reviewed for this topic consisted of any type of dietary potassium manipulation, highlighting the need for more dietary interventions to properly answer this important question.
Dietary Potassium Intervention Trials
Numerous meta-analyses conducted over the past 30 years support the findings of the AHRQ, generally concluding that there is a positive relationship between increased potassium supplementation and a reduction in blood pressure in adults.24–28 In contrast, overall findings on the effect of increased dietary potassium intake and blood pressure have been conflicting. The majority of these systematic reviews and meta-analyses included dietary interventions and supplement trials, despite the fact that only a few dietary trials exist. Because RCTs related to dietary intake will have the greatest weight for the DRI panel recommendations, it is important to evaluate these trials separately for their scientific quality and effect size.
The 2018 AHRQ report examined the effects of potassium from both food and supplement sources.
An early dietary intervention trial29 assessed the effects of both an increase in dietary potassium and a reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals (DBP between 90 and 100 mm Hg) from an Australian population.29 Two hundred twelve subjects (aged 52.3 ± 0.8 years; 181 males and 31 females) were placed in 1 of the following 4 diet groups: normal diet (control), high-potassium diet (>100 mmol/3900 mg K/d), reduced-sodium diet (50–75 mmol/1150–1725 mg Na/d), or high-potassium/low-sodium diet. During the 12-week intervention, subjects were regularly counseled on how to adequately modify their food choices based on their group (eg, avoiding salt/high sodium foods or increasing fruit and vegetable intake). Both SBP and DBP were significantly reduced in each dietary intervention group compared with control subjects, but no significant differences were observed between groups. Reductions in the high-potassium group were 7.7 ± 1.1 and 4.7 ± 0.7 mm Hg for SBP and DBP, respectively. This study showed no additive effect of increased potassium and sodium reduction.
A more recent study based in the United Kingdom assessed the effects of increased potassium intake from both dietary sources and supplements on blood pressure in untreated prehypertensive individuals (DBP 80–100 mm Hg).30 In a crossover design, subjects (n = 48, 22–65 years old) completed four 6-week dietary interventions including a control diet, an additional 20 or 40 mmol K/d (780 or 1560 mg/d) from fruit and vegetables, and 40 mmol potassium citrate per day in capsule form. Similar to Chalmers and colleagues’29 study, nutrition coaching was used to regulate participant food choice during each dietary intervention with a focus on increasing fruit and vegetable intake. However, this study found no significant changes in blood pressure (ambulatory and supine blood pressure) between the control group and any of the dietary or supplement interventions. A smaller increase in dietary potassium (increase of 780–1560 mg/d compared with 3900 mg/d) as well as lower baseline blood pressure (SBP 137.7 vs >150 mm Hg, DBP 88.6 vs >95 mm Hg) may explain some of the contrasting findings between these 2 trials. The focus on only increasing dietary potassium from fruit and vegetable sources in the study of Berry et al30 compared with controlling both potassium and sodium intake in Chalmers and colleagues’29 study could also be the reason for the disparity in their findings.
However, similar to the study of Berry et al,30 Miller and colleagues31 found null results from an RCT designed to assess the effect of a potassium-focused Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure in an urban African American population. Subjects (N = 123) were primarily female (71%) with controlled hypertension (SBP 120–140mmhg, DBP 80–90 mm Hg) on stable doses of antihypertensive medication. In a parallel design, the intervention group (DASH-plus) received extensive nutrition coaching geared toward increasing the purchase and consumption of high-potassium foods (eg, fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts), whereas the control group received initial instruction on how to adopt the DASH diet to improve health, but minimal dietary advice thereafter. Despite an estimated intake of 3700 mg/d of potassium (2300 mg/d over baseline), there was no significant difference in SBP (1.5 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, −2.6 to 5.6 mm Hg]; P = .48) or DBP (1.3 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, −1.3 to 3.9 mm Hg]; P = .33) in the DASH-plus intervention group compared with the control group. The authors pointed out that the lack of observed effect may have been due to medication changes, which occurred in a large percentage of participants despite a design aimed for a population on stable doses. The primary concern with studies designed around nutrition coaching is the ability of the participants to follow the diet correctly and report their dietary choices accurately. While adherence can be measured with modest accuracy in these trials (via spot urine collections in the study of Miller et al31 and 24-hour urine collection in the 2 previously mentioned studies), one of the primary limiting factors in these dietary nutrition counseling interventions is the lack of a controlled diet.
Controlled feeding interventions are almost nonexistent except for the high-quality DASH studies.32–34 The DASH intervention revealed that a dietary pattern rich in fruit and vegetables, fiber, and low-fat dairy products, with reductions in saturated and total fat and sodium, could significantly reduce blood pressure in nonmedicated hypertensive individuals compared with the average American diet.32 Although the initial DASH trial diet led to a dramatic increase in potassium consumption (DASH diet = 4101md/d, DASH combination diet [DASH diet + low-fat dairy, low saturated and total fat] = 4415 mg/d, control diet = 1752 mg/d) and reduction in blood pressure, because of other dietary modifications these beneficial effects cannot be attributed to potassium alone. In a subsequent study, the DASH collaborative research group assessed the effects of the DASH diet plus reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure. Investigators randomly assigned participants (SBP/DBP >120/80 mm Hg, not taking antihypertensive drugs) to a control diet (n = 204; aged 49 ± 10 years), similar to typical intake in the United States, or the DASH diet (n = 208; aged 47 ± 10 years), which as in the previous study aimed for a high potassium intake level (≈4700 mg/d).33 Within each diet, participants consumed foods at levels of high (150 mmol/d, 3450 mg/d), intermediate (100 mmol/d, 2300 mg/d), and low (50 mmol/d, 1150 mg/d) sodium for 30 consecutive days each, in a random-order crossover design. Researchers found that the DASH diet resulted in a significantly lower SBP at every sodium level and a significantly lower DBP at the high and intermediate sodium levels. Further, the combination of the DASH diet and low sodium lowered SBP by 11.5 and 7.1 mm Hg in participants with and without hypertension, respectively. Findings were similar in an Australian study utilizing dietary advice and sodium supplements in a crossover design to assess the effects of high versus low sodium on blood pressure in the context of a high potassium diet (≈3400 mg/d).35 Despite sodium supplementation up to 120 mmol/d (2760 mg/d), 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and resting auscultatory SBP were reduced by 2.9 mm Hg, 1.4 mm Hg, and 5.5 mm Hg compared with baseline measurements, respectively. Low sodium reduced blood pressure more than did high-sodium diets, similar to the DASH study. The study also lacked a low potassium control arm, making it difficult to conclude if the effects were related to potassium intake.
Potassium and Bone
The AHRQ7 did not review evidence for potassium interventions or intakes and bone health outcomes. More than 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, including 30% of postmenopausal women in both the United States and Europe.36
Cross-sectional observational studies show a consistent bone benefit with increased fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent boys and girls,37–40 premenopausal and postmenopausal women,39,41 and elderly men and women.37,42 Higher potassium intakes have also been associated with reduced urinary calcium excretion and improvement in overall calcium balance.43 Current and past diet history was investigated in the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening study, looking at specific associations between mineral intake and bone outcomes in premenopausal women (aged 45–49 years, n = 994). Women who reported lower intake of fruit and vegetables during early adulthood, compared with those who reported medium or high intake, had significantly lower BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral trochanter (P < .01), although significant differences in lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral trochanter BMD between the lowest and highest quartiles of potassium intake were lost after adjustment for cofounding variables (age, weight, height, physical activity level, smoking, socioeconomic status; P < .06).41 However, in a second study by the same group in a similar population, women (aged 45–55 years) with lower intakes of fruits and vegetables had lower forearm BMD and higher bone resorption, with potassium intake accounting for 7.4% of the variation in forearm BMD.44
Clinical dietary intervention trials assessing the impact of potassium on bone are lacking. In an ancillary study to the main DASH trial, Lin and colleagues45 examined the effects of 2 dietary patterns (DASH vs control) and 3 sodium levels (1150, 2300, 3450 mg/d) on bone metabolism in a subset of 186 individuals (23–76 years). The DASH diet significantly reduced bone turnover from baseline (osteocalcin by 8%–11% and C-telopeptide by 16%–18%) compared with the control group, whereas a reduction in sodium intake decreased calcium excretion for both diet groups.45 Findings from potassium supplementation trials typically show persistent hypocalciuria with treatment in both men and women.43,46 In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, men and women (n = 52) randomly assigned to 6 months of 60 or 90 mmol/d (2340 or 3510 mg/d) of potassium citrate supplementation had decreases in urinary calcium and net acid excretion, resulting in positive calcium balance in the group on the highest dose (90 mmol/d) compared with control (0 mmol/d).47 Serum C-telopeptide, a marker of bone turnover, also decreased significantly in both potassium groups. Similar studies have also found decreases in both net acid and calcium excretion, as well as a positive influence on bone biomarkers with increases in potassium supplementation.48,49
There have been few studies examining the relationship between potassium supplementation and BMD and/or bone microarchitecture. In a randomized, prospective controlled trial, Jehle et al50 investigated the effect of 30 mmol/d of potassium chloride versus potassium citrate on spine (L2–L4) and hip BMD in postmenopausal women (N = 161, 58.6 ± 4.8 years) for 12 months. Women taking potassium citrate showed significant increases in spine BMD from baseline at 3, 9, and 12 months, reaching an increase of 0.89% (P < .05) at month 12, whereas women in the potassium chloride group showed a decreased spine BMD of −0.98% (P < .05). In a second study, the same group examined the effect of 60 mEq‡ potassium citrate/d for 24 months on bone outcomes in 201 elderly (>65 years old) men and women. A significant 1.6% difference in spine BMD and significant improvements in trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and FRAX index score in the potassium citrate supplementation group compared with the control group showed the potential for potassium to improve bone health in the elderly.51
CONSIDERATIONS FOR REVISED RECOMMENDATIONS
Diet, Supplements, or Fortification?
Increasing potassium intake can occur through dietary choices that include potassium-rich foods or through potassium salts provided as supplements, fortifiers, or salt replacers. Which is most effective and which is most easily achieved? The AHRQ report concluded that more dietary interventions looking specifically at the effects of increasing potassium from food sources are needed to understand the effect of dietary potassium on blood pressure and other CVD outcomes. Studies need to be conducted in different subgroups to determine differential effects by sex, age, race, and those with vulnerable conditions. Design considerations influencing study quality include control and duration of the intervention and best assessment measures of exposure and outcomes. When these factors vary greatly from one study to the next, it is difficult to pool the data for meaningful interpretation. For example, the range in duration of potassium supplementation trials reviewed by the AHRQ was from 4 weeks to 36 months, compared with dietary interventions of 4 to 12 weeks. A recent analysis of the time course of diet-induced changes in blood pressure showed effects were achieved by 1 week.52 Trials with bone outcomes require long interventions (years) to see structural changes.
Giving recommendations for potassium (and sodium) on the basis of energy intake would make translation of the recommendation intakes more practical.
Recommendations in the Context of Energy
Giving recommendations for potassium (and sodium) on the basis of energy intake would make translation of the recommendation intakes more practical. Both potassium and sodium concentrations in foods are highly correlated with the energy concentration (r = 0.72 for potassium and r = 0.81 for sodium).53 Recommending a single absolute value for potassium (or sodium) intake makes meal planning difficult for families or groups in which there is a broad range of energy requirements. It may be time to consider a linear model (such as 1.8 mg/kcal for potassium) for these nutrients (Table 3).54 The DRI panel should minimally adjust recommendations for broadly different subgroups with different energy requirements, such as men versus women, adults versus children, and increased energy needs in pregnancy and lactation. This has been the approach for B vitamins, the need for which varies in proportion to energy metabolism.
There is no currently accepted recommendation for Na:K intake ratio.
Potassium Versus Na:K Ratio
The 2005 DRI panel recognized that both potassium and sodium effects depend on the intake of the other electrolytes. This is logical given their interdependency and the need to keep their concentrations within narrow limits to achieve fluid balance. Dietary potassium can blunt the effect of sodium on blood pressure, but high levels of salt can blunt the hypocalciuric effect of potassium. However, the evidence for adjusting recommendations for sodium intake based on the intake of potassium and other ions or recommending a particular Na:K ratio was considered too weak. The recent AHRQ review7 concluded that there is still insufficient evidence to recommend a specific Na:K ratio.
There is no currently accepted recommendation for Na:K intake ratio. Some comparisons and suggestions are presented in Table 4.55,56 The molar ratio of the sodium UL (100 mmol) divided by the potassium AI (120 mmol) is much lower than the current average molar ratio intakes of 2.18 in US adults.5 The UL for sodium was used rather than the AI because it is the current target given the AI is not practically achievable with our food supply.57 Processed foods have added sodium as a preservative and have greatly increased the Na:K intake ratio from preagriculture revolution times.58 The range in Na:K intake is wide as discovered in the INTERSALT assessment of 32 countries. Various groups have recommended an intermediate target intake ratio between 1 and 2.
Additional reports have found positive associations between the Na:K intake ratio and blood pressure.59,60 Thus, the evidence continues to accumulate. Achieving both increased potassium and reduced sodium intakes, relative to current intakes, has significant challenges.61 It may be more practical to achieve a more moderate increase in potassium and more moderate reduction in sodium than to focus on either in isolation. This calls for research on safety and efficacy of a range in Na:K ratios.
The safety concerns with consuming potassium for the general public are few due to the kidney being able to rapidly increase its rate of excretion in response to potassium loading. The maximum excretion rate in healthy adults after adaptation to high intake was estimated to be 31.3 g (800 mmol/d),62 which is approximately 10-fold higher than the average American intake from food. The 2005 DRI committee concluded that there is no evidence that a high level of potassium from foods has adverse effects in healthy individuals and did not set a UL for potassium.4 However, the committee noted 2 areas of caution. First, potassium in supplement form can lead to acute toxicity, even in generally healthy adults. The committee based this conclusion on 4 trials conducted between 1980 and 1990, which reported gastrointestinal discomfort in healthy individuals and patients receiving 0.8 to 2.3 g (20–60 mmol/d) of supplemental potassium chloride.4
More recently, the AHRQ panel noted that, of 26 RCTs assessing the effects of potassium supplementation on blood pressure, 6 reported a greater risk of minor gastrointestinal distress.7 The administered potassium was in the form of potassium chloride in all but 1 study, which examined potassium citrate,63 and the intake level ranged from 511 to 3067 mg (20–150 mmol/d). Two of the 6 trials were conducted in healthy individuals,64,65 and one of these trials found no difference in gastrointestinal distress between the intervention and the control groups.7 The remaining 4 trials included either only adults with hypertension66–68 or only patients with abnormal renal calcium metabolism,63 in whom gastrointestinal discomfort may have been exacerbated. The AHRQ panel rated the strength of evidence for potassium-related adverse outcomes as low.
A separate meta-analysis of 22 RCTs in individuals with normal kidney function that specifically searched for and recorded all available data on potential adverse effects concluded that there were no increased adverse effects, minor complaints, or major adverse events in the increased-potassium groups compared with the control groups in both adults and children.24 The intake of potassium in these trials ranged from less than 3500 to greater than 6000 mg (<90 to >155 mmol/d) and was from both diet and supplements.
The second area of caution noted by the 2005 DRI committee was in individuals with renal impairment (patients with diabetes type 1, chronic renal insufficiency, end-stage renal disease, severe heart failure, and adrenal insufficiency), as consumption of high levels of potassium may lead to hyperkalemia (serum potassium concentration >5.5 mmol/L) and, subsequently, an increased risk of potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias.4 This statement was based on 3 cases of hyperkalemia and 1 case of cardiac arrhythmia reported in patients taking potassium-containing salt substitutes or potassium supplements to replace potassium losses induced by spironolactone or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.4,24 In these patients, safety concerns associated with potassium supplementation require medical supervision. Otherwise, in healthy adults who are the target of any UL value, there have been no reports of hyperkalemia.4 Clinical trials including potassium supplementation as high as 15 600 mg (400 mmol/d) for several weeks and 4500 mg (115 mmol/d) for up to a year reported increased plasma concentrations but not beyond the reference range (3.5–5 mmol/L).69,70 Similar results were observed in a recent RCT comparing the bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium supplement in healthy men and women. Supplementation with 2300 mg (60 mmol) of potassium gluconate added to a controlled diet containing 2300 mg (60 mmol/d) of potassium increased the plasma concentration from 3.6 to 4.1 mmol/L, but the increase was transient, lasting for approximately 4 hours, and followed immediately by increased renal potassium excretion.71 These findings suggest that the body is able to efficiently adapt to high potassium intake and that potassium supplementation may be a potential strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of high sodium intake in Americans. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of potassium loading have not been previously evaluated in the context of diets low in sodium. Most RCTs administering potassium supplements used them in the setting of high sodium intake.4 Additional evidence is needed to determine if potassium supplements are equally safe when consumed as part of diets with low sodium-to-potassium ratio.
Additional evidence is needed to determine if potassium supplements are equally safe when consumed as part of diets with low sodium-to-potassium ratio.
MEETING THE POTASSIUM REQUIREMENT
A diet abundant in fruits and vegetables has been regarded for many years as optimal for maintaining overall health. Fruits and vegetables are rich in the minerals (ie, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc) required for normal cardiovascular health and the development and maintenance of healthy bone and may also provide various bioactive constituents (eg, phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids) that help to further regulate favorable heart and bone health outcomes.58,72
The inadequate intake of potassium in the United States has not gone unnoticed by our federal agencies. The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which are published by the US Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services, include a section on underconsumed nutrients and nutrients of public health concern, and one of the nutrients discussed is potassium.3 The Dietary Guidelines cite low intakes of vegetables, fruits, and dairy foods as the causative factor for low potassium intake. They recommend choosing specific fruits, vegetables, and dairy products that are high in potassium to improve intake and provide a list of such foods. The public health concern of deficient potassium intake has also been recognized by the Food and Drug Administration, which is the governing body that regulates food labeling. In 2016, they passed new regulations for the nutrition facts label on food products, which will now require that the potassium content of foods be displayed on the label.73 They cite the known link between potassium intake and blood pressure as well as the inadequate population intake of potassium as the rationale for implementing this change. The combined efforts of the US Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Services and the Food and Drug Administration in promoting awareness of potassium intake for the public are important steps in increasing intake to align with the AI.
There is still much to learn about the effect of dietary potassium, both alone and in the context of the whole diet, on overall health. Improving the evidence for efficacy and safety for all population groups is needed to refine intake recommendations and public health messages, as well as to strategize how to best achieve increased levels in our diet.
Evidence is substantial for a benefit of potassium between 3500 and 4700 mg/d for lowering blood pressure. However, further discrimination within this range (or even lower) to recommend intakes greater than 3500 mg/d is not possible with existing data. Recommendations that consider differences in intake due to energy needs, racial differences in metabolism, and intake of other minerals, especially sodium, would be more practically translatable and should be a continuous emphasis of further research.
1. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2004.
2. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2011.
4. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Sodium and chloride. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005:269–423.
5. Bailey RL, Parker EA, Rhodes DG, et al. Estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio in the American diet: data from the 2011–2012 NHANES. J Nutr
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6. Cogswell ME, Loria CM, Terry AL, et al. Estimated 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion in us adults. JAMA
7. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Anderson CAM, et al. Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 206. (Prepared by the RAND Southern California Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015-00010-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 18-EHC009-EF
. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2018. https://doi.org/10.23970/AHRQEPCCER206
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9. Lopes AD, Mathers CD. Measuring the global burden of disease and epidemiological transitions: 2002–2030. Ann Trop Med Parasitol
10. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke status—2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation
11. Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O. Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension
12. SCF, Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. In: Food—Science and Technique
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13. WHO, Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation
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14. World Health Organization. Guideline: Potassium Intake for Adults and Children
. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.
15. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Turck D, Bresson J-L, Burlingame B, et al. Dietary reference values for potassium. EFSA J
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16. Strohm D, Ellinger S, Leschik-Bonnet E, Maretzke F, Heseker H. German Nutr Soc (DGE). Revised reference values for potassium intake. Annals Nutr Metab
17. Asakura K, Uechi K, Sasaki Y, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Estimation of sodium and potassium intakes assessed by two 24 h urine collections in healthy Japanese adults: a nationwide study. Br J Nutr
18. Du SF, Wang H, Batis C, Zhang B, Zhang J, Popkin BM. Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China. Am J Clin Nutr
19. van Mierlo LA, Greyling A, Zock PL, et al. Suboptimal potassium intake and potential impact on population blood pressure. Arch Intern Med
20. Cogswell ME, Zhang ZF, Carriquiry AL, et al. Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003–2008. Am J Clin Nutr
21. Lee HS, Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Sodium and potassium intake patterns and trends in South Korea. J Hum Hypertens
22. Boylan S, Welch A, Pikhart H, et al. Dietary habits in three Central and Eastern European countries: the HAPIEE study. BMC Public Health
23. Welch AA, Fransen H, Jenab M, et al. Variation in intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium in 10 countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Eur J Clin Nutr
24. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. Br Med J
25. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA
26. Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA. Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials. J Hypertens
27. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens
28. Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D. Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens
29. Chalmers J, Morgan T, Doyle A, et al. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council dietary salt study in mild hypertension. J Hyperten
30. Berry SE, Mulla UZ, Chowienczyk PJ, Sanders TA. Increased potassium intake from fruit and vegetables or supplements does not lower blood pressure or improve vascular function in UK men and women with early hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr
31. Miller ER 3rd, Cooper LA, Carson KA, et al. A dietary intervention in urban African Americans: results of the “Five Plus Nuts and Beans” randomized trial. Am J Prev Med
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32. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med
33. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med
34. Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton DG, Proschan MA, et al. Effect of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and reduced sodium intake on blood pressure control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)
35. Nowson CA, Morgan TO, Gibbons C. Decreasing dietary sodium while following a self-selected potassium-rich diet reduces blood pressure. J Nutr
36. Sözen T, Özişik L, Başaran NÇ. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol
37. Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr
. 2006; 83(6):1420–1428.
38. Tylavsky FA, Holliday K, Danish R, Womack C, Norwood J, Carbone L. Fruit and vegetable intakes are an independent predictor of bone size in early pubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr
39. Li JJ, Huang ZW, Wang RQ, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and bone mass in Chinese adolescents, young and postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutr
. 2013; 16(1):78–86.
40. Vatanparast H, Baxter-Jones A, Faulkner RA, Bailey DA, Whiting SJ. Positive effects of vegetable and fruit consumption and calcium intake on bone mineral accrual in boys during growth from childhood to adolescence: the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study. Am J Clin Nutr
41. New SA, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Reid DM. Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr
42. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr
43. Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Long-term persistence of the urine calcium-lowering effect of potassium bicarbonate in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrin Metab
44. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr
45. Lin PH, Ginty F, Appel LJ, et al. The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults. J Clin Nutr
46. Lemann J Jr, Gray RW, Pleuss JA. Potassium bicarbonate, but not sodium bicarbonate, reduces urinary calcium excretion and improves calcium balance in healthy men. Kidney Intl
47. Moseley KF, Weaver CM, Appel L, Sebastian A, Sellmeyer DE. Potassium citrate supplementation results in sustained improvement in calcium balance in older men and women. J Bone Miner Res
48. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Rasmussen HM, Dallal GE. Treatment with potassium bicarbonate lowers calcium excretion and bone resorption in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
49. Marangella M, Di Stefano M, Casalis S, Berutti S, D’Amelio P, Isaia GC. Effects of potassium citrate supplementation on bone metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int
50. Jehle S, Zanetti A, Muser J, Hulter HN, Krapf R. Partial neutralization of the acidogenic Western diet with potassium citrate increases bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. J Am Soc Nephrol
51. Jehle S, Hulter HN, Krapf R. Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
52. Juraschek SP, Woodward M, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Miller ER (III), Appel LJ. Time course of change in blood pressure from sodium reduction and the DASH diet. Clin Trial Reg
53. Drewnowski A, Maillot M, Rehm C. Reducing the sodium-potassium ratio in the US diet: a challenge for public health. Am J Clin Nutr
54. Lin PH, Windhauser MM, Plaisted CS, Hoben KP, McCullough ML, Obarzanek E. for the DASH Collaborative Research Group. The linear index model for establishing nutrient goals for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial. J Am Diet Assoc
55. Iwahori T, Miura K, Ueshima H. Time to consider use of the sodium-to-potassium ratio for practical sodium reduction and potassium increase. Nutrients
56. Burmier M. Should we eat more potassium to better control blood pressure in hypertension? [published online ahead of print January 2, 2018]. Nephrol Dial Transplant
57. Institute of Medicine. Sodium Intake and Populations: Assessment of Evidence
. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2013.
58. Weaver CM. Potassium and health. Adv Nutr
59. Stamler J, Chan Q, Daviglus ML, et al. Relation of dietary sodium (salt) to blood pressure and its possible modulation by other dietary factors: the INTERMAP study. Hypertension
60. Weaver CM, Bailey FL, McCabe LD, et al. Mineral intake ratios are significant, but weak predictors of blood pressure in US adults. J Nutr
. In press.
61. Drewnowski A, Maillot M, Rehm C. Reducing the sodium-potassium ratio in the US diet: a challenge for public health. Am J Clin Nutr
62. Berliner RW, Kennedy TJ Jr, Hilton JG. Renal mechanisms for excretion of potassium. Am J Physiol
63. Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CY. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol
64. Naismith DJ, Braschi A. The effect of low-dose potassium supplementation on blood pressure in apparently healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr
65. Graham UM, McCance DR, Young IS, Mullan KR. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of potassium supplementation on vascular function and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Hum Hypertens
66. Bulpitt CJ, Ferrier G, Lewis PJ, Daymond M, Bulpitt PF, Dollery CT. Potassium supplementation fails to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients receiving a potassium losing diuretic. Ann Clin Res
67. Patki PS, Singh J, Gokhale SV, Bulakh PM, Shrotri DS, Patwardhan B. Efficacy of potassium and magnesium in essential hypertension: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Br Med J
68. Svetkey LP, Yarger WE, Feussner JR, DeLong E, Klotman PE. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of potassium chloride in the treatment of mild hypertension. Hypertension
69. Siani A, Strazzullo P, Giacco A, Pacioni D, Celentano E, Mancini M. Increasing the dietary potassium intake reduces the need for antihypertensive medication. Ann Intern Med
70. Rabelink TJ, Koomans HA, Hene RJ, Dorhout Mees EJ. Early and late adjustment to potassium loading in humans. Kidney Int
71. Macdonald-Clarke CJ, Martin BR, McCabe LD, et al. Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial. Am J Clin Nutr
. 2016, 104(2):346–353.
72. Mühlbauer RC, Lozano A, Reinli A. Onion and a mixture of vegetables, salads, and herbs affect bone resorption in the rat by a mechanism independent of their base excess. J Bone Min Res
73. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels; serving sizes of foods that can reasonably be consumed at one eating occasion; dual-column labeling; updating, modifying, and establishing certain reference amounts customarily consumed; serving size for breath mints; and technical amendments; final rules. Fed Regist
*A strong recommendation indicates the “development group is confident that the desirable effects of adherence outweigh the undesirable effects.” In addition, a strong recommendation means that most patients would benefit from following this guidance, clinicians should give this advice to their patients, and policy makers can adopt these guidelines in most situations.
†A conditional recommendation indicates the “development group is not confident about the trade-off.” Conditional recommendations imply that many patients would benefit from following this advice, although many will not, and policy makers must involve stakeholders before adopting the recommendation as policy.
‡mEq = mmol for potassium.Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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SNOW HILL — The plight of the local Native American families was hopeless.
Huddling in bunker pit houses within the palisade-style walls of Nooherooka Fort along the waterway that is now Fort Run near Contentnea Creek, untold hundreds of Tuscarora Indians were, no doubt, frightened over their eventuality as Europeans soldiers and other Carolina Indians made their attack.
Their warriors attempted to counter-attack from their palisade bastions, digging a trench and creating a sally port to fire back using muskets.
It was all to no avail.
On March 23, 1713, Col. James Moore’s men and allies successfully broke through the east wall, killing hundreds of men, women and children. They burned the fort and took away 392 captives to sell as slaves.
No one knows how many escaped. Some stayed to negotiate peace with the colonists. They were later betrayed and eventually exiled to a reservation.
But many did flee. Over time, they migrated to the area around Lewiston, N.Y., and the Iroquois Confederacy. Their descendents make up what is today the Tuscarora Nation.
“By defeating the forts,” Larry E. Tise, a historian at East Carolina University, said about the Tuscarora Wars concluding with the final battle, “the Tuscarora Nation was humbled. About 20 percent of the Tuscarora Nation was destroyed.”
The site of Fort Nooherooka, or Neoheroka, lies in Greene County, north of Snow Hill and adjacent to N.C. 58 North at Nooherooka Road. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark.
In memory of the suffering, death and loss of the Tuscarora homeland, East Carolina University and the Greene County Arts and Historical Society will be holding a series of events for the Nooherooka 300th Commemoration March 21-23.
A series of discussions, demonstrations of traditional crafts, exhibitions and a dinner will take place March 21-22 at ECU. Some of the events require registration.
Snow Hill will celebrate Tuscarora Heritage Day that Saturday. A dedication of a monument designed by artist Hanna Jubran will occur at 10 a.m. at the Nooherooka site with members of the Tuscarora Nation.
The beginning of a 1,000-mile migration by tribal members will start at 11:15 a.m. and head to the Greene County Recreation Park and Farmers Market where plate lunches will be sold.
Clan members plan to continue the trek back to New York, retracing the steps their ancestors took when they migrated north.
The Tuscarora Nation Men’s Lacrosse game will be held at 1:30 p.m., followed by a communal lacrosse game open to the public at 2:30 p.m.
There will be demonstrations and exhibits of Tuscarora arts and crafts all day, as well as a Tuscarora Indian artifact display at the Greene County Museum from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sharon Ginn, president of the board of directors for the Greene County Museum, said it has always been the desire of the museum board to exhibit the artifacts from Fort Nooherooka.
“As the commemoration nears the 300th anniversary since the historic battle took place,” she said, “it is an honor for the Greene County Arts and Historical Society to partner with East Carolina University and the Tuscarora Nation in this observance. It is extremely important for Greene County to acknowledge and observe this greatly-significant historical event that occurred right where we live today.”
A one-hour, 11-minute documentary video, “The Forgotten Tragedy: The Tuscarora War” by Snow Hill resident, Gene Smith of Dogwood Studios, will be shown at 7 p.m. at the Greene County Library.
The move westward
The Battle at Fort Nooherooka forever changed North Carolina, as well as the U.S., Tise said.
“It was a turning point in colonial history for America,” he said.
The colonies lay along the coastal areas, but the colonists were eager to move westward to settle as their population grew.
The Indians of the area had lived in agrarian homesteads scattered throughout the region and farmed the land for about 1,000 years.
“The real heart of the homeland was the Contentnea-Neuse area,” said George Mewborn III of the Greene County Museum board and the owner of the Nooherooka property.
Drive along N.C. 58 from Snow Hill to Wilson and it will look pretty much like it did when the Indians lived here, except they lived in longhouses, Tise said.
“Indians were replaced by European farmers,” he said.
The fort is thought to have been built in 1712 as a protection from the Europeans as the Tuscarora Wars drew closer.
The Battle of Nooherooka opened up the land for the colonists.
“It completely transformed the development of North Carolina,” Tise said. “Up until that battle, North Carolina was occupied by Europeans along the coast.”
A unique history lesson
The actual site in Greene County is hidden beneath a field of soybeans or tobacco to protect the rich heritage and honor the mass burial place of those who lost their lives in the tragic battle.
It was registered as an American Indian site in the 1950s and identified as the Nooherooka Fort in 1971.
In 1990, ECU archeologists and student researchers began excavating the site and unearthed a variety of Indian artifacts now housed at the university. The excavation continued for 11 years and extensive research on the culture of the Tuscaroras continues.
Because the longhouses’ floors were dug out well below the surface of the ground and the area has basically been untouched for 300 years, the site has remained intact — making it an archeologist’s treasure trove.
“At most sites, artifacts are mixed and have to be sorted,” David Phelps, former ECU archeology professor, now deceased, said in a 1995 ECU press release. “But here, we’re dealing with a closed site. There were no occupations after that battle, so everything just stopped that Sunday morning and it’s still there.”
Another unique feature is the availability of documents that provide additional information about the people, their culture, the sieges and wars and the final battle.
“That’s one of the things that makes this site unique,” Mewborn said, “is to have a battlefield that actually has a map — this early in American history, so well-documented.”
As significant as Nooherooka is, it has remained virtually unknown and the period of inland colonization, and the relationship between the Europeans and the Indians is not well known, either, Mewborn, an English teacher at Spring Creek High School in Wayne County, said.
“This is a time in North Carolina history that very few have studied,” he said.
Commemorated through art
Hanna Jubran and his wife Jodi, ECU art professors living in Grimesland, are known throughout the area for their works at Pearson Park, a globe for Kinston’s 250th anniversary, a sculpture across from the CSS Neuse and a sports figure at Arendell Parrot Academy, among others.
Hanna has designed a commemorative monument in honor of the Tuscarora Nation, and both he and his wife are currently constructing it on the Nooherooka property.
“It’s a symbolism of the people and their history,” Jodi said, “because, really, they were forgotten.”
Hanna and Jodi provided details of what the finished sculpture will look like, as well as what the different aspects of the sculpture represent.
It is circular, 30 feet in diameter and made of concrete. It represents the 300th commemoration. The stainless steel arched entrance represents the Tuscarora’s longhouses.
To either side of the arch is a wedge-shaped piece of concrete with the word Tuscorora embedded on one side and Nooherooka on the other. A bronze plaque is at the top of the arch. To the left is a bronze plaque holding bronze corn and hemp.
“It’s like cast in bronze from actual corn,” Hanna said.
On the right side is a wampum belt.
Inside, a “river” of bricks represents the tributary where the fort is situated. On either side is the “land” with one side having an outline of the fort and the other having a spiral representing the native people’s dance.
“There are six concrete tree stumps on each side for the elders to sit on,” Jodi said. These are located around the inner circumference.
At the opposite end of the entrance is a mound, representing a bunker, and a 5-foot stainless steel reflective half-dome that represents the memories of the ancestors. In front of it is a tree, which the Tuscarora can revisit and see its growth.
“The tree will be planted by the leaders during the ceremony,” Hanna said. Around the tree will be the handprints of the leaders.
Much of the area is covered with crushed stone.
Hanna said the monument will be a holy and healing site representing the loss of Tuscarora ancestors and homeland. He hopes it will become a place of annual pilgrimage.
“I think that’s a powerful moment that we have to commemorate in the U.S. and especially in North Carolina,” he said about the March 23 battle. “I’m proud to take part in that.”
The clash of two cultures
Gene Smith’s documentary includes interviews with clan members, a naturopathic doctor and a historian.
It depicts local rural scenes, maps and drawings and gives an overview of what life might have been like for the Tuscaroras living in the area around Greene and Lenoir counties and beyond.
“It’s an introduction to the Tuscaroras,” Smith said, “the impact of European diseases and slavery, the movement of European settlements upon the Tusearoran lifestyle, the reprisal of battles by the Tuscarora and the final battle at Fort Nooherooka.
Smith created the music, a combination of African, European and Native American rhythms.
“I was surprised at the Battle of Fort Nooherooka,” he said was the reason he made the video, “and that it was not well known in America. It was larger in death count than the Battle of Wounded Knee.”
Smith said he was also surprised there were more Carolina Indians fighting the Tuscarora than Europeans.
He and his wife Nita designed and created ribbons to give to the Tuscarora Nation dignitaries.
The halves of the ribbon each represent a democracy, Smith said. One has Indian designs and depicts the democracy of the Tuscaroras who may have been members of the Iroquois Confederation before coming to North Carolina and with whom they rejoined in 1722. The other half is red, white and blue, representing the United States.
“The first democracy was overthrown by a monarchy, Great Britain,” Smith said. “The second democracy defeated Great Britain and became the United States of America.”
Margaret Fisher can be reached at 252-559-1082 or Margaret.Fisher@Kinston.com. Follow her on Twitter @MargaretFishr.
Nooherooka 300th Commemoration
March 23 – Tuscarora Heritage Day Commemorating the Tercentenary of Nooherooka Fort
N.C. 58 North at Nooherooka Road, Snow Hill
10 a.m. Nooherooka Monument Dedication
10:45 a.m. The Nooherooka Fort Site: A Moment for Reflection
11:15 a.m. Migration 2013, a walk from the site to the Greene County Farmers Market
Greene County Recreation Park/Greene CountyFarmersMarket
9 a.m. – 5 p.m. Cultural Conclave: Arts and Crafts of the Tuscarora Nation
Nooherooka 300: An Exhibit, Greene County Museum
12:30 p.m. Lunch at the Park, Southern plates will be sold, Iroquois Indian Band
1:30 p.m. Tuscarora Nation Men’s Lacrosse Game
2:30 p.m. Communal Lacross Game for Peace and Goodwill, all guests invited to participate
The Great Rooms, EastCarolinaUniversity, Greenville
6:30 p.m. Tuscarora Dinner and Social, Mendenhall Student Center
For information about the dinner and other ECU events on March 21-22, call Larry E. Tise at 252-328-1026 or visit neyuheruke.org
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Understand the how and why see how to tackle your equations and why to use a particular method to solve it — making it easier for you to learn.; learn from detailed step-by-step explanations get walked problem solving algebra 2 through each step of the solution to know exactly what path problem solving algebra 2 gets you to the right answer.; dig deeper into specific help for writing an essay steps our solver does what slavery essays a calculator won’t: oct 08, 2008 · an algebra 2 math us government essay topics contest problem and a warmup business retirement plans too! then, we need to solve the tips for research papers equation(s) to find the solution(s) to. word problems. enjoy these free sheets. we offer highly targeted instruction and practice covering all lessons in scan my essay for free algebra 2…. solve your essay critique equation. algebra 1 worksheets. this may require students to read the problem several times or put the problem into their own words. this course provides an excellent foundation for argumentative essay rubric high school students who will be advancing into honors problem solving algebra 2 algebra ii note that using systems to solve algebra word problems can be found here in the systems of linear problem solving algebra 2 equations and word problems section. brilliant helps you see concepts visually and interact with them, and poses questions that get essay on accounting you to think. given a fixed cost, variable cost, and revenue function or value, this calculates the break-even point features: the available choices in this drop-down essay reference page menu depend on the selected equation.
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Jacques Lacan made famous an expression by Freud, the “little man” (“petit d’homme”). By using it, he shows his respect, his particularised interest, endeavouring to mark what the child had been confronted with and what had been offered to them at the level of knowledge (the parental discourse), of jouissance (what they had encountered as traumatic in their encounter with the Other) or of the object a (what they had been in the desire of the Other). This is in contrast to the adults, whom he willingly refers to with humour and sarcasm to point out that the real children in a family are the parents, or to reveal to us that “there are no grown-ups”, and that, from then on, it was rather a matter of studying how each one makes oneself responsible for one’s jouissance or not.
The real grown-up would be a subject responsible for their jouissance or capable of responding to it in a way other than that of complaint or evasion, unlike the father described by Franz Kafka in his Lettre au père: “He who was so prodigiously authoritative in my eyes, did not observe the commands he dictated to his son”. This “impossibility of a serene relationship with [his] father”, whom he reports complaining in public and lamenting about himself, “had the dangerous side effect of accustoming the child not to take very seriously the very things he should have taken seriously”. As a result, “he unlearned to speak”.
In Les Mots, Jean-Paul Sartre links the demand for respect to the function of the father. It would have been enough for him to have had a father entitled to respect and love so that in return he could have loved and respected himself. His father would have had to be alive in order for him to receive in return the proof of a living desire allowing him to feel inhabited by the respect of oneself. But he died a few days after his birth. It is thanks to the father that a purely symptomatic function of the rules of filiation in the Other can be invested with jouissance, and thus make a symptom. “It is necessary that anybody is able to be an exception in order for the function of the exception to become a model, but the opposite is not true – it is not necessary for the exception to linger in anybody in order to thus constitute a mode. This is the ordinary state – anyone can reach the function of the father’s exception, and we know what the result is, that of his Verwerfung in most cases through the filiation that he engenders, with the psychotic result that I have denounced”, says Lacan. When he was seven years old, J.-P. Sartre was struck by the thought of a little boy of his age: “When my father is not there, I am the Master”. He realised on this occasion that he was nobody’s master: “My reason for being was slipping away, I suddenly discovered that I counted for nothing and I was ashamed of my unusual presence in this orderly world”. He suffered from this place left empty, not tolerating that his father was reduced to his signifier, demanding a living father who could be affected by the exception so that he could be the support of a self-repeating and reverberating differentiation. “A father would have weighed me down with some lasting obstinacy; making his moods my principles, his ignorance my knowledge, his resentments my pride, his mannerisms my law, he would have inhabited me; this respectable tenant would have given me respect for myself. On respect I would have based my right to live. My progenitor would have decided my future […] But if Jean-Baptiste Sartre had ever known my destination, he had taken the secret with him; my mother only remembered that he had said: ‘My son will not enter the Navy’”. Such is his version of the misunderstanding of his birth.
The function of the father has not proved to be constitutive of the function of the ego Ideal, a jouissance has not come to be written in effective letters, in a unary trait, concerning his body. The contingency of this particular symbolic trait has not been incarnated and, not being weighted by this function, he does not find a foundation for his reason for living. However, it is up to him to create it for himself, and he does so through his encounter with writing, which he will foster just after this episode: “For lack of more precise information, no one, starting with me, knew what the hell I had come to do on earth. Had he left me some good, my childhood would have been changed; I would not be writing since I would be someone else”. In the absence of this signifying good, he made a name for himself through writing: “In my rare minutes of dissipation, my mother would whisper to me: ‘Beware! We are not at home!’ We were never at home: neither on rue Le Goff nor later, when my mother remarried. I didn’t suffer because I was lent everything; but I remained abstract. To the owner, the goods of this world reflect what he is; they taught me what I was not: […] I was not the future continuator of my father’s work (the paternal work), I was not necessary for the production of steel: in a word I had no soul”. He does not have that point from which he could see himself worthy of being loved, and therefore respected. But it was enough for a contingency, that of the word of a seven-year-old boy, for him to encounter, in an exemplary way, the paternal function. This sequence is equivalent here to the triggering of a symptomatic function insofar as it came to constitute letter for J.-P. Sartre. And it is from this encounter that he finds writing as a modality of jouissance which allows him a particular knotting of the paternal function. Through his work, he created a name for himself. “It is on respect that I would have founded my right to live”, he affirms in Les Mots.
In Mauvaise réputation (Bad reputation), Joey Starr describes the violence of a father who goes so far as to feed him his pet rabbit, which he had been so attached to since his father kicked his mother out of the house, even though he kept telling him that she had left with another man. Joey felt wronged and abandoned by his mother and wrote that he was fucked by her, hence the name of his rap group, Nique Ta Mère. His father never gave him presents at Christmas: “I never had a Christmas with a pure toy. Besides, in the neighbourhood, on the day after Christmas everyone goes down to show who has a miniature motorbike, who has a bionic robot. And what did you get? Only one answer: ‘Shut up’. I am furious”. Rage and aggression become the only possible relationship in this imaginary transitivism. His father threw away under his very eyes all the toys his friends gave him, and formulated incomprehensible prohibitions such as eating yoghurt. “You’d be surprised if at the age of twelve I started to steal”. The first time he thought he was going to be arrested by the police, on the pretext that he was black and had no metro ticket or papers, he found himself at the police station. When his father came to pick him up, he beat him so much, that the cops had to calm him down. The son hears: “You won’t get anywhere, you’re a piece of shit”, which opens the way to the margins where, eventually he writes, “It became a doctrine even for me”.
If Lacan had situated the paternal exception on the side of the one who é-pater (wows) his family, in the place of pater familias, these three portraits illustrate what it is like when sons write about the decisive function of the father, who for each one of them was not as wowing as that.
References from the author:
Lacan J., « Allocution sur les psychoses de l’enfant », Autres Écrits, Paris, Seuil, 2001, p. 369. Jacques Lacan reprend la formule qui introduit les Antimémoires de Malraux.
Cf. Laurent É., « Les grandes personnes et l’enfant », Préliminaire, n°4, 1992, p. 70.
Kafka F., Lettre au père, Toulouse, Ombres, 1994, p. 24.
Ibid., p. 33.
Ibid., p. 27.
Cf. Sartre J.-P., Les Mots, Paris, Gallimard, 1964.
Cf. ibid., p. 76.
Lacan J., Le Séminaire, livre XXII, « R.S.I. », leçon du 21 janvier 1975, Ornicar ?, n°3, mai 1975, p. 107.
Sartre J.-P., Les Mots, op.cit., p. 74.
Ibid., p. 75-76.
Ibid., p. 76.
Ibid., p. 76-77.
Ibid., p. 76.
Starr J., Mauvaise réputation, Paris, Flammarion, 2006, p. 19.
Translation: Polina Agapaki
Proofreading: Marina Caiaffa Bardi
Picture : © Marie-Thérèse Steen
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Normal is regular. Average. Medium.
Normal is safe, familiar, warm and comfortable.
Normal is the thing you know.
It is what is.
But normal isn’t great.
Normal isn’t fantastic.
Normal can never be amazing.
These words from the Mini “Not Normal” Campaign summarize the paradox of normal. On the one hand, most people want to be considered normal; no-one wants to be thought of as abnormal. However, we don’t want to be thought of as only normal. We’d like to believe that we are unique, special, and different than everyone else, that is, not normal.
Normal is the most common thing that people are or the way most people act under a given set of circumstances. Because normal applies to most people, most people are, by definition, normal. It would difficult to have a functioning society if the majority of its people did not behave normally. Such a society would be in chaos, as everyone pushed the boundaries of normal behaviour.
However, society also requires a few people to not be normal. The great leaders, innovators, thinkers and agitators who push the world forward and change it for the better are not normal. Einstein, Michelangelo, Picasso, Freud, and Steve Jobs were exceptional, refused to accept the normal world they were born into (the status quo) and fought hard to change it. It is only after their accomplishments become well known and accepted that these individuals became part of the new normal.
Because normal applies to the mind, it’s a major component of psychiatry. People who act or think in an abnormal way, especially if it can cause them or others harm, should receive treatment. A desire to eat candies is normal, but a desire to eat several kilograms of candies a day is not. However, there is a sad history of labeling people abnormal or deviant who were simply different than others. There’s only a two letter difference between sane and insane, but in those two little letters lies all the difference.
Normal has a shape. Some shopping malls have large circular sculptures hanging from their ceilings. The reason for this is psychological. The malls are carefully designed to signify they are a safe and comfortable environment. When shoppers see circles, they see safety, because a circle has no sharp edges. People who feel safe and comfortable are more likely to have a longer shopping experience.
A sphere is a three-dimensional circle. Bubbles form naturally into spheres because it’s the smallest shape required to hold the air inside the soap film. Planets are spherical, because when they form, they are extremely hot, making the planet fluid; the planet eventually succumbs to the gravitational pull from its center. The best way to get the planet’s mass to the centre is to form a sphere – it is nature’s “laziest” shape.
Roundness, therefore, is a physical manifestation of normal. But there’s another subtler link between roundness and normal.
One way of measuring normal is to plot the values of something on a graph. For example, if you plot the ages, weights or heights of people, they would follow a pattern that looks like this:
This shape is called a normal distribution or bell curve. It’s a visual representation of what is normal. There’s a formula that represents this normal distribution. It’s a complex one but here it is:
At the bottom portion of this formula near the centre, you’ll see the number π (pi). If you remember your high school math, pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14. That is, at level of mathematics, there’s a connection between circles and how things are normally distributed.
Perhaps that is why so many things that we find normal are round, from the rings on our fingers, to the wheels we move on, the dishes we eat off and the buttons we press and dress with. It is why normal people are called “well rounded”.
Nature has methodically programmed into our world the desire for normal through this shape. Even the body parts we use to perceive roundness: the eye’s cornea, pupil, lens and retina, are themselves round. And we see it all while standing on the Earth, the largest, roundest shape of all.
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COLUMBIA, Mo., March 22 (UPI) -- New cameras may soon take to the skies in drones as journalism students at a U.S. college are now taking courses on how to use drones to report stories.
Undergraduate journalism students at the University of Missouri Journalism School in Columbia could someday find themselves using small, camera-equipped drone helicopters to gather footage of a crime scene or capture the advance of a raging wildfire, ABC News reported Friday.
"We have a class here of journalism students who are learning to fly J-bots, for journalism robots, or drones," journalism Professor William Allen, who developed the course, said.
The Senate Judiciary Committee has held hearings on the future use of drones in America and is expected to lift the current ban on drone use in populated areas by 2015 as they consider whether to create new laws by then to govern their use.
But the Missouri students aren't waiting, Allen said.
"So they learn to fly them, and also do what reporters do: brainstorm ideas, go out and do reporting, do drone-based photography and video," he said. "We're trying to see if this is going to be useful for journalism."
Allen acknowledges the use of journalism drones will have to be balanced with concerns about invasion of privacy.
"I just hope people will not throw the baby out with the bathwater," he said, "the baby here is the great benefit of using drones, and the bathwater is the dirty stuff about privacy concerns."
"But part of my job is to get students ready to go into these new organizations, and to know how to fly and do a story safely, legally, ethically, and responsibly, and tell stories that way."
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Track topics on Twitter Track topics that are important to you
(Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia) Glioblastoma is the most severe form of brain cancer in adults. The aggressiveness of this cancer is largely due to its ability to invade surrounding brain tissue, making the tumor difficult to remove by surgery. Now, a research team led by Diogo Castro, from Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia (IGC, Portugal), discovered a genetic program that controls the invasiveness of this form of cancer. This research, published now in The EMBO Journal, may open avenues for developing new therapies.
Original Article: A maestro that conducts the invasiveness of glioblastoma tumorsNEXT ARTICLE
According to the American Brain Tumor Association, just over 24,000 patients will be diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumour during 2012 in the US alone. Some 80% of primary malignant brain tumours are gliomas, a broad term which includes all tum...
Bladder Cancer Brain Cancer Breast Cancer Cancer Cervical Cancer Colorectal Head & Neck Cancers Hodgkin Lymphoma Leukemia Lung Cancer Melanoma Myeloma Ovarian Cancer Pancreatic Cancer ...
Surgery is a technology consisting of a physical intervention on tissues. All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; so-called "noninvasive surgery" usually refers to an excision that does not penetrate the structure being exci...
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Digital x-rays are quickly becoming adopted by a large percentage of the dental industry. A digital x-ray allows the dentist to take an image of the tooth or teeth and put it into an imaging program. Within this imaging program, there are a number of tools that will allow the dentist to take a very close look at the teeth and surrounding structures with amazing accuracy. As a benefit to the patient, the digital x-ray also provides nearly 80% less radiation than a standard x-ray. This is due to the fact that the digital version of the x-ray is much more sensitive to this radiation and has been specifically designed with the patient in mind.
Dental Operating Microscope
A surgical microscope is used during root canal therapy to allow for enhanced vision through illumination and magnification (up to 20x magnification). The surgical microscope greatly improves the doctor’s view inside the tooth during root canal therapy. This provides a more thorough treatment. Especially when the doctor is trying to visualize extra root canal systems, unique tooth structures, and identifying tooth cracks/fractures.
Endodontics, more commonly known as root canal, is a procedure where the roots or nerves of the tooth are removed. This is often due to the fact that they are infected and the tooth is causing pain.
Rotary Endodontics is a way of performing the root canal utilizing a specific electrical handpiece. This tool often makes the process faster and allows the dentist to perform the process with greater ease.
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ERIC Number: ED181632
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1979-May
Reference Count: 0
Teaching Vocational Concepts to the Handicapped: A Study of the Acquisition of Employment Related Concepts by Mentally Handicapped Students. Final Report.
Clark, Donald L.; And Others
The report discusses research activities carried out to investigate the effects of various teaching procedures on vocational skill and concept learning by handicapped students. The report is divided into five principal chapters (sample subtopics in parentheses): vocational education for the handicapped (mainstreaming); a review of concept learning research (learner characteristics, characteristics of the learning environment, media and concept formation); methodological procedures (instructional material development); presentation of the findings from eight substudies (including the influence of group size, presentation mode, and advanced organizers on concept formation); and application of the study in a paper by M. Hull et al., "Teaching Vocational Skills and Concepts to Students with Special Needs." Extensive appendixes present pictorial analyses and scripts of lesson formats and information on instructional materials. (CL)
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Employment, Exceptional Child Research, Handicapped Children, Instructional Materials, Job Skills, Material Development, Research Reviews (Publications), Student Characteristics, Vocational Education
Center for Career Development and Occupational Preparation, College of Education, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843 (while supply lasts)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DHEW/OE), Washington, DC.
Authoring Institution: Texas A and M Research Foundation, College Station.
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is an auxiliary verb that is used to express things that you would like to do (want). To use たい
, it needs to be added to the same conjugation base form of a verb that ます would be attached to.
When using たい
, the thing that is ‘wanted’ can either be marked with を
, or が
. The difference in nuance is that something marked with が
is considered to be wanted more. たい
is conjugated in the same way as い-Adjectives
, meaning that the negative
, or past-negative
forms may also be used.
I don't want to eat insects.
I wanted to become a police officer.
In the past, I did not want to become a teacher.
is only used for expressing things that ‘you’ want, or repeating information/asking questions about what other people want. It may not be used to make guesses about what other people ‘may’ want, unless asking them directly.
is not used to tell other people that you want them to do something. This is done with ～てほしい
is not usually used when giving invitations (asking someone if they want to do something with you). In these cases ～ませんか
is far more natural.
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By: Penny Woodward | March 25, 2010
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a member of the Asparagaceae family and has been grown as a perennial (and eaten) for more than 2,000 years. The key to success with this vegetable is soil preparation, and given that asparagus can go on producing for 20 years, it is worth doing well. A friend who grew asparagus for more than 50 years once told me her best crop came from the bed she planted over the burial site of her favourite horse!
You may not have to go to quite those lengths, but do choose a site in a sunny position with open, friable soil and good drainage. If the soil is too heavy, then establish mounds or a raised bed. Add a barrowload of manure and compost to every two square metres of soil and sprinkle several handfuls of dolomite over the top. Asparagus likes a pH of about 7. Dig the soil well and leave to sit for a few weeks. Remove any weeds, as asparagus doesn’t like competition.
Seed, or crowns?
Asparagus can be grown by planting seed or by purchasing and planting crowns. Seed germinates fairly readily, but it can take from 2–4 weeks before the seedlings appear. I have found the best way to grow it from seed is to plant into large tree tubes. I fill these with potting mix, except for the last 2cm, which I make up with seed-raising mix.
Soak the seed overnight in warm water, water the pots well and plant two or three seeds into each pot, then water again. Line a polystyrene box with plastic sheeting and fill the bottom of the box with about 3cm of river sand. Moisten the sand. Stand the pots in the sand and move the whole box into a position out of direct sunlight. Keep the sand moist and the pots will stay moist by drawing water from the sand.
Once the seeds germinate, remove the extra seedlings so that only the healthiest remain. Leave these seedlings to grow, produce ferns and then die back.
Alternatively, crowns are generally purchased in winter and spring, and are best planted out straight away.
When to plant asparagus
The time to plant seed, seedlings and crowns depends on the climate in your area. Asparagus spears are frost-sensitive, but the plant is otherwise very adaptable and is grown from cool-temperate regions to the subtropics. It is also grown in the tropics although yields are not as prolific and plants don’t last as long.
Plant seed from late September to November in cool regions with frosts, from March to September in frost-free temperate and subtropical regions, and from May to July in the tropics.
Transplant seedlings and plant out crowns in mid-spring in frosty regions, from late autumn to mid-spring in frost-free temperate and subtropical regions, and in autumn and early winter in the tropics.
How to plant asparagus
A single row of asparagus generally results in a longer and more prolific crop, because there is less over-crowding. Dig a trench, about 20cm deep and 30cm wide, into the already prepared bed and plant the crowns or seedlings 40cm apart. Additional rows need to be 120cm apart.
For crowns, make small mounds in the trench and spread the roots over the mound so they are at an angle of about 45 degrees. Seedlings should be planted straight into the trench.
Back-fill with a mixture of soil and compost so there is about 8cm of soil over the crown, but so that the trench is still about 10cm deep. Water well, then mulch lightly with pea straw or sugarcane mulch. Mulching can delay the appearance of spears by keeping the soil cooler, but will extend the harvest at the other end of the season. This delay is actually a good thing in frosty areas, as it means the early spears are less likely to be damaged by frost.
The spider like asparagus crown and roots are spread over a small mound of soil. PHOTO: DAN COATES
Don’t harvest any spears in the first year after planting; just allow the spears to grow and fern-like foliage (called “ferns”) to develop, flower and set seed. This will return nutrients and strength to the roots and help plants establish.
Ferns can reach a height of 1.5m, so they may need protection from the wind. Every year when the spears start to appear, top-dress with blood and bone, and protect from snails and slugs. Remove weeds. It’s vital to water regularly but deeply to encourage strong root growth.
Asparagus plants are dioecious, which means they can be male or female. Female plants produce red fruit in autumn and these should be removed when they appear (unless you want to collect the seed), otherwise you may have hundreds of seedlings to weed out later in the year.
Some growers advocate removing
the female plants, believing they are less prolific than males. In reality, the spears from female plants tend to be thicker but less prolific, while male spears are thinner (sometimes too thin) but more prolific. In late autumn, the ferns will turn brown and should be cut back to a few centimetres above the soil.
Top-dress the bed with well-rotted manure and mulch with a thick layer of pea straw to keep weed growth to a minimum. My sister, who grows a lot of asparagus, lets the chooks in to fertilise and scratch among the plants once the ferns have been removed, and only mulches later in the year. She also grows other vegetables, like tomatoes, in rows beside the asparagus. The compost and manure added to the tomatoes helps to feed the nearby asparagus.
• Pests & diseases: Watch for snails and slugs, and aphids that can transmit viruses. In Queensland, Asparagus rust,
a fungal disease, has recently arrived (contact Qld DPI: www.dpi.qld.gov.au).
Harvesting your crop
In the second year after planting, spears will begin to appear in late winter and early spring, and continue right through spring into early summer. The idea now is to harvest as many as you can, but to leave enough to grow into ferns and replenish the rootstock so that you’ll have strong, healthy growth the following year.
Some growers only harvest the thicker spears, leaving the thinner ones to grow ferns, which are sometimes called mother ferns. Others harvest all the spears for six weeks to two months, and then start leaving some to grow ferns. Then, after about three months, they let all the plants grow into ferns.
In the third or fourth year after planting out, the asparagus will have reached its maximum yield and, if properly maintained, will continue to produce for another 10 to 15 years. After this, yields start to decline.
In tropical regions, you can start harvesting in mid-June and continue through to the end of August. The lack of cold to induce winter dormancy means that the plants don’t last as long as those grown in more temperate regions, although drought-induced dormancy in autumn can sometimes work as a substitute.
When harvesting asparagus, use a sharp knife and cut the spear when it is about 20cm long, cutting a couple of centimetres below the surface of the soil. During the height of the season, spears grow much more quickly, and in very warm, humid conditions can grow more than 2cm in an hour!
A powerhouse of nutrients
Asparagus is a nutritional powerhouse, containing many of the B vitamins as well as vitamin C and other anti-oxidants, potassium, and small amounts of iron. Fresh spears can be eaten straight from the garden or cooked briefly by baking, boiling, steaming, frying or even barbecuing. Finally, if you are one of about 60 per cent of people whose urine smells funny after eating asparagus, you may like to know that it comes from a chemical called asparagusic acid, which metabolises with other chemicals in your body to produce the characteristic smell.
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The exotic properties of layered materials have become a major focus of scientific research. The most famous member of this group is graphene which serves as a building block for few layered graphene and graphite as well as for single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Here, each layer is an one-atom thick hexagonal sheet of sp2 bonded carbon atoms, where the unpaired pz electrons on each atomic site join to form a collective π system turning the material into a semi-metal. Different complex factors interplay dictates the equilibrium interlayer distance and the optimal way of staking, where consecutive layers are shifted with respect to each other such that half of the carbon atoms of one layer reside above the hexagon centres of the adjacent layers.
The inorganic analog of graphene, sometimes referred to as white graphene, is hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Structurally, a single layer of h-BN is very similar to a graphene sheet having a hexagonal backbone where each couple of bonded carbon atoms is replaced by a boron-nitride pair. Moreover, graphene and h-BN are isoelectronic, but due to the electronegativity differences between the boron and the nitrogen atoms the π electrons tend to localize around the nitrogen atomic centres thus forming an insulating material. Actually, h-BN has recently attracted much attention as a material to be used as insulating junctions for graphene tunnelling transistors and as an insulating substrate for graphene field effect transistors – which show higher performance than those on silicon oxide substrates.
Furthermore, the polarity of the B-N bond results in formal charges around the atomic centres thus allowing for monopolar inter-layer electrostatic interactions to join other interactions in dictating the nature of the interlayer binding. The preferred stacking mode is such that a boron atom bearing a partial positive charge in one layer resides on top of the oppositely charged nitrogen atoms on the adjacent layers.
The nature of the interlayer binding is important because controlling the interlayer distance of layered materials will allow the material properties to be controlled in technological applications.
Now a group of researchers, including Ángel Rubio from Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Material Physics Center (UPV/EHU-CSIC) and DIPC, has shown1 that an intense infrared laser can be used to compress the interlayer of h-BN, a laser that in normal conditions would cause structural destruction through fast local heating.Contracting the interlayer distance could provide a new route for chemical reactions under pressure.
The team of researchers, instead of using mechanical devices for compression, found using time-dependent density functional theory that laser-stimulated interlayer contraction could produce high-pressure conditions between the atomic layers, thus inducing new phases of intercalated molecules.
But, which could be the mechanism that would make an usually destructive laser a compressing device? The answer is resonance with phonon excitations. A phonon is the quantum of lattice vibrational energy; it has a magnitude of hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the vibration. When anions (N) and cations (B) in h-BN move in opposite out-of-plane directions, an electric dipole normal to each layer is induced. When the ionic movement is in the same direction in all layers, parallel dipoles are induced in each layer causing interlayer attraction. Such an out-of-plane lattice vibration is made possible with light with an optical frequency f resonant with the vibration. Thus, phonon excitations cause the interlayer contraction.
The interlayer distance of the bilayer h-BN sheet was initially set as 3.274 Å. The researchers found that for the optical frequency resonant a particular lattice vibration, the contraction was large; up to 0.37 Å (11.3% of the original interlayer distance). But the contraction effect is linked to precision: For slightly off-resonance (10%) excitation, the interlayer distance increases toward dissociation of the bilayers.
These are calculations, what could we expect experimentally? Some experiments suggest that it is possible to observe a contraction of 0.17 Å within 1 ps (picosecond) and an estimated retention time of the contraction of 190 fs (femtosecond). The equipment to perform these experiments already exists and the results could be applicable to other bilayered materials, like metal dichalcogenides.
Author: César Tomé López is a science writer and the editor of Mapping Ignorance.
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Tornadoes and severe thunderstorms are extremely dangerous weather phenomena.
If you are not a trained spotter, please seek shelter immediately when you hear warnings or notice threatening weather approaching you. Do not use your car or other vehicle as shelter. Do not seek shelter from high winds or tornado under a bridge or overpass.
NOAA's Severe Weather Awareness resources
Protect Your Home: Tornado Preparedness
WHEN THUNDER ROARS, GO INDOORS!
Lightning typically kills as many people each year as tornadoes.
Lightning can strike up to 10 to 15 miles away from a thunderstorm, without any warning.
TURN AROUND, DON'T DROWN!
Each year, more deaths occur due to flooding than from any other severe weather related hazard.
Heat: A Major Killer
Heat is the number one weather-related killer in the United States, resulting in hundreds of
fatalities each year. In fact, on average, excessive heat claims more lives each year than floods, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes combined.
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The final days of summer are slowly coming to an end and the countdown has begun for back-to-school. You’ve bought the coolest new outfits, backpacks and gadgets for their kids, but is that enough? Starting a new school year can be a daunting experience for many students, and failing to get off on the right foot can set the tone for the rest of the academic year.
Here a few helpful tips to get your children moving in the right direction for the upcoming school year.
* Impose the Two-Week Rule – Children need to ease back into their school routine rather than having a sudden change their first day of school. Using the last two weeks of summer to re-introduce a school year bedtime routine will make waking up on that first day a lot easier.
* Reintroduce Regular Meal Times – During summer months, kids tend to grab a snack several times during the day. Get back into a three-meal-a-day schedule in order to regulate their system into the back-to-school mode. Nutrition is an important factor in academic performance, and eating a healthy, balanced breakfast and lunch keeps kids alert throughout the day.
* Family Calendar – Time management is important, especially for kids and teens. Planning is an important way to save everyone’s sanity. Have major deadlines, due dates, events and extracurricular activities in one place to help kids visualize their week, manage their time and stay on track.
* Don’t Ditch Good Habits – If you’ve developed a good summer learning routine with your child. The transition to the start of the school year will be a lot easier.
Here are four important things that students can follow to improve the academic quality of the school year, starting on Day One.
* Organize – Organization, organization, organization is key. Keeping notes, projects and reading materials in logical order helps students find what they need right away, cutting down on time spent tracking things down, and allowing more time for actual studying.
* Take good notes – Learn to take good notes. Taking good notes helps keep kids’ grades up, especially in middle or high school. To boost note-taking skills, students should practice picking out the “main ideas” in conversations, news reports, or magazine articles.
* Concentrate – Staying focused is easier for some kids than others. Students need to do their best to avoid distractions in class. This means keeping cell phones tucked away and being vocal if a chatty classmate is too distracting.
* Speak up Students often can get tripped up by homework or test instructions. Students should know it’s OK to speak up if they don’t understand testing or homework directions. Students should also listen
carefully and spend plenty of time reading directions.
Have a Great School Year!!!!
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The current outbreak of red tide has done more than wreak havoc on marine life. It has affected the livelihood of people in Sarasota County. Visit Sarasota, the official tourism marketing agency for the county, surveyed 40 tourism partners in August and compared it to results from last year’s survey. Forty-six percent of business owners claimed that business has gone down by 50 percent or more, and 40 percent of these businesses are located on the Sarasota Bay or within a mile of the Bay.
Red tide is the result of high levels of Karenia brevis, an opportunistic phytoplankton that grows in harsh conditions and generates algae blooms. These blooms make water hypoxic, or cause levels of dissolved oxygen to become low enough that life cannot be sustained in the region.
“Historical records show there has always been very bad red tide,” Professor of Political Science and former Director of Mote Policy Institute Frank Alcock said. As to whether or not humans have made red tide worse, Alcock believes this is a hard question to answer, as pollution could have indirect effects such as warmer waters — which Karenia brevis thrives in.
Because of red tide, it is unsafe and unalluring for tourists to utilise lucrative watersport attractions, like scuba diving, snorkeling, canoeing or fishing.
“It became unbearable for the tourists by Aug. 7 and they left or canceled their vacations here,” Captain Josh Pritchett of SiestaKation, a local business that charters offshore fishing, diving and sunset cruises, said. “Business completely stopped after that week.”
Pritchett also pointed out that Florida’s government is doing little to help small businesses stay afloat, even with its plan to offer interest-free loans to businesses affected by red tide.
“Lost revenue is lost revenue,” Pritchett said. “Going into debt to stay afloat sinks the boats eventually.”
Food insecurity is one result of the economic consequences of red tide. Locals who rely on tourism are now struggling to support their families and must cut corners to make ends meet, because their shifts have been reduced or they have been laid off.
All Faiths Food Bank has seen an increase in need for their services in Sarasota County since red tide has entered the region. The organization distributes mainly through mobile pantries and school pantries that offer canned goods, hygiene products, fresh produce and meats to those in need. They also offer nutrition classes to those who are interested.
“From small business owners to hotel beach staff, people who are usually gainfully employed are facing the ever-growing concern about when they can get back to work and make enough money to put food on their tables,” Elodie McCartney, communications manager of All Faiths Food Bank, said. McCartney revealed that for many, this was the first time that these families have had to use the food bank’s services. She emphasized that while the food bank is prepared for the influx of people, their “food programs and partners have reported a 40 percent increase in need for services.” Donations of healthy, non-expired foods are more necessary than ever before to support the influx of people using the food bank.
Red tide has been detrimental to the tourist industry in Sarasota. While, to an extent, funds have been relocated to inner-Sarasota, it does nothing to help those businesses on the waterfront who lost their clientele. There is no guess as to when the red tide will end, leaving the fate of small businesses in the hands of nature.
If you would like to help those affected by red tide, All Faiths Food Bank needs donations, volunteers and people willing to raising awareness for their organization. For more information, call 941-379-6333.
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There are many types of Baths – Water bath, Air Bath, Sun bath, Steam bath, Oil bath, Curd bath, Milk bath and Mud bath. In this article, we shall understand the correct way of taking a Water Bath.
Today there are many articles and posts explaining new and scientific ways of taking a bath. Some people believe that the scientific way of having a bath is starting from the feet and working our way up. But by doing so, our body heat pollutes our chakras (energy centers) with negative energy which eventually reaches and pollutes our Sahasrar Chakra. That is why the RIGHT way of taking a bath is top down from the head to the toes.
Also the distance between the heart and feet is greater, which means more energy is required for blood to flow to the feet. If we take a bath with water from head to feet, then excess energy is collected at the feet and it becomes much easier for the Heart to send blood to the feet.
Having a bath from the feet upwards, is against our Ancient Wisdom, and can cause harm to the body and mind.
We should keep the following points in mind while taking a bath:
1.Daily Rituals: Wake up in Brahma Muhurta and proceed for a bath after checking your Naabhi Chakra, emptying your bowels, cleaning your teeth, shaving etc.
2. Clothes : Wear an undergarment if bathing in the open; a bathing suit/vest if bathing in a pool and no clothes if bathing in an enclosed bathroom so that you can scrub yourself clean.
3. Purification of Water: It is important that water being used for your bath is clean and pure. In today’s times, finding a clean pond or a clear freshwater stream in cities is like a dream. Most people take bath in bathrooms which usually has a supply of fresh clean water. However, do make sure the water has no smell or discoloration. It is important for the water to be clear.
4. Temperature of Water : These days showers are used to take a bath. In Summers, you can go directly to the shower and take a bath from head to toe. To remove dirt from your body, a piece of towel or natural loofah can be used. There is no problem in taking a bath both in the morning and evening in the summers. Even if the water is slightly warmer than the body temperature in summers, there is nothing to fear. Bathing this way will take about 30 minutes.
Now most important is, how to take a bath in Winters. No one should take a bath with warm water in Winters except for those who are ill or of weak constitution. Having a bath with water warmer than body temperature produces diseases in the body like, – colds, low immune system, piles, weakness in mind, memory, eyesight, loosening of skin, obesity etc. An Important Precaution, however, is to not pour water on the head suddenly but little by little. After that, sprinkle or pour some water on the body with the help of a tumbler and massage with water so that blood circulation becomes normal. Continuing to have a bath with cold water will optimize circulation.
5. Cleaning the body : We should avoid perfumed soaps, body cleansers and shampoos that have added chemicals. These can give rise to skin diseases. For those who perspire more or suffer from body odor:
A. Soak Amla powder at night, strain and have a bath with this water.
B. For soft skin, make a paste of Black or Yellow soil and massage during bath.
C. Add a dash of rose water to your bath water
D. Apply Ubtan before having a bath
After taking a bath do not forget to wipe clean those body parts that are usually ignored, like all the joints and folds of skin, skin between fingers, ears, spine and private parts. We should also wipe and clean well the place between hips with a towel. Dead skin should also be scrubbed with a towel and removed.
We will feel refreshed and energized after taking a bath in this way. We will also be protected from many diseases.
translated by Maa Amrita
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Orion's Belt is not part of the Little Dipper. The Little Dipper is part of a larger constellation known as Ursa Minor. Orion's Belt is part of the larger constellation of Orion.
Both Orion's Belt and the Little Dipper are asterisms, which mean they are star patterns that are not considered constellations on their own. The Little Dipper contains a group of seven stars, including Polaris. Four of Little Dipper's stars are faint and hard to see. Orion's Belt are the three stars of Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. They form a straight line and can be easily seen on the southern horizon in winter.
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butane bottles, regulators and properties
Butane is a saturated hydrocarbon gas with the chemical formula C4H10. It is an alkane with four carbon atoms. Butane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure but is easily turned into a liquid by cooling or applying moderate pressure. Butane is a safe, efficient and clean fuel that powers many standard mobile heating appliances.
A far higher boiling point than propane makes butane only suitable for outdoor use during milder months. as low winter temperatures may mean the liquid will not boil to produce vapour to burn.
|Molar mass||58.12 g mol−1|
|Density||2.48 g dm−3 (at 15 °C)|
|Melting point||-140--134 °C, 133-139 K, -220--209 °F|
|Boiling point||-1-1 °C, 272-274 K, 30-34 °F|
|Solubility in water||61 mg L−1 (at 20 °C)|
|Vapour pressure||~25 PSI (at 50 °F)|
|kH||11 nmol Pa−1 kg−1|
Most butane cylinders are blue. However the butane cylinders from BP Gas, Flogas, Handy Gas & MacGas which use the 21mm butane regulator (CG4) are usually a beige/grey/gold colour whereas the butane bottles from these same suppliers which use the 20mm butane regulator (CG5) are blue. All Calor Gas butane bottles are blue and only use the CG4 regulator apart from the 4.5kg bottle which uses CG3.
|Regulator Image||Regulator Name|
|Butane 4.5 (LP) Regulator|
|Butane 21mm butane regulator|
|Butane 20mm butane regulator|
propane bottles, regulators and properties
Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8, normally a gas, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, barbecues, portable stoves, and residential central heating.
Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases. Propane should not be used indoors but because of its low freezing point it is perfect for outdoor use in the autumn and winter.
|Molar mass||44.10 g mol−1|
|Density||2.0098 mg mL−1 (at 0 °C, 101.3 kPa)|
|Melting point||-188 °C, 85.5 K, -306 °F|
|Boiling point||-42--42 °C, 230.9-231.11 K, -44--44 °F|
|Solubility in water||40 mg L−1 (at 0 °C)|
|Vapour pressure||853.16 kPa (at 21.1 °C)|
|kH||15 nmol Pa−1 kg−1|
Most propane bottles are red, but there has been a growing trend towards having green bottles for alfresco use such as barbecue gas and patio gas. Examples of these are 5kg & 10kg Mac Gaslight and the 5kg & 13kg Calor Gas Patio Gas.
Propane tends to be cheaper than butane, Butane however burns cleaner. Always ask your local stockist for advice as to which is more suitable for your use.
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I couldn't resist this. A blog post on the GenGreen Life web site this week reveals two innovations in hydrogen-powered car research.
One of the problems, it seems, with hydrogen fuel cell cars is that the fuel tank needs to be extremely strong in order to store enough compressed hydrogen for a decent driving range. A tank made of carbon nanotubes would do the trick but would add about $30 thousand to the price of the car. But researchers at the University of Delaware accidentally discovered that inexpensive hydrogen tanks of great strength could be made using keratin fibers found in chicken feathers, a plentiful and renewable resource.
The other discovery noted in the article was that hydrogen can be derived very efficiently from urine. I know, I know. But think of it - you're on the road and running low on fuel and you need to find a bathroom and there's no gas station for miles. Voila! Talk about killing two birds with one stone.
You can read the entire blog post here.
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In depressed patients, it has been observed that the period of greatest risk of suicide is when antidepressants seem to be working. In fact, suicide in depressed patients was much less common before drug treatments began being used.
Antidepressant expert Dr. David Healy writes, “Rooms full of data pointed to the fact that the Prozac drug group (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs) could trigger suicide and violence, and that companies producing these drugs knew of the problem.”
Since the approval of SSRI medications as antidepressants in 1987, a number of studies have found that depressed patients on SSRI medications are two to three times more likely to attempt or actually commit suicide than those either on no medication or on other antidepressants. (Fortunately, there are many natural, effective methods to treat depression. For more information, read my report "Overcome Depression and Its Deadly Effects.")
Suicide in adolescents on these medications is six times higher than those on other medications. In addition, violent suicides are most closely linked to SSRI-induced suicides.
These medications are also associated with increased rates of violence and thoughts of homicide, especially in adolescents and small children.
In many ways, the psychological effects of SSRI medications resemble a chemical-induced
psychopathy. The violent psychopath lacks empathy, lies implicitly, is impulsive, and plans their crimes carefully — unlike those with simple impulse-control problems.
For more of Dr. Blaylock's weekly tips, go here
to view the archive.
© 2016 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved.
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New research suggests that cats may have played a role in the extinction of about 40 species of wild dogs by simply out-hunting them and therefore consuming more food.
The study noted that dogs first appeared in North America around 40 million years ago and by 22 million years ago there were over 30 species of wild dogs. Cats arrived from Asia around 20 million years after dogs appeared. The arrival of cats was followed by decreased diversity of dogs. Dr. Daniele Silvestro was quoted in a press release from the University of Gothenburg saying, “We usually expect climate changes to play an overwhelming role in the evolution of biodiversity. Instead, competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for canids.” According to the study, only 9 species of wild dogs are found in North America today.
Obtaining food is a major contributor to the evolutionary success of carnivores. According to a quote from Dr. Silvestro in the Oregonian, "The cats have retractable claws which they only pull out when they catch their prey. This means they don't wear them out and they can keep them sharp. But the dogs can't do this, so they are at a disadvantage to the cats in an ambush situation."
Silvestro D, Antonelli A, Salamin N, Quental T B: The role of clade competition in the diversification of North American canids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA (2015). The full article is available free of charge at the following link: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/06/23/1502803112.abstract
Interesting. It also seems that this might be one of the many reasons dogs and humans are so well bonded. If the dogs can't compete with cats in the wild, tending to starve, the dogs might turn to humans for a reliable food source.
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I am not a huge fan of traditional exams. This will come as no surprise for those who know me or follow my blog. Two years ago I decided not to use any exams at all when teaching mathematics and there were no real drawbacks to this, in fact it was quite the opposite. By not having any exams I showed that it can be easier to create an interest for mathematics, which is an important factor in learning, so therefore the students learned mathematics just as well or even better than before when I used to have exams. If you are interested to read the full story on this then please press here.
With that said, I do believe that using exams can be useful if the results are not subjective to the teacher, and that the exams provide information on exactly what the students need to practise more and offers a way for them to do so. It would also be great if the results would provide information on students’ progress throughout the school years. The problem with traditional exams is that they do not meet these criteria and therefore they have to be improved, and this is exactly why Ma.fi has worked on developing Mafitional exams.
How does Mafitional exams differ from traditional exams? Mafitional exams are international exams where students’ results are compared to all Ma.fi users in all countries. The exams are designed to follow up students’ development in arithmetics, algebra and geometry in junior high. Each of these areas consists of four exams which makes it possible to follow student’s progress in each specific area and at the same time offer an objective result. For example, after completing an exam the student will be provided with the following information: “you had 80% correct which is better than 70% of all other results”, and since each area has four exams the student can follow his or her progression with a simple graph. But this is not all. The student will also be able to see statistics over the results of the various sub-areas in the exam. For the sub-areas where the student has received below 65% correct, the student will receive compulsory tasks that must be performed before the Mafitional exam can be approved.
All of this solves the problem with providing a universal result and makes sure that students become aware of where they need to practice more. But all this information makes it possible to take things one step further. Now it is not only the students who can learn from the results, but also the teacher. Obviously the teacher will be able to see the students’ results and the classes’ progression, but in addition the teacher will find out how well a class is doing in the different sub-areas of the exam compared to the global result. With this information the teacher will know exactly what the students have learned well and where some extra effort might be in place.
Why the team of Ma.fi decided to create these Mafitional exams is obviously to provide students and teachers with information that can help improve learning. There is, however, a hidden bonus with all of this information. After a student has completed all final exams in each area, the student will be given a final rating, and this rating can be used as a guideline for handing out fair grades after completing junior high.
Even though I have been skeptic towards use of exams in the past, I must say that I am excited about these exams since I hope that they will provide me with information that will improve my teaching. I am also curious to find out how much impact this will have on students’ learning and how they and their guardians think of this. I am of course also interested in finding out if other teachers find these exams helpful, so in the upcoming months I will gather this information and publish it in a later post. What is your initial reaction?
Ma.fi is a digital math book created in Finland for junior high with an internationally compatible curriculum. Ma.fi is available in English, Swedish and Finnish and follows the student centered model. Aside from the Mafitional exams Ma.fi has developed many other tools and functions that support student learning.
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Natural Disaster Trivia
Natural disaster, unforeseen pandemic and calamities make everyone’s life vulnerable. Disasters triggered by natural hazards can strike at any time and devastate people, livestock, crops, infrastructure, and the economy. The only way to know more about these calamities is by reading, here Trivia Sharp helps- natural disaster trivia, history trivia games, natural disasters questions and much more for your use!
On a not-so-shocking note, every time a world disaster hits, the world stands united. World disaster proves humanity is still alive. We at Trivia sharp provide information about US history trivia, disease trivia quiz, natural disasters quiz and questions for you to know how people stood against it and how they overcome the disaster.
We bring world disaster news together- like Chernobyl disaster and how the tragedy unfold, volcanic eruptions, top sports cancelled because of these disasters, floods, tornado. Read our natural disasters quiz questions and answers and play our natural disaster games to gain more knowledge.
And also the timeline of worst pandemics like- Plague of Justinian, Italian plague, Russian flu, Hong Kong flu, Ebola, COVID-19 and much more.
Take Idea of Resilience
To know more and to build resilience take natural disaster trivia, natural disasters quiz and games. People have shown ways with innovative solutions and preparedness. The capacity to recover quickly from any type of difficulty is important for the economy. So if you are looking for a place to get such information, here you are! Trivia Sharp provides all details about US history and all natural disasters.
Overall, you can find much more information about world disasters and how the world overcame it through our online largest Trivia and quiz site.
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By definition, an occultation is the passage of one astronomical body directly in front of another so that, as seen from an observer on Earth, the further body is hidden from view. The word “occult” means “to hide”.
Observers in the Occultation Section of the SPA, for the most part, observe and record the passage of the Moon as it occults the brighter stars and planets. Accurate timings of these events are made which can then be sent to the various Occultation Timing Agencies. There is also scope within the Section to observe and record the occultations of stars by other bodies such as the planets, their satellites and asteroids, although these are much rarer events.
Details of occultations that are due to take place in the near future are listed in the Sky Diary, Popular Astronomy, and on the asteroidal and lunar prediction pages of this Section. Further details about these events, and how to observe and record them, are also available from the Section.
The asteroidal events Asteroids, and the latest lunar occultation events Lunar, are now available to view.
The Section is supported by the Section Director, Mell Jeffery, and Assistant Director Jon Harper. If you are successful in observing an occultation event, then please do come and share your observation with us, either by emailing your report to firstname.lastname@example.org, or by reporting your observation on the SPA’s on-line Observing Forum.
A personalised list of occultation events, for stars down to magnitude +10, for your location, can also be obtained by sending an email request to email@example.com. If you wish to receive email alerts when the next occultation events are scheduled to take place, then please send an email requesting this.
The photograph at top right was taken by Bertrand Thooris and Philippe Vercouter, from Palingbeek, Belgium. It was taken during the total lunar eclipse of November 9th 2003, and shows a magnitude +7.6 star shortly after the Moon had passed by close enough for the star to appear to have “grazed” the edge of the lunar disk.
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Licensed Copy for Professionals - What to Do When You Are Mad: A Self-Regulation Workbook for Kids and Their Parents
Regular priceSale price
Unit price/ per
This is a Licensed Copy of What to Do When You Are Mad for school counselors, child counselors/therapists, play therapists, parent coaches, educators, and pediatricians which allows for distribution of up to 30 copies to your direct network.
Please see product photos for complete details of the Licensing Agreement before purchase. By purchasing this product you are agreeing to the terms and conditions of the License Agreement.
Imagine that the next time your child loses their temper that you have just the thing to help them work through their big feelings in a healthy way.
Written by a child development psychologist, this workbook uses techniques from self-regulation research to help children ages 4 to 8 years old:
Identify Signs of Anger
Learn to Vent Anger inHealthy Ways
Refocus Their "Mad Energy" to Problem-Solve
Over 400 sold! Join other parents in helping your child learn to manage their anger in healthy ways.
Praise forWhat to Do When You Are Mad:
"What to do When you are Mad' is an amazing and comprehensive resource for elementary-aged kids! Dr. Soderlund breaks down important self-regulation strategies rooted in brain science, into child-friendly language empowering kids to better understand their anger, manage it in moments of stress and problem solve in a productive way for the future."- Angela Pruess, Marriage and Family Therapist and Parent Coach
"What to Do When You are Madis a wonderful workbook to help your child explore their feelings and channel their anger in a positive direction. I love how the book teaches kids to accept anger and shows them how they can channel that energy into a superpower! A positive book on a difficult feeling!"- Natasha Daniels, Child Therapist
How to Use:
Print the workbook pages and go through the exercises at your own pace over the course of a week or two at times when your child is calm and not angry.
These exercises will help your child understand their anger and begin to think about their anger as something that can help them persevere when things get hard.
Next time your child has a meltdown, see their smallness. See how their emotions are bigger than they are. And in that moment of truly seeing them, you will feel empathy rather than exasperation. - Ashley Soderlund
Read more about helping your child manage anger here:
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The D'ni alphabet was created for use in the computer games Myst and Riven, which are produced by Cyan Inc. The D'ni alphabet is used to write D'ni, a language created for use in Myst and Riven which is spoken by a number of the characters in these games.
Some of the transliterations and phonetic values are uncertain.
The D'ni use a 25 base counting system. The number 25 can be written either as a single symbol or as a combination of the symbols for 1 and 0.
.lenah biv kenen tenesh erthbantee meh keelentee roob rekeelen fahets kenen ten ril-tsan
Every journey is simply a series of steps but the first step is not always simple.
Sample text provided by Jeff Klinger
D'ni Guild - news and information on D'ni-related topics
Guild of Linguists - information on the D'ni alphabet and language
Official Website for the Restoration of D'ni
Constructed scripts for: Ainu | Arabic | Chinese languages | Dutch | English | Hawaiian | Japanese | Korean | Malay & Indonesian | Persian | Russian | Sanskrit | Spanish | Tagalog | Taino | Turkish | Vietnamese | Welsh | Other natural languages | Colour-based scripts | Phonetic/universal scripts | Constructed scripts for constructed languages | Adaptations of existing alphabets | Fictional alphabets | Magical alphabets | A-Z index | How to submit a constructed script
Why not share this page:
If you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. It enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free.
Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.
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According to history and written sources, this facility once operated as a private school for girls. But for most of its existence, this campus in Maysville, Kentucky, has been a hospital. Now abandoned by the living, there are many who believe that the spirits of some former staff and patients remain.
The odyssey begins in the 1800s with a lady named Mrs. May Pearl Wilson who ran the first hospital built on the site, the Wilson Infirmary. After her death in 1908, the hospital was demolished, and a new building erected. Initially serving as a school for girls under the name of Hayswood Seminary, it wasn’t long before the place was once again used as a hospital, known as Hayswood Hospital.
Samuel Hannaford, the man who built the Hoffner Masonic Lodge among other notable buildings, was commissioned to design a new hospital on the campus. The new three story structure was completed in 1925.
But time showed that the hospital needed more space and so an another story was added, and in 1971 further additions were made. Hayswood Hospital now had 87 patient beds which was plenty enough to serve the community of Maysville.
But as the Simon Kenton Memorial Bridge officially opened for traffic, the population to be served by the Hayswood Hospital grew even more. This bridge allowed the crossing of the Ohio River and a connection between Maysville in Kentucky and Aberdeen in Ohio. And so some of the residents from Ohio came to this hospital to receive their treatment. Hayswood Hospital did its job so well that it received a lot of awards from various national accreditation groups.
Even the military, particularly the United States Navy, used this institution to treat servicemen suffering after the assault of the Japanese Navy Air Service upon Pearl Harbor.
However, technological progress in the medical field and a growing city meant that the healthcare facilities at Hayswood hospital began to fall behind those of other, more modern hospitals. There was just no room for expansion of the building.
This small hospital tried to keep up with the big boys, but it just wasn’t enough. Even nature played a major role in the closure of this place when an earthquake close to the City of Maysville shook the foundations of the hospital.
Construction of a brand new hospital was deemed to be the only solution. The Meadowview Regional Medical Center opened on the outskirts of the city and Hayswood Hospital was closed down in 1983.
And then something else began to happen. According to some accounts, strange lights and noises started to appear. People felt uneasy as if someone was watching them and it is said that the sounds of crying babies and disembodied voices can be heard from the empty hospital.
There is even a viral video online that seems to show a creepy and ghostly face watching down from the window. Once the camera turns and tries to zoom this entity, it disappears completely.
It is a place of choice for some ghost hunters and all sorts of explorers. The stories range from a woman holding her baby as she walks down the hallway of the maternity ward, to the ghosts of those who died in this hospital and now are unable to move on.
The most creepy of all the shadows and ghouls and ghosts is the entity the looms on the third floor. Taller than a grown man, and most definitely given its size, stronger than one. It stands quietly with its face (or something similar to it) pressed up against the corner window watching over the front yard of the hospital.
People who report having seen this entity also say that before the encounter itself, they feel as if someone (or something) reached and called out to them. What is going on with this place is still a mystery, and many say it remains trapped between two worlds, ours and theirs.
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Pigeons are far more intelligent than we thought and even understand concepts like space and time, according to scientists.
Researchers have found that they process the data in a similar way to humans.
In experiments, the birds were shown 6-centimeter or 24-centimeter horizontal lines for two or eight seconds.
If they correctly reported the length or time by pecking one of four symbols, they were fed. Scientists at America’s University of Iowa then varied the lengths and durations — which the pigeons spotted.
The results were similar to those found in humans and other primates.
They believe it means animals such as other birds, reptiles and fish are capable of high-level, abstract decision-making.
The university’s Professor Edward Wasserman said: “Avian nervous systems are capable of far greater achievements than the term bird brain suggests.”
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Bên cạnh Phân tích +kèm sửa bài"The table below shows the number of visitors in the UK and their average spending from 2003 to 2008" IELTS WRITING TASK 1 (table), IELTS TUTOR hướng dẫn Cách trả lời "Why do some people like planting flowers?" IELTS SPEAKING PART 3
I. Kiến thức liên quan
II. Cách trả lời "Why do some people like planting flowers?" IELTS SPEAKING PART 3
Cách trả lời dạng câu hỏi này đã rất quen thuộc với các bạn học sinh lớp IELTS ONLINE SPEAKING 1 KÈM 1 của IELTS TUTOR rồi nhé:
Many people enjoy planting flowers for a variety of reasons, and their motivations can be both practical and emotional.
- Main idea 1: Flowers can enhance the curb appeal of homes and properties.
- Supporting idea: Many people plant flowers to increase the value and attractiveness of their homes.>> IELTS TUTOR hướng dẫn PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI 30/5/2020 IELTS WRITING TASK 2 (kèm bài sửa HS đạt 6.5)
- Example: Flower beds can be planted in front of a home, along the walkway, or in the yard. They can be filled with a variety of flowers, such as annuals, perennials, and shrubs.
- Main idea 2: Gardening, including planting flowers, can have a calming and therapeutic effect on people.
- Supporting idea: The process of nurturing plants and watching them grow can reduce stress, anxiety, and promote a sense of well-being.
- Example: A study by the University of British Columbia found that gardening can reduce stress levels by up to 30%.
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| 0.836218
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What are News Feeds?
News feeds allow you to see when websites have added new content.
You can get the latest headlines and video in one place, as soon as its published,
without having to visit the websites you have taken the feed from.
Feeds are also known as RSS. There is some discussion as to
what RSS stands for, but most people plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
In essence, the feeds themselves are just web pages, designed to be read by
computers rather than people.
How do I start using feeds?
In general, the first thing you need is something called a news reader.
This is a piece of software that checks the feeds and lets you read any
new articles that have been added. There are many different versions,
some of which are accessed using a browser, and some of which are downloadable applications.
Browser-based news readers let you catch up with your RSS feed
subscriptions from any computer, whereas downloadable applications
let you store them on your main computer, in the same way that you
either download your e-mail using Outlook, or keep it on a web-based
service like Hotmail.
If you click on the RSS button you can subscribe to the feed in various ways,
including by dragging the URL of the feed into your news reader or by
cutting and pasting the same URL into a new feed in your news reader.
Most sites that offer feeds use a similar orange button, but some may
just have a normal web link.
Some browsers, including Firefox, Opera and Safari, automatically check
for feeds for you when you visit a website, and display an icon when they find one.
This can make subscribing to feeds much easier. For more details on these,
please check their websites.
WAN NEWS FEED
Copy and paste this URL to your news reader:
How do I get a news reader?
There is a range of different news readers available and new versions are appearing all the time.
Different news readers work on different operating systems, so you will
need to choose one that will work with your computer.
Using the WAN News feeds on your site
If you run your own website, you can display the latest headlines from other
websites on your own site using RSS. We encourage the use of the WAN News feed
as part of a website, however, we do require that the proper format and
attribution is used when WAN content appears. The attribution text should
read "WAN". You may not use any WAN logo or other WAN trademark. We reserve
the right to prevent the distribution of WAN News content and WAN does not
accept any liability for its feeds. Please see the Terms and Conditions for full details.
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Researchers training dogs to identify people with COVID-19
Research teams in multiple countries are attempting to train dogs to identify people infected with SARS-CoV-2. Results reported so far indicate dogs can be trained to detect compounds produced by infected individuals, including those with asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections.
Association on the lookout for leaders, other volunteers
Helping veterinary staff members cope with suicide
New listings in AVMA Animal Health Studies Database
Grants could help improve cattle health
White paper reviews the state of genetic testing in dogs
NIH funds development of novel Lyme disease vaccine
UC-Davis veterinary school dean to step down
American Veterinary Dental College
The article “Veterinary organizations take diversity- and equity-related action” in the Nov. 1, 2020, issue of JAVMA News, misstated the title of Brian Garish. He is president of Banfield Pet Hospital.
The article “Modified mosquitoes may reduce disease risks for humans, animals” in Nov. 1, 2020, JAVMA News, mistakenly described genetically engineered mosquitoes as gene-edited mosquitoes.
The article “One size doesn’t fit all when it comes to paying veterinarians” in Nov. 15, 2020 JAVMA News, mistakenly gave the title of Veterinary Practice Today for the publication Today’s Veterinary Business.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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Education has been playing a key role in changing many young Tibetan’s future. In the 1990s, three Tibet middle schools were set up by the central government in Beijing, Tianjin and Chengdu so that more Tibetan students could go inland to get the best educational resources.
A reporter visited the Sichuan Chengdu Tibet Middle School where all Tibetan students are financially supported by the state and brings us this report on how education will shape Tibet’s future.
His name is Badengciren. He was born and brought up in a village in the Tibet autonomous region. His family are ordinary herders. His parents and relatives have provided him tremendous support to let him study thousands of kilometers away from his family.
“Becoming a military officer was my dream since I was little. My hometown is in Chayu county which is close to the country’s border,” Badengciren said.
These students are in their final year of high school. Like Badengciren, the only way of achieving their goals is to study hard and enter the best colleges in 2015.
“The purpose of bringing these Tibetan students inland, is to give them better educational opportunities. After three years of study here, they are healthy, and have pleasant lives,” said Gu Dinghua, principal of Chendu Tibet Middle School in Sichuan province.
Education is a benchmark for measuring the development of any region and any nation. Last year, about 8,000 young people from the rural area of Tibet autonomous region passed college entrance exams. There’ve certainly been many impressive changes in the lives of many Tibetans in the past few decades.
Besides investing in education, in the past 2 decades, people’s livelihoods have also improved. The central government has invested 30 billion yuan ($4.69 billion) in water infrastructure projects. The facilities have provided safe drinking water for 2.39 million people. Government investment has also brought electricity to about 360,000 herdsmen.
In recent years, the central government has issued a strategic plan to make Tibet more self-reliant and to make its environment more sustainable. For these young students, their lives will become better when they in turn contribute their knowledge and wisdom to the development of Tibet autonomous region.
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<urn:uuid:ffd2b2ac-f3d6-4f53-a75e-8c986bff4f68>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://english.gov.cn/news/video/2015/08/19/content_281475171258183.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00191-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971306
| 469
| 2.5625
| 3
|
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling under future climate change is associated with large uncertainties in litter decomposition and the turnover of soil C and N. In addition, future conditions (especially altered precipitation regimes and warming) are expected to result in changes in vegetation composition, and accordingly in litter species and chemical composition, but it is unclear how such changes could potentially alter litter decomposition. Litter transplantation experiments were carried out across six European sites (four forests and two grasslands) spanning a large geographical and climatic gradient (5.6-11.4 °C in annual temperature 511-878 mm in precipitation) to gain insight into the climatic controls on litter decomposition as well as the effect of litter origin and species. The decomposition k rates were overall higher in warmer and wetter sites than in colder and drier sites, and positively correlated with the litter total specific leaf area. Also, litter N content increased as less litter mass remained and decay went further. Surprisingly, this study demonstrates that climatic controls on litter decomposition are quantitatively more important than species or site of origin. Cumulative climatic variables, precipitation, soil water content and air temperature (ignoring days with air temperatures below zero degrees Celsius), were appropriate to predict the litter remaining mass during decomposition (Mr). Mr and cumulative air temperature were found to be the best predictors for litter carbon and nitrogen remaining during the decomposition. Using mean annual air temperature, precipitation, soil water content and litter total specific leaf area as parameters we were able to predict the annual decomposition rate (k) accurately.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Earth-Surface Processes
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<urn:uuid:6f011f6f-120f-4b5c-9200-981ade944286>
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/hu/publications/climatic-controls-on-leaf-litter-decomposition-across-european-fo
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400238038.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926071311-20200926101311-00524.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938098
| 349
| 3.171875
| 3
|
Information about math intervention programs, studies, and other resources
In selecting a math intervention program for students, third party research validates the credibility of any curriculum. That independent research demonstrating the effectiveness of Camelot in urban, rural and suburban settings, is available here. Also available is our white paper describing the genesis, rationale, and pragmatic delivery and application of Camelot Learning’s math intervention program. Additional resources, articles and studies are provided for administrators and educators who want to know more about the rationale behind this approach to intervention.
Students are actively engaged through movement and the use of math tools, addressing varied learning styles. The skills are well chosen and are building blocks for future math skills. Camelot Learning activities are fantastic.
5th Grade Teacher Baltimore, Maryland
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<urn:uuid:be1d39d2-4efb-4f11-aa0c-67b3e590e1f4>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.camelotlearning.com/resources
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572174.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815115129-20220815145129-00059.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.902116
| 161
| 2.828125
| 3
|
It is Monday. Monday is sloth-like to me.
Arctopithecus flaccidus [now Bradypus tridactylus flaccidus]
This is a subspecies of the pale-throated sloth, which is one of the three-toed sloths. Pale-throated sloths, like most of their genus, live mostly solitary lives, but are around more creatures than you might think. In addition to the green algae that they live mutalistically with, they also have multiple species of insects, which live commensally within their fur.
The sloth moth and several beetle species live on the sloth itself, and lay their eggs in its droppings on the ground. The sloth provides both heat and camouflage to the insects, and the insects themselves don’t harm the sloth, so there is no benefit to expending energy removing them.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Illustrated by Joseph Smit, 1871.
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<urn:uuid:8f0345ac-5802-45c9-8bd9-dd8981013a0a>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://biomedicalephemera.tumblr.com/tagged/monday
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997878518.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025758-00236-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95266
| 210
| 2.59375
| 3
|
"Venti da Trafico Genli. e Costeggianti, de' Munsoni, o le Variazioni... ", Moll, Herman
Period: 1750 (circa)
Color: Black & White
20.6 x 7.6 inches
52.3 x 19.3 cm
This is an Italian edition of Moll's chart that describes the world between about 50° north and south latitude. This includes southern Newfoundland to just north of Tierra del Fuego. The chart shows nearly blank continents with just country names and little else. Its main focus is an extremely detailed view of sea-borne winds. The legend explains the lines and arrows used to delineate the coasting winds and the shifting trade winds. The arrows suggest the prevailing direction, but some are annotated with month or season to indicate a periodic wind rather than a year-round, reliable trade wind. Largely based on the work of the English scientist Sir Edmund Halley. Published in an Italian edition of Thomas Salmon's Modern History: or the Present State of All Nations.
References: cf. Shirley (BL Atlases) G.SALM-1c #39.
A crisp impression on a bright sheet with a small binding trim at lower right that has been replaced with old paper. Issued folding.
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<urn:uuid:4f7f3a6c-6d5c-4e58-9aae-6db8a283d9ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://www.oldworldauctions.com/catalog/lot/165/15
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215145836-20191215173836-00513.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898748
| 275
| 2.765625
| 3
|
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