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Writing a synthesis essay on Lord of the Flies gives you a chance to have a closer look at the novel, analyze it from different perspectives, and generalize your ideas. Here are some tips that will help you create a great paper.
First of all, decide which issue from those raised in the novel you’ll use for your discussion. You can pick one character and explain how his traits help him survive. Another topic may concern a person’s behavior in a group in the isolated environment. The novel is full of symbols, so you can choose a couple of them, decipher their meaning, and explain why the author uses them.
Before you start researching your topic, you need to formulate a working thesis statement. It’s necessary to do it from the outset in order to make your search more specific. Your thesis is a sentence that reflects the topic and presents your main point or purpose. Write it down on a sheet of paper and have it at hand. Look at it from time to time while researching your topic in order not to deviate from the specific direction.
You’ll need to present your points of view and support them with the relevant information taken from different sources. It’s advisable to read through the novel once again to refresh your memory. You may notice some interesting facts that you may have overlooked before. You’ll also need to read different articles and critics’ reviews of the novel to get a clear and comprehensive idea of the subject. Note down or highlight everything that can be used to prove your ideas.
When the research stage is over, you may realize that you’ve found a lot of facts and information concerning your topic. Of course, you won’t be able to include everything in your essay, so you need to sort out and summarize or synthesize it. Pick only the most relevant parts that will support your ideas. Some sources may contain similar viewpoints, so you should bring them together or choose the most appropriate.
Don’t start writing once you gathered all the information. You need to arrange your material into an outline that will serve as a roadmap for your writing. Jot down the key ideas and make sure you have at least three supporting details to prove each of them.
If you use information taken from other people’s works, remember that you should paraphrase and cite it properly.
In his introduction to William Golding's novel, novelist E.M. Forster suggests that Golding's writing "lays a solid foundation for the horrors to come." Using Forster's quote as a starting point, discuss how the novel foreshadows the murders of Simon and Piggy. Focus on two events or images from the novel's earlier chapters and describe how they anticipate the novel's tragic outcome.
Answer: The weather on the island grows increasingly more hostile and ominous as the novel's plot unfolds, Piggy's name suggests that he will be killed like an animal, and so on.
Many critics have read Lord of the Flies as a political allegory. In particular, they have considered the novel a commentary on the essential opposition between totalitarianism and liberal democracy. Using two or three concrete examples from the novel, show how the two political ideologies are figured in the novel, and then discuss which of the two you think Golding seems to favor.
Answer: The contrast between Ralph's group on the beach and Jack's tribe at Castle Rock represents the opposition between liberal democracy and totalitarianism. Golding presents the former as the superior system, demonstrated by the success of the assembly among Jack's group of boys and the ordered system that prioritizes the ongoing signal fire on the mountain, tactics that ensure the welfare of the entire group. Note, though, what happens in both groups over time.
Names and naming are important in Lord of the Flies. Many characters have names that allude to other works of literature, give insight into their character, or foreshadow key events. Discuss the significance of the names of, for instance, Sam and Eric, Piggy, and Simon. What does the character's name say about him and his significance? Use external sources as necessary.
Answer: Piggy's name, for example, indicates his inferior position within the social hierarchy of the island and foreshadows his eventual death at the hands of Jack's tribe. Simon was the name of Peter in the Bible. Jack might be named after John Marcher in Henry James's story The Beast in the Jungle, and so on.
Two major symbols in the novel are the conch shell and The Lord of the Flies (the pig's head on a stick). Analyze one or both of these symbols in terms of how they are perceived by the boys as well as what they symbolize for the reader.
Answer: The conch shell represents liberal democracy and order, as endorsed by Ralph and Piggy. The Lord of the Flies tends to represent an autocratic or a primitive order. Note the "exchange" of these objects at the novel's conclusion when the conch is smashed in Jack's camp and Ralph uses part of the Lord of the Flies as a weapon.
The children stranded on the island are all boys, and female characters are rarely discussed. How does this matter for the novel?
Answer: Gender difference is not explicitly discussed or represented in the novel, although femininity is symbolically present in the novel's representations of nature. Some of the male characters are "feminized" by the other boys when they are considered un-masculine or vulnerable. In a boys' choir, many boys have high voices that can sing parts normally reserved for females. It is unclear whether Jack's tribe would have become so violent (and nearly naked) if girls of the same age were on the island.
At the end of Chapter Eleven, Roger pushes Jack aside to descend on the bound twins "as one who wielded a nameless authority." Focusing on this quotation, discuss Roger's actions in Chapter Eleven in relation to Jack's power and political system.
Answer: Roger's actions towards the twins are unauthorized by Jack, indicating that Jack's own authority is under threat. Golding hints at a shift in the power system among Jack's tribe, which highlights the inherent flaws in Jack's system of military dictatorship.
Jack gains power over many of the boys by exploiting their fear of the mythical beast. How does Jack manipulate the myth of the beast to legitimize his authority?
Answer: Jack exploits the boys' fear of the beast to usurp leadership from Ralph, who stresses a rational approach to the presumed evil presence on the island. Within Jack's tribe, the beast continues to have a powerful symbolic and political significance among the boys, uniting them and ensuring their loyalty to Jack's leadership. When Jack first attempts to break away from Ralph's tribe, his authority is not recognized, but as the boys' fear of the beast increases, an increasing number defect from Ralph's group to Jack's, where the existence of the beast is not only acknowledged but is a central fact of day-to-day life.
By Chapter Three, the boys are divided into two groups: the older boys and the younger boys or "littluns." What role do the littluns have to play?
Answer: Consider especially the distinction between savagery and civilization.
What happens with the "littluns" registers the increasing brutality on the island. The earliest examples of violence in the novel are directed against the littluns, acts that foreshadow the violent events of later chapters. Moreover, characters who are kind to the littluns tend to remain most closely associated with civilization throughout the novel.
The novel's narrative action draws an increasingly firm line between savagery and civilization, yet the value of each becomes an issue in the conclusion, when Jack's fire saves the boys. Using these terms, what is the novel suggesting about human nature, evil, and human civilization?
Answer: The naval officer is a military figure, which reminds the reader that "civilized" societies also engage in violence and murder. Evil seems to be a force that threatens human nature and human civilization--from within. Still, evil is associated primarily with savagery and the worse part of our natures.
How does the novel reflect the Cold War and the public's concerns about the conflict between democracy and communism? Does the novel take a side? (Remember to cite all of your research sources in your bibliography.)
Answer: The Cold War was primarily between the democratic U.S. and its allies on the one hand, and the communist U.S.S.R. and its allies on the other hand. The initial events of the novel, following a group of boys in the aftermath of a terrible nuclear war, reflect and capitalize on widespread anxiety about the arms race for destructive atomic weapons. Ralph comes to represent the West and its values, while Jack comes to represent the enemy.
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"The scholarship in this book is superb. . . . Although the primary audience will be among literary scholars, the volume promises to cross disciplinary lines, with considerable appeal to historians of print, culture, and politics in early modern England. Fulton's groundbreaking work on Milton's reading and his Commonplace Book will be the standard discussion for decades to come"—Laura Knoppers, author of Historicizing Milton: Spectacle, Power, and Poetry in Restoration England
"The work will appeal not only to literary scholars but also to historians of print and those interested in early-modern cutlure and politics. Fulton provides detailed notes and an extensive bibliography. Recommended."—Choice
"Offers college-level students of Milton a fine analysis rethinking the most extensive manuscript record of reading from any major English poet of his time. . . . Any Milton student must have this!"—Midwest Book Review
"This critical analysis of the work of John Milton provides an interesting look at the history of his reading habits and the influence of his analysis of contemporary writings on his politics and poetry. . . . the work provides insight in both the early modern history of reading and literature as well as the development of popular political polemics during the important and influential era of the English Revolution."—Book News, Inc.
"Fulton is thoroughly on top of recent literary and historical scholarship on Milton, reading, and England in the 1640s and early 1650s, and he integrates those findings effectively in his own study."—Renaissance Quarterly
"In Historical Milton, Thomas Fulton combines painstaking textual scholarship with a powerful understanding of seventeenth-century political culture. . . . Fulton's book cuts through a fixed opposition between those who attribute Militon's politics to his religious beliefs and those who attribute them primarily to his engagement with classical republicanism. . . . This is a book written by a Miltonist for Miltonists. But it also offers valuable perspectives for anyone interested in the history of reading."—Studies in English Literature: 1500-1900
"Fulton's study of Milton's Commonplace Book makes his own book a valuable reference, and Fulton's somewhat descriptive approach to his own positions offers his readers ample space to develop and explore their own thinking."—Milton Quarterly
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– from an estimated 9 cases per 10,000 children to 18 cases per 10,000 (R2 = 0.90; P less than .001) – according to an analysis in Pediatrics.
The analysis was conducted by Danielle Orsagh-Yentis, MD, of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., and her colleagues. They estimated that, during the study period, 759,074 children younger than 6 years of age were evaluated in U.S. EDs for suspected or confirmed foreign-body ingestions. These estimates were based on data for 29,893 actual cases taken from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), which represents about 100 hospitals. Each case in this system is given a sample weight by the Consumer Product Safety Commission using a validated method, and the estimates are based on this weighting.
The analysis showed that children aged 1 year (21%) and boys (53%) were the most likely to ingest foreign bodies. Coins were the most frequently ingested objects, at 62%. Among cases which had the location noted (59%), most ingestions occurred in the home (97%).
The authors noted that, although batteries and magnets represented only 7% and 2% of all cases, respectively, “they can both enact considerable damage when ingested.” For example, despite being only the fourth mostly likely object to be ingested, batteries were the second mostly likely to be implicated among hospitalized patients.
The authors noted that the NEISS captures patients in the ED only; the total number of foreign-body ingestions, then, was likely underestimated. Despite this, the authors felt the long study period and large sample were strengths of their analysis.
Dr. Orsagh-Yentis and her associates disclosed no potential conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Orsagh-Yentis D et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Apr 12. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1988.
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There are many health benefits experienced by those on the ketogenic diet. The basis of the diet is that it is designed to get a certain response from the body. Those on the keto diet eat normal amounts of protein, higher amounts of fat, and they keep their carbohydrate intake very low.
Because carbohydrate intake is low, the blood sugar (glucose) level is low, and the brain pulls from this alternative energy source, which is fat. Before fats can be used by the body, the liver has to first convert them to ketones. It is ketones that are used as energy for the body and brain when there is lack of glucose.
The ketogenic diet actually originated as a tool for treating neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. Studies have shown that this diet can have benefits for a wide variety of health conditions.
THE HEALTH BENEFITS
- Weight Loss: Due to lowered insulin levels and the body’s ability to burn stored fat, those who adhere to the diet find that they lose weight more quickly than with conventional diets.
- Clarity of Mind: An unbalanced diet can lead to lack of mental clarity, and it feels like a foggy People find it difficult to remember facts or struggle with staying focused on tasks. The keto diet, by helping the body burn fat as energy, sends energy to the brain and helps it to stay focused.
- Improve Productivity: Many people are not aware that ketones are a more efficient energy source than glucose. And for the brain, energy is everything. This type of energy helps better protect the brain — and the rest of the body — from oxidative stress, which negatively affects mental performance and brain aging. Improved mental performance, improved clarity, improved memory all combine to improve productivity.
- Acne: Lower insulin levels and eating less sugar and processed foods help improve acne. In addition, an increase in water intake will occur due to the lack of carbohydrates, offering good hydration of the skin.
IMPROVED HEALTH CONDITIONS
Serious health conditions can be also improved, reduced, and in some cases cured when on the keto diet. These include:
- Heart Disease: In addition to weight loss, the risk factors of body fat, HDL levels (aka “The Good Cholesterol”, blood pressure and blood sugar are improved.
- Cancer: There are medical studies, such as those conducted by the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Iowa, and the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, that are showing good results with the ketogenic diet being an effective treatment for several types of cancer and slow tumor growth.
- Alzheimer’s disease: Ketogenic diets are being used to help treat Alzheimer’s symptoms. Those patients on the diet have shown a reduction in those symptoms and improved cognitive function. A study by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, showed good results with the ketogenic diet being an effective treatment for protection against seizures from Epilepsy and provide a symptomatic benefit in Alzheimer’s disease.
- Epilepsy: The Epilepsy Foundation endorses the ketogenic diet because it has been shown to help control seizures in some people with epilepsy. Doctors usually recommend the ketogenic diet for children whose seizures have not responded to several different seizure medicines.
While no research is conclusive that a ketogenic diet will reduce the symptoms or actually cure major health issues, there is evidence that it does not do any harm. As for the side benefits of mental clarity and weight loss, those are shown to occur in otherwise healthy adults.
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Hi Friends, In this article, we have shared 100+ java interview questions for both beginners and experienced folks.
Table of Contents
- Basic Questions
- OOPs interview Questions
- Exception handling interview Questions
- Java Multithreading interview Questions
- Serialization interview Questions
- String Interview Questions
- Java Collections interview Questions
- Applet interview Questions
Q) Is Java platform independent?
Yes. Java is a platform independent language. We can write java code on one platform and run it on another platform. For e.g. we can write and compile the code on windows and can run it on Linux or any other supported platform. This is one of the main features of java.
Q) What all memory areas are allocated by JVM?
Heap, Stack, Program Counter Register and Native Method Stack
Q) Java vs. C ++?
The following features of java make it different from the C++:
- Distributed Application
- Complexities are removed (Pointers, Operator overloading, Multiple inheritance).
Q) What is javac ?
It produces the java byte code from *.java file. It is the intermediate representation of your source code that contains instructions.
Q) What is class?
Class is nothing but a template that describes the data and behavior associated with instances of that class
Q) What is the base class of all classes?
Q) Path and ClassPath
Path specifies the location of .exe files while classpath is used for specifying the location of .class files.
Q) Different Data types in Java.
- byte – 8 bit (are esp. useful when working with a stream of data from a network or a file).
- short – 16 bit
- char – 16 bit Unicode
- int – 32 bit (whole number)
- float – 32 bit (real number)
- long – 64 bit (Single precision)
- double – 64 bit (double precision)
Note: Any time you have an integer expression involving bytes, shorts, ints and literal numbers, the entire expression is promoted to int before the calculation is done.
Q) What is Unicode?
Java uses Unicode to represent the characters. Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent all of the characters found in human languages.
Q) What are Literals?
A literal is a value that may be assigned to a primitive or string variable or passed as an argument to a method.
Q) Dynamic Initialization?
Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically, using any expression valid at the time the variable is declared.
Q) What is Type casting in Java?
To create a conversion between two incompatible types, we must use a cast. There are two types of casting in java: automatic casting (done automatically) and explicit casting (done by programmer).
An array is a group of fixed number of same type values. Read more about Arrays here.
Q) What is BREAK statement in java?
It is also referred as terminator. In Java, the break statement can be used in following two cases:
- It terminates a statement sequence in a switch-case statement.
- It can be used to come out of a loop
Q) Why can’t I do myArray.length () ? Arrays are just objects, right?
Yes, the specification says that arrays are object references just like classes are. You can even invoke the methods of Object such as toString () and hashCode () on an array. However, length is a data item of an array and not a method. So you have to use myArray.length.
Q) How can I put all my classes and resources into one file and run it?
Use a JAR file. Put all the files in a JAR, then run the app like this:
Java -jar [-options] jarfile [args...]
Q) Can I declare a data type inside loop in java?
Any Data type declaration should not be inside the loop.
Q) Advantage over jdk 1.0 vs. jdk 1.1 ?
Jdk1.1 release consists of Java Unicode character to support the multiple language fonts, along with Event Handling, Java security, Java Beans, RMI, SQL are the major feature provided.
Q) java.lang.* get imported by default. For using String and Exception classes, you don’t need to explicitly import this package. The major classes inside this package are
- Object class
- Data type wrapper classes
- Math class
- String class
- System and Runtime classes
- Thread classes
- Exception classes
- Process classes
- Class classes
Q) Arrays can be defined in different ways. Write them down.
int arr = null; int arr = new int arr; int arr = new arr ; int arr = new arr;
OOPs Interview Questions
Q) Four main principles of OOPS language?
- Data Encapsulation
Q) What is inheritance?
The process by which one class acquires the properties and functionalities of another class. Inheritance brings reusability of code in a java application. Read more here.
Q) Does Java support Multiple Inheritances?
When a class extends more than one classes then it is called multiple inheritance. Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance whereas C++ supports it, this is one of the difference between java and C++. Refer this: Why java doesn’t support multiple inheritance?
Q) What is Polymorphism and what are the types of it?
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take many forms. The most common use of polymorphism in OOPs is to have more than one method with the same name in a single class. There are two types of polymorphism: static polymorphism and dynamic polymorphism, read them in detail here.
Q) What is the method overriding?
It is a feature using which a child class overrides the method of parent class. It is only applicable when the method in child class has the signature same as parent class. Read more about method overriding here.
Q) Can we override a static method?
No, we cannot override a static method.
Q) What is method overloading?
Having more than one method with the same name but different number, sequence or types of arguments is known is method overloading. Read more about it here.
Q) Does Java support operator overloading?
Operator overloading is not supported in Java.
Q) Can we overload a method by just changing the return type and without changing the signature of method?
No, We cannot do this.
Q) Is it possible to overload main() method of a class?
Yes, we can overload main() method as well.
Q) What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?
There are several differences; You can read them here: Overloading Vs Overriding.
Q) What is static and dynamic binding?
Binding refers to the linking of method call to its body. A binding that happens at compile time is known as static binding while binding at runtime is known as dynamic binding.
Q) What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation means the localization of the information or knowledge within an object.
Encapsulation is also called as “Information Hiding”. Read it here in detail.
Q) Abstract class?
An abstract class is a class which can’t be instantiated (we cannot create the object of abstract class), we can only extend such classes. It provides the generalized form that will be shared by all of its subclasses, leaving it to each subclass to fill in the details. We can achieve partial abstraction using abstract classes, to achieve full abstraction we use interfaces.
Q) What is Interface in java?
An interface is a collection of abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the interface. Read more about interface here.
Q) What is the difference between abstract class and interface?
1) abstract class can have abstract and non-abstract methods. An interface can only have abstract methods.
2) An abstract class can have static methods but an interface cannot have static methods.
3) abstract class can have constructors but an interface cannot have constructors.
Q) Which access modifiers can be applied to the inner classes?
public ,private , abstract, final, protected.
Q) What are Constructors?
Constructors are used for creating an instance of a class, they are invoked when an instance of class gets created. Constructor name and class name should be same and it doesn’t have a return type. Read more about constructors here.
Q) Can we inherit the constructors?
No, we cannot inherit constructors.
Q) Can we mark constructors final?
No, Constructor cannot be declared final.
Q) What is default and parameterized constructors?
Default: Constructors with no arguments are known as default constructors, when you don’t declare any constructor in a class, compiler creates a default one automatically.
Parameterized: Constructor with arguments are known as parameterized constructors.
Q) Can a constructor call another constructor?
Yes. A constructor can call the another constructor of same class using this keyword. For e.g. this() calls the default constructor.
Note: this() must be the first statement in the calling constructor.
Q) Can a constructor call the constructor of parent class?
Yes. In fact it happens by default. A child class constructor always calls the parent class constructor. However we can still call it using super keyword. For e.g. super() can be used for calling super class default constructor.
Note: super() must be the first statement in a constructor.
The THIS keyword is a reference to the current object.
Q) Can this keyword be assigned null value?
No, this keyword cannot have null values assigned to it.
Q) Explain ways to pass the arguments in Java?
In java, arguments can be passed in 2 ways,
Pass by value – Changes made to the parameter of the subroutines have no effect on the argument used to call it.
Pass by reference – Changes made to the parameter will affect the argument used to call the subroutine.
Q) What is static variable in java?
Static variables are also known as class level variables. A static variable is same for all the objects of that particular class in which it is declared.
Q) What is static block?
A static block gets executed at the time of class loading. They are used for initializing static variables.
Q) What is a static method?
Static methods can be called directly without creating the instance (Object) of the class. A static method can access all the static variables of a class directly but it cannot access non-static variables without creating instance of class.
Q) Explain super keyword in Java?
super keyword references to the parent class. There are several uses of super keyword:
- It can be used to call the superclass(Parent class) constructor.
- It can be used to access a method of the superclass that has been hidden by subclass (Calling parent class version, In case of method overriding).
- To call the constructor of parent class.
Q) Use of final keyword in Java?
Final methods – These methods cannot be overridden by any other method.
Final variable – Constants, the value of these variable can’t be changed, its fixed.
Final class – Such classes cannot be inherited by other classes. These type of classes will be used when application required security or someone don’t want that particular class. More details.
Q) What is a Object class?
This is a special class defined by java; all other classes are subclasses of object class. Object class is superclass of all other classes. Object class has the following methods
- objectClone () – to creates a new object that is same as the object being cloned.
- boolean equals(Object obj) – determines whether one object is equal to another.
- finalize() – Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object. A subclass overrides the finalize method to dispose of system resources or to perform other cleanup.
- toString () – Returns a string representation of the object.
Q) What are Packages?
A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types (classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations )
Q)What is the difference between import java.util.Date and java.util.* ?
The star form (java.util.* ) includes all the classes of that package and that may increase the compilation time – especially if you import several packages. However it doesn’t have any effect run-time performance.
Q) What is static import?
Read it here.
Q) Garbage collection in java?
Since objects are dynamically allocated by using the new operator, java handles the de-allocation of the memory automatically when no references to an object exist for a long time is called garbage collection. The whole purpose of Garbage collection is efficient memory management.
Q) Use of finalize() method in java?
finalize() method is used to free the allocated resource.
Q) How many times does the garbage collector calls the finalize() method for an object?
The garbage collector calls the finalize() method Only once for an object.
Q) What are two different ways to call garbage collector?
Q) Can the Garbage Collection be forced by any means?
No, its not possible. you cannot force garbage collection. you can call system.gc() methods for garbage collection but it does not guarantee that garbage collection would be done.
Exception handling Interview Questions
Q) What is an exception?
Exceptions are abnormal conditions that arise during execution of the program. It may occur due to wrong user input or wrong logic written by programmer.
Q) Exceptions are defined in which java package? OR which package has definitions for all the exception classes?
This package contains definitions for Exceptions.
Q) What are the types of exceptions?
There are two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked exceptions.
Checked exceptions: These exceptions must be handled by programmer otherwise the program would throw a compilation error.
Unchecked exceptions: It is up to the programmer to write the code in such a way to avoid unchecked exceptions. You would not get a compilation error if you do not handle these exceptions. These exceptions occur at runtime.
Q) What is the difference between Error and Exception?
Error: Mostly a system issue. It always occur at run time and must be resolved in order to proceed further.
Exception: Mostly an input data issue or wrong logic in code. Can occur at compile time or run time.
Q) What is throw keyword in exception handling?
The throw keyword is used for throwing user defined or pre-defined exception.
Q) What is throws keyword?
If a method does not handle a checked exception, the method must declare it using the throwskeyword. The throws keyword appears at the end of a method’s signature.
Q) Difference between throw and throws in Java
Read the difference here: Java – throw vs throws.
Q) Can static block throw exception?
Yes, A static block can throw exceptions. It has its own limitations: It can throw only Runtime exception (Unchecked exceptions), In order to throw checked exceptions you can use a try-catch block inside it.
Q) What is finally block?
Finally block is a block of code that always executes, whether an exception occurs or not. Finally block follows try block or try-catch block.
Q) ClassNotFoundException vs NoClassDefFoundError?
1) ClassNotFoundException occurs when loader could not find the required class in class path.
2) NoClassDefFoundError occurs when class is loaded in classpath, but one or more of the class which are required by other class, are removed or failed to load by compiler.
Q) Can we have a try block without catch or finally block?
No, we cannot have a try block without catch or finally block. We must have either one of them or both.
Q) Can we have multiple catch blocks following a single try block?
Yes we can have multiple catch blocks in order to handle more than one exception.
Q) Is it possible to have finally block without catch block?
Yes, we can have try block followed by finally block without even using catch blocks in between.
When a finally block does not get executed?
The only time finally won’t be called is if you call System.exit() or if the JVM crashes first.
Q) Can we handle more than one exception in a single catch block?
Yes we can do that using if-else statement but it is not considered as a good practice. We should have one catch block for one exception.
Q) What is a Java Bean?
A JavaBean is a Java class that follows some simple conventions including conventions on the names of certain methods to get and set state called Introspection. Because it follows conventions, it can easily be processed by a software tool that connects Beans together at runtime. JavaBeans are reusable software components.
Java Multithreading Interview Questions
Q) What is Multithreading?
It is a process of executing two or more part of a program simultaneously. Each of these parts is known as threads. In short the process of executing multiple threads simultaneously is known as multithreading.
Q) What is the main purpose of having multithread environment?
Maximizing CPU usage and reducing CPU idle time
Q) What are the main differences between Process and thread? Explain in brief.
1) One process can have multiple threads. A thread is a smaller part of a process.
2) Every process has its own memory space, executable code and a unique process identifier (PID) while every thread has its own stack in Java but it uses process main memory and shares it with other threads.
3) Threads of same process can communicate with each other using keyword like wait and notify etc. This process is known as inter process communication.
Q) How can we create a thread in java?
There are following two ways of creating a thread:
1) By Implementing Runnable interface.
2) By Extending Thread class.
Q) Explain yield and sleep?
yield() – It causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute.
sleep() – It causes the current thread to suspend execution for a specified period. When a thread goes into sleep state it doesn’t release the lock.
Q) What is the difference between sleep() and wait()?
sleep() – It causes the current thread to suspend execution for a specified period. When a thread goes into sleep state it doesn’t release the lock
wait() – It causes current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Q) What is a daemon thread?
A daemon thread is a thread, that does not prevent the JVM from exiting when the program finishes but the thread is still running. An example for a daemon thread is the garbage collection.
Q) What does join( ) method do?
if you use join() ,it makes sure that as soon as a thread calls join,the current thread(yes,currently running thread) will not execute unless the thread you have called join is finished.
Q) Preemptive scheduling vs. time slicing?
1) The preemptive scheduling is prioritized. The highest priority process should always be the process that is currently utilized.
2) Time slicing means task executes for a defined slice/ period of time and then enter in the pool of ready state. The scheduler then determines which task execute next based on priority or other factor.
Q) Can we call run() method of a Thread class?
Yes, we can call run() method of a Thread class but then it will behave like a normal method. To actually execute it in a Thread, you should call Thread.start() method to start it.
Q) What is Starvation?
Starvation describes a situation where a thread is unable to gain regular access to shared resources and is unable to make progress. This happens when shared resources are made unavailable for long periods by “greedy” threads. For example, suppose an object provides a synchronized method that often takes a long time to return. If one thread invokes this method frequently, other threads that also need frequent synchronized access to the same object will often be blocked.
Q) What is deadlock?
Deadlock describes a situation where two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting for each other.
Serialization interview Questions
Q: What is Serialization and de-serialization?
Serialization is a process of converting an object and its attributes to the stream of bytes. De-serialization is recreating the object from stream of bytes; it is just a reverse process of serialization. To know more about serialization with example program, refer this article.
Q) Do we need to implement any method of Serializable interface to make an object serializable?
No. In order to make an object serializable we just need to implement the interface Serializable. We don’t need to implement any methods.
Q) What is a transient variable?
1) transient variables are not included in the process of serialization.
2) They are not the part of the object’s serialized state.
3) Variables which we don’t want to include in serialization are declared as transient.
String interview questions
Q) A string class is immutable or mutable?
String class is immutable that’s the reason once its object gets created, it cannot be changed further.
Q) Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder class?
1) StringBuffer is thread-safe but StringBuilder is not thread safe.
2) StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer.
3) StringBuffer is synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not synchronized.
Q) What is toString() method in Java?
The toString() method returns the string representation of any object.
Java collections interview questions
Q) What is List?
Elements can be inserted or accessed by their position in the list, using a zero-based index.
A list may contain duplicate elements.
Q) What is Map?
Map interface maps unique keys to values. A key is an object that we use to retrieve a value later. A map cannot contain duplicate keys: Each key can map to at most one value.
Q) What is Set?
A Set is a Collection that cannot contain duplicate elements.
Q) Why ArrayList is better than Arrays?
Array can hold fixed number of elements. ArrayList can grow dynamically.
Q) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
1) LinkedList store elements within a doubly-linked list data structure. ArrayList store elements within a dynamically resizing array.
2) LinkedList is preferred for add and update operations while ArrayList is a good choice for search operations. Read more here.
Q) For addition and deletion. Which one is most preferred: ArrayList or LinkedList?
LinkedList. Because deleting or adding a node in LinkedList is faster than ArrayList.
Q) For searches. Which one is most preferred: ArrayList or LinkedList?
ArrayList. Searching an element is faster in ArrayList compared to LinkedList.
Q) What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector?
1) Vector is synchronized while ArrayList is not synchronized.
2) By default, Vector doubles the size of its array when it is re-sized internally. ArrayList increases by half of its size when it is re-sized. More details.
Q) What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
Following are the major differences between them:
1) Iterator can be used for traversing Set, List and Map. ListIterator can only be used for traversing a List.
2) We can traverse only in forward direction using Iterator. ListIterator can be used for traversing in both the directions(forward and backward). Read more at: ListIterator vs Iterator.
Q) Difference between TreeSet and SortedSet?
TreeSet implements SortedSet interface.
Q) What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
1) Hashtable is synchronized. HashMap is not synchronized.
2) Hashtable does not allow null keys or values. HashMap allows one null key and any number of null values. Read more here.
Q) What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?
1) Iterator allows to remove elements from the underlying collection during the iteration using its remove() method. We cannot add/remove elements from a collection when using enumerator.
2) Iterator has improved method names.
Enumeration.hasMoreElement() -> Iterator.hasNext()
Enumeration.nextElement() -> Iterator.next().
Applet Interview Questions
Q) How do you do file I/O from an applet?
Unsigned applets are simply not allowed to read or write files on the local file system .
Unsigned applets can, however, read (but not write) non-class files bundled with your applet on the server, called resource files
Q) What is container ?
A component capable of holding another component is called as container.
- Flow Layout is default for panel.
- Border Layout is default for Frames.
Q) On Windows, generally frames are invisible, how to make it visible. ?
Frame f = new Frame(); f.setSize(300,200); //height and width f.setVisible(true) ; // Frames appears
Q) JFC – Java Foundation Class
Drag and Drop
Learning) Listeners and Methods?
ActionListerner – actionPerformed();
ItemListerner – itemStateChanged();
TextListener – textValueChanged();
FocusListener – focusLost(); & FocusGained();
WindowListener – windowActified(); windowDEactified(); windowIconified(); windowDeiconified(); windowClosed(); windowClosing(); windowOpened();
MouseMotionListener – mouseDragged(); & mouseMoved();
MouseListener – mousePressed(); mouseReleased(); mouseEntered(); mouseExited(); mouseClicked();
parseInt – to convert string to int.
getBytes – string to byte array
Q) Applet Life cycle?
Following stage of any applets life cycle, starts with init(), start(), paint(), stop() and destroy().
Q) showStatus() ?–
To display the message at the bottom of the browser when applet is started.
Q) What is the Event handling?
Is irrespective of any component, if any action performed/done on Frame, Panel or on window, handling those actions are called Event Handling.
Q) What is Adapter class?
Adapter class is an abstract class.
Advantage of adapter: To perform any window listener, we need to include all the methods used by the window listener whether we use those methods are not in our class like Interfaces whereas with adapter class, its sufficient to include only the methods required to override. Straight opposite to Interface.
If you have finished reading above interview questions then you can go through the below tutorials to sharpen your knowledge in java. We will keep adding new question and answers to the above list.
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There are numerous different strains of avian influenza; most circulate in wild birds, but only in some young waterbirds are infection rates sometimes high. These viruses are benign, and at worst cause only mild disease. These “Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza” (LPAI) viruses also have only mild effects on poultry.
Under the crowded conditions of intensive poultry rearing, however, some variants of the H5 and H7 ‘subtypes’, ultimately derived from wild birds, can evolve into “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza” (HPAI) viruses, which can cause massive mortality in poultry. HPAI H5N1 is thus a poultry disease. Currently, it remains extremely difficult for HPAI viruses to infect people, but there is a serious concern the virus may evolve to allow rapid human to human transmission and mortality. Wild birds can also be infected with, and killed by, HPAI viruses but in population terms this is rare. They appear to acquire the virus through contact with infected poultry or with facilities used by them.
BirdLife seeks the complete removal of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from the ecosystem – while recognising that the virus is so entrenched now in some regions that this cannot be achieved rapidly. BirdLife is greatly concerned and saddened by the human death toll from the ongoing infection, and by the massive economic loss suffered by those communities affected by the virus and dependent on poultry. We also recognise and share the real concerns about a potential human pandemic.
There are several ways in which H5N1 can be spread within and between countries. It is therefore essential to monitor and control those activities which are known or strongly suspected to spread H5N1. Effective responses need to focus on all of these possible means of spread. They include the movements of infected poultry and untreated poultry products (including manure), the re-use of inadequately cleansed transportation crates, the movements of caged wild birds in trade, and movements of wild birds. Further investigation is also needed of the use of potentially infected poultry manure as fertiliser in agriculture and as feed in fish-farms and pig farms, described by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation as a high-risk activity.
Outbreaks among wild birds in Europe and Iran during 2006 show that wild birds are capable of carrying the virus to new sites after infection. Many questions remain concerning the effects of the virus on wild birds and how efficiently they can spread it to other wild birds or to domestic poultry, especially over long distances. (See section “The role of wild birds”.)
By contrast, outbreaks in Cameroon, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan, Niger, Nigeria, Djibouti, Lao and Pakistan in 2006 originated within the poultry industry. Outbreaks in 2007 in Hungary, South Korea, Japan, UK and Thailand, and ongoing outbreaks elsewhere, especially in Indonesia, are also associated with commercial poultry production.
Here, as in most other H5N1 outbreaks, there is strong circumstantial evidence that movements of poultry and poultry products have been responsible. In many of these countries poultry outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in multiple large-scale poultry operations, indicating that migratory birds were an unlikely agent of the transmission. Moreover, the timing and location of these outbreaks do not match the movements of migratory birds.
For South-East Asia, recent comprehensive analysis of viral lineages concludes that poultry movements were responsible for multiple reintroductions, both within and between countries, and that “transmission within poultry is the major mechanism for sustaining H5N1 endemicity in the region”. (Chen et al., PNAS, 103: 2845-2850).
Several dead ’wild’ birds in Hong Kong in early 2006 and further cases in 2007 were of birds found in urban areas, away from their natural habitats, or were scavengers in urban areas. There is strong circumstantial evidence that these cases are associated with the deliberate release of captive birds for religious reasons. Birds involved in this trade often pass through ‘wet’ markets, a known and efficient mechanism by which H5N1 is spread. Concern over the importation of H5N1 through wild birds infected in ‘wet’ markets led to an indefinite ban on the importation of wild-caught birds into the European Union, announced in January 2007 and there are now calls for a similar ban on importation of such birds into Hong Kong.
As H5N1 outbreaks continue, there is need for responses to be calm, balanced, prompt and effective. In particular, BirdLife urges:
- Improved biosecurity at all levels within the poultry industry.
- Tight controls, backed up by better enforcement, on the movements of all poultry products, including fertiliser and feed made from poultry waste.
- A moratorium on trade in wild birds originating from affected regions.
- Full involvement, collaboration and rapid sharing of information among those with relevant veterinary, medical, agricultural and ecological expertise from around the world.
- Balanced and accurate public communication strategies by government, relevant agencies and the media. Distorted or sensationalised information can easily give rise to misdirected public hysteria about H5N1
- Heightened surveillance of migratory and resident wild birds, with collection of as much ecological information as possible in the case of confirmed outbreaks (see data surveillance document, PDF 1.5 MB, Yasue et al., BioScience 56: 1–7, PDF 123 KB). BirdLife believes that all such results, whether positive or negative, should be published and made freely available to researchers.
- More field studies on the ecology of H5N1 in natural environments to improve our understanding of host- or strain-specific pathogenicity, extent or length of viral shedding of H5N1, and the routes of transmission between wild birds.
- Rapid detection and investigation of deaths of migrant wild birds. Wild bird deaths, sometimes involving large numbers of birds, occur for many reasons other than H5N1 and should not be cause for panic.
In some parts of the world, authorities have proposed attempting to control the spread of H5N1 by culling wild birds, destroying their habitats, or displacing them from breeding and roosting grounds. At best, such measures are ineffective, but they could often make matters worse, as well as distracting from more suitable interventions. They could also add to the stresses already imposed on some species through habitat loss.
The risk of humans contracting H5N1 remains very low. Practically all human cases have resulted from frequent and intimate contact with poultry; but in relation to the number of humans, who have this degree of contact, especially in Asia, the number of known human infections is tiny.
BirdLife believes that greater collaboration between veterinarians, the poultry industry and food, agriculture, health and environment bodies is needed to tackle the threat of avian ‘flu effectively. Ornithological expertise must be sought and utilised in H5N1 outbreaks in wild birds in order to maximise the value of information to be gained. BirdLife participates actively in EU ORNIS committee meetings as well as a task force on avian influenza comprising scientists and conservationists from nine different international organisations, including four UN bodies, convened by the UNEP Convention on Migratory Species(CMS).
Despite increased sampling around the world, no fully documented healthy migratory wild birds have tested positive for H5N1; claims to the contrary have lacked essential information (see Feare & Yasue,Virology 3: 96–99).
In early 2006 wild bird outbreaks occurred across Europe, and showed that wild birds are capable of carrying the virus to new sites after infection. How this happens is still unknown. It is possible the birds spread the disease in a ’leap-frog’ fashion by travelling for a short time and passing on infection to another group of birds before dying, and can thereby contribute to the long-distance spread of the virus. There may also be some species that are resistant to H5N1, and capable of infecting other birds without themselves showing serious illness (Feare & Yasue, Virology 3: 96–99). The initial outbreaks in Europe in February 2006, related to forced movements of birds away from the Black and Caspian Sea regions in response to unusually cold weather. These two regions had widespread and sustained H5N1 infection in poultry at the time, and limited biosecurity measures were in place.
Also in early 2006, outbreaks among poultry occurred in Africa (initially in Nigeria). In contrast to the European outbreaks, it seems unlikely that migratory wild birds carried H5N1 to Africa. Strong circumstantial evidence and investigations by government agencies suggest that movements of poultry and poultry products were responsible. The timing and location of these outbreaks do not match the movements of migratory birds. Moreover, in countries such as Nigeria and Egypt poultry outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in multiple large-scale poultry operations, indicating that migratory birds were not an agent of transmission. If H5N1 had been carried by wild birds to Africa, outbreaks would have been expected in key wetlands for migratory birds, especially in East Africa where there had been surveillance of wild birds over the previous months.
Similarly, in Asia the movement of wild birds has not been the main cause of H5N1 spread since the virus was first detected in 1996. Prior to April 2005, the small numbers of wild birds found dead or dying with H5N1 in Asia were largely sedentary species that scavenge near poultry, live markets or captive bird populations.
However between April and June of 2005 there were significant die-offs of migratory bird species in Qinghai Lake (north-western China, 6,300 birds) and Erhel Lake (Mongolia, c.130 birds) and some of these birds tested positive for or showed symptoms of H5N1. Although poultry were present in the Qinghai Lake area, there were said to be none around Erhel Lake, leading to enhanced interest in whether wild birds can spread H5N1 over long distances.
It is still unclear how the birds in Qinghai and Erhel Lake were infected by H5N1. Bar-headed Geese Anser indicus were the first species to succumb to the disease and died in the greatest numbers at Qinghai Lake. However deaths from H5N1 in the geese occurred several weeks after their arrival from wintering grounds, suggesting that the source of the H5N1 infection was local. The geese might have contracted the disease from an unidentified poultry source. Another potential route may have been a Bar-headed Goose captive-breeding farm located at the lake, which bred geese for domestication and also released individuals into the wild (Butler 2006), though no H5N1 infections were officially reported there. In 2006, outbreaks reported in wild Bar-headed Geese in north-west China were all close to such release sites. Other species later became infected at Qinghai Lake and there were in total four different strains of the virus isolated from this single outbreak, but whether they acquired the infection from the geese or from another independent source is unknown (Chen et al. 2006). The outbreak was highly localised and no Bar-headed Geese or other wild birds were found dead in wetlands close to Qinghai Lake.
In Mongolia, at Erhel Lake, the main species found dead or dying with H5N1 in July 2005 were Bar-headed Geese and Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus, and a small number were found to be infected with H5N1. Because this outbreak occurred after the Qinghai Lake outbreaks, researchers have speculated that migratory birds may have carried the virus to Mongolia. Bar-headed Geese and Whooper Swans also died in the Qinghai Lake outbreak, and one of the four strains of H5N1 isolated from Qinghai Lake was also isolated in Erhel Lake. However, both these species would have arrived to breed in Mongolia several months earlier, and during the outbreak the birds would have been near to completing their annual feather moult, during which they are sedentary. Thus it seems unlikely that they carried the virus from Qinghai to Lake Erhel. There were no signs of large mortality events in eight wetlands within 450 km of Lake Erhel and 4,119 H5N1 tests of healthy wild birds carried out during the same period were negative. Although a large number of birds died at Erhel Lake, few actually tested positive for the virus and it was estimated that only 0–1% of the living or dead birds were infected with H5N1. These facts point to the source of H5N1 infection being local to Lake Erhel and that the infected wild birds did not spread the disease to new locations, or even among themselves to any significant extent.
The lack of a trail of dead birds along migratory pathways from infected breeding habitats in Mongolia, China and Russia to southern wintering areas in Asia and Australasia in 2005 and 2006 suggests that migratory wild birds are not spreading the disease long distances between continents during spring and autumn migration. It is possible that in some Asian and Australasian countries where little or no surveillance work has been done, wild bird die-offs have gone undetected. However, in countries such as Japan, South Korea, Philippines, the Netherlands and Finland which are on migration routes from H5N1 outbreak areas in south-east Asia or Siberia, and where there has been extensive surveillance for dead birds at key waterfowl wintering and stopover habitats, there have been no recent cases of H5N1. Japan and South Korea both remained free of the disease after early outbreaks in 2003-4, confined to poultry and scavenging wild birds (crows), were brought under control by closing borders to poultry imports, until early 2007, when commercial poultry operations in both countries were once again infected. With few exceptions, there is limited correlation between the pattern and timing of spread among domestic birds and wild bird migrations.
Nevertheless some authorities argue that the timing and location of outbreaks in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the autumn of 2005 did follow the south-western migration routes of birds. These outbreaks occurred after H5N1 was detected in poultry in Russia and wildfowl in south-west Russia in the summer of 2005. However, there appeared to be no trails of death along this migration route; wild bird deaths appeared to be localised and at least in some instances were restricted to a few individuals from larger flocks. Evidence that wild birds were involved thus remains circumstantial and equally plausible explanations for the spread of avian influenza westwards during the latter half of 2005 are the movements of poultry and poultry products (See section “Movements of poultry and poultry products”). Additionally, there was no return of the virus during the spring 2006 migration period.
One of the key uncertainties relating to the role of wild birds in spreading H5N1 is whether wild birds can carry and spread the disease without showing symptoms. So far, the only published study purportedly demonstrating asymptomatic infection in wild migratory birds was in Poyang Lake, China, where six out of more than 13,000 wild birds tested in China were positive. More studies are needed to assess the generality of this result because the authors did not adequately detail ornithological or field ecological data (such as species identity of the birds found to be positive, exact capture location, or sampling method) (see note on data surveillance, PDF 1.5 MB, Yasue et al., BioScience 56: 1–7).
Many thousands of healthy wild birds have been tested throughout Europe, Africa and Asia and H5N1 has not yet been detected in any. However, this result should also be interpreted with caution because very low infection rates may require much greater sampling effort to detect asymptomatic infection. In addition, recent research (Fouchier et al. 2006 FAO Conference on avian influenza) suggests that some species of dabbling duck experimentally infected with H5N1 do not shed the virus in faeces and do not show symptoms of the disease. The majority of H5N1 testing has been conducted using either faecal or cloacal swabs rather than tracheal swabs (which would be more likely to detect the virus, if present). Thus it is possible that these monitoring efforts failed to detect H5N1 in some species. In future monitoring efforts, tracheal swabs should be used to sample for H5N1 in healthy wild birds. More research on species-specific pathogenicity in wild waterfowl populations is crucial to interpret the apparent spatial and temporal patterns of H5N1 outbreaks.
Understanding of the epidemiology of H5N1 in wild birds, and the behaviour of the virus in the wider environment, remain very inadequate. Most of the research on H5N1 has been on domestic animals in laboratory environments. The ease with which infected wild birds can pass the disease on to other wildfowl or poultry remains an important, unanswered question, although this does appear to have happened, on a small scale, in Europe in early 2006. There is no information on the ability of infected birds to undertake long-distance migration, during which an increasing body of evidence suggests their resistance to disease may be suppressed. The limited evidence that exists suggests tremendous variability in transmission rates and virulence between different host species and different strains of the virus.
Better quality data collection and reporting are crucial to understanding general patterns in outbreaks, possible routes of transmission, and the potential impacts on migratory bird populations. This information can be used to focus contingency efforts, to predict future outbreaks, and to guide effective policy to reduce the economic and conservation impacts of avian influenza.
In the interests of all those attempting to control the spread of HPAI H5N1, BirdLife believes that all surveillance and test data, whether positive or negative, should be published and made freely available to researchers.
Most outbreaks in South-East Asia can be linked to movements of poultry, poultry manure, poultry by-products and accidental transfer of infected material from poultry farms, such as water, straw or soil on vehicles, clothes and shoes. Globally, the most important route of spread remains unrestricted poultry movements. A paper by Chen and colleagues, “Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 21 February 2006) analysed the viral lineages and concluded that poultry movements were responsible for multiple reintroductions in south-east Asia, both within and between countries.
Live animal or ‘wet’ markets may have played a major part in sustaining the virus in south-east Asia, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organisation (WHO). They were identified as the source of the H5N1 infection in chicken farms in Hong Kong in 1997 when approximately 20% of the chickens in live poultry markets were found to be infected. The same situation was seen in Vietnam, where the circulation of H5N1 in geese in live bird markets in Hanoi had been documented three years before the 2004 outbreaks in chicken farms (FAO/OIE/WHO Consultation on avian influenza and human health: Risk reduction measures in producing, marketing, and living with animals in Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, July 2005).
There is also a huge international trade in poultry—both legal and illegal. The legal trade involves millions of hatching eggs and poultry being shipped to destinations world-wide. For example, prior to the outbreaks in Egypt, the country was reported to export 180 million day-old-chicks plus 500,000 mature fowl a year. Almost 12 million live chickens were officially imported into the Ukraine in 2004 and more than 16 million into Romania. In Turkey, one factory has the capacity to produce over 100 million hatching eggs per year, many of them exported to Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Outbreaks in 2006 in India, Nigeria and Egypt originated within the poultry industry, and there is strong circumstantial evidence that movements of poultry and poultry products were responsible. Similarly, the re-emergence of the disease in 2007 in Thailand, South Korea and Japan was within the commercial poultry sector.
For obvious reasons, little information is available on the extent of the unregulated and illegal poultry trade. However, in February and July 2006, it was revealed that poultry meat is being illegally imported from Asia into the USA; in October 2005 3,000 chickens were intercepted by Italian customs after being smuggled into the country from China; and in November 2005 the UK authorities revealed that large quantities, possibly hundreds of tonnes, of chicken meat had been illegally imported from China, having been fraudulently relabelled before being sold on to food manufacturers across the country. In February 2006, 20 kg of chicken tongues from China were found by customs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and 21 tonnes of (mainly) poultry meat from China were confiscated in southern Spain. There are numerous reports of extensive smuggling of poultry – many reported to be in poor health – across the land border between China and Vietnam. In central Vietnam, up to three-quarters of the poultry tested in December 2006 were positive for the virus. These indicate continuing lapses in border controls, despite the widely publicised risks. Illegal poultry movements are reported to be extensive in central Asia. In 2005, Ukraine’s State Department of Veterinary Medicine said there had been substantial illegal re-exportation of meat from Ukraine to Russia from third countries.
Also needing closer investigation is the widespread practice of using poultry manure (chicken, duck and other poultry faeces) and other poultry by-products (e.g. dead birds, feathers) in agriculture and aquaculture as fertiliser, and in untreated form as food for pigs and fish. Poultry infected with the H5N1 virus excrete virus particles in their faeces. Avian influenza viruses may not be deactivated for several weeks inside organic matter such as faeces. Therefore, putting untreated faeces from infected birds into fish ponds and on to fields as manure provides a potential new source of infection. Although recognised as early as 1988, the risks of this practice for spreading influenza viruses have been little investigated. The sole European H5N1 case in the second half of 2006 concerned a captive Black Swan Cygnus atratus(an Australian species) that died of the disease at Dresden zoo in August. The cygnet hatched in April 2006 and lived on an ornamental pond. The artificial feed used at the lake is considered one of the possible sources of the virus.
Chicken faeces have been used as fertiliser in aquaculture operations in Russia and Eastern Europe as well as south-east Asia. Poultry faeces are also spread onto agricultural land and discharge inevitably runs off into waterways. The collection and transport of untreated poultry manure could be a highly effective way of spreading the virus. The FAO recommends “that the feeding of poultry manure/poultry litter should be banned in countries affected by or at risk from avian influenza, even if correctly composted, ensiled or dried with heat treatment.”
For more information see BirdLife’s March 2006 report, Fish farming and the risk of spread of avian influenza (PDF, 200 KB)
The widespread illegal trade in cage birds has transported H5N1-infected birds over large distances. For example, customs authorities in Chinese Taiwan have intercepted two consignments of infected birds being smuggled from mainland China. An outbreak of H5N1 at a bird quarantine station in the UK may also be attributable to smuggled birds ‘laundered’ into a legally imported consignment, since the species concerned, Silver-eared Mesia Leiothrix argentauris is not a native of Chinese Taiwan, stated as the origin of the consignment. In 2004, a pair of Mountain Hawk-eagles Spizaetus nipalensis smuggled in hand luggage from Thailand to Belgium was found to have the disease. The most likely source of infection in captive birds is at live animal ‘wet’ markets in Asia, where domestic and wild-caught birds are kept in close proximity, posing a high-risk of cross-contamination. This is likely the source whereby dead ’wild’ birds found in Hong Kong in early 2006 and again in early 2007 were infected. There is evidence they were part of the extensive trade – said to number at least half a million birds in 2005 alone – in captive birds released for religious reasons in Hong Kong.
It is important that preventive measures for H5N1 concentrate on better bio-security—surveillance and testing of poultry, controlling the movements and sale of poultry, poultry products and cage birds, regulating the use of poultry manure used in aquaculture and agriculture, and stepping up national and international efforts to control the illegal trade in poultry, poultry products and captive wild birds. In particular, surveillance should include domestic ducks, since it is known they can carry the virus asymptomatically and infection in them could therefore easily pass undetected. Increasingly, experimental laboratory research on transmission routes, infection rates and H5N1 survival rates in the environment suggest key differences in the behaviour of H5N1 from other avian influenza viruses, related to adaptations to a poultry environment rather than in wild birds. The commercial poultry industry has led to the genesis of the current HPAI H5N1 and played an important role in the spread of the disease. Focusing on wild birds alone is misplaced and a potentially dangerous diversion of energy, effort and resources.
The best veterinary advice concerning issues such as confinement of free-ranging flocks and vaccination should be sought and followed. Vaccination may be effective—providing there is adequate antigen in the vaccine. Poor-quality vaccines stop the signs of the disease but allow the virus to continue replicating, spreading and evolving. There is continuing debate among virologists, veterinarians and politicians over the merits of vaccination (see FAO website or Nature Magazine for more discussion on vaccination).
In 2005 and 2006 some government officials advocated culling or flushing wild birds from habitats and destroying habitat or nests to reduce the risk of transmission of H5N1 to poultry or humans. The World Health Organisation, Food and Agriculture Organization and OIE (the World Organisation for Animal Health) agree that culling wild birds is not a feasible or effective approach to control the disease, and should not be attempted. Attempts at culling or flushing could make the matters worse and birds could spread the virus more widely. Better surveillance of wild birds, and more research on the behaviour of the virus in wild bird populations, are very important. In some countries, there is an urgent need to improve the capacity to detect and report wild bird deaths and details of H5N1 outbreaks.
Although H5N1 can cause serious disease in people, the virus is hard to catch. Transmission from birds to human remains difficult, usually involving prolonged and intimate contact, and so far the virus rarely, if ever, spreads from person to person. This type of close-contact human to human transmission is thought to have occurred in North Sumatra where six family members died of H5N1. A major concern is that it might evolve into a form that is transmitted easily between people, thereby facilitating a pandemic.
In the last 100 years there have been at least three major pandemics of human influenza A in humans, which killed many people around the world. The origins of these deadly virus strains remain uncertain, but at least two are thought to have arisen when avian ‘flu and human influenza viruses came together, possibly in pigs, and reassorted their genetic material. Continued outbreaks of H5N1 increase the chances of this happening again, especially as the current strain of H5N1 is exceptional in that it can pass directly from poultry to humans, without an intermediate host.
Almost always, human infections have occurred in people who have been closely associated with poultry. Given the substantial number and distribution of outbreaks in domestic poultry and waterfowl, there have been relatively few cases in people (see WHO for up to date statistics http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en/index.html), indicating that the transmission of the virus from poultry to man remains inefficient.
Activities such as birdwatching and feeding garden birds are completely safe if simple common sense precautions are followed. These include avoiding touching carcasses of wild birds, and washing hands with soap and water after filling or cleaning bird feeders. Both measures are advisable as birds can carry other potentially dangerous pathogens. The best veterinary advice should be followed on appropriate quarantine periods in areas where there have been H5N1 outbreaks, particularly in the vicinity of water bodies since avian influenza viruses can survive a long time in water (up to 100 days depending on pH, salinity or temperature) and faeces; it is recommended that people avoid swimming in infected water bodies.
In countries where H5N1 outbreaks have occurred, people working with poultry or other captive birds need to take stricter precautions, to minimise the risk of carrying infection to the birds they work with. They should avoid direct contact with wild birds and should also avoid contact with water from ponds and other sources which are used by wild birds, as much as possible.
H5N1 could be damaging to species that are already threatened, and/or congregate in just a few localities. At least two globally threatened bird species have already been affected. There may be other threatened species that have been infected but not detected because the majority of wild bird outbreak reports do not identify the species involved. In February 2006, the virus was isolated from a dead Red-breasted GooseBranta ruficollis in Greece. This is of concern as 90% of the world population of 88,000 is confined to just five roosts in Romania and Bulgaria, both affected countries. Another globally threatened species – Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) – died in the Qinghai Lake outbreak in north-west China in the summer of 2005 (Chen et al. 2006). Moreover it is also estimated that between 5% and 10% of the world population of Bar-headed Goose perished at Lake Qinghai, China, in spring 2005, although how many of these were farmed birds is not known. In May 2006 more than 600 Bar-headed Geese allegedly died of H5N1 in Qinghai and Xizang provinces in north-west China.
However, the total number of wild birds affected has so far been small and, in contrast to the high infection rates in poultry operations, at present the virus does not appear to be efficiently transmitted by wild birds in a natural environment. Very many more birds die of other, commoner, avian diseases each year. For example, a recent report from Niedersachsen state in north Germany showed that less than 0.1% of the 7,000 dead birds brought into labs for testing this year were infected with H5N1.
Rather than the direct mortality of H5N1 on wild birds, perhaps the greater threat to wildlife is the misguided attempts by governments and the public to cull or destroy habitats to control the disease. There have been reports in the media of wild birds being demonised. In some countries politicians have called on hunters to wipe out or frighten away incoming migrant birds. Some governments have reportedly revived plans to drain wetlands, under the pretext of denying waterfowl landing and breeding places. Nests of birds, such as Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica and House Martin Delichon urbica, which breed in close proximity with man, have been destroyed in the mistaken belief that this measure will lessen the risk of contracting avian influenza. These measures put wild birds and other biodiversity in jeopardy.
BirdLife International is a member of a task force on avian influenza comprising scientists and conservationists from nine different international organisations including four UN bodies, convened by the UNEP Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). The task force seeks much better data and information on the cause of the spread of the disease and will contribute to a rapid reporting system of avian influenza outbreaks and surveillance around the world. In early April 2006, top scientists with expertise ranging from ecology and ornithology, to virology and veterinary medicine met to examine the latest information on avian influenza, define gaps in our understanding of the virus, and provide recommendations on approaches to reduce the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of avian influenza (see www.cms.int/avianflu/conclusions_rec_ai_seminar.pdf). The CMS task force has recently published a leaflet on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds, available from: http://www.aiweb.info/document.aspx?DocID=5
At the end of May 2006 BirdLife International also participated in an FAO and OIE scientific conference on avian influenza in wild birds. One outcome of these discussions has been the Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance (GAINS), a collaborative programme to improve data on avian influenza epidemiology in wild birds. BirdLife is a partner in GAINS and is currently collecting field data on the baseline numbers of sick or dead birds at key wetlands .
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You would have first come across infinity when you are thinking of the universe and existence, how everything is either finite of infinite within its existence. You next encounter with infinity would have been in your GCSE mathematics lessons, when an odd symbol represented a never-ending solution to a complex problem.
Infinity, is known to be a concept within mathematics and philosophy, referring to a never-ending quantity. The word is derived from Latin origin, infinitas, with the literal translation meaning “unboundedness”.
Infinity in Mathematics
In mathematic subjects such as maths A-levels the term infinity is treated as though it was a number, as in an infinite number of terms. Despite this belief, infinity is not the same type of number as real numbers (i.e. 1, 10, etc.) and has been described by mathematicians as different things.
During the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries Georg Cantor, a German mathematician, formalised a variety of ideas that were related to infinity and infinite sets. He discovered that there are different types of infinite sets, leading to the concept of cardinality. For example, the set of integers is known to be countably in infinity, whereas the set of real numbers is uncountably infinite.
Sound confusing? Well infinity develops to new heights of confusion. You can have sets of elements that are Dedekind-infinite, which is when the set has a seemingly paradoxical quality, or has a subset of its elements that are able to be matched up on a one-to=one basis to each individual element within the set.
This paradoxical nature of infinity can be illustrated with a hotel with infinitely many rooms, where each is occupied by a guest but can still manage to accommodate a new visitor by moving each guest over one by one to the next available room.
The concept and nature of infinity has existed throughout numerous ancient cultures, with various ideas concerning its nature. For example the Isha Upanishad of the Yajurveda (4 th -3 rd century BC) states “if you remove a part from infinity or add a part to infinity, still what remains is infinity”. Indeed the Indian mathematical text Surya Pranjnapti (400 BC) classified numbers into three possible sets: enumerable, innumerable and infinite respectively.
The ancient Indians and also the ancient Greeks were unable to codify infinity in formalised mathematical terms and instead approached the subject as a philosophical concept. To correspond with Aristotle's traditional view, Hellenistic Greek civilisation distinguished the potential infinity from actual infinity, for example instead of claiming that there are an infinity of primes, Euclid states that there are more prime numbers than contained in a collection of prime numbers.
Even Buddhist imagery has depicted infinity, with the deity Chenrezig being pictured holding a mala that is twisted in the middle, forming the figure 8, representing the endless cycle of existence, or infinity.
The infinity symbol, ∞, is often called the lemniscate, a word derived from the Latin lemniscus or “ribbon”. This symbol was introduced in 1655 by John Wallis following his derivation from the Roman numeral1000, which was in turn derived from the Etruscan 1000 numeral, which meant many. Indeed infinity does not only define a limit but is also a value in the affinely extended real number system.
Infinity is used with mathematics, physics, geometry, computing, cosmology, philosophy and even the arts. The best thing to remember is that the lemniscate represent a boundless sum. So if you are faced with ∞ in a mathematical problem, you will understand.
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Three-dimensional printers have now assembled candy, clothing, and even mouse ovaries. But in the next decade, specialized bioprinters could begin to build functioning human organs in space. It turns out, the minimal gravity conditions in space may provide a more ideal environment for building organs than gravity-heavy Earth.
If successful, space-printed organs could help to shorten transplant waitlists and even eliminate organ rejection. Though they still have a long way to go, researchers at the International Space Station (ISS) hope to eventually assemble organs from adult human cells, including stem cells.
If the 3D BioFabrication Facility prospers in printing working human organs, they’d be subject to thorough regulation here on Earth. The US approval process is stringent for any drug, Rich Boling says, posing a challenge for this unprecedented invention. Along with regulatory acceptance, human tissue printed in microgravity may encounter societal pushback. Each country maintains varying laws related to medical transplants. Yet as bioengineering advances into the final frontier, the international scientific research community may need to shape new guidelines for collaboration among the stars.
Source: Popular Science
Name of Author: Molly Glick
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Stretching a carbon nanotube composite like taffy, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) have made some of the first measurements* of how single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) both scatter and absorb polarized light, a key optical and electronic property.Biomedical applications could exploit the natural fluorescence of the carbon nanotubes. When light is polarized along a single-walled carbon nanotube (left), this fluorescent emission is strong. Credit: NIST
SWNTs have excited materials scientists with the promise of novel materials that have exceptional mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. One fundamental issue is how light interacts with SWNTs. Is there, for example, a way to use appropriately tailored light to exert a force on SWNTs so that they can be trapped or aligned? Or can they be designed to be nanoscale tags for medical diagnostics? Semiconducting SWNTs can fluoresce in the near infrared region, an ideal characteristic for medical applications because body fluids and tissues are nearly transparent in that range.
Recent research on the optics of SWNTs has focused on the behavior of “excitons” — the pairing of a negatively charged electron with the positively charged “hole” that it leaves behind when it gets excited by a photon into a higher energy state. An important optical characteristic is how excitons in SWNTs impact the way the nanotubes absorb and scatter light.For example, how easy is it for the incident light to deform an exciton to create positive and negative poles? Theory says it should be significantly harder to do in a nearly one-dimensional nanotube than in a bulk semiconductor, where nearby electrons and holes reduce the amount of energy required.
Measuring that is difficult because the effect depends on the orientation of the nanotubes, and they’re hard to line up neatly. The NIST/RIT team solved the problem elegantly by wrapping SWNTs with DNA to keep them from clumping together, and dispersing them in a polymer. When they heated the polymer and stretched it in one direction, the nanotubes aligned like sugar crystals lining up in pulled taffy, making the optical measurements possible. The team obtained the first experimental verification of the full optical response of individual semiconducting SWNTs, finding good agreement with theory.
The stretching alignment technique is applicable to a broad range of SWNT experiments where orientation is important, particularly in optics. The work should further our current understanding of how nanotubes interact with light, with important practical applications in optical sensing and the manipulation of individual nanotubes using electromagnetic fields.
* J.A. Fagan, J.R. Simpson, B.J. Landi, L.J. Richter, I.Mandelbaum, V. Bajpai, D.L. Ho, R. Raffaelle, A.R. Hight Walker, B.J. Bauer and E.K. Hobbie. Dielectric response of aligned semiconducting single-wall nanotubes. Physical Review Letters. 98, 147402 (2007).
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A version of this story first ran in March 2014.
The first day of spring is cause for a celebration, especially after the winter many of us have been having. But it's hard to top the 13-day festivities of the Persian New Year, Nowruz.
Nowruz, or "new day" in Persian, is an ancient festival that marks the beginning of spring and celebrates the rebirth of nature. And naturally, it has a lot to do with fresh, green foods just beginning to poke out of the ground that remind us winter is not, in fact, eternal.
Nowruz begins at the stroke of the vernal equinox, when the sun crosses the equator. This year it came early in the morning of March 20. When the equinox comes, millions of families of Iranian descent gather around a ceremonial table known as the haftseen. (Think colorful, elaborate Day Of The Dead-type altars meet a mashup of Easter and Passover traditions.) Young and old hold hands and count down to the New Year together and cheer Eide Shoma Mobarak, or Happy New Year!
The haftseen table is a relatively recent addition to Nowruz – a folksy tradition with murky beginnings. "We do not even find this spread mentioned in the chronicles of travelers to Iran up to the modern times," says Ahmad Sadri, a professor of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College and an expert on ancient Persia.
Haftseen "seems to have come into vogue only in the last century, owing to publicity in the media," according to Columbia University's extensive entry in its Encyclopedia Iranica.
And yet, "its essential items perfectly afford reasonable explanation as the reflections of the pastoral and sedentary conditions of ancient Iranians and of their beliefs."
In every home, the haftseen table is decorated with seven items – since seven is considered a lucky number. Each item begins with the letter sin (s) in Persian, and each item is a symbol of spring and renewal, including:
- Seeb (apple), representing beauty
- Seer (garlic), representing good health
- Serkeh (vinegar), representing patience
- Sonbol (hyacinth), representing spring
- Samanu (sweet pudding), representing fertility
- Sabzeh (sprouts), representing rebirth
- Sekeh (coins), representing prosperity
Other words beginning with the letter "s" can also be used, such as the spice sumac, its brilliant gold color representing the sunrise, or senjed, a dried fruit of the Lotus tree, representing love.
Some families even add a little more flair. Haftseen tables can also include a Quran, a book of poetry, a mirror and candles (reflecting into the future), a goldfish swimming in a bowl (representing life), painted eggs (representing fertility), and all kinds of sweets and fruits.
For many families, Nowruz means preparing special dishes like smoked fish and herbed rice. Speaking to Tell Me More host Michel Martin, Iranian-American actress Nazanin Boniadi, of the hit TV shows Scandal and Homeland, says food plays an important part in her Nowruz celebrations.
"I love the sabzi polo mahi, which is fish and herbed rice," she told Martin in 2014. "It's a massive tradition in our house to have that."
Chef and author Donia Bijan, who was born in Iran, told Martin in 2013 that all that chopping of parsley, cilantro and dill for that dish was the hardest part. "It certainly teaches you that good cooking does require a lot of patience," she says.
Other dishes include soup with noodles "that symbolize unraveling the difficulties in the year to come," as NPR commentator Bonny Wolf has reported, and of course, eggs represent fertility in practically every culture. One personal favorite is karaf, an exquisite celery, mint, dried lime and beef stew served over white rice.
Nowruz is also a time for spring cleaning, buying new clothes, visiting friends and relatives and renewing bonds. On the 13th day of the New Year, the celebrations finally end. Since the 13th is an unlucky day, entire families go on picnics and take with them the sprouts (sabzeh) from the haftseen table. The sabzeh is thrown into flowing water, symbolizing a "letting go" of the misfortunes of the coming year.
In 2010, the United Nations first recognized International Nowruz Day, as it is celebrated in countries around the world, including Afghanistan, Albania, India, Iran, and Turkey. Here in the U.S., the day is celebrated across many diaspora communities from New York to Chicago, Florida to Texas.
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At one time, the term network meant the set of serial lines used to attach dumb terminals to mainframe computers. Other important networks include the voice telephone network and the cable TV network used to disseminate video signals.
Concerning about how to forward some packet or frame from source to destination.
It is a connectionless protocol, which means that we can directly send the packet to the switch without establishing the connection. Hosts need to compete with each other to get the slot in the switch so that the packet could be sent out to the destination. In the packet, we need to specify the destination addess, while making use of the forwarding table, to know which port we are going to send the packet to.
It is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that in order to deliver the packet to the other host, it will first try to establish the connection, then send the packet, and finally close the connection. There’re mainly two kinds of VC, wihch are Permanent VC and Switching VC. The former one is usually set by the network administrator to maintain a long-lived connection, which is kind of like the physical cable connection, while the latter one is just like the definition.
It will number the established link between host and switch, or switch and switch, so that the connection could be remembered. Thus, it don’t need to include the destination address in the packet bit, rather it would only need the VCI [Virtual Circuit Identifier].
The well-known usages of this tech include X.25 network, Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and virtual private networks (VPN).
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Integument And Its Function
Integument And Its Function
Integument or skin is the outer protective covering of an animal. It basically consists of two layers:-
- Epidermis is basically made up of stratified epithelium and it again consists of two layers which are outer stratum corneum and inner stratum germinativum.
- Dermis is the inner thick layer which is mainly made up of fibrous connective tissue. It consist of blood vessels, muscle fibrous, nerve fibrous, chromatophores (color giving cells), fat cells etc.
Skin is outer covering of animal so it is responsible for protecting the internal organs from injuries. Skin also prevents the entry of germs in the body.
Structures present in the skin like scales, feathers, hairs etc. reduce the force of impact/ injury. Skin derivatives such as claws, nails, horns, spines etc. are used for offense and defense.
Chromatophores present in the dermis of skin are responsible for camouflage (changing color with respect to environment). Thus, protecting them from enemies.
- Temperature Regulation
Skin derivative such as scales, feathers, fur etc. prevents the loss of body’s heat. Sweat glands present in many mammals helps to produce sweat that offers cooling by sweating. Fat layer present in the dermis of skin acts as an insulating layer, thus preventing loss of body’s heat.
- Food Storage
The fat layer present in the skin acts as reserve food which can be utilized during the time of requirement.
Skin consist of number of glands which are responsible for various secretion:-
- Mucus gland present in fish and many amphibians secrets mucus which makes their body moist and slippery.
- Sebaceous gland present in skin of many mammals secret an oily secretion called sebum which lubricates the skin and hair. Sebum also has bactericidal and fungicidal effect .
- Mammary gland present in mammals secret milk for their young ones.
- Scent gland present in many animals helps to attract opposite sex for mating.
- Ceruminous glands present in auditory canal secret a waxy substance called cerumen which prevents the entry of small insects into the ear.
Excess of waste materials like urea, ammonia, ammonium ions (NH4)+ , excess salts, some water etc. get excreted through the skin along with the sweat during sweating. Periodic shedding of skin (ecdysis) found in many reptiles also helps to get rid of waste materials.
Skin is one of the important sense organs nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature, pain, pressure, etc. are present in the dermis of skin.
Moist skin found in many amphibians are responsible for exchange of gases (cutaneous respiration).
Skin derivatives like fins, feathers, web etc. present in various animals are responsible for locomotion.
- Sexual Selection
Attractive skin coloration, feathers etc. helps to attracts opposite sex for mating .
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You may pump iron at the gym a few times a week, but your body pumps it continuously through the bloodstream every day. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin, a part of red blood cells that acts like a taxicab for oxygen and carbon dioxide. It picks up oxygen in the lungs, drives it through the bloodstream and drops it off in tissues including the skin and muscles. Then, it picks up carbon dioxide and drives it back to the lungs where it’s exhaled.
If the body doesn’t absorb its needed amount of iron, it becomes iron deficient. Symptoms appear only when iron deficiency has progressed to iron deficiency anemia, a condition in which the body’s iron stores are so low that not enough normal red blood cells can be made to carry oxygen efficiently. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and the leading cause of anemia in the United States.
- Pale skin and fingernails
- Glossitis (inflamed tongue)
Sources of Iron
The body absorbs two to three times more iron from animal sources than from plants. Some of the best dietary sources of iron are:
- Lean beef
- Lean pork
Although you absorb less of the iron in plants, every bite counts, and adding vitamin C to vegetarian sources of iron will enhance absorption. Some of the best plant sources of iron are:
- Beans, including pinto, kidney, soybeans and lentils
- Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach
- Fortified breakfast cereals
- Enriched rice
- Whole-grain and enriched breads
The following populations of individuals are at a higher risk for developing iron deficiency.
Women Who Are Pregnant or Breast-feeding: Increased blood volume requires more iron to drive oxygen to the baby and growing reproductive organs. Consult your doctor or registered dietitian nutritionist before taking an iron supplement.
Young Children: Babies store enough iron for the first six months of life. After six months, their iron needs increase. Breast milk and iron-fortified infant formula can supply the amount of iron not met by solids. Cow’s milk is a poor source of iron. When children drink too much milk, they crowd out other foods and may develop “milk anemia.” Two cups of milk per day is the recommended amount for toddlers.
Adolescent Girls: Their often inconsistent or restricted diets — combined with rapid growth — put adolescent girls at risk.
Women of Childbearing Age: Women with excessively heavy menstrual periods may develop iron deficiency.
How to Prevent Iron Deficiency
Eat a balanced, healthy diet that includes good sources of iron to prevent any deficiencies. Combine vegetarian sources of iron with vitamin C in the same meal. For example: a bell pepper-bean salad, spinach with lemon juice, or fortified cereal and berries.
If treatment for iron deficiency is needed, a health-care provider will assess iron status and determine the exact form of treatment — which may include changes in diet or taking supplements.
Originally published on http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/wellness/preventing-illness/iron-deficiency
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Basketball players need lots of practice before they master the dribble, and it turns out that's true for computer-animated players as well. By using deep reinforcement learning, players in video basketball games can glean insights from motion capture data to sharpen their dribbling skills.
Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and DeepMotion Inc., a California company that develops smart avatars, have for the first time developed a physics-based, real-time method for controlling animated characters that can learn dribbling skills from experience. In this case, the system learns from motion capture of the movements performed by people dribbling basketballs.
This trial-and-error learning process is time consuming, requiring millions of trials, but the results are arm movements that are closely coordinated with physically plausible ball movement. Players learn to dribble between their legs, dribble behind their backs and do crossover moves, as well as how to transition from one skill to another.
"Once the skills are learned, new motions can be simulated much faster than real-time," said Jessica Hodgins, Carnegie Mellon professor of computer science and robotics.
Hodgins and Libin Liu, chief scientist at DeepMotion, will present the method at SIGGRAPH 2018, the Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Aug. 12-18, in Vancouver.
"This research opens the door to simulating sports with skilled virtual avatars," said Liu, the report's first author. "The technology can be applied beyond sport simulation to create more interactive characters for gaming, animation, motion analysis, and in the future, robotics."
Motion capture data already add realism to state-of-the-art video games. But these games also include disconcerting artifacts, Liu noted, such as balls that follow impossible trajectories or that seem to stick to a player's hand.
A physics-based method has the potential to create more realistic games, but getting the subtle details right is difficult. That's especially so for dribbling a basketball because player contact with the ball is brief and finger position is critical. Some details, such as the way a ball may continue spinning briefly when it makes light contact with the player's hands, are tough to reproduce. And once the ball is released, the player has to anticipate when and where the ball will return.
Liu and Hodgins opted to use deep reinforcement learning to enable the model to pick up these important details. Artificial intelligence programs have used this form of deep learning to figure out a variety of video games and the AlphaGo program famously employed it to master the board game Go.
The motion capture data used as input was of people doing things such as rotating the ball around the waist, dribbling while running and dribbling in place both with the right hand and while switching hands. This capture data did not include the ball movement, which Liu explained is difficult to record accurately. Instead, they used trajectory optimization to calculate the ball's most likely paths for a given hand motion.
The program learned the skills in two stages -- first it mastered locomotion and then learned how to control the arms and hands and, through them, the motion of the ball. This decoupled approach is sufficient for actions such as dribbling or perhaps juggling, where the interaction between the character and the object doesn't have an effect on the character's balance. Further work is required to address sports, such as soccer, where balance is tightly coupled with game maneuvers, Liu said.
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Climate, politics & money - headlines
Click on the headline (link) for the full text.
Guide Claims Warsaw COP19 Climate Talks Were Captured By Corporate Fossil Fuel Interests
Graham Readfearn, DeSmogBlog
THERE were two logos on the grey felt conference bags offered to delegates at the recent COP19 United Nations climate change negotiations in Warsaw. One was the official COP19 logo, embroidered onto the flap of the document bag inside which negotiators…
(29 November 2013)
Parts of Australia reaching threshold where it is impossible for normal life to continue because of the heat, says climate impacts researcher
Paul Brown, Climate Code Red
UN bodies and health authorities are being advised to prepare for a world temperature rise of 4°C because scientists no longer believe that politicians are capable of holding the temperature rise below the internationally agreed limit, 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
Mark Maslin, professor of climatology at University College in London, was speaking at a conference here which also heard that some parts of the world were already in danger of becoming too hot for humans to inhabit...
Dr. Liz Hanna, from the Australian National University’s National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, said parts of her country were already reaching the threshold where it was impossible for normal life to continue because of the heat.
She said the Australian Government was ignoring climate change and still expecting places like Darwin (* see note) to expand. But that was unlikely because they would soon become untenable. “If employers ask people to continue to work in temperatures above 37°C, they will be killing them in increasing numbers,” she said...
(17 November 2013)
Look What's Slowing Down Global Warming
Tim McDonnell, Mother Jones
Climate deniers like to point to the so-called global warming "hiatus" as evidence that humans aren't changing the climate. But according a new study, exactly the opposite is true: The recent slowdown in global temperature increases is partially the result of one of the few successful international crackdowns on greenhouse gases.
Back in 1988, more than 40 countries, including the US, signed the Montreal Protocol, an agreement to phase out the use of ozone-depleting gases like chlorofluorocarbons (today the Protocol has nearly 200 signatories). According to the EPA, CFC emissions are down 90 percent since the Protocol, a drop that the agency calls "one of the largest reductions to date in global greenhouse gas emissions." That's a blessing for the ozone layer, but also for the climate. CFCs are a potent heat-trapping gas, and a new analysis published today in Nature Geoscience finds that slashing them has been a major driver of the much-discussed slowdown in global warming...
(10 November 2013)
Rejecting Man’s Bid For Refugee Status, Court Rules Climate Change Is Not ‘Persecution’
Emily Atkin, Think Progress
Though the ocean is slowly swallowing his home island nation, 37-year-old Ioane Teitota cannot be deemed a ‘climate change refugee’ and cannot seek permanent asylum in New Zealand, according to a Tuesday court ruling.
Teitota and his wife are currently living in New Zealand, having left Kiribati — a low-lying Pacific Island nation near the equator — in 2007. The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report, released in September, predicted that ocean levels will rise by as much as three feet by the end of the century due to climate change, meaning the island is slated to mostly disappear by 2100.
Concerned with the visible effects of a rising ocean, Teiota and his wife left the country in 2007. They obtained New Zealand work visas, which eventually expired. The couple continued to live in the country illegally, and had three children, all born in New Zealand.
Despite being born in the country, New Zealand law does not afford citizenship to Teiota’s children. So, he petitioned the courts for asylum, claiming he was a legal refugee that had been subject to persecution through a climate change-induced forced exodus.
But New Zealand’s High Court refused the petition, saying among other things that a refugee is someone that is persecuted, which requires human interaction. Though the term “persecution” is not defined in the international Refugee Convention, it “well founded fears to life or freedom on a convention ground, some form of serious harm, or serious violations of civil or human rights,” the court ruled...
(26 November 2013)
Climate change: No longer electoral Kryptonite!
Tom Steyer, Grist
How did things go so wrong for a conservative Republican in the coal-rich state of Virginia? Earlier this month, voters in that closely watched battleground state rejected Ken Cuccinelli’s extreme, right-wing bid for governor and dealt a serious blow to the deep-pocketed oil companies that backed his candidacy.
Of course, now is when the number-crunchers confer behind closed doors, in hushed tones, about what it all really means — for the midterms in 2014 and the primaries in 2016, for soccer moms and NASCAR dads, for women’s bodies and marriage equality, and for climate change.
I am here to tell you: A new political dynamic is emerging. Climate change is a winner, not a loser...
(30 November 2013)
Top EU powers retreat further on aviation emission plans
Ben Garside, Reuters
Britain, France and Germany want to curtail further a European Union plan to regulate CO2 emissions from flights, setting up a clash with Brussels keen to maintain the bloc's climate policy which has sparked threats of a global trade war.
The EU's three biggest economies want to regulate emissions from domestic EU flights only, scaling back a Brussels proposal that would charge any airline for emissions made over European airspace, British and EU officials said Thursday.
"We currently feel that a scope covering flights within the European Economic Area would be the best way (forward)," a UK government spokesman said, referring only to Britain's position...
(28 November 2013)
Just 90 companies caused two-thirds of man-made global warming emissions
Suzanne Goldberg, The Guardian
The climate crisis of the 21st century has been caused largely by just 90 companies, which between them produced nearly two-thirds of the greenhouse gas emissions generated since the dawning of the industrial age, new research suggests.
The companies range from investor-owned firms – household names such as Chevron, Exxon and BP – to state-owned and government-run firms.
The analysis, which was welcomed by the former vice-president Al Gore as a "crucial step forward" found that the vast majority of the firms were in the business of producing oil, gas or coal, found the analysis, which has been published in the journal Climatic Change...
View interactive graphic
(28 November 2013)
Man Faces One Year In Jail For Protesting JPMorgan’s Fossil Fuel Investments
Emily Atkin, Climate Progress
If what the Reverend Billy says is true, JPMorgan Chase Bank is the leading cause of climate change. The multi-billion dollar banking company — the largest in the United States — is currently the biggest underwriter of the global coal industry, which has accounted for more than 36 percent of cumulative carbon emissions since 1854.
“Who is putting money into coal fired power plants? Who is putting CO2 into the air? Who’s investing in tar sands, fracking, mountaintop removal, and these pipelines that leak and explode? JP Morgan Chase!” Reverend Billy, who is not a real reverend and whose real name is William Talen, shouted while invading a Chase Bank in Brooklyn this past June. Talen was clad in a white suit and armed with a band of activists in hats resembling the now-extinct golden toad. The Chase employees were not happy.
So unhappy, in fact, that the bank manager filed a complaint with the police, and now Talen has been arrested and charged with riot, trespass, unlawful assembly and disorderly conduct. The New York prosecutor in charge of the case is demanding that Talen go to prison for one year...
(25 November 2013)
Change the politics - caro2francq/flickr
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In my previous post, I asked any of you who have ever been involved in school to take a brief survey. What do you think is the primary purpose of grades?
This is, in fact, the same survey that my principal sent out to his entire staff. And after reading and mulling over some of the research he presented to us, I realized that a lot of my grading policies were not reflecting the primary purpose of grades. In fact, I found myself really rethinking some of the grading practices I have always taken for granted.
It’s kind of a scary thing when you realize you might have to admit you were wrong about some things — especially if those things are integral to your profession.
Nevertheless I am really grateful to my principal for challenging me and my colleagues to rethink grading practices and to try to better align our individual classroom policies with the true purpose of grades.
Most of you said — correctly — that the primary purpose of grades is “to give feedback to students on their learning.”
The other options are important, but they are secondary.
Take this report card sample I showed my kids, for example:
Many of the kids began by answering, “The college would know this is a hardworking student.” Or “the college would know this student is good at theology, geometry, and computer programming, but is not quite as good as English or Biology.” Or “the college would see this student is really smart.”
“Good at x subject, less good at y subject”
So I pushed them on their answers. “How many of you have taken a class where it is easy to get an A? Where you basically had to just be a nice person and the teacher would reward you? How many of you have taken a class where you had to work really hard even to earn a C? Or a class where you earned a grade that you don’t think you deserved — whether it was too high or too low?”
They all had had these experiences.
“How do you know that the A+ in Old Testament on this student’s report card was the result of his hard work? Or because the teacher was easy? Or because the teacher was really hard but the student is a genius? Or because the student turned in all the assignments? Or because he turned in a lot of tissues and markers for extra credit?”
The students acknowledged that, from the report card alone, it is impossible to tell which factors influenced the grades.
Then we began a discussion of what grades should show. The most frequent answer I got, from my kids, was “how hard you worked.”
Interestingly, both struggling and strong students gave this answer.
“But what if you are really talented in Math, and you don’t have to work very hard to learn the concepts? Should I give you a C because you don’t need to work hard?”
They acknowledged this would not be fair.
“What about the student who always tries her best in English, but by the time of the test still doesn’t know what a thesis statement is or how to write one? Should she earn an A or a B just because she works hard — even though she doesn’t know the main idea?”
Some of them looked uncomfortable here, but again they agreed this would not be fair, either.
“So,” I said. “What should grades be about?”
“Grades should show you what you have learned,” someone ventured.
There were murmurs of agreement.
“Okay,” I said. “I agree with you. Now, we’re going to be spending the next few days exploring this question — and I really need your help and input on this. If grades should be about showing what you have learned, what grading practices should we change in our class to help your grades better reflect that?”
And so the real discussion began.
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If you've been to national parks or on backcountry adventures you're probably familiar with the phrase, "Leave no trace." If you're not familiar with it, the phrase sums up a set of principles for taking care of the land you use for recreation. The principles of Leave No Trace was created by The Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics, an organization that teaches people how to enjoy the outdoors responsibly.
When Leave No Trace was originally created, it applied more to people who backpacked overnight in the middle of nowhere rather than for people who casually camped at campgrounds or in an RV. Over time though, the principles have been adopted for the more casual camper as the 7 Principles for Frontcountry. Make sure you're following these principles when you're enjoying your weekend outdoors with family and friends.
7 Principles for Frontcountry
KNOW BEFORE YOU GO
- Be prepared! Remember food and water, and clothes to protect you from cold, heat and rain.
- Use maps to plan where you’re going. Check them along the way so you’ll stay on course and won’t get lost.
- Remember to bring a leash for your pet and plastic bags to pick up your pet’s waste.
- Learn about the areas you plan to visit. Read books, check online and talk to people before you go. The more you know, the more fun you’ll have.
STICK TO TRAILS AND CAMP OVERNIGHT RIGHT
- Walk and ride on designated trails to protect trailside plants.
- Do not step on flowers or small trees. Once damaged, they may not grow back.
- Respect private property by staying on designated trails.
- Camp only on existing or designated campsites to avoid damaging vegetation.
- Good campsites are found, not made. Don’t dig trenches or build structures in your campsite.
TRASH YOUR TRASH AND PICK UP POOP
- Pack it in, Pack it out. Put litter–even crumbs, peels and cores–in garbage bags and carry it home.
- Use bathrooms or outhouses when available. If not available, bury human waste in a small hole 6-8 inches deep and 200 feet or 70 big steps from water.
- Use a plastic bag to pack out your pet’s poop to a garbage can.
- Keep water clean. Do not put soap, food, or human or pet waste in lakes or streams.
LEAVE IT AS YOU FIND IT
- Leave plants, rocks and historical items as you find them so others can enjoy them.
- Treat living plants with respect. Carving, hacking or peeling plants may kill them.
BE CAREFUL WITH FIRE
- Use a camp stove for cooking. Stoves are easier to cook on and create less impact than a fire.
- If you want to have a campfire, be sure it’s permitted and safe to build a fire in the area you’re visiting. Use only existing fire rings to protect the ground from heat. Keep your fire small.
- Remember, a campfire isn’t a garbage can. Pack out all trash and food.
- Firewood should be either bought from a local vendor or gathered on site if allowed. Don't bring firewood from home - it can harbor tree killing insects and diseases. Many states regulate the movement of untreated firewood.
- Before gathering any firewood, check local regulations.
- Burn all wood to ash and be sure the fire is completely out and cold before you leave.
KEEP WILDLIFE WILD
- Observe wildlife from a distance and never approach, feed or follow them.
- Human food is unhealthy for all wildlife and feeding them starts bad habits.
- Protect wildlife and your food by securely storing your meals and trash.
SHARE OUR TRAILS AND MANAGE YOUR PET
- Be considerate when passing others on the trail.
- Keep your pet under control to protect it, other visitors and wildlife.
- Listen to nature. Avoid making loud noises or yelling. You will see more wildlife if you are quiet.
- Be sure the fun you have outdoors does not bother anyone else. Remember, other visitors are there to enjoy the outdoors too.
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The Place Names of Orkney
Orkney and Shetland have been populated for over 6000 years, and through the course of these Islands’ history the languages spoken there have changed many times. We have no records of the language used by the Neolithic people who lived in Skara Brae, nor of the Bronze Age people who occupied Jarlshof. From the early Iron Age Orkney and Shetland were inhabited by the Picts, but there is debate over the language they spoke. It is believed to have contained elements of Irish Gaelic, and several examples of carved Ogham script found in Orkney and Shetland supports this theory.
“The name Orkney itself comes from Orkneyjar, which means Seal Islands.”
From 800AD, settlers from Norway arrived in the Northern Islands, and the language spoken in Orkney and Shetland changed to Old Norse, from which Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic are derived. In Orkney and Shetland (and even in parts of Caithness), Old Norse evolved to Norn, which was spoken in Orkney and Shetland until the 17th century. Scots eventually took over, but there are many words in the Orkney and Shetland dialect that may be quite unfamiliar to people from the Scottish Mainland!
It is Old Norse that has had the greatest influence on the vast majority of modern place names. Some pronunciations have changed over time, and some place names are often the result of mapmakers mishearing local accents! One example of this is the Broch of Gurness (pictured below), which was so named because of a misinterpretation of the name of the area, Aikerness, which means ‘Arable Land Point’.
Orkney itself comes from Orkneyjar, which means ‘Seal Islands‘. The Orkney Mainland was once called Hrossey, and the NorthLink ship was given the same name. It means ‘Horse Island‘.
The other NorthLink ship, Hjaltland, is the Old Norse name for Shetland. One theory behind this name is that the shape of the islands on a map resemble the hilt (hjalt) of a sword. Another theory is that the Picts referred to the earlier inhabitants of Shetland as Catts, and named it the Isle of Catts.
Hamnavoe (Harbour Bay) is the old name for Stromness and now the name of the Stromness to Scrabster ferry. The NorthLink freight ship Hildasay (battle island) is the name of an uninhabited Shetland island and Helliar is named after the uninhabited island, Helliar Holm (cave island) pictured above, which lies off the coast of Shapinsay in Orkney.
|Orkney Island names and their meanings|
|Egilsay||Egil’s isle or Church isle.|
|North Ronaldsay||Ringan’s isle.|
|Papa Stronsay||Small island of the Priests.|
|Papa Westray||Big island of the Priests.|
|Shapinsay||Helping island (for ships).|
|South Ronaldsay||Rognvald’s isle.|
|Stronsay||Profit island (good farming and fishing).|
|Orkney area names and their meanings|
|Birsay||Island of the rampart.|
|Deerness||Animal point (the Mull of Deerness is shaped like an animal's head).|
|Evie||Eddy (referring to strong current in Eynhallow Sound).|
|Finstown||Named after David Phin, an Irish soldier.|
|Holm||Haven or good anchorage.|
|Orphir||Land joined to an island at low water.|
|Rendall||Valley of the Renna.|
|St Margaret's Hope||St Margaret's bay.|
|St Ola||Named after the church of St. Olaf (built in 1035)|
|Walls||Land of bays.|
Finally, as you travel around Orkney and Shetland you may spot house, farm and place names which use parts of Old Norse words. The list below should help you decipher their meaning; often the names used were quite descriptive!
|-bister, -bist, -buster||farm, dwelling|
|bu , -by||farm|
|-clett , cleat||stone built house|
|-dale , -dall||valley|
|ey, ay, a||island|
|-fell, -fea , -fiold||hill|
|firth, -ford||fjord, wide bay|
|langa- , -land||long|
|mel-||sand bank, dunes|
|mous- , muss- , -mo||moor|
|noust||boat beaching place|
|seater, -setter, -ster||out-pasture|
|sten- , -stain||stone|
|-toft , -taft||site of dwelling|
|vel- , -wall||valley|
Orkney and Shetland enthusiast, family man, loves walks, likes animals, terrible at sports, dire taste in music, enjoys films and audiobooks, eats a little too much for his own good.
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A useful technique for exploring any kind of dilemma faced by a character, providing an opportunity to analyse a decisive moment in greater detail. The class forms two lines facing each other. One person (the teacher or a participant) walks between the lines as each member of the group speaks their advice. It can be organised so that those on one side give opposing advice to those on the other. When the character reaches the end of the alley, she makes her decision. Sometimes known as Decision Alley or Thought Tunnel.
This drama technique can easily be applied to a range of subjects across the curriculum, whenever a character is faced with a decision. It may be that you reach a certain point in your drama lesson, or while reading a story aloud, or describing an historical event, when such a moment occurs. Turn the situation round on the children/students so that they have to consider the issues involved. Then in role as Abraham Lincoln, or Oliver Twist, or Red Riding Hood, you walk down the Conscience Alley as members of the group whisper their advice to you.
Read more about this in Learning Through Drama in the Primary Years.
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Asthma is no joke. It can kill you if it is left untreated. It is best to make sure that you follow an effective management plan to reduce the damage to your body that can result from letting your asthma get out of control. This article contains several tips and methods to help manage your asthma.
An important part of symptom management is knowing what type of asthma you have. Knowing as much as possible about your specific type of asthma will go an incredibly long way in helping you combat the day-to-day effects it has on you. For example, if your asthma is brought on by bronchitis, you should keep your rescue inhaler with you during times when you are sick. Knowing your asthma symptom patterns will help keep you safe.
If you suffer from asthma, strong cleaning products should be avoided. It is very possible that one might bring on an asthma attack with some chemicals used for cleaning. There are many all-natural organic cleaning products available that may help eliminate asthmatic problems.
Some medications are known to cause asthma symptoms. NSAIDs and aspirin are known for their ability to cause symptoms. Some medications can cause your asthma to be worse such as beta blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease. Make sure you consult with your doctor concerning your asthma and possible drug reactions.
A leukotriene inhibitor should be taken into consideration when asthma is a struggle. This type of inhibitor is designed to prevent leukotrienes. Inhibiting this chemical can lead to a decrease in asthma symptoms. Taking an inhibitor blocks the receptors that leukotrienes normally interact with and leaves your throat less inflamed and attack-prone.
If you have asthma and do not have health insurance, you should consider seeing a social worker. A social worker can possibly help you with finding treatment and low-cost medications.
You and your loved ones need to get a flu vaccination every year. Do everything you can to avoid a respiratory infection if you have asthma. This means that you should take all standard precautions to avoid illness, such as washing your hands, getting vaccinated and avoiding those who are sick.
If you have asthma, you should get a flu shot once per year. Get vaccinated every flu season to avoid a high number of infections.
When you are traveling, make sure you have a rescue inhaler with you. It’s easy to get thrown off your regular eating and sleeping routine while traveling, which strains your body and increases your vulnerability to asthma attack triggers. You also have little control over your surroundings as you travel, and this may result in an increase in symptoms or frequency of attacks.
Visit the doctor if you know your symptoms are worsening. It is very important that you apply these tips when possible, it will help keep symptoms down and maybe improve your every day life.
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(Simple Goitre and Exophthalmia Goitre.)
Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The swelling of the thyroid gland at the back of the neck is referred to as Goitre. Women are more vulnerable to Goitre as compared to men
Goitre can be caused by a range of factors, including:
- Diminished power of concentration.
- Emotional upsets
- Swelling of the thyroid gland.
- Insufficient iodine in the diet.
- High consumption of certain foods that neutralise iodine, such as cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower. Other foods, like soy, may also induce goitres.
- Certain drugs, such as lithium and phenylbutazone.
- Thyroid cancer.
- Nodules growing on the thyroid gland.
- Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland).
- Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland).
Causes of Goitre
The main cause of Goitre is the deficiency of iodine in the diet. Organic iodine is used by the thyroid gland in its secretion. A diet deficient in organic iodine leads to this disease, especially under physical and emotional disturbances. The people mainly affected by Goitre are those who habitually live on denatured foods and nut and those who eat mainly raw or uncooked food.
Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive. A common cause is Graves' disease, in which the immune system produces antibodies that act like TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland uncontrollably. The gland responds by producing an excessive amount of hormones. The goitre is caused by this massive over stimulation. Some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism include a racing and irregular heart, restlessness, unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance and diarrhoea.
Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland is under active. The pituitary gland keeps sending its chemical messages, instructing the thyroid to produce its hormones. The thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to comply. Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto's disease (which, like Graves' disease, is an autoimmune disease), treatment for hyperthyroidism, and dysfunction of the pituitary gland. Some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism include low energy, depression, cold intolerance and constipation.
Homoeopathic medicines have excellent medicines for all types of thyroid problems with out any side effect.
Please click the following link
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Arunachal's vast mountain forests, with gigantic trees and sunless forest floor, appear to be straight out of the pages of Tolkien. Among the most magical is the Namdapha National Park. The park, along with its surrounding forests is among the last large tracts of wilderness in south Asia. Flanked to the south and east by the Patkai hills and to the north by the high mountain passes and peaks of the Himalaya, it is a place deserving superlatives.
Two rivers, the Noa-dihing and the Namdapha, and numerous smaller streams divide its 1,985 km2 of rugged hills. Despite its remote location, the forests around Namdapha have always had people. The Lisu (Yobin), Singpho and Tangsa tribes have been practicing shifting cultivation here for generations, and the Chakma were settled in the area by the Indian government in the sixties. Namdapha was also on the famous 'hump' air-route from Assam to China during the Second World War, and local people still occasionally stumble upon old crashes of allied aircraft in the hills.
Spanning 200 metres to over 4,500 metres above sea level, Namdapha is exceptionally diverse in its variety of habitats. Tall and dark evergreen rainforests cover vast areas of the lowlands, with subtropical and temperate forest in the mid elevations. Further up are stunted rhododendron forests and subalpine meadows. Bamboo forests and canebrakes are common, often in impenetrable thickets in the valleys and along streambeds.
With such habitat diversity, an extraordinarily varied wildlife is no surprise. There are about a hundred mammal species, from the conspicuous and vocal hoolock gibbon to the elusive spotted linsang. Namdapha is the only park in India, and probably the world, with four large cat species – tiger, leopard, clouded leopard and snow leopard, although the presence of the last requires confirmation. At least 500 species of birds occur in Namdapha, including global rarities like the Snowy-throated Babbler, White-bellied Heron, Rufous-necked Hornbill and Ward's Trogon. The reptilian and amphibian life still needs to be fully documented. Some of the better-known species are the king cobra, several pit vipers and the giant tree frog. The fish and invertebrate fauna remain largely unknown and it is likely that a multitude of species await discovery.
Despite Namdapha's famed diversity, most species remain elusive. Although birds abound, mammal sightings are few and far between, primarily because of hunting. Most often it is just a fleeting glimpse of an animal crashing through the dense forest. Tigers and elephants have been almost hunted out of the lowland forests. Sightings of even prey species are rare. Namdapha may not appear to hold much for the tourist who expects to see large creatures, but what one can see on foot with an experienced Lisu guide is more exciting and intimate than watching animals from a jeep with hundreds of other tourists.
This website showcases the biodiversity of the park, the area and its people, and also provides relevant information useful to any traveller to the area. Encouraging greater public interest, and limited community-based wildlife tourism to ensure economic benefits for local communities, is important for the future of Namdapha, one of the last great wild places.
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Back pain can be considered acute or chronic depending on the duration. Acute lower back pain can last from days to weeks while chronic pain persists beyond 3 months. Chronic back pain often worsens over time, is related to many factors, and can be difficult to treat. The focus of this blog will be to discuss acute lower back pain which is often caused by injury or trauma. The article will discuss conservative management and when to see a health care provider.
Acute lower back pain is often caused by sudden injury or trauma which results in irritation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves within the back. Often actions as simple as lifting heavy objects or twisting to the side can cause lower back pain. Learning proper body mechanics, such as maintaining a correct posture and lifting objects correctly, would prevent back pain for most individuals.
Symptoms of lower back pain may range from muscle aches to a shooting or stabbing pain. Muscle spasms are often a common symptom. Individuals may also experience decreased back range of motion or flexibility. In some cases, individuals are unable to stand upright due to the pain. Some symptoms are considered “alarms” which if experienced individuals should promptly contact their health care provider. Symptoms that suggest a serious medical condition include back pain accompanied by leg weakness, leg numbness, fever, pain with coughing, or loss of bowel/bladder.
Most, uncomplicated cases of acute lower back pain can be treated conservatively at home. With self-treatment at home, if there is not a reduction in symptoms within 72 hours individuals should contact their health care provider.
The application of cold compresses after an injury/trauma can aid in reducing pain and inflammation. Cold therapy can be used multiple times throughout the day with application of an ice pack or frozen towel for up to 20 minutes. After the first 48 hours after an injury, heat should be applied to relax the muscles and promote blood flow to the area. Hot packs, heating pads, or warm baths can be used, but individuals should be careful not to burn their skin.
While many individuals believe bed rest is needed to treat back pain, this is incorrect. Resting should be limited as immobility can lead to increased pain and decreased muscle strength and flexibility. Individuals should resume their normal daily activities as soon as possible. Routine exercise and stretching has also been found to speed recovery and prevent back injuries as exercising promotes muscle strengthening, good posture, and coordination/balance.
There are many over-the-counter medications that can be used to treat acute lower back pain. Individuals should always check with their health care provider before taking any medications. Medications that are sold over-the-counter can cause various side effects and may interact with prescription medications. One class of over-the-counter medication that can be taken to reduce pain, stiffness, inflammation, and swelling is non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs). These medications include: aspirin, ibuprofen/Advil, and naproxen/Aleve. Topical sprays and creams (IcyHot or Bengay) are also available over-the-counter which can be applied to the back to dull pain and decrease inflammation.
Massage, acupuncture, and spine manipulation (chiropractor or physical therapist) have also been found to help treat acute lower back pain. Individuals should seek licensed professionals to perform these types of treatments to prevent complications.
Individuals that do not respond to conservative therapy or experience alarm symptoms should contact their health care provider. The health care provider will obtain a history by asking various questions and perform a physical assessment to determine the best treatment method. He/she may also order diagnostic tests to determine the cause of the symptoms. For individuals that are prone to episodes of acute lower back pain, a health care provider can educate patients on exercises and methods to prevent back injury and promote a healthy back.
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Waste Management Strategies – What Can Be Done to Achieve Environmental Goals in the Healthcare Industry?
Despite the cooling effect of the La Niña climate pattern, 2021 still recorded warmer than average temperatures throughout the year – becoming the 6th warmest on record. Looking into the remaining half of 2022 it is projected that this year will be between the 4th- 8th warmest year on record.
Statistics from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) state that there is a 93% chance that the next five years will be hotter than the last five years; this further highlights the need to continue, and improve on, global commitments to face one of the major challenges which affects the world today – climate change.
Waste management strategies are important to help you achieve your environmental goals. With the planet suffering the consequences of global warming, governments and industries across the world are putting into practice guidelines, regulations, and initiatives to commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (net zero).
This has resulted in an increased prominence of environmental management within companies’ strategic plans, with 11% more ISO 14001 certificates being issued in 2020 compared to the previous year. This international standard provides a framework for achieving objectives, meeting compliance obligations, and improving environmental performance.
Companies are starting to follow the same strategy as the European Commission, who adopted the use of a closed loop, regenerative system (also known as a circular economy) in March 2020, by implementing the 3R strategy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to minimise the generation of municipal waste and reduce pressure on natural resources.
However, Cramer (2017) developed a tool which consists of a circularity ladder of 10 Rs (Refuse, Reduce, Redesign, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle and Recover). The first three strategies encourage smarter product use and manufacturing processes, while the remaining seven focus extending the lifetime of products and their parts. Cramer uses this tool to create awareness that circular economy does not just entail recycling and those that are listed first usually have a lower environmental impact. The recycling of plastic alone is an example of this, where it is estimated that with the current commitments, plastic pollution will only decrease by about 7% by 2040.
The high environmental impact caused by recycling is due to multiple factors including: the increased rate of consumption; the low volume of materials that are recycled (either due to being disposed of incorrectly or not being suitable for recycling); the harmful chemicals/pollutants that can be produced; and the upfront energy consumption required. As a result, recycling alone will not be an effective enough strategy to tackle this issue. However, most of the strategies mentioned by Cramer require contribution and commitment from all stakeholders and cannot rely on just an individual company.
There are approximately 33,000 medical device manufacturers in Europe valuing at €140 billion. The UK is the third largest market in Europe (12.1 %) with the NHS being the biggest consumer, meaning there is a consistent demand from these companies to supply into healthcare. Due to the NHS contributing to 4% of England’s total carbon footprint, in January 2020 they launched their Greener NHS campaign which sets out an evidence-based route map to reach ‘net zero’ to meet the commitments of the Climate Change Act (2008). The campaign outlines two main targets:
• For emissions directly controlled by the NHS itself: net zero by 2040, with an ambition to reach an 80% reduction by 2028 to 2032.
• For emissions that can be influenced by the NHS: net zero by 2045, with an ambition to reach an 80% reduction by 2036 to 2039.
In 2019, the largest contribution (62 % / 15.6 Mt CO2e) to the NHS’ emissions was from the supply chain with over 80,000 suppliers. This includes a 10% contribution solely due to medical equipment. This emphasises the need to work with the NHS and their stakeholders, including the 4,000 medical technology companies in the UK, to reduce the environmental impact of these products.
The NHS strategy includes reducing carbon emissions through research and innovation including switching from disposable, single-use items to reusable equipment and substituting for low-carbon alternatives.
At Test Labs, as part of our ISO 14001 certification, we have considered the needs of our stakeholders and have developed a service specifically to extend the life cycle of their products. The TL mark is a framework designed to help manufacturers ensure their products continue to work when exposed to current IPC strategies and cleaning practices. This framework also allows healthcare organisations to follow the guidance outlined by the MHRA to ensure compatibility with any relevant decontamination processes.
This service includes a range of tests, based on multiple ISO standards, on materials and/or products to test for compatibility with a range of different cleaning and decontamination methods, check for residue from chemical decontamination, cross-contamination, material alteration and mechanical failure.
The aim for this framework is to help reduce the inefficiencies that the NHS is seeing in their supply chain, improve the sustainability of medical devices, improve waste management, and encourage others to consider better practices.
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Uniform resource locators are an extremely important part of the web—they’re how we address nearly everything.
Why do URLs matter
The whole web is built on URL—everything has a URL. Without URLs there would be no links—and links are everything to the web. At the top of every web browser us the URL where you can see the URL of the current page.
Many modern browsers are starting to hide the URL bar, or at least make it less important—which is a real disappointment. But, I suppose, they are a little bit of a power user feature—that you should be using.
Pieces of a URL
A URL is comprised of a few different pieces, mostly human readable:
scheme— usually “http” or “https”, the communication method the computers use to speak with each other
hostname— also known as the domain, the name given to a computer on the network
port— can use to different ports for communication on the computers, the default port for websites is 80 for
httpand 443 for
path— the file that you’d like to see on the computer
query— a query that allows the file to dynamically change
#fragment— also known as the hash; where in that file you want to jump to, jumps down the page
Each of these pieces should make sense to a human and should be adjustable—hackable—to change the web page that’s being viewed.
URLs should be hackable
URLs are supposed to be human readable and when considered and made properly by humans—for humans—URLs are greatly manipulatable to change the page.
The most important shortcut key you should remember for your browser is
⌘L—get to the URL bar.
HTTP vs HTTPS
Having a website over HTTPS is almost always better—☛ Learn more about HTTPS
A URL without HTTPS:
http://www.algonquincollege.com—can be easily snooped on.
URLs with HTTPS, like
https://learn-the-web.algonquincollege.ca, are encrypted for your protection.
Some companies have authenticated organization information in the HTTPs certificate.
WWW is useless
www part of URLs is completely useless—and as far as many people are concerned—outdated. You should be able to safely remove it from the URL without the page breaking—if the page stops working the developer did a really poor job.
www in them, like
http://www.adobe.com, are adding extra, unneeded information.
First, if you know the domain for something just type it in: instead of going to Google and searching for “Facebook”—just type
facebook.com into your URL field.
Typing the domain directly is significantly faster because you don’t have to wait for Google to load, then display the results, then click the first entry.
I use paths all the time to move around a website. By just tweaking the information in the path we can move between pages and back and forth much more quickly than clicking.
Let’s start at the top of Learn the Web.
/courses/ to the end will take us to the “Courses” page.
/web-dev-1/ to the end will take us to the “Web Dev 1” weekly details.
/week-01/ afterwards will take us directly to the “Week 1” information.
Change the week number to
05 and we can jump to another week in the term.
Or change the course number to jump to that week in another course.
By adding a
# to the end of a URL we can just to a specific location on the page, assuming you know what it’s called.
Jump down to the “Sizes” section of this Wikipedia page by adding
#sizes to the end.
Query strings always start with a
? and are usually used to manipulate the content of the page in some way.
One really common use is for searching.
We can change the term after the
?q= to get different search results.
Pages with query strings
Often the search results page is also visible in the URL, here’s an example of changing page results on Amazon:
See the extra information, the page number, stored in the URL as
- Using URLs: HTTPS
- Using URLs: paths
- Using URLs: hashes
- Using URLs: query strings
- Using URLs: keyboard shortcuts
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The result is a shift away from the traditional focus on technical details and towards a more integrative view of cellular activity that is flexible and can be tailored to suit students with a broad range of backgrounds.Botany For Dummies gives you a thorough, easy-to-follow overview of the fundamentals of botany, helping you to improve your grades, supplement your learning, or review before a test.Your hands-on study guide to the inner world of the cellNeed to get a handle on molecular and cell biology.The scope has been widened, with almost double the content so as to include all aspects of yeast biology, from.Description: New edition of a text in which six researchers from leading institutions discuss what is known and what is yet to be understood in the field of cell biology.Provides plain-English explanations of techniques and clinical examples to help Serves as an excellent course supplement for those struggling with the complexities of the biostatistics Tracks to a typical, introductory biostatistics course Biostatistics For Dummies is an excellent resource for anyone looking to succeed in this difficult course.
Newest biology, biochemistry, chemistry, and scientific discoveries Updated examples and explanations Incorporates the most current teaching techniques From water biochemistry to protein synthesis, Biochemistry For Dummies gives you the vital information, clear explanations, and important insights you need to increase your understanding and improve your performance on any biochemistry test.Description: Were you always curious about biology but were afraid to sit through long hours of dense reading.Read Molecular and Cell Biology for Dummies by Rene Fester Kratz by Rene Fester Kratz for free with a 30 day free trial.How can we vouchsafe a plentiful supply of potable water for future generations.Concept Check questions at the end of each section along with new end-of-chapter questions assess student comprehension, ensuring retention of key cell biology principles.Your hands-on study guide to the inner world of the cell Need to get a handle on molecular and cell biology.
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Molecular and Cellular Biology For Dummies brings this complex field of study to the masses by decoding the jargon and theories that can tax even the most.Biologists benefit from these changes as they build their skills in making the connection.Plus, you get plenty of study tips to improve your grades and score higher on exams.Description: The first authoritative yet accessible guide to this controversial topic Stem Cell Research For Dummies offers a balanced, plain-English look at this politically charged topic, cutting away the hype and presenting the facts clearly for you, free from debate.Description: The third edition of The Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Therapeutics offers a fresh approach to the study of the molecular basis of cancer, by showing how our understanding of the defective mechanisms which drive cancer is leading to the development of new targeted therapeutic agents.
Read Molecular and Cell Biology by Elsevier Books Reference for free with a 30 day free trial. Molecular Biology. Molecular and Cell Biology For Dummies.Description: The easy way to score your highest in botany Employment of biological scientists is projected to grow 21% over the next decade, much faster than the average for all occupations, as biotechnological research and development continues to drive job growth.
Molecular And Cell Biology For Dummies. Whether used as a complement to Biology For Dummies or on its own, Biology Workbook For Dummies aids you in grasping the.Download molecular and cell biology for dummies or read online here in PDF or EPUB.The second edition of Molecular Biology, winner of a 2013 Texty Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association, reflects this massive surge in our understanding of the molecular foundations of genetics.Description: The fun, easy way to get up to speed on biophysics concepts, principles, and practices One of the most diverse of modern scientific disciplines, biophysics applies methods and technologies from physics to the study of biological systems and phenomena, from the human nervous system to soil erosion to global warming.Popular Search Terms get help with file explorer in windows 10 how to get help in windows 10 get help in windows 10 Windows 10 Manual PDF grey pdf ita zdislav david lasevski all the bright places pdf the age of deception james davidson 10 day green smoothie cleanse free pdf forget me not stranger pdf.
Click and Collect from your local Waterstones or get FREE UK delivery on orders.Download Ebook: molecular and cell biology in PDF Format. also available for mobile reader.Are those risk factors different for men and women or different ethnic groups.Biostatistics For Dummies examines these and other questions associated with the study of biostatistics.Biochemistry For Dummies shows you how to get a handle on biochemistry, apply the science, raise your grades, and prepare yourself to ace any standardized test.
Forget long equations, computer-geek gibberish, and installing bulky programs that slow down your computer.In order to understand where these technological advances are heading, there needs to be a basic understanding of how living organisms function at a molecular level.Molecular and Cell Biology for Dummies (ISBN - 0470430664).pdf. Molecular and Cell Biology for Dummies (ISBN - 0470430664).pdf. Sign In. Main menu.
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Mitigating the future consequences of global warming is an important aspect of our current response to climate change.
As the reality of climate change truly begins to seep into the global consciousness we “suddenly” find ourselves in a world of changing weather patterns, a rapidly melting Arctic ice cap, rising seas, stressed ecosystems, and endangered species.
With leading climate scientist Tim Flannery’s recent statement that we’ve already passed a critical threshold of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere it becomes clear that “future consequences” are now at our doorstep. Global warming is real and it is here.
While mitigation is still vital, the focus must also turn to effective strategies for adaptation to an altered and rapidly changing world.
Adaptation is the Challenge for City, State, and Regional Planners
The Heinz Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment has just announced the release of A Survey of Climate Change Adaptation Planning.
The report explores available adaptation resources and summarizes ongoing efforts to deal with the environmental and economic challenges of climate change. Eight existing adaptation plans and 18 adaptation planning efforts with a wide variety of impact areas are reviewed.
The full text of the survey is available at the Heinz center website.
Established in 1995 in memory of Senator John Heinz, the nonprofit, nonpartisan center is dedicated to “improving the scientific and economic basis for environmental planning and to developing innovative solutions to environmental problems.”
Something we sorely need right now.
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The nomad’s life on the roof of the world
Since time immemorial, the nomadic life in Dzogchen as in numerous other Himalayan regions has followed the rhythm of the seasons, in complex and ceaseless interaction with the natural environment and the deities. The nomad’s ancestral knowledge of his surroundings, passed on from generation to generation, enables him to survive in one of the planet’s least hospitable regions. Tibetan nomads have done more than survive, however. They have developed a unique culture that fascinates and inspires all who are fortunate enough to come into contact with it.
Nomads generally live in groups of 10 to 25 families, each occupying a yak-hair tent and owning one or more clay, wooden or stone houses, depending on the region. The houses are lived in during the cold season, the tents when the weather becomes milder. The tents are put up at quite a distance from each other, ensuring that each family has enough grounds to graze its herds of yaks, goats and sheep.
Inside the tent, adults and children each have their own living space but gather around the central open fire in the middle of the tent. Fuelled with yak dung and juniper branches, the fire sends its heating and cooking smoke up and out through an opening in the highest part of the tent. A small altar is dedicated to Buddhist deities and protector gods. Other indispensible elements in the nomad’s tent include a box for valuables, a cooker and kitchen utensils, and sheepskin or yak hair rugs and blankets, all guarded by ferocious watchdogs leashed up during the day but running free at night.
Most nomads only live the nomadic life in spring, when mountain pastures are bountiful. Spring is the season for business dealings with the sedentary population, trading yak wool or butter for foods not available locally like cereals, fruit, salt and tea. Then, with the arrival of the great colds and snows, the nomads move to their winter quarters in the valleys, living in houses of their own construction. More and more nomads are getting access to electricity, often through small power generators or solar panels.
Some families value their children’s educations and join in hiring a tutor, often a monk or nun from among the relatives, who teaches the children to read and write. Other families send their young ones to the monastery. Yet other children grow up learning the nomad-shepherd trade but remain illiterate.
No one knows how long this way of life will be able to continue, even though it is an essential element of Tibetan identity. It is a primary goal of the Dzogchen school to make youngsters aware just how important but at the same time fragile their culture really is, and to offer them ways to contribute to its safeguarding through programmes of literacy and education.
Around Dzogchen, the nomad population is organized in a dozen nomad “villages”, family groups living close together, sharing resources and moving together as the seasons change.
Each village has a council, headed by the village leader, which makes the important decisions affecting the community.
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I want to try to keep this one easy to understand. We have all heard the argument, and many of us have even embraced it: the argument that we shouldn’t act as though one belief, nation or culture is better than another; or that different things can be equal, or true for different people at different times. Broadly speaking, this belief is called ‘relativism.’ But there is a problem with relativism: it is fallacious. In other words, it is not true. Depending on how it is expressed, it is either a mistake in logic, a deception or even a deliberate lie. Sadly, the reason so many have been deceived by relativism is because our schools no longer teach reason and critical thinking. If they did, then as many who could understand the material would know — not think, but know that relativism is a self-defeating idea. Luckily, this one is easy to prove.
If I tell you that we shouldn’t judge one religion over another, or one culture or a system of government over another because they might both be equally true or equal to different people at different times, I am making a value judgment! In other words, I just did what I am telling you not to do. So, if my argument is true, then I should not be telling you not to judge because, in the process of telling you that, I am judging you. By excluding the possibility that my judgment might be equally true for me as your relativism, or that it might be true at a different time, you are doing the very thing you claim is wrong.
Two conflicting ideas cannot both be equally true at the same time. This is called a contradiction. You cannot tell me that we should not judge without making a judgment in the process of telling me not to judge. So relativism is self-defeating because it is self-contradicting. So, why would anyone argue for relativism? There are three reasons:
1 — They are ignorant: they simply do not know what they are saying, nor do they even know enough about it to know they are ignorant. Sadly, this is the majority of Americans. We have been taught this lie in school, by teachers we trust, so we believe it is true because the tools we need to know better were kept from us by those very same teachers.
2 — People who should know better allow their emotions to over-rule their intellect. Some people who do know relativism is a self-defeating idea still argue for it out of a desire to treat people ‘fairly.’ The problem here is that fairness is a subjective term based on value judgments which, if you are telling people they should not make, places you in contradiction to both the claim of relativism and fairness. In other words, ‘good intentions’ sometimes lead people who know better to double their mistake.
3 — People who know better intentionally argue for relativism so as to persuade you to surrender to their will. They seek power over you and as many others as they can gain, and they argue relativism in an attempt to get you to surrender out of some perceived notion of guilt for having been ‘unfair.’ In this case — as with the media, teachers and politicians — relativism is a deliberate lie. At this point, it is not only fallacious, but it becomes propaganda.
But I can prove that relativism is a lie to you in even simpler terms. When people argue for ‘fairness’ over something like…racism: do they ever include sports in their arguments? Why is that? The answer is simple: they are not arguing for equality of outcome or even opportunity as they claim. They are arguing for power. They never apply their arguments to sports because we all know that some people are better than others and that skin color has very little to do with it. We also know that, if you are good enough, and you have the desire, you can find an opportunity to succeed. This is why so many NFL, basketball and baseball stars can be found playing in the majors when they never went to college. But things are different when we turn to politics.
Once we move to this arena, it is easier to exploit the individual desire for justice. All you need to do is make someone feel as though they are being ‘unfair,’ or in some cases, ‘racist,’ and you can silence them. By telling someone that this culture is no better than that one, or one religion is no better than the next, or that government is equal to another, and then tying it to something such as racism, people can be manipulated into accepting the relativist lie. They can also use personal greed and the desire for pleasure without personal cost to do the same thing. Entertainment media does this all the time. They tie something like ‘fairness’ or ‘racism’ to a action society frowns upon so as to silence any moral opposition. This is what ‘Pro-Choice’ vs “anti-abortion’ is all about. The language is designed to make you feel like you are ‘enslaving’ someone if you object to the murder of an unborn human being. It is why the media always paints the issue in terms of freedom for women vs. a war on women. The whole idea is that the woman’s choice is equally moral to those who oppose murdering babies. So, if you object, you are ‘judging’ the person who has the abortion, thereby making you the one who is unfair and, thus, immoral. But look: by portraying someone as unfair and unjust for opposing murder, you are making a value judgment. That negates the argument of the pro-abortionist, as well as the broader lie of relativism.
So the point is simple: some things are better than others. Some religions are better; some cultures are superior; some governments more just. This is a fact that cannot be changed and, if anyone tries to argue differently, remember: they are telling you their way is better than yours; and hypocrisy is a sure sign that someone is on the wrong side of right.
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What is Geocaching?
Geocaching is a way to explore new places as well as places you have been to dozens of times. At its heart, geocaching is a treasure hunt that you get to share with fellow travelers. Geocaching is so popular that there are millions of caches hidden around the world.
To look for geocaches, you sign up for a free account and begin looking for specific caches around your area. Each time you’re looking for a cache, you’ll be on the hunt for something unique. No two caches look the same. Not only that, but caches vary in difficulty level too.
Why You Should Give Geocaching a Try
When you find the cache, you’ll sign the little log book and trade knick-knacks with whatever options you have in the cache. You’ll also be able to log your find on the geocache website. Then, you’ll put the cache back where you found it.
Geocaching also connects you to fellow adventurers that are into the same activities as you. Through this common ground, you can find your place within a community of like-minded, adventurous people.
But perhaps the biggest reason you should give Geocaching a try is that it is an absolute blast. You’ll probably begin to feel that familiar spark of curiosity and adventure you felt as a child, and when geocachers bring their kids, they can harness their children’s creative and curious energy into this fabulous activity.
How to Sign Up for Geocaching
If this sounds like a whole lot of fun, and you’re excited to get started, here is the process to begin.
- Make an account on the official geocaching website. You can create a unique account with an email and password, or you could sign up with Google, Facebook, or Apple.
- Next, you’ll create a username for yourself and click finish.
- If you would prefer, you can create an account through the official geocaching app.
- Next, use the app to navigate toward a geocache. Be sure you bring a pen and a knick-knack with you.
- After discovering your cache, fill out the logbook with your name and date. Then, trade your knick-knacks with something in the cache, place the cache back where it had been, and then log that experience online.
Geocaching in Ramsey Park in Redwood Falls, MN
Throughout Ramsey Park, there are many different caches just waiting to be discovered. When someone takes the time to create a cache and register it, that cache will appear on the official website for geocaching. With so much to love about this fantastic activity and many cool caches waiting to be found, it is no wonder that more adventurers are starting to become geocachers. Geocaching is something that the whole family can fall in love with together. So get out there, create an account, locate a cache target, and happy searching!
Ready to plan your visit?
A day of adventure is waiting for you at Ramsey Park!
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://friendsoframseypark.com/articles/geocaching-in-ramsey-park/
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Takin facts for kids
B. t. bedfordi
The takin rivals the muskox as the largest and stockiest of the subfamily Caprinae, which includes goats, sheep, and similar species. Its short legs are supported by large, two-toed hooves, which each have a highly developed spur. It has a stocky body and a deep chest. Its large head is made more distinctive by its long, arched nose and stout horns, which are ridged at the base. These horns are present in both sexes, and run parallel to the skull before turning upwards to a short point; they are about 30 cm (12 in) long, but can grow up to 64 cm (25 in). Its long, shaggy coat is light in color with a dark stripe along the back, and males (bulls) also have dark faces.
Four subspecies of takin are currently recognised, and these tend to show a variation in coat color. Their thick wool often turns black in color on their undersides and legs. Their overall coloration ranges from dark blackish to reddish-brown suffused with grayish-yellow in the eastern Himalayas to lighter yellow-gray in the Sichuan Province to mostly golden or (rarely) creamy-white with fewer black hairs in the Shaanxi Province.
The legend of the 'golden fleece', searched for by Jason and the Argonauts, may have been inspired by the lustrous coat of the golden takin (B. t. bedfordi). Hair length can range from 3 cm (1.2 in), on the flanks of the body in summer, up to 24 cm (9.4 in) on the underside of the head in winter.
In height, takin stand 97 to 140 cm (38 to 55 in) at the shoulder, but measure a relatively short 160–220 cm (63–87 in) in head-and-body length, with the tail adding only an additional 12 to 21.6 cm (4.7 to 8.5 in). Measurements of weights vary, but according to most reports, the males are slightly larger, weighing 300–350 kg (660–770 lb) against 250–300 kg (550–660 lb) in females. Sources including Betham (1908) report that females are larger, with the largest captive takin known to the author, at 322 kg (710 lb), having been female. Takin can weigh up to 400 kg (880 lb) or 600 kg (1,300 lb) in some cases.
Rather than localised scent glands, the takin secretes an oily, strong-smelling substance over its whole body. This is likely the reason for the swollen appearance of the face. Due to this feature, biologist George Schaller likened the takin to a "bee-stung moose." Their combination of features has also earned them the nicknames "cattle chamois" and "gnu goat".
Takin are found from forested valleys to rocky, grass-covered alpine zones, at altitudes between 1,000 and 4,500 m (3,300 and 14,800 ft) above sea level. The Mishmi takin occurs in eastern Arunachal Pradesh, while the Bhutan takin is in western Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan. Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh,India is a stronghold of both Mishmi, Upper Siang (Kopu) and Bhutan takins. An actively breeding herd of Takin in North America can be found at the Wilds in Cumberland, Ohio.
They are part of a Species Survival Plan (SSP) through the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. A captive population also exists at Minnesota Zoo in the United States. There is also a group of takin on display at the San Diego Zoo, The Los Angeles Zoo, The Red River Zoo in North Dakota, the Roger Williams Park Zoo in Rhode Island, and Riverview Park & Zoo in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Takin are found in small family groups of around 20 individuals, although older males may lead more solitary existences. In the summer, herds of up to 300 individuals gather high on the mountain slopes. Groups often appear to occur in largest numbers when favorable feeding sites, salt licks, or hot springs are located.
A single young is born after a gestation period of around eight months. Takin migrate from the upper pasture to lower, more forested areas in winter and favor sunny spots upon sunrise. When disturbed, individuals give a 'cough' alarm call and the herd retreats into thick bamboo thickets and lies on the ground for camouflage.
Takin feed in the early morning and late afternoon, grazing on a variety of leaves and grasses, as well as bamboo shoots and flowers. They have been observed standing on their hind legs to feed on leaves over 3.1 m (10 ft) high. Salt is also an important part of their diets, and groups may stay at a mineral deposit for several days.
They overlap in range with multiple potential natural predators including the Asiatic black bear and the leopard, and (more seldomly) tigers, gray wolves, snow leopards, and dholes. Anecdotally, both bears and wolves have been reported to prey on takin when they can, which is likely given the opportunistic nature of those predators. However, the only confirmed natural predator of takin is the snow leopard, although mature adults may be exempted from regular predation (due to their size) from that predator. The main predator of takin are humans, who hunt them usually for meat (considered delicious by local people), though secondarily for their pelts. Humans have long since exploited takin's fondness for salt licks, where they are easily cornered and killed. Takin are likely still occasionally killed.
Largely due to overhunting and the destruction of their natural habitat, takin are considered Endangered in China and Vulnerable per the IUCN. Though they are not a common species naturally, their numbers appear to have been reduced considerably. Takin horns have appeared in the illegal wildlife trade in Myanmar, and during three surveys carried out from 1999-2006 in the Tachilek market a total of 89 sets of horns were observed openly for sale .
Takin Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Takin
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Ferry Conservation District Education and Research Center
The Ferry CD property offers diverse learning opportunities with its 82 acres of land mimicking all the unique features of the county; range, forest, wetland, riparian areas, 40 acres of cultivated land, a greenhouse, a drilled well, and power! It is a goal of the FCD to establish a space for an outdoor education center. Educating students and the community is the best way to encourage conservation while teaching people how to become more self-sufficient.
Ferry County, the poorest in the state of Washington, is in great need of an outdoor education facility centered around agriculture and sustainability. It is 2,203 square miles divided in half with the south part belonging to the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation and much of the north half being Colville National Forest. Due to funding and capacity, school districts in the county have very limited agricultural education programs. The Ferry Conservation District (FCD) is working to develop the capacity to deliver outdoor and agricultural education to fill the gap. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) implemented conservation practices have declined in the county and demonstrating their effectiveness could increase their use. Agricultural producers have little capacity to try new things and these 82 acres would allow experimentation of the most effective NRCS practices without financial risk. A primary goal is to demonstrate NRCS practices relevant to this area for a changing climate and carbon sequestration that would be adopted by landowners. Another goal is to provide a hands-on educational opportunity for both students and adults in the entire county which could lead to careers in agriculture and being more self-sufficient.
The focus area for this project is to increase FC’s underwhelming agriculture education opportunities and to create an outdoor education site centered in the hub of Ferry County. The current lack of outdoor education is impeding the available agriculture-based workforce (high unemployment), which corresponds to the limited production of sustainable foods. Due to the lack of education in agriculture, the next generation of producers are not being developed. The county is considered a food desert and the community’s agriculture-related careers are vital. Additional opportunities outside of academics are crucial to the health of us as a county both economically and ecologically.
Between the years 2016 and 2020, just under 19% of the total county population and 31% of children in the county were living under the poverty level. As of February 2023, Ferry County’s unemployment rate was at a staggering 14.3%; the highest rate in all of Washington, with the closest rate of only 9.7% in Okanogan County (Employment Security Department, 2022). Providing the community with a place to learn about the environment, agriculture, conservation, etc. will build a sustainable future in farming, food, and jobs. Training new producers is a way to increase job opportunities and support local living.
The largest age group, accounting for 30% of the population, is 65 or older and only about 16% are under the age of 18. Our demographics show Ferry County is getting older due to the lack of job opportunities, particularly in agriculture. Most jobs are related to public administration, health care and social assistance, educational services, and retail trade. The county is aging, causing our food resources and sustainability to decrease, and ultimately hurting the future health and economy of our community.
Ferry County is considered a food desert. Besides the few grocery stores, we have limited locations to obtain healthy foods. Ferry County is one of the most underfunded, underrepresented, and commodity-insufficient counties in all of Washington State (Employment Security Department, 2022). With an isolated population of 7,273, Ferry County lacks a multitude of opportunities. Total accommodation and food service sales are small with the three surrounding counties being at least six times greater (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017). The poverty rate is at 19%, which is significantly higher than all surrounding counties. Seventeen percent of our population is living with food insecurities, and 25% are low-income and do not live near a grocery store. Washington’s average food index is 8.4, but Ferry County’s is 4.8 (County Health Rankings, 2023). Food deserts raise healthcare concerns- putting our county in the bottom quartile for health outcomes across the state.
This center will be a “site of support” for teachers to teach based on their lesson plans-- a place for educators to come and teach without the hassle of maintenance and upkeep of a facility. This location would be the hub for teaching about plant propagation, orchards, pollination, wildlife conservation, riparian restoration, forestry, hydrology, surveying, pruning, composting, experimental crops, and all things forestry, hydrology, and renewable energy. The greenhouse and surrounding land would provide students and community members with a location to experiment with different cover crops, riparian plant propagation, and foundational plant knowledge. With the development of adequate parking and an access road, anyone interested in conservation education coul take advantage of the center. New farmers and producers, aging producers, and veteran producers could get the unique opportunity to experiment with different crops specific to our area without the inconvenience of using their own land. Power would be supplied, ideally, from solar panels- a great opportunity to teach about energy conservation and sustainability. The tree and shrub nursery near the wetlands portion of the property would serve as a propagation area for riparian restoration plants. This area would also get a lot of use due to it being attached to the Ferry County Rail Trail. The forestland covered in Ponderosa pine is a prime location to educate about fire prevention as well as its benefits. This center would also offer opportunities to experiment with different climate-smart management practices. Producers could use this research to make the most efficient use of their land.
An outdoor shed was purchased with the Ferry Conservation District's year-end funding through the Conservation Commission. The 10x20 foot shed sits perfectly outside the corner of the Greenhouse and will be used as the education site until the outdoor classroom is built. It will double as storage for the amenities currently inside the greenhouse.
Ferry CD staff recently took Republic second graders on an exploration of the future Education Center! Staff and students discussed erosion, native pollinators, noxious weeds, and riparian buffers! With the help of lots of parent volunteers- these second graders planted golden willow clipping along the bank of a local stream.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.ferrycd.org/outdoor-education
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Help Young Catholics to Become Familiar with St. Luke the Evangelist.
This Saint Profile sheet is filled with many unique details from the life of St. Luke, the patron saint of artists, doctors, and surgeons and the author of the Third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. Laid out in a clean, modern design, this resource is sure to appeal to young students. It is the perfect aid to Saint study projects, or use it as a discussion starter in your Youth Group, CCD, or Religious Education class.
Theme: Saint Study
Focus: St. Luke, saint profile, biography
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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https://thatresourcesite.com/thatresourcesite/catholic-education/st-luke-saint-profile-sheet/
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Tree building activity
Using the rRNA gene as a molecular marker:
I. Building a phylogenetic tree
Goal: To build the phylogenetic tree for the following sequences:
A: A G C C G T T A A C
B: A C G C G A T A A G
C: T G C C G T A A A C
D: T G C G C T T A A C
E: A C G C G A C A A G
1. Construct a distance matrix: how many differences exist between each pair?
A B C D E
B X X
C X X X
D X X X X
E X X X X X
2. Use your distance matrix to build a tree to make a prediction about how these sequences are related.
II. How are trees constructed of hundreds of sequences at once?
First, the sequences are aligned. To do this for our sequences…
Go to this website: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/
This is the European Bioinformatics Institute website which offers an interactive version of a common alignment program called Clustal.
To use this program to align our sample sequences and construct a tree, copy and paste the following lines into the box where it says:
Enter or paste a set of sequences in any supported format:
A G C C G T T A A C
A C G C G A T A A G
T G C C G T A A A C
T G C G C T T A A C
A C G C G A C A A G
(This format is known as FASTA format)
Click on Run to begin your alignment.
The program aligns, creates a distance matrix and draws a tree for you. (as a cladogram or phylogram). How close was your prediction?
III. What about real genes?
How can we visualize the relationships between our genes and our relatives?
One way is through a tool called Blast.
Go to: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
In search box, type FTO, scroll down in Search menu and choose Protein
Choose the Homo sapiens FTO gene.
From right menu under Analyze this sequence, Choose Run Blast
The Blast window will appear with the sequence already entered.
Click Blast (in the lower left corner). Choose Show results in a new window
Click on Distance Tree of Results
Does the tree for this gene reflect the evolutionary positions of well known organisms?
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<urn:uuid:d57a0df0-83f7-4edb-8d6d-f851393d9e2e>
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/blanchard/node/19
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en
| 0.865503
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According to new findings published in Breast Cancer Research, caffeine reduces the risk of some types of breast cancer by more than 55%.
A new study carried out by Swedish researchers at the Karolinska Institute revealed an inverse correlation between high daily intakes of caffeine and developing a sub-type of breast tumor called “estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer.”
Participants in the study included 6,000 Swedish women. Findings indicated that women who drank five or more cups of coffee daily lowered their risk of estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer by 57%. That’s a substantial amount of coffee; but it’s a very substantial reduction in a serious health risk for women.
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<urn:uuid:124fd711-e9fb-4d79-b52f-2def448acd57>
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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http://worldofcaffeine.com/2011/10/17/caffeine-reduces-some-breast-cancer-risk-by-over-55/
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en
| 0.9435
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A classic descriptive study is Hermanus Neubronner van der Tuuk, A Grammar of Toba Batak (1971; originally published in Dutch, 2 vol., 1864–67). Renward Brandstetter, An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics, trans. by C.O. Blagden (1916), provides a still readable and informative overview of the Austronesian languages of island Southeast Asia and introduces the concept of the submorphemic element he called a Wurzel or “root.” The foundation for all subsequent comparative work is Otto Dempwolff, Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes, 3 vol. (1934–38, reprinted 1969); neither of the English translations of this work is to be trusted. The major modifications of Dempwolff’s results appear in Isidore Dyen, The Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Laryngeals (1953); Otto C. Dahl, Proto-Austronesian, 2nd rev. ed. (1977); Robert A. Blust, The Proto-Oceanic Palatals (1978); and M.D. Ross, Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia (1988), and “The Sound of Proto-Austronesian: An Outsider’s View of the Formosan Evidence,” Oceanic Linguistics, 31(1):23–64 (Summer 1992). The most important discussions of the linguistic position of Malagasy are Otto C. Dahl, Malgache et Maanjan: un comparaison linguistique (1951); and K.A. Adellar, “Malay Influence on Malagasy: Linguistic and Culture-Historical Implications,” Oceanic Linguistics, 28(1):1–46 (Summer 1989). A.K. Pawley, “Polynesian Languages: A Subgrouping Based on Shared Innovations in Morphology,” The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 75:39–64 (1966), laid the foundations for the internal subgrouping of Polynesian languages. Brandstetter’s theory of the root is examined in greater detail in Robert A. Blust, Austronesian Root Theory: An Essay on the Limits of Morphology (1988). Linguistic reconstruction in a number of semantic fields is explored in A.K. Pawley and M.D. Ross (eds.), Austronesian Terminologies: Continuity and Change (1994); and contact-induced change in Austronesian languages is treated at length in Tom Dutton and Darrell Tryon (eds.), Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World (1994). Two major Festschriften with numerous papers on Austronesian languages are Donald C. Laycock and Werner Winter (eds.), A World of Language (1987); and Robert A. Blust (ed.), Currents in Pacific Linguistics (1991). Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies, 4 vol. (1995), although misnamed, contains the most complete list of Austronesian languages together with many useful sketches of phonology, morphology, and grammar. The most important studies on the possible external relationships of Austronesian languages are Paul K. Benedict, Austro-Thai Language and Culture, with a Glossary of Roots (1975); and Lawrence A. Reid, “Morphological Evidence for Austric,” Oceanic Linguistics, 33(2):323–344 (December 1994).
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<urn:uuid:96d94b08-c6e9-4c2a-98a5-f23bb5ccca79>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.britannica.com/topic/44563/bibliography
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en
| 0.71829
| 765
| 2.96875
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|
First please don't be bluffed by those fancy terms coined by computational scientists, and don't worry about preconditioning or conjugate gradient. The multigrid method for numerical PDE can be viewed as a standalone subject, basically what it does is: make use of the "information" on both finer and coarser mesh, in order to solve a linear equation system(obtained from the discretization of the PDE on these meshes), and it does this in an iterative fashion.
IMHO Vassilevski from Lawrence Livermore national laboratory puts up a series of very beginner-oriented lecture notes, where he introduced the motivation and preliminary first, how to get the $Ax = b$ type linear equation system from a boundary value problem of $-\Delta u = f$ with $u = g$ on $\partial \Omega$, what is condition number and how does it affect our iterative solvers.
Then he introduced all the well-established aspects of multigrid: what is the basic idea in two-grid, how do we do smoothing on the finer mesh, and error correction on the coarser mesh, V-cycle, W-cycle, etc. Algebraic multigrid(the multigrid that uses information from mesh is often called geometric method), also the adaptive methods are covered too.
Some example codes for Poisson equation can be easy google'd. If you got more time, this book has a user-friendly and comprehensive introduction on this topic together with some recent advancements.
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<urn:uuid:7f1862f2-c4bc-4561-bb97-cdfca7a40df4>
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CC-MAIN-2015-48
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/198804/multigrid-tutorial-book
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en
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The resource has been added to your collection
Within the Writing Fundamentals program, there is a grammar unit. The lessons presented in this unit are to be taught within the other units in the writing program. Since my district adopted four of the Writing Fundamental units, many of the lessons within the grammar unit were not addressed. The focus of the project for fifth grade was to identify lessons that weren't addressed and place them in units we felt needed them. A second goal was to find supplementary materials to use since many of the grammar skills that needed to be taught were to be spiraled throughout the other units. For sixth grade, the goal was to create a scope and sequence for the grammar unit, as Writing Fundamentals did not create one for any grade above fifth.
This resource has not yet been reviewed.
Not Rated Yet.
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<urn:uuid:4ed07443-2988-469a-85bf-02d509074370>
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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http://www.curriki.org/oer/Writing-Fundamentals--Grammar/
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| 0.9826
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MO.1.AIII.7: Work with 2 𝑋 2 matrices as transformations of the plane; interpret the absolute value of the determinant in terms of area.
MO.1.AIII.8: Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector variable.
MO.1.AIII.9: Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists; use the inverse to solve systems of linear equations using technology for matrices of dimension 3 𝑋 3 or greater.
CS.2.AIII.1: Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.
CS.2.AIII.2: Derive the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas given the foci, using the fact that the sum or difference of distances from the foci is constant; find the equations for the asymptotes of a hyperbola.
CS.2.AIII.3: Complete the square in order to generate an equivalent form of an equation for a conic section; use that equivalent form to identify key characteristics of the conic section.
CS.2.AIII.4: Identify, graph, write, and analyze equations of each type of conic section, using properties such as symmetry, intercepts, foci, asymptotes, and eccentricity, and using technology when appropriate.
CS.2.AIII.5: Solve systems of equations and inequalities involving conics and other types of equations, with and without appropriate technology.
FOP.3.AIII.3: Read values of an inverse function from a graph or a table, given that the function has an inverse.
FOP.3.AIII.5: Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations (e.g., build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a constant function to a decaying exponential and relate these functions to the model).
FOP.3.AIII.6: Understand the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms; use this relationship to solve problems involving logarithms and exponents.
FOP.3.AIII.7: Graph transformations of functions including quadratic, absolute value, square root, cube root, cubic, and step functions; graph piece-wise defined functions including these transformations.
IF.4.AIII.2: Analyze and interpret polynomial functions numerically, graphically, and algebraically, identifying key characteristics such as intercepts, end behavior, domain and range, relative and absolute maximum and minimum, as well as intervals over which the function increases and decreases.
IF.4.AIII.3: Analyze and interpret rational functions numerically, graphically, and algebraically, identifying key characteristics such as asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, and slant), end behavior, point discontinuities, intercepts, and domain and range.
IF.4.AIII.4: Analyze and interpret exponential functions numerically, graphically, and algebraically, identifying key characteristics such as asymptotes, end behavior, intercepts, and domain and range.
IF.4.AIII.5: Analyze and interpret logarithmic functions numerically, graphically, and algebraically, identifying key characteristics such as asymptotes, end behavior, intercepts, and domain and range.
SS.5.AIII.1: Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula; translate between the two forms.
SS.5.AIII.2: Use arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula to model situations.
Correlation last revised: 1/22/2020
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<urn:uuid:eacf2fcb-6205-42ea-bedf-d615cff986f4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspStandardCorrelation&id=4117
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en
| 0.852093
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|
Born March 6, 1820
At Newton, Yorkshire, England
Written and compiled by
Leila Moss Grant Eldredge and
Marie Porter Grachan, granddaughters
Through the years, in writing this sketch of Grandfather John Moss, whom I was never privileged to know in his lifetime, for he passed away before I was born, I have grown to feel I know him very well. I have sought to glean the facts concerning his life from old records and from members of his own family, church history, and etc., and to put them in order, he has many times seemed very close and near to me. I have come to appreciate the splendid man he must have been - and as his obituary stated, which was published I the Deseret News at the time of his death, "He had lived and labored diligently for the cause of truth till the time of his death. To know him was to respect him. May he rest in peace until the morning of the first resurrection."
We can never say a history is full and complete until it has been confirmed by the person of whom the history is written, and I am sure much more could be said of the life of this great man if we knew all of the facts.
More than one hundred and eighty years ago there lived in the little town of Goosnargh, Lancashire, England, a farmer by the name of Robert Moss who was born 14 August, 1774. At that time, England was under the rule of King George III, a very moral but stubborn King. Agriculture was the principle industry of England, and the land holding class of people exercised the strongest influence over the government.
This same year that Robert was born, the colonies over in America were determined to free themselves from England - their mother county. It was in September of this year that the first "Continental Congress" assembled. Here the resounding "Liberty Bell" clanged out to all the world America's Declaration of Independence!
For the first ten years of Robert's life, England knew a great deal of trouble with America, Spain and Ireland. Many freedom loving people in England had left its shores for America. They were called the Pilgrims.
Robert was married 6 February, 1794, to Margaret Kelsall, who was born 16 November, 1771. They both lived to age the 71 and 76 respectively. To them was born 4 July, 1794, a son whom they called Hugh. As he grew to manhood he married on 26 December, 1818, Elizabeth Rushton, who was born 20 April, 1796; and like his father, he followed the vocation of the agriculturist. He became forest steward for the Townleys. Five sons and five daughters were born to them: John, Robert, William, Henry and Joseph; Elizabeth, Margaret, Mary, Mary Ann and Jane. John and Robert, in due course of time, left England and came to America to live and make their home. John coming first and Robert later … both finally settling and making the homes at Bountiful and Woods Cross, Utah.
John, of whom this sketch is written, was the oldest child of Hugh and Elizabeth, and was born 6 March, 1820, at Newton, Yorkshire, England.
Over in this new land of America, where men were permitted to worship according to the dictates of their own conscience, a new religion came forth by divine revelation to a man by the name of Joseph Smith. He organized and established the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints" on 6 April, 1830. A few years later the missionaries were sent out into the world to proclaim this Gospel. The first missionaries were sent to England in 1837. In the Church records, we find John Moss registered as follows: "John Moss, Nauvoo, October 27, 1845. Born in Newton in Yorkshire, England."
John Moss who was the son of Hugh Moss, who was the son of Robert Moss, who was the son of Hugh, was baptized in the spring of 1840 by David Moss. The record goes on to say that John was ordained into the 25th Quorum of Seventies on the 9th of April, 1845 in Nauvoo, Illinois.
David Moss was the son of Robert Moss and Margaret Kelsall. Three members of that family joined the Church and came to Utah: William, Thomas and David. William is the Genealogical heir in our family research because he was the first Moss to be baptized. These men were John's uncles.
John was numbered with one of the first groups of Saints that came to this country for the sake of the restored Gospel. We do not know which company or ship, as some of the earliest records are lost and named of individuals were not always recorded, only the name of the captains who had charge of the various groups. As time went on, thousands of people came to the United States for the sake of the Gospel.
The trip across the Atlantic Ocean was long and tedious, and after landing, he wended his way across the very rugged and sparsely populated states to Nauvoo, Illinois, where the body of the Saints were located with the Prophet Joseph Smith as their Prophet and Seer.
John passed through all the trials that the Saints passed through during the next four years. This was a great period of growth and persecution for the Saints in Nauvoo and surrounding territory. From 1840 to 1844, the Church grew in numbers and prospered greatly; and they continued to receive their usual terrible persecution. It was during this time that the Nauvoo Temple was in the process of being built. The Prophet was hunted and his life threatened. The Prophet gave the word that the Saints were to prepare to make a move -- this time to the West - to the Rocky Mountains. On the 27th of June, 1844, the Prophet was martyred which left his people without their leader.
In the early part of 1843, John was living in Pike County, Illinois, which is southeast of Nauvoo. He lived with a man and his family by the name of Daniel Wood, who was president of the branch of Saints in that territory. John fell in love with his oldest daughter Rebecca. They were married, 4 January, 1844. On the 16th of November, 1844, their first child was born. She was called Mary after her grandmother Mary Snyder Wood. John and Rebecca cast their lot along with Rebecca's father and family; and during the next year they suffered in sickness and persecution. Rebecca's brother Henry died in 1845. His death was due to exposure and inclement weather while guarding the family and Saints from the mobs. Henry was sixteen years of age. He was taken to the Nauvoo burial grounds and buried by the side of his little twin sisters, Catherine and Mary, who died in 1842.
After a few moths they were driven from their home in Pike County, Illinois. They went over to Nauvoo where they stayed a short time while preparing to make the great move West.
Enough provisions were gathered to last one year. The two families had collectively gathered four wagons, four yoke of oxen, and four or five cows. By the month of April 1846, the Saints commenced to leave Nauvoo - fleeing from the mob which later drove the remnants out and took forcible possession of the city. The Temple was hurriedly dedicated on the 6th of May, 1846; and the Saints crossed over the Mississippi River. They crossed to the State of Iowa, to Omaha and Winter Quarters.
For three years and six months after the death of the Prophet Joseph Smith, the Quorum of Twelve with Brigham Young as its head, presided over the Church. While the Apostles were at Winter Quarters in 1847, they called a special conference of the Church to convene on December 24 and 27 at Kanesville, Iowa, to consider sustained a leader to succeed Joseph the Prophet. The newly built log chapel, 45 x 60 feet, rushed to completion for this important occasion, was crowded to capacity. On December 27th, Brigham Young was unanimously sustained President of the Church, with Heber C. Kimball as first counselor and Willard Richards as second counselor. These appointments were subsequently ratified at the various conferences of the Church; both in America and in foreign lands.
This incident happened upon President Brigham Young's return from the first trip across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley.
While the body of the Saints were gathered at Winter Quarters (1847), they were organized into companies of hundreds, fifties, and tens; and the long tedious journeys began to the Great Salt Lake. Brigham Young moved out with his first picked company of 143 men, 3 woman, and 2 children, who blazed the trail for that great exodus of people who were to come later. This company arrived in Salt Lake City, July 24, 1847.
Daniel Wood and John Moss had been asked by President Brigham Young to stay behind to plant, harvest, and store food for the Saints who would come later.
At this time, when these two families were at Winter Quarters or at Council Bluffs, as it is now called, it consisted of 583 long houses, 83 sod houses and 4,000 Saints. It was here on the 21st of January, 1847, that Rebecca gave birth to a son called Daniel. When he was 18 months old they began the journey across the plains. Brigham Young had returned from his first trip the year before, and was now leading the second company to Zion. The Saints had moved on and had met him at Elkhorn, with a picked company consisting of 1,229 souls and 397 wagons. Our two Grandfathers and their families were in the company. This was May 26, 1848.
Grandmother Rebecca took her small daughter Mary by the hand and wrapped her baby Daniel in her apron and carried him all the way over almost trackless desert, thru rivers and up the steep mountains.
John and Rebecca arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on September 20, 1848. As they came up over the mountains and looked down over the valley, they could see some 450 huts of log and adobe and more than 5,000 acres of land that had been cultivated and put into crops. But where were the bounteous crops they had expected to see? They soon learned that the plague of black crickets had devastated the crops, and in their stead they saw remaining the scant vegetation the Seagulls had saved from the devouring pests. For the next twelve months they lived on rations of the Sego Lily root, and cooked and ate raw hides.
The winter of 1848-49 was a severe one. By Christmas, there was 18 inches of snow. Horses and cattle suffered greatly, and many started or froze to death.
The faith of the Saints was sorely tried. Some of them grew weak and wanted to return. Many nevertheless were willing to suffer all things for the gospel's sake and for the testimony of Jesus.
Heber C. Kimball records, "Nearly every man was dressed in skins and all were poor, destitute and distressed yet we felt well."
Not long after the arrived in the valley, another child named Elizabeth was born 7 June, 1489, but she died 19 July, 1849, of Whooping Cough and was buried in Salt Lake - we do not know just where. Then they traveled north about 8 miles and there John and Rebecca chose a tract of land which was later identified as being situated a quarter of a mile south of Woods Cross where stands the Oregon Short Line Depot. Their property was on the west side of the street. This property was near Grandfather Daniel Wood's homestead on the northeast of the O.S.L. Depot.
The land was soon cleared and the crops planted which were badly needed for food. John made a temporary shelter in the brow of the hill at the location described. John lined the dugout with split rock - held together with mud mortar. With the side and back rocked, poles could be laid across the top from wall to wall; then willows and branches covered over the poles. Earth was shoveled on top the willows to a depth of about one foot or more. The floor remained trampled earth and a blanket or wagon cover served as a door. Rebecca was happy to make her bed in this shelter. The shelter was completed in time for the fourth child, which was born 10 August, 1850. Joseph was said to be the second white child to be born in this locality.
John had learned from his father-in-law, Daniel Wood, the value of fertile earth and so was happy with his homestead. Rebecca made no complaint as to the facilities granted her, but assisted in every way to help establish a home. John got out fire wood and logs from the canyon and built a small log and adobe home on top the rise in the ground nearer the street. The floors were bare lumber at first and it took much hard work to keep them scrubbed and clean.
Many things happened in this little log cabin that would have been of interest to us, but other than the births of other members of the family, we haven't much of a record. The fireplace at the north end of the family room was used for cook, heat, and light.
How the time flew the next few years. John's work was the work of a pioneer: clearing sagebrush, plowing and tilling the soil, planting, fighting grasshoppers, hauling logs, helping to build schools, places of worship, hauling stones from the canyons to build our Bountiful Tabernacle and our great Temple in Salt Lake City. Many times he walked to the canyons with his little son Daniel at his heels, barefooted, to get out wood with only a molasses sandwich in his pocket to eat. Many times the little boy ran alongside of the oxen with a whip to keep them going while his father or mother guided the plow.
The labor of his hands prospered and soon the soil started to produce. Corn, wheat, and potatoes were the main crops. Soon the flocks and herds began to multiply. As the family increased there was born to them three more daughters and five more sons - making a total of twelve children:
Mary Moss Moyle born 16 November, 1844 died 22 January, 1921
Daniel Moss born 21 January, 1847 died 27 January, 1925
Elizabeth Moss born 7 June, 1849 died 19 July, 1849
Joseph Moss born 10 august, 1850 died 31 December, 1934
John Hugh Moss born 16 November, 1852 died 22 November, 1920
William Moss born 21 June, 1855 died 8 November, 1933
Moroni Moss born 16 October, 1857 died 9 December, 1921
Rebecca Jane Moss born 30 January, 1860 died 28 May, 1873
Ellen Moss Hatch born 3 June, 1862 died 16 November, 1938
Nephi Moss born 7 September, 1863 died 31 October, 1919
Alice Moss Egan born 20 November, 1866 died 8 August, 1923
Henry Moss born 15 November, 1869 died 25 October, 1933
On the 10th of November, 1585, John and Rebecca went to the Endowment House and obtained their Endowments and Sealing.
During this period of years the Church was upholding the practice of plural marriage. President John Taylor gave a message to the people asking every man in good standing in the Church and who was financially able, to enter this practice. So John, obedient to those placed over him, met and married a lovely young woman convert, just over from England, by the name of Emma Alexander. She was born 14 April, 1846 at Calne, Wiltshire, England, the daughter of Abel Alexander and Sarah Alexander (cousins). She bore him the following eight children:
David A. Moss born 8 January, 1867 died 28 December, 1950
Alma Moss born 21 December, 1868 died 27 June, 1928
Sarah Ann Moss born 13 September, 1870 died 30 July, 1871
Evelin Moss born 14 June, 1872 died 30 August, 1909
Alexander Moss born 6 June, 1874 died 5 December, 1946
Robert A. Moss born 15 April, 1876 died 4 March, 1946
Stephen Moss born 30 March, 1879 died 6 September, 1953
Margaret Moss Grant born 5 November, 1882 died 11December, 1952
This made John Moss the father of twenty children. The homestead was enlarged to accommodate the new family; each mother having her own apartment.
Emma emigrated to Utah, 26 October, 1864, and was married to John in the Endowment House a year later on the 25th of March, 165. She was a good, faithful mother, wife and church worker; an earnest worker in the Woman Suffrage movement. She was a faithful choir member and loved to stand and bear her testimony in song and word. She was left a widow at the early age of thirty-seven to rear her seven children alone. David, her oldest son, was only 17-1/2 years of age. She worked hard to support them. Two of them filled missions for the Church. She was always read to help her neighbors in sickness, serving, and canning fruit, or however they may have needed help. She died at the home of her son, Stephen, in Woods Cross, 11 January, 1922 at the age of seventy-six years.
We have been told that John Moss brought livestock to Utah with him, but there is no record of the exact number. However, we know that he appreciated their value and took care of their increase. As soon as his two oldest sons, Daniel and Joseph, were old enough to help with the care of the animals, they were given this responsibility. Many of the neighbors had brought stock with them also, and so the boys of the different families were given turns at the herding. In the spring they found forage in the hills south of the settlement, but in the fall the cattle were taken to the Jordan River bottomland. The family depended mostly on the products from the livestock for food and clothing.
At first, John used this public land for forage for his stock. He and his boys got out logs and poles with which they enclosed a space for corralling at time of branding, lambing and shearing. A log house was built at this enclosure, which was located on the property where the Orchard Ward Chapel, South Davis Stake, now stands. After the shearing, the wool was taken to Becks Hot Springs where it was washed in warm water. On the 24th of January, 1880, John Moss bought forty acres of land from the Union Pacific Railroad Company. The corral and house previously mentioned were located on this forty acres.
As the flocks and herds increased, John divided his livestock with his sons, and soon there was a number of small herds. It occurred to him that if these herds were combined, that the one large herd, which was mostly sheep, might be taken care of much more easily and much cheaper. As he pondered this over in his mind and talked it over with his sons and a neighbor, Orin Hatch, it was agreed that their sheep should be pooled and an organization was formed - called the Moss Hatch Sheep Company. By the year 1889, all the families could see the benefits to be derived by consolidating their herds and therefore applied for and received incorporation papers in 1891. They registered a the "Deseret Livestock Company," with John H. Moss, president; James I. Atkinson, vice-president; Orin P. Hatch, Secretary; Stearns Hatch, Treasurer; and James Howard, William Moss , Jens Nelson, John E. Hatch, Moroni Moss, James H. Moyle and others were appointed directors to form the nucleus of what later became a nationally known institution. This organization was formed and carried on a number of years without a dollar in cash. At the time of its incorporation it was valued at $90,000.00. In 1952, the company was valued at more than $5,000,000.00
John and his son William were the first persons to take sheep out on the Wasatch Range to feed. William, then only a small lad, trudged all the way barefooted. William later became president of the company and held this office for many years. All of his sons were large stockholders in the organization. John obtained a large tract of land in the Silver Creek country where he started a dairy where he made cheese and butter.
When President Young made a survey to build a branch of railroad from Salt Lake City to Ogden in 1869, it was found to run directly through the John Moss property. John was much concerned, as were other members of this community, to learn that their farms would be included in the line of survey, but it was a great experience for the family to see the train for the first time from their own door.
In November 1856, John was sent back to help the Edward Martin Handcart Company who had suffered extreme hardships. Many of the emigrants had died in the mountains and the handcarts had to be gradually abandoned as the relief teams from the valley were met. John furnished his own teams, provisions and wagon for this trip.
John and his son Daniel helped to haul the great granite stones from Little Cottonwood Canyon to build the walls of the Salt Lake Temple. These trips took from two to three days with four yoke of oxen. The great stones were slung by chains between running gears of a huge wagon made for this purpose, and brought down the steep mountain side.
In the year 1857, the United States Government sent Johnston's Army across the continent to put the Territory of Utah under Martial Law. Reports had reached Washington, D.C. that the people of Utah were in open rebellion against the laws of the United States.
When Governor Young was informed of the approach of the Federal Troops, he called a council of the leading men for the purpose of determining what course should be followed. The Mormons had already been driven from their homes three and four times while residing in the East. President Young said to the people, "Before I will suffer what I have in times past, there shall not be one building, nor one foot of lumber, nor a stick nor a tree, nor a particle of grass and hay that will burn, left in reach of our enemies. I am sworn to utterly lay waste this land in the name of Israel's God, and our enemies shall find it as barren as it was when we came here."
Thirty thousand Saints deserted their homes and started South. John and Rebecca prepared to leave along with the others. When they were ready, Rebecca and her six children, Mary, Daniel, Joseph, John, William and Moroni climbed into the wagon. Daniel, being the oldest son and eleven years of age, took up the whip to drive the oxen and the wagon with its precious cargo, leading all the livestock they owned. They went as far as Springville (60 miles) where he, with his family, mother and the other children lived that winter. Daniel herded the cows, cared for the stock, and helped care for his mother and brothers and sister. This was in 1857 and 1858. When word came that it was safe to come back, they packed their wagon and traveled safely home. Daniel made two more trips back that fall to bring household goods and livestock.
We have no way of knowing how John spent this year. Perhaps back and forth between Bountiful and Springville - looking after property and livestock.
John filled many important assignments in his Church. He honored his Priesthood and filled many important appointments in the same. He was ordained as one of the Seven Presidents of Seventy in the 76 Quorum. He was ordained into the 25th Quorum of Seventies, 9 April, 1845. Later he was ordained a High Priest.
In the early days many members of the Church had several baptisms. As the newly planted seeds shot forth green life from freshly cultivated soil, President Young instructed that they likewise were to take on a newness of life thru a renewal of their covenants. They were to prove their loyalty by being rebaptized. This reformation movement continued in the Church for a number of years. It not only remitted sins and renewed covenants, but it supplied many members a new record sheet, the old ones having been lost.
John's first baptism was, of course, in England in 1839. The second time, a rebaptism 25 February, 1849, in Salt Lake City by Orville S. Cox and confirmed the same day by George Mayer. The third time, 27 March, 1857 in South Bountiful by John McCarthy and confirmed by John Stoker.
At one time, before Bountiful was divided into three wards - Bountiful, South Bountiful and West Bountiful - John was appointed Presiding Elder over the part called South Bountiful.
Rebecca and John went to the Endowment House, 10 November, 1855 for their own Endowments. The Salt Lake Temple was not dedicated until 1893.
On 11 March, 1890, Mary, Daniel, Joseph, John and William journeyed to the Logan Temple with their wives to be sealed to their Mother and Father. One of the wives of these boys stood proxy for Elizabeth, who had passed away in her infancy. All the other children of John and Rebecca were born after their sealings in the Endowment House. These six couples did baptisms and endowments for many of their kin, who had lived and died in England.
Rebecca passed away at their home in Woods Cross, 4 March 1882, of typhoid pneumonia, at the age of 56 years. Death seemed to come early in life to many of these pioneers, perhaps because of the hardships that many of these wonderful people suffered thru their lives.
John was tall, dark complexion and blue eyed - quiet and serene in all his actions; a loving parent and a good provider. He left a numerous posterity - all of whom are honorable and respected citizens who love and revere his name. Hundreds of his descendants have been called to fill missions for the Church and many have been called to labor as Bishops, Bishop's Counselors, Stake Presidents, High Councilmen, etc. Many of his descendants are set apart temple workers. His posterity today, 1960, are numbered into the thousands.
One of his last acts was to call his daughter, Ella, to his bedside that he might give her infant daughter Clara, a name and a blessing.
At the time of his death, there appeared in the Deseret News this obituary. We are indebted to Marie Porter Grachan for this wonderful contribution to our Grandfather's life history.
John Moss departed this life, Monday, 4 August, 1884, at his residence in South Bountiful, Davis County, Utah. He was taken down with Cholera Morbus about ten days previous, which soon prostrated him, but during his illness his mind was perfectly clear, as shown by the manner in which he settled his affairs - making a fair and equitable distribution of his property to the remaining members of his family, and also by taking each member of his family separately, giving them good and wise council. He seemed to know from the first that his earthly career was at an end. He was a true and faithful Latter-Day Saint. Full of integrity, faith and good works. He took pleasure in living according to all the laws of the Gospel. He was the father of twenty children and twenty-seven grandchildren. His wife Emma survives him.
Brother John Moss was born in Newton, Yorkshire, England, 6 March, 1820. Embraced the Gospel at Waddington, England. Emigrated to America in 1840. Passed thru persecutions which the Saints in early history went thru. Came to Salt Lake Valley in 1848, where he lived and labored diligently for the cause of truth until the time of his death. He leaves a wife and eighteen children to mourn the loss of a loving and respected father.
To know him was to respect him, and his host of friends will miss him and his friendly counsel.
Funeral services were held in the South Bountiful Meeting House. Apostle Brigham Young preached the funeral sermon which was full of comfort and consolation to the bereaved and edifying to all.
Brother John W. Young also offered words of comfort to the living. President Anson Call and Bishop Brown spoke of their long acquaintance and of his labors in the Settlement; and gave him such a character that any Saint would be proud of. May he rest in peace until the morning of the first Resurrection.
Excerpt from the
HISTORY OF STEPHEN MOSS
Written by his wife, Martha Arvena Jones Moss
[John and Rebecca Moss] endured all the trials and hardships of the pioneers in Missouri coming west to Salt Lake City. John and his first wife, Rebecca, and their two children arrived in Salt Lake City in August, 1847. [Emma Alexander] arrived 26 October 1864, with her father and mother, Abel and Sarah Alexander. Emma was of English descent, as were her parents.
Soon after the arrival of [John] in 1847, he moved to Bountiful. He lived on the property now occupied by Lawrence Parkin's Carpenter Shop. There he engaged in farming and raising sheep and cattle and other work. After the arrival of the Alexander family from England, they moved to Bountiful and lived in an adobe home where the Wilford Hatch home now stands. Not long after their arrival, Able hired out to John Moss to herd sheep on the foothills near Whites Hill and nearby canyons. Those two families lived near each other and became well acquainted. They were all sincere Latter-day Saints. In the year 1865, Church officials made the request for all who were financially able and loyal to the church to marry another wife. John and Rebecca gave his request due consideration, as did Emma when John asked her to marry him. They were married March 25, 1865, the next year after Emma's arrival in Bountiful.
John Moss was the father of 20 children. So he naturally had to expand his business to care for their needs. In the summertime [Emma] and family would go up Parley's Canyon to a ranch in Wanship which [John ] had acquired. There she and others would make cheese. The children enjoyed their friends, roaming in the hills and valleys, and wading in cool streams in the meadows. Fishing and hunting was enjoyed by some of the older children. Everyone enjoyed the exciting stories told and the eating of game which was caught. The cows were kept there in the summer and at Woods Cross in the winter. At Woods Cross the family made butter and sold it in Salt Lake.
In the summer of 1884 while [Emma] and most of her family were in Wanship, John became seriously will with cholera morbus. Today I am quite sure the doctors would say it was appendicitis. David A., [one of John's sons,] came for [Emma] and family, driving a team wagon alone from Woods Cross. Stephen was placed in a tub which was placed in the wagon for small children to ride in. He would exchange places with his 21-month-old sister and often they both rode in the tub at the same time. When they arrived home they found [John] very ill. He called his wives and older children to counsel them at his bedside, and made settlement of property to each family. There was stock in the Grist Mill, the Coop Store in Bountiful, and in the Livestock Company he had established and some land. He died August 2, 1884. Emma was left the following: five cows, three horses, harness, wagon and barn, stock in the Bountiful Coop, stock in Bountiful Grist Mill, 300 shares of stock in sheep or livestock, one-half the home, 17 acres of meadowland, four acres of land near the old school house and 7.39 acres elsewhere.
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Weather & Climate Disasters Cost Countries $320 Billion In 2017, Making It The Costliest Year Ever
2017 saw the deadliest weather and climate disasters across the world. The worst hit was the Indian subcontinent where major monsoon floods devastated lives and East Africa, where severe droughts destroyed vegetation. The two regions contributing the most towards making 2017 the most expensive year on record.
According to World Meteorological Organisation’s (WMO) State of Climate 2017 report, the North Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest ever for the US and eradicated decades of development gains in small islands in the Caribbean, such as Dominica.
The report said weather and climate-related events cost countries some US $320 billion, making 2017 the costliest year on record.
According to the report, major monsoon floods in the Indian subcontinent and severe droughts across East Africa also contributed to 2017 being the most expensive year on record for severe weather and climate events.
"Excess precipitation in late March and early April 2017 triggered floods in north-eastern agricultural areas of Bangladesh. The monsoon season in South Asia brought the worst flooding in the region for years. Between June and August 2017, flooding in Nepal, Bangladesh and northern India affected millions of people and caused death and displacement across the three countries, the report said.
It also noted that the two most significant cyclones of the year in the North Indian Ocean were Cyclone Mora in late May, and Cyclone Ockhi in early December, both of which caused substantial casualties.
“The major impact of both cyclones was severe flooding and landslides associated with their respective precursor lows. Sri Lanka was badly affected by both cyclones, whilst Ockhi also had major impacts in southern India, including a great number of fishermen going missing at sea”, said PTI.
"Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were affected by flooding during the monsoon season between June and September, despite overall seasonal rainfall being near average over the region, the report added.
In the mid-August 2017, the gravest flooding occurred after extremely heavy rainfall over a region centered on eastern Nepal, northern Bangladesh and adjacent areas of northern and north-eastern India.
Across the period as a whole, more than 1,200 deaths were reported in India, Bangladesh and Nepal, while more than 40 million people were affected.
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Facial Palsy refers to the paralysis of the facial muscles because of damage to the facial nerve. Missing or damaged facial nerve means the facial muscles do not receive signals and hence do not function properly.
In such cases, eyes and/or mouth, along with other areas, are affected. In addition, the varying degrees of facial paralysis, such as only the lower half of the face are affected or a single side of the face is affected, or both the sides of the face are affected.
Dr. Leena Jain is a plastic surgeon in Mumbai who treats patients with facial palsy and here she shares insights on Facial Palsy and its treatment.
About the facial nerve
The facial nerve is also known as cranial nerve VII; it is the nerve of facial expression. It comprises approximately 10,000 neurons, including 7,000 myelinated and innervated nerves of facial expression.
The facial nerve arises from the brain and the upper spinal cord, and it is connected with the nerves of the head and neck while it exits into the face around the ear. It also passes into the parotid gland and supplies several facial muscles required for expression.
The facial nerve includes general sensory fibres, special sensory fibres, autonomic motor fibres, and somatic motor fibres. These fibres transmit signals to and fro from the various areas of the face and the brain.
Some of these nerves located in the anterior2/3 part of the tongue are involved in taste and in producing tears. In addition, the small branches of this nerve helps in noise sensitivity.
Facial paralysis occurs due to several reasons –
By birth –
The damage to the nerve occurs just before or at the time of delivery for unknown reasons. For example, a difficult delivery can damage the facial nerve. At times, the use of forceps can also damage the facial nerve.
Facial Palsy can occur due to a stroke. The type of stroke determines the damage to the brain cells. The damage to the brain cells is either due to a shortage of oxygen or more pressure on the brain cells on account of bleeding.
Tumors of ear and/or parotid gland –
In case of surgery to remove the ear and/or parotid gland tumors, there is a risk of damage to the facial nerve as it travels through the parotid gland. Total Parotidectomy surgery is a complex procedure in which, along with the entire parotid gland, a section of the facial nerve is removed, and hence results in Facial Palsy.
Infection of the middle ear –
An infection in the middle ear can lead to changes in the microenvironment of the middle ear such as acute inflammation, retrograde inflammation, osteitis, elevated pressure, presence of active viruses in the bony facial canal wherein the facial nerve is located, and likely to be affected.
Injury to face or head trauma –
Injury to the temporal bone through which the facial nerve travels can lead to facial Palsy. In head trauma such as assault, falls, accidents, and more, the bony channel gets crushed or swells up, resulting in either temporary or permanent damage to the facial nerve.
Spontaneously as in Bell’s Palsy –
Multiple viral Infections such as HSV-1, CMV, and EBV are considered to cause Bell’s Palsy, though exact causes are still unknown. Moreover, Bells’s Palsy is identified as a spontaneous, acute, unilateral weakening of facial muscles due to unknown reasons.
A patient in this condition will experience loss of facial movement as the facial muscles decrease their capacity to function. As a result, the facial muscles in the affected area are likely to droop gradually. The duration of the paralysis can be either long or short. Hence, an accurate diagnosis is necessary to ascertain the exact cause and extent of facial Palsy.
Symptoms of Facial Palsy
Facial palsy occurs on one side of the face, and it is characterized by pulling of the opposite side working muscles. Facial Palsy patients cannot raise eyebrows, close eyes, smile, or pout as the mouth is twisted. The patients also complain of trouble in talking, headache, dizziness, sensitivity to noise, twitching of muscles, etc.
Age and facial palsy
Facial Palsy can affect newborns, young and old as well. If the paralytic condition is not treated correctly, the patients develop eating and speech problems leading to low self-esteem. Hence, seeking the most suitable treatment is necessary.
The course of the facial palsy
Spontaneous recovery in few cases
The patient can experience spontaneous recovery in the case of Bell’s Palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome though the extent and degree of recovery are not predictable. However, complete recovery is not assured.
The patient is likely to recover within first three weeks after experiencing facial palsy. During the initial recovery stages, the muscle will be weak and floppy, referred to as the flaccid stage. In the second stage, or the paretic stage, the muscles regain their shape, tension and patient can make small, spontaneous movements followed by complete recovery in the following weeks.
Incomplete or partial recovery is noted within two-three weeks after the palsy. Therefore, it is essential to ascertain the cause, duration of paralysis, and its degree to decide the most comprehensive recovery plan. The focus is to prevent development of asymmetry, synkinesis, contracture, and hypertension, and this condition mentally affects the patient to a great extent.
The focus of the treatment is to preserve and restore the face and its functioning in the best possible manner. There are numerous rehabilitation options available for partial recovery cases. The Botulinum toxin injection shows promising results however, may need to be repeated.
If no improvement is noted within two to three months after the palsy attack, an abnormal facial function is associated with delayed recovery. In addition, the patient can develop asymmetry, synkinesis, contracture, etc. Synkinesis refers to unwanted muscular contractions of the face on movement e.g., closure of eyes when attempting to smile or involuntary muscle spasms when the patient moves their face.
Patients and family members can visit Dr. Leena Jain for consultation at her plastic surgery clinic in Mumbai. She is easily approachable and highly understanding and explains the nerve surgeries and their likely outcome.
Treatment of Facial Palsy
Early treatment of Facial Palsy is recommended, especially within two weeks of its onset. Early-stage or intermediate facial palsy patients are suggested to attempt facial muscles retraining, massages, and exercises to maintain their condition.
Facial paralysis prevents desired facial expression, symmetrical smile, communication, speaking abilities, and eye protection. Also, each patient is affected differently. Therefore, the treating plastic surgeon should conduct an in-depth examination to determine the cause, duration, and extent of paralysis. Early-stage facial palsy patients need to approach neurologists for facial nerve decompression treatment after ascertaining the cause of palsy.
For a patient with facial paralysis for more than three months, the plastic surgeon recommends electromyography testing (EMG) and specific therapy to treat after-effects of the disease functionally and cosmetically. Plastic surgeons perform nerve transfer surgery, an advanced cosmetic procedure for patients whose nerve branches and working facial muscles cannot be linked with the primary facial nerve.
Plastic surgery is recommended for patients with chronic facial paralysis. The multidisciplinary team, with the plastic surgeon being the key person, plans a comprehensive recovery plan and chooses the most suitable plastic surgery for the best outcome. The most preferred approaches include direct facial nerve repair with or without muscle transfer, cross-facial nerve grafting, nerve transfer, grafting, etc.
Dr. Leena Jain is a leading plastic surgeon in Mumbai who performs facial reconstruction or facial reanimation surgeries.
Facial Nerve Repair –
The surgeon performs the facial nerve repair as and when possible, usually in cases of acute injury to nerve. The focus of the procedure is to identify the cut ends of the nerve or its branches and reconnect them.
Facial nerve grafting –
In cases of acute nerve injury with a gap as can occur during injury or during surgery, the surgeon uses a piece of nerve graft from elsewhere like nerves in the leg or in the forearm to bridge the gap. The surgeon then uses tiny sutures to graft paralyzed nerves to healthy ones.
Cross face nerve graft –
In cases, presenting late after about more than a year, the surgeon takes healthy donor nerve from another part of the body and connects one end to muscles on the affected side of the face while the other end is connected with the functioning nerve branches on the unaffected side. A nerve graft takes nearly a year to regenerate, followed by improvement in muscle control in some cases; in most other cases the second stage of muscle transfer is required.
Nerve Transfer –
In the early stages, nerve branches of other healthy, intact nerves of the face can be transferred to the affected facial nerve. The fibres will grow or regenerate into the affected nerve and supply the muscles of the face.
Free muscle transfer or Gracilis Muscle Transplant
The microsurgeon transplants the gracilis muscle (located in the inner thigh) to replace the facial muscles enabling the patient to smile. The free flap transfer is done with its artery, vein, and nerve to enable movement of the transferred muscle. The muscle is attached to the angle of the mouth, such that contracting it brings about a smile. The patient needs to undergo two stages of this surgery A natural-looking smile is considered as one of the best outcomes of this surgery.
This free tissue transfer involves the transfer of distant nerves and muscle to the paralyzed face to improve facial symmetry by restoring blood supply and muscle movements.
Nerve transfers –
In this procedure, the surgeon reroutes a healthy and functioning nerve (donor nerve) and connects it with a damaged and nonfunctioning nerve (recipient nerve). The nerve fibers of the donor nerve grow within the damaged nerve and it regenerates.
Nerve transfer is an ideal treatment for flaccid facial palsy patients, especially those with severe nerve injuries with zero recoveries of function or discontinuity of the facial nerve. Therefore, nerve transfer is performed only if there is a viable facial musculature and intact neuromuscular junction that is usually within12 months of palsy.
Dr. Leena Jain is one of the most experienced facial palsy surgeons in Borivali, Mumbai who performs eye closure surgery and smile restoration surgery with precision for good outcomes.
Eye Closure Surgery
Facial palsy patients face serious issues of varying degrees of eye closure, including dry eyes and other cosmetic concerns. This condition is referred to as lagophthalmos and is one of the most damaging results of facial Palsy. As a result, there are multiple eyelid surgery options such as insertion of a gold weight in the upper eyelid crease, Palpebral spring placement,etc. The lower eyelid is corrected through a lower eyelid tendon sling, modified tarsorrhaphy, and tarsal wedge resection. These surgeries focus on better closure and optimum protection of the eyes against dryness and corneal ulceration.
A smile is important, and hence its restoration is equally important. The smile restoration procedure depends upon the patient’s presentation and the extent of the damage. The most preferred surgery options include cross facial nerve graft and masseteric nerve transfer for smile reanimation. If facial palsy attack is more than two years old, then the most suitable procedures include temporalis tendon transfer (T3) and free muscle transfer with gracilis muscle.
The combination of cross facial nerve graft and masseteric nerve transfer is highly suitable for smile restoration in select patients affected with Facial Palsy.
Dr. Leena Jain suggests a pro-active patient-doctor relationship that helps assess the risks and benefits of possible surgery options to restore the smile and functionality of the affected patient.
The journey of recovery from facial Palsy is long and challenging, and hence extreme patience and faith in the treating surgeon are the key factors for the best possible outcomes.
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In this post, guest author Peter McAllister shares with us why it’s important to start your own garden. He also explains a few of the first steps you’ll need to take to transition your yard from grass to produce.
So what about you? Do you grow your own food? If so, why do you think it’s important? What tips do you have for others who are just getting started? We’d love to hear from you in the comments section below….
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“There is growing awareness about the level of chemical fertilizers and pesticides going into our fresh produce. Commercial producers of fruit and vegetables often use chemical fertilizers and pesticides to control the yield and health of their crops. From the producer’s perspective they want the highest yields with the lowest losses to pests possible because their business is more profitable this way.
However, there is growing awareness about some of the adverse effects of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Because of this, a growing number of consumers are choosing to eat organically produced fruit and vegetables. This can be done either by purchasing organic produce from stores or growing your own produce.
Adverse effects of the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides
- Chemical poisons are carried on through the food chain and can have a knock on effect in harming animals.
- When you eat fruit and vegetables that have had chemical pesticides applied to them you too are ingesting this poison.
- The production of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has a far greater impact on the global environment than natural substances.
Growing your own fruit and vegetables is easier than you may think. All it takes is a well maintained growing patch that receives ample sunlight, water and nutrients.
How to set up your own vegetable patch
The first thing you want to consider is the position of the vegetable patch. The position of your growing area will vastly affect the yield you gain. One of the biggest considerations is sunlight. You want to position your growing area so that it achieves the most sunlight possible throughout the day. You can do this as scientifically or as instinctively as you like. One way of accurately measuring the sunlight exposure your garden gets is to set up a camera at a fixed point that has a good overall view. Once an hour take a picture of your yard for an entire day. You can then look at these pictures in a “timeline” to see which areas have the most sun for longest over the course of a day. Or, if this is not your style, you can set up the growing area in a position that you know has good general light exposure (at least 6 hours for most vegetables).
Once you have decided upon an area in which to grow your produce you need to set it up properly. If you just dig up some earth and plant seeds, the chances are you will get less than satisfactory results.
The first thing to do is mark out the area you want to have designated for growing. You can then lift up the grass (if there is any) by using a turf cutter to cleanly remove the top grass layer. The next stage is to prepare the bed for planting. The best way to do this is to circulate and loosen up the soil. This can be done manually by digging or automatically using a rotavator.
For optimal results you will also want to mix in some organic fertilizer with this soil. The type of compost/fertilizer you use will differ depending on what you want to grow. For example, tomatoes require a high amount of nitrogen, where as carrots/peas are not as dependent on this nutrient. Ask at your local garden centre to get the most appropriate fertilizer mix for your purposes.
Growing can be a tricky procedure and you will learn as you go along. Over time your yields should get bigger and your plants’ health improve. Growing your own food is not only rewarding but also fun; eating food you have grown from scratch yourself is endlessly more rewarding than going to the grocery store.”
About the Author
Peter McAllister is employed by SGM contracts who supply equipment and services such
as rotavators for sale. We support sustainable living and like to encourage green projects such as home food growing. For more information see http://www.sgm-uk.com
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A GEOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC PROFILES IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA,
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA JOLLA CALIF
Pagination or Media Count:
A series of seismic reflection profiles were made during the summer of 1964 in the northeastern part of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Three rock units recognized in the profiles are 1 the ice-sculptured metamorphic basement overlain by 2 probable glacial drift, and 3 Holocene marine sediments. Channels in the basement may have been formed in part by faulting as well as glacial scour, and have been extensively modified by fill of units 2 and 3, so that the present seafloor does not closely represent the effects of glaciation. The Holocene strata have been faulted but the vertical separation is small, suggesting that the sound reacts as a unit to regional tectonism.
- Geology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy
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Active Release Techniques
An automobile accident can thrust the body into erratic motion, causing the muscles and other soft tissues to pull, tear or not be able to get enough oxygen (hypoxia). All of these factors can result in the body producing rough, thick scar tissue in the affected area.
Scar tissue restricts the tissues from moving freely because they bind them and tie them down, and as scar tissue builds up, muscles shorten and become weaker, nerves become ensnared and tendinitis can develop due to tension on the tendons. This can lead to reduced range of motion, pain and loss of muscle strength. Should a nerve become trapped, the person may additionally experience numbness, tingling and weakness.
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Although you may be comforted by the warm glow of your wood-burning fireplace, purchasing firewood to fuel this feel-good feature of your home can be expensive. For those in industrialized nations, however, firewood is more than a luxury -- it’s a necessity. People around the world use firewood for heat, warmth and cooking. Unfortunately, cutting firewood contributes to deforestation. As more individuals around the world dedicate themselves to helping the environment, alternate fuel sources are being introduced as more eco-friendly and readily available alternatives to firewood.
Paper products, such as cardboard, often end up tossed into a garbage bin and eventually wind up in a landfill. The Paper Recycling Skills Project in the Gambia began producing compressed paper bricks from waste paper material and sawdust in the 1980s in an effort to give impoverished residents an alternative to firewood. Compressed paper bricks burn cleaner than firewood and are more environmentally friendly since they are formulated out of 100-percent recycled material. Retailers in the U.S. now market compressed paper and sawdust bricks for those looking for clean burning firewood alternatives.
Many people use firewood to cook their food. Although you’re unlikely to use firewood for cooking fuel unless you go camping, families in other areas of the world still utilize wood-burning stoves. One unfortunate side effect of wood burning stoves is the fact that they emit noxious fumes into the home. Solar cookers are an alternative to the firewood needed for cooking food by harnessing the sun’s energy to heat up various types of foods. A publication by the Humboldt State University Campus Center for Appropriate Technology in Arcata, California, says simple solar cookers are easy to build--even for those without access to modern technology--and can be safely used by those in developing nations or those who simply want an eco-friendly way to cook food outdoors.
Like compressed paper bricks, organic briquettes are created with recycled materials. Unlike compressed bricks, however, these briquettes are made with more than just paper. Organic briquettes are made from organic material such as corn cobs, groundnuts and rice husks. The recycled organic material is then compressed together with sawdust to form burnable briquettes. These briquettes are currently being used in African schools as a cheaper alternative to firewood. An added benefit of organic briquettes is the fact that they waste less energy than firewood and allow stoves and furnaces to retain heat for a longer period of time.
- firewood image by cherry from Fotolia.com
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Past to Present
Evolutionary biologist Joe Thornton rolls up his sleeve and reaches into a blue and white plastic cooler, just like the one you might take to a soccer game or the beach.
But you won't find cold sodas or turkey sandwiches in this one, and its contents might be among the grossest things you've ever seen.
Inside, sand-colored, snakelike hagfish writhe like hoses bursting with water. They lunge against the side of the cooler and squirm under Thornton's grip as he reaches in with his arm. When he pulls out his hand, it drips with wads of clear, snotty goo.
"A few of these hagfish can fill a 5-gallon bucket with slime in a few minutes," Thornton says. "It's amazing."
Hagfish are slimy, slithery creatures that offer a clue to our deep past. By studying the DNA of hagfish and other unusual animals, Thornton has been able to resurrect 450-million-year-old genes and use them to make equally ancient proteins. This archaic biology, he says, can help us better understand who we are today.
"Science isn't just about shining a bright light on nature and seeing the truth," says Thornton. "It's a way to reflect on the human condition and to see our place in the world."
Thornton's research focuses on our endocrine system, a complex network of glands and hormones found in most animals with well-developed nervous and circulatory systems. Glands like the thyroid, adrenal and ovary make hormones, which travel through the bloodstream as chemical signals that trigger our bodies to do all the things we need to survive.
Thornton studies a specific group of hormones called steroids. Examples include estrogen and testosterone. While known mostly for their role in reproduction, these hormones are also key players in bone and cardiovascular health, our stress response and diseases like cancer.
To do their jobs, all hormones must latch onto specific proteins called receptors on or inside cells. Think of them as part of a lock-and-key system. When you have a match, the door opens—triggering a cascade of biochemical changes within the cell.
"Virtually everything a living cell does is controlled by specific interactions between molecules, like hormones and their receptors," explains Thornton. "But despite their importance, we know very little about how these kinds of specific interactions evolved."
Origin of a Scientist
Thornton wasn't always interested in studying steroid hormones. Before graduating from college with a degree in English, Thornton says he wanted to "connect with reality" and began working for Greenpeace, an international organization that educates the public on global environmental problems and solutions for a greener future.
"Science isn't just about shining a bright light on nature and seeing the truth. It's a way to reflect on the human condition and to see our place in the world."
For about 10 years, Thornton traveled to communities with major sources
of chemical pollution. Part of his job involved reading about scientific
studies and translating the results for
Thornton wrote dozens of reports and articles describing the health hazards posed by chemical pollution and arguing for specific solutions. He explained these ideas to the press and testified before Congress.
"I became a specialist in helping communities understand the scientific literature to protect themselves and the environment," says Thornton.
The experience sparked his interest in endocrine disruptors, synthetic chemicals that mimic our natural hormones. They enter the air, water or food supply as byproducts of many chemical, manufacturing and agricultural practices.
Because they are so widespread, everyone is exposed to them. Endocrine disruptors have been linked to reproductive problems, impaired immune function and various cancers.
Endocrine disruptors affect animals, too. Scientists suspect they're responsible for a decline in Florida's alligator population, the feminization of male marine organisms, and damage to fish and bird populations.
Alarmed by these potential threats to our environment and our bodies, Thornton started asking questions of his own.
Why do these chemicals have such a big effect on biology? How did hormones and their receptors evolve? Can we predict which chemicals are likely to cause endocrine disruption if we have a better basic understanding of receptors?
"When it came time for me to move on [from Greenpeace], I was so fascinated with the science that I wanted to pursue it directly," says Thornton.
So he went back to school and took his first biology class at age 30. Now 43 and running his own lab at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Thornton is finding the answers to the questions that drove him to science and environmental activism.
Molecular Time Machine
Like a historian studying the past to make sense of current events or an anthropologist examining ancient cultures to understand today's customs, Thornton goes back in time to piece together the evolution of hormones and their receptors. His main objective: to unravel the history of our endocrine system. The findings could help other researchers understand the origins of hundreds of diseases related to the endocrine system and identify new ways to treat or prevent them.
Thornton starts by studying hormone receptors in living animals. On any given day, Thornton's lab might have a cooler full of undulating octopi, jawless lampreys, predatory worms, sea slugs or the slimy hagfish. These organisms, he says, occupy critical spots on the evolutionary tree of animal life for understanding the evolution of the endocrine system. Each species shares an ancient common ancestor with humans and split off the evolutionary tree around the time that certain receptors first evolved.
"My kids like coming in and seeing us dissect these fantastic creatures," says Thornton, whose children are 8 and 11.
"I think that exposure to what I'm doing gives them an appreciation for how old and diverse life on Earth is," he adds. (And it makes their dad seem forever young.)
Thornton extracts genetic material and hormone-containing serum from the hagfish and other organisms. Then, he examines the DNA to find ancestral receptor genes.
He does this with the help of computers and other molecular biology tools. Thornton looks in huge databases of DNA sequences to search for similarities between the gene sequences from his living creatures and those of hundreds of other receptors cataloged in the database. Software programs can turn this information into phylogenies—family trees that show varying degrees of relatedness.
For centuries, these "trees" were based mainly on visible traits, such as bone structure, wings or the presence of fur. But as more tools for studying DNA have become available, evolutionary trees have expanded to include genetic information.
Thornton then uses biochemistry techniques to actually synthesize the DNA for ancient genes and molecular biology methods to find out how they functioned. The search has taken him back 450 million years to the time of the last common ancestor of you.and a hagfish.
Back then, the only vertebrates around were fish without jaws. The climate, which had been quite warm, cooled. Water temperatures dropped to about what they are today, making the sea a more hospitable environment. That was a good thing, because the ocean offered just about the only real estate.
It might seem nearly impossible to imagine we'd share anything in common with the ocean dwellers that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. But Thornton has a fridge of tiny test tubes and incubators with petri dishes to prove that we do.
Each tube contains millions of copies of resurrected receptor genes. Cells living on the plastic plates in the incubator produce the receptor proteins encoded by these ancient genes. Thornton and others can use these proteins to see how they respond to different hormones. By changing the ancient DNA, they can retrace the process by which evolution tweaked the receptors' sensitivity to various hormones.
With the help of a technique called structural biology, they can also see how the receptor proteins' shapes changed over time. Under certain conditions, proteins form crystals that can be bombarded with high-energy X-rays to determine their shape. By using these methods, Thornton has determined the precise atomic structure of several ancient receptors and has shown how that structure changed as the receptors evolved to bind new hormones in a lock-and-key fashion (see receptor image).
Often called the father of evolution, biologist Charles Darwin thought of evolution as a tree where all species branched from a common ancestor. As nature selected for certain advantageous traits, he reasoned, organisms with helpful genetic changes survived to pass those genes to offspring.
Repeated over long periods of time, populations would adapt to their environments. Isolated populations that evolve independently would diverge, eventually forming new species.
Can this explanation of such gradual adaptation apply to the evolution of systems in which the function of the whole requires all the parts to be present? If a hormone needs a receptor and a receptor needs a hormone, then how do you explain the evolution of one without the other?
Or, for that matter, how do you explain the evolution of any complex system with many parts?
The explanation is beautifully simple, Thornton says.
"These systems were assembled by evolution in a piece-by-piece fashion from molecules that once did other jobs." And his research tells the whole story, from beginning to end.
Here's what Thornton has learned. In distant times, there was a single ancient hormone receptor that worked in partnership with a single ancient hormone. That receptor was only as specific as it needed to be at that time. Other hormones with slightly different shapes could have activated it, but only one of these was actually available.
Then, about 450 million years ago, the gene for the ancient receptor got duplicated. Over millions of years, the two copies gradually amassed different sets of genetic changes, leading to two different receptors present in most vertebrates living today.
One of these duplicate receptors retained the ancestral shape and continued to partner with the ancient hormone and other similarly shaped hormones that emerged later in evolution. Today, this receptor interacts with aldosterone, the hormone that regulates salt and water balance in humans and fourlegged animals.
As for the other duplicated copy, Thornton has tracked the changes in its DNA over time. He showed that two mutations altered the receptor's shape in a way that changed its lock-and-key fit. As a result, the receptor lost its ability to interact with the ancestral hormone but gained an ability to partner with cortisol, a hormone that today controls our response to long-term stress.
Thornton explains that the specific hormone-receptor pairs we have in our bodies today came about by subtle modifications of hormones and receptors that already existed for different purposes. He calls this idea "molecular exploitation."
"It's taking old parts and reusing them for new purposes by bringing them into newly built systems," he says.
Because of modern scientific tools and technologies like ancestral gene resurrection, Thornton says evolutionary biologists can now study evolutionary changes and the processes driving them in a much more detailed and decisive way than has ever been possible.
But understanding evolution can also help us to understand the present and future, Thornton says. The concept of molecular exploitation, for example, helps him explore endocrine disruption and try to make sense of it.
The discovery that hormone receptors are only as specific as they need to be at any one time in evolution, he says, explains why they are susceptible to disruption by pollutants.
"The chemical industry has produced tens of thousands of chemicals in the last 60 years, but our receptors evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and have not had a chance to evolve resistance against them," he says.
Could our bodies evolve to shut out endocrine disruptors? That process could take thousands of generations, "and I'm not willing to wait for evolution to solve the problem for us," Thornton says.
So Thornton does what he can for the environment. After his time with Greenpeace, Thornton wrote a 600-page book, Pandora's Poison, outlining the health dangers of chemical pollution. It was printed on chlorine-free paper.
On a more personal level, Thornton and his family try to leave a small environmental footprint. When he and his wife built their house, they avoided using materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC, a type of vinyl). The Thorntons buy organic food and leave the car at home as often as they can.
"We try to be as low-impact as possible," Thornton says, but admits, "We're not perfect. Very few families are."
He assists environmental groups, and he uses his knowledge about the evolution of hormones to teach a course that inspires students to explore the intersections of science and policy.
"I take every opportunity I can to discuss how research can affect our understanding of the effects of chemicals on health and what we can do about it," says Thornton.
He considers sharing his work and its implications with the public and the broader research community to be among the most crucial—and rewarding—jobs of a scientist.
"One of the most important aspects of doing science well is being able to communicate your findings, to tell their story," he says. "A great experiment won't contribute anything if you can't make other people understand it and appreciate why it's important."
Thornton says this perspective didn't come from working in the lab. It came from reading literature, writing a book and simply talking to people. These activities also prepared him well for thinking about science and doing experiments, he says.
Thornton believes that scientists leave an important mark on society.
"By doing science, we're contributing to culture in the same way novelists and philosophers and historians and artists are," Thornton says.
"Science allows us to reflect on our condition and our place in the world, and what it means to be who we are."
Joe the Scientist
I became a scientist for two reasons. I wanted to use knowledge to help protect the environment and human health. And I wanted to contribute to culture—our shared understanding of ourselves and our world—the same way writers and artists do.
Think of an interesting or controversial issue, and science probably has something important to offer on it. For some issues, like global warming or high breast cancer rates, science's role is obvious. But science has a lot to say about less technical questions, too, including some that go right to the core of our self-understanding.
Consider the biggest one of all: What does it mean to be human? Writers and philosophers have been wrestling with this one for centuries. But scientific discoveries have radically reshaped the answers we can give today.
We have learned that we share many behaviors—and even more aspects of the nervous and endocrine systems that produce them—with chimpanzees, zebrafish and even sea slugs. In my lab, we are discovering precisely when and how some of these features first evolved.
Big cultural issues will never be answered by science alone, because they also involve values, ethics and spirituality. But our biology is a significant part of who we are, and science is the best way to generate knowledge about nature.
When a scientific discovery changes the lens through which we see ourselves and the world, we can appreciate it the same way we do a van Gogh painting or a Shakespeare play.
My job is to go to the lab each day and try to continue that tradition.
How cool is that? —Joe Thornton
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How to Control Your Kid’s TV Viewing
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), kids in the United States watch about 4 hours of TV a day. That’s a lot of opportunity to see sex and violence. Parents have the right and the responsibility to control their children’s TV viewing. The best way to do it is to teach children how to be responsible viewers.
Set a good example. Don’t be a couch potato. Chances are your kids will be too. If all you do is swig beer on the couch the whole day, get a job, you lousy bum! You’re setting a bad example for the future.
Keep TV out of your children’s bedroom. Avoid watching TV during meals and while the kids are doing their homework. Treat TV viewing as a privilege that kids need to earn by completing a chore or getting their school assignments done on time. It also helps to have a schedule – less TV time during schooldays and more on weekends.
Check the listings ahead of time and preview the programs before you let your kids watch them. Memorize the parental guidelines if you must.
Make time and watch TV with your kids. Encourage them to ask questions about what they are watching, and answer as completely and honestly as you can if they do. Point out the values and lessons that the program fosters.
Ask around. Other parents or even your kids’ teachers may have some shows to recommend. They may also have a few viewing tips of their own.
Encourage them to take up sports or dance lessons. Encourage them to read.
Engage in other fun activities other than TV viewing. Go out on healthy outdoor trips as a family. It can be as simple as having a picnic in the park or a swim in the community pool. The more fun time you spend with your kids, the less time they feel the need to escape in the world of television.
October 23, 2007 Tuesday at 5:45 pm
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Day 65 – Q 3. A basic value of journalism is neutrality. With current increase of investigative journalism, do you think media is infringing in the smooth governance and judicial process in India?
3. A basic value of journalism is neutrality. With current increase of investigative journalism, do you think media is infringing in the smooth governance and judicial process in India?
Investigative journalism is the discipline of digging deep and bringing to light verified facts about wrongdoing, or about a matter of significance, which are sought to be covered up or are otherwise inaccessible to the public.
- It bypasses public and judicial institutions, shows the credibility of public institutions in poor light.
- It could be used by warring political factions for gaining advantage. Increasingly politicians are buying/opening media outlets to influence public.
- The exposed are shamed in public without giving a chance to prove their innocence, thus taking on the judicial role in their hands.
- Increased RTI applications, hinders the governance process.
- Sting operations give a lopsided view without deep analysis. Rarely does the media pursue a case in full, which on one hand reduces the credibility of journalism, and on other affect the investigative process. E.g. sting operations are India TV exposing spot fixing by offering bribes to players to catch them fixing a spot or match.
- Privacy of the exposed and sometimes of their relatives and friends is violated.
- The online platforms are doing investigation and trying to uncover the truth. Many a time, rumours take form as news and easily are broadcasted through social media. E.g. Tehalka.com’s operation West End
Aid in governance process:
- Accountability- It helps in holding the public institutions accountable to the public by exposing corruption cases. E.g. Vyapam scam.
- Evidence- Tapes, conversation and evidence obtained could be used in court of law to punish the offenders, like the case of Panama papers, which brought significant financial misdoings in public domain along with due evidence.
- Awareness- It brings awareness on government provisions and procedures available to public to tackle the corrupt.
- Restore faith- It restores faith in the masses that corrupt and criminals cant escape their fate. E.g. Jessica lal murder case and vikas yadav case.
Investigative journalism of quality and relevance is valuable in itself, in what it can do for ordinary folk and for society, typically holding up truth to power. It however, must be supplemented by ethical standards.
Best answer: Iron Man
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In Greenland, climate change is causing fish populations to decline, invasive species to find new homes, and sea levels to rapidly rise. Between 2001 and 2011, temperatures on the island were higher than they have been in the last thousand years. Glaciers are melting nearly seven times faster than they did 25 years ago, and since 2000, Greenland has lost 5 trillion tons of ice.
As the ice melts, it may reveal large deposits of valuable minerals, like nickel and cobalt, that can be used in batteries for electric vehicles and phones, and they’re catching the attention of investors like Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates.
But United Nations experts say any mining projects must receive the consent of local communities, particularly the Indigenous Inuit, who make up a majority of Greenland’s population. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, José Francisco Calí Tzay, has called on the governments of Greenland and Denmark to develop a mechanism to obtain the free, prior, and informed consent of communities where new mining and tourism projects are planned. Calí Tzay has also called on the two governments to address the negative impacts of colonialism that translate to “structural and systematic racial discrimination against the Inuit People.”
“I urge Greenland’s government to consult with the Inuit People whose traditional livelihoods will be directly affected by plans to expand mining, tourism and infrastructure,’’ Calí Tzay said.
Many Inuit people rely on ice and water for their livelihoods and culture, making climate change especially hard on communities, and extractive industries, like mining, can harm the environment through toxic waste and ecosystem disruption. In 2021, Greenland imposed a moratorium on uranium mining after international experts raised concerns about human rights violations caused by the mine. However, many Inuit remain open to locally-controlled mining projects that provide income and jobs.
The Inuit, who are the only recognized Indigenous people in Denmark, have called Greenland home for thousands of years, long before it was claimed by Denmark. Today, in Greenland, which has been an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark since 1953, nearly 90 percent of the roughly 57,000 people are Inuit. About 17,000 Inuit live away from their homelands in Denmark. In 1979, Greenland voted for a more independent government, giving the island control over areas like education and health and in 2009, the Self-Government Act expanded those sovereign powers, leaving only matters like national security and foreign affairs to Denmark. “Greenland’s extensive self-governance is an inspiring example of the implementation of Indigenous self government,” Calí Tzay said.
But Inuit communities continue to experience negative impacts of tourism and U.S. military installations, including leftover toxic waste. In at least one case, Inuit were relocated to make way for a military base and have not been adequately compensated. Inuit suffer from lack of adequate housing and mental health services, high rates of homelessness and suicide, and persistent policies that neglect their rights, including forced birth control and family separations. Calí Tzay also says that both governments need to improve human rights protections and services for the Inuit including reforming adoption and home care services, adding Inuit language, culture, and history to education curricula in both Denmark and Greenland, and creating specific legal processes for consulting with Indigenous communities.
In a statement, the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs said, “We attach great importance to the universal human rights and to the important work of the independent experts of the UN and we will look carefully at the final report of the Special Rapporteur and the recommendations therein.”
Request for comment from the government of Greenland was not immediately returned.
Although Calí Tzay gave Denmark credit for supporting international human rights agreements like the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, he said it has more work to do at home. “I would like to call upon the Government to fully embrace this commitment at the domestic level as well,” he said.
This story has been updated to include comment from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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Join Tim Grey for an in-depth discussion in this video File formats, part of Photoshop CS6 Quick Start for Photographers.
- View Offline
Pretty soon after you start working with an image in Photoshop, you're going to be faced with the issue of file formats. And there are many file formats available to you. I'll go ahead and choose File > Save As from the menu, and then I'll click the Format popup so that we can see the wide variety of image file formats we can choose from. It's a long list but you don't have to worry about most of these options and in fact, generally speaking they are only may be three or four File Formats that you even need to be aware of when working with your photographic images.
The first of these File Formats is the raw File Format which is actually not a single File format but a collection of various File formats. A Raw Capture is a file that contains the information actually gathered by your image sensor. When the picture was taken. Many cameras include a raw capture mode, and those raw captures must then be translated effectively to produce pixel information. What that means is that you really only need to think about the raw capture at the time you capture an image, and at the time that you're converting that image so that you can actually work on it, in Photoshop for example.
After converting that raw capture and optimizing the image in a variety of ways, you'll more than likely have created some layers along the way, and that requires that you save the image in a file format that supports layers. Generally speaking, that means saving the image in the Photoshop PSD file ormat, or in the TIFF file format. Both of these files support all of the features you can use in Photoshop. So, you really don't need to think about one or the other. I'm in the habit of using the Photoshop PSD file format for my master image. The image that contains all of my layers.
But that's largely because, when I first got started with Photoshop, the TIFF file format didn't support layers. So I knew my Photoshop file was the master image with all layers intact, and any TIFF images were derivative images that I used to send an image to a printer, for example. Generally speaking, if you take advantage of the LZW compression option for .TIFF files, then you'll get a little bit smaller file size. So, if I were making the decision today, I would probably stick with .TIFF. But now, I have it in my mind that a Photoshop .PSD file is my master and the .TIFF file is my derivative image, and so I continue saving my master image as a .PSD.
The other file format you'll likely use on a somewhat regular basis. Is the JPEG file format. JPEG files are always compress and that always causes some loss of quality. But it also means the file size will be considerably smaller. So, JPEG is great when you're sending an image via email, or sharing an image online, for example. Most cameras allow you to capture in JPEG, but I don't recommend that because it means you're compromising right from the start. You're not able to take advantage of high bit depth, you don't have the conversion options that a RAW capture has, and you have some compression applied that will reduce the overall image quality. So, think of a raw capture as your original starting point. It's your original capture out of the camera.
Think of the Photoshop or the TIFF file formats as a file format appropriate for a master image, or one that's intended to be printed. And think of the JPEG file format as a great option when you're going to share images online. That makes three or four file formats that you need to be aware of. The rest of them here you can really forget about, at least for the time being. As you're getting started in Photoshop, you might as well keep things as simple as possible, and restricting the number of file formats you actually put to use is certainly one way to do that.
- A guided tour of Photoshop
- Setting up your environment
- Color modes, bit depth, and image resolution
- The Histogram
- File formats
- Basic adjustments
- Output workflow
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Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
A diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Agria (Eger), founded by Maria Theresa in 1776, and composed of the exempt provostship of St. Martin, the date of foundation of which is unknown, but probably in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Besides the provostship, a collegiate chapter also existed at Zips. The bishops of Zips were among the most prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries of Hungary, and were appointed by the chapter; in later times the bishops were appointed by the kings of Hungary. The provostship was directly subject to the Holy See, and the provost exercised quasi-episcopal functions. In 1291 Provost Jacobus is mentioned as Bishop of Zips, but this dignity was not transmitted to his successors. The chapter consisted originally of four members. In the thirteenth century, the Tatars destroyed the church and burnt the archives. After the departure of the Tatars, Béla IV had the church rebuilt. A great number of parishes were established by the Saxons who settled in Zips. In 1271 they received from King Stephen V the privilege of free election to the parishes. This privilege was exercised by thirteen towns of the Diocese of Zips pledged to Poland by King Sigismund in 1412, as well as by other towns not pledged. Protestantism found a fertile soil in Zips, and spread especially under Stanislav Thurzo. Vigorous steps towards the re-establishment of the Catholic Faith were not taken until 1641. After that Catholicism made better progress. In 1776 the see was established, and Karl Salbeck appointed first bishop. Among his successors may be mentioned: Ladislav Pyrker, 1816-21, an eminent poet, later Archbishop of Agria and Patriarch of Venice; Joseph Samassa, 1871-73, later Archbishop of Agria; George Császka, 1874-91, later Archbishop of Kalocsa. Alexander Parvy is the present bishop (1910). The diocese includes the Komitate of Zips, Arva, and Lipto. It is divided into three archdeaconries and has in its territory one abbey and five titular abbeys, one provostship and thirteen titular provostships. The number of parishes is 165; that of the clergy 245. In the diocese there are 11 monasteries, with 83 inmates. The patronage is exercised by 34 patrons. The chapter includes 10 canons and 6 titular canons. The Catholic population is 237,140.
PIRHALA, A Szepesi prepostsag tortenete (History of the Provostship of Zips) (Locse, 1891); A katolikus Magyarorszag (Catholic Hungary) (Budapest, 1902); Diocesan Directory (Hungarian) (1911).
APA citation. (1912). Diocese of Zips. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15761b.htm
MLA citation. "Diocese of Zips." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15761b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas M. Barrett. Dedicated to the Catholic community of Zips.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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- About IE
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Birds' Mating Patterns Change with the Weather
Many different species of birds are monogamous — they may change partners over the course of their lives, but they're typically faithful. However, according to a new study by researchers from the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center and Columbia University, some birds are prone to infidelity and even "divorce." In fact, the scientist observed a connection between instances of birds being unfaithful to one another and severe weather fluctuations.
The researchers studied hundreds of bird species, focusing on those that require both parents to raise the chicks. They identified infidelity by finding birds that were raising the chicks born out of affairs, and found that there were higher instances of infidelity among birds that live in varying climates. Divorce tended to be more common in these regions as well. Birds will leave their mates to seek out new partners to increase the odds that their offspring will survive.
"Most apparently monogamous birds end up having multiple partners," said lead author Carlos Botero, now a postdoctoral fellow at the Initiative in Biocomplexity at North Carolina State University. "Mating with multiple partners improves the chances that at least one chick will have the genes to cope with the variable conditions to come. The quality of a potential mate depends on the context."
Botero goes on to offer the Galapagos finch as a prime example. Darwin noted that these birds developed specialized beaks to help them get food. Some of them have powerful beaks that help them crack open large, tough shells of seeds during the dry season, while others have smaller beaks that are better suited for finding food during the wet seasons, according to the news source.
A female finch may mate with males that have each kind of beak, but offspring from only one or the other might have a better chance of survival depending on the weather conditions when they are born. Of course, International Expeditions’ Galapagos island cruises are the perfect opportunity for nature travel lovers to see the many different finches — both faithful and unfaithful — along with other creatures endemic to the South American archipelago.
These mating patterns and their relationship with the climate may indicate that birds have the ability to adapt to major changes in their environment. Whether man-made influences or natural shifts in the weather come along, this study could reveal that some birds will find ways to survive, even if it means divorcing their current mates.
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As per a recent analysis conducted by doctors at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, mesothelioma isn’t an equal opportunity disease in terms of its incidence or in the manner that physicians offer therapy.
This can be mainly attributed to men’s greater probability of asbestos exposure inside the workplace. When guys are diagnosed with the rare and deadly form of cancer, it is common for them to have worked in jobs with higher likelihood for closeness to the carcinogenic substance, while girls are exposed via asbestos having been transported in their home to male relatives’ clothes, by having lived close to an asbestos mine or processing plant, or by using asbestos-contaminated talcum powder.
The sex disparity in prevalence of this disease was expected and evident from the information obtained by the National Cancer Database, which identified about 4,000 women one of the 19,000 mesothelioma patients treated between 2004 and 2013. It was also a surprise to discover that female mesothelioma sufferers live more then their male counterparts, that can be credited to being diagnosed at a younger age and also to many being diagnosed with the treatment-responsive epithelioid cell-type of this disease. What hadn’t been anticipated was that the disparity in treatment provided to the 2 genders.
Girls with Legislation Have Fewer Aggressive Interventions
The mesothelioma study discovered information that appears contradictory regarding both survival and treatment sex differences in mesothelioma sufferers. While girls with mesothelioma generally get longer survival times — using a one-year speed of survival following diagnosis of 45 percent compared to 38% in males — they’re also not as likely to undergo chemotherapy or surgery, a problem that the investigators state requires further research.
According to the report,”Surgery and chemotherapy are underutilized in female patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma” in spite of the fact that female patients are usually in better health in the time of identification compared to their male counterparts and they are diagnosed at a median age of 60 rather compared to median age of identification for guys, that is 72. Although the researchers state this past difference might be a function of girls becoming more attuned to changes inside their own body or more inclined to find diagnosis than guys, this doesn’t clarify the difference in remedies.
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Area of Law: Wills, Estates and Powers of Attorney
Answer # 139
What is a Will and who should have one?Region: Ontario Answer # 139
What is a Will ?
A Will is a legal document that you create in order to deal with your assets and the custody of minor children in the event of your death. A Will does not take effect until the person dies. It is estimated that fewer than 50% of Canadians have a Will. Every adult who has children or owns property should have a Will.
A Will performs several important functions.
- If you have children who are minors, meaning under the age of 18, a Will gives you the opportunity to name a guardian and state your wishes as to who will look after your children and their property if you die;
- It lets you leave instructions for how you want your property to be divided and distributed when you die. This can include everything from land, bank accounts and investments, to all of your personal possessions;
- It lets you name a person who will wrap up all of your personal affairs, and who will carry out the instructions you left in your Will. This person is called a personal representative, executor or trustee; and
- A Will can also be an important part of estate planning to minimize your tax burden when giving your property away.
What if you die without a Will ?
If you die without a Will (intestate), your property will be divided according to the laws of Ontario. A set procedure will divide property according to family relationship. Even if you want your property divided exactly as it would be according to Ontario laws, you should still have a Will because it will reduce delays and expenses involved in wrapping up your affairs.
Requirements for a valid Will
For a Will to be valid, a few important requirements must be met.
1. A Will must be in writing and signed. If any of it is typed or not in the handwriting of the person making the Will, it must be signed in front of two witnesses, and the witnesses must also sign. A videotaped Will is not valid.
2. The Testator (person making the Will) must be 18 years of age or older, or if under 18 you must be:
- contemplating marriage (but the Will is not valid until the marriage takes place),
- a member of the Canadian Armed Forces, or
- a sailor at sea.
3. The Testator must be mentally competent to make a Will. Generally, a person is mentally competent if they can understand the purpose and effects of making a Will. This can be an important question if the person making the Will is elderly.
Your Will is a very important document. It is also usually inexpensive to have professionally prepared. If you do not have a Will, you should consult a lawyer to ensure that your wishes will be followed without complications or unnecessary expense.
For more information about Wills, visit the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General website.
For legal advice and help in preparing a Will, Powers of Attorney, or other estate issues, contact our preferred experts:
You now haveoptions:
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
Potsdam(pŏts`dăm), city (1994 pop. 139,262), capital of BrandenburgBrandenburg
, state (1994 est. pop. 2,540,000), c.10,400 sq mi (26,940 sq km), E Germany. Potsdam is the capital; other leading cities include Cottbus, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, and Brandenburg.
..... Click the link for more information. , E Germany, on the Havel River, near Berlin. It is an industrial center and rail junction. Manufactures include processed food, textiles, electrotechnical equipment, boats, and locomotives. The suburb of Babelsberg (incorporated into Potsdam after 1940) was known as the center of the pre–World War II German and postwar East German motion-picture industry; motion-picture studios are still there. First mentioned in the late 10th cent. and chartered in the 14th cent., Potsdam was insignificant until Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg made it a residence (1660). The city's chief development came under Frederick II of Prussia (ruled 1740–86), who made Potsdam his chief residence and who built the palace and park of Sans SouciSans Souci
[Fr.,=without care], palace built (1745–47) at Potsdam, Germany, by Frederick II, who lived there for 40 years. Over 300 ft (91 m) long, it is believed to have been conceived by Frederick himself and executed by Knobelsdorff.
..... Click the link for more information. (1745–47) and the New Palace (1763–69). Also, the Town Palace was rebuilt (c.1745; destroyed in World War II) during his reign. The royal family of Prussia (later also the imperial family of Germany) continued to favor Potsdam as a residence, and numerous palaces were added by them. Since the early 18th cent. Potsdam had stood as the symbol of Prussian militarism. Its immense parade grounds and the somewhat ponderous architecture of some of its palaces contribute to the impression, but the graceful palace and park of Sans Souci are notable exceptions. They evoke the memory of Frederick II the philosopher-king and of his cultured circle rather than that of his military achievements. During World War II, Potsdam was severely damaged, and in 1945 it was the scene of the Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference,
meeting (July 17–Aug. 2, 1945) of the principal Allies in World War II (the United States, the USSR, and Great Britain) to clarify and implement agreements previously reached at the Yalta Conference.
..... Click the link for more information. . In addition to the numerous palaces, the city's notable structures include the Garrison Church (1731–35), where Frederick William I and Frederick II were buried until soon after World War II, when their remains were transferred to Marburg. Potsdam is the site of the observatory of the Humboldt Univ. of Berlin; the Einstein Tower, an astrophysical observatory; and part of the state archives of the German Empire.
a district in the central German Democratic Republic (GDR), primarily in the Havel River Basin. Population, 1,128,600 (1973). The capital is the city of Potsdam. The district has an area of 12,600 sq. km.
Potsdam’s economy is industrial and agrarian. Industry, including construction and handicrafts, employs 41.2 percent of the total work force, while agriculture and forestry employ 18 percent. The district provides 6.1 percent of the republic’s industrial output. The most important branches of industry are general engineering, heavy engineering (in Wildau, Brandenburg, and Teltow), and transportation engineering (locomotive building in Potsdam-Babelsberg, and Hennigsdorf and automobile manufacture in Ludwigsfelde). Potsdam also has electrotechnic, electronics, instrument-making, and optical industries. Another important branch is ferrous metallurgy, producing about 19 percent of the metal in the GDR, with its principal centers at Brandenburg, Hennigsdorf, Kirchmöser, and Oranienburg. The chemical industry is also important. North of Berlin, the GDR’s first atomic power plant has been built at Rheinsberg.
In agriculture, stock raising for dairy products and hog farming predominate. The main crops sown are rye, oats, potatoes, fodder grasses, and root crops. Wheat and sugar beets are also cultivated. There is suburban farming of fruit and early vegetables, as well as fish-farming.
Approximately one-third of the district is covered by forest. There is a dense transportation network with shipping along the Havel as well as on the Elbe-Havel and Oder-Havel canals. There is also a belt line that, along with the Havel Canal, encircles West Berlin.
A. I. MUKHIN
a city in the German Democratic Republic, situated on the Havel River, near the southwestern edge of West Berlin. Capital of Potsdam District. Population, 115,500 (1973).
Potsdam is a hub of railroads and highways, as well as a river port. Its industries include diesel-locomotive building, repair of rolling stock, boatbuilding, and precision mechanics and optics. The city also has electrotechnic, chemical and pharmaceutical, printing, textile, and food-processing industries. Also in Potsdam are the Academy of State and Law, the Higher School of Cinema and Television of the GDR, and the Motion-picture Studio of DEFA (Deutsche Film-AG).
Potsdam was founded in the tenth century as a Slavic settlement. In the 13th century it became part of the Brandenburg Margravate, and in the 15th century it acquired municipal rights. In the 18th century the city became the second residence of the Prussian kings and the site of military parades and reviews. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–45), Soviet troops entered Potsdam on Apr. 27, 1945. In July and August of that year, a conference of the heads of government of the USSR, the USA, and Great Britain took place in Potsdam (the Potsdam Conference).
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Potsdam was built up as a military city with palisades and monumental gates. Although the city suffered great damage in 1945, many architectural landmarks have been preserved and restored. Among these landmarks are the baroque Dutch Quarter (1737–42), the Town Hall (1753; now the Hans Marchwitza House of Culture), the Town Palace (1745–51, architect G. W. von Knobelsdorff), the Brandenburg Gate (1770), and the late classical Church of St. Nicholas (1830–37, architect K. F. Schinkel, completed in 1849).
Situated to the west of the city’s center is the Sanssouci palace and park ensemble, which contains the French Sanssouci Park (including the Sicilian Garden) and the Sanssouci Palace (1745–62, architect G. W. von Knobelsdorff; additions built in 1840–41). Also in the ensemble are the Chinese Teahouse (1754–56), the Picture Gallery (1755–62), the New Palace (1763–69), the Communs Palace (1765–69), the Drachenhans (1770), the Belvedere (1770–72), the late classical Orangerie (1851–60) and the New Palaces (1771–74), which combine features of the late baroque, rococo, and early classicism and have rocaille interiors. Also in the west is the Charlottenhof landscaped English park with its late classical Charlottenhof Palace (1826–29) and Roman Baths (1828–44, both structures designed by the architect K. F. Schinkel). The separate New Garden has a classical marble palace (1787–91) and the Cecilienhof Palace (1913–16).
Among other 20th-century structures is an astrophysical observatory (the Einstein Tower, 1920–21, architect E. Mendelsohn). Public housing and buildings are being constructed. Potsdam also has a museum of primitive and ancient history.
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Teaching & Learning | Innovators
Rochester Institute of Technology
Project: The Research Network
Project lead: Chandra McKenzie, assistant provost for academic affairs
How do you discover researchers to collaborate with, even on your own campus? At large universities, many people are often working on similar problems in isolation, simply because they are not aware of who else might be doing related work in their own or other departments.
Researchers at the Rochester Institute of Technology (NY) think they have found an answer to that question by expanding the reach of a homegrown social bookmarking tool called RIT BookBag. Built with Drupal, the open source project allows users to share links with one another. Faculty members use BookBag to research course topics, share their findings with their classes, discuss resources with students, and involve students in discovering course content.
RIT BookBag allows users to share resources, find other individuals studying similar topics, and form groups to collaborate around specific subjects.
Now that it has been available for a year and a half and is gaining enthusiasts among the faculty, BookBag's developers have launched phase two: the Research Network. The new tool allows people to find other individuals on campus studying similar topics and form their own groups to collaborate around specific subjects.
Likened to Pinterest for research, the Research Network automatically catalogs each web resource saved in RIT BookBag via natural language processing, and maps it to other web resources bookmarked in the system, explains Michael Riordan, one of the developers and a professor in RIT's School of Media Sciences. By mapping who bookmarked a particular resource, the Research Network recommends similar resources and enables researchers to identify potential collaborators.
"This phase two is a natural evolution of phase one use in the classroom," says project lead Chandra McKenzie, assistant provost for academic affairs. "We want to continue to figure out how this tool can help campus communities share resources. We don't have specific goals in terms of numbers of users. We are now more focused on getting it into people's hands and seeing how the use cases evolve."
The original target group for BookBag was faculty working with undergraduate students in their classrooms. But McKenzie believes faculty and graduate student researchers will find the idea of sharing resources intriguing.
Riordan notes that faculty members and students have gotten used to the idea of browsing content they have bookmarked in particular classes. "Now the system will start suggesting other people and content based on what you are looking at. You can just click a button and follow other people just like you can on Twitter," he explains. "Once you follow people, the Research Network will suggest other people with similar interests just as Twitter does. The system is context aware."
To address privacy concerns, the developers created an opt-out procedure. When users add content to a class BookBag, everyone in their class automatically sees it. "But we have also created a way to use BookBag that is private," Riordan explains. "You can have your own personal BookBag, with the option of sharing it with others or not."
The software-development process was quite involved, says web developer Pat Reed. RIT BookBag is fully integrated with RIT's existing systems, allowing it to leverage single sign-on and link deeply into library-managed resources. "There are several IT systems tied in, especially library catalogs as well as RIT databases," he adds. "It is tied into the student information system so that, when students log in, it creates a personal BookBag for them. It travels with them throughout their RIT careers, and then when they graduate there is a tool for them to export that data if they wish."
In May, the development team exhibited the Research Network at the Imagine RIT Innovation and Creativity Festival, which brings 25,000 people to campus. At the festival, Riordan met a math professor interested in data visualization and social networks, and they both realized that they are doing research in overlapping areas. "Using BookBag's research network would have helped us make the connection before now," Riordan says.
That realization is echoed by one senior about to graduate, who told Riordan: "If I had had access to a research network during my time here, I would have used it to create connections with people who had skills or talents that I lacked, or hoped to acquire." Another student said that the campus is very large and very much siloed by both location and discipline. "I could see this [Research Network] tool helping organic relationships develop that are both academic and career-focused."
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Understanding your house plans will help you pick the perfect plan for your next it's important to remember that stock house plans are designed to meet the current irc building code a drawing that shows your building site and locates your home plan, building setbacks, utilities. Find here the importance of having residential building elevations in bangalore for the finalized house plans know the importance of residential building elevation. The importance of quality site analysis diagrams by tose published march 17, 2017 updated july 23 it shows the angle that the building would have an influence of and how it should be positioned to get the best benefits of it house plans unconventional house plans and design 1. Cost plans for construction projects it is important that the client makes clear what costs should be monitored by the cost consultant and what will remain within the control of the client organisation new action plan is released with nine key actions to accelerate bim adoption. Start studying systems analysis & design exam 1 learn vocabulary, terms, and developing an information system is similar to building a house because you and political support within the organization by communicating the importance of the system to other organizational decision. The trusted leader since 1946, eplanscom offers the most exclusive house plans, home plans & garage blueprints from the top architects and home plan designers constantly updated with new house floor plans and home building designs, eplanscom is comprehensive and well equipped to help you.
Building design guidance and safety plans 3 3-2 building design guidance and safety plans building design guidance and safety plans 3-3 the shape of the school building can contribute to the overall collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings. Wind load and the importance of it in the high buildings construction by tose published april 18, 2017 updated april 18 wind's analysis importance house plans unconventional house plans and design 1 mar, 2018. Building construction for firefighters 1 building construction for firefighters course design domain--cognitive level--analysis importance--important difficulty--medium criteria--performance will be learning plans learning plan 1-- learning plan 1. The importance of building orientation the ideal house solar orientation for passive solar benefit is that the main long axis of the building runs east-west also of importance is that the rooms most used must be on the side of the house orientated towards the sun.
Site and layout design guidance 2 and engineering design considerations (mitigation measures) for the school site, from the property line to the school building, including: land use, site planning adjacent land use and zoning plans for potential development. A thorough investigation and assessment of ground conditions and stability is essential to determine whether a site is suitable for building on, where the best place may be to locate a building and the type and size of foundations that will be required. Building developments can take years and sometimes millions of dollars to complete before you commit to a site and a building plan, perform a swot analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses. The importance of development plans/land use policy for development land-use planning therefore derives from the need to satisfy these needs there is no clear distinction made between the two levels/types of appraisal and insufficient attention is paid to the analysis of land-use.
Benefits of cost planning ngreater satisfaction with end results - open house/dedication the tower of babble reaching common ground for communicating n initial data collection and analysis n space standards n building design criteria n preliminary evaluation/reconciliation. The importance of building foundations building foundations the house foundation is the structure below that you pay the least attention to for one, you need to get an architect for the building plans and permit. A project work breakdown structure (wbs) the wbs is a particularly important project tool considerable thought and planning should be given to its development and implementation so that subsequent changes are minimized.
Why is a business plan important an analysis of your revenues, costs, and projected profits a description of your business model, or how you plan to make money and stay in business an action plan that anticipates potential detours or hurdles you may encounter. An inventory and analysis of the site (your yard) is important for making design decisions and developing the best design for the site and the user any condition on the site that affects plants, water, and people should be noted on the inventory and analyzed to make the best design decisions about.
Productivity improvements are always of importance and value it is during this planning and design phase in which major cost savings may be obtained during the eventual construction a series of photographs depicting various stages of construction of the ppg building in. An understanding of these issues is important in designing a successful on a site plan of a given lot, conduct a site analysis the purpose is to provide thorough information about the site assets and liabilities before starting the building design 2 an analysis includes the site.
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Professor Hisham Ahmed, Professor in the Politics Department and Chair of the Academic Senate of Saint Mary’s College, offers a reflection on the present pontiff following Pope Francis’ Urbi et Orbi speech on Christmas Day.
Pope Francis as a Maker and Mover of World History
Professor Hisham Ahmed
Few are the leaders whom historians will recognize as makers and movers of world history.
Undoubtedly the kind of leadership His Holiness Pope Francis has been exhibiting on the world stage makes him one of the 21st Century’s more renowned statesmen, in addition to being the leader of the Roman Catholic world.
Grounded in pragmatism and with an astute knowledge of world affairs, the most central theme in all his speeches has been the compelling need to achieve peace in troubled regions and between warring groups and peoples. The Pope’s “Urbi Et Orbi” Christmas message is but one example of having a worldly vision for mercy and reconciliation between all peoples, especially those who are in conflict, like Palestinians and Israelis.
Another historic speech by Pope Francis is the one he delivered last year at the UN General Assembly: more than any other world leader, Pope Francis championed the question of justice and human rights. In the most emphatic terms, he reminded world leaders of the need to fight against poverty, disease, discrimination and war everywhere and for all. Brilliantly and skillfully he addressed questions of troubled North-South relations more than anybody else has done at this UN annual meeting. Unquestionably, the Pope stood out as an effective statesman with a most respectable international vision.
Notwithstanding the invocation of the symbolism of the birth and life of Jesus as the embodiment of peace in the land of peace, Pope Francis has effectively and practically lent his role and stature to the arduous process of achieving peace in a number of troubled situations. Almost immediately upon assuming the office of the Papacy, Pope Frances visited the Holy Land and tirelessly tried to get Palestinians and Israelis to work out their differences. While in the Holy Land, following in the footsteps of Pope Saint John Paul II, Pope Francis made history as he visited a Palestinian refugee camp near Bethlehem, Deheisheh, which happens to be the camp where I was born, and prayed for peace in the troubled Holy Land. He made an historic move as he, at one point, unexpectedly stopped his motorcade and got out of his car alone and walked towards the Israeli-built wall of separation and annexation and solemnly prayed for its removal.
In addition to meeting with leaders on both sides during his visit, Pope Francis also invited the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to visit the Vatican and pray for and work towards peace.
In so doing, Pope Francis complemented the historic work of Pope Saint John Paul II, who visited the Holy Land and the Deheisheh refugee camp in 1996. Personally, I was deeply touched as I was honored to write the welcoming speech for Pope Saint John Paul II as he visited the camp where I was born. Also on a personal note, it was one of the most memorable moments in my life to shake hands with the most modest and yet most powerful Pope. In spite of his ailing health, Pope Saint John Paul II insisted on making a tour through the narrow alleys of Deheisheh to get a first glance at the extent of human suffering and injustice there. He will also be remembered for his unwavering charisma: as he was delivering a message to the world around noon one day from the square in front of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem, he stopped talking for a few minutes until the call for prayer was finished in the mosque which is located exactly across the way from the Nativity Church in the same square.
For Pope Francis, however, the most significant achievement historians will continue to write about is related to the leading diplomatic role he played in bridging gaps between Cuba and the United States and in building bridges of dialogue and communications between these two neighbors who have been at odds for more than a half-century. Pope Francis is credited for having both countries normalize relations after they have been in a state of conflict, hostility and tensions. Today’s generation might take for granted the resumption of diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba. However, one would more appropriately appreciate the importance of this move by Pope Francis when remembering that both countries were on the verge of nuclear catastrophe at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
Indeed, as I had the distinct honor to meet Pope Saint John Paul II in person in 1996, may my dream of meeting Pope Francis in person come true in 2016.
Portrait of Pope Francis by Brother Patrick Martin, F.S.C.
Mustafa Bader, Pope Francis waving for the people after mass in Bethlehem, Wikimedia Commons
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Students with ADHD may have trouble staying focused on their math in class and at home.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder now affects about 11 percent of American children according to the Centers for Disease Control, causing these students to have more than the ordinary amount of trouble paying attention and controlling impulsive behavior. In the classroom, these students may break rules more often, have difficulty understanding lessons, and take a lot longer to complete assignments because of their attention drifting in and out.
ADHD and Math Instruction
Many students who have ADHD have above average IQs, yet experience difficulty in the classroom that may lead to lower grades or other problems. Math teachers can help these students find success by using teaching methods that assist students with ADHD.
–Breaking instructions down into smaller parts. Giving one piece of the directions at a time is helpful for kids with ADHD and helps them stay focused throughout the class period. Breaking down directions will help even those kids without ADHD and is a good general instructional method to use.
–Giving written directions. Students with ADHD may not remember average to lengthy oral directions, so providing written directions will allow them to refer back to them frequently during the assignment and help keep them on task.
–Checking student work early and often. Students with ADHD may need to be redirected, since they may not have listened to directions carefully. It is very frustrating for students with ADHD to have to redo assignments, and this contributes to the common problem of taking hours each day to do homework. Checking classwork after a few minutes will give the teacher a chance to redirect their efforts if they misunderstood the assignment or need help to do it correctly.
–Using patterns and mnemonics. Learning patterns in math makes it easier to understand and remember. Mnemonics are memory devices, like “don’t miss Susie’s boat” to remember how to do long division (divide, multiply, subtract, bring down). Anything that seems to make math easier and faster will help kids with ADHD focus better.
Learning math on a tablet can make the process more engaging.
–Providing real-life examples. Real-life examples can make math concepts come alive for all students including those with ADHD. Calculating costs and making change are good ways for younger students to understand basic concepts. For older kids, concepts of volume and surface area can be taught using liquid to fill containers or measuring the square footage of a lawn that needs to be mowed.
–Using technology and visuals. Charts and graphs are a good way to assist kids with ADHD to remember the many skills and steps they need to remember for complex calculations. Computers and smartboards also help students to interact with the material in different ways, which can affect transfer from short-term to long term memory.
Thinkster’s unique learning system can help kids with ADHD by being interactive and breaking down math concepts step-by-step. Kids will naturally be interested in working with the tablet, which can feel like playing a game. Since Thinkster is done at home, students can take frequent breaks according to their needs and attention span. Daily help from a coach will lead to progress in learning needed math concepts. Start your free trial of Thinkster today!
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From NASA's Earth Observatory:
Tropical Cyclone Funso hovered over the Mozambique Channel on January 25, 2012. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this natural-color image the same day. Funso’s eye is suspended midway between Mozambique and Madagascar, having moved little over the previous two days.
On January 25, 2012, the U.S. Navy’s Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that Funso was located roughly 385 nautical miles (715 kilometers) east-northeast of Mozambique’s capital city of Maputo. The storm had maximum sustained winds of 120 knots (220 kilometers per hour) and gusts up to 145 knots (270 kilometers per hour). The JTWC stated that the storm was moving southward, but high sea surface temperatures were sustaining the storm over the Mozambique Channel.
Funso arrived on the heels of another storm, Dando . On January 25, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that the combined effects of these storms had killed at least 25 people, and affected tens of thousands more through flooding and infrastructure damage.
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Spring officially arrived on March 20th and with that comes better weather and the chance to venture outside and enjoy it. Many parts of the country have been dealing with snow and bitter cold temperatures over the past months and with that, our senior population tends to slow down while spending more time inside. However, spring brings the opportunity to rejuvenate your health by getting outside and becoming more active. It also means enjoying the warmth of the sun and breathing in the fresh air. Here are a few tips for our seniors (and caregivers) to help invigorate their health this spring.
Medical Alert Resources | LifeFone
It’s not your imagination if you feel more tired after you “spring forward” in March. Daylight savings time begins on March 13 this year at 2 AM, meaning once you go to bed for the night, you lose an hour of sleep. Coincidently, Sleep Awareness Week also occurs the week of March 13th through the 19th. Although there are benefits such as longer daylight and the anticipation that spring and summer are on their way, it can take a toll on your mind and body. As daylight savings time (DST) approaches, it’s important to understand the effect it can have on a person.
As Presidents’ Day approaches, we are reminded of the history of the United States. This day of remembrance was originally established as a national holiday in 1885 as a day to honor George Washington’s birthday and became popularly known as Presidents Day in 1971. It is now celebrated on the third Monday of February.
Studies have shown that older adults are more likely to stay alone in the U.S. than the rest of the world. Living all alone in a house with no friends or family members around can result in isolation that may lead to mental disorders like depression. Many alternative housing arrangements have emerged to avoid such problems. These arrangements promise safety and companionship to the elderly — senior house-sharing is one of them.
Managing weight as we age is extremely important as it affects mobility, strength and overall wellbeing. Seniors and caregivers alike often find themselves struggling to control their weight. While it can be more difficult for some than others, proper nutrition and exercise can help maintain a healthy lifestyle and prevent obesity related conditions such as heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Started in 1994, Healthy Weight Week falls on the third full week of January every year and was launched as an awareness campaign to help develop healthy nutrition and improve healthy habits.
Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2) today are higher than at any point in at least the past 800,000 years! Is that a bad thing? Yes! There is a lot of buzz about CO2 on the internet and its harmful impact on the environment. People know it as a greenhouse gas (a gas that absorbs and radiates heat) which is the primary contributor to rising global temperatures. Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless chemical gas composed of two oxygen (O) atoms and one carbon (C) atom. Emitted by cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, rising levels of CO2 are not only hazardous for the environment, but they can also pose many health dangers for us.
The holiday season is a time for friends and family to get together and enjoy each other’s company. Many times, the home is bustling with noise, the dinner table is full of food and people are reminiscing about the past, present and future. But for the seniors in our lives, many have a much different experience. With family spread across the country, possibly hundreds of miles away from each other, remembering to include them in the spirit of the holidays can be challenging.
One of the most common problems that older adults have to grapple with is unsteadiness. As their bones and muscles weaken, it can become more difficult to maintain a good posture and balance and this can lead to a fall. The only way to prevent and treat this problem is to exercise regularly. Performing exercises designed to improve balance and stability will improve your physical strength and decrease injuries caused due to falling.
November has arrived ushering in big changes in the weather. It also reminds us that the holiday season is near and that the year 2021 is almost behind us. What we often don’t recognize is that November is also National Family Caregivers Month, a time to recognize the roles, responsibilities and sacrifices that caregivers endure day-in and day-out. Here are a few things to consider when recognizing all that caregivers do to keep our loved ones safe and comfortable as they age.
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Osteoarthritis is characterized primarily by stiffness and pain in the joints, although not everyone with osteoarthritis actually experiences pain and disability. The stiffness and pain tend to be worse in the morning (particularly for about 30 minutes after waking up) and again in the evening, often called "first movement pain" with improvement during the day as the person carries on his or her daily activities. Pain that disrupts sleep is often an indicator.
Other symptoms can include:
- Swelling and warmth in one or more joints, particularly during weather changes (which may be related to barometric pressure changes and cooling of the air)
- Localized tenderness when the joint or affected area of the spine is pressed
- Steady or intermittent pain in a joint, which is often described as an aching type of pain. The pain may be aggravated by motion
- Loss of flexibility of a joint, such as inability to bend and pick something off the floor
- A crunching feeling or sound of bone rubbing on bone when the joint is moved (called crepitus), particularly notable in the neck
- An abnormal curve in the spine which may be due to unbalanced muscle spasm
- A sensation of pinching, tingling, or numbness in a nerve or the spinal cord, which can occur when bone spurs form at the edge of the joints of the spine and irritate the nerves
Osteoarthritis Pain Increases Over Time
Osteoarthritis usually develops over time. Early on, a person may only experience joint aches after physical work or exercise, which fades and then returns as the affected joint is used or overused. As the cartilage between the bones gradually thins, the pain often becomes steadier, making it difficult to walk or climb stairs.
Joint pain and stiffness can begin to occur after long periods of inactivity, such as while sitting for long journeys or watching a two-hour movie. With advanced osteoarthritis and increased rasping friction between bones, the pain often becomes substantial even at rest or with very little movement.
With progressive osteoarthritis, a single joint may at first be affected, but with time and further activities, many joints of the body may be affected - in the base of the neck, or in the knees, hips, hands, and/or feet.
Although less common, some patients may experience severe deformities of certain joints over time. Osteoarthritis differs from systemic forms of arthritis because it only affects joints (although it may lead to an entrapment of a nerve at any level in the spine or the spinal cord in the neck) and does not affect organs or soft tissue areas of the body.
In This Article:
Low Back (Lumbar Spine) Osteoarthritis Symptoms
As with other joint involvement in arthritis, lower back pain is typically most pronounced in the morning and worsens again later in the day. Pain is decreased during the day as the person's normal movements stir the fluid lubricant of the joints. Lower back pain commonly may radiate ("referred pain") to the pelvis, buttocks, or thighs and sometimes to the groin.
Nerve irritation from a herniated disc or from bone spurs can cause weakness, numbness, tingling, and/or pain in the legs that often radiates to one foot. Arthritis causing spinal stenosis or narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back can cause exercise or walking-related symptoms in both legs.
Neck (Cervical Spine) Osteoarthritis Pain and Other Symptoms
Neck pain from osteoarthritis again tends to be worse in the morning and evening, with improvement during the day. This pain often radiates to the shoulder, between the shoulder blades, and up the neck to cause headaches.
With nerve entrapment or a disc herniation, there may also be weakness or numbness of one hand, certain fingers, or sometimes even in both arms. Compression of the spinal cord in the neck can even cause problems with walking as well as in bowel and bladder control in severe cases.
- See also Bone Spurs in the Neck.
Conditions Often Confused with Osteoarthritis
Because other conditions seem similar to osteoarthritis of the spine, particularly when symptoms are at their worst, it is important to receive an accurate clinical diagnosis from a doctor who specializes in spinal medicine or spinal surgery.
Rheumatoid Arthritis usually affects multiple joints in a symmetrical pattern (both sides of the body being affected). Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints and may involve other tissues or organs of the body.
Therefore, when rheumatoid arthritis flares up, symptoms can include fatigue, poor appetite, low grade fever, muscle and joint aches, and stiffness, again usually most notable in the morning and after periods of inactivity. Joints, usually in the hands, wrists, and feet, frequently become red, swollen, painful, and tender.
- Read more:Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Spine
Degenerative Disc Disease
Osteoarthritis is also sometimes confused or may be associated with degenerative disc disease (or spondylosis), a gradual deterioration of the disc(s) between the vertebrae of the spine. This is because osteoarthritis and degenerated discs are commonly found together. However, they are separate conditions and it is important to know which anatomical changes in the spine are the actual cause of the patient's pain or disability.
- Read more:What Is Degenerative Disc Disease?
An X-ray will show degenerative disc disease as a narrowing of the normal disc space between adjacent vertebrae. An MRI scan may show the early changes of a loss of water content in the disc. Degeneration of the disc tissue increases its susceptibility to bulging or herniation. Disc degeneration can occur at any level of the spine and can cause local pain in the affected area with radiation of pain along the nerves emerging from the spinal canal at that level.
Symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration is most common in people of working age, usually between 30 and 50. After the age of 50 or 60, the affected area of the spine actually tends to stabilize and degenerative disc disease is less likely to cause pain. In general, one cannot equate disc degeneration or bone spur formation with pain and disability, since about 85% of persons with such findings on an X-ray or scan do not have a clinically significant back problem.
Osteoporosis, or low calcium content of the bones, is another condition that does not cause but can lead to chronic back pain. With osteoporosis, particularly more common in post-menopausal women, bone mineral (calcium) loss may weaken bones in several parts of the body, particularly in the hip and the spine. Spinal fractures with compression (wedging) of vertebral bodies may occur.
- Read more: What You Need to Know About Osteoporosis
The pain from an osteoporotic spinal fracture can last for several weeks as the bone heals, and then typically turns into more of a chronic, achy pain concentrated in the area of the back where the fracture occurred. This aching may be similar to the sensation reported by those with osteoarthritis. A bone density test, which measures bone mass, preferably taken of both a long bone and a vertebral body, is used to diagnose osteoporosis. An X-ray can usually identify a compression fracture in the spine. Since the treatments for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are very different, it is critical to get an accurate diagnosis.
- For more in-depth information, see Osteoarthritis Symptoms and Signs on Arthritis-health.com
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- What is known about the effectiveness of correctional education programs for incarcerated adults?
- What is known about the effectiveness of correctional education programs for juvenile offenders?
- What does the current landscape of correctional education look like in the United States, and what are some emerging issues and trends to consider?
- What recommendations emerge from the study for the U.S. Department of Justice and other federal departments to further the field of correction education, and where are there gaps in our knowledge?
More than 2 million adults are incarcerated in U.S. prisons, and each year more than 700,000 leave federal and state prisons and return to communities. Unfortunately, within three years, 40 percent will be reincarcerated. One reason for this is that ex-offenders lack the knowledge, training, and skills to support a successful return to communities. Trying to reduce such high recidivism rates is partly why states devote resources to educating and training individuals in prison. This raises the question of how effective — and cost-effective — correctional education is — an even more salient question given the funding environment states face from the 2008 recession and its continuing aftermath. With funding from the Second Chance Act of 2007, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice, asked RAND to help answer this question as part of a comprehensive examination of the current state of correctional education for incarcerated adults and juveniles. The RAND team conducted a systematic review of correctional education programs for incarcerated adults and juveniles. This included a meta-analysis on correctional education's effects on recidivism and postrelease employment outcomes for incarcerated adults, as well as a synthesis of evidence on programs for juveniles. The study also included a nationwide survey of state correctional education directors to understand how correctional education is provided today and the recession's impact. The authors also compared the direct costs of correctional education with those of reincarceration to put the recidivism findings into a broader context.
Adult Correctional Education Improves Postrelease Outcomes
- Inmates who participate in correctional education programs had a 43 percent lower chance of recidivating than those who did not — a reduction in the risk of recidivating of 13 percentage points.
- Providing correctional education can be cost-effective when it comes to reducing recidivism.
- The odds of obtaining employment postrelease among inmates who participated in correctional education was 13 percent higher than for those who did not, but only one study had a high-quality research design.
Several Programs for Incarcerated Juveniles Show Promise
- Two juvenile correctional education programs show promise: Read 180 and Florida's Avon Park Youth Academy.
- The field is ripe for conducting larger-scale randomized trials.
Key Trends in the Current Correctional Education Landscape
- The 2008 recession led to an overall 6 percent decrease in states' correctional education budgets between fiscal years 2009 and 2012, but it had a much larger impact on states with large and medium prison populations (a 20 and 10 percent decrease, respectively).
- Most states reported using computers in correctional education, but student access to the Internet or Internet-based instruction was limited in most states.
- Of the states planning to implement the more rigorous 2014 General Education Development (GED) exam that relies on computer-based testing, there are concerns about teachers being adequately prepared to teach it and about the time it may take to prepare students for it, as well as about the negative effect on GED completion rates. Medium and large states are expected to encounter more challenges.
- Research needs to get inside the "black box" of what does and does not work in correctional education programs to help policymakers make programmatic tradeoffs in a resource-constrained environment.
- Doing so requires (1) further developing the evidence base by leveraging grant mechanisms to encourage more rigorous research designs, measure intervention details like program dosage, and assess different educational instructional models, innovative strategies to implement information technology in the classroom and enhance instruction, and instructional quality in correctional education settings; (2) establishing a study registry to collect the information from such research; and (3) for the very nascent field of correctional education for incarcerated juveniles, developing large-scale randomized trials and rigorous natural experiments, encouraging partnerships between educators, correctional systems, and researchers, and ensuring the data on juveniles is being collected at the federal level.
- Two trends merit policy attention. First, given the growing role of information technology in society, policymakers need to determine how to effectively leverage such technology for correctional education and assess its impact on instruction and outcomes. Second, the 2014 GED and the use of computer-based testing have raised serious concerns; policymakers should consider opportunities for technical assistance to educators to implement the more rigorous exam and computer-based testing. Beyond that, policymakers must assess and monitor the impact of the 2014 GED exam on students' preparedness and completion rates and on recidivism and employment outcomes.
Table of Contents
How Effective Is Correctional Education for Incarcerated Adults?
A Systematic Review of Correctional Education Programs for Incarcerated Juveniles
RAND Correctional Education Survey
Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary of Studies for the Juvenile Correctional Education Review
RAND Correctional Education Survey Questionnaire
The research described in this report was sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Assistance and was conducted in the Safety and Justice Program, within RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
Permission is given to duplicate this electronic document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND Permissions page.
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
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ABSTRACT: A risk-benefit paradox applies when considering how much exercise is needed for good health. Vigorous exercise can transiently increase the short-term risk for an adverse event (such as a myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death); however, participation in routine exercise can also markedly reduce the long-term risk for premature mortality and is an effective primary and secondary preventive measure for more than 25 chronic medical conditions. Active individuals often exhibit risk reductions of 50% or more for mortality and morbidity. An exercise dose-response relationship exists; with the greatest benefits seen when previously inactive individuals become more active. There may, however, be an attenuation of benefit at the extreme end of the exercise continuum (e.g., for ultra-endurance events). Prolonged strenuous exercise training or events have been associated with various risks, including sudden cardiac death, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and pathological remodeling of the myocardium. The optimum and minimum amounts of physical activity/exercise needed to achieve health benefits are disputed. Inactive individuals may be discouraged by recommendations for an amount of activity that seems unachievable and is greater than what is required for clinically relevant health benefits, while endurance athletes often exercise at levels and intensities well beyond what is needed to achieve health benefits. Current physical activity guidelines have been widely criticized because they do not include varied types and amounts of activities to address the diverse needs of society. There is strong evidence to support the need for individualized exercise prescriptions for patients, including varied recommendations for improving health-related physical fitness and functional status. Despite the risk-benefit paradox, it is clear that the health benefits of physical activity far outweigh the risks, and virtually everyone can benefit from becoming more physically active.
While vigorous exercise can transiently increase the short-term risk for an adverse cardiac event, relatively small amounts of exercise can markedly reduce the long-term risk for chronic disease and premature mortality.
The health benefits of physical activity have been documented since ancient times, beginning more than 2000 years ago when Hippocrates highlighted the importance of active living. Today irrefutable evidence indicates that habitual physical activity reduces premature mortality and is an effective primary and secondary prevention measure for more than 25 chronic medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD).[2-4] Moreover, various studies of former athletes have demonstrated reduced mortality rates and prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.[5-8] However, there is also evidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and advanced CVD occurring in athletes and former athletes, and risks are associated with both vigorous physical activity and prolonged strenuous activity.
In evaluating the literature, a risk-benefit paradox is revealed when the effects of physical activity on health are considered. Exercise appears to increase the short-term risk of CVD and SCD while simultaneously reducing the long-term risk for adverse events. This paradox can be better understood by examining the dose-response relationship between physical activity and health, by reviewing the risks associated with exercise, and by considering how physical activity guidelines might better reflect evidence-based best practice.
Health benefits of routine physical activity
Active adults have a 20% to 35% reduced risk of premature mortality and various other chronic medical conditions.[2-4] Even greater risk reductions for all-cause mortality and chronic disease (e.g., 50%) are often observed when objective measures of fitness are taken (see Table 1). There is clear evidence that health-related physical fitness is a better predictor of the risk for chronic disease than physical activity level,[10-13] emphasizing the importance of assessing health-related physical fitness directly.
At least 25 chronic medical conditions are thought to be related to physical inactivity.[2-4] The World Health Organization has estimated that physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, accounting for approximately 3.2 million deaths. Virtually everyone can benefit from engaging in routine physical activity.[15,16] Awareness of this has led to marked changes in risk stratification strategies that reduce the barriers to physical activity participation, such as the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+)[17-19] and physical activity programming for a wide range of clientele, including those living with chronic medical conditions. Exercise is considered an essential medicine for the primary and secondary prevention of numerous chronic conditions. Ensuring that society members can benefit from routine physical activity is an important public health policy objective. However, as with prescribing any medicine, it is important to provide an appropriate and individualized dosage for each person.
The dose-response relationship
As already discussed in this theme issue, there is a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity and chronic disease and premature mortality,[4,9] with diminishing returns in health benefits seen at higher volumes of physical activity and the greatest changes in health status seen when physically inactive individuals become more physically active (see Figure 1). Importantly, relatively minor increases in physical activity and fitness in previously inactive individuals will lead to marked reductions in the risk for chronic disease and premature mortality. This appears to be particularly true for those living at the lower end of the fitness continuum, such as the frail elderly and those with chronic medical conditions. Unfortunately, this evidence-based information is frequently left out of physical activity messages, creating a barrier for the adoption and maintenance of routine physical activity for many individuals. For instance, in Canada an unfortunate outcome of updates to physical activity guidelines has been the clear statement that you need 150 minutes of moderate-intensity weekly physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity to achieve health benefits. This message has been promoted widely through various media campaigns, and findings from our research group, the Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, are often cited to support this claim.[4,21] Unfortunately, this bold declaration is not evidence-based. Systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials from our research group demonstrate clearly that health benefits are achieved at much lower volumes and intensities of exercise.[4,22] This is also supported by a recent meta-analysis that examined the effects of different exercise intensities on all-cause mortality and found a clear dose-response relationship, with previously inactive participants benefiting greatly from light to moderate exercise intensities. Importantly, there was only a minor additional mortality reduction with a further increase in the activity level and intensity. A recent study by Lee and colleagues also demonstrated that running even once or twice a week for a total running time of less than 51 minutes and at a speed of less than 6 miles per hour led to a significant reduction in the risk of premature mortality.
Physical activity guidelines
Completing 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly can seem unachievable for many unaccustomed to exercise. Qualified exercise professionals are aware of this and seldom use generic physical activity guidelines when prescribing to their clients.[20,25] Evidence indicates that a volume of activity less than half of what is currently recommended by most international guidelines is sufficient for clinically relevant health benefits. It is important for clinicians and practitioners to provide their patients and clients with individualized exercise prescriptions to increase the likelihood of adherence. The arbitrary application of generic physical activity guidelines is not effective evidence-based best practice. In fact, criticism has recently been leveled at the generic nature of many current physical activity guidelines, which fail to include varied types of activities and amounts of exercise sufficient for marked health benefits.[26,27] It now appears that generic guidelines cannot address the diverse needs of society members, particularly those living with or at increased risk for developing chronic medical conditions. Accordingly, in our most recent development of clinical exercise prescriptions for prominent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, we have ensured that the exercise prescriptions can be individualized for each client, and we have included diverse recommendations related to aerobic and musculoskeletal fitness and functional status.[29,30]
As well as taking an individualized approach, it is important to acknowledge that health status is multifaceted and not related to life expectancy alone. According to the pioneering work of Bouchard and Shephard, at least five aspects need to be considered in the evaluation of health status:
• Biochemical, physiological, and morphological conditions that determine the onset of illness, disease, impairment, and disability.
• Functional well-being.
• Psychological well-being associated with mood and cognitive processes.
• Health potential relating to longevity and functional potential.
When evaluated in isolation, life expectancy does not take into account the many components of health, including the number of years a person may live in a diseased or dependent state.[9,13] Various agencies have recognized the importance of quality of life and functional well-being by proposing new criteria to determine the number of years a person might live in a healthy state. For instance, the World Health Organization introduced the health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) scale that takes into account the anticipated years of ill health to provide an estimate of years of healthy living. Previously, we have used the term “healthy lifespan approach” to highlight the importance of remaining healthy across the lifespan and focusing on quality of life. It is clear that routine physical activity not only can prolong life, it can also increase quality of life and delay the onset of chronic disease and disability. Ultimately, physical activity can effectively increase the number of years that a person lives in a healthy, nondependent state.[9,13] For active individuals, if disability occurs it often occurs for a short period of time near the end of life. This is particularly important as we consider the impact of aging populations in developed nations.
When discussing the health benefits of routine physical activity it is also prudent to recognize that multiple dose-response relationships exist, depending upon the endpoint. This means the relationship between health status and physical activity can differ based on the endpoint being evaluated (e.g., blood pressure control, glucose homeostasis, functional status). This concept was originally proposed by Drs Norman Gledhill and Veronica Jamnik at York University and then subsequently incorporated into their landmark health-related physical fitness assessment battery (see Figure 2). The pioneering theories of Drs Gledhill and Jamnik have since been supported by various studies demonstrating distinct, graded dose-response relationships for various clinical endpoints, for individual chronic medical conditions, and for premature mortality. Considerable research is still required to determine the optimal dosage for each medical condition and primary endpoint, making it all the more important to avoid the arbitrary application of generic physical activity guidelines in clinical practice.
Musculoskeletal fitness and health status
Most evidence for the effect of routine physical activity on health status is from studies of aerobic or endurance-type activities, and most current generic physical activity guidelines include only limited evidence-based advice regarding musculoskeletal fitness, even though musculoskeletal fitness is an important component of health-related physical fitness.
There is a very strong body of evidence demonstrating the health benefits of physical activities that enhance musculoskeletal fitness, which encompasses muscular strength, muscular endurance, muscular power, flexibility, and back fitness.[3,35,36] Marked improvements in health status, particularly functional status in the elderly and in those living with chronic medical conditions, can occur with changes in musculoskeletal fitness in the absence of changes in aerobic fitness.
Leading experts in the exercise sciences and medicine have recognized a paradigm shift toward promoting the health benefits of physical activities that tax the musculoskeletal system.
Canadian researchers are playing a leading role in establishing the close relationship between musculoskeletal fitness and health status.[35-40] A lack of musculoskeletal fitness is a significant predictor of weight gain over a 20-year period, poor quality of life, premature mortality, and various other chronic medical conditions.[35,36] Enhanced musculoskeletal fitness is associated positively with functional status, glucose homeostasis, bone health, mobility, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life, and negatively associated with fall risk, morbidity, and premature mortality.[35,36] Moreover, exercise-training interventions that enhance musculoskeletal fitness have a positive effect on health status, especially in individuals with a low musculoskeletal fitness reserve.[3,4] High levels of musculoskeletal fitness appear to be very important for elderly or frail individuals particularly and contribute to the maintenance of functional independence.[3,35,36,41] Many activities of daily living do not require a significant aerobic output, but do require a level of musculoskeletal fitness.[35,36] Collectively, this research supports recommending daily activities that tax the musculoskeletal system to improve health status and reduce the risk for chronic disease, disability, and premature mortality.
Change in physical fitness and health status
Changes in activity levels and physical fitness over the lifespan are highly predictive of risk for premature mortality and chronic disease. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in aerobic fitness will lead to a reduction in the risk, whereas a decrease in aerobic fitness will increase the risk.[3,42-45] The largest changes appear to be in the least active individuals who become more physically fit. For instance, Blair and colleagues reported that previously inactive individuals who improved enough over a 5-year period to move from the unfit to the fit category had a 44% reduction in risk for premature mortality compared with individuals who remained unfit. Similarly, Erikssen and colleagues revealed a graded reduction in the risk for premature mortality with improvements in physical fitness (see Figure 3).[42,43] Individuals who had a high aerobic fitness level at baseline and maintained or improved their fitness levels were at the lowest risk.[43,44]
Health risks of physical activity
The death of Pheidippides in 490 BC may be the first widely reported case of exercise-related sudden cardiac death (see Table 2). Legend holds that Pheidippides, a 40-year-old Athenian herald during the Greco-Persian War, ran 150 miles in 2 days to seek help from Sparta when the Persians landed at Marathon. The next day he ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to report that the Persians had been defeated, only to die suddenly after announcing the victory. The distance (42 km) and name of the modern-day Olympic endurance event were inspired by the story of Pheidippides, whether true or not.
A less legendary case of myocardial infarction during a marathon was presented in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 1976.46 This case involved a 44-year-old male competing in the 1973 Boston Marathon. The autopsy revealed myocardial scarring with normal coronary vessels, leading the authors describing the case to state that “Advocates of long-distance running for prevention of, or rehabilitation from, ischemic heart disease should be aware of this possible complication.”46
Sudden cardiac death incidence
Cases of sudden cardiac death in young and former athletes are tragic events that have a significant impact upon families and society as a whole. There have been several cases of SCD in highly trained athletes from diverse sporting disciplines. However, the actual risks associated with exercise participation are often poorly understood.
Despite the clear evidence regarding the long-term health benefits of physical activity, a compelling body of research also indicates that exercise transiently increases acute risk for myocardial infarction and SCD. As such, a risk-benefit paradox exists, whereby participation in physical activity increases the short-term risk for adverse events, while simultaneously reducing the long-term risk. Approximately 4% to 10% of myocardial infarction cases occur within 1 hour of vigorous exercise, and approximately 6% to 17% of all SCD cases in men are associated with acute physical exertion.[48,49]
The absolute risk of an adverse exercise-related event appears to be quite low in men and even lower in women.[48,50] For instance, Albert and colleagues revealed 1 excess sudden cardiac death per 1.51 million sudden cardiac death per 36.5 million hours of exertion in women.
Collectively, this research indicates that the occurrence of life-threatening cardiovascular events is extremely rare in healthy individuals, including athletes. Traditional contemporary cardiac rehabilitation programs also support these findings. Thompson and colleagues estimated 1 cardiac arrest per 116 906 patient-hours, 1 myocardial infarction per 219 970 patient-hours, 1 fatality per 752 365 patient-hours, and 1 major complication per 81 670 patient-hours of participation in current exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Risks associated with vigorous physical activity
According to Franklin and Billecke, an estimated 7 million Americans receive medical attention for sports- and recreation-related injuries each year. The majority of these injuries are musculoskeletal in nature (e.g., strains, sprains, fractures); however, of particular concern are the life-threatening events associated with vigorous exertion that can occur in susceptible individuals (e.g., sudden cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction).
Vigorous exercise is classically defined as an absolute work rate of 6 METs (metabolic equivalent tasks) or more.[2,3,51] Vigorous aerobic exercise has been quantified as an oxygen uptake of approximately 21 mL per kg per minute, and incudes activities such as jogging and swimming.[2,3] Most research in the field has evaluated the risks associated with vigorous aerobic exercise by considering a theoretical absolute exercise work rate of 6 METs or higher. However, the relative intensity of exercise is likely a better indicator of the risks associated with higher intensity exercise. As previously outlined, 6 METs may be very easy, light-intensity exercise for an aerobically fit individual but above maximal for a deconditioned person or someone living with a chronic medical condition. In relative terms, vigorous effort can be quantified as 60% to 84% of heart rate reserve or 77% to 93% of heart rate maximum.[2,3] It is clear that the myocardial oxygen demands of exercise are more related to the relative intensity than to an arbitrary intensity such as 6 METs. As such, the risks for exercise-related adverse events are likely to occur at much lower absolute work rates in unfit, elderly, or chronically ill individuals.
The transient risk for myocardial infarction and SCD with vigorous aerobic exercise participation has been demonstrated in several studies. This research has consistently shown that individuals are at greater risk for an adverse event during vigorous exercise than they are when engaged in less vigorous exercise or when not exerting themselves. The risk for adverse exercise-related events is also markedly higher in individuals who are unaccustomed to vigorous physical exertion or who have underlying CVD.[51-53] Leading authorities have estimated that there is a 2-fold to 56-fold risk for exercise-related cardiac events in inactive individuals. However, participation in habitual physical activity (particularly vigorous activities) decreases this risk markedly.[48-50,55-57] For instance, in a landmark study, Mittleman and colleagues demonstrated that those not accustomed to vigorous exercise had a greater than 100-fold increased risk for a myocardial infarction. However, with higher levels of physical activity participation the risk decreased in a graded fashion to approximately 2.4-fold in individuals who exercised five or more times per week. Therefore, the likelihood of having an exercise-related myocardial infarction was 50 times higher in inactive individuals than it was in those who exercised five or more times per week. Simply exercising once or twice a week reduced the risk by more than 80%. A recent meta-analysis58 supported this early work indicating that episodic physical activity was associated with an increased risk of SCD and myocardial infarction, with habitual physical activity attenuating this risk in a dose-dependent fashion. Importantly, the authors demonstrated that the relative risk for a myocardial infarction decreased by 45% and for SCD decreased by 30% for every additional time per week that a person engaged in physical activity, meaning that the most active had the lowest risk.
Risks associated with prolonged strenuous exercise
There appears to be an optimal amount of physical activity for health benefits, above which the law of diminishing returns applies.[3,4,13,23,59] Many current physical activity guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week and state that “more is better.” However, both messages are misleading and are no longer supported strongly by the literature. As outlined above and elsewhere in this theme issue,[9,18] a small change in physical activity and fitness can lead to a significant improvement in health status, while there may be a potential attenuation of benefit (and even increased risk) at the higher end of the exercise range.
Highly trained elite endurance athletes are seldom included in large epidemiological studies comparing health outcomes to physical activity levels. However, research examining the upper end of the exercise range has demonstrated the attenuation in the health benefits and the possibility of increased risk in extremely active individuals. These individuals exercise at levels and intensities that are well beyond international recommendations for health. For instance, ultra-endurance athletes commonly engage in daily vigorous exercise ranging from 90 to 300 minutes (1.5 to 5 hours). This is equal to 630 to 2100 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise a week, which is 5 to 10 times more than most recommendations for physical activity.
Highly trained endurance athletes exercising at this extreme may be at an increased risk for developing atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, pathological remodeling (particularly of the right side of the heart), CVD, and SCD.[60-63] Researchers have increasingly acknowledged the potential risks with exercising “too much” and with “too little recovery time.” For instance, Patil and colleagues argued that “Humans are not genetically adapted for protracted, sustained, and extreme aerobic exercise efforts.” As a result, those engaging in chronic (and arguably excessive) endurance exercise may be susceptible to cardiovascular damage. Evidence from animal models also supports the potential for prolonged strenuous exercise training to lead to adverse cardiovascular complications. For instance, Benito and colleagues exercised rats strenuously for 60 minutes a day for 16 weeks (equivalent to 10 years of daily running) and found a series of cardiovascular maladaptations such as right ventricular and left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, bi-atrial dilatation, increased collagen deposition and fibrosis in the right ventricle and both atria, and increased susceptibility to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. These changes appeared to be reversed after an 8-week rest period. Similar findings were reported recently in humans engaged in prolonged endurance events and training. For instance, La Gerche and colleagues examined 40 athletes before and after endurance events lasting 3 to 11 hours, including the marathon, endurance triathlon, alpine cycling, and ultra-endurance triathlon. The authors observed the greatest reduction in right ventricular function in athletes with the highest volume of activity. They also found delayed gadolinium enhancement (a marker of fibrosis) in the interventricular septum, particularly in those with the greater exercise volume. Collectively, this research indicates that individuals participating in repeat ultra-endurance events with little time for recovery appear to be at an increased risk for the development of fibrosis, arrhythmias, adverse ventricular remodeling, and CVD.
When considering the effects of exercise on health, a risk-benefit paradox applies. Exercise, particularly vigorous-intensity activity, transiently increases the short-term risk for an adverse event such as a myocardial infarction and SCD, while markedly reducing the long-term risk for premature mortality and chronic medical conditions. The evidence indicates that the health benefits of routine physical activity far outweigh the acute risks. In fact, the acute risk decreases with increasing levels of physical activity, such that the highly active individuals appear to have the lowest risk (2-fold to 5-fold). Those unaccustomed to vigorous activity or with underlying CVD appear to be at the greatest risk (50-fold to 100-fold). Moreover, there is a clear dose-response relationship between health and habitual physical activity, and more active individuals have a markedly lower risk (approximately 50%) for premature mortality and chronic disease. Very small changes in physical activity can lead to marked health benefits in inactive and deconditioned individuals.
Importantly, far less physical exercise than currently recommended in many physical activity guidelines can lead to clinically relevant changes in health status. The dose-response relationship between physical activity and health is similar to the relationship seen with other medicines, where an attenuation of benefit is found at the extreme end of the physical activity range. As such, the axiom that “more exercise is better” may not apply. In fact, individuals training for ultra-endurance events and leaving little time for recovery between events appear to be at an increased risk for the development of CVD and should be cautioned about the perils involved.
This article has been peer reviewed.
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21. Paterson DH, Warburton DE. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010;7:38.
22. Foulds HJ, Bredin SS, Charlesworth SA, et al. Exercise volume and intensity: A dose-response relationship with health benefits. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014;114:1563-1571.
23. Lollgen H, Bockenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: An updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med 2009;30:213-224.
24. Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, et al. Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:472-481.
25. Bredin SS, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK, et al. PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+: New risk stratification and physical activity clearance strategy for physicians and patients alike. Can Fam Physician 2013;59:273-277.
26. Jung ME, Bourne JE, Little JP. Where does HIT fit? An examination of the affective response to high-intensity intervals in comparison to continuous moderate- and continuous vigorous-intensity exercise in the exercise intensity-affect continuum. PLoS One 2014;9:e114541.
27. Jung ME, Bourne JE, Beauchamp MR, et al. High-intensity interval training as an efficacious alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for adults with prediabetes. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:191595.
28. Warburton DER, Bredin SSD, Giacomantonio N. Clinical exercise prescription for atrial fibrillation. Vancouver, BC: International Collaboration on Clinical Exercise Prescription; 2012.
29. Giacomantonio NB, Bredin SS, Foulds HJ, et al. A systematic review of the health benefits of exercise rehabilitation in persons living with atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 2013;29:483-491.
30. Bredin SSD, Warburton DER, Lang DJ. The health benefits and challenges of exercise training in persons living with schizophrenia: A pilot study. Brain Sci 2013;3:821-848.
31. Bouchard C, Shephard RJ. Physical activity fitness and health: The model and key concepts. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T (eds). Physical activity fitness and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994:77-88.
32. Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hennekens CH. Physical activity, physical fitness and longevity. Aging (Milano) 1997;9:2-11.
33. Powell KE, Blair SN. The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: Theoretical but realistic estimates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:851-856.
34. Gledhill N, Jamnik V. Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach 3rd ed. Ottawa: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology; 2003.
35. Warburton DE, Gledhill N, Quinney A. Musculoskeletal fitness and health. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26:217-237.
36. Warburton DE, Gledhill N, Quinney A. The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26:161-216.
37. Katzmarzyk PT, Craig CL, Gauvin L. Adiposity, physical fitness and incident diabetes: The physical activity longitudinal study. Diabetologia 2007;50:538-544.
38. Katzmarzyk PT, Craig CL. Musculoskeletal fitness and risk of mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:740-744.
39. Mason C, Brien SE, Craig CL, et al. Musculoskeletal fitness and weight gain in Canada. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:38-43.
40. Payne N, Gledhill N, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Health implications of musculoskeletal fitness. Can J Appl Physiol 2000;25:114-126.
41. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand: Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:992-1008.
42. Erikssen G. Physical fitness and changes in mortality: The survival of the fittest. Sports Med 2001;31:571-576.
43. Erikssen G, Liestol K, Bjornholt J, et al. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet 1998;352(9130):759-762.
44. Blair SN, Kohl HW, 3rd, Barlow CE, et al. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 1995;273:1093-1098.
45. Bijnen FC, Feskens EJ, Caspersen CJ, et al. Baseline and previous physical activity in relation to mortality in elderly men: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:1289-1296.
46. Green LH, Cohen SI, Kurland G. Fatal myocardial infarction in marathon racing. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:704-706.
47. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, et al. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden cardiac death? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2006;7:228-233.48. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, et al. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1355-1361.
49. Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med 1984;311:874-877.
50. Whang W, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women. JAMA 2006;295:1399-1403.
51. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events: Placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 2007;115:2358-2368.
52. Franklin BA, Billecke S. Putting the benefits and risks of aerobic exercise in perspective. Curr Sports Med Rep 2012;11:201-208.
53. Franklin BA. Preventing exercise-related cardiovascular events: Is a medical examination more urgent for physical activity or inactivity? Circulation 2014;129:1081-1084.
54. Mittleman MA. Triggers of acute cardiac events: New insights. Am J Med Sports 2002;4:99-102.
55. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1677-1683.
56. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, et al. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1684-1690.
57. Hallqvist J, Moller J, Ahlbom A, et al. Does heavy physical exertion trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis nested in a population-based case-referent study. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:459-467.
58. Dahabreh IJ, Paulus JK. Association of episodic physical and sexual activity with triggering of acute cardiac events: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305:1225-1233.
59. Warburton DER. The physical activity and exercise continuum. In: Bouchard C, Katzmarzyk PT (eds). Advances in physical activity and obesity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishing; 2009:7-17.
60. La Gerche A, Prior DL. Exercise—Is it possible to have too much of a good thing? Heart Lung Circ 2007;16(suppl 3):S102-104.
61. La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H. Can intensive exercise harm the heart? You can get too much of a good thing. Circulation 2014;130:992-1002.
62. Scott JM, Warburton DE. Mechanisms underpinning exercise-induced changes in left ventricular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1400-1407.
63. Trivax JE, McCullough PA. Phidippides cardiomyopathy: A review and case illustration. Clin Cardiol 2012;35:69-73.
64. Patil HR, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, et al. Cardiovascular damage resulting from chronic excessive endurance exercise. Mo Med 2012;109:312-321.
65. Benito B, Gay-Jordi G, Serrano-Mollar A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise training. Circulation 2011;123:13-22.
66. La Gerche A, Burns AT, Mooney DJ, et al. Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J 2012;33:998-1006.
Dr Warburton is a founding member of SportsCardiologyBC and a full professor in the Experimental Medicine Program at the University of British Columbia. He is also director of the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory at UBC and co-director of the Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit at UBC. Dr Taunton is a co-founder of SportsCardiologyBC and a professor in the Division of Sports Medicine at UBC. Dr Bredin is an associate professor and director of the Cognitive and Functional Learning Laboratory at UBC. Dr Isserow is co-founder and medical director of SportsCardiologyBC and director of cardiology services at both UBC Hospital and the Centre for Cardiovascular Health at Vancouver General Hospital.
Above is the information needed to cite this article in your paper or presentation. The International Committee
of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommends the following citation style, which is the now nearly universally
accepted citation style for scientific papers:
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.
About the ICMJE and citation styles
The ICMJE is small group of editors of general medical journals who first met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meets annually. The ICMJE created the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals to help authors and editors create and distribute accurate, clear, easily accessible reports of biomedical studies.
An alternate version of ICMJE style is to additionally list the month an issue number, but since most journals use continuous pagination, the shorter form provides sufficient information to locate the reference. The NLM now lists all authors.
BCMJ standard citation style is a slight modification of the ICMJE/NLM style, as follows:
- Only the first three authors are listed, followed by "et al."
- There is no period after the journal name.
- Page numbers are not abbreviated.
For more information on the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, visit www.icmje.org
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JBEI team develops ionic-liquid-tolerant bacterial cocktail for cost-effective biomass pretreatment for cellulosic biofuels
Researchers from the US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) have developed an ionic liquid (IL)-tolerant bacterial cocktail for the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass at higher temperatures and in the presence of much higher IL concentrations than commercial fungal cocktails.
In an open-access paper published in the journal PLoS ONE, they suggest that this cocktail will enable the development of novel biomass to biofuel bioprocessing configurations that could overcome some of the barriers to production of inexpensive cellulosic biofuels.
Development of renewable liquid fuels, like bioethanol and advanced biofuels will reduce reliance on fossil fuels...Cellulosic biomass provides a more sustainable source of fermentable sugar and it is estimated that a billion tons are available annually in the US. Roughly half of that biomass is composed of cellulose that, after hydrolysis to glucose, can be fermented into cellulosic biofuels...Biomass recalcitrance is a difficult barrier to commercial deployment of cellulosic biofuels, yet there are a few promising pretreatments currently available or under development.
...for example, pretreatment with ionic liquids (ILs), such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) dramatically reduces biomass recalcitrance and enhances the enzymatic hydrolysis of fermentable sugars.—Park et al.
However, problems associated with ILs include:
IL-pretreatment is frequently conducted using 100% IL at high temperatures (120–160 °C);
ILs are currently expensive so any viable bioprocessing scheme must include efficient IL recycling;
this pretreatment configuration requires extensive washing of the biomass post-pretreatment to completely remove ILs, which can inhibit downstream saccharification and fermentation; and
Washing has a negative impact in this scheme, increasing costs through energy-intensive evaporation or reverse osmosis recycling of ILs.
Pretreatment with...lower IL concentrations presents the possibility to explore alternate, potentially more inexpensive, bioprocessing configurations in which the washing step is removed.
In this study, we used thermophilic enzymes to develop an IL-tolerant cellulase cocktail, called “JTherm”, which is compatible with [a] single-pot bioprocessing configuration...We took a hybrid approach where we combined native enzymes produced by a thermophilic bacterial community with recombinant thermostable enzymes. In addition, to validate the IL-pretreatment bioprocessing scheme...we assessed the impacts of hydrolyzates of IL-pretreated biomass produced by both JTherm and a commercial cocktail on fuel production in an E. coli strain engineered to produce FAEEs, a fuel equivalent to biodiesel.—Park et al.
The JBEI team created their JTherm cellulase cocktail by combining thermophilic bacterial glycoside hydrolases produced by a mixed consortia with recombinant glycoside hydrolases. JTherm liberates sugars from biomass in the presence of up to 20% ionic liquid.
This cellulase cocktail stands alone in its ability to function so efficiently in the presence of [C2mim][OAc], one of the most potent ionic liquids used for biomass pretreatment. Several other studies have investigated IL-tolerant cellulase cocktails, but those studies either use ILs that pretreat biomass less effectively than [C2mim][OAc] or excessive mounts of cellulase enzymes, both of which are unlikely to lead to commercially viable technologies.
In addition, to explore the possibility of whether microbial inhibitors could be generated during enzymatic hydrolysis of IL-pretreated biomass, hydrolysates were generated by JTherm and CTec2 and fed to an E. coli strain engineered to produce FAEE biodiesel. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of an advanced biofuel from IL-pretreated biomass using a metabolically engineered organism. Like S. cerevisiae, E.coli is inhibited by ILs, and by unidentified, possibly biomass-derived, inhibitors. This study both confirms the feasibility of using IL-pretreatment to produce biofuels and shows that thermotolerant enzymes can be used to develop IL-tolerant enzymes cocktails that can potentially lead to the development of inexpensive IL-based biomass-to-biofuels technologies.—Park et al.
Park JI, Steen EJ, Burd H, Evans SS, Redding-Johnson AM, et al. (2012) A Thermophilic Ionic Liquid-Tolerant Cellulase Cocktail for the Production of Cellulosic Biofuels. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37010. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037010
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A procedure for storage and retrieval of Digital information in DNA
strings is discussed by constructing an error correction code which is
capable of correcting indel errors and maintaining the stability of DNA
strings. For correcting indel errors, Varshamov–Tenengolts algorithm is
used. In the VT algorithm, syndrome is calculated using the position
values of the retrieved word. Then, the wrongly added or deleted
positions can be found by the syndrome and weight of the retrieved word.
The stability of DNA strings depends on the proportionate occurrence of
guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Reverse complementary property is
essential for preventing de-hybridization. To ensure these properties,
VT encoded information is mapped to DNA strings by appropriate choices
of group homomorphisms. Code for any desired length(n) can be created
using the construction methods presented in this paper. The code’s
reverse complement distance is calculated by using the value of n.
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Which is it, homonyms or homophones? You decide:
- One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning, such as bank (embankment) and bank (place where money is kept).
- One of two or more words, such as night and knight, that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning, origin, and sometimes spelling.
Criteria for My List
- Standard modern American English pronunciation (checked against Meriam-Webster Online).
- Must be different spellings.
- Must mean different things (i.e., cannot be two different spellings with the same definition).
- No directly foreign words that would not be found in an English dictionary and are not used in English conversation.
- No proper nouns.
I am not an English teacher nor a professional linguist. I started this list a long, long time ago for personal reasons, and it’s kind of grown from there. If you want to contact me to ask a question or suggest a grouping, be my guest. But I cannot provide expert answers to questions outside my expertise. This list is for recreational purposes only, and should not be considered a comprehensive list of homonyms or homophones of the English language. Thank you.
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*For clearer and better viewing of the images, please go the the Invention Photos tab of this webpage and open the New Invention album.
Increase flood control and make it pay for itself.
Funnel most of the flood water into the ocean and produce electricity from the downhill push of the water.
See fig. #1, the dykes are hollow, the stem or anchor is dug down to 50 ft, depending on soil type to control seepage and the dirt is used to cover up the dyke. The low speed electric turbine is on a shaft which can be varied depending on water level in dyke. The dyke will be made out of a flexible material, like PVC.
You end up with 3 rivers and producing as much power as you need. Turbines can be added depending on demand. See fig. #2
The machine to build the dykes has not been built yet. It is still on drawing board. See figs. #1, page 124/1A, page 125/1B, page 126/ chapter XI of book. to add text, images, and other content
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Bangladesh, due to its hot climate, is home to approximately 2,000 species of ants, of which only a few are considered as pests. However, given the large numbers found in a typical nest, their existence in or around your property can make things unpleasant.
The need for ant control in BD may arise in your premises when their nests are disturbed due to rain or during dry weather when they venture out to find sources of water. Another factor that attracts ants indoors is poor hygiene conditions and leftover foods. In the context of the outdoors, ants prefer sandy areas, pavers and garden spots.
Unlike termites, ants do not attack the timber, but can cause numerous problems for property owners.
The Importance of Ant Control in BD
Ants are a source for concern most importantly if the species concerned has a sting, as in the case of fire ants. Although most ant species are generally harmless, the stings of fire ants can cause blisters and rashes, which under extreme conditions can spark severe and or fatal allergic reactions. This risk is higher in the case of pets and children as they do not know enough to stay away from ant nests.
Also, the very sign of ants moving along in long lines along the walls indicate unhygienic environments (hence the presence of the ants). This can be detrimental for a business’s well-being as customers will start forming negative opinions about the enterprise.
Ants can also invade areas of your house and turn aggressive when you try to utilize those spaces. They may also end up causing damage to agricultural plants and possibly attack young livestock.
The main indicator of your property having an ant infestation problem is the sight of ants roaming about in queues with bits of material between their mandibles. These ants are foraging and are in search of food to stock up in their nest. Another strong symptom of an ant problem is the appearance of a substance called “frays” (looks like sawdust and may contain insect parts and bits of soil). “Frays” is usually found below nest openings, indicating that tunnels have been bored into the wood by the ants. When you notice this material, simply tap against the area and you will realize that it sounds hollow. If you listen carefully, you’ll hear clicking sounds which the responses are made by the alarmed ants.
Ant Control process in BD
With Dry master, effectiveness begins with a thorough inspection of the property to ascertain the exact nature of the infestation. Our Ant control in BD expert team will initially inspect areas of your property that seem to be entry points for ants. Some of the most typical entry points are:
- Cracks and crevices near the bathroom, kitchen and laundry areas
- Window sills and doorways
- Beneath plant pots
- Cracks in the driveway
- Around trees
- Near garbage bins
- Any other area where the presence of “frass” is noticed
Ants’ nests are usually found within close proximity to the above-mentioned areas of the region and they are also our prime focus when implementing our ant control in BD solutions. Since 80% of the ant population doesn’t leave the nest, the total eradication of the pests depends on locating the nest/colony. Our experts specialize in locating pests and use the latest technology to eliminate the colony effectively.
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d. ASPI driver
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application program interface (API) specification for connecting programs written in Java to the data in popular databases. The application program interface lets you encode access request statements in Structured Query Language (SQL) that are then passed to the program that manages the database. It returns the results through a similar interface.
A JDBC driver is needed for a Java application to communicate with a database using JDBC. JDBC drivers are categorized into four types:
Type 1: JDBC-ODBC bridge
Type 2: Native API driver
Type 3: JDBC Network-protocol driver
Type 4: Native protocol (100% Java driver)
For More Information
White paper: Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) drivers
White paper: Developing JDBC servlet applications
Best Web Links: Java, J2EE
Do you have an idea for a quiz question topic? Let us know!
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Immigrant Forces: Factors in the New Democracy
FACTORS IN THE NEW DEMOCRACY
WILLIAM P. SHRIVER
Copyright, 1913. by MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA New York
I wish to acknowledge the inspiration and help I have received in the preparation of this book from my colleagues, the Rev. Kenneth D. Miller, the Rev. Joel B. Hayden and the Rev. Spencer L. Towle, Immigration Fellows in resident study abroad, and from the Rev. Paul Fox and the Rev. Norman M. Thomas. All are young men who are devoting their lives to a ministry among our recent immigrant and industrial communities, a type of minister to whom the Church must increasingly look for guidance as it aims to make its service efficient under these newer and critical conditions.
William P. Shriver.
New York, June 1, 1913.
- Foreword ix
- I The Lure of American Industry
- II An Immigrant Inventory
- III The New Communities
- IV Perils and Problems
- V New Civic Service
- VI Religious Backgrounds
- VII Task of the Church
- VIII Getting Together
- Appendix A Bibliography
- Appendix B Immigrant Aliens Admitted and Departed, 1908-1912
- Appendix C Immigrant Aliens Departed, 1908-1912
- Appendix D Total Immigrants by Decades
- Appendix E Increase in Foreign-born by Decades
- Appendix F Total Foreign-born in the United States in 1910, by Country of Birth
- Appendix G Distribution of Earlier and Recent Immigration
- Appendix H Wave of Immigration Into the United States from all Countries During the Past Years
- Appendix I Agencies of the Protestant Churches of the United States Working Among Immigrants
- Immigrant Forces
- At Ellis Island
- Chart, Panics and Immigration
- Map-Chart, Foreign-born Whites and Native Whites of Foreign or Mixed Parentage
- Map, Industrial Zone of United States
- Map-Chart, Percentage of Foreign-born Whites in the Total Population, 1910
- Chart, Foreign-born Population by Principal Countries of Birth, 1910 and 1900
- Chart, Immigration into the United States from Austria-Hungary, 1861-1912
- Map, Austria-Hungary
- Physical Features Map, Austria-Hungary
- A Croatian Zadruga Near Agram
- Map, Principal Races of Austria-Hungary
- Map, Distribution of Slavs and Germans in Europe
- Map, Emigration from Italy to the United States in 1909
- Those That Are Left Behind
- Polish Gardeners on Long Island, New York
- Immigrant Camp Life
- The Workers
- Children of the City Streets
- And They Call Us a Problem
- New Civic Service
- Worshipers by the Wayside
- Polish Catholic Church
- Types of Christian Settlements
- The Church and the Immigrant
- The Gary Chapel and Neighborhood House
- A Croatian Sokol or Gymnastic Society
- Chart, Percentages of News Space in Seventeen New York City Dailies
- Churches in New York City
- Chart, Wave of Immigration into the United States from all Countries during the past 93 years
Immigrant Camp Life. Children in Stoneco Qarry Camp, New York, A Railroad Construction Camp. Between seventy and eighty laborers were housed in these discarded freight cars, beds were also arranged under the cars.
Left: The Physical Inspection at Ellis Island, New York.
Right: Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, desimbarking from the Ferry Boat.
Commentaries on the Treatment of Workers
NEW YORK Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada
If our industrial structure is to endure, the conditions in it must come to be such as will make our working men and women better, wiser, happier, and stronger through their work. It is a wrong to the community that profit should arise out of continued conditions that injure the workers. But a chasm of sympathy and an equal chasm of knowledge too often separate the workers from the employer; and through this want of knowledge and this lack of sympathy we all suffer.—William C. Redfield.
The welfare, the happiness, the energy and spirit of the men and women who do the daily work in our mines and factories, on our railroads, in our offices and ports of trade, on our farms and on the sea, is the underlying necessity of all prosperity. There can be nothing wholesome unless their life is wholesome; there can be no contentment unless they are contented. Their physical welfare affects the soundness of the whole nation.— Woodrow Wilson.
Unless business men wish to put themselves in the position of being willing to exploit weakness and ignorance for their own gain, it is incumbent on them to conduct their enterprises in such a way that the health, strength, and character of their employees are conserved and not destroyed. They must refuse to employ children even if they are cheap. They must refuse to employ women under unsuitable conditions or in tasks for which they are physically unfit. They must not permit overwork of men or women. They must minimize the risks of dangerous occupations. They must pay living wages. In a word, they must take into account in all their plans the social welfare of their employees, as well as their own financial welfare.—Edward T, Devine.
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Downhill mountain biking is a genre of mountain biking practised on steep, rough terrain that often features such as jumps, drops, rock gardens and other obstacles. In competitive races, a continuous course is defined on each side by a strip of tape. Depending on the format, riders have a single or double attempt to reach the finish line as fast as possible, while remaining between the two tapes designating the course. Riders must choose their line by compromising between the shortest possible line and the line that can be travelled at the highest speed. Riders start at intervals, often seeded from slowest to fastest, and courses typically take two to five minutes to complete with winning margins being often less than a second. Downhill racers must possess a unique combination of total body strength, aerobic and anaerobic fitness, mental control, as well as the acceptance of a relatively high risk of incurring serious injury. Because of the extremely steep, rough terrain featuring jumps, drops, rock-gardens and other obstacles, downhill is one of the most extreme and dangerous cycling disciplines. Minimum body protection in a true downhill setting entails wearing knee pads and a full-face helmet with goggles, albeit riders and racers commonly wear full-body suits that include padding at various locations.
Downhill-specific bikes are universally equipped with front and rear suspension, large disc brakes, and use heavier frame tubing than other mountain bikes. Downhill frames have anywhere from 6.7–9.8 inches of travel and are usually equipped with a 7.9 inches travel dual-crown fork.
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It will be no good saying "don't mention the war" tomorrow when Spain and the Netherlands contest the World Cup final. The Dutch national anthem - sung, luckily, in a language few Spaniards understand - is all about war with Spain.
We often hear the commentators repeat their astonishment that Spain and the Netherlands have never been matched before in a major soccer tournament. The nations have, however, a long and distant history of bloodier conflict. The rest of the world is largely unaware of it. But if Germany had beaten Spain, and got to the final, the Dutch would face relatively trivial rivals. War against Spain moulded the Netherlands, created the nation, launched the Dutch Golden Age, and left an enduring legacy in the cultures of both countries. Before the game begins, the national anthem - a modified version of an anti-Spanish propaganda piece of the 16th century - will already have reminded the Dutch that their real historic enemy is Spain. There is no time for more than truncated versions at sporting events; so Spaniards will be spared the unfortunate 10th verse, which goes:
And when the Spaniard harms thee
My homeland, sweet and good
The thought of it alarms me
And my noble heart spills blood.
Like all old enemies, Spain and the Netherlands have intertwined histories. The links began in the 15th century, when the Netherlands was part of the dominions of the Dukes of Burgundy, whose courtly style won admirers in Spain. "Flemish" art, as they called it, shaped Spanish imaginations. In Granada, in the funerary chapel of Ferdinand and Isabella, the monarchs who sent Columbus to the New World, the paintings from their own collection capture the qualities that appealed to Spanish patrons: the gem-like colour, the cunningly understated emotional intensity, the mystical enigmas, the realistic tears and blood.
The shared cultural world was the background of a common political destiny. In 1516, by a dynastic accident, a young Netherlandish prince, Charles of Ghent, inherited the thrones of Ferdinand and Isabella. He arrived in Spain as a foreigner, trailing alien advisers, evincing misunderstanding, provoking rebellion. But once the rebels were defeated, Charles, like so many migrants from the north to this day, succumbed to Spain's seductions. He found the rarest of royal assets - willing taxpayers - and an exploitable aristocracy in a land where service to the crown defined nobility. In the 1520s and 1530s Spain conquered bullion-rich empires in Mexico and Peru. Self-interest as well as sentiment hispanised Charles. He spoke Spanish, he said, "to God, and Dutch to my horse". When he returned to the Netherlands, he was a foreigner among his own people.
His son, Philip II, wanted all his realms to be like Spain - dependable, fiscally productive, compliant. Netherlanders received him with the same xenophobic anxieties as Spain had shown Charles. Canals and rivers split the country among 17 disparate provinces, each with its own institutions, laws, and tenacious aristocracies. Religion exacerbated the divisions. Trade had spread protestantism around the North Sea, where small but ambitious congregations of the intrusively godly took over towns, smashed churches, and tried to evangelise Catholics.
By paternal ancestry, Charles and Philip belonged to the Habsburg dynasty, whose sacred responsibility was to guard the Church's altars. Philip took the job seriously. He embedded his palace near Madrid, the Escorial, in a monastery, where his bedchamber overlooked the tabernacle. He formed the world's biggest collection of saints' relics to protect them from blasphemy. He refused to rule over heretics. In the late 1560s, Netherlandish nobles, disaffected with a king who would not leave them to run their own provinces, formed an alliance with religious dissenters, under William of Orange.
The 80 Years' War, as the Dutch call it, followed (from 1568-1648). It was partly a civil war - pitching Protestants against Catholics and rebels against loyalists - and partly a war of independence, in which Spanish armies, mixing patience and terror, struggled in an unfamiliar landscape of waterways, bogs and floods, to reconquer rebel territories.
The war ended in stalemate and partition. Seven northern provinces formed an independent state, which eventually became the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The rest of the country - the future Belgium - remained an autonomous part of the Habsburg empire.
In Spain and the Netherlands, artists recalled the war with mixed feelings. Vermeer was a Catholic stuck on the Protestant-ruled side of the new frontier. In his most enigmatic canvas, the artist presents his back to the onlooker, while a drab, disconsolate girl models the Muse of History. A poignant map of the formerly united Netherlands fills a wall. Nostalgically, a chandelier surmounted by the eagle-symbol of the Habsburgs crowns the composition.
Velzquez, meanwhile, painted an image of magnanimity in victory - a Spanish general comforting his defeated rival at the surrender of the rebel Dutch stronghold of Breda.
By the end of the 17th century, Juan Valdes Leal, the most dynamic and forceful painter of the Spanish baroque, recalled the war with mingled bitterness and resignation. In one of his greatest paintings, an engraving of a triumphal arch, built to commemorate one of Spain's greatest victories, lies discarded on the floor, symbolising the vanity and fragility of worldly achievements.
Now, the war looks like an episode of shared experience. Philip II never understood the Netherlands, but he admired it. Just as he wanted the Netherlands to be more like Spain, so he wanted Spain to be more like the Netherlands. Addicted to penance, he hung his bedroom with Hieronymus Bosch's visions of hell, and encouraged Spaniards to copy Netherlandish art. That is why the pitch of so many palace roofs and the strapwork of so many ornate facades in Spain echo the Netherlands to this day. Meanwhile, without Spanish patrons, Dutch painting would have been much impoverished. In imitation of Spain's empire, Dutch adventurers founded a world-wide seaborne domain of their own and accumulated the wealth that erected the grand houses on Amsterdam's Heerengracht. The Dutch national dish - a rather unappetising confection of over-boiled carrots and potatoes - commemorates the diet to which a Spanish siege reduced the citizens of Leiden in 1574. Dutch children know few Dutch poems - they are too busy learning perfect English - but one universally loved rhyme tells of Piet Heyn's victory over Spain in 1628, likening the cannonballs he tossed at Spanish ships to "little apples from Orange".
Conflict is a good starting point for friendship - as the heroes and heroines of romance know. Like other peoples of the European Union, Spaniards and Netherlanders can now look back on their great war with emotion recollected in tranquillity, and see that peoples fight over what they have in common - uneasily shared spaces and legacies, contested interests, related but rival visions. Tomorrow, Spanish havoc may again make Dutch hearts bleed, or "apples of Orange" may land in Spain's goal, but any recrudescence of violence is unlikely to be worse than a biting tackle by Holland's zealous defender, Mark van Bommel. The first verse of the Dutch anthem enshrines respect for the foe:
I am a Prince of Orange
Free and unafraid
And honour to the King of Spain
I have ever duly paid.
So there will be no need to mention the war - but, probably, no harm if you do.
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1. What age is Boone Caudill when the story begins?
2. Where did John get the ball in his leg that causes him to limp?
(c) Stoney Creek.
3. What is the first name of Napier, the person Boone fought with to cause a warrant for him to be issued?
4. What does Boone use to hit Pap with in Chapter 1?
(a) A horseshoe.
(b) A piece of wood.
(c) A hammer.
(d) A rock.
5. What does Boone pack with his clothes before leaving in Chapter 1?
(a) A set of books.
(b) An Indian skin strop.
(c) A bow and arrow set.
(d) An Indian spear.
6. As Boone is walking in the beginning of Chapter 2, what kind of weather does he encounter?
(b) Dense fog.
(c) Extreme heat.
7. Who would most likely have told Pap that Boone was going to St. Louis?
(a) No one.
(c) A friend.
This section contains 4,311 words
(approx. 15 pages at 300 words per page)
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Australia's fresh approach to indoor air quality
Australian researchers of 'sick building syndrome' want to develop a new set of safety standards for indoor air quality. These standards could be used to help diagnose and clean up indoor air pollution that currently costs Australia billions of dollars each year in health care and productivity losses.
Sick Building Syndrome is the result of exposure to toxic chemicals emitted from furniture, building materials and office equipment, particularly in buildings that use air-conditioning. Typical symptoms include ear, nose and throat irritation, nausea, lethargy, asthma and allergic reactions.
According to Mr Steve Brown, research team leader at the CSIRO Department of Building, Construction and Engineering, the reason Sick Building Syndrome is peculiarly a Western disease is because citizens of developed nations spend 97% of their lives indoors and are continually exposed to pollutants.
Mr Brown recently won the prestigious Grimwade Prize for Industrial Chemistry for his work on indoor air pollutants. He hopes to establish a new set of health standards in collaboration with industry for the manufacture of products which affect the quality of indoor air.
"Components of indoor air pollution include volatile organic compounds, dust mites, formaldehyde and emissions from unflued gas heaters," Mr Brown told The Lab. "It's amazing how many sources of pollution there are in a typical indoor environment: carpet, paints, adhesives, sealant, particle board, even office equipment like photocopiers and laser printers."
Brown's team conducts research in chambers which simulate indoor environments, as well as in real buildings. "We trace how products in an indoor environment release toxic compounds, and how we can reduce the toxins. We look at the complete life cycle of the products - from manufacture to installation," he said.
Brown has just become a member of the International Academy of Indoor Air Sciences, a group of 72 eminent scientists from around the world, who promote and influence the science of indoor air quality. His team now hopes to assess the performance of Australian products against international air quality standards.
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The phenotype, a product of genotype, is the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, for example hair color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease, except the genes themselves. Differences in phenotype are caused by differences in genotype, but not all phenotypes necessarily have the same genotype. Organisms that contain a dominant allele and a recessive allele for a trait will have the same phenotype as an organism that has two of the same alleles for the dominant trait.
- ↑ Edward John Larson (2006). "Doslov (Epilogue)", Evolúcia: neobyčajná história jednej vedeckej teórie (in Slovak). Slovart. “..Jeho teória vychádza zo známeho modelu epigenetickej krajiny Conrada H.Waddngtona. (Actual quote is from Epilogue by Vladimír Kováč, professor of Biology who translated the book by E.J.Larson)”
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The book is devoted to the study of programming in the Delphi environment. As training examples, applications were selected that can be used in project-based learning in schools.
The above examples and their step-by-step implementation are very useful for self-study programming on an individual basis. However, group work, when several students are involved in the creation of a mobile application, gives better results. Of course, the leading role will belong to the developer who will directly create the mobile application. But the presence of interested assistants in the preparation of working materials can not only increase the level of responsibility and self-organization of the programmer, but also allow creating not just educational, but really useful mobile applications focused on the end user.
For the development of the developer’s qualifications, it is important not so much to accurately reproduce the proposed examples, but also to further develop the project. Therefore, group idea generation, joint development of improvement options and comprehensive testing at all stages of development will help to develop and consolidate both programming skills and an understanding of the entire software development process.
Development of mobile applications as the basis of project activities focuses on achieving results. The main measure of the success of any project is the degree of its completion. Here, both the individual developer and the group have a clear end goal in front of them – a working application. Of course, this imposes strict conditions on both planning efficiency and implementation quality. But a working application can, at least, become a clear sign of perseverance, knowledge, skills and abilities of a whole team of like-minded people. And as a maximum – a source of pride for the work done.
The main objective of the second edition of this book is to update the presented examples with respect to the current version of Embarcadero RAD Studio / Delphi 10.3.2 Rio compared to the one that was used to prepare the first version. The material of the book has been supplemented with new features and useful tips, as well as recommendations received from the readers of the first version.
(Original content in Russian)
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In the woods, Goodman Brown hears a multitude of familiar voices coming from a cloud high above him. He can hear these voices all urging some lamenting young woman onward. These are the voices of people that he knows to be sinners, as well as the voices of people he believed were saints up until now. When he sees one of his wife's pink ribbons flutter down to him through the air, he fears that his "Faith is gone!" and feels that "There is no good on earth" anymore. He begins to race forward toward the witches's meeting through the forest. The narrator says that,
In truth, all through the haunted forest, there could be nothing more frightful than the figure of Goodman Brown. On he flew, among the black pines, brandishing his staff with frenzied gestures, now giving vent to an inspiration of horrid blasphemy, and now shouting forth such laughter, as set all the echoes of the forest laughing like demons around him. The fiend in his own shape is less hideous, than when he rages in the breast of man.
In short, Goodman Brown becomes the most frightening and sinful creature, even more frightening than the devil himself. In fact, as the narrator claims, the devil is actually less frightening than a man who has embraced sin. When one encounters the devil, one knows what to expect. Of course the devil loves sin and loves to tempt men to sin.
However, a person—like Brown, or like Goody Cloyse, or the minister, or the deacon—can hide their real, sinful nature and pretend to be sinless. In doing so, they might sin themselves without suspicion, or even counsel others to sin, winning more converts in this way. The devil seems to recruit them to do his bidding for this reason and purpose. Thus, it is Goodman Brown who becomes the most villainous when he allows himself to become the "chief horror of the scene and [shrinks] not from its other horrors."
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Salvaging the Zilwaukeeby C. J. Arnold, Supervising Engr.; Structural Research Unit, Michigan Dept. of Transportation, Lansing, MI,
Serial Information: Civil Engineering—ASCE, 1986, Vol. 56, Issue 4, Pg. 46-49
Document Type: Feature article
In 1982, construction of the Zilwaukee Bridge in Michigan was disrupted when the launching truss failed to hold a precast concrete segment near Pier 11N, severely deflecting the cantilever and damaging the pier. The pier was salvaged by casting a new footing around the base of the pier columns, supported by reinforced concrete columns down to bedrock. Temporarily freezing the earth around and beneath the fractured footing helped stabilize the structure and holes were drilled through it for the new columns. The superstructure was jacked clear of the repaired pier columns so that new bearings could be placed, and finally it was lowered into proper place. Extensive instrumentation throughout this project allowed constant monitoring so that the repairs could be made safely.
Subject Headings: Piers | Reinforced concrete | Precast concrete | Footings | Infrastructure construction | Concrete columns | Cantilever bridges | Michigan | North America | United States
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search
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October 12, 2010, marks the forty-ninth anniversary of the death of Eugene Jacques Bullard at the age of 67. Bullard is considered to be the first African-American military pilot to fly in combat, and the only African-American pilot in World War I. Ironically, he never flew for the United States.
Born October 9, 1895, in Columbus, Georgia, to William Bullard, a former slave, and Josephine Bullard, Eugene’s early youth was unhappy. He made several unsuccessful attempts to run away from home, one of which resulted in his being returned home and beaten by his father.
In 1906, at the age of 11, Bullard ran away for good, and for the next six years, he wandered the South in search of freedom. In 1912 he stowed away on the Marta Russ, a German freighter bound for Hamburg, and ended up in Aberdeen, Scotland. From there he made his way to London, where he worked as a boxer and slapstick performer in Belle Davis’s Freedman Pickaninnies, an African American entertainment troupe. In 1913, Bullard went to France for a boxing match. Settling in Paris, he became so comfortable with French customs that he decided to make a home there. He later wrote, “… it seemed to me that French democracy influenced the minds of both black and white Americans there and helped us all act like brothers.”
After World War I had begun in the summer of 1914, Bullard enlisted in the French Foreign Legion. While serving with the 170th Infantry Regiment, Bullard fought in the the Battle of Verdun (February to December 1916), where he was wounded seriously. He was taken from the battlefield and sent to Lyon to recuperate. While on leave in Paris, Bullard bet a friend $2,000 that despite his color he could enlist in the French flying service. Bullard’s determination paid off, and in November 1916 he entered the Aéronautique Militaire.
Bullard began flight training at Tours in 1916 and received his wings in May 1917. He was first assigned to Escadrille Spa 93, and then to Escadrille Spa 85 in September 1917, where he remained until he left the Aéronautique Militaire. In November 1917, Bullard claimed two aerial victories, a Fokker Triplane and a Pfalz D.III, but neither could be confirmed. (Some accounts say that one victory was confirmed.) During his flying days, Bullard is said to have had an insignia on his Spad 7 C.1 that portrayed a heart with a dagger running through it and the slogan “All Blood Runs Red.” Reportedly, Bullard flew with a mascot, a Rhesus Monkey named “Jimmy.”
After the United States entered the war in 1917, Bullard attempted to join the U.S. Air Service, but he was not accepted, ostensibly because he was an enlisted man, and the Air Service required pilots to be officers and hold at least the rank of First Lieutenant. In actuality, he was rejected because of the racial prejudice that existed in the American military during that time. Bullard returned to the Aéronautique Militaire, but he was summarily removed after an apparent confrontation with a French officer. He returned to the 170th Infantry Regiment until his discharge in October 1919.
After the war Bullard remained in France, where he worked in a nightclub called Zelli’s in the Montmartre district of Paris, owned a nightclub (Le Grand Duc) and an American-style bar (L’Escadrille), operated an athletic club, and married a French woman, Marcelle de Straumann. During this time Bullard rubbed elbows with notables like Langston Hughes, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Josephine Baker.
By the late 1930s, however, the clouds of war began to change Bullard’s life dramatically. Even before World War II officially began in 1939, Bullard became involved in espionage activities against French fifth columnists who supported the Nazis. When war came he enlisted as a machine gunner in the 51st Infantry Regiment, and was severely wounded by an exploding artillery shell. Fearing capture by the Nazis, he made his way to Spain, Portugal, and eventually the United States, settling in the Harlem district of New York City.
After his arrival in New York, Bullard worked as a security guard and longshoreman. In the post-World War II years, Bullard took up the cause of civil rights. In the summer of 1949, he was involved in an altercation with the police and a racist mob at a Paul Robeson concert in Peekskill, New York, in which he was beaten by police. Another incident involved a bus driver who ordered Bullard to sit the back of his bus. These events left Bullard deeply disillusioned with the United States, and he returned to France, but was unable to resume his former life there.
During his lifetime, the French showered Bullard with honors, and in 1954, he was one of three men chosen to relight the everlasting flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris. In October 1959 he was made a knight of the Legion of Honor, the highest ranking order and decoration bestowed by France. It was the fifteenth decoration given to him by the French government.
In the epilogue to his well-researched book, Eugene Bullard, Black Expatriate in Jazz-Age Paris (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2000), Craig Lloyd points out the poignancy of Bullard’s situation in the United States: “The contrast between Eugene Bullard’s unrewarding years of toil and trouble early and late in life in the United States and his quarter-century of much-heralded achievement in France illustrates dramatically … the crippling disabilities imposed on the descendants of Americans of African ancestry … .”
In 1992, the McDonnell Douglas Corporation donated to the National Air and Space Museum a bronze portrait head of Bullard, created by Eddie Dixon, an African American sculptor. This work is displayed in the museum’s Legend, Memory and the Great War in the Air gallery.
On September 14, 1994, Bullard was posthumously commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. A display case in the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, honors him.
Dominick A. Pisano is a curator in the Aeronautics Division of the National Air and Space Museum
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Project Planning & Evaluation is the final high-level process of the Project Setup phase to develop a comprehensive evaluation plan that explains how the project manager should plan for measuring the success of the project effort. Evaluation planning is necessary for making appropriate reviews and analysis of the project implementation process.
The plan should be based on an evaluation methodology that makes a foundation for setting up key performance indicators and metrics for measuring success in a systematic and objective way. Then the plan will be the way to evaluate quantitative and qualitative progress of the entire project as well as its separate phases and parts. It will follow some methods for evaluating the project implementation process and its success.
The purpose of project monitoring and controlling is to provide an understanding of and communicate the project’s process, thus identifying when the project’s performance deviates significantly from the plan so that appropriate corrective actions and preventive actions are taken.
Project activity monitoring is an aspect of project management that is performed throughout the project. Controlling is the aspect wherein corrective and preventive actions are taken. It is the Project Manager who must ensure that the monitor and control process is effectively executed.
Effective execution of the project monitoring and controlling process leads to successful project delivery.
In this course you will learn:
- How to develop a project evaluation template and depending on the benefits and objectives of your project what factors should to be considered that would influence the project success.
- The two groups of Evaluation Methods.
- How to objectively evaluate the results of Project.
- Project Management Concepts
- To use Real World Examples of projects to maximize successes or to minimize failures
- What are some of the constraints in Project Evaluation and Planning
- The Attributes of a Project
- Unforeseen Circumstances
- What is the Project Life Cycle
- The Phases of the Project Life Cycle
- The Project Management Process
- How you go about Controlling Projects
- Some basics in Global Project Management
- And the benefits of Project Management
Project evaluation is the process of appraising how well a project is performing. Evaluation includes assessments of how well members of the integrated project team perform, how well project components are operating in terms of realising identified benefits; identifying progress against
Benefits of attending this course?
- Design an evaluation process that supports goal-based assessment and development of a robust evaluation methodology for specific projects
- Support your organisation’s overall project management and especially critical review capabilities
Who is this course for?
This Project Evaluation course is suitable for anyone who needs a broad understanding of the project evaluation management approach.
What will you learn?
- The most effective approaches, tools and methods for evaluating outcomes against expectations and when to use them
- How to decide on critical measures
- How to build effective objectives and measures into the project
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Arhat Taming the Dragon
Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)
Early 14th century
Hanging scroll; ink and mineral pigments on silk
48 1/4 x 20 3/4 in. (122.5 x 52.7 cm)
Currently Not On View
Arhats (in Chinese, lohans) were the original disciples of the Buddha, enlightened beings of exceptional wisdom, endowed with supernatural powers. One of their primary roles is to serve as guardians and advocates of the Buddhist Law (dharma). Worship of a group of sixteen arhats was set forth in an Indian sutra that was translated into Chinese in the mid-seventh century. By the end of the tenth century, two additional arhats were added, one paired with a tiger and the other one with a dragon. The dragon, regarded as a divine animal in China long before the advent of Buddhism, personified potentially fearsome natural phenomena associated with water, thunder, and rain. In this dramatic composition, a seated arhat, accompanied by a guardian king, a monk, and a child, confronts a dragon as it emerges from a body of water. The figures are rendered in a fine, linear ink technique while the landscape setting is painted with bolder, more expressive brushwork. The turbulent water, fluttering robes, and wide-eyed expressions of the figures imbue the scene with considerable movement and tension. The arhat, depicted with an intense and slightly malevolent expression, appears to be subduing the force of the dragon with his gaze, drawing the beast into his magic alms bowl, which sits on a rock between them. The dragon’s act of submission to the arhat glorifies the supernatural power of the Buddhist saint.
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Cardiovascular devices industry is growing at a significant rate globally, due to increasing number of cases with heart diseases and other cardiovascular problems. In addition, technological advancement in this field and growing awareness has increased the growth of cardiovascular devices market. During the process of cardiac catheterization, guidewire is first inserted into the artery followed with catheter. Cardiac catheter refers to a thin tubular structure that is inserted into a chamber of the patient’s heart. Different types of cardiac catheters are used for treatment of different cardiac conditions. Various types of cardiac catheters are angiographic balloon catheters, bipolar pacing pins, hexapolar balloon pacing catheters, semi flotating electrodes, wedge pressure catheter, thermodilution infusion catheter and others. Guidewires refers to a thin flexible wire that is introduced in the body with the help of needle. They are named as guidewires as a result of their characteristics of guiding catheters. A guidewire is generally made of stainless steel.
Cardiac catheters and guidewires may be used for diagnostic or interventional purposes. Cardiac catheters and guidewires market is growing at a significant rate due to increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and growing awareness for different cardiology devices available. In addition, government initiatives in the field and improvement in the healthcare facilities are increasing the market for cardiac catheters and guidewires.
For More info Click Here.
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If you are familiar with the minerals and vitamins that are contained in the most common veggies and fruits, then you surely know that the avocados and bananas are filled with huge amounts of magnesium and potassium, and they contain these minerals the most. Just like every other superfood, these too fruits have many things to offer, but according to scientists both of these fruits have a huge potential to protect us from heart attacks.
A recent research was conducted at the University of Alabama, and it was later published in the Journal JCI Insight. According to the research, if you eat an avocado and a banana every single day, then you are protected from heart diseases for sure, or to be more specific, you prevent atherosclerosis, which is hardening of the arteries, which is later leading you to other disorders – NDTV reported.
Also it can decrease the risk of arterial blockages, which often require a surgery. It is the potassium in these fruits that can protect you from all of these diseases and keep you healthy, the study indicates. Then from the animal study, it was discovered that it can reduce vascular clarification, one of the complications of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.
Mice were on alternate diets, which contained low, normal or high levels of potassium, and the ones that were on the diets with high levels of potassium, had more pliable arteries, while those that were given lower amounts had very hard arteries. It is the same with humans as well. When you include these fruits in your everyday diet, these symptoms will be eliminated, especially the stiffness in the arteries, which is seen as a precursor to a cardiovascular problem.
Problems start to occur because the stiffness of the arteries can cause your hard to work a lot harder, to pump blood throughout the body. Artery calcification is just one of the main problems that having the right amount of potassium in your diet can help you prevent from, and all of the other conditions are pretty serious too:
- Chronic kidney disease
- Metabolic syndrome
- Heart disease
Calcification and What It Means for Your Arteries
Calcification is a development of calcium in your tissues, organs or veins. As it’s framing, it can consider an end to the important procedure that keeps your body filling in as it should. As indicated by Difference Between:
Arteriosclerosis is an imperfection happening in the supply route (veins conveying oxygenated blood) dividers. It alludes to solidifying of the ordinarily adaptable dividers because of loss of flexibility of the arterial musculature. Whenever youthful, the supply routes are adaptable because of the nearness of a protein called elastin.
As age progresses, there is loss of this elastin causing thickening of the arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is another condition that alludes to the affidavit of fat plaques and cholesterol globules inside the supply routes causing narrowing of the lumen of the conduits.
The researchers noticed that vascular smooth muscle cells, or VSMCs, add to vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and that, Arterial stiffness has turned into a free indicator of cardiovascular horribleness and mortality, speaking to a significant medical issue for the country in general.
As indicated by their examination, vascular calcification might be more chargeable in aortic hardening than researchers initially suspected. Truth be told, a recent report is even titled, “Vascular calcification: the enemy of patients with ceaseless kidney malady.” The examination noted:
Recently thought about a detached, unregulated, and degenerative procedure happening in the arterial media, vascular calcification has now been exhibited to be an exceptionally controlled procedure of osteo chondrogenic separation of vascular cells.
Further, VSMCs were found to create “extracellular framework proteins” that really caused the arterial calcification procedure to happen quicker.
People With Less Potassium Have Higher Risks
It’s a well known fact to the researchers that potassium assumes a vital job in fighting off arterial calcification and related infections. Indeed, past examinations have clarified that the relationship between low blood potassium levels and passing from either constant kidney disease or metabolic syndrome, while clear, hasn’t been researched completely. The examination made something different clear: that “fitting dietary potassium admission improves those neurotic conditions.”
The scientists likewise noticed that, though the immediate impact of dietary potassium on the improvement of vascular calcification in atherosclerosis hadn’t yet been “set up and described,” just because they’d had the option to deliver proof that potassium was the key. While devouring a lot of it can cause issues, as well, for example, a stomachache, queasiness and additionally loose bowels, as indicated by International Business (IB) Times, plainly what you eat legitimately impacts your danger of these genuine infections.
That is the reason, for these illnesses, particularly, bananas and avocados are two of the foods containing the potassium that can bring down your hazard. In light of the examination’s discoveries, Dr. Mike Knapton from the British Heart Foundation saw that “With more research, we may most likely check whether the ailment shapes in people along these lines and create medicines.”
Potassium and Magnesium: Interrelationships in Regard to Health
With regards to keeping up a sound heart, just as appropriately working kidneys, nerves and muscles and circulatory strain guideline, having a satisfactory admission of magnesium all the time is vital. Since it’s the fourth most inexhaustible mineral in your body, on which in excess of 600 capacities pivot, getting the appropriate add up to maintain a strategic distance from a lack is basic. Yet, there’s a whole other world to it than that. The National Academy of Sciences surveyed the job of a few supplements, including magnesium, and watched:
Magnesium has been called ‘nature’s physiologic calcium channel blocker. During magnesium consumption, intracellular calcium rises. Since calcium assumes a significant job in skeletal and smooth muscle withdrawal, a condition of magnesium consumption may result in muscle issues, hypertension, and coronary and cerebral vasospasms.
Magnesium exhaustion is found in various illnesses of cardiovascular and neuromuscular capacity, in malabsorption disorders, in diabetes mellitus, in renal squandering disorders, and in liquor abuse.
“Great” manifestations of low magnesium incorporate muscle fits, unexplained weariness, sporadic heart rhythms, eye jerks and even nervousness, however those that can be hard to spot until after it’s built up that low magnesium levels are what’s causing the issues. Studies demonstrate that issues, for example, asthma and osteoporosis may likewise be included, alongside side effects that show conceivable related inadequacies, including potassium.
Accordingly, specialists suggest that people with these side effects accept that low dimensions are likely the issue and start helping it quickly by focusing on higher magnesium admission, either through supplementation or sustenance, and perhaps both. One of numerous reasons is that the body starts taking magnesium and calcium from your bones during what is designated working low magnesium. Ancient Minerals clarifies:
This impact can cause a doubly troublesome situation: apparently satisfactory magnesium levels that cover a genuine insufficiency coupled by continuous harm to bone structures. Along these lines specialists inform the doubt regarding magnesium inadequacy at whatever point hazard factors for related conditions are available, instead of depending upon tests or obvious side effects alone.
One examination demonstrates that intracellular convergences of magnesium and potassium are firmly corresponded, and the proportions in your phones are what’s significant, not the focuses, and hypokalemia, otherwise known as low potassium, “can be initiated by similar instruments and are regularly clinically identified with each other,” particularly as they identify with cardiovascular arrhythmias and, ostensibly, other heart-related clutters and illnesses.
The upside is that when you start ingesting sufficient potassium and magnesium – bananas and avocados would be an incredible begin – the above manifestations can be turned around, i.e., guideline of glucose, better rest, less pressure, improved mitochondrial work and boosted energy.
Bananas: An Example of The Adage ‘You Are What You Eat’
Bananas are an exceptionally well known tropical nourishment, known for being a simple to-convey tidbit that doesn’t require refrigeration and can stay clean while you eat it on account of its advantageous strip. Other than high measures of potassium, one genuinely little banana (around 100g) gives a decent measure of fiber, Nutrition Data reports. Vitamin C and vitamin B6 are plentiful, as well as manganese, copper and proteins.
You’ll need to watch your sugar consumption, be that as it may, as bananas are a case of an organic product with high measures of regular fructose; one 7-inch-long banana has 12.4 grams. Nonetheless, similarly as the potassium substance is beneficial for you, IB Times records various focal points to including a little banana as a snack decision:
- Potassium rich foods can lower the risk of developing kidney stones.
- Consuming bananas can help you keep a healthy blood pressure level.
- Unripe bananas are proven to be beneficial for people that are dealing with insulin sensitivity, since they contain 15-30g of digestive-resistant starch.
- Bananas can balance your blood sugar levels, because they are not increasing your glycemic index.
Bananas are a perfect addition to smoothies, which gives them a tropical vibe and makes them creamy, but also they are good to be consumed raw on slices, with nut butter. That is also a healthy snack for everybody.
Avocados: Impressive Nutritional Profile
A solitary avocado gives noteworthy supplements that decidedly sway about all aspects of your body, however particularly your heart and corridors. Fiber is a major one, just as vitamin C, vitamin K and folate. To begin the reiteration of how well avocados achieve your dietary reference admissions (DRI), or the amount you have to give you the ideal sums, Nutrition Data gives information on the significant supplements one avocado contains and the level of day by day esteems:
- Potassium – 28%
- Pantothenic acid – 28%
- Vitamin B6 – 26%
- Folate – 41%
- Magnesium – 15%
- Vitamin K – 53%
- Vitamin C – 33%
- Fiber – 54%
Avocado slices are perfect for salads and sandwiches, topped with black pepper, basil and mozzarella, mixed with chipped papaya and salsa, or with poached eggs.
Other foods that are rich in magnesium are Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, Swiss chard, romaine lettuce, spinach, nuts and seeds, wild caught Alaskan salmon, cilantro, chives, cloves, basil, fennel, and fruits like strawberries, raspberries, watermelon, papaya and grass fed yogurt.
Some other good potassium sources include oranges, cantaloupe, carrots, beet greens and most of the foods in the list above.
Boost your intake of magnesium and potassium by adding some of these foods in your everyday diet.
J Am Soc Nephrol.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
National Academy of Sciences
Drugs. 1986;31 Suppl
Nutrition Data Bananas
Korean J Urol.
Nutrition Data Avocados
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In Higher Education and Professional Development
Routledge – 2010 – 200 pages
Routledge – 2010 – 200 pages
Story is everywhere in human lives and cultures and it features strongly in the processes of teaching and learning. Story can be called narrative, case study, critical incident, life history, anecdote, scenario, illustration or example, creative writing, storytelling; it is a unit of communication, it is in the products of the media industries, in therapy and in our daily acts of reflecting. Stories are 'told' in many ways - they are spoken, written, filmed, mimed or acted, presented as cartoons and in new media formats and through all these, they are associated with both teaching and learning processes but in different ways and at different levels. As a result of growing interest and simultaneous confusion about story, it is timely to untangle the various meanings of story so that we can draw out and extend its value and use.
Using Story aims to clarify what we mean by story, to seek out where story occurs in education and life and to explore the processes by which we learn from story. In this way the book intends to ‘bring story into the open’ and improve its use. Building on her wealth of experience in the field, Jenny Moon explores the theory of story and demonstrates both its current uses and new ways in which to enrich and enliven teaching, learning and research processes.
Ideal for anyone involved in education, personal or professional development or with a more general interest in story, the book begins by considering the range of what is meant by story, and then considers the theory behind the meanings. In the large final part of the book, Jenny provides a rich patchwork of different uses of story in education that cut across forms of story, story activities, disciplines and applications all of which will aid the use of story.
@contents: Preface Part 1: Some Introductory Ideas 1. Introduction: Bringing Story into Education and Professional Development 2. The Multiple Dimensions of Story Part 2: Theory - Story and Human Functioning 3. Learning and the Understanding of Stories 4. The Deployment of Meaning in Story 5. Social, Cultural and Communication Functions of Story 6. Taking Stock: Reflecting on Insights and the Educational Roles of Story Part 3: Story in Higher Education and Professional Development: A Treasury of Ideas 7. Enhancing Thinking and Learning Processes with Story 8. Stories of Experience in Personal and Professional Development 9. Story as Case Study, Scenario and Critical Incident 10. Story for Promoting Change 11. Story and Research 12. Uses of Fiction in Education 13. Oral Storytelling in Education 14. New Ways with Story Index References
Jenny Moon works at the Centre for Excellence in Media Practice at Bournemouth University and as an independent consultant running workshops and projects in higher education and professional development in the UK and internationally.
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‘Turing Learning’ Means Machines Don’t Need Our Help by Kirsty Bowen-U. Sheffield – Futurity
Researchers working with swarm robots say it is now possible for machines to learn how natural or artificial systems work by observing them—without being told what to look for.
This could lead to advances in how machines infer knowledge and use it to detect behaviors and abnormalities.
Odey's Brook Absolute Return Fund was up 10.25% for the third quarter, smashing the MSCI World's total return of 2.47% in sterling. In his third-quarter letter to investors, which was reviewed by ValueWalk, James Hanbury said the quarter's macro environment was not ideal for Brook Asset Management. Despite that, they saw positive contributions and alpha Read More
The technology could improve security applications, such as lie detection or identity verification, and make computer gaming more realistic.
It also means machines are able to predict, among other things, how people and other living things behave.
The Turing test
The discovery, published in the journal Swarm Intelligence, takes inspiration from the work of pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who proposed a test, which a machine could pass if it behaved indistinguishably from a human. In this test, an interrogator exchanges messages with two players in a different room: one human, the other a machine.
The interrogator has to find out which of the two players is human. If they consistently fail to do so—meaning that they are no more successful than if they had chosen one player at random—the machine has passed the test, and is considered to have human-level intelligence.
“Our study uses the Turing test to reveal how a given system—not necessarily a human—works. In our case, we put a swarm of robots under surveillance and wanted to find out which rules caused their movements,” explains Roderich Gross from the automatic control and systems engineering department at the University of Sheffield.
“To do so, we put a second swarm—made of learning robots—under surveillance, too. The movements of all the robots were recorded, and the motion data shown to interrogators,” he adds.
Computer learns to identify leaves faster than a botanist
“Unlike in the original Turing test, however, our interrogators are not human but rather computer programs that learn by themselves. Their task is to distinguish between robots from either swarm. They are rewarded for correctly categorizing the motion data from the original swarm as genuine, and those from the other swarm as counterfeit. The learning robots that succeed in fooling an interrogator—making it believe their motion data were genuine—receive a reward.”
Gross says the advantage of the approach, called “Turing Learning,” is that humans no longer need to tell machines what to look for.
Robot paints like Picasso
Imagine you want a robot to paint like Picasso. Conventional machine learning algorithms would rate the robot’s paintings for how closely they resembled a Picasso. But someone would have to tell the algorithms what is considered similar to a Picasso to begin with.
Turing Learning does not require such prior knowledge. It would simply reward the robot if it painted something that was considered genuine by the interrogators. Turing Learning would simultaneously learn how to interrogate and how to paint.
Gross says he believes Turing Learning could lead to advances in science and technology.
“Scientists could use it to discover the rules governing natural or artificial systems, especially where behavior cannot be easily characterized using similarity metrics,” he says.
“Computer games, for example, could gain in realism as virtual players could observe and assume characteristic traits of their human counterparts. They would not simply copy the observed behavior, but rather reveal what makes human players distinctive from the rest.”
So far, Gross and his team have tested Turing Learning in robot swarms but the next step is to reveal the workings of some animal collectives such as schools of fish or colonies of bees. This could lead to a better understanding of what factors influence the behavior of these animals, and eventually inform policy for their protection.
Source: University of Sheffield
Original Study DOI: 10.1007/s11721-016-0126-1
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by Judith Curry
“Without significant cuts in emissions by all countries, and in key sectors, the window of opportunity to stay within less than 2 degrees [of warming] will soon close forever.” – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ) international environmental treaty (1992) states as its objective:
The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Where does ‘2 degrees’ come from? At the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, international negotiators agreed to the following: Humanity must not let the planet get hotter, on average, than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. 2 degrees has been the focal point of international agreements and negotiations ever since.
In 2009 Michael Mann published an opinion piece in PNAS Defining dangerous anthropogenic interference, which describes the burning embers diagram and the logic that went into the 2 degree determination.
For some background on the controversy surrounding this issue, see these previous CE posts:
Ditch the 2C warming goal
David Victor and Charles Kennel have published a provocative comment in Nature entitled Ditch the 2C warming goal. Subtitle: Subtitle: Average global temperature is not a good indicator of planetary health. Track a range of vital signs. Excerpts:
Bold simplicity must now face reality. Politically and scientifically, the 2 °C goal is wrong-headed. Politically, it has allowed some governments to pretend that they are taking serious action to mitigate global warming, when in reality they have achieved almost nothing. Scientifically, there are better ways to measure the stress that humans are placing on the climate system than the growth of average global surface temperature — which has stalled since 1998 and is poorly coupled to entities that governments and companies can control directly.
Since , two nasty political problems have emerged. First, the goal is effectively unachievable. Owing to continued failures to mitigate emissions globally, rising emissions are on track to blow through this limit eventually. Because it sounds firm and concerns future warming, the 2 °C target has allowed politicians to pretend that they are organizing for action when, in fact, most have done little. Pretending that they are chasing this unattainable goal has also allowed governments to ignore the need for massive adaptation to climate change. Second, the 2 °C goal is impractical. It is related only probabilistically to emissions and policies, so it does not tell particular governments and people what to do.
A single index of climate-change risk would be wonderful. Such a thing, however, cannot exist. Instead, a set of indicators is needed to gauge the varied stresses that humans are placing on the climate system and their possible impacts. The best indicator has been there all along: the concentrations of CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. A global goal for average concentrations in 2030 or 2050 must be agreed on and translated into specific emissions and policy efforts, updated periodically, so that individual governments can see clearly how their actions add up to global outcomes.
Policy-makers should also track ocean heat content and high-latitude temperature. Because energy stored in the deep oceans will be released over decades or centuries, ocean heat content is a good proxy for the long-term risk to future generations and planetary-scale ecology. High-latitude temperatures, because they are so sensitive to shifts in climate and they drive many tangible harms, are also useful to include in the planetary vital signs.
What is ultimately needed is a volatility index that measures the evolving risk from extreme events — so that global vital signs can be coupled to local information on what people care most about. A good start would be to track the total area during the year in which conditions stray by three standard deviations from the local and seasonal mean.
The window of opportunity for improving goal-setting is open. This autumn, a big push on climate policy begins — with the aim of crafting a new global agreement by late 2015 at the UNFCCC’s Conference of the Parties in Paris. Getting serious about climate change requires wrangling about the cost of emissions goals, sharing the burdens and drawing up international funding mechanisms. But diplomats must move beyond the 2 °C goal. Scientists must help them to understand why, and what should replace it.
Most of the reactions to this essay that I’ve seen are negative, see for example:
However the underlying agreement is that ‘urgent action is needed to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases’; the disagreement is on how to sell this politically.
David Victor responds at length at DotEarth, definitely worth reading.
For the moment, lets accept the premise that 2C (post industrial warming) is a useful danger threshold. When can we expect to reach 2C? According to climate model projections with the RCP8.5 scenario, we would reach 2C around 2040. However, if you consider a Transient Climate Response of 1.3C (e.g. Lewis/Curry), then you would not reach the 2C threshold in the 21st century for any of the scenarios except RCP8.5. It seems we are on track for RCP8.5 for CO2 emissions, and RCP6.0 for the other gases. So we would just be reaching 2C at the end of the 21st century. And the ‘pause’ is slowing all this down by at least a decade or two.
So in context of the current UN framework, personally I prefer to keep 2C for now as a policy target. There is simple political reality: the pause, combined with lower sensitivity estimates, are acting to ‘kill the cause’, i.e. urgent action needed to reduce emissions. Ross McKitrick has a new paper where he makes similar points Climate Policy Implications of the Hiatus in Global Warming.
Hence scientists who are urging action are looking for another metric that looks more seriously damaging than the pausing global surface temperature. Well CO2 is the one metric that unambiguously is going up and will keep going up; the only problem is that its difficult to care about all this if the CO2 is not changing the climate adversely in regions where people live. Using deep ocean heating (a few hundredths of a degree C in the last half century, inferred from climate models) seems fairly ludicrous; if we are indeed sequestering heat in the deep ocean, well that seems to be a pretty benign place for it. Developing some metric based on extreme weather events is thwarted by the inconvenient truth that there is no detection of an increase in most types of extreme weather events and it is extremely difficult to attribute any change to humans, given the dominant influence of natural variability on extreme events.
Here’s why I don’t like the 2C metric, and it has little to do with the issues raised by Victor and Kennel. The 2C metric is relevant only for the so-called linear model of decision making. Even if we had some understanding and agreement on what state of the global climate was regarded as dangerous, and we knew what to expect from natural climate variability in the 21st century (e.g. solar, volcanoes, ocean circulations), there is very substantial uncertainty in climate sensitivity to increased CO2, and hence the appropriate emissions target to avoid this level of warming. While the methods continue to be refined to determine sensitivity, none fully account for natural internal variability or for unforced ‘climate shifts’.
We just don’t know what the 21st century climate will be (I doubt we’ve appropriately bounded the possibilities), and hence we are faced with conditions of deep uncertainty for decision making. I’ve discussed in a series of previous posts how we can make good decisions under conditions of deep uncertainty:
- Decision making under climate uncertainty
- Can we make good decisions under ignorance?
- Coping with deep climate uncertainty
- World Bank on Understanding Climate Uncertainty
- Strategies for robust decision making for climate adaptation
A more realistic vulnerability based approach that is regional and tied to extreme weather events (whether or not they are exacerbated by human emitted greenhouse gases) is more likely to secure the common interests in each region and reduce the devastating impacts of these events on economic development. No or low regrets energy policies such as conservation and efficiency, research into new technologies, and implementations of other energy policies with ancillary benefits also make sense under conditions of deep uncertainty.
Dare we hope for the UN to move away from emissions targets and loss and damage mechanisms towards more more robust policies that reduce vulnerability in the short term, support economic development goals, and work towards cleaner energy in the long term?
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If students are to compose and comprehend written and spoken English appropriately and effectively in a range of genre and social contexts, they must gain increasing control and understanding of the principal aspects of the nature of language and communicative skills, procedures and processes.
Cross- curricula links with all curriculum areas contribute to purposeful, functional language learning by creating the contexts for using language in a variety of forms.
The holistic nature of language in use is combined with an analytical approach so that students are aware of the features of the language they are using. The importance of providing opportunities to reflect on the use of language is highlighted.
Language learning will be maximized across the curriculum areas to ensure purposeful, functional language learning
Students will interact within a language saturated environment
Specific genres, their purposes, structures and their features will be taught
A variety of social and cultural contexts will be used to ensure language learning is meaningful
Emphasis will be placed on process as well as product
A rigorous study of language in use will assist the progressive addition of language competencies to students’ repertoires
Knowledge of generic structure, cohesion, grammar, punctuation, vocabulary and spelling will develop a coherent comprehensive literacy
Understanding the author’s intention and reacting to written, spoken and visual texts are both skills and processes that need to be taught and supported
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With a diet consisting exclusively of raw vegan cuisine, food production can best be defined as growing fruits and vegetables with nuts and Spirulina (blue-green algae) to provide additional sources of nutrition, fat, and protein. Food production operations are unique in the Project TriStar community due to the 100% self-sustainable design and the combination of growing food both above ground and below ground.
Part of the Project TriStar initiative is preparing for environmental potentials that may make above ground food production risky or even impossible for periods of time. This is why the Project TriStar community is designed to be completely self-sustainable and grow 100% of its food within the subterranean facility. Until those potentials actually occur, food will continue to be produced above ground for as long as the environmental conditions are safe for human and plant life.
The Food Services Committee has been established to coordinate all food production and meal planning for the community. This includes: defining appropriate fruits and vegetables for production, determining the quantities of plants to be produced in relation to the number of community members, determine sustainable crops and their growing cycles, and the best growing methods for each plant species.
Food production activities begin along side of development operations at the community location and will continue throughout the construction phase and beyond. Starting these operations as soon as possible allows the community to transplant any mature fruit bearing trees and other food producing plants that take longer to mature or recover from transplanting.
The above ground production also provides the ability to develop and confirm a variety of growing concepts that are planned for the subterranean operations and provide food for the on-site development and construction staff. Long-term advantages include the ability to enhance the community diet by providing a wider range of fruits and vegetables sources and to help build up a store of reserves that might be helpful during any unusual or unexpected interruptions to subterranean food production.
The most important factor in any food production plan is access to high quality and sustainable resources. With the Project TriStar raw vegan diet, this means the most basic resources of seeds, soil, water, and light. With these resources, the community can grow everything they need to achieve dietary sustainability.
The mineral and nutrition content of soil is different for most parts of the world. Depending on the community location, this can make growing plants either easy or difficult. It doesn’t take much to realize that attempting to grow plants in desert or beach sand creates unique challenges. This doesn’t mean the soil must be the dark black color that we associate as nutrient rich, but soil nutrition should be considered and measured before choosing a community location. Project TriStar has determined the soil nutritional content for the remote community location is very adequate for long-term sustainability.
Besides air, fresh water may be the single most important resource for human life, especially considering it makes up 75% of the human body. In the world today, fresh and clean water is vastly becoming a scarce resource. In many countries, the fresh water supplies have become contaminated from a combination of industrial pollution in the form of acid rain, ground seepage, and direct drainage; as well as overuse, treatment and recycling, and waste disposal. Use of contaminated water for growing crops can result in compromising the plant defenses from disease and other biological hazards. The Project TriStar water resources are high quality and of a quantity that supports long-term sustainability.
Collecting rain water is also an effective way to reduce the dependence on community main drinking supply. Rain water harvesting captures rainfall and stores this water in storage tanks that can be called upon for a variety of uses such as washing clothes, gardening, and toilets.
In the production of vegetation, the quality of the seeds determines the nutritional value and risks associated with consuming that vegetation. Project TriStar understands the importance of using only heirloom seeds in the production of all plants used for consumption.
By now, we’ve all heard the term GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) as related to the global production of both animals and plants that are produced for human consumption. The use of GMO seeds has grown exponentially in recent years as a result of a rapidly increasing human population; higher plant harvest needs to meet the human, livestock, and industrial demands; increases in plant and animal disease, epidemic, and insect related destruction; and a wide range of weather and environmental impacts.
Unfortunately the waste of natural and plant resources makes the use of GMO seeds virtually a requirement. Besides the associated impacts that GMO foods have on human health, one of the most tragic and unfortunate side affects of using GMO seeds is that seeds from the harvested plants are often sterile and are unable to be used to grow the next generation crop. Using GMO seeds requires the storage or purchase of new seed stock for every crop that is planted.
To Project TriStar, the choice to use only heirloom seeds is natural and harmonic towards the community goals and lifestyle. As such, the community has created an heirloom seed bank that contains an extensive assortment and volume of seed stocks.
We all know that light is essential for plants to grow into a harvestable crop. In the Project TriStar subterranean community, lighting takes on even greater importance.
Even though above ground food production will continue for as long as it is viable, the community has made a commitment to achieve 100% sustainability within the subterranean facility.
As with anything that is essential for the life and well being of the community, it’s important there is redundancy when it comes to supplying light for the production of food and the ability to operate in a subterranean environment in general. This means there is one primary lighting source with other lighting sources available as a backup if the primary source is no longer viable or available.
The Project TriStar community has many options to consider for lighting the subterranean facility including: sun pipes that direct sunlight from the surface to below ground, solar collectors with fiber optic cables, standard electricity, and low voltage LED lighting. As with any community system or subsystem that operates on electrical power, Project TriStar maintains the ability to generate this electricity by human labor in the form of bicycles, rowing machines, and treadmills.
Sun pipes provide a novel way of capturing natural sunlight and reflecting it inside a tube to channel it into darker areas. These units are mounted on the surface or where there is a line of sight to the sun, and can be used to provide a diffused source of free ambient light to dark rooms on any floor, including basements.
The Food Production Committee works closely with the Power Committee to determining the lighting needs for food production, the delivery options, and redundancy or backup options.
Diversity of plant production is considered essential to ensuring the long-term sustainability of the Project TriStar community. In fact, it should be an essential consideration for any community.
Some of the considerations when choosing plant species and seeds for food production include: harvest volume, nutrition, risk of disease, sustainability, and pallet or taste. It’s only through careful consideration of all these factors that any community can expect to provide both the volume and nutritional needs of the community.
Since sustainability is the ultimate goal, it’s important to grow plants that are capable of surviving in environment of the chosen community location. Depending on how much the growing environment is manageable ultimately determines how important it is to choose appropriate or indigenous plants. In the case of the Project TriStar above ground food production, plants are chosen based on soil content, growing seasons, and climate. For the subterranean food production, plants are chosen based on lighting requirements and ease of pollination.
In both production areas, Project TriStar has chosen plants that allow for a balance between high nutrition content, growing in the least amount of space, and consuming the least amount of resources.
One goal of the Project TriStar community lifestyle is to live in harmony with natural and universal laws. As such, it is important that the human body is in harmony with itself. This also means that food production is in harmony with human consumption, as well as with nature. Ultimately, this can mean a combination of things including nutrition and palatability.
Project TriStar understands the challenges of a raw vegan diet and especially when transitioning from a diet of cooked foods and animal products. Project TriStar also believes that people feel and perform better when they eat foods that are highly nutritious and also taste good. As such, the selection of plant crops is also based on palatability of the plants once they are prepared for community consumption. Everyone knows that some foods are more palatable than others and even the best chef may not be able to change that.
For obvious reasons, the Project TriStar community has extensive access to members who have experience in the creation of raw vegan meals and recipes. The Food Services Committee will draw on this vast experience to ensure that plant production is in harmony with the ability to create nutritious and tasty meals for the community consumption.
Another consideration with diversity is to ensure the raw vegan diet includes enough fat and protein. To supply these nutritional requirements, the Project TriStar community has included the production of both nuts and algae (also known as Spirulina).
Project TriStar will maintain above ground growing operations for as long as such operations are viable using primarily conventional soil and water growing techniques with some hydroponics. Below ground operations require more consideration, specifically related to space, resources, and being indoor.
In either case, all food production methods are designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly while implementing a variety of techniques that may include companion planting, bio-dynamic farming, organic, and permaculture.
Subterranean food production involves techniques that are suited to the specific environmental needs for the plants being grown. Part of the community architectural design includes the creation of different growing environments within the food production area. Some environments are one story high (approx 7’10” or 2.4m) while others areas are two stories high (14’ 8” or 4.8m). The one story area is for pre-production operations such as germination, as well as growing shrub, leafy, and root based fruits and vegetables. The two story area is provides a plantation style environment for growing larger shrubs and trees.
This design provides the greatest flexibility in the food production operations and also allows for individual habitats that can be mixed and matched with vegetation as appropriate. This type of distributed production also allows for separation between and within plant groups that can help to isolate any potential infestations that may occur.
Hydroponics or aquaponics are being considered for possible use in both above ground and below ground food production. The disadvantage of hydroponics is the need to infuse the water with trace minerals. This is generally accomplished through the use of prepackaged mineral supplements or the use of fish tanks to re-mineralize the water.
To Project TriStar, raising fish is just like raising any other type of livestock and is not a preferred operation within the community. In addition, the option of purchasing minerals to infuse into the water source is also not an option for a self-sustainable community. However, the Food Services Committee is reviewing all options for manufacturing the nutritional supplements within the community.
Ultimately, some form of hydroponics is necessary for the production of the nutritional and protein supplements spirulina and chlorella (blue-green algae). Project TriStar intends to produce large quantities of spirulina and chlorella in both the above ground and subterranean operations.
One of the keys to growing large quantities of vegetation in a confined area is proper use of space. To accomplish this goal, Project TriStar is utilizing a variety of techniques for vertical farming. Vertical farming helps to reduce waste on every level, but also provides many growing options that can be more efficient than the conventional concept of planting directly in the ground. With the proper application of soil, water, and lighting, vertical farming can even be more effective in space utilization and production output.
Other issues related to food production operations in the Project TriStar subterranean facility include: humidity control, mold and insect control, pollination, and dehydration methods for long-term storage. The Food Services Committee is working to provide adequate solutions to these and many more production related issues. This includes the use of companion planting as natural insect repellent, chemical-free methods of dealing with mold and other parasite, and solar dehydration units.
A majority of the plant production is designed to be eaten in the most fresh and nutritious form which generally means that the produce goes directly from the garden to the kitchen. Some produce is also dehydrated for use in raw breads and for storage.
Project TriStar understands the importance of the food production operations for the life and sustainability of the entire community. As such, several redundant and backup plans are in place to remedy any situation that threatens the food supply. This includes the separation and isolation of certain plant species from others, as well as the ability to replace a plant species that becomes infected or fails for any other reason. This may include replacing the failed plant species with a completely different species or changing growing techniques to accommodate any environment considerations. In other words, if any food production methods experience complications, it's also important to be able to convert those methods into something that is more stable.
The concept of re-mineralizing soil or water in order to maintain or boost food production is not a new concept and there are a few common methods to accomplish this. Of course, one of the main benefits to maintaining livestock in a community is their continuous output of nutrient rich fertilizer. Another option and the one being applied within the Project TriStar community is the use of composting.
Composting is a very simple process turning unneeded and unused organic material back into a nutrient rich soil supplement. The best thing about creating compost is that it really doesn’t take any effort, only time.
With the large number of members and an exclusive raw vegan diet, the Project TriStar community generates a lot of organic material for composting. This means that composting operations are quite a bit larger than what most people are accustomed to seeing.
Since above ground operations are in the open air, there is no need for special consideration for the composting operations, however, for the subterranean facility, considerations include the odor and the potential for attracting rodent and pests. For this reasons, a special area has been established directly outside the subterranean structure, but still accessible from the food production area.
Community Type: Sustainable
Conscious Principles: Spiritual
Construction Start: TBD
Construction End: TBD
Open to New Members: Yes
Application Required: Yes
Population Limits: none
Age Limits: none
Kids Without Adults: Yes
Community Decisions: Committees
Leadership Core: 100 to 200
Governance Rules: Yes
Financial Requirement: Voluntary
Labor Contribution: Mutual
Specific Skill Requirement: No
Living Quarters: Shared
Personal Pets: No
Food Production: Growing
Dietary Practice: Raw Vegan
Dining: Cafeteria Style
Disallowed Substances: Yes
Prescription Meds Allowed: No
Weapons Allowed: No
Education Style: Waldorf/Steiner
Economic: Compassionate Consum
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A new blood test, which can detect early stage breast and lung cancers in just half an hour, has been developed.
The new blood test was developed by the researchers at Kansas State University and can not only detect cancers but also monitor a cancer therapy's effectiveness. "Right now the people who could benefit the most are those classified as at-risk for cancer, such as heavy smokers and people who have a family history of cancer. The idea is these at-risk groups could go to their physician's office quarterly or once a year, take an easy-to-do, noninvasive test, and be told early on whether cancer has possibly developed," said Deryl Troyer, professor of anatomy and physiology from Kansas State University.
Usually, breast and lung cancers are detected at stage 2 when the person starts showing symptoms like coughing, fatigue and pain. Therapies against these cancers work best when the cancer is detected early.
"The problem, though, is that nobody knows they're in stage 1. There is often not a red flag to warn that something is wrong. Meanwhile, the person is losing critical time," Stefan Bossmann, professor of chemistry, Kansas State University. The new blood test system uses iron nanoparticles coated with amino acids and a dye that interacts with the patients' urine or blood sample.
Each cancer interacts with the dye and amino acid mixture differently which allows the doctors to identify the type of cancer. The researchers say that the test can differentiate between cancer and other types of infection that may cause inflammation. A person who smokes a lot can have inflammation in the lungs but this may not necessarily be lung cancer. With this test, doctors will know whether the person has inflammation or something serious. "False-positives are something that we really want to avoid," Bossmann said.
A comprehensive test report including enzyme patterns can be obtained in just an hour after the test. The research team is working on slashing the time for test reports to just 5 minutes. They have already received $305,000 in funding for this project from the National Science Foundation.
The present study involved 20 people diagnosed with various stages of breast cancer and 12 patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Approximately 20 patients who weren't diagnosed with any cancer were used as control subjects. The blood test could accurately detect the presence of cancer in 95 percent of the cases including people who were in first stage of the cancer.
The researchers are now working on a similar type of blood test for pancreatic cancer.
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There is no gold standard for diagnosing IBD.
Diagnosing IBD is based on clinical assessment and requires the use of multiple diagnostic tools (for example, physical examination, endoscopy, colonoscopy, X-Rays, CT-scans, tissue biopsies), because IBD has many signs and symptoms. No single test can be used to accurately diagnoses IBD.
Below are the common tests and methods used to diagnose IBD:
Clinical History: The doctor or their staff will develop a detailed medical record of your past and current medical history.
Physical Examination: A physical exam is used to check your overall health and to assess any medical problems.
Laboratory Tests: Multiple tests, such as blood work are ordered. Indicators may be recognized in bloodwork that point to IBD.
Endoscopy: Is a procedure where a flexible tube (endoscope) is inserted down your throat and into the stomach. A tiny camera on the end of the endoscope allows your doctor to see what’s going on in your stomach and beginning of your small intestine. They may take a sample of the tissue inside the stomach, which is sent to a lab for analysis.
Colonoscopy: Similar to an endoscopy, it is a procedure when a camera is inserted into the colon, allowing the doctor to see inside the intestines. They may take a sample of the tissue inside the colon, which is sent to a lab for analysis.
Barium X-Rays: A barium X-ray is a radiographic (X-ray) examination of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Barium X-rays (also called upper and lower GI series) are used to diagnose abnormalities of the GI tract, such as tumors, ulcers and other inflammatory conditions, polyps, hernias, and strictures. The use of barium with standard X-rays contributes to the visibility of various characteristics of the GI tract. Barium is a dry, white, chalky powder that is mixed with water to make barium liquid. Barium is an X-ray absorber and appears white on X-ray film. When instilled into the GI tract, barium coats the inside wall of the esophagus, stomach, large intestine, and/or small intestine so that the inside wall lining, size, shape, contour, and patency (openness) are visible on X-ray.
CT or CAT Scans: A computed axial tomography scan may be ordered to get a different view of your gastrointestinal tract. Similar to CT scans, you will need to drink a type of barium that is used to coat the esophagus, stomach, or intestine and is not absorbed into the body. This allows your doctor to see clearly the diseased or damaged areas.
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a magnetic field, which helps doctors see organs inside the body, enabling them to see indicators of IBD.
Tissue Biopsies: A tiny piece of tissue is taken from the gastrointestinal system and sent to a pathologist. The pathologist looks at the tissue under the microscope, looking for inflammation and other indicators of IBD.
Baugart DC. The diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2009;106:123-133.]
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/radiology/barium_x-rays_upper_and_lower_gi_85,P01275 Accessed Oct 30th, 2017
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At night the river looked deeper than ever as the woman rowed across it with her three small children. That was dangerous enough but they were being pursued. They were being shot at. They were fleeing for their lives.
The Civil War had just begun. The woman and her children were slaves. They had fled Missouri and were crossing over into the Northern state of Illinois, and to freedom. That night, the woman evaded her pursuers. When she landed on the northern bank of the river she pulled her children to their knees and prayed: ‘Now, you are free; never forget the goodness of the Lord‘. And, with that, one of her children, Augustine Tolton, later to become the first African-American to be ordained priest, was ‘freed’.
Augustine Tolton was born 1 April, 1854. His parents were slaves, so he too became one. His parents were Catholics, so he too was baptised into his parents’ Holy Faith. His father, Peter, was an honest and good man well liked by his slave owner for whom he worked hard. Seven years after Augustine, or Gus as he was known, was born, war broke out between the States. Peter talked to his wife, Martha, of his desire to escape and enlist in the Union army. As he did so he gazed at the three children sleeping and began to talk of his hopes for their future, one in which they would be free. The Toltons’ Catholic faith was deeply held and urged them on to action. Martha readily agreed that her husband must go – and that some day they would all be together again, and free. They embraced. With one last look at his children, Peter headed out into the night, to the North, and to war. The couple were never to see each other again; the children were never again to play with their father. He lies in an unmarked grave near the scene of a battle, having fought and died that his children would one day be free.
Racial prejudice was not confined to the South. When, finally, the Tolton family arrived in the Illinois town of Quincy, they were to live in a segregated neighbourhood. Nevertheless, Mrs Tolton soon found work and, thereafter, supported her children as best she could. Before anything else, however, the nearest Catholic Church, St. Peter’s, was identified and the family started to worship there. But, racial prejudice was also found there. Northern congregations resented the recent influx of blacks from the South. The Parish Priest was an Irishman, Brian McGirr, and he was having none of it. He knew that there was a simmering resentment in his congregation. He tackled it head on with sermons reminding all listening that as children of God there was but one Father and whatever you do to the least you do to Him.
Gus grew up quickly. A bright and intelligent boy, with a good heart, aged nine, he was helping support his family by working at a local tobacco factory. His employers liked him; he worked hard and was reliable. The future for the Tolton family began to become clearer when the Civil War finally ended with victory for the North and an end to slavery throughout the United States. Gus was not insensitive to what that ‘victory’ actually meant to many of the freed slaves whom he lived alongside, including his own family: servile work for some, lives of poverty for most.
Just as with his father before him, Gus was an idealist. His idealism was not political though; it was religious. He loved his Catholic faith. The Tolton family had remained regular worshippers at St. Peter’s. Gus participated as much as he could in parish activities: learning to serve Holy Mass, and then going on to be a lay catechist. His human virtues and obvious piety did not go unremarked by the redoubtable Fr. McGirr. One day the Parish Priest saw Gus praying alone in church. That was not an unusual sight; however, that day there was a change. As he looked at the face of the young man he noticed something…Later he asked Gus what he had been praying about. The young man looked embarrassed. For some time previously Fr. McGirr had wanted to ask him a question. That day he did. It shocked Gus because it was on that very subject he had been praying namely, a possible vocation to the priesthood.
Fr. McGirr was keen to progress this proposition. Gus was delighted; for, with all his heart, he wanted to be a priest; it was a sense that had been growing for some years. The formality of applying to a seminary proved, however, more complicated for the young recently freed slave, especially as there had never been a man of his race at any seminary in America. In reply to his letters, excuses were made as to why he could not be accommodated. Religious orders were also tried, but to no avail.
So Gus was left to continue working at the cigar factory. For years he persevered; eventually promoted by his employers, it proved a small consolation. Still, he went to Holy Mass as often as he could; he prayed daily. He waited. During this period, only his mother and Fr. McGirr knew the frustration and sadness that clung to the outwardly smiling Gus Tolton. He refused to be discouraged or to blame anyone. He knew the human heart was weak; he knew too that the Church was unimpeachable in its treatment of all as brothers and sisters in Christ but that she was made up of sinners, and so human frailty was never far away. He continued to pray, to give classes to his fellow parishioners, to wait, and to hope.
He never was to study at a seminary in the United States. After many years he was eventually accepted at a Pontifical university in Rome. On 21 February 1880, Gus left America bound for Europe, destined to be a missionary in Africa. He loved his time in the Eternal City. His fellow students loved him too, and his professors held him in high regard. For the first time in his life he lived in an environment free from racial discrimination. He thrived. He was an apt scholar. Having picked up German in Quincy, he was to leave Europe with French and Italian mastered, to say nothing of Latin. During these relatively carefree years, the only question was where he would be posted. In the end, to his surprise, he was sent back to where he had come from. The authorities in Rome could see no reason why he could not minister to his co-religionists there, not least those of his own race.
In July 1886, Fr. Tolton’s homecoming caused a stir. At Quincy station there was a large and noisy crowd to welcome him. Both black and white, Catholic and non-Catholic came to see the young man who had left a much-loved friend and fellow worker and who now returned in a black soutane with a red sash. That day, however, there was one who stood apart from the crowd and quietly watched with tears in her eyes as her son returned to her a priest. He was always conscious that his vocation was as a result of his mother’s example and the Christian home she had provided for him, in spite of everything. In hindsight, however, looking at that day’s generous welcome from all quarters, it was bitter sweet. One could even say it was Fr. Tolton’s Palm Sunday. Despite his open and generous manner, his learning and piety, his hard work and dedication, and above all his priestly heart and its desire for souls, he was to be defamed, insulted and ultimately rejected. Not least by a fellow priest, part inspired by jealousy and part by racial prejudice, that, in the end, caused the young priest’s removal.
Just over three years after his triumphal return, Fr. Augustine Tolton was alone on a night train in a segregated carriage heading to Chicago where he had been assigned to care for that city’s growing black population.
Trusting all to Providence, the same fervour and energy that Fr. Tolton had brought to Quincy was now loosed upon a poor district of Chicago’s south side. With his bishop’s approval, the young priest set about raising funds for a church. Funds were raised and the basis of a great and beautiful church, St. Monica’s, dedicated to the service of the city’s black population was started. He was more than a fundraiser though. He was first and foremost a priest. His congregation was largely poor, ill-educated ex-slaves, with all the resultant ills of depression and violence attending those who, for varying reasons, had given up on life. The young priest worked tirelessly to minister to them, reminding them of the one thing no human power could remove or tarnish: their Catholic Faith.
A visiting priest met Fr. Tolton at this time and stayed with him and his mother – who by then also had come to be live in Chicago as her son’s housekeeper. Unlike the city’s richer parishes, Fr. Tolton lived in reduced circumstances. Nevertheless, the visiting priest found a hearty welcome. He also found a cultured and holy priest, one who complained of nothing and prayed for everything. At the end of the evening, when dinner had finished, the visitor observed how the younger priest took a set of Rosary beads hanging from a nail on a wall nearby and, with his mother beside him, knelt on the stone floor to recite that ancient prayer – just as they always had done, not least when they had arrived frightened and anxious having fled slavery those years previously.
Unexpectedly, when aged only 43, having at last been able to attend a retreat for priests, on returning by train, Fr. Tolton felt unwell. Just outside the train station he had been seen to stumble and then collapse on the city street. As an ambulance was called, a crowd gathered around the unusual sight of a black man dressed in a faded cassock. He was taken to a nearby hospital. Around his bedside were the hospital chaplain who had administered the Last Rites, some nuns praying, and his mother. On 9 July 1897, he died as a priest should – worn out in the care of his flock.
Fr. Tolton had asked to be buried in Quincy. His body was returned there and interred in a simple grave by St. Peter’s Church. It was the same church where he had served Mass and given catechism classes after he had finished his work at the local factory. Some were surprised that he had chosen to be buried in the town that had shunned him. Perhaps they had forgotten that it was there, decades earlier, that a frightened black woman had come with her three small children having fled slavery to find freedom, and where a hope for a better future was born for her and her children.
Laid to rest on that July day in 1897, and having entered into the mysterious freedom of the Children of God where there is neither Greek nor Jew, neither freed nor slave … Fr. Augustine Tolton was now, at last, truly free.
By all accounts, his mother, having continued to work as a priest’s housekeeper died an equally holy death in 1911. St. Monica’s, the church for which her son had expended so much energy and time, was abandoned in 1924 and later raised to the ground.
Augustine ToltonThe Faith is more than bricks and mortar, however, and, in 2011, after an initial investigation at the behest of the Archdiocese of Chicago, Fr. Augustine Tolton was declared: Servant of God. The ‘stone’ rejected had become a ‘living stone’, one upon which now future generations would build.
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The push for mainstream conformity
Montenegro is among the 10 smallest countries in Europe. 1 It spreads over 13,812 km2, and includes rivers, mountains and half a lake. By population size, with 620,000 citizens, it occupies 43rd place in Europe. 2 At least 60% of Montenegro is covered by high mountains, so even though there are at least two dozen towns, the average density of the population is 36 people per square kilometre. As Montenegro shows, such a small “community” of citizens can either be cooperative and accepting of each other, or – in this case – hostile to those who are different.
By 2003 probably a third of the population (aged 10-40) was online using services and platforms such as mIRC, ICQ, MSN Messenger and Myspace. In 2004 “Forum Cafe Del Montenegro”, 3 one of the first forums hosted by a local media website, was formed and is still active.
According to the Montenegro Statistical Office 4 more than half of Montenegrin households own or use a computer (53.7%). The latest available internet statistics show 369,220 internet users as of 31 December 2013, which means a 59.4% penetration, 5 and 306,260 Facebook users in December 2012 (49.2% penetration). From a study done in 2007 by the Centre for Monitoring and Research, 6 young computer and internet users were self-taught. It is important to note that Montenegro has high mobile phone usage, with 1,103,698 mobile phones (or a penetration rate of 178.01). 7 Even though other reports show a lower rate of 163, it remains substantially high. When we come to smartphone use, recent statistics talk of 35.8% of the population accessing the internet over their mobile devices. 8
Hate speech and a culture of violence
The Law on Electronic Media9 was promulgated in mid-2010 and, after a long debate, 10 mainly related to the governing model and the existence of two bodies which regulate electronic communications (the Broadcasting Agency and the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Affairs), was amended in 2011. 11 Both this law and the country's Media Law 12 state that it is forbidden to publish information and opinions which would encourage discrimination, hate or violence towards others, specifically vulnerable groups, or provideservices that are a threat to national security and the constitutional order. The Electronic Media Law states that the author of the content and the broadcaster will not be prosecuted if he or she did not have the intention to insult or denigrate the vulnerable groups or if the denigrating content is part of a report which is published with the intention to critically point out discrimination suffered by a vulnerable group. 13 In listing the members of vulnerable groups, the laws mention individuals with different sexual preferences. 14 A draft electronic communications strategy was in place from 2006 until 2013, and in August 2013 the Law on Electronic Communication was published. 15
A good description of the culture of violence that affects Montenegro can be found in research by the NGO Juventas 16 which has shown that “bullying affects 57.3% of high school students every day”:
27.6% are exposed to threats and 16.7% stated that students of their school are physically assaulted by other students. Security/safety of an LGBT [lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender] young person or a person perceived as LGBT in the school environment is very low. 63% of high school students stated that they had heard that a young person had been ridiculed for being gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender; 53.3% heard that such a person had been exposed to insults, 22.7% physical assault and 29.8% (one third) had heard that such a person had been exposed to threats. 17
Within this frame, children learn to adapt or to suffer in silence. It is considered rude to “talk back” to parents, even to ask legitimate questions. The rudeness is punished quite often with physical violence ranging from simple slaps to being beaten with a belt.
So the overarching accepted norms are: be obedient, be normal, do not stand out and do not provoke. Anyone who doesn’t comply gets punished. Adults punishing adults, parents punishing children, children punishing other children.
“They’ll get bored and go home...”
Despite being a non-conforming minority, the LGBT* community has learned not to stand out, to stay hidden, to be obedient and not to provoke anyone. Because of this, organising a Pride March was a very troublesome move. For a taboo-driven, patriarchal community, the simple idea of having half-naked men and women parading through the streets, kissing and doing god-knows-what and in front of the children (the most common descriptive picture and perception of the Pride March amongst Montenegrins) was simply unacceptable.
Montenegrin media reinforces this negative stereotype. Descriptions of the Pride March and any discussion of sexual orientation will use sensationalistic headlines such as “gay parade’’ or will indulge in inaccurate use of terminology relating to sexual preferences. Even though civil society organisations, such as Juventas, have organised training with media representatives on sexual orientation, gender identity and the use of correct terminology, it remains hard to change the attitudes of journalists who do not consider the proper terminology relevant.
In most cases – and the media is no exception – the acceptance of different “lifestyles’’ remains confined to fashion and the latest technological gadget. But underneath all of this is a push to conform to traditional social norms. This implicit and explicit culture of violence in Montenegro is very strong amongst generations exposed to and born during the Balkans wars of the 1990s, where patriarchy found expression in the hate of other nationalities and minorities. Now everything other than “normal” or “natural” is sneered at with a tone that verges on misogynistic, with a dash of chauvinism.
Before the first Pride Parade finally took place in Podgorica on 20 October 2013, 18 there were attempts to stage it for three years in a row. During these attempts, people's comments on online news sites showed their anger and high level of rejection of the idea, and kept administrators and moderators busy deleting comments that constituted incitement to hate or threats to persons. Despite this active moderation, the comments created the image of a giant, angry and frustrated anti-gay community – an image that feeds the paranoia of an average LGBT* person.
In a survey by several local researchers carried out in 2012, 71% of Montenegrins said they thought homosexuality was an illness and 80% said it should be kept private.
The most common comments can be grouped by type:
- “Why is the media giving them so much coverage? There’s so much more important news such as sick children or government manipulation.”
- “Just ignore them on that day. Don’t leave the house; they’ll get bored and go home.”
- “This is just so the NGOs can get their hands on European and American money.”
- “They are doing this so the others [anti-gay protesters] will vandalise the city – shame on them!”
“I have nothing against them, if they keep it behind four walls or to themselves and don’t parade around.”
It is rare for LGBT* persons or their allies 19 to post comments on news websites. In fact, LGBT*s often do not even read the news. On the other hand, as a social phenomenon, many people feel compelled to share their loud disapproval of something that they claim “is none of their business”.
The first Pride Parade in 2013 saw a small war on the street, with 2,000 police protecting around 200 participants. Anti-gay youth thought they would be able to reach the marchers; but when they could not they assaulted police officers who were securing the march or demolished public property.
In contrast, the 2014 Pride event experienced no unpleasantness whatsoever. Both the date and location of the march in Montenegro were kept private until the day itself. 20 Institutions, pressured by the international community and eager to start the European Union (EU) accession process, took a pubic stand, and ensured that the participants were protected from the youth that the previous year were demolishing the streets (a football match was organised as a way to distract them, and to let them vent their objections to the march elsewhere). The lack of aggression in the streets was compensated by complaining online, where people feel protected by their anonymity to say anything and get away with it. 21
That same anonymity is used by people to point out and express their right to be different. The more stringent the requirement to provide your real name when signing up to a website, the lower the chances the person who comments will be an activist.
For the LGBT* population, anonymity is a safe way to find partners and communicate with other LGBT* people. And it is the possibility to be anonymous that determines the choice of social network or platform and the kind of public communication that is shared.
Facebook, for example, requires a valid name and a valid email. It has become a platform where people keep in contact with what seems like every person they have ever met in their life. They keep track of each other and interact even if miles apart. To be “out” on Facebook means one would have to be out in real life.
Because of the risk this would imply, closed Facebook groups are used as online spaces where LGBT* people gather, meet each other and interact. Even if there are not many people in the group, they are perceived as safe. There is no fear of being judged or outed publicly. However, this also generates a parallel world where due to the fear of being outed or hurt, people keep in touch exclusively over Facebook and pretend they don’t know each other in the streets.
There is a growing trend amongst LGBT*s to make profiles with fake names in order to find other LGBT* people, mostly for sex. Trans* people tend to make a profile with their preferred gender and name, and add friends that are supportive. Some of them even keep the cis 22 profile because of families and friends who do not know they are trans, including school friends.
Twitter does not require more than a valid email, but it offers the possibility of connecting to Facebook. Some LGBT*s use Twitter, some do not – and if someone plans on being “out” online, they really do not use Twitter. Rather, if someone is displaying publicly as LGBT* on Twitter, they use an alias and try to make sure none of their “followers” know their real identity. Being out on Twitter, given the social context in Montenegro, they cannot make a lot of friends, or exchange opinions.
LGBT* people who connect Twitter to Facebook know some of their followers personally, and more often than not have a “private” profile.
Tumblr is another blog-like platform often used among young LGBT* people. LGBT* people thrive on Tumblr, but because of the anonymity it provides, they are actually hard to locate. Their blogs are known only by a chosen few, if they even choose to reveal the fact that they have a blog. Tumblr does not require a person’s real name, just a blog name. The blog has an “about me” section where people sometimes write their name, age and country/city, and it is a very interesting that LGBT* people sometimes even include their MBTI assessment, 23 sexual orientation and preferred pronouns.
When one becomes part of the Tumblr community one feels no judgement, no disrespect, no shaming in any way. It is like a whole country of people who are there for each other, care for each other, share funny gifs and good advice.
Planet Romeo is the most used dating site among the men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) population. It is mostly used to find sex partners, but also to initiate friendships. Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Planet Romeo is known to be an MSM dating site, so if someone were to have their name or face there, it would make them vulnerable to outing, or any other potential unpleasantness in real life. The profile pictures/user-names vary from Athletic29Top with a picture of the man's muscles to Gladiator_27 with a profile picture that is a screen shot from the movie Gladiator.
The LGBT* community in Montenegro is still mostly closeted. LGBT* people take care of themselves online the same way as they do offline, by appearing “normal”, not standing out, by being cautious about the way they act with their partners in public, and by not talking about sexual orientation unless explicitly asked, and sometimes not even then. If surrounded by people they do not perceive as a threat or if they are in a group of seemingly supportive strangers they will never see again, then the possibility of coming out is higher.
This is also the case when anonymity is completely guaranteed: on forums, in chat rooms and other similar social media platforms. Anonymity allows freedom of expression without negative consequences and without intimidation. Unless the chosen online group is discovered or infiltrated by homophobic trolls or just plain haters 24 – but then the LGBT* community will not react adequately, if they react at all.
In order to provide a safe environment for LGBT* people to be themselves online, we first need to provide that same safety offline.
- There is a need for information and education about what sexual orientation is. It is important for people to realise that we can be “just gay” in the same way that we can be “just straight”.
- Guidelines on how to act if faced with discrimination or hate speech online are necessary, because those who reply to hateful comments mostly start a fight. Others simply do not respond out of fear of intimidation.
- Support LGBT* people to stand up for their rights. There is the need for a stronger network and more solid ground to stand on.
4 Montenegro Statistical Office. (2014). ICT Usage in Households in 2014. www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/ICT/2014/ICT%20USAGE%20IN%20HOUSEHOLDS%20IN%202014.pdf
8 NTH Mobile. (2013, 9 April). Reach over 22 million Balkan mobile users with MT billing. www.nth-mobile.com/blog/payment-blog/reach-over-22-million-balkan-mobile-users-with-mt-billing
9 Law on Electronic Media: www.ardcg.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=405&Itemid=26; see also: www.epra.org/articles/media-legislation#MONTENEGRO
11 Media Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro 51/02, 62/02 and the Official Gazette of Montenegro 46/10 and 40/11), the Electronic Media Law (Official Gazette of Montenegro 46/10, 40/11, 53/11 and 06/13) and the Rulebook on Programme Standards in the Electronic Media (Official Gazette of Montenegro 35/11 of 21 July 2011).
13 For a complete reading of the articles from the different laws: The Media Law in Article 23 states: “It is forbidden to publicise information and opinions that instigate discrimination, hatred or violence against persons or a group of persons based on their belonging or not belonging to a certain race, religion, nation, ethnic group, sex or sexual orientation. The founder of the medium and the author shall not be held accountable if the information referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is part of scientific or authorial work the subject of which is a public issue and is publicised:
- without the intention to instigate discrimination, hatred or violence, especially if that information is a part of an objective news report;
- with the intention to critically indicate the discrimination, hatred or violence or any phenomena which represent or might represent instigation to such behaviour.”
The Electronic Media Law in Article 48 states:
“(1) Provision of AVM service threatening the constitutional order and national security shall be prohibited.
(2) An AVM service must not incite, enable incitement or spread hatred or discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic background, skin colour, language, religion, political or other belief, national or social background, financial standing, trade union membership, education, social status, marital or family status, age, health status, disability, genetic heritage, gender identity or sexual orientation.
(3) The publication of information revealing the identity of a minor under 18 years of age involved in any case of violence, regardless of whether being a witness, a victim or an offender, or disclosing any particulars of the family relations and private life of a child shall be prohibited.”
The Rulebook on Programme Standards in the Electronic Media in Article 17 states:
“(1) Programmes of the electronic media shall not be aimed at violating the guaranteed human freedoms and human and citizen rights or provoking national, racial and religious intolerance of hatred.
(2) The electronic media shall not broadcast the programmes promoting the belonging to an ethic group, sex or sexual orientation as a form of discrimination.
(3) The electronic media are obliged to avoid using offensive terms that might be associated with certain social group.”
And in Article 8: “Broadcasting of the programmes referred to in Article 17 is allowed if they are a part of scientific, author’s or documentary work, published:
a) with no intention to instigate discrimination, hatred or violence, or as a part of an objective report;
b) with the intention of critically pointing at the discrimination, hatred, violence or factors that instigate or could instigate such a behaviour.”
Source: Agency for Electronic Media of Montenegro. (2014). LGBT Rights in the Programmes of National TV Broadcasters in Montenegro. www.ardcg.org/en/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=91&Itemid=4
14 This implies that ‘’gender identity’’ is ‘’sexual preference’’ and ‘’sexual preference’’ is supposed to be ‘’sexual orientation’’. The dispute is always around the use of gender vs sex, where gender identity should not be a synonym for sexual preferences or orientation. It is a confusion very often present in reporting. Our language translates poorly in this case.
15 Law on Electronic Communications: www.ekip.me/download/Law%20on%20Electronic%20Communications%20%28updated%29%204.9.2013%20%281%29nova%20verzija.pdf; see also: www.ekip.me/eng/regulation/ecommunications.php
17 ILGA Europe. (2014). Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Montenegro: Contribution to the 2014 EC Progress Report. www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/ilga-europe_review_of_montenegro_-contribution_to_ec_2014_progress_report.pdf
18 Komnenic, P. (2013, 20 October). Montenegro's First Gay Pride Parade Takes Place Under Heavy Security. Huffington Post. www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/20/montenegro-gay-pride-parade_n_4131778.html; see also on the July 2013 march in Budva: Reuters/AP. (2013, 24 July). Violence Mars Montenegro's First Gay-Pride Parade. Radio Free Europe. www.rferl.org/content/montenegro-gay-pride-attacked/25055771.html
19 Someone who is not a part of the LGBT* community but is supportive. In order to avoid outing themselves, some LGBT* people will call themselves allies.
20 Day, A. (2014, 8 October). Montenegro: Second Pride event will be held in secret from violent anti-gay protesters. Pink News. www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/10/08/montenegro-second-pride-event-will-be-held-in-secret-from-violent-anti-gay-protestors ; Milic, P. (2014, 2 November). Montenegro's Gay Pride Parade Draws About 200 Activists Despite Nation's Conservative Mindset. Huffington Post. www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/02/montenegro-gay-pride-parade-_n_6091060.html ; and Associated Press. (2014, 2 November). Peaceful gay pride held amid police protection in conservative EU-hopeful Montenegro. Fox News. www.foxnews.com/world/2014/11/02/peaceful-gay-pride-held-amid-police-protection-in-conservative-eu-hopeful
21 The 2015 Pride event was scheduled and banned by the authorities twice due to security reasons, on 24 April and 8 May, and is now scheduled for 18 October. ILGA Europe. (2015, 9 May). Pride event banned in Montenegro. www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/pride-event-banned-montenegro
23 The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences on how people perceive the world and make decisions.
24 These are mostly people who will hate anything and everything; not necessarily homophobic, but not friendly either.
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30 Jan 21st Century and Introverts
Over the course of the past decade, terms like “extrovert” and “introvert” have been used extensively as labels for people. These tags are often accompanied with assumptions about personalities and preferences of the people in question. Introverts are assumed to be meek while the most cheery ones are labeled as extroverts. Human personalities range over a spectrum, it is strictly unfair to box separate individuals for one label or the other.
What does being an “Introvert” mean?
“Shy”, “Quiet”, “Awkward”
These are the first words that come to mind when we think about introverts, but is that all there is to introversion? In the early 1900s the psychology field had started to develop individually as a discipline and had peaked interest of several people. During this era, did Carl Jung, a Swiss Psychiatrist introduced his “Personality Theory”. This theory has provided us with a fundamental concept for the term “Introvert”.
Being an introvert is not just about staying at the sidelines and watching the show unfold. Introvert refers to an individual that energizes oneself by spending time alone according to Dr. Jennifer Kahnweiler, author of The Introverted Leader: Building on Your Quiet Strength.They prefer having heart to heart conversations and spending time with the ones they feel comfortable with, rather than engaging in activities that result in small talk and insincere chatter.
Are extroverts better than introverts?
As mentioned earlier, human personalities lie over a spectrum, imagine a bell curve and on the two extremes we have our two personality types introvert and extrovert. It would be a gross misinterpretation to assume that every individual on this planet either lies on one or the other end. In reality all of us lie somewhere between that bell curve, humans don’t come in binary terms. However, what makes us different is the side we naturally leans toward.
The problem with the world of today is that while extroversion is highly appreciated and cheered on, introversion is considered somewhat of a plague or a disease. Introversion is associated with lack of confidence. These sort of assumptions more often than not often kill many golden opportunities for several people that lie towards the introverted side of the scale.
21st Century And The Introverts
Before we can talk about today it is important to examine how we got here. The 20th century was considered the era of the extrovert. The communication dynamic totally shifted towards extroversion and constant social interaction was something to strive for. Those who excelled at it became leaders. But as author Susan Cain puts it, “there is zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas.”
Although extroverts have their own particular charm and charisma and do exceptionally well in places where they have to use their skills in convincing people yet it can not be entirely stated that extroverts perform better in business models than introverts. They tend to be less critical of
their own work and tend to often miss some important details. Introverts are great listeners which helps them with their great interpersonal skills. There are many great examples of introverts being great leaders like Mark Zuckerbrg, Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak and many more. These people didn’t use silver tongue to amass people towards their ideas but rather their work.
A healthy balance among the team of both personalities can provide much better results than a team solely consisting of one or the other. The extroverts can use their charm for the marketing scenarios while the introverts can be more detail oriented and ensure precision in work.
Whether an extrovert or an introvert it is important to remember to slow down and breathe during our hectic lives of 21st century. Everyone is different It is okay to be either an introvert or an extrovert or maybe somewhere in between! As long as we are happy with ourselves.
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Acupuncture for Spinal Stenosis Providence, RI
Spinal stenosis is a condition where the spine channel is abnormally narrow. This can affect the spinal cord and the spinal nerves. Some people are born with congenital spinal stenosis, but many develop spinal stenosis.
While there are some people who have no symptoms relating to the narrowing of the spine, most people as they age start to experience some level of weakness, radiating paint, or secondary issues due to the compression of the spinal cord or nerves.
The spine is 26 bones arranged in a column that works to support the upper body. It allows humans to sit, stand, twist, and keeps the spinal cord protected from injuries. The bones of the spine are extend from the skull’s base to the pelvis.
Twenty four of those bones are known as the vertebrae. Further broken up, seven vertebrae are in the neck and called cervical vertebrae, 12 of the bones at the chest’s back wall are called the thoracic vertebrae, and the lower back has five curved lumbar vertebrae.
Continuing down the back, there are five fused vertebrae at the hip bones and then there is a group of three to five fused bones, known as the coccyx at the vertebral column’s tip. Each vertebrae is linked to one another with disks that act as cushioning shock-absorbers.
The narrowing of the spine may occur at any of the different sections, but the nerve compression symptoms are pretty much the same. Lumbar stenosis involves the lower back and over three-quarters of those with the condition have it in this area of the back.
Cervical stenosis is narrowing of the neck bone channel. In lumber stenosis, sciatic, weakness, tingling, or numbing that radiating from the lower back and down into the buttocks and legs is common. This is caused when the spine’s nerve roots become compressed.
Thoracic stenosis is when the middle or upper portion of the spine is affected. It is less common and consists of the bones that are connected to the rib cage. This section is more stable, thus stenosis here is not quite as common.
When spinal stenosis is related to degeneration, it will likely become more significant with age, most likely in the 50’s, and continue to worsen with each decade. The process is gradual, and the symptoms come gradually as well. It can affect posture, activity levels, and more.
While there are many different treatment options for spinal stenosis, acupuncture can help someone who is dealing with the condition. Since it can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and other symptoms, choosing to have acupuncture is one way to deal with all that is involved with spinal stenosis.
Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to deal with a variety of pains. One common pain that acupuncture has successfully treated is back pain. Since spinal stenosis can cause pain and the pain can increase with age, acupuncture can be beneficial.
In recent studies, patients who chose acupuncture for the pain in their lower back due to spinal stenosis reported taking less pain medication. While the pain medication taken for issues resulting from the condition can reduce pain, they can also cause other issues that are not related to the spine at all. The less medicine one can take, the better.
In conclusion, spinal stenosis is something that can be quite bothersome and affect the quality of life. Luckily, there are many different treatment options, and one of the best natural options is acupuncture. As you find yourself or a loved one dealing with this condition, you can find the best treatment for your condition
My initial visit was prompted by severe spinal stenosis accompanied by depression and mental fog. Over the course of my treatment, my outlook on life and my energy levels have soared. I love living again and have lots of energy. My pain is still present, but the period between pain attacks is getting longer and longer. I have stopped prescription anti-inflammatory and I have begun to exercise more.
I wish every person could revitalize their body through acupuncture and add quality years to their life!
— Dorothea F., Swansea, MA
Spinal Stenosis, Arthritis & Menopause
Coming into the Center, I had severe chronic back pain, chronic joint pain and hot flashes.
Following my treatments, I was able to stop the steroid injection treatments that I had been having for 2 ½ years. My joint pain is also much less.
Thanks to acupuncture and Dr. Tad I am able to do much, much more that I was able to do in the past.
The staff and customer service at the Center is superior and Dr. Tad is one of the brightest physicians I’ve ever met – and I am 69 years old and have met a few physicians!
— Virginia R., Roslindale, MA
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Planting incompatible companion bushes and perennials around a tree often ends in disappointment and frustration. To avert this irritation, choose shrubs and perennials with soil requirements similar to the tree. Adjusting the soil to suit the companion plants often turns into a struggle that ends without needing to replace them and may have a harmful influence on the tree. The companions should also be short enough to get to their mature height without growing into the tree canopy.
Companion Bush and Perennial Requirements
Trees, shrubs and shrubs perennials have soil pH requirements. The soil pH should be tested prior to purchasing companion plants to determine whether it’s acidic with a pH of 6.9 or lower, neutral with a pH of 7 or even alkaline with a pH of 7.1 or above. If the tree is booming, the soil pH shouldn’t be adjusted to adapt accent plants. Soil texture also has to be considered. Soil is generally clay, loamy (a combination of sand and silt or clay), either sandy or any degree in between. It’s better to select companion plants which thrive in the soil because it is without adding soil amendments.
Flowering Companion Shrubs
Bigleaf or French hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) can offer floral and foliar interest. They aren’t particular about soil pH but the pH will determine their blossom color. Acidic soil will end in blue flowers, neutral pH results in white flowers along with alkaline soil will cause pink flowers. They grow to a height and width of 2 to 6 feet. Organically rich, fast-draining soil in partial shade is favored with these shrubs. They’re hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 6 to 10. Japanese spiraea shrubs (Spiraea japonica) grow to a height and width of 2 to 6 feet, depending on the cultivar, and can be found in a variety of flower and foliage colors. They are hardy in USDA zones 4 to 8, many soil types are acceptable for this particular shrub and it isn’t particular about soil pH. Bigleaf hydrangeas and Japanese spiraeas blossom in late spring and early summer and can be grown in no more than four hours of direct sunlight.
Flowering Herbaceous Perennial Companions
Coral bells or heuchera (Heuchera sanguinea) and plantain lilies or hostas (Hosta spp.) Are herbaceous perennials which can be planted as companion plants for trees. They supply floral and foliar curiosity in shady locations. Coral bells grow to a height and width of 1 to 2 feet with foliage which can be various colors of burgundy or green. They bloom in late spring and early summer in pink, white or red. Fast-draining, organically rich soil with a pH of 6.5 to 7.7 is favored with these plants with a full sun or partial shade exposure. Plantain lilies vary in height and width from 6 inches to 3 feet. Their leaves may be various shades of green with flowers in blue, purple or white. They favor organically rich soil that tends to stay moist with a neutral pH in partial or full shade. Coral bells and plantain lilies are hardy in USDA zones 4 to 9.
Companion Perennials for Texture
Ferns are perennials which can be planted as companion plants for trees to include texture and greenery. Japanese holly ferns (Cyrtomium falcatum), also called Oriental net-vein holly ferns, grow to 2 feet tall with shiny green, toothy, holly-type foliage which gives a course texture. They are hardy in USDA zones 6 to 11 and grow best in organically fertile soil with a pH between 5.6 and 7.9. Ostrich ferns (Matteuccia struthiopteris) grow to between 2 and 6 feet tall with smaller leaflets that offer a more fine-textured greenery. They are hardy in USDA zones 2 to 8 and grow best in moist, organically fertile soil with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. Both of these ferns will grow in partial or full colour.
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- On July 8, 2015
How the Same Sex Marriage Supreme Court Decision Changes FMLA
June 26th, 2015 marks a historic day in American history as the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage country-wide. This makes America the 21st and most populated country in the world to legalize it. The history behind arriving at this decision was one filled with many legal obstacles and societal pushback.
The Path Toward Legalization
The civil marriage rights movement began in the 1970s and had its first major setback in 1971 when the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled against it citing same-sex couple’s incapability to procreate as the deciding factor. Procreating was deemed the essential element to the institution of marriage. The U.S. Supreme Court at the time agreed and refused to hear the appeal.
Same-sex marriage didn’t become a national topic of interest again until 1993 when the Supreme Court of Hawaii declared that it was unconstitutional to prohibit homosexuals from marrying within the state.
Following that ruling, other states went a step further and legalized same-sex marriage outright with Massachusetts being the first to do so. Fierce resistance from the religious-leaning states sent a lot of cases to their state supreme courts where same-sex couples won and the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear appeals which technically legalized gay marriage in those states.
A New Wave of Rights and Benefits
One of the major concerns same-sex marriage supporters had before the ruling were spousal benefits same-sex couples were being denied of in states that refused to legally recognize their union. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling eliminates any significant gaps in benefits, rights and privileges that same-sex couples were previously experiencing.
Same-sex married couples now have uninhibited access to:
· Social Security benefits
· Health insurance benefits
· Inheritances (in the event of their spouses death)
Effectively any benefit previously extended to a spouse in a heterosexual couple will now be extended to spouses in same-sex marriages.
How this Changes FMLA
The ruling not only deems any ban on same-sex marriage within the United States as unconstitutional but also requires all federal laws to recognized same-sex marriage. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) is no exception.
Before the ruling, the government did already classify same-sex couples as eligible to take leaves to care for their spouses. However, this classification only applied to states where a same-sex couple’s marriage was legally recognized. Now, company operating within U.S. borders can deny a FMLA request from a LGBT employee to care for their spouse.
One should note that the dust has not yet settled in the aftermath of the ruling, and it is likely that some conservative and religious groups will fight for exemptions in an attempt to avoid legitimizing same-sex marriage. Whether or not they have the solid legal ground to stand on in these fights is up for debate.
LeaveSource – Ahead of the Curve!
At Qcera, we perceived these future changes and the impending complexity of defining marriage. That’s why, 15 years ago, we intentionally programmed our LeaveSource FMLA software to require no specific gender for an employee’s spouse. By simply adhering to our company values of longevity and ease-of-use, we ensured that our clients could seamlessly stay compliant with the constantly evolving FMLA law. LeaveSource technology is built to support your leave administration for today and the future.
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(Check out our complete collection of 100+ Abandoned Buildings, Places and Property.)
Ever see an impressive derelict structure and wonder just how a building so elegant, sizable or centrally located could be abandoned? There are amazing abandonments all over the world, but some may be closer than you think. Many are even located right in the heart of major cities like New York or Los Angeles and are decades or even centuries old. From zoos to steel mills, prisons to offices complexes and monasteries to cemeteries here are 7 abandoned wonders of the USA.
Abandoned Cemetery in New York
Rochester, New York: Built in the early 1800s, Mt. Hope Cemetery was the first munipical cemetery in the United States with graves older than the official graveyard itself. Such famous persons as Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglas are among those buried there in everything from lawn crypts and columbariums to family mausoleums. It seems strange, then, that the chapel at such an historically significant location would be abandoned to the elements, though it remains elegant even in its disrepair.
Abandoned Prison in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Western Penitentiary is over a century old and was finally abandoned a few years back, only to be reopened a few months ago. The site was, in a way, one of the world’s most temporary abandonments, left in pristine condition during its period of disuse and lending itself to the surreal experience of a recently working prison for visitors. Originally used in the 1800s to house Confederate Army war prisoners, it is now used for medium to low security containment of inmates requiring drug and alcohol treatment.
Abandoned Factory in New York
Lacawana, New York: The Bethlehem Steel Company was once the second largest steel mill in the United States. They manufactured everything from railroad cars and bridge and building parts to World War II battleships. After nearly 150 years in operation, the company finally declared bankruptcy less than a decade ago and has left behind a series of remarkably intact abandonments.
Abandoned Island in New York
North Brother Island, New York: This abandoned 20-acre island sits amazingly close to the bustling center of New York City yet is completely unused. It was home to a hospital in the 19th Century, then housed veterans after World War II before becoming one of the first drug treatment centers for teens in the 1950s. Corruption and failure caused the facility to close and the island has since been off limits to the public, though some urban explorers have made their way onto it anyway. The island was also the site of an infamous shipwreck in 1904 in which over 1,000 people drowned or burned to death.
Abandoned Tech Office in California
Palo Alto, California: During the dot-com bubble, Sun Microsystems experienced incredible growth and rapidly expanded in all areas including personnel, infrastructure and office space. Sun has since had ups and downs and has streamlined their operations and few people think twice about the amazing remnant abandonments they have left behind, save for a few intrepid urban explorers. Along with other things, the (above) adventurers found shotgun shells, cans of malt liquor, rows of servers and even working light fixtures.
Abandoned Monastery and School Complex
Staten Island, New York: St. Augistine’s Monastary sits atop Grymes Hill and was once a school but now has been closed for over a half a century. Originally built as a school for boys, it was later converted and then sat idle until purchased in the 1980s. Each new owner, though, has since fallen into debt and the school was eventually purchased by a local college to avoid unwanted development, yet even Wagner College apparently has no plans to develop the property.
Abandoned Los Angeles Zoo Site
Los Angeles, California: The Griffith Park Zoo in Los Angeles is neither the oldest nor the newest of L.A.’s massive animal habitats. Though this location was abandoned decades ago it is unusually available to visitors even today. It isn’t every day that a set of abandonments not only survives for generations but also remains available to the public as a kind of museum or window into the past.
7 Underground Wonders of the World
7 (More!) Underground Wonders of the World
7 Underwater Wonders of the World
7 Island Wonders of the World
7 Engineering Wonders of the World
7 Urban Wonders of the World
7 Wonders of Modern Green Design and Technology
Amazing Abandoned Cities, Places and Property of the World
7 Abandoned Wonders of the World
7 (More!) Abandoned Wonders of the World
7 Abandoned Wonders of America
7 (More!) Abandoned Wonders of America
7 (Even More!) Abandoned Wonders of America
7 Abandoned Wonders of the Former Soviet Union
7 (More!) Abandoned Wonders of the Former Soviet Union
7 Abandoned Wonders of the European Union
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Things You Should Know About Electric Bicycle Maintenance
Just like an ordinary bicycle, a motorized electric bicycle that sees a good amount of use will accumulate some wear and tear over the years.
Since an e-bike is a big investment, it’s even more important that you perform routine maintenance. Taking good care of your e-bike is the best way to ensure it keeps running smoothly for a long time.
Check out these electric bicycle maintenance tips to keep your bike in top shape.
The biggest difference between an e-bike and a regular bicycle is the battery.
Most e-bikes use a lithium-ion battery, which is the same type used in most cell phones and laptops. There are some practices for handling them, which will extend their life and keep you charged for longer.
The first tip is to recharge after every use. This will help preserve the life of the individual cells inside the battery. As a general rule, aim for only partial discharges for a lithium-ion battery, rather than a full discharge.
Another key aspect of preserving your e-bike battery is to keep it out of extreme temperatures.
High heat will cause the battery to deteriorate, while extreme cold can cause damage from condensation. Keeping your e-bike in the sun or in a hot garage is not a good idea.
Because an e-bike uses a motor as well as the normal human leg power, the drivetrain that makes your wheels move endures more stress than on an average bike.
One of the biggest causes of drivetrain deterioration is the grit and abrasion caused by dirt or sand. It’s important to make sure your bike’s gears and chains are cleaned and properly lubricated.
First, use something like a toothbrush and warm water to scrub and clean each of the links on the chain. Be sure to dry the chain with a clean cloth to prevent rust.
After the chain is clean, use a special bike chain lubricant to keep everything protected and moving smoothly.
For your e-bike to run well, its tires need to be well-maintained.
Before going for a ride, check your tire pressure to see if they’re inflated enough. Underinflated tires mean it takes more power to move the bike.
Also, be sure to check if there is enough tread on your tires. The tread gives your wheels traction, providing more oomph and helping prevent accidents. It also makes it harder for sharp objects to give you a flat.
If your tires are worn out or damaged, replace them before riding again.
Because of your e-bike motor and enhanced propulsion, brake maintenance is vital to your safety.
The tell-tale sign of brakes that need extra care is a squeaking noise when in use. Wash any gunk off of the brake pad with rubbing alcohol, and check the wear indicator line. If the wear is past the line, it’s time to replace the pads.
Electric Bicycle Maintenance Is Important
Routine bicycle maintenance is a critical part of protecting your e-bike investment. It will also keep you safe both on the road and on the trails.
To learn more about e-bike safety, check out these laws and safety resources!
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