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Project: Coping with change: resilience of marine social-ecological systems
CI(s)/Institution: Terry Hughes, James Cook University,
Coral Reef Centre of Excellence (First cycle funding AUD$30,000)
A group of people from natural and social sciences have formed the
Marine Resilience Alliance in order to see if solutions to problems
in marine conservation and management can be found in the nexus of these
disciplines. The group, who gathered in Maine, are among the first to
consider social-ecological resilience in marine ecosystems. The group
that has met in far-flung locations such as Australia and Sweden and
saw a potential problem and opportunity to focus their attention on
the Gulf of Maine's coastal zone.
The term ecosystem "resilience" was coined in 1973 to identify
the behaviour of natural ecosystems and factors that contribute to their
stability. It was quickly observed that many land and marine ecosystems
"flip" into alternate (often undesirable) states. The science
of resilience seeks to understand what contributes to the ability of
ecosystems to resist change or, if changed, to recover to its previous
more desirable state.
Escaping the Gilded Trap
Our failure to manage most marine fisheries illustrates the difficulties
in managing common property that too often results in the tragedy of
the commons. Overfishing results from the collective impact of reasonable
fishers seeking to sustain their livelihood. Diverse resources allow
fishers to target whatever is most valuable often sequentially depleting
The Gulf of Maine provides an excellent example of long term sequential
depletion of fisheries species such as cod, hake, haddock, halibut and
sea urchins that has contributed to the booms and busts of species.
The loss of functional diversity has resulted in a near monoculture
of lobsters that had formerly been prey of predators. In Maine, the
American lobster has reached hyper-abundance over large stretch of the
coast and today it comprises over 80 % of the total marine resource
value. However, this economic success does not equal ecosystem success.
The hyperabundance of lobsters has now over 7,000 lobstermen and their
support industries depending upon this single species.
Elsewhere in New England, high densities preceded a devastating shell
disease the late 1990s. Clearly lobster-dominated ecosystems are not
immune to collapse.
A collapse of the Maine lobster fishery would be a socio-economic disaster
to coastal communities throughout the region. Such a collapse would
likely result in rapid gentrification loss of coastal access and exclusion
of the fishing community and its associated infrastructure. Thus a rapid
collapse of this one species could trigger a rapid social transformation
to an unfavourable social state.
Escaping the trap: Creating options.
Traps in the marine system are particularly hard to navigate. The parallel
to the terrestrial realm is attractive but largely unattainable because
marine systems are more open, and less predictable. The Maine lobster
fishery has a well developed conservation ethic. The lobster fishing
communities have a history of acting to the benefit of long-term sustainability.
A list of effective management measures such the prohibition of harvesting
lobsters larger than 5' on the carapace was initiated by the lobster
fishers once they recognized the problems caused by their fishing.
Marine Resilience Alliance met at the Darling Marine Centre Maine 24-31
August 2006. The workshop theme "Socialecological traps and transformations
in marine fisheries" was chosen to explore the following issues.
Could a larger sense of community be applied to the depleted coastal
ecosystems of the Gulf of Maine? If so, what form of governance could
work with that extended community? Is it possible that ecosystem-based
co-management could result that fosters the political will to allow
groundfish stocks to recover and to reinvent fishing so the mistakes
of the past are not repeated. The first step of many must be to explain
to stakeholders and policy makers what's at risk if we cannot escape
this gilded trap.
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You may find the town very interesting as there are various historical sites such as Artavazik Church (7th century), Surp Hovhannes Church (10th century) and also a big Khachkar monument (13th century). Moreover, in Byurakan you will have an opportunity to see and to be in one of the best observatory centers of the USSR - Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory.
Soviet Armenian scientist Viktor Hambardzumyan decided to build Byurakan Observatory at the end of late 1945. He was one of the founders of theoretical astronomy and the second president of the Armenian Academy of science (NAS RA). Ambartsumyan was one of the main founders of theoretical astrophysics. He became the president of the observatory at the age of 39.
Hambardzumyan was born in an Armenian family in 1908 in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia. He studied at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute, at Leningrad State University, and at the Pulkovo Observatory.
Although Hambardzumyan was young, he made many discoveries in the sphere of astronomy. His first article in the sphere of science was about sun jets. His first book about Astrophysics was called “Theoretical Astrophysics.”
Hambardzumyan was married and had four children. Their entire family moved to Yerevan in order for him to form the faculty of Astrophysics at Yerevan State University. He was highly respected in USSR, and everybody believed in his ideas.
During the Second World War, he was the pro-rector at Leningrad State University. He served as a president of NAS RA for 47 years and as a president of International Council of Scientific Unions for seven years. He was the second person who was granted with an award of National Hero of Armenia.
In 2010 an international award ($500,000) was created for the field of science. The award is called with the name of Viktor Hambardzumyan. In Armenia, the day of Astronomy is celebrated on his birthday – September 18. UNESCO declared 2008 Hambardzumyan’s year.
Hambardzumyan died on August 12, 1996, and was buried next to the Grand Telescope Tower in the village Byurakan.
Why the Village Byurakan was Chosen?
Byurakan was not the first observatory in Armenia. Yerevan State University had its observatory founded in 1933. But in the urban environment, it was not possible to do any research because of the pollution. This is the reason why the government supported the program.
Byurakan has a necessary climate needed for productive work of the observatory. Astronomy scientists need to have an exact statistic about the weather such as how many days are rainy, sunny or windy. To find it out, some studies were done after which Byurakan was chosen.
The official opening celebration of the observatory was in 1956. One of the first buildings of the observatory was the house of Viktor Hambartsumyan which is currently his museum. Although Byurakan is not a city it is in a list of 10 cities were the astronomy conferences are held.
About Patriotic Hambardzumyan
Hambardzumyan was proud he was Armenian. One of his colleagues tells that very often people were calling the USSR Russia. Whenever someone was calling him a Russian scientist, he was correcting them by saying he was Armenian.
Even when Russian scientists were coming to Armenia to work in the observatory, he made them take an Armenian language exam. Later he changed the language of conferences into Armenian. He had a habit of proofreading each article written by the members of the observatory to make sure there were no mistakes.
Byurakan Observatory is Still Active
After the collapse of the USSR, the observatory was not renovated. It has approximately 70 buildings with the area of 52 hectares. There are several telescopes in the observatory.
In Byurakan Observatory more than 1000 flare starts, several dozens of Supernovae, and hundreds of galaxies were discovered. Currently, the observatory is owned and operated by Armenian Academy of Science.
Although no new researches are done in the observatory, it is still active. The entrance fee for Armenians is 1000 AMD and for foreigners 1600 AMD. By visiting there, you will have an opportunity to observe the moon, planets and beautiful stars.
Published September 12, 2018
Article by Narine Kharatyan
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DURHAM, North Carolina, February 25, 2013 (ENS) – Environmental exposure to bisphenol A, a chemical found in plastics and resins, may suppress a gene vital to nerve cell function and to the development of the central nervous system, finds new research led by scientists at Duke Medicine.
Published today in the journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,” the study investigated the effects of BPA on the cortical neurons of mice, rats and humans.
Cortical neurons are the cells of the brain’s largest region, the cerebral cortex. Most of the complex activity of the brain enabling thought, perception, and voluntary movement is made possible by the activity of these neurons.
“Our study found that BPA may impair the development of the central nervous system, and raises the question as to whether exposure could predispose animals and humans to neurodevelopmental disorders,” said lead author Wolfgang Liedtke, M.D., PhD, associate professor of medicine, neurology and neurobiology at Duke.
Research in animals has raised concerns that exposure to BPA may cause health problems such as behavioral issues, endocrine and reproductive disorders, obesity, cancer and immune system disorders. But this is one of the first studies indicating that brain and central nervous system development could be impaired by BPA exposure.
BPA is a molecule that mimics the hormone estrogen and interferes with the body’s endocrine system. It is found in a wide variety of manufactured products, including CDs, paper money, dental fillings and flame retardants, thermal printer paper, some plastic water bottles and the lining of metal cans used to contain food.
BPA is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, which in turn are used to manufacture plastic materials, such as baby bottles and can liners.
BPA can be released from containers into the food they carry, such as infant formula in the case of baby bottles, if the containers are heated at high temperatures.
During the first six months of the infants’ lives, exposure to the substance can be the highest, especially if infant formula is the only source of nutrition.
Some studies suggest that infants and young children may be the most vulnerable to the effects of BPA. This concern led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to ban the use of the chemical in baby bottles and cups in July 2012.
A European Union ban on BPA in baby bottles took effect June 1, 2011 in all 27 Member States.
While BPA has been shown to affect the developing nervous system, little is understood as to how this occurs. The research team developed a series of experiments in rodent and human nerve cells to learn how BPA induces changes that disrupt gene regulation.
During early development of neurons, high levels of chloride are present in the cells. These levels drop as neurons mature, due to a chloride transporter protein called KCC2, which churns chloride ions out of the cells.
If the level of chloride within neurons remains elevated, it can damage neural circuits and compromise a developing nerve cell’s ability to migrate to its proper position in the brain.
Exposing neurons to minute amounts of BPA alters the chloride levels inside the cells by somehow shutting down the Kcc2 gene, which makes the KCC2 protein, thereby delaying the removal of chloride from neurons.
MECP2, another protein important for normal brain function, was found to be a possible factor behind this change.
When exposed to bisphenol A, MECP2 is more abundant and binds to the Kcc2 gene at a higher rate, which might help to shut it down, the researchers found. This could contribute to problems in the developing brain due to a delay in chloride being removed.
These findings raise the question of whether BPA could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett syndrome, a severe autism spectrum disorder found only in girls. This disorder is characterized by mutations in the gene that produces MECP2.
While both male and female neurons were affected by BPA in the studies, female neurons were more susceptible to the chemical’s toxicity.
Further research will investigate the sex-specific effects of BPA exposure and whether certain sex hormone receptors are involved in BPA’s effect on KCC2.
“Our findings improve our understanding of how environmental exposure to BPA can affect the regulation of the Kcc2 gene. However, we expect future studies to focus on what targets aside from Kcc2 are affected by BPA,” Liedtke said. “This is a chapter in an ongoing story.”
In December 2012, researchers from the University of Bonn in Germany published an article on their experiments on cells from human and mouse tissue showing that BPA blocked calcium channels in cell membranes.
In addition to Liedtke, study authors include Michele Yeo and Ken Berglund of the Liedtke Lab in the Division of Neurology at Duke Medicine; Michael Hanna, Maria D. Torres and Jorge Busciglio of the University of California, Irvine; Junjie U. Guo and Yuan Gao of the Lieber Institute for Brain Development and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland; and Jaya Kittur, Joel Abramowitz and Lutz Birnbaumer of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
The research received funding from Duke University, the Klingenstein Fund, the National Institutes of Health, and from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
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Faber, Sandi .
Plant and soil relationships in Manitoba tallgrass prairie.
Historically, large-scale disturbances were major determinants of community structure and species diversity in North American tallgrass prairie. As these disturbances become less frequent, the interactions between plants and soil are of increasing importance. In ecology, the reciprocal interaction between vegetation and soil, whereby plants influence the conditions (encompassing both abiotic and biotic) of the soil community and the soil community in turn shapes the plant community, has been characterized as a type of feedback operating at the community level. A conceptual model of feedback and the proposed mechanisms by which it operates can be used to determine the overall effect of a soil community on local plant performance. Research on the mechanisms of community feedback, and the soil biotic factors influencing plant species diversity have been minimal in the northern tallgrass region, where less than 1% of the original native community remains. I examined the nature of the plant and soil feedback taking place within selected tallgrass communities in Manitoba. The main objectives of this research were to: 1. determine spatial dynamics of vegetation patches; 2. characterize the abiotic soil conditions of a particular community in Manitoba; 3. determine the effect of soil biota from dominant plant patches on the dominant plant species; and 4. determine the effect of different soil communities, including remnant and restoration prairies, on the performance of selected plant species. The results of field sampling showed that local patch structure exists for the dominant species of a particular tallgrass community, while abiotic conditions differ across the patches. Greenhouse assays demonstrated a positive effect of soil biota on the performance of dominant plant species within this community, but across communities there was a varying effect of the abiotic and biotic soil conditions on plant performance.
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1 - University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
Presentation Type: Oral Paper:Papers for Sections
Location: Council Chambers/SUB
Date: Monday, July 28th, 2008
Time: 4:00 PM
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In my first attempt at having indoor plants, I used the nutrient-rich soil from our yard, where we grew vegetables and fruits. However, I soon realized that all the plants were struggling, and I realized it might be the soil I used.
My indoor plants were not growing because of the soil in my apartment. But why were my vegetables and fruits growing happily in the same soil while my indoor plants were struggling to survive?
I did considerable research to find out if I could use garden soil indoors, and here’s what I learned!
A garden’s soil is composed of clay, sand, and silt that becomes heavier as it dries and is prone to becoming compacted. A number of potted plants cannot survive in this type of soil due to its insufficient aeration and inability to hold water and nutrients. It is therefore not recommended to use garden soil for indoor plants.
In light of the above, we recognize that garden soil is not an ideal choice for indoor plants. But what should I use instead? And what makes garden soil a poor choice for indoor plants? Let’s get right to it.
What kind of soil do indoor plants need?
You need specific characteristics in your soil for the best growth of your indoor plants. These include:
Since most indoor plants die as a result of overwatering, the essential attribute of indoor plant potting mixes is drainage capacity.
The soil mix should have good drainage in order to keep your indoor plants healthy and happy. If it is holding a lot of water, the plants are in trouble.
Light and aerated
It’s easy for garden soil to harden and compact in a container after it dries out.
To thrive, your indoor plants need a light blend of soil that allows their roots to breathe. The growth of your plant depends on this, so you must choose a mix that is both light and aerated.
In order for the roots of indoor plants to stay healthy, the soil must have some moisture in it. If the soil is completely dry, then the roots will suffer.
Ideally, you want your soil moist, but not soaked with water. Think of it as a drained sponge. You can feel some moisture in it, but it’s not sopping wet like a wet sponge. That’s the type of soil you want.
The right balance of nutrients
Just as vitamins are vital to a human being, nutrition is like a dietary supplement for plants.
It is important to ensure the soil has a balance of nutrients, such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium (NPK).
You need these nutrients for your indoor plants, but don’t overfeed them, as too much of anything is not good for us, and the same is true for our plants as well.
You’re probably wondering what the difference is between indoor and outdoor plants. Doesn’t garden soil have all of these necessary elements?
In that case, why are my plants doing well in the same soil outdoors but struggling inside my home? Don’t worry. I have answers for all your questions. Keep reading, and I will clear all your doubts.
Why is garden soil bad for indoor plants?
Despite your interest in using the freely available garden soil for your indoor plants, here are the reasons why you should not do so. Let’s dive right in.
Compact and heavy
In the garden, soil is a mixture of clay, sand, and silt that gets compacted and heavy, so it doesn’t pass the two essential tests we discussed earlier.
There are times when you will find the soil wet and soaked or dry and hard, which does not make sense for our indoor plants.
Critters and bugs
Bringing garden soil indoors could include bringing in the soil, as well as the critters and bugs, which could be beneficial to your plants. We’re talking about bringing in the soil, along with the critters and bugs.
As your living environment becomes balanced, there’s a strong possibility that undesirable pests and bugs will also move in, giving them an opportunity to thrive and harm your plants.
The soil in most gardens either holds too much water or doesn’t hold any water at all.
You can damage the health of your plants if you do this, since indoor plants require well-balanced soil that holds water long enough for them to absorb nutrients and hydration from their roots.
Poor moisture balance
It doesn’t have a moisture balance either since garden soil can’t hold the moisture necessary for the plants to thrive.
For plants to thrive, the soil in a garden needs moisture, but it tends to get hard and dry after some time if it is not watered.
Taking soil from the garden and using it in a pot can lead to weeds germinating and creating a nuisance for your indoor plants. Some of these weeds are caused by the surfaced seeds.
A lot of fungus, bacteria, and spores can be found in garden soil, so you should avoid using it indoors.
We should avoid using it primarily for indoor plants to avoid bringing bacteria and spores inside our homes as they can affect your family’s health as they thrive and spread well in an unbalanced environment inside our homes.
Hopefully you don’t need me to explain why garden soil is an unwise choice for indoor plants. If we can’t use garden soil, what else should we use? Let’s find out!
What can I use for indoor plants instead of garden soil?
It is usually recommended to use a soil-less medium called a potting mix for effective plant care. But, what is a potting mix?
Plant pots are made of potting mix, which is a mixture of natural ingredients like peat moss, sand, perlite, and other materials that make plants thrive.
As the name implies, this type of mix does not include soil, but it contains a variety of light elements that help keep water and nutrients in the mix so that plants can thrive. Let’s dig into a few of the elements in these mixes:
The most important component of any soil mix is peat moss. It is an organic material that retains water and nutrients necessary for your indoor plants to survive and grow.
Sand is also a popular addition to the potting mix. Its fine particle size and high drainage characteristics make it a perfect choice for most soil mixes. Cactus and succulents particularly enjoy it.
This lightweight material is super porous, which aids in aeration and water retention within the soil mix. Perlite and pumice have air pockets embedded in them.
Other important ingredients for soil mixes include compost or vermicompost. We create artificial potting soil that does not contain any nutrients in it. Therefore, it is important to add compost to our indoor plants for healthy growth. Compost provides our indoor plants with essential nutrients for healthy growth.
Adding vermiculite to soil mixes is also necessary, since these small nutrient-rich pellets or stones encourage the growth of beneficial microbes and bacteria required for a healthy soil mix.
In addition, it acts as a reservoir for water, retains moisture, and slowly releases macronutrients such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium into the soil mix.
By slow decomposition, wood chips provide nutrients essential for proper drainage and improve soil quality.
It is also possible to use wood chips as mulch if you live in a dry area to keep your soil moist and humidity around your plants. However, the aesthetic may not be appealing to everyone.
Alternatively, you can also make a DIY mix according to your plants’ needs. Here’s how you can do it:
- Mix two-part of peat moss
- Add a part of a compost
- Add a part of perlite/pumice
- And also, add a handful of wood chips
DIY mixes can also be made by reducing peat moss at the rate of one part and adding sand at the rate of one part.
Does garden soil make good soil for houseplants? No, it does not make good soil for houseplants, which are unable to prosper in it.
In gardens, soil tends to get compacted, which doesn’t allow enough air and space for the delicate roots of houseplants.
Using an inefficient medium like garden soil for indoor plants can only exacerbate their difficulties. The growing environment inside a home is quite different.
In order to get the best results from your indoor plants, it is recommended to use soil-less potting mixes. You can either buy a ready-made mix or prepare it yourself using the methods we discussed earlier.
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Small changes to prevent weight gain
01 August 2013
Both the developed and developing world face an obesity epidemic. Are the current recommendations for addressing this epidemic attainable? A “small changes” approach to reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity has been proposed, in order to prevent weight gain for the general population.
Individual energy requirements differ, but when the energy consumed (from all food and drink) equals the energy expended (by metabolism and physical activity), the body is in “energy balance”. When more energy is consumed than expended, the body is in a state of positive energy balance. When more energy is expended than consumed, the body is in a state of negative energy balance. Over time, a positive energy balance will lead to weight gain. Likewise, over time, a negative energy balance causes weight loss. To maintain body weight, consumed and expended energy do not have to balance exactly every day, but over a period of time.
Preventing weight gain by closing the energy gap
There is a need for both prevention and treatment of obesity, and approaches should consider both reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure to be most successful. Dr. James Hill and colleagues of the University of Colorado Denver suggest that preventing weight gain may be easier than losing weight, and this may be easier when energy expenditure is high.1
This is because lowering energy intake and total body weight decreases resting metabolic rate. A lower body weight also means less energy is used in physical activities. Therefore energy needs are lower. This is coupled with the challenge that restricting calories typically leads to an increase in hunger.1,2 Biological mechanisms in the body that help control energy balance seem to preserve existing body weight, making prevention of weight gain easier to achieve than losing weight and sustaining it.1
A high level of physical activity allows for a higher energy intake in achieving energy balance. Physical activity uses energy, and builds muscle which increases metabolic rate and therefore energy needs. Whereas people who do not move as much have lower energy needs and thus must balance this with a lower energy intake to keep energy in balance. Although sedentary people can successfully maintain energy balance, they are at a greater risk of weight gain. Typically, lower levels of physical activity are not matched by lower energy intakes.3 Increased physical activity is one of the factors associated with successful weight maintenance after weight loss.4 Hence, increased energy expenditure may help in achieving a sustained negative or neutral energy balance.1
Hill and colleagues found that over the past couple of decades the median weight gain in the American population was about 1-2 pounds per year (0.45–0.9 kg/year).5 Through their calculations they estimated that a positive energy balance of 100 calories per day (kcal/d) could explain most of this gradual weight gain. They refer to this excess positive energy balance of 100 kcal/d as the “energy gap”.1 They propose that closing the “energy gap”, by reducing energy intake by 100 kcal/d, would prevent weight gain in people with a positive energy balance.
It is important to note that these calculations assumed that 3,500 excess kcal yield a pound (0.45 kg) of body weight gain, a measurement thought by many scientists to be simplistic and flawed over long time periods.6 However, some of these concerns may be reduced because the energy gap theory is aimed at weight gain prevention rather than weight loss.
The Calorie Reduction Expert Group, an independent group commissioned by the UK Department of Health concluded that a 100 kcal deficit each day is theoretically sound and, for most of the population, should not pose a risk of under-nutrition.7
Small changes approach
The “energy gap” provides a basis for the “small changes” approach, which says that while large changes must occur to sustain individual weight loss, small changes in energy intake and expenditure are perceived to be achievable and should be sufficient to prevent excess weight gain in populations.8 One reason behaviour changes are perceived to be achievable is because the “small changes” approach provides a quantitative goal.8 Studies show that people are more likely to reach a goal when it is specific, realistic, and attainable.9
Another positive aspect of the “small changes” approach is that individuals can start to make small changes at any time and any body weight. Once people have started making small changes, they are more likely to continue making additional small changes. Over time these small changes can add up to a big lifestyle change.8 However, one potential drawback is that people might not be as motivated to prevent weight gain as they are to lose weight.
The scientists behind the “small changes” approach formed the organisation America On the Move to promote healthful eating and physical activity. The program advocates that people cut 100 kcal from their energy intake each day and add 2,000 more steps each day (which would burn ≈100 kcal) to prevent excess weight gain.10
Current consensus is that, overall, making small changes is effective. However, most of the studies to date focus on small changes that promote weight loss, not prevent weight gain. For example, one study found that small changes were most effective at promoting weight loss and sustaining it over a three-month period but concluded that longer-term studies are needed.11 Another study in a New Zealand workplace found that the people who set small changes in their diet and physical activity patterns and monitored them every week were more successful at losing weight and maintaining it over 12 months than a group who received “usual care”. Usual care involved one consultation with dietary and lifestyle advice, measuring weight only at the beginning and end of the 12-month intervention period.12
Reducing energy intake
The main ways to reduce energy intake are to decrease portion size and/or choose foods that are high in nutrients but low in total calories. Foods that have a high number of calories per volume are considered high-energy or energy-dense foods. These include some types of biscuits, crackers, and other dry savoury and sweet ‘snack’ foods. Foods such as fruits and vegetables with fewer calories for the same volume are considered low-energy or nutrient-dense foods. In addition, the high fibre and water content of most fruits and vegetables assists weight control by increasing satiety and decreasing appetite.13 For beverages, unsweetened or lower-energy sweetened alternatives are now widely available, and of course water (bottled or tap) contains zero kcal.
When reducing calories, it is important not to exclude vital nutrients from the diet. For example, fruits and vegetables contain vitamins, minerals, and fibre.7 Some foods with a high-energy content should not be excluded because they contain essential nutrients. Nuts and oily fish, such as salmon, are two examples of high-energy foods that contain essential fatty acids and also protein. In this case, portion control is paramount. Twenty-eight grams of peanuts (approximately a handful) contain about 150 kcal, so in some cases, decreasing portion size alone (e.g. eating a handful of nuts rather than a 50 g bag) could cut 100 kcal out of the diet.
Increasing energy expenditure
Physical activity is a key factor in preventing weight gain. In addition to burning calories, it helps maintain lean muscle mass which has a higher metabolic rate than fat tissue. When physical activity levels are low, energy intake needs to be low as well to maintain energy balance, and many adults have difficulty managing energy balance through diet alone. For this reason, the “small changes” approach recommends increasing physical activity in addition to reducing energy intake.
Ten thousand total steps per day has long been stated as a goal for optimal health benefits, but few studies have evaluated the efficacy of this goal.14 Evidence has shown that increasing normal daily activity by 2,000-2,500 steps is associated with modest weight loss, blood pressure improvements, and improved insulin sensitivity likely because of reduced body fat.15,16 Two thousand steps is the equivalent to about 20 minutes of walking, although there are individual differences.
Increasing steps by the “small changes” approach advocates an individual sets his or her own goals, to be achieved by small and manageable changes.1 Goal setting and using pedometers, small devices that count steps, have proven effective for helping people to walk more.15,17 Examples include walking to work instead of driving, taking the stairs instead of an elevator or escalator, and taking a walk in the morning, during lunch, or in the evening after dinner.10 Other types of physical activity, such as running and playing sports, count towards the 2,000 steps as well.
In conclusion, advocating small changes in energy intake and energy expenditure may provide an effective public health approach for preventing weight gain. Evidence from the energy balance theory suggests that decreasing energy intake by 100 kcal/d and increasing steps by 2,000 each day are specific, attainable small changes that can be made to prevent excess weight gain at the population level. Further research should be conducted to confirm that small changes in diet and physical activity can prevent weight gain, as most research to date focuses on small changes that promote weight loss.
- Hill JO, Wyatt HR & Peters JC (2012). Energy balance and obesity. Circulation 126(1):126-132.
- Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. (2011). Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. New England Journal of Medicine 365:1597–1604.
- Mayer J, Roy P, Mitra KP, et al. (1956). Relation between caloric intake, body weight and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4:169–175.
- Wing RR & Phelan S (2005). Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82(1):222S-225S.
- Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Reed GW, et al. (2003). Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Science 299:853–855.
- Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, et al. (2011). Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet 378:826–836.
- Macdonald I, Millward J, Mela D, et al. (2011). Statement of the Calorie Reduction Expert Group. UK: Department of Health.
- Peters JC, Lindstrom RC, Hill JO, et al. (2012). Stepping up across America: the small changes approach. Childhood Obesity 8(1):76-78.
- Locke EA & Latham GP (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist 57(9):705-717.
- America On the Move Foundation website: https://aom3.americaonthemove.org/about-us.aspx
- Lutes LD, Winett RA, Barger SD, et al. (2008). Small Changes in nutrition and physical activity promote weight loss and maintenance: 3-month evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 35(3):351-357.
- Zinn C, Schofield GM, Hopkins WG, et al. (2012). A “small-changes” workplace weight loss and maintenance program: examination of weight and health outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54(10):1230-1238.
- Howarth NC, Saltzman E, McCrory MA, et al. (2001). Dietary fibre and weight regulation. Nutrition Reviews 59(5):129-139.
- Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Beets MW, et al. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? For adults? International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8:79.
- Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, et al. (2007). Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 298:2296–2304.
- Dwyer T, Ponsonby AL, Ukoumunne OC, et al. (2011). Association of change in daily step count over five years with insulin sensitivity and adiposity: population based cohort study. British Medical Journal 342:c7249.
- Kang M, Marshall SJ, Barreira TV, et al. (2009). Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80(3):648-655.
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Ferns reproduce by means of spores, a dust-like substance produced in capsules called sori on the underside of the fern leaf, or frond.
The silver fern or ponga is a national symbol of New Zealand and is named for the silver/white underside of its fronds
This fern (Cyathea dealbata) – ponga in Maori – is a species of tree fern only found in New Zealand.
UPDATE I have added an extra photo, two days later, showing the mass of spores released from the sori as seen in this main photo.
Thank you for the comments, stars and hearts for the ‘Twist of Lemon’ blip. The lemon was all that remained of a Classic Manhattan dry cocktail.
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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry
Jason R. Dwyer
A nanopore—typically defined as a through-hole with dimensions <100 nm in all directions that functions as the sole path between two electrolyte reservoirs—is a robust single molecule sensor element which has enjoyed a wealth of applications spanning genomics and proteomics, with fledgling contributions to glycomics over the past two decades. Two classes of nanopores exist—biological and solid state. Biological nanopores, for example, α-hemolysin, are highly reproducible and precise—with nanopore lengths and critical constriction sizes that are well known and reproducible. This is not the case with solid state nanopores. Assuming total nanopore length is equal to the nominal thickness of the membrane provided by the manufacturer is a standard practice in the nanopore field. However, given fabrication tolerances, there is some room for error, in certain instances close to 60% of the provided nominal thickness. Any error in nanopore length will couple to errors in the radius calculation. Another two key assumptions are: i) the nanopore has a cylindrical shape unless (and often even if) the shape is otherwise known and ii) a single nanopore through the membrane is formed when one is intended. These issues were addressed by developing a framework that shows errors in harboring such geometric assumptions and eventual consequences for nanopore-based sensing experiments.
The focus of nanopore-based sensing has been predominantly on DNA and protein profiling with only fledging contributions to glycomic profiling. Silicon nitride-based solid state nanopores were used to understand translocation conditions related to alginate and then to study source variability associated with alginates. The two alginates used (from two different sources) gave two distinct signal patterns. Heparin, a common anticoagulant was contaminated in 2008 with over sulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS)—a structurally similar adulterant—which lead to ~120 deaths in the United States. Nanopores, with sizes ranging from ~8.6 nm- ~13.6 nm were used to test the ability to flag the presence of OSCS in a contaminated heparin sample—all four unique nanopores used were able to flag the presence of the OSCS contaminant proving the diagnostic capability associated with nanopore sensing.
Surface modification techniques, for example, hydrosilylation, silane chemistry and electroless gold plating not only tune the size (minimum radius, �0, and total nanopore length, �) but also change the intrinsic surface chemistry. Hydrosilylation on planar silicon nitride—a less challenging and less volume-constricted environment compared to nanopore inner walls—has been shown to be possible photochemically and thermally. The photochemically driven hydrosilylation was scaled down to the nanopore level—decorating inner nanopore walls in a challenging zeptoliter volume—using a range of functional groups to potentially overcome unfavorable conditions such analyte “sticking” problem while tuning analyte residence time favorably. Choice of molecule plays a significant role—one with a reactive terminal group such as hydroxyl or amine allowed for subsequent reactions, through condensation and click reactions, respectively, which are fast and facile, thus allowing for further modification of the size and surface chemistry of the pore. We observed the residence time of λ-DNA to increase with positive charge of the pore surface at pH 7, with bare, hydroxyl terminated, and amine terminated functional pores having peak residence times of ~250 μS, ~450 μS and ~1000 μS respectively.
A carefully configured electroless plating procedure was used to deposit gold directly on silicon nitride. Since silicon nitride is an insulator, conventional electroplating would be futile—hence electroless plating. The plating was done at both 3° C and 10° C. The mean grain size of the gold grains plated at 3° C were found to be ~20 nm in radii. These nanostructured plated surfaces were also used to enhance the Raman signal of 4-nitrobenzothiol (test-molecule). The same plating method was extended to paper, nanocellulose, acrylate polymer grafted silicon nitride, nanoporous silicon nitride and Silmeco (a commercial substrate with a pillar like architecture) to create low cost surface enhance Raman active substrates. Enhancement values as high as ~106 for both acrylate polymer grafted silicon nitride and Silmeco was observed.
Patterned solution-phase gold depositions have great promise for electronics, photonics, and sensors such as nanopores as well—especially considering augmenting nanopore function with structures such as transverse electrodes. For nanopores and other fragile architectures, mechanical non-contact and cleaning ease (especially by simple rinsing) are key elements in designing modification and fabrication methods. Hydrosilylation meets these expectations as it can be guided and restricted to specific regions by manipulating the exposure of light (UV) to the surface. Hydrosylilated alkanes were used as a suppressing layer, for metal deposition in combination with electroless deposition to create spatial patterns of gold on silicon nitride. However, key modifications to the existing gold plating scheme had to be made. Key washing steps and replacement of Sn(II) chemistry with Pd(II) chemistry was done to increase the spatial selectivity of the plated patterns. Spatially selective patterns with lateral spacings as small as ~30 μm have been fabricated using this method.
Bandara, Nuwan Dhananjaya, "Profiling and Modification of Silicon Nitride Based Planar Substrates and Nanopores" (2018). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 718.
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Seizures (Feline Epilepsy)
by Dr. Race Foster & Dr. Marty Smith
Seizures can be caused by any insult to the brain such as trauma, infection or a drug overdose. Detectable causes of seizures are those commonly associated with toxins, infections, drug overdose, trauma to the head area, and other metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and kidney or liver failure. In some instances they are inherited. Most seizures in the cat are not due to detectable causes such as trauma, but are caused by idiopathic (unknown cause) epilepsy, a condition veterinarians generally refer to only as epilepsy.
The exact cause of epilepsy is not known, but whether the cause is unknown or trauma induced, the condition results in an uncoordinated firing of the neurons (nerves) within the brain. Normally, the neurons transmit impulses in a uniform and coordinated fashion, allowing for precisely timed movement and thoughts.
During an epileptic seizure, however, the neurons function independently of each other. When the neurons misfire, cats may lose consciousness or become unaware of their surroundings, and have rapid, uncoordinated body movements.
What are the symptoms?
Normally the epileptic cat will have the first seizure between two and three years of age. This time frame may vary, but rarely is epilepsy seen in the very young. Seizures will vary in intensity and are usually described using three terms: petit mal, grand mal, and status epilepticus.
Petit mal seizures are the mildest form. The cat may simply develop a blank stare, shake one leg or cry out in pain. Petite mal seizures usually last less than one minute. Grand mal seizures are the most common. This seizure is characterized by a cat falling to one side, urinating or defecating uncontrollably, paddling the feet as if swimming, frothing at the mouth, and it may also cry out. This cat will be unaware of surrounding activities. Grand mal seizures usually last five minutes or less. Status epilepticus is the most severe form of seizure. It appears exactly like a grand mal seizure, but it may last for several hours - or as soon as the cat seems to recover, it immediately degenerates back into the seizure.
What are the risks?
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder and although usually not curable, it can be controlled. The petit and grand mal seizures, in most cases, are not life threatening unless they occur at a time when the feline is in an unsafe, or uncontrolled environment.
Status epilepticus is a very serious seizure state. With the body convulsing violently for hours, the internal body temperature will become critically high. Organ damage and death can result. All seizure instances should be reported immediately to your veterinarian.
What is the treatment?
In most instances, epilepsy is not life threatening unless status epilepticus develops. Anticonvulsant medications are used in chronic cases. It must be understood that drug therapy does not cure the condition, but rather controls the severity and frequency of the seizures. Anticonvulsant drugs such as Phenobarbital may be used in the cat. Phenobarbital provides a sedative action on the nerves within the brain.
The goal of therapy is to stabilize the nerves and membranes within the brain, but not to a point where the cat appears or acts sedated. Generally, anticonvulsant drugs are not given unless the cat has more than one seizure per month or the seizures last more than half an hour. This is a general guideline only.
(Article reprinted with permission)
© 2000 Drs. Foster and Smith, Inc.
Reprinted as a courtesy and with permission from
On-line store at http://www.DrsFosterSmith.com
Free pet supply catalog: 1-800-323-4208
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Doctrine of God. God is introduced as the God of heaven ( 1:4-5 ). He is great, mighty, powerful, and awesome ( 1:5 ; 6:16 ; 9:32 ). The one whose name is Yahweh is the only being worthy to be called God ( 9:6 ). Multitudes of heaven bow down before their Creator, who made all their host and gave life to all ( 9:6 ). This great Lord is exalted above all blessing ( 9:5 ).
God also enters into covenant with men. He brought Abram out of Ur and changed his name to Abraham ( 9:7 ). He was able to look into the man's heart and know that he was faithful. He himself makes his promises and fulfills them ( 9:8 ). Yahweh is reliable and can be counted on to do what he says ( 9:32 ). He preserves his covenant and lovingkindness for those who love him and keep his word ( 1:5 ). He fulfills his promises because he is righteous ( 9:8 ).
Yahweh is the redeemer who brought his people out of Egypt by his great power and strong hand ( 1:10 ). He first saw their affliction and then delivered them with wondrous signs ( 9:9 ). He is their lawgiver from Mount Sinai and their preserver and sustainer in the wilderness.
He is not only the God of redemptive history; he is also the God who was favorable to Nehemiah ( 2:18 ). Nehemiah recognized that all of his thoughts prompting him to rebuild were put into his heart by God ( 2:12 ). The carrying out of these thoughts was done by the help of his God ( 4:14 ).
The greatest emphasis on the nature of God in this book concerns his lovingkindness, grace, and mercy. The remnant based their hopes for survival on the ancient "mercy confession" of Exodus 34:6. The Lord is a God of forgiveness, grace, and compassion, slow to anger and abounding in lovingkindness ( 9:17 ). Therefore he did not forsake Israel because of the golden calf episode ( Exod 32 ). He had great compassion on Israel in the wilderness, providing for all their needs ( 9:27-31 ).
For the small group of refugees God's mercy was not only a historical event but also a present reality. They base their ability to survive as a nation on it. Although God is compassionate, however, he is also just and righteous. Everything he brought upon the rebellious people was fair and just ( 9:33 ).
The People of God. To their enemies they are "feeble Jews" ( 4:2 ). They are in dire straights, having become slaves on their own land ( 9:36 ). Persian kings rule over their own bodies ( 9:37 ). Even their own brethren threaten to plunge them into serfdom ( 5:1-5 ). Yet, at the same time, they are the people whom Yahweh redeemed by his great power and strong hand ( 1:10 ).
In the midst of weakness and distress they "worked with all their heart" ( 4:6 ). Almost as one person they put their hand to the good work ( 2:18 ). Though there are some nobles who disdained to work on the wall, daughters are said to have worked alongside their father ( Nehemiah 3:5 Nehemiah 3:12 ). With swords in one hand and tools in the other they worked from dawn until the stars came out ( Nehemiah 4:17 Nehemiah 4:21 ).
In the past their fathers acted arrogantly, would not listen, and failed to remember God's wondrous deeds ( 9:16 ). They cast the law behind them and killed the prophets ( 9:25 ). Their sons are mourning and confessing their sins. They stand as one person shivering in the rain to listen to the Torah in chapters 8 and 9.
Over a hundred names are recorded on a written, sealed covenant ( 10:1-27 ). With knowledge and understanding they pledged themselves to walk in God's law. They renounce foreign marriages and working on the Sabbath. In the midst of poverty they pledge to renounce crops the seventh year and to remit slaves and debts in the year of jubilee. They promise in writing to honor their financial obligations to the house of God and to its ministers. Though they have meager means of existence, they will not neglect the house of God ( 10:32-39 ).
Scripture. On Mount Sinai Yahweh gave commands, decrees, and laws ( 9:14 ). He also gave his good spirit to instruct them ( 9:20 ). Their rule of faith and practice includes more than the law of Moses. Their manner of praise and worship goes back to the commandments of David and Solomon. David, like Moses, was a man of God. His prescriptions are considered binding ( Nehemiah 12:24 Nehemiah 12:46 ). Information recorded in the historical books is also considered binding in moral situations ( 13:26 ).
Early in the book it is recognized that the law foretold their scattering and also their return ( 1:7 ). It is more than a historical record. It is something the people separate themselves to and a way of life in which they walk ( 10:29-30 ). The book of the law is not something restricted to temple worship.
The reading of the law was done in the city square at the Water Gate. This entrance led to the spring of Gihon, the source of the city's water supply. The reading was commenced on the first day of the seventh month. This would begin the civil new year. Thus it was emphasized that the Torah must overshadow secular as well as religious life ( 8:1-2 ).
A wooden tower was built large enough for fifteen people to stand on. The purpose of this tower was for the reading of the Word ( 8:4-5 ). It reminded the people that the Torah stood above everything in their lives.
It was the people themselves who requested this reading. They all stood when the scroll was opened. Scripture was read from early morning until noon before men, women, and children who could understand ( 8:3-5 ). Thirteen Levites went through the crowd assisting people in understanding the law ( 8:7 ).
The law was reverenced. People bowed low and worshiped when it was read ( 8:7 ). It was not, however, worshiped. Yahweh himself is the only one granted this service. Leaders reminded the people that gloom and holiness do not go together. When all the people are weeping and mourning, they are exhorted to rejoice and send gifts to each other ( 8:9-10 ). They are made to realize that the joy of the Lord is their strength. They celebrate a great festival because "they understood the words that had been made known to them" ( 8:12 ). This practice probably lies behind the "Simchat Torah" ("Joy of the Torah"), a special day observed in modern synagogues around this time of the year.
Prayer. The Book of Nehemiah probably contains the shortest prayer in the Bible and one of the longest. The shortest prayer occurs in 2:4 between the king's question about what Nehemiah wants from him and this man's reply. The longest prayer takes up most of chapter 9.
This prayer came after the festivals of Yom Kippur and Sukkoth. The fact that it was not on one of the prescribed holy days indicated that consecration is not to be restricted to certain special days in the year. The people separated themselves to the Lord. They read the law for a fourth of a day and confessed sins for another fourth ( 9:1-2 ).
In the Greek text of the Septuagint this is said to be Ezra's prayer but the Hebrew text is indefinite about the speaker in 9:6. The entire prayer is a national confession of sin and a plea for mercy in the midst of oppression and disgrace. It forms a centerpiece of the book.
There are thirteen instances of prayer in Nehemiah. The book opens with a prayer and closes with one ( 1:4-11 ; 13:31 ). The recorded prayer of the first chapter is the culmination of many days of praying and fasting for the ruined city of Jerusalem. Nehemiah has been praying night and day for this city. This man of God identifies himself with the sin of his people that he is confessing. He, himself, and his father's house have acted corruptly ( 1:7 ). He calls God's attention to Leviticus 26:33, which promises a regathering of the nation in response to their repentance. He closes his prayer by requesting success and compassion before the king. This is truly one of the great intercessory prayers of the Bible.
At many points of crisis Nehemiah's short prayers are recorded. When news of conspiracy is heard, they pray and set up a guard ( 5:19 ). After five attempts to ambush him he breathes a brief prayer that is only three words in the Hebrew text: "Now strengthen my hands" ( 6:9 ). He continually requests that God remember his faithful Acts during his governorship. This man is possibly one of the most prayerful persons in the Bible outside of Christ. He realized there were times for long, sustained prayer and times for hard work and quick, whispered prayer.
Ethics. Before the wall was even finished a crisis concerning ethics must be dealt with. Wealthy Jewish landowners are forcing their brethren into serfdom by high-interest loans. Courageously the governor faces them with the wrongs they have done. To their lasting credit, they responded by remitting the debts ( 5:1-12 ).
Nehemiah is not a heartless legalist who slavishly follows the letter of the law. He is constantly sacrificing for the welfare of the people. He realizes that the law is built on both the love of God and love for one's neighbor. He disdains to take his legal right as governor to require a subsidy from the people for his official expenses. He did not domineer the people but rather paid for the expenses of his table from his own money ( 5:15-18 ). He did not consider common labor beneath his dignity as a governor, but diligently applied himself to the work on the wall ( 5:16 ).
When he discovers Levites and singers have had to leave their duties because tithes are not being paid, he quickly reorganized the country's financial policies. He placed reliable people in charge of storing the tithes ( 13:10-14 ). For sake of accountability the high priest was to be present when Levites gathered tithes ( 10:38 ).
Upon discovering Tobiah had commandeered a storeroom in the temple for his personal use, Nehemiah personally threw his household goods out into the street ( 13:4-9 ). The room was quickly cleansed and rededicated to temple use. Corruption and self-aggrandizement were not tolerated in any area.
People who were breaking the Sabbath were first admonished ( 13:15 ), then reprimanded (v. 17). After this, gates were locked and force was threatened (vv. 18-21). When the survival of the biblical Mosaic faith was concerned Nehemiah was not always gentle. At times he resorted to physical force ( 13:25 ). When foreign marriage laws were disregarded he struck the offenders and even pulled their hair out. The book simply reports these extreme methods without passing judgment on them.
These marriages were threatening to undermine the very core of Israel's national identity. They even resulted in offspring who could not speak the language of Judah and hence could not understand the laws that guaranteed their survival ( 13:24 ). Nehemiah realized from his own knowledge of Scripture that this had caused Solomon to sin and had brought the nation to disaster ( 13:26 ). His style of leadership differed from Ezra's, who pulled his own hair out over this situation ( Ezra 9:3 ). One must remember Nehemiah was fighting for the spiritual and temporal survival of his nation.
The City of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is an important city. It is the place of the tombs of Nehemiah's fathers. It was also the place where God chose to have his Name dwell ( 1:9 ). It is to be a holy city. The first ones to start the building are the priests. As they build they consecrate the walls and gates ( 3:1 ). Guards were appointed to watch the gates. It was important who lived there and who entered the city. Lots were cast to insure there would be people residing there. The people who inhabited the city were blessed by the others ( 11:1-19 ). Their names and numbers were carefully recorded.
Dedication of the walls was a religious service accompanied with a great deal of gladness and celebration. Two great choirs lead a procession in two different directions up from the south end of the city to the temple on the north ( 12:31-43 ). The march was consummated with a great deal of sacrifice and rejoicing. Celebration was so loud that it was heard from afar ( 12:43 ).
This consecration of the city reminds us of dedication of the altar in Ezra 3:8-13. Piety is not to be restricted to the altar site, but encompasses everything within the walls of the city. Building these walls was a great work commissioned by God himself.
Kings and Human Government. The book recognizes that their kings and leaders were given by God ( 9:34 ) and that he reserves the right to withdraw the blessing of the kingdom he gave them. The nation is to be a holy commonwealth. Foreign leaders have no portion, right, or memorial in it ( 2:20 ).Try as they might, they cannot stop the work because God himself frustrated their plans ( 4:15 ). They completely lost their confidence when the work was accomplished with God's help ( 6:16 ).
Bibliography. J. Bright, History of Israel; B. Childs, Introduction of the Old Testament as Scripture; F. C. Fensham, Ezra and Nehemiah; D. Kidner, Ezra and Nehemiah; J. Myers, Ezra-Nehemiah; H. G. Williamson, Ezra-Nehemiah.
Copyright © 1996 by Walter A. Elwell. Published by Baker Books, a division of
Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan USA.
All rights reserved. Used by permission.
For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement.
Bibliography InformationElwell, Walter A. "Entry for 'Nehemiah, Theology of'". "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology".
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New research suggests adolescent alcohol use has roots in early childhood as children develop personality characteristics and life experiences which can lead to early alcohol problems.
Researchers evaluated measures of temperament among children six months through to five years of age and found that childhood temperament prior to age five predicts adolescent alcohol use and problems at age 15.5 years.
The early experiences were influential even after controlling for socio-demographic factors and parental alcohol problems.
“Most scientists who study alcohol use start studying people in adolescence, since that is when alcohol use is usually first initiated/experimented with,” explained Danielle Dick, Ph.D., associate professor of psychiatry, psychology and human and molecular genetics at Virginia Commonwealth University.
“But people don’t enter adolescence as blank slates; they have a history of life experiences that they bring with them, dating back to early childhood. This is one of the most comprehensive attempts to understand very early childhood predictors of adolescent alcohol use in a large epidemiological cohort.”
“A question largely unanswered by the existing literature concerns the origins of personality differences in adolescents or adults who do and do not have drinking problems,” added Dr. Matt McGue, a professor in the department of psychology at the University of Minnesota.
“In my opinion, the major contribution of the current study is that it shows that these personality differences emerge very early in life.”
Dick and her colleagues used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a large epidemiological sample of pregnant women with delivery dates between April 1991 and December 1992.
The children (6,504 boys, 6,143 girls) were followed longitudinally. Temperamental characteristics were assessed at six time points from six to 69 months of age. Alcohol use and problems were assessed at age 15.5 years.
“Some of the most interesting findings to emerge from this study are that, one, we can identify childhood temperamental styles that emerge prior to age five that predict alcohol use and problems in mid-adolescence,” said Dick.
“Two, the early childhood temperamental styles that predict alcohol use are very different and largely uncorrelated – that both kids who show consistent emotional and behavioral problems early on are at elevated risk and kids who are consistently sociable at a very early age are also at risk. This indicates very different pathways to alcohol involvement/patterns, that emerge early on, which has important implications for prevention efforts.”
“Temperament is considered to represent the biological foundations of later personality and is manifested in terms of basic reactivity and regulatory process,” said McGue.
“This study differs from other studies in two significant ways. First, other studies have typically focused on personality, which is normally assessed by self-report. This study indicates that those personality factors are the result, in part, of early temperamental expressions. Second, ALSPAC is a large and very well-characterized longitudinal study.
“This allows the investigators to rigorously evaluate their hypothesis as well as provide them with the statistical power they need to explore important ancillary questions, such as whether the nature of personality risk differs in males and females, a gender effect they did not find in this study.”
Interestingly, the association between sociability and alcohol use/problems was more significant than the association found between emotional and conduct difficulties and later alcohol problems, said Dick.
“This underscores the fact that drinking during adolescence is largely a social phenomenon. However, this doesn’t mean it’s less problematic; we know from other studies that most adolescent drinking is high risk – for example, binge drinking – and can lead to numerous negative consequences.”
Both Dick and McGue noted the importance of searching for what may lead to adolescent drinking when trying to understand the development of patterns of alcohol use, such as predictors that emerge very early in life.
“That said,” noted McGue, “while I think the most important finding concerns tracing personality differences back to preschool differences in temperament, we cannot, from these findings, predict with much accuracy which preschoolers will have problems with alcohol as adolescents and which will not.”
“All things considered,” said Dick, “it’s not just ‘problem kids’ who get involved in alcohol use. It’s also the highly sociable kids as well. Parents should be aware of this.”
Source: Virginia Commonwealth University
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Download This Sample
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Table of Contents
A Yorkshire Terrier is a toy-sized breed of terrier dogs that originated in England. Also known as a Yorkie, it is often considered one of the most popular dog breeds in America because it is hypoallergenic and house-trained. Despite having a compact body, Yorkies are intelligent, aggressive, alert, and independent.
See the fact file below for more information on the Yorkshire Terrier or alternatively, you can download our 24-page Yorkshire Terrier worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
Key Facts & Information
- Yorkies are named after the county in northern England where it came from.
- During the Industrial Revolution in the mid-1800’s, migrants coming from Scotland travelled with small terrier dogs, known as Broken Haired Scotch Terriers, while searching for work in England.
- Scottish workers in the coal mines, textile mills, and factories used Yorkshire Terriers as Ratters, dogs that catch rats, to minimize the amount of rats in their workplace.
- They are also used in hunting small to mid-sized wild animals such as foxes and badgers.
- Yorkshire Terrier is a breed of several types of terrier dogs.
- These small dogs also became popular among royals and upper class societies because of its unique appearance.
- Yorkshire Terriers standard weight is no more than seven pounds.
- It stands about 8 inches tall at the shoulder.
- Miniature yorkies weigh under 3 pounds.
- Its coat is high maintenance as it should always be silky, straight, and smooth. Show dogs have a floor-length coat that is parted in the middle of the back.
- Yorkies are born black with tan and blueish saddles. Their fur then changes gradually after they turn a year old.
- Yorkies’ coat become lighter with age.
- The coat of female yorkies gets lighter in the heat because of hormonal changes.
- Hair shedding is very minimal to unlikely because it does not have an undercoat like most other dogs.
- The hair of Yorkies is very similar to humans, making it a hypoallergenic dog.
- This breed of terrier is intelligent and can be trained easily making it an ideal companion dog.
- Yorkshire Terriers are also excellent watchdogs because of excessive barking.
- Yorkies are naturally confident, adventurous, energetic, and cuddly.
- They are unassertive around other dogs and prefer to be with humans as they need affection and comfort.
- Yorkies love to dig because they used to dig burrows to chase rats. But with proper training, it can be prevented.
- Yorkshire Terriers are extremely sensitive to cold temperatures.
- They are also prone to respiratory infections.
- They have a fragile digestive system that can cause vomiting and diarrhea.
- It is important to keep them well exercised because they are naturally active.
- Undersized yorkies are sensitive to anesthesia.
- Yorkies usually live for 13 to 20 years.
- Undersized yorkies are more prone to injuries thus, have a shorter life span.
Pharyngeal Gag Reflex
- Pharyngeal gag reflex, also known as reverse sneezing, is commonly associated with Yorkshire Terriers.
- It is a condition where instead of sneezing, Yorkies make a snorting sound.
- It happens when air is inhaled through their noses like a reverse sneeze.
- It is harmless and will usually last for a couple of seconds.
Yorkie Tail Docking
- Yorkie tail docking started during the Roman Empire. Docking or removal of a part of puppies’ tail is done in order to prevent injuries among working dogs.
- Yorkshire Terriers, in the 19th century, were considered a working dog because it was used for hunting rats and other wild animals in burrows and woodlands.
- Shorter tails are desirable so that dogs can easily be pulled out of the burrow.
- As per American Kennel Club or AKC standard, Yorkies should have medium-length tail in order to be declared show dogs.
- Although widely accepted in America and other countries, many consider tail docking of a Yorkshire as illegal and have complete banned the practice.
- Huddersfield Ben is referred to as the ‘father of the breed’ and the ‘father of modern yorkies’.
- He became famous as a popular stud dog because he won a total number of 74 prizes in dog shows.
- He was a champion stud dog because of his obedience and remarkable poise.
- He won numerous rat-baiting competitions.
- He was run over by a carriage and died in 1871.
- His body was preserved and displayed in England.
- It is believed that every Yorkshire terrier to date descends from him and his ten sons and one daughter.
- Smoky is a Yorkshire Terrier who was the most famous and legendary female war dog who served in World War II.
- The heroic toy dog only weighed 4 pounds and stood 7 inches tall.
- She was a lost, abandoned dog and was eventually bought by Bill Wynne from a US army soldier for $6.
- She was the world’s first therapy dog that comforted wounded soldiers during the war.
- Smoky was sent into a very narrow pipe to establish telephone wires beneath an airstrip heavily targeted by the Japanese.
- Smoky’s story has been told in more than 50 books and TV shows.
- The “dog of all wars” has 6 memorials in the US and 3 in Australia.
Yorkshire Terrier Worksheets
This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Yorkshire Terrier across 24 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Yorkshire Terrier worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about a Yorkshire Terrier which is a toy-sized breed of terrier dogs that originated in England. Also known as a Yorkie, it is often considered one of the most popular dog breeds in America because it is hypoallergenic and house-trained. Despite having a compact body, Yorkies are intelligent, aggressive, alert, and independent.
Complete List Of Included Worksheets
- Yorkshire Terrier Facts
- Color The Yorkie
- Physique or Personality
- Yorkie Or Not
- Dog of All Trades
- A Yorkie’s Prescription
- Identify It!
- Assessing Knowledge
- Smoky the Yorkie
- Describe Me!
- Yorkie Acrostics
Link/cite this page
If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source.
Link will appear as Yorkshire Terrier Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, March 4, 2019
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards.
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A decisive property of the Higgs boson is its affinity to mass. The heavier a particle is, the stronger the Higgs boson will couple to it. While physicists have firmly established this property for heavy W and Z bosons (force carriers), more data are needed to measure the Higgs boson coupling to the heavy fermions (matter particles). These interactions, known as Yukawa couplings, are very interesting as they proceed through a quite different mechanism than the coupling to force-carrying bosons in the Standard Model.
In certain new physics models, Yukawa couplings deviate from their Standard Model predictions. Analyses of the LHC Run 2 dataset are resulting in the first in-depth studies of these interactions, as seen in the recent ATLAS observation of a Higgs boson produced with a top-quark pair.
Decay to heaviest lepton
The ATLAS Collaboration has just released a measurement of the cross section of the Higgs boson decaying to a pair of taus, the heaviest known leptons. The new result is an unambiguous observation of this decay with a significance of 6.4 standard deviations. To achieve this, physicists combined 13 TeV data taken in 2015-2016 with earlier 7 and 8 TeV data. It confirms previous analyses of this channel, including initial evidence seen by ATLAS in 2013, the combined ATLAS and CMS observation published in 2016, and a recent CMS measurement.
The measured total production cross section of 3.7 picobarns, with an uncertainty of 28%, is well in agreement with the Standard Model prediction, but leaves also room for new physics contributions to be unveiled with more data. The result also disentangles the two most common Higgs production mechanisms: so-called gluon-gluon fusion and weak boson fusion. Again, within uncertainties, these measurements are fully consistent with the Standard Model.
Listening to the data
The analysis was very challenging as the tau lepton is short-lived and can only be observed through its decay products of which at least one is always an invisible neutrino. The unknown momentum taken away by the neutrino makes the tau reconstruction incomplete and thus susceptible to backgrounds. Events with tau leptons are moreover difficult to select online (trigger) when the visible tau decay products are hadrons. To make thing worse, the Z boson, which also decays to a tau-lepton pair, being relatively close in mass to the Higgs but much more abundant, represents a large source of background.
Using information from various ATLAS sub-detectors, an estimate of the Higgs boson mass was computed for each candidate event and provided a decisive handle to disentangle the Higgs boson from the close-by Z. To verify the analysis, ATLAS physicists use the recorded data in well-understood regions called control regions. These regions are meticulously designed to select background events mimicking the Higgs boson. They provide a key check that the understanding of the detector and the numerous background processes is as accurate as needed to perform the measurement.
The new tau lepton result from ATLAS lays the ground for studying Higgs to tau-pair decays in detail. It is not only the mere frequency of these decays, but also the tiny details in their properties, which may open a new window to search for signs of new physics. With the much larger dataset available at the end of Run 2, these details can now be studied.
- Cross-section measurements of the Higgs boson decaying to a pair of tau leptons in proton–proton collisions at 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector (ATLAS-CONF-2018-021).
- See the following LHCP2018 talks: Status and highlights from the ATLAS experiment (K. Nagano), Higgs couplings to fermions at the ATLAS and CMS experiments (C. Grefe), and Experimental results using the decay of the Higgs to taus and muons (ATLAS + CMS) (M. Meyer).
- Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and constraints on its couplings from a combined ATLAS and CMS analysis of the LHC proton-proton collision data at 7 and 8 TeV (J. High Energ. Phys. (2016) 45).
- CMS Collaboration: Observation of the Higgs boson decay to a pair of τ leptons with the CMS detector (Phys. Lett. B 779 (2018) 283).
- See also the full lists of ATLAS Conference Notes and ATLAS Physics Papers.
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At User Experience Lisbon (UX LX), Donna Spencer talked about Design Games you can play with your team and with potential users of your product to elicit ideations and information in fun ways. Here's my notes from her presentation:
- A design game is something you can do in a project situation to get valuable information in a fun way. They are hands-on and engage participants both physically and mentally.
- Design games get real involvement from people and help teams communicate ideas to get everyone on the same page.
Games you can play with users
- Design the box: figure out the packaging your product will go into. Helps get people to focus on key themes, generate ideas for the name, tag lines, etc. This forces you to distill ideas into only a few words and features.
- Design the homepage: helps people think through the main ideas of a Web site. Key issues come out pretty quickly when people design the perfect home page for themselves.
- Divide the dollar: gives you a way to prioritize options, features, etc. by asking people to allocate an amount of money to each element.
- Metadata games: helps understand how people describe particular things. Ask people to label elements relevant to your product.
- Free-listing: how many things can you list that are relevant to ...? Gets people to tell you the terms they use and gives you some context about how they think about a problem.
- Card sorting: usually not considered a game. But the process of organizing concepts can have rewards, time pressure, or other game elements.
Games to play with your team
- Idea cards: good for when you are trying to generate ideas. Start with relevant words on a set of cards and ask people to come up with an idea that includes the term on the card like: audience, simple, identity, color, etc.
- Reversal: instead of tackling a problem head on –turn it around and solve the anti-problem. After you have anti-solutions, apply the ideas to the actual problem.
- You need to plan design games effectively. Make sure there is a clear purpose –something you want out of it. Otherwise people might wonder why they are doing it. Determine the outcome you want from the session. Think through the rules, constraints, the form of the output, and how people will be involved.
- To make existing activities more game like: create a time limit, create an opportunity to win, or introduce collaborative elements.
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Original article posted in spring 2016, updated with lots of new information in November 2017.
Download the visual handout of the Social Competency Model to use when discussing this concept in IEP meetings, with some of your older clients, or anywhere else you find helpful.
What does it mean to teach “social skills”? Ask 10 people and you’ll probably get 10 different answers. One of the interesting things about being in a field that teaches social skills is that despite how often we all use this term, there appears to be no collective agreement as to how to define it. How we define a concept influences the treatment we select to address the concept. It is for this very reason that, when talking to people about social abilities, one of the first things we do is encourage them to define key aspects of “social skills.” Most include some or all of the following abilities:
- Sharing ideas, feelings, activities
- Showing interest in others
- Engaging in eye-contact
- Establishing common ground
- Turning taking
- Having a conversation
- Staying on topic
Notice that people tend to define what they can observe. As a result, treatment tends to focus on teaching a defined social behavior that an individual is expected to demonstrate without learning to problem solve when and why to use this skill.
The Social Thinking Methodology takes a more expansive view. We look to the research on social, language and cognitive development, social competencies as well as various other factors that impact how people feel and think about themselves and others. This vast and constantly evolving body of evidence influences the ongoing development of our methodology, which seeks to teach far beyond what is typically referred to as “social skills instruction.”
More specifically, the focus of our work is developing interventions to help individuals who have solid to strong language skills and academic learning skills engage in deep social emotional learning so they can better interpret and form a variety of increasingly sophisticated social responses. Our methodology recognizes that language is the behavior of our thinking mind; what individuals tell us throughout their social learning process helps to inform all teaching. Having solid to strong cognitive and language skills is a game changer in how we address teaching. Through the use of language individuals think more deeply about their own and others’ thoughts and emotions in specific contexts, contributing to each person’s further development of their social competencies, which in turn propels treatment beyond focusing only on social skills.
Our social cognition – all the things that go on in our brains that direct and influence us as social beings - is not simply a set of skills; rather it is a social learning process that drives problem-solving abilities to determine social behavioral responses, some of which include, but are not limited to, social skills.
Within the Social Thinking Methodology we address many moving parts of the social emotional learning process, some of which are summarized below:
- Social attention: Establishing social attention to help individuals focus on relevant social cues that guide them toward social interpretation.
- Social problem solving: The ability to figure out people and the situation while considering our own and others’ thoughts, emotions, beliefs, intentions and knowledge; we do this to interpret and respond to the information in our mind and possibly to determine our social behavioral response(s).
- Social responses (e.g., social skills): In Social Thinking, we view this as an end result of deeper social interpretation and problem solving that leads us to figure out how to adapt our live* social behavior to encourage others to think and feel about us in the manner we had hoped. *Live response is defined as a social response produced in the company of others. This can be face-to-face or through a digital/device stream (email, phone, social media, texts, etc.).
- Social Emotional Chain Reaction: Emotions are also part of the social problem-solving/social response process. What we express, verbally or nonverbally, impacts how others think and feel, which influences how they act or react to us, which impacts how we may feel and think about others and possibly ourselves. Social behavioral responses and our emotional interpretations and responses are co-dependent.
- Social competencies involve the integration of social attention and social interpretation of self and others to socially problem solve to make decisions to guide the development of our social responses.
The Big Picture: Social Competency has Many Key Elements
For over 20 years we have spent countless hours developing effective ways to engage individuals of all ages who have solid language and measured cognition—those with and without diagnostic labels—in a deep social emotional learning process to achieve their social goals, whatever they may be.
What is a social goal? It can be as simple as not wanting to make people feel uncomfortable or as complicated as maintaining a friendship or engaging in more effective teamwork. While we routinely talk about academic goals, we rarely talk about an individual’s personal social goals, and we almost never discuss the process for learning social emotional concepts and skills to better meet our own socially-based goals. Social goals also overlap with academic goals!
Whether seeking to engage in live communication or making meaning out of passages read in a book that involve people talking to or thinking about one another, a dynamic and synergistic social problem solving process is involved as social information is attended to and interpreted. This more complex process is best described as teaching social competencies, not only social skills.
Curiously, we have found that assumptions can sink the ship of socially-based teaching and learning on multiple fronts:
- Both parents and professionals need to avoid making assumptions about what an individual understands about the social world and how they interpret and respond to socially-based information.
- Many times we are told by a parent or a professional that the student “understands everything”—but can’t do the social skills. Yet, when we get to know the individual we find he or she has weak social attention and social interpretations, resulting in limited social problem solving and decision making, and ultimately limited social behavioral responses.
- Most of us fluidly interpret and respond in the moment to aspects of the social world in which we are immersed, whether it involves live communication or making sense of people in context through reading novels, history, social studies, etc. These fluid social abilities are learned with little direct guidance, and because of this many family members and professionals assume the process of understanding our own and others’ social minds and our related social responses are less complicated and fairly easy to teach. Why else would social skills be described by members of government, leaders in education and media as “non-cognitive” or “soft skills”? There also appears to be a global presumption that if one can produce reasonable social skills, then he or she must also be able to teach others how to engage in producing culturally and developmentally sensitive social skills. In reality, no human service professional (e.g., educator, speech-language pathologist, counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist, etc.) is taught in their university program how to teach and “unpack the social experience” for individuals with weak social learning systems (e.g., ASD, ADHD, Social Communication Disorder, mental health, acquired head injury, trauma, etc.).
Given these assumptions, social instruction is based on teaching social skills in isolation, where individuals are removed from complex social contexts and social behaviors can be taught in isolation, memorized and easily measured for accuracy of their behavioral production. Most social skills programs rarely teach why the target social behavior (social skill) is important in the broader social context and how the social skill might be interpreted by others.
In general, the lack of exploration into the origin and purpose of social skills has led to inaccurate social skills instruction, such as teaching students to “make eye-contact” and “maintain conversations.” People don’t simply make “eye contact” to relate. Instead, we use our eyes to understand the context, consider others’ perspectives and feelings which helps us problem solve our social responses. In a similar vein, we don’t typically “maintain topics” during spontaneous social conversation (unless involved in an agenda-based discussion). Instead, each conversational partner pays attention to the information stream from different participants and then makes a comment or asks a question about aspects of the shared information—without maintaining a singular topic. Here is an example of what we mean to help clarify. One person might kick off the interaction with others by explaining he had a bad day because his dog was sick in the middle of the night, traffic was backed up, he ended up late to the office, and then his computer crashed. These initial comments are in fact loaded with possible topics: bad day, sick pets, traffic, computer trouble, etc. Others in the group do not have to only make comments or ask questions about the topic of a bad day. Instead, another participant may be reminded of her sick pet, so she comments. Another person may empathize with the man’s tough day and so adds that his rent has recently increased and he is struggling to make ends meet. Now the group is suddenly talking about the economy, cost of rent and rent controls until the next person mentions that he escapes from his worries by watching football. Another person says he’s more interested in watching tennis. And, on and on the conversation goes. Spontaneous conversations are made up of a series of related connected comments and questions that unfold naturally; they are not usually focused on maintaining a topic. Yet, professionals teaching social skills routinely write goals to “increase eye contact” and “maintain topics in social conversation” as though each was a distinct social skill that in and of itself could be taught in isolation of the other skills.
To that end, we have recently developed a visual tool to help interventionists—parents, teachers, therapists, counselors, and others—better understand what it means to teach social competencies, not just social skills. Our tool is called The Social Thinking® Social Competency Model.
Our model uses an iceberg as an analogy. The visible part of an iceberg is what we see above the water. At its peak, it represents a variety of social responses (e.g., observable social skills, written expression, etc.). Yet the entire iceberg is much, much bigger than that, having a large base and structural foundation that extends much deeper. The section of the iceberg we don’t see represents the knowledge, experience and development we hold, the social cues we input about ourselves and others as we learn to interpret and respond through this social problem solving process, leading us toward self-regulation as part of our many possible social responses.
Social competencies begin with attending to and then interpreting the social world, and then using this information to problem solve and make decisions from which we form our social response(s). Our social responses are the output of this process and are meant to encourage people to think and feel about us in the manner we had hoped. The four-step process defined through our Social Thinking Social Competency Model (see below) is also a four-step social emotional teaching pathway. This pathway is developmental and engages our own and others’ feelings and perspectives, while also helping us self-monitor how people think and feel about us as much as we think and feel about them. Our social responses are interpreted and judged by others; this may be our interactive partners, onlookers or audience, someone reading our written expression, watching us on YouTube, observing our posts on social media, or in face-to-face interactions.
Our Social Competency Model is informed by the research and explained through social information processing theory (Crick and Dodge, 1994; Beauchamp et. al., 2010).
A Deeper Explanation of this Four Step ProcessAt the base of the model is social attention, the foundation of social processing. Think about it. If an individual is not attending (to what’s going on in SELF and OTHERS), then he or she is unable to begin the social problem solving process. Individuals with social learning challenges often have strong attention to details, such as geometric or scientific patterns, but this is different from social attention (Pierce, et al, 2011). From our point of view, most individuals with social learning challenges struggle with some level of attention to relevant social information. Interestingly many of us in today’s world, who should intuitively develop social competencies, are not because our attention is gobbled up by digital devices. Our “social muscles” simply lack the exercise and use needed to build competencies. If we are not attentive or aware of those around us, then we may not notice or capitalize on opportunities for foundational social learning.
Our social attention fuels our social interpretation of people in context. People considered socially competent attend to and make meaning of the socially-based information around them. They do this whether in live social communication or through reading comprehension, watching some form of media, or even re-reading one’s own work to make sure it makes sense to potential readers. Making meaning of socially-based information requires us to consider the context, related knowledge of the world, personal memories about people or characters, their emotions and their experiences, personal memories of ourselves, our thoughts and emotions, our own/others’ past and possible future social behavioral responses in similar situations, spoken and nonverbal language (words, gestures, tone of voice, etc.), environmental cues, as well as any other information perceived through our senses (breathing patterns, smells, touch, etc.). Our social mind then filters information (inductive reasoning), notices patterns, and weaves this information together to form the base of our social problem solving. If engaging in live social communication each of us is also supposed to compare ourselves to others we are communicating with to consider how these people may be thinking about us or our possible social responses.
Engaging in socially-based problem solving provides us with the tools to make decisions as to what to do next (the response). Social problem solving can help us make sense of characters and storyline in a novel, figure out how to explain ourselves in an essay, as well as provide a pathway for emotional and behavioral self-regulation.
Problem solving and social decision-making involves interpreting social information from two or more points of view and/or feeling states (“SELF” and “OTHERS”) and exploring the intentions and interpretations of both self and others in context. While we almost always make sense to ourselves, this model illustrates the process whereby we consider whether the response we are considering would make just as much sense to others. Would it lead others to interpret our actions and thoughts in the manner we had hoped?
The orange wavy line is indicative of where decisions are made to form social response(s). Sophisticated social responses, those navigated through our own internal thinking and language, are not simply memorized and produced based on reinforcement of specific behaviors, but instead are the end result of this social information processing process which we also call “thinking socially.”
The fourth, and last, step in our model is the formation of social response(s) – the grand result of the process occurring before: attend—interpret—problem solve/make decisions. If our social attention is weak, we’re not able to gather relevant social information. If we have aspects of attention, but are overwhelmed by social information that does not make sense, then we are likely to struggle with anxiety (Herrington, 2017). A flood of anxiety can render our clients unable to effectively problem-solve to produce desired social responses. Instead they might react, which is in turn interpreted by others as impulsivity or dysregulation. The end result is a social behavioral response that is described as “unexpected” or “inappropriate” behaviors.
Weak social problem solving and decision making impacts not only social skills, but other social responses such as language use, group work, play and social academic interpretation and related responses. Social attention, interpretation, problem solving and decision making are required for reading comprehension of literature, written expression (writing a sentence, paragraph, essay to be read by the teacher or others), classroom participation, working in a peer group, and even playing on the playground or at home with peers. It’s so much more than social skills!
The Social Competency Model, while in the shape of a triangle, is actually more like a continuous loop. The reality is that in real time, one person’s thinking, problem solving and responses are woven into another’s with no endpoint. We remember how another person’s actions or words made us feel, even after we forget the specific details of the language or social skills. We store and use our experiences and information for future interactions as we interpret and respond in similar situations or with the same people in the future. Social memory is part of social interpretation and the problem-solving process.
Being socially competent is a fluid, highly synergistic social process. Competency requires us to shift in the moment of an interaction, demanding vigilant social attention, interpretation, problem solving and decision making to produce a desired social response. As interventionists fostering social competencies in our more sophisticated learners, we need to teach this process with the understanding that progress is measured by examining where the individual started and their change as compared to themselves, not to the peer group.
What About Those Who Struggle to Establish or Focus Social Attention?
As we mentioned earlier, language is the behavior of the thinking mind. It helps lead both the interventionist and the client to new levels of understanding about the social learning process. It is also a powerful tool to guide social attention in students for whom it is not self-organizing by nature, allowing us to direct our students’ social attention to relevant social information in context. The Social Thinking treatment methodology can be found mostly below the water line in the iceberg where we offer language-based frameworks, vocabulary, strategies and tools to direct and organize one’s attention, navigate and interpret the social learning decision-making process, learn about self and others, and propel individuals on their own path toward social competency.
A client in his forties, who sold a company he helped develop to another major technology company, struggles to speak in groups and sought help from us “to learn what to say” and also to manage his social anxiety. At our initial meeting he appeared retreated, with weak social observational skills in the group context. After explaining the basics of our Social Competency Model, he was encouraged to first spend time socially attending to people in public by simply observing them. He was encouraged to observe The Four Steps of Communication, then think with his eyes and notice if their body is in the group, how people felt, if they used social greetings, if they showed interest in others around them (brain in the group), while inferring if they had a specific relationship with the people around them (e.g., spouse, parent, individual seeking to meet new people). Through language-based explanations using Social Thinking’s Vocabulary, frameworks and strategies (in bold above), he began to observe people in his community. One day in a treatment session he explained that he didn’t love doing this, as he was more of a solitary thinker, but then he explained what he learned from the process.
“Observing the social interactions of others is very helpful to me as I formulate how to interact myself. As I learn not everyone walks with their head down avoiding eye contact all of the time. As I learn when and how to smile. As I study what makes a stranger seem approachable. In short, you have to know the rules of the game in order to play the game.”
Greg, 45 yr. old client and Technology Executive (Diagnosis of AS and Bipolar)
Consider how you are teaching social competencies. It’s so much more than teaching social skills.
To learn more about the Social Competency Model and the Social Thinking Methodology, check out our free webinar The Social Competency Model: Teaching Social Competencies, More Than Social Skills.
Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. (2010). SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychological Bulletin, 136 (1), 39.
Crick, N.R. & Dodge K.A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanism in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115 (1), 74-101.
Herrington, J., Maddox, B., McVey, A., Franklin, M., Yerys, B., Miller, J. & Schultz, R. (2017).
Negative valence in autism spectrum disorder: The relationship between amygdala activity, selective attention, and co-occurring anxiety. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Archival Report retrieved from http://doi.dox.org.10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.03.009.
Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Desmond, J., & Stone. (2011). Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68 (1):101-9.
Schaller, U. & Rauh, R. (2017). What difference does it make? Implicit, explicit and complex
social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47 (4), 961–979.
Winner, Tarshis, Palmer & Hendrix. (2016). We Thinkers! Volume 2 GPS: Group Collaboration, Play & Problem Solving. Santa Clara, CA: Think Social Publishing, Inc.
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Hirschprung’s disease is an intestinal disorder where the baby is unable to pass stools due to an obstruction of their bowels. This is because they are unable to systematically contract and relax their intestines as in healthy people, and a part of their bowel is permanently held in the contracted state. This leads to obstructions, most commonly in the last part of the large intestine just before the rectum and the subsequent difficulty in excreting stools.
In most cases this is rapidly detected at birth and treated with surgery immediately upon diagnosis.
Babies with Hirschprung’s disease will be unable to pass meconium within the first two days of being born, as healthy babies do. Meconium is the first stool a baby passes and is distinctively greenish and tarry due to what the baby will have ingested in the womb. The baby will also have a swollen belly because of the buildup of faecal matter and may also vomit due to the internal pressure and reflux.
Sometimes the condition isn’t immediately discovered at birth and in older cases the child may find that he/she is quickly full after eating and frequently complains of stomach aches, the course of treatment is similar in both cases.
During development the nervous system spreads throughout the growing embryo to supply the relevant organs and tissues in the body. However, due to a genetic defect nerve cells fail to migrate to the intestines. The normal function of these nerve cells is to allow the muscles of the intestine to relax and contract yet these are absent in children suffering from Hirschprung’s Disease. This absence leads to them being unable to relax their intestinal muscles, causing the constant contraction and subsequent serious constipation and intestinal blockage.
Because of this genetic component it is often seen alongside other congenital conditions such as congenital heart defects or chromosomal issues. It tends to be more frequent in boys and you are more likely to be born with it if other members of your family have suffered from it in the past. Many genetic defects have this pattern of pathology.
Hirschprung’s Disease is treatable via surgery. After the bowel is washed out with warm saline the malfunctioning section of bowel is surgically removed and the healthy parts then connected to reform the continuous digestive tract. Since the affected portion is most commonly just before the rectum (the portion of the digestive tract that stores faecal matter before using the bathroom) the healthy bowel is usually attached directly to it.
Sometimes the surgery may take place over two stages if the relevant medical professionals deem it more appropriate. In the interval stage the baby may have a colostomy bag to collect stools through an opening in their belly before the surgery is completed safely.
In most cases surgical intervention provides effective treatment, however sometimes the child may experience milder constipation in which case a high fibre diet and laxatives will be recommended. During the immediate recovery period the baby will require painkillers and will need to be fed fluids few a few days.
This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Doctify Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but makes no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. In the event of an emergency, please call 999 for immediate assistance.
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Systems respond differently to inputs of different frequencies. Some systems may amplify frequencies of certain range and attenuate the other frequencies. The way that the system output is related to the input for different frequencies is called frequency response. Frequency response means a graph where can be seen how something changes in different sound frequency. It is typically used in loudspeakers. Also audio crossovers way to function can be shown with frequency response.
The frequency response will be represented by two numbers and measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the unit of measurement for one frequency cycle. The first number represents the lowest bass frequency while the second number indicates the highest high-frequency an audio product can produce.
- "What is Frequency Response? Does it Affect My Music?". Audiostance. 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
Other websites[change | change source]
Media related to Frequency response at Wikimedia Commons
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Fodde, E., 2006. Analytical Methods for the Conservation of the Buddhist Temple II of Krasnaya Rechka, Kyrgyzstan. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 8 (3), pp. 136-153.
The paper provides a description of the method employed for the selection of the repair material for the Buddhist temple II of Krasnaya Rechka, a site located in the upper Chuy Valley, Kyrgyzstan. The temple is built with mud brick and it was excavated during several campaigns between 1938 and 1998 with no provision of conservation. The first emergency protective measure was initiated in 2003 with a UNESCO project that included other sites located in the Chuy valley. Most of the eroded walls of the temple were temporarily shelter coated with mud bricks, proving efficacy of the method. The main problem after shelter coating was how to assess the repair material for future conservation work (it is planned to repeat the application of the shelter coat, but with materials with improved performance). The article explains that assessment was carried out after extensive laboratory analysis of both historic and repair material, but also with test walls construction and monitoring. The methods explained here could be of use for those conservators working in similar projects in the Midde East or Asia.
|Item Type ||Articles|
|Departments||Faculty of Engineering & Design > Architecture & Civil Engineering|
Actions (login required)
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http://opus.bath.ac.uk/518/
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The U.S. Geological Survey, in support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Yucca Mountain Project, collects, compiles, and summarizes hydrologic data in the Yucca Mountain region. The data are collected to allow assessments of ground-water resources during activities to determine the potential suitability or development of Yucca Mountain for storing high-level nuclear waste.
Data on ground-water levels at 35 wells and a fissure (Devils Hole), ground-water discharge at 5 springs and a flowing well, and total reported ground-water withdrawals within Crater Flat, Jackass Flats, Mercury Valley, and the Amargosa Desert are tabulated from January 2000 through December 2002. Historical data on water levels, discharges, and withdrawals are graphically presented to indicate variations through time.
A statistical summary of ground-water levels at seven wells in Jackass Flats is presented for 1992-2002 to indicate potential effects of ground-water withdrawals associated with U.S. Department of Energy activities near Yucca Mountain. The statistical summary includes the annual number of measurements, maximum, minimum, and median water-level altitudes, and average deviation of measured water-level altitudes compared to selected baseline periods. Baseline periods varied for 1985-93. At six of the seven wells in Jackass Flats, the median water levels for 2002 were slightly higher (0.3-2.4 feet) than for their respective baseline periods. At the remaining well, data for 2002 was not summarized statistically but median water-level altitude in 2001 was 0.7 foot higher than that in its baseline period.
Additional Publication Details
USGS Numbered Series
Selected Ground-Water Data of Yucca Mountain Region, Southern Nevada and Eastern California, January 2000-December 2002
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Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Speech and Dialogue
The threat of violence is everywhere in the story, but we never explicitly see it. Words, more than actions, define the characters in the story. Most of the drama takes place in the dialogue between Connie and Arnold. It's through their verbal interactions with one another that we get a sense of Arnold's charisma and general bad-guy vibe, as well as Connie's transition from naïve teenager to (possibly) a more mature, moral agent.
The characters are living in an image-obsessed culture, with rock-and-roll stars and movie celebrities as iconic figures. (So, not much has changed since the 1960s.) Their sense of themselves and others is largely defined by the way they look. We're told repeatedly how "pretty" Connie is, and her interactions with others are largely determined by how they feel about her prettiness: men are attracted to it, her mother seems to be threatened by it, and her sister is indifferent. Arnold is able to use this image obsession to his advantage; despite his age, he can pass as a teenager by dressing like the kind of rebellious teen popularized in Rebel Without a Cause.
Sex and Love
Oates was originally thinking of including this story in a collection of short stories about the different forms of love (source). In "Where Are You Going?" characters' attitudes toward sex and love constitute a large part of who they are. We get a full range of attitudes, from Connie's mother's disillusioned domesticity, to Connie's romantic fantasies, to Arnold's sexually explicit threats.
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Knowledge: The Next Frontier in Reading Comprehension
Reading scores of the nation's 9-year-olds have been rising for the past 15 years—particularly among the lowest-scoring children and, more recently, among black and Hispanic children. This good news is almost certainly due largely to the consensus that finally emerged about what constitutes the best early instruction in how to read, followed by new textbooks and professional development that reflected the consensus. Unfortunately, there's not the same good news for older readers who are struggling to comprehend secondary-level materials. According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, these students are not succeeding in great numbers, and over the past 15 years, reading achievement among the nation's 13- and 17-year-olds has changed very little, even though early reading achievement has been rising.
Public impatience with stagnant reading achievement can be felt in enthusiasm for charter schools and vouchers and in the increasingly harsh comments suggesting that reading—in fact school—failure is due to inadequate teacher quality.
But best-selling author and scholar E. D. Hirsch, Jr., says the fault is not with teachers—but with faulty ideas. We're thinking about reading comprehension in the wrong way, he says. And until all of us in education—publishers, colleges of education, researchers, teachers, administrators, and policymakers—begin to think about it differently and, therefore, go about improving it differently, reading comprehension won't improve—and teachers will continue to be "pilloried."
Cognitive science research is making it increasingly clear that reading comprehension requires a student to possess a lot of vocabulary and a lot of background knowledge. Writers of materials aimed at general, educated audiences (i.e., newspapers, novels, entry-level college textbooks) assume background knowledge and vocabulary on the part of their readers. No amount of reading comprehension "skills" instruction can compensate for that lack of knowledge.
Our lead writer, E. D. Hirsch, Jr., makes this case and argues that the knowledge should be conveyed from the earliest grades, both in language arts class (which by mandate is taking more time each day in elementary schools than in the past) and throughout the day through a core (not comprehensive) curriculum that gives all kids, regardless of neighborhood, race, or religion, access to the best knowledge there is. As James Comer, child psychiatrist and school improvement expert, wrote approvingly in reviewing an E.D. Hirsch book, "In order for a truly democratic and economically sound society to be maintained, young people must have access to the best knowledge available so that they can understand the issues, express their viewpoints, and act accordingly."
Susan Neuman, one of the country's top researchers on early childhood issues and reading, argues that it's time for the reading world to take the role of knowledge more seriously, from the earliest grades on. Dan Willingham, author of American Educator's popular "Ask the Cognitive Scientist" column, explains the many, many ways in which knowledge aids reading—and also thinking, reasoning, and problem solving, as well as other critical thinking skills that make for good readers and good citizens.
But all that content, all that knowledge—won't it be a bore for kids? Are we talking about going back to rote memorization, drill and kill, all that stuff we hoped to leave behind? Not at all. Willingham addresses that, but more importantly, so do two teachers—from schools in Texas and New York who are actually putting a content-rich curriculum into practice in their schools.
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Money Lending and Settling Debts in and around Meran (South Tirol) in the 14th Century
Recent studies of credit practices in (northwestern) Europe have shown that credit markets already existed in the medieval period in the towns and countryside. Little is known, however, about how these credit markets in large parts of medieval Europe allowed a reallocation of capital and how they actually worked. Market structures that helped to limit transaction costs were usually an exponent of the social structure, for example by regulating access to the market or protecting property rights. Thus, market structures – and the development of credit markets – differed from region to region. Exploring the practices of money lending in the Alpine region of South Tirol may offer new insights into the functioning of medieval capital markets.
The registers (imbreviatura) of several Tirolian notaries (particularly 1390-1392), and records of provincial courts (eleich taidings; 1388-1391) are used in this paper to describe the credit market in Meran (South Tirol) and its hinterland in the 14th century. As will be shown, several social groups ranging from nobles to urban citizens and peasants from the countryside were engaged in the credit market. The analysis of the transactions documented by the notaries and the provincial courts provides a picture of a dynamic credit market that permeated not only Meran but also small towns in the countryside like Naturns, Partschins, Lana, Algund, Forst and Riffian.
To further profile the 14th century credit market in South Tirol, a comparison is made between the debts recorded by notaries and the (defaulted) debts litigated before the provincial courts. To what extent did the clientele differ (social group, place of residence)? Was there a difference in their borrowing behaviour? Moreover, what economic mechanisms were used to guarantee repayment? Besides, it will be tested whether urban centres were a prerequisite for functioning credit markets.
The general picture that emerges from the study is that different credit practices and institutions (written evidence provided by notaries, pawn broking, legal courts, practice of pledging) helped different social groups to gain access to the capital market.
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Social Profile: Assessment of Social Participation in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: Mary V. Donohue, PhD, OT/L, FAOTA
- Social Profile
- Behavioral Interactions
- Individual/Group Administration
- Ages 18 Months through Adult
- Qualification Level B
The Social Profile is designed to assess whether groups and individuals interact appropriately for their developmental stage and the activity in which they are engaged. This new instrument allows therapists, group leaders, and teachers with training in behavior observation to assess specific behaviors across five levels of participation and cooperation. It includes both a childrens and an adult/adolescent version.
Administration and Scoring
Results give both a general overview and detailed measurement of social cooperative behaviors. Scores are graphed, averaged, and interpreted by developmental categories. The Manual includes 14 case studies that illustrate the use of the Social Profile. Downloadable and writable versions of both the childrens and the adult/adolescent versions are contained on a flash drive, along with a group-participation observation sheet.
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21st Century Physics For In-Service High School Physics Teachers
Matter & Interactions is a calculus-based introductory university physics curriculum for engineering and science students that features a contemporary perspective, with emphasis on parsimony (a small number of powerful physics principles rather than a large number of formulas) and on unification (for example, mechanics and thermal physics are treated as one integrated subject rather than two disjoint ones, and electrostatic and circuit phenomena are analyzed in terms of the same fundamental principles rather than completely different methods). The atomic nature of matter is emphasized throughout. Computational modeling is an important component of the course; students write programs to model physical systems and to visualize fields using VPython.
A version of this curriculum consisting of a semester of mechanics and a semester of electricity and magnetism is now offered through the distance education division of NCSU to in-service high school physics teachers in a technologically advanced distance education format, including innovative interactive lectures on DVD. The goal is not to train teachers to teach this university curriculum in high school (although a few teachers are now using it with students who take a second year of physics) but rather to give teachers a contemporary perspective on introductory - level physics, which they did not experience when they were in college. During the distance education course, teachers write reflections on their own learning, which are quite illuminating.
Components of the course
- Textbook (Matter & Interactions)
- Interactive video lectures
- WebAssign computer homework system
- Course web site
- Experiments (may involve video of data acquisition)
- For E&M, a desktop experiment kit
- Computational physics (in VPython)
- Course forum (including reflections)
- Scan/Fax/PDF submissions of reports/tests/etc
- Weekly teleconference (Elluminate)
A novel component is the interactive video lectures, which have the following properties (see Fig. 1). Lectures with interactive clicker questions given by Ruth Chabay were filmed. The video was edited and compressed with one semester of 40 lectures per DVD. The video segments end with a clicker question on the screen. A simulated clicker appears for the distance learner to respond. After the response, the next segment begins with a display of the histogram of the student responses in the original classroom, with discussion. The effect is to provide much of the interactivity of the original lectures.
Many teachers have commented that they found the interactive videos particularly engaging, although a minority said that they would prefer that the videos not stop on a question. In Spring 2010, lectures accompanying the new 3rd edition of the textbook were filmed, and the plan is to edit them to fit into a format in which the halts are optional.
In the mechanics course, teachers write computer programs using VPython to model physical systems and to see the Newtonian synthesis in action: starting from initial conditions, repetitive updates of momentum and position can predict the future. In the E&M course, teachers write programs to calculate and visualize electric and magnetic fields in 3D (see Fig. 2). One problem is that it is easy to get stuck when writing a program in isolation, so teachers are encouraged to send drafts of programs by email for critique.
Other components of the course
One of the problems in distance education physics courses is the difficulty of including useful activities beyond textbook study and homework. Because the participants are high school physics teachers, in many cases they have access to equipment upon which experiments in the course are based. For an experiment on Young’s modulus which involves measuring the stretch of a long thin wire under load, using equipment most teachers do not have, a video is provided which shows a person taking data, and the teachers must write up an analysis of that data. For E&M, the teachers buy a kit that enables them to do desktop experiments on electrostatics, circuits, and magnetism.
The isolation inherent in a distance education course is partially addressed by the existence of a course forum and by optional weekly teleconferences using Elluminate, a system which includes audio, chat, and a whiteboard upon which all can draw.
Homework is turned in using a computer homework system, WebAssign, for which a large suite of Matter & Interactions problems has been developed by the textbook authors.
A recurring assignment for the teachers is to write reflections on what they are learning, and how the new ideas might affect their own teaching. The single most significant element in their reflections has been their reaction to the emphasis on starting analyses from a small number of fundamental principles rather than from a large number of secondary formulas.
Parsimony and unification
Newton introduced the notion of reductionism into physics, that a small number of fundamental principles (parsimony) can explain a wide range of seemingly disparate phenomena (unification). The Momentum Principle (Newton’s second law) plus a universal law of gravitation made it possible to explain the motion of the planets and comets, the tides, and much else.
Reductionism was greatly strengthened in the twentieth century. Quantum mechanics seemed to change everything, yet it turned out that momentum, energy, and angular momentum were still central, giving added weight to parsimony. The discovery that the large number of “fundamental particles” could be explained in terms of a small number of quarks and leptons was another powerful demonstration of parsimony. The identification of just four fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak), which then collapsed to just two (gravitational and the Standard Model), was the result of a drive for unification.
However, the twentieth century perspective on the power of parsimony and unification, which is at the core of contemporary physics, was scarcely represented in the physics courses these high school teachers took in college. As a result, they found a reductionist approach to introductory physics an eye-opener and often commented in their written reflections on how this approach had made a big impact on their view of physics, and that it was triggering significant changes in their own teaching.
Ruth Chabay and Bruce Sherwood, Matter & Interactions (3rd edition, 2010), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ. See the webpage http://matterandinteractions.org.
Bruce Sherwood is Professor Emeritus from North Carolina State University and now lives in Santa Fe, NM.
Disclaimer - The articles and opinion pieces found in this issue of the APS Forum on Education Newsletter are not peer refereed and represent solely the views of the authors and not necessarily the views of APS.
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Sri Lanka has several gardens that attract millions of visitors and locals each year. The beauty of Sri Lankan gardens is that each is located in a different region, under a different climate and as such, there’s always something unique in each.
- Peradeniya Botanical Garden; The Peradeniya Botanical Graden is the largest of all 5 and is located 5.5km to the west of Kandy. An estimated 3 million visitors visit the garden that is famous for its diverse orchids and plants. From beautiful flowers to spices, to coconut trees, medicinal plants; it’s estimated that there are over 4,000 species of plants in this garden alone!
- Hakgala Botanical Garden; established in 1861 by George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, the Hakgala Botanical Garden started off as plantation for a commercial crops like Cinchona and tea. It’s not until 1884 that it was converted into a full flower garden with over 10,000 species of plants. According to Sri Lankan folklores, the infamous demon King Ravana hid Sita’s Children in this garden after abducting her. Over half a million visitors visit the garden each year to see the beautiful orchids and Roses.
- Mirijjawila Botanical Garden; Mirijjawila Botanical Garden welcomes you with lush green grass and towering trees, not to mention the blossoming flowers that are all over. Unlike the other gardens that were established more for their aesthetic values, Mirijjawila is one of the few gardens established to help protect and preserve endangered trees that thrive in dry lands. There are also trees and plants with herbal medicine efficacy that are exclusive to this garden. It’s located in Hambantora District and covers an area or 300 acres. In order to keep the garden ever green and watered, the garden has three water tanks known as Kohombagas wewa, Demantaththa wewa and Mallitthangas wewa.
- Henarathgoda Botanical Garden; this is a breathtaking garden located 29 km from Colombo, Sri Lanka’s capital. Visitors here will be impressed by the diversity of the flora that includes trees from different zones. Wet zone trees, dry zone trees, palm trees, roses, orchids; Henarathgoda Botanical Garden is a man made wonder that gives you an idea of how paradise should look like. The garden sits sandwiched between two famous Wildlife Parks; Ruhunu National Park to the east, and Wilpattu national Park on the other side. It’s in this garden that early British explorers first introduced rubber seedlings in Sri Lanka. During Monsoon, the garden blossoms and booms with life as the flowers reveal their real beauty.
The beautiful Sri Lanka botanical gardens are a must visit destination during your trip here. The gardens radiate with tranquility and thrill will enhance your vacation experience. Sri Lanka is a unique destination away from the hustle and bustle of your hectic life, a destination that will give you the chance to be one with nature and/or strengthen the bond between you and your partner.
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Photo graveyard. In centre is a structure built of logs, with wooden cross at top.
Two homemade wooden graves markers with name of German soldiers, identifying their regiment as the 234th.
One on left, three soldiers that died December 14th and 17th,1914. One on left has written at top: 'Den heldentod starben' ('died the heroic death') and three more names, also dies in 1914.
This area, near Ypres, was the scene of many bloody battles during WW1.
Two box stamps on back publisher/photographer:
VERSAVEL Gabriel Stationstraat 12 PASSENDALE
Also ink writing ‘8/8’ on back.
Small corner creases. Light crease LR.
(Red text is an electronic watermark that is not physically part of the photo for sale)
The 51st Reserve Division was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in September 1914 and organized over the next month, arriving in the line in October. It was part of the first wave of new divisions formed at the outset of World War I...
The order of battle of the 51st Reserve Division on September 10, 1914, was as follows:
…Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 234
Langemark-Poelkapelle is a rural twin community in and on the edge of the Ypres Salient. It’s known for its folkloric figures, its countryside, but not in the least, as a community that was badly scarred by the First World War. Langemark-Poelkapelle is known as the place were they used gas for the first time, where the 3rd Battle of Ypres took place..
After the First World War, a lot of German cemeteries and single graves could be found everywhere. Shortly after the war, of lot of these graves were collected into 184 German cemeteries.
On the territory of Langemark-Poelkapelle, there were more than 40 German cemeteries. One of them was “Langemarck-Nord” or “Nr 123” at the Klerkenstraat. This cemetery was founded by a British Regiment, in October 1914. After the first gas attack on the 22nd of April (during the Second Battle by Ypres) the cemetery was located in German territory until the summer of 1917. Half a year later, in April 1918 (during the 4th Battle of Ypres) the Germans recaptured Langemark.
During the war, the amount of casualties rose almost every day. At the end of the War, there were 859 graves of German, British, French and Belgian soldiers; 627 of them were German.
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Get ready to bend and fold with these easy origami for kids projects!
Easy Origami for Kids
Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes and figures. Some origami patterns are exceptionally difficult and others are quite easy.
For kids just starting out on their origami journey, these origami patterns are a great place to begin.
Origami is especially good for older elementary students and tweens and teens. Younger elementary students might find it a bit too difficult to master without a lot of patience.
Easy Origami Crafts
Origami Heart Bookmark
Looking for a cute origami bookmark? Here you go! This origami heart bookmark is perfect for Valentine’s Day – or any day!
Origami Bear Corner Bookmark
These adorable bear bookmarks are perfect for marking the pages of your current favorite book! The step-by-step instructions and free templates are included.
Easy Origami Fish
Kids will have lots of fun folding this easy origami fish and coloring its stripes and details.
Dollar Bill Origami T-Shirt Father’s Day Card
What a fun and original idea for a father’s day gift! Any dad will love this reminder that he is loved and appreciated.
Origami Finger Puppets
Great book review to learn how to do origami with all ages!
Origami Cup Craft
Here is one origami craft your kids will never forget how to make! Use them to get water from the faucet.
Origami Paper Crowns
These cute paper crowns are simple everyday crafts that are easy to make and require no glue or scissors!
Origami Pinwheel Crafts
Origami pinwheels are simple to make and a great way to make some spring decorations while also using up old magazines or other papers lying around.
Simple Origami Craft
Try making these paper cookies – when they are finished, have a picnic and play the game of “Who took the cookie?”
Origami Windmill Craft
You can attach your windmill to a paper cup, pencil or gift tag with a pushpin or brass tack and it will really spin!
This is a great and easy, step by step tutorial on how to fold origami stars, otherwise known as lucky stars, dream stars or wishing stars.
Instructions for making a couple of easy origami paper models specially chosen to introduce your children to this fine art.
Toilet Tissue Origami
These Origami crafts make a special finishing touch to your guest bathroom or main bathroom if you have guests coming over.
Easy Origami Frog
These cute little origami frogs are pretty easy to fold, so most upper elementary age kids will have no trouble with them.
More Easy Origami for Kids Crafts
Easy Heart Origami
This is an easy origami craft to make with your kids before visiting a loved-one – you can easily include in a card or letter since it’s flat.
Origami School Bus
This cute origami craft is the perfect easy beginner’s origami project.
These simple origami butterflies are so cute to make and hang around the house or from your child’s ceiling.
Easy Origami Bunny
Make a family of cute bunnies with this easy origami craft idea! Detailed and easy-to-follow instructions.
Bunny Face Origami
Make this cute origami bunny face simply by printing out the pattern and folding it according to the lines.
A great way to re-use magazine pages is by making these easy origami hearts.
Origami Petals Butterfly
This is one of the simplest examples of an origami project you can make — which makes it a perfect introduction to origami.
Baby Turtle Origami
Create a baby turtle origami project with these slightly advanced instructions.
Great First Folding Projects
Origami can help kids develop new skills, especially with these fun first origami projects.
Use an average of 6 sheets of origami paper to create these adorable easy origami crowns!
No matter which easy origami for kids crafts you make, have a blast! Remember, origami should be fun, not frustrating, so take your time and enjoy the process!
Show Us Your Origami Crafts!
Did you try one of the easy origami for kids projects above? Show us! Snap a picture and tag us on Instagram @ThatKidsCraftSite. We’d love to celebrate your success!
You’ll Also Like These Fun Crafts for Kids…
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A new bird recently added to Birdorable is the African Penguin. The African Penguin lives on the southwest coast of Africa. The species is also called Black-footed Penguin and is the only species of penguin to breed in Africa. African Penguins have pink glands around their eyes which become darker or lighter depending on how hot the bird is feeling. Dark glands indicate the bird is hot; more blood is being routed there to be cooled. It's like a built-in air-conditioner/temperature gauge!
One particular African Penguin became very famous in the late 2000's when he suffered feather loss. Pierre the penguin was living at the California Academy of Sciences at the time of his 2004 molt, which seemed might be his last. The loss of feathers threatened Pierre's life, not to mention his social standing among his fellow penguins. To help Pierre, scientists and wetsuit manufacturers devised a penguin-sized neoprene wetsuit for the bird. The wetsuit saved Pierre and eventually the lost feathers grew back. Here's a short video that chronicles Pierre's situation.
You can pick up unique Birdorable African Penguin swag in our shop. Here's a sampling of what's available.
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- What is Women's and Gender Studies?
What is Women's and Gender Studies?
Women's and Gender Studies is a social justice-focused field of study that is now part of the curriculum of most universities. The body of knowledge which presently composes Women's and Gender Studies draws from the social sciences, sciences, and humanities and is often shaped by professional schools including law, medicine, and nursing.
Studying women and gender often begins with learning about women's experiences and analyzing the way gender structures a society. At its core, Women's and Gender Studies recognizes the importance of diversity and the consequences of differential power and opportunity.
Women's and Gender Studies represents both a content area (women and gender) and an approach, which includes feminist pedagogy, feminist methodologies, and feminist strategies of interpretation. Saint Louis University has a growing Women's and Gender Studies Department, open to people of all genders, with courses focusing on women and gender across the curriculum of Arts & Sciences and professional schools such as nursing, law, and social work.
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COLUMBUS, Ohio—Rain creates mud, and mud creates angst for farmers kept from doing what they value most: getting out in the fields.
2019 ended what was the wettest decade in Ohio on record. This winter has not been as wet as the last one, but it has been warmer, so the ground has not frozen for long, leaving fields saturated. And this spring is projected to bring above-average rainfall to Ohio, which will bring on more mud.
And mud is not simply a gooey mess for the animals and people who trudge through it. Mud can keep farmers from planting and harvesting, lower crop yields, put livestock at higher risk for some diseases, and make it tougher for livestock to gain weight.
Drive on wet soil with heavy equipment such as a planter or harvester and the pore space between the soil particles becomes compressed, leaving the soil less able to support crop growth.
The mud from Ohio’s plentiful rain has led to 10 fewer days when it’s suitable to work in farm fields—five in April, when planting typically occurs, and five in October, the typical harvest period.
“That’s more than a week’s worth of work—time that’s no longer available,” said Chris Zoller, an educator with Ohio State University Extension, the outreach arm of The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences (CFAES).
“It squeezes the time you have in the spring, when you have to plant, and in the fall, when you have to harvest.”
Farmers certainly found that out last year. In 2019, rain led to an unprecedented number of acres that never could be planted. This spring is projected to also bring above-average rainfall, which might bring similar challenges for farmers.
Trudging through the mud is hard work. Cattle, pigs, and other livestock burn more calories stepping through mud and staying warm when cold mud sticks to them. And burning more calories means they weigh less when they go to slaughter, so cattle often have to be fed food that’s higher in nutrients if the animals are dealing with a lot of mud.
“Cattle can handle cold weather better than mud,” said Stephen Boyles, cattle specialist with CFAES. “We complain about cold temperatures, but there can be some benefits because then at least the ground is frozen.”
Weight gain for beef cattle in mud becomes even tougher. Shin-deep in mud, cattle experience a 14% decline in their ability to take on weight. If the mud is up to their bellies, there’s a 35% decline, federal statistics show.
Out on the pasture and sometimes in the feeding areas, ruts and reseeding often are necessary.
Laying down concrete in a feeding area or creating a slope in that area so rainwater rolls off can help, Boyles said.
“If not, about all you can do is reseed and level the feeding area,” Boyles said. “Admittedly, I have not found a perfect answer.”
Winters in Ohio have gradually been warming—and are doing so quicker than summers are—and this winter the ground hardly stayed frozen at all.
“Typically we would still see soil temperatures close to freezing,” said Aaron Wilson, climate specialist with CFAES. “We just haven’t had much of that, overall. It’s been too warm for that to happen.”
Given that the ground is saturated in much of Ohio and the forecast is for a rainier-than-average spring, Wilson advises farmers to take advantage of any day that’s suitable for fieldwork.
“I tell them, ‘Be prepared and ready to roll when you get those windows to plant in the spring. Don’t take them for granted."
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But the peculiar character of [Aaron] Burr’s correspondence goes beyond his preoccupation with haste and secrecy. Burr never developed any ideas about constitutionalism or governmental policy in the way the other Revolutionary statesmen did, because, in truth, he was not much concerned about such matters. If he had any idea about the new federal Constitution of 1787, he left no record of it.
Philadelphia, PA — Founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin and John Bartram to promote
Useful Knowledge.Philosophical Hall (1789) is now a museum featuring art, scientific instruments, rare books, original manuscripts, natural history specimens, and curiosities.
Washington, DC — Dedicated to Lafayette in 1824; at each corner is a statue of one foreign general who served in the war.
Highland Falls, NY — Established as a Military Academy in 1802, the West Point highlands were fortified during the war with forts, redoubts, and a protective Great Chain that stretched across the Hudson River. Contains historic sites and monuments pertaining to the Revolution.
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009)
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In physics, we like theories that are simple and broad-ranging. By “simple,” physicists usually mean a mathematical theory that rests on as few postulates as possible; by “broad-ranging,” we mean theories that can describe a wide class of phenomena, even when apparently not related. A quintessential example is Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Resting on a handful of simple principles, it successfully describes planetary orbits in this (and any) solar system, black holes, gravitational waves, and the expansion of the universe.
When theories are simple and broad-ranging, physicists call them “beautiful.” Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg and Frank Wilczek have compared such theories with Mozart’s musical compositions, masterful and perfect constructions where, as if by divine revelation, every note is where it should be: Take one out and the composition crumbles. Likewise, beautiful theories have a mathematical integrity that seems to be revealing something deep about nature, a sort of hidden code of Creation: From the very large to the very small, the universe has many layers, each built upon its own mathematical description. Are these not parts of a larger composition, a single unifying tune resonating through all of nature?
So hope those who pursue a final theory, a theory that would weave together the many layers of physical reality into one mathematical wholeness. We can call this the ultimate Platonic dream, the quest for a single simple and broad-ranging theory of physics. Indeed, during the past four decades, the search for such a theory has inspired many of the brightest physicists in the world. But today we are seeing the limits of this Platonic thrust to mathematize nature, due to a lack of experimental validation and several theoretical obstacles—including the possibility of multiple universes and the troubling questions they pose.
Being creatures immersed in the passage of time, humans are dumbfounded by initial conditions.
The modern version of the unifying quest is string theory, which supposes that the fundamental entities in nature are vibrating tubes of energy instead of point-like particles of matter. Different vibrating modes correspond to the different particles we observe, just as different vibrating frequencies of a violin string correspond to different sounds. When I joined theoretical physics in the mid-1980s, the grand task was to find the unique solution to string theory: our universe with all its particles and forces. We believed success was just around the corner, that nature was indeed a mathematical code in a 10-dimensional spacetime, nine for space, one for time. Ideally, the six hidden spatial dimensions would determine the physics we observe in our common three: Twist them one way, we get one kind of universe; twist them another, and the universe is different. The appeal was the uniqueness of the solution—there would be onegeometry of the extra dimensions, and this geometry would tell us all. No theory could be simpler and broader-ranging; no theory could be more beautiful.
Alas, it wasn’t meant to be. Fast-forward three decades, and the scenario has changed dramatically. Physicists were shocked to find, instead of a single solution, a huge number of solutions—by some estimates, a 1 followed by 500 zeros, each a different twist in the extra-dimensional space, each generating a different universe. Presumably, each one of these has its own set of fundamental constants, numbers such as the electron’s mass and charge and the strength of the gravitational attraction, which determine nature’s physical properties. Where’s our universe among such vast number of possibilities? We do know that if we tweaked such constants by very small amounts, life wouldn’t be possible: We wouldn’t be here. In other words, we live where we live because we couldn’t live anywhere else—our universe is one of the few that allows for our existence. True enough, but as a scientific argument this buys us very little. Worse, it sounds tautological. String theory went from being the theory that would mathematically prove the uniqueness of our universe to a theory that allows a countless number of possible universes, none more compelling than the other.
We need to reconsider the line of thinking that led us to this moment of crisis. The problem is rooted in a much deeper philosophical issue, that of the First Cause. Being creatures immersed in the passage of time, with a clear beginning and an end, humans have been forever dumbfounded by initial conditions. How could something come out of nothing? And what sets the properties of this something (read “values of fundamental constants”) at the beginning? Who ordered that? Who ordered us?
Our mistake is that, within a scientific context, these are the wrong questions to ask.
Physics works under a very clear framework. In order to determine the time evolution of a system, we need to state its initial conditions, the state of the system at time zero. This implies knowledge of the system at the beginning, something we obtain through measurement. In cosmology, that becomes impossible. We may restrict the initial conditions and the values of the fundamental constants given what we know about the universe today, but we can’t be sure that our conclusions are in any way final. The clues we gather today about the universe’s distant past can only give us a fragmented picture of what happened. The multiverse only pushes the issue of initial conditions to a higher level, without solving it.
Physics is an expression of intellectual humility.
Any theory that attempts to determine unambiguously the initial conditions of the universe and, with them, the values of the fundamental constants, is doing something physics is not cut out to do. Are we stuck then, having to accept the values of these constants for what they are? Within the current framework, yes. Attempts around this issue, even if inspiring, will amount to not much more than epicycles.
But all is not lost. The search for a simple all-encompassing theory has eclipsed a more enduring insight about the nature of physics. Physics is the building of an ever-changing, self-correcting description of natural phenomena. In its practice, it sets aside metaphysical expectations about the nature of reality, which have more to do with how we search for meaning as humans than with how nature actually works. In other words, physics is an expression of intellectual humility. We learn to live with ignorance and, in return, gain the ability to make progress incrementally.
So, it’s okay to live with the seeming arbitrariness of our present laws of physics, moving beyond the aesthetic dogma that simple is beautiful and beauty is truth. If physics is understood as a descriptive mode of explanation, free of the unifying quest, the angst of not knowing it all is exorcised. Maybe our current dilemma is a symptom of something bigger, a deep change in the methodological nature of physical theories. We may have to see them historically, tossing aside First Cause explanations and timeless truths as fruitless pursuits. Quite possibly, the nature of physical theories mirrors their own narrative construction, piecewise and gradual, creations of our imperfect and incomplete grasp on physical reality. And there’s nothing wrong with that.
Marcelo Gleiser is the Appleton Professor of Natural Philosophy and the director of the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth College. His research has focused on quantum field theory and its applications to cosmology. His latest book is The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything. Follow him on Twitter @MGleiser.
The newest and most popular articles delivered right to your inbox!
WATCH: The theoretical cosmologist Laura Mersini-Houghton on why the dogma of a single universe resembles Creationism.
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The first step in safely storing your rugs is to learn a little about moths. Moths are picky pests that eat animal fibers such as wool, silk, cashmere, angora or fur, or any other materials that contain keratin. If you have pests at home the best way to get rid of them is by disturbing them. What do we mean by that? Take, for example, the portion of a rug under a bed or a couch that rarely sees any disturbances such as foot traffic or vacuuming. Or, a carpet placed in the closet or attic. These rugs would be ideal candidates for moths since they are idle; they are not being disturbed. Moths have a way of knowing which fibers are idle and when they find a suitable location, they lay their eggs.
It is important to realize that moths do not distinguish between clean and dirty wool. They distinguish between disturbed and undisturbed wool. Although a cleaning of a rug will cause its fibers to be disturbed, there will come a point in time when these cleaned fibers are going to become idle cleaned fibers. We estimate that any rug, dirty or clean, left idle for a period of at least six months is at risk of becoming infested with moths. This means that a cleaning alone will not prevent your rugs from moths if left idle.
What Does Moth Damage Look Like?
Moths do not eat cotton. Since most rugs are woven with a cotton foundation, moths eat the wool pile leaving only the carpet’s cotton foundation. The image below shows moth damaged that occurred in a customer’s house under a coffee table in the center of the living room. The carpet’s cotton foundation is left intact while there are patches of missing wool pile. The eggs and larvae have been removed.
Fortunately, these damages are completely repairable. View before & after examples of our museum quality rug restorations and learn more.
Can I Prevent Moth Damage Without Chemicals?
Yes. Moth damage can be prevented by regularly disturbing wool. For example, we recommend owners of carpets to vacuum every portion of both sides of their rugs every three to six months. Unless moths have already laid eggs somewhere else in the home, this method of disturbing the wool regularly will fully protect your rugs from moths. Keep in mind that this applies to all keratin containing fibers including things like wool suits and silk dresses in the closet. If, for example, moths have found idle wool in an attic somewhere, they are more likely to spread to more dangerous low to medium traffic areas.
If you are worried that moths may be in your home, the best way to find out would be to check the edges of your carpets as well as areas under furniture. If possible, check the back of the rug too. If you see areas that are missing wool but the cotton foundation remains, it is likely that you either have moths or have had them in the past.
Moth Proof Bundles
Moth Proof Bundles, or MPB’s for short, take moth protection to the next level. An MPB is ideal for rugs being stored either with us for over six months, or for rugs being stored in a storage facility. We guarantee rugs wrapped in an MPB to be moth free for up to ten years as long.
We require all rugs stored with us for six months or longer to be wrapped in a Moth Proof Bundle.
|Moth Proof Bundle||$2 / Square Foot|
|Storage of an 8×10 or Smaller||$10 / month|
|Storage of Rug Larger than 8×10||$20 / month|
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Discover and Learn at the Manawahe Eco trust
Based locally, at the Manawahe Ecological community centre we offer a hands-on curriculum based Environmental Education programme.
Come and enjoy a wide range of activities that inspire students to make a difference to their environment.
· Getting to know the bush
o Activities range from: identification of trees, birds and invertebrates; understanding of ecosystems and adaptations; use of natural materials in art and crafts; and nature’s own recycle systems.
· Pest and predators
o What are pests; how do we know they are here and more importantly, how do we control them?
· Getting involved
o Plant a tree
o Help check our traps and bait stations
o Monitor our tracking tunnels
o Grow plants from cuttings
· pre schools
· primary schools (years 0-6)
· Intermediate schools and junior high schools (7-10)
· Through to NCEA level 1-3
· All programmes incorporate age appropriate outdoor challenges where team work and problem solving skills are fostered and encouraged
We will work with you to customise our programme to the learning needs of your students. Most activities can be completed in the one day visit. Our Bush Camp allows you to enjoy an overnight stay with a multi-day programme. Costs for the 2015 school year are: pre-school $2; Primanry and Intermediate school $5; Secondary schools $10 per child per visit. The cost for overnight camps are $7.50 per day per child.
For more information, costings and/or bookings please contact
MET’s Environmental Educator:
on email: email@example.com
or Mobile: 0275699022
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Many patients suffer repetitive subluxations and nerve entrapments because the mechanical component is ignored, leaving root causes undiscovered and untreated. The goal of extremity adjusting is to easily diagnose and treat these injuries, incorporating both neurological and mechanical treatments.
Mechanoreceptors are embedded in the tissues surrounding joints. When these tissues get stretched by a misalignment of the joint, this activates an inhibition or weakening of the adjacent muscle. Discovery of these weak muscles and correction of the misaligned joint to restore normal strength is a specialty of this technique.
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Ovarian Cancer Prevention
Ovarian cancer cannot be prevented in most cases, but women can take steps to decrease risk of developing the disease.
- Oral contraceptives: Women who have used birth control pills for more than five years reduce their risk by 50 percent, compared to women who have never taken oral contraceptives.
- Removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries: Studies show that removing the fallopian tubes and the ovaries in premenopausal women with the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation can reduce risk of ovarian cancer by 85 to 95 percent and breast cancer by 50 percent.
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
Women with ovarian cancer should consult a gynecologic oncologist to determine their specific treatment needs. Treatment for ovarian cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, or a combination. For younger patients whose cancer has not spread, it may be possible to save the unaffected ovary and fallopian tube to preserve fertility.
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The ligaments, tendons and muscles surrounding the knee joint support and strengthen it. The tibial and femoral condyles are covered by articular cartilage and are cushioned and supported by the menisci.
The tibial collateral ligament on the inside of the leg attaches from the tibia to the femur and to the medial border of the medial meniscus. This is often the site of injury to the medial meniscus when the tibial collateral ligament is torn.
The transverse ligament connects the medial menicus to the lateral meniscus.
The fibular collateral ligament attaches from the femur to the head of the fibula.
In the center of the knee joint are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments which cross each other like an X.
A blow to the lateral side of the knee can cause tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus. This is the most common type of knee injury in football.
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If your doctor ever sends you to the hospital for a CT Scan, you might get the chance to have a glimpse of your insides digitally mapped in 3D. Such a scanner works by using a series of high-resolution 2D X-ray images that are pieced together into a 3D model (known as tomography). The model can then be rotated and viewed from all angles, which is an invaluable reference to have when figuring out if anything is wrong.
That same technology can be employed on a much smaller scale (microtomography) for other living things, and it’s just such a technique that has won Professor Javier Alba Tercedor from the University of Granada a movie award.
The video above is not for people who dislike bugs, but if you can stomach watching it, you get to see a complete and perfect representation of a bug’s insides. More specifically, it’s a complete map of a female Dryops water beetle, captured without damaging the beetle in any way.
The movie was made using a SkyScan-1172 microtomograph located in the Zoology department of the university where the professor works. He mastered the use of the device himself, and that shows in the overall quality of the final capture.
As you can see, every part of the beetle can be looked at in great detail and from every angle. It removes all the guesswork from figuring out how the different systems of this small bug fit together.
While the movie is great to look at, its production is of vital importance in answering question about why beetles move and act the way they do, and why that differs between species. The same microtomography scans can also be used on other living organisms, with the limit as to what can be seen governed by how precise the scanner is. And as with all technology, we should only see that precision improve in the coming years.
Read more at the AlphaGalileo Foundation
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crime is classified according to age, and percentages are calculated based upon the total population for each age specified. The maximum for male criminals is found in the period of twenty to twenty-five years, with a percentage to the total population of that age of .7702. Between fifty and sixty years the percentage drops to only .1694. The same law holds good for women, but with modified ratios. Comparing the two sexes, the following results are reached: the tendency to crime, as exhibited in its actual commission, for males at all ages until sixty, diminishes at the rate of 33.333 per centum. For females under similar conditions of age, it diminishes at the rate of 25 per centum. Keeping in view the liability to error in a search through the obscure underlying forces which seem to regulate human conduct in the aggregate, it nevertheless appears reasonable to expect an explanation of this phenomenon to lie in the physical rather than the mental conditions of the sexes at the terminal periods of life. In the decade which was above distinguished as that of physical equilibrium, the governing principles seemed to be the expression of mental forces; but, on reaching the sixtieth year of life, the conditions are reversed. While in the former the conditions of waste and repair were equal, in the latter the repair of the physical forces is exceeded by the waste. This is a law which applies equally to both sexes, but with this difference in the result: the occupation and the crimes which belong in such great excess to men are those which require more physical strength than the occupations and crimes which are adapted to the lesser strength of women. Let us take a familiar illustration: after a man at sixty years of age has retired from the scenes of his labor in the mine, or field, or workshop, the wife of the same age, or older, is yet profitably engaged in her lighter domestic duties. She is yet contributing as materially to the comforts of her family as during the more active years of the husband's life. Now, while it is quite evident that we must regard the cause of the sudden more near equality in the proportion of the sexes which presents itself in the period of life between forty and fifty years as due to psychical changes, the evidence is yet stronger that the ratio of the more rapid decrease of male criminals at the more advanced period of fifty to sixty years is due to the cause I have named—the rapid impairment of physical energy peculiar to the period. Since men greatly preponderate in those phases of crime which demand strength, belligerency, and publicity in the perpetration, the conclusion is legitimate that Crime would rapidly decrease at the time of life in which these qualities are wanting, or are impaired. If we examine the relation of men to the orders of crime, in the perpetration of which these qualities are not necessary, and in which strength may be replaced by caution, and belligerency by cunning, as in offenses against the currency, and in the sixth division of Mr. Nelson called "other offenses," embracing the lighter shades of criminal conduct, we shall see that the propor-
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 8.djvu/352
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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.
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So this is very cool.
It's not enough to make solar a replacement for base generation, but it should definitely help with peak summer production in warm U.S. cities.
Some additional realities:
- According to NREL, Nanosolar has the most efficient printed solar cell--at 16.4 perecent.
- No mention of small scale production. They seem to be focusing on metro scale and up.
- They're currently only producing 1MW worth of cells/month. But they say it'll be easier to go from 1MW to 100MW than it was to go from zero to one. Even so, it'll probably be a while until we see real economies of scale.
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Today we remembered those men and women who served and gave their lives in wartime, however it also appropriate to acknowledge and remember the millions of animals who served alongside them. Horses, dogs, donkeys and even pigeons all work animals, protectors, messengers many saving the lives of humans while giving their own. Lesser known and often forgotten, are the cats of war. They were more than just mascots who comforted officers and boosted morale, they played key roles.
“Throughout the “war to end all wars,” cats were a common sight in the trenches and aboard ships, where they hunted mice and rats. Beyond their “official” duties, they were also embraced as mascots and pets by the soldiers and sailors with whom they served.““An estimated 500,000 cats were dispatched to the trenches, where they killed rats and mice; some were also used as gas detectors. At sea, cats had the run of the ship — a tradition dating back thousands of years.”
“Faith, a cat who made her home at Saint Augustine’s Church in London in 1936. On September 6, 1940, the mother of one apparently had a funny feeling and moved her recently born kitten from the warm upper floors to the basement — just a day before London was hit by German air bombs. She and her kitten, Panda, were rescued from beneath the rubble by Father Henry Ross, and she was later awarded a special medal for “steadfast courage in the Battle of London.”
“Able Seacat Simon (his official title), of the Royal Navy’s HMS Amethyst, began his career in 1948 as the Amethyst’s formal ratter. During the time he served, Simon performed his duties so well that he was twice awarded in 1949. The first after a particularly grueling incident with Chinese forces, Simon was awarded an Amethyst campaign ribbon for his valiant service. The next was the Dickin Medal for animal gallantry. Simon is the only cat to have received the Dickin Medal, and when he died, he was buried with full naval honors.“
“Accepting her fate as an orphan of war, ‘Miss Hap’ a two-week old Korean kitten chows down on canned milk, piped to her by medicine dropper with the help of Marine Sergeant Frank Praytor … The Marine adopted the kitten after its mother was killed by a mortar barrage near Bunker Hill. The name, Miss Hap, Sergeant Praytor explained, was given to the kitten ‘because she was born at the wrong place at the wrong time’.”
Click here for more photos of the cats of war.
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We’ve all experienced anxiety at some point in our lives. Whether it is the nervousness just before an exam or the dread while watching a horror movie. Anxiety is a bio-psychological reaction – it indicates a possible danger and prepares our body accordingly. However, sometimes this anxiety can be overwhelming, persistent, and can interfere with your daily life.
Anxiety is much more common than we imagine. It is one of the most common mental disorders in the U.S., affecting over 40 million adults. The good news is that most anxiety disorders are easily treatable, and the treatment is often without medication.
When we think of illness, the next thing we think of is that we’ll have to take a pill and let it do its work. While this may be a quick solution, it’s not a permanent one. Since there is growing awareness of anxiety and its related disorders, a lot of research has been done on self-help techniques and a variety of therapies that don’t require any medication.
Medication is often a scary option for many, though it has been often found to quickly reduce the symptoms. If you are willing to work on your anxiety and want a medication-free option, online therapy for anxiety is especially helpful.
Why Not Medication?
Medications may or may not be helpful. Are they for you?
Adverse effects can happen with any drug. These can include allergic reactions, weight gain, drowsiness, or any other reaction when they interact with other drugs you are taking.
Dosage and timing considerations
Dosage is prescribed by the doctor based on many physical considerations, such as age, gender, weight, the severity of your anxiety, and other health conditions. However, dosage for anxiety disorders may also be determined by the doctor’s subjective experience and knowledge, and therefore evaluation can become more complex.
Though dependency is less likely to happen for most medications, you may develop a tolerance for anti-anxiety medication. A dose in the first week may not be enough for you in the second week, and this may keep gradually increasing.
Removal of symptoms
Though medicines may effectively remove the symptoms associated with anxiety, such as palpitations, sleeplessness, and so on, they may not address the core problems. For example, if your anxiety is caused by fights with your partner, taking medications will only help with the symptoms. Although you’ll start feeling physically better, the problems with your relationship might remain unresolved.
Medications are not a villain in our lives; they can bring about positive change if and when required. However, anxiety therapy without medication can help you make smart choices that tackle the core of your anxiety and teach you the skills needed to deal with it.
How to Overcome Anxiety With Therapy
Since medications aren’t a one-size-fits-all solution to anxiety, online therapy is an effective and alternative solution. Psychotherapy is a non-pharmaceutical treatment for anxiety and is tailor-made according to the underlying type of anxiety (fear of social situations, generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and so on).
Online counseling is a collaborative process. The therapeutic alliance aims to equip you with the necessary skills and techniques for coping with anxiety. The process is designed so that you can practice these skills outside the session and test them yourself. The ones that help in coping with anxiety can be retained, while others are revamped or not used anymore.
It may seem like too much work, but a therapist won’t force you to apply these skills outside the session until and unless you are comfortable. A plethora of studies have examined the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches, but one that especially stands out is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
In CBT, the therapist identifies and addresses how your thoughts and behaviors interact to create anxiety. Therapists will work with you to recognize how negative thought patterns influence your feelings and behaviors.
A typical CBT session for anxiety can include education about anxiety. For example, a person who has panic attacks occasionally should first understand what a panic attack is. Once they have a better idea, the therapist equips them with strategies that can alleviate the uncomfortable experience. For example, you may write negative thoughts of the day and their positive alternatives.
Since CBT incorporates numerous techniques, from relaxation to breathing techniques and behavioral strategies, it is quite versatile and is effectively delivered over the internet.
In one study, it was found that youths diagnosed with anxiety disorders had significantly lesser symptoms even after 4 years of CBT. Another study has indicated that CBT can be an effective treatment for anxiety in as few as 8 sessions, with or without the use of medication.
Can Online Therapy Help?
Systematic reviews of internet-based CBT (ICBT) have found moderate to strong reductions in anxiety after treatment, similar to those found for face-to-face CBT.
Online CBT uses a combination of approaches and incorporates anxiety management training, which combines breathing strategies and techniques to change irrational thinking. Online therapy has been getting more and more popular for several reasons.
One of the primary reasons is that customized assessment of anxiety is now just a few clicks away. The therapist not only understands you but also customizes and personalizes the therapy sessions according to your specific needs.
As long as you have an internet connection, online counseling is a seamless experience that helps you connect to your therapist in between your busy schedule.
Online CBT has been found to serve two primary advantages – it helps enhance your sense of empowerment and has enhanced well-being. Even with moderate therapist involvement, it is less time-consuming. Getting support for your mental health is now so much easier!
How to Overcome Anxiety Without Medication or Therapy
It is common to wonder whether you can cure anxiety on your own. We have you covered with self-help tools and techniques. Often, self-help is an effective and cost-friendly way of starting your recovery. Once you understand what anxiety is, it becomes easier to work on it.
Learning how to relax your body is an important part of self-help. Muscle tension and shallow breathing are both linked to stress and anxiety. So, it’s important to become aware of these bodily sensations and to regularly practice exercises to help you learn to relax. For example, one can practice progressive muscle relaxation, which involves systematically tensing and relaxing parts of the body.
Anxiety can significantly alter the way we think about our world. One way of relieving anxiety fast is to alter our thoughts about a particular situation. For example, instead of saying “I am a failure,” one can say, “It’s okay to make mistakes and learn from them.” Challenging negative thoughts takes practice, but once you are able to do that, you perceive the world and yourself more objectively.
In CBT, the process of facing fears is called exposure, and it is one of the most important ways to manage your anxiety. Exposure involves gradually and repeatedly entering feared situations until you feel less anxious. You start with situations that only cause you a little bit of anxiety, and you work your way up to facing things that cause you a greater deal of anxiety. For example, if you are scared of dogs, you might start by exposing yourself to photos or videos of dogs until you feel comfortable.
Even though self-help techniques are a starting point, they are not always self-sufficient, especially if you are experiencing severe anxiety. Even online anxiety treatment without medication is not suitable for severe anxiety. However, reaching out to a therapist not only acts as additional support but also a professionally guided path to recovery!
Putting an End to Anxiety
Putting a full stop to medications can bring feelings of anxiety right back. Would you be willing to go deeper, treat anxiety naturally, and find real change? Anxiety treatment without medication aims to make you self-reliant and be able to cope with feelings of anxiety and worry. However, sometimes this may not be enough. Our therapists at DoMental will help gear you towards putting an end to your anxiety and its associated negative effects.
Managing anxiety is not always easy or fun, so remember to reward yourself for the hard work!
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Blood from the heart is mainly ejected upwards along the ascending aorta. When pulling blood into the heart, the major motion is also along the axis parallel to the spine. Thus the major motion is longitudinal. For both ejecting and pulling blood, according to Newton's 3rd Law the force exerted on the blood by the heart is matched by an equal and opposite force on the body by the blood.
If a patient is placed on a table with very low friction, then the force on the body causes the body and the table to move back and forth as the blood is being pumped. A sensitive accelerometer on the table measures its acceleration, and one can compute the acceleration of the blood with:
This is called a ballistocardiogram (BCG), and an apparatus to make one is shown to the below.
The apparatus was made by Nihon Kohden in 1953, and we use the figure with permission. The original figure is at www.nihonkohden.com/50th/history2.html
Although the technique has been known for over 50 years, because the mass of the accelerating blood is small compared to the mass of the body and table, the experimental errors in the measured blood acceleration were large. Thus it was not very useful as a diagnostic tool. Recently modern signal processing techniques have allowed these experimental errors to be greatly reduced, and BCG's are now often used in a medical context.
As you will learn in the third quarter, the electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the activity of the muscles in the heart; there is also an experiment in the laboratory on ECGs. The BCG measures the effect of this muscle activity by directly measuring the acceleration of the blood. The following figure shows an ECG and a BCG for a normal patient.
The data for the above figure was supplied to us by Dr. William McKay, Department of Anesthesia, University of Saskatchewan.
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Authors: Daniel Cordier, Fernando Garcia-Sanchez, Daimler N. Justo-Garcia and Gerard Liger-Belair
First Author’s Institution: Groupe de Spectrometrie Moleculaire et Atmospherique, UMR CNRS 7331
Status: Accepted in Nature Astronomy, [open access]
Orbiting the awe inspiring ring-planet Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft continues to uncover the secrets of its host and its neighbouring moons. Saturn’s sixth moon, Titan, is the second largest moon in our Solar System and is probably one of the most diverse ones. Due to its unique atmosphere – it’s the only moon to have one – its surface is also home to the only extra-terrestrial source of stable liquid that we know of. Recently, scientists have observed peculiar features present on the surfaces of these vast lakes of methane. It is these oddities and the simulations designed to explain them which are the subject of today’s astrobite.
It was back in the 1980s when Voyager 1 and 2’s observations of Titan’s atmosphere suggested that it had the correct temperature and constituents to support liquid hydrocarbons on its surface. Further evidence came 15 years later in the era of the Hubble Space telescope, but it was not until observations undertaken by the RAdio Detection And Ranging (RADAR) instrument aboard Cassini that this hypothesis was confirmed.
Short bursts of RADAR over-brightness have been detected in two separate locations on Titan’s northern sea, Ligeia Mare. One theory behind these mysterious bright spots is the formation of gas bubbles and suspended solids on the lake’s surface. Therefore scientists have been focusing on how to simulate this sort of behaviour by considering Titan’s environment and the phase of the molecules in the lake (i.e whether it’s a gas, liquid or solid).
What do we know about the surface conditions?
Using a different instrument aboard Cassini, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), the atmospheric temperature as a function of latitude was measured. An infrared spectrometer is useful for determining the composition of atmospheres, as the infrared light emitted from Titan’s surface causes bonds in several organic molecules like methane to vibrate, leading to a characteristic absorption feature in spectra obtained by the spectrometer. This spectrum is also indicative of Titan’s temperature and for a northern region in spring it was found to be 91K. To calculate the lake’s temperature from this information is tricky as we need to understand poorly constrained properties such as how well light is absorbed in the lake. Thankfully we have trusty numerical models and these yield a temperature range in the region of 80 – 90K.
Hitching a ride with Cassini, the Huygens 1.3m probe inhabits Titan and remains the most distant landing of any human-made object. After its decent in 2005, Huygens measured Titan’s ground pressure and found it to be only 1.5 times greater than that of Earth’s (1 bar). However in order to form bubbles on Titan, we need to know the depth and pressure of Ligeia Mare. Measurements of depth are relatively easy with RADAR, which determined the depth of this lake to be between 100-200m, but pressure is more challenging and requires clever simulations. We know Ligeia Mare is composed of liquid and vapour methane, ethane and nitrogen, therefore scientists considered a variety of mixtures in order to calculate a range of pressures for the measured depths. For example, if the lake was purely composed of methane it would have a pressure of 2.1 bar for 100m, and 2.7 bar for 200m. From this work the authors concluded the pressure in the lake to be between 2 – 3.5 bar.
How stable is the lake?
Stability of a mixture indicates if the mixture is going to separate into its different constituents as the temperature and pressure of the system changes. Investigations into stability of similar liquid-liquid-vapour samples on Earth have only been conducted at higher temperatures and pressures, meaning the team had to rely on simulations for this work. For a nitrogen-methane mixture at the surface of the lake, the amount of nitrogen can change and the mixture remains in either its vapour or a liquid-vapour state – it doesn’t demix. This was true for a variety of mixtures investigated which suggests that given the expected ground conditions for Titan, the lake’s surface should not split up into two liquids.
Next the scientists investigated what happens below the surface and found that demixing could occur where the pressure is higher at depths between 130 – 170m if the lake is at a temperature of 90K. However at lower temperatures demixing will occurs at a much shallower depth of around 20 – 30m, highlighting a strong temperature dependence. The dependency on depth is highlighted in figure 3 as at lower temperatures, conditions for demixing require a lower pressure which translates to it occuring at shallower depths.
What does this mean for Titan?
Demixing is key to this bubbly hypothesis. Bubbles of gas are unlikely to form if the mixture is homogeneous, therefore the team propose a lake with an ethane-rich bottom and methane-heavy top. They go on to suggest a cycle where the methane and nitrogen enriched liquid sinks towards the deep ethane layers satisfying the temperature and pressures requirements for demixing. The surface of the lake is also in contact with a rich, mostly nitrogen atmosphere meaning the top of the lake is nitrogen-rich. Clearly as the bubbles of ethane and nitrogen travel, the demixing conditions are no longer satisfied, leading to mixing. Luckily for nitrogen, the buoyancy of the bubbles drives them rapidly towards an almost pure nitrogen surface, meaning they do not redissolve in the surrounding liquid. Resulting bubbles are around a few cms in size and are therefore detectable by Cassini. Scientists believe this cycle is the most likely scenario, and it’s further supported by the location of the bright spots on RADAR corresponding to areas of the lake with a depth greater than 100m.
With its own atmosphere and lakes, Titan is clearly a moon ideal for future surface exploration, however nitrogen bubbling in the deepest part of Titan’s seas pose a great threat for any visitors. The team require efforts to be focused on re-creating similar conditions on Earth, as these investigations will further validate and confirm current models being used by the team. There are still large gaps in the model which need to be addressed such as oceanic circulation, full treatment of the chemical composition and sea bed topography. Like the authors say, “the last word will come from Titan’s submarine exploration”.
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An Extensive Examination of LINQ: Querying and Searching XML Documents Using LINQ to XMLBy Scott Mitchell
XML is an increasingly popular way to encode documents, data, and electronic messages. Over the years Microsoft has offered a variety of libraries to facilitate creating, modifying, querying, and searching XML documents. LINQ to XML is a relatively new set of XML-related classes in the .NET Framework (found in the
System.Xml.Linqnamespace), which enable developers to work with XML documents using LINQ's features, syntax, and semantics. As discussed in an earlier article, Introducing LINQ to XML, LINQ to XML is a simpler and easier to use API than previous libraries. Because LINQ to XML can utilize LINQ's query syntax and assortment of standard query operators, LINQ to XML code is usually very terse and readable.
This article continues our look at LINQ to XML. Specifically, we explore how to query XML documents using axis methods as well as how to search and filter XML documents
using both LINQ's
Where method and XPath expressions. Read on to learn more!
Note: If you have not yet read Introducing LINQ to XML please do so before reading this article...
Retrieving Child Elements
As discussed in Introducing LINQ to XML, the most frequently used class in the LINQ to XML API is the
XElementclass, which represents an XML element. It's
Loadmethod loads an XML document form disk or over the Internet and returns the root of the just-loaded document. The most frequently used class in the LINQ to XML API is the
XElementclass, which represents an XML element. This class is used when programmatically constructing an XML document, when loading an XML document, and when searching, filtering, or otherwise enumerating the elements within an XML document. The
Valueproperty returns concatenated text contents of the element and the text content of its descendants.
When working with an XML document we are often interested in a particular element or attribute value or a particular subset of elements and attribute values. The
XElement object has a number of helpful methods that we can use to retrieve such data. Let's start by looking at two of the most commonly used methods,
Elements method returns all of the child elements of the current element. You can optionally pass in an element name and then only those children
element with a matching name are returned. The
Element method requires a name as an input parameter and then returns the first child element with that name.
Element methods - along with a number of other methods we'll be examining in this article - are referred to as axis methods
and operate relative to the current node. To hammer home this point, let's look at an example. For this example and others in this article I will be using an XML
NutritionInfo.xml. This XML file can be found in the
in the demo available for download at the end of this article.
NutritionInfo.xml document contains nutritional information about a variety of food items. Here is a snippet of this XML document:
<nutrition> element is the root element and contains a single child element named
<daily-values>, which spells out the
recommended daily allotments for the various nutritional metrics provided by each
<food> item. Note that there is only one
element. Following this sole
<daily-values> element there are a number of
<food> elements that spell out the nutritional information
for a number of food items. The snippet above shows a single
<food> element describing the nutritional information for Avocado Dip.
Now, imagine that we wanted to retrieve the name of the first food item in the XML document. To accomplish this we'd need to start by loading the XML document.
Recall that the
Load method returns the root of the document as an
XElement object (in this example,
Now that we have a reference to the root we can get the first
<food> element using the following syntax:
This syntax says, in English, "Get me the root's first child element named
<food>." (If there are no
<food> child elements then
root.Element("food") will return
null.) Once we have the first
<food> element we can get its
element using the same syntax:
Note that to get the
<name> element we call the
Element method. Had we
root.Element("name") we'd get back a null value because the root element does not have any
<name> children elements (it
<food> child elements).
Now that we have the
<name> element (of the first
<food> element) we can get its text value ("Avocado Dip", in this example) by using
Another important class in the LINQ to XML API is the
XAttributeclass, which represents an XML attribute. The
XElementclass has two methods that return
Attribute(attributeName)- returns an
XAttributeobject for a specific attribute, and
Attributes- two overloads; the first accepts no input parameters and returns all attributes of the
XElement; the second overload accepts an attribute name and returns a collection of attributes of the
XElementwith a matching name.
XAttributeclass has a
Valueproperty, which returns the value of the attribute.
Let's look at using the
Attribute method to retrieve calorie information for the first food item (Avocado Dip). The
calorie information using a
<calories> element with two attributes - total and fat - which return the total calories and the calories from fat, respectively.
To retrieve these values programmatically we could use the following code:
This syntax, I think, it pretty readable. For example, to get the total calories for the first food item we say, "Hey, root, give me your first
and then, from that, give me the first
<calories> element and then from that get the
total attribute and then give me its value. In the
case of Avocado Dip, this returns a value of "110".
While the above syntax is quite terse and readable, it does make a number of presumptions - namely that there will be at least one
<food> child item
from the root and that that
<food> item will have a
<calories> child and that the
<calories> element will have a
total attribute specified. If any of these elements or attributes are missing the above code will throw a
NullReferenceException because if no
match is found the
Attribute methods return
null. To more safely query the XML document you would need to get the pieces
one at a time and ensure that a
null value was not returned; the code in the demo available for download has a sample of this more careful syntax.
Returning Descendant and Ancestor Elements
Elementsmethods only search the set of children elements. For XML document specifying a hierarchical structure, such as the XML format of the
Web.sitemapfile, there may be elements with the same name buried at arbitrary depths. To search across all descendants for the current node (and not just children) use the
Descendantsmethod has two overrides. The first accepts no input parameters and returns all descendant nodes. The second accepts a name and returns only those descendants whose name matches.
The following snippet of code shows how to use the
Descendants method to determine how many
<siteMapNode> elements exist in the
Web.sitemap file. (If you are unfamiliar with the
Web.sitemap file it is an XML-formatted file that developers can create to define a logical
structure to their site. Once defined, navigation web controls like the Menu or TreeView can be used to display this site structure. The
is composed of an arbitrary number of
<siteMapNode> elements, where each
<siteMapNode> element represents a section on the site.
These elements can be (and often are) nested. See Examining ASP.NET's Site Navigation for more
information on this file and ASP.NET's site map functionality.)
The code here is a little bit more involved than previous examples because the
Web.sitemap uses XML namespaces. If you examine the
you'll find that its root element (
<siteMap>) defines a namespace named "http://schemas.microsoft.com/AspNet/SiteMap-File-1.0":
Querying an XML document that uses namespaces requires that the namespaces be included in the querying syntax. This is accomplished by creating an
object that specifies the namespace name and then including it as part of the name in the
XElement's methods. In the above example this is accomplished by
XNamespace object named
siteMapNS and then including it when calling the
root.Descendants(siteMapNS + "siteMapNode").
Along with the
Descendants method, the XElement also offers an
This method is the inverse of
Descendants - rather than returning the nodes (or matching nodes) beneath the element it returns the parent node, the grandparent
node, and so forth, all the way up to the root. See the demo available for download for a demo using the
Searching / Filtering an XML Document
Because the LINQ to XML API gives us full access to LINQ's standard query operators, searching or filtering an XML document is very straightforward. As discussed in previous installments of this article series, the
Whereextension method can operate on an enumeration and filter certain elements out of that enumeration using lambda expressions.
For example, use the following
Where clause to retrieve only those food items with less than 300 total calories:
The code here says, in English, "Give me all
<food> child elements off the root and then only return those whose
total attribute has a value less than 300." Bear in that in the lambda expression in the
Where method we are dealing with
in other words, each
f here is an
XElement that represents a particular
<food> element in the XML document. Consequently, to
retrieve the calorie information for each
<food> element we use
f.Element("calories") to get a reference to the
element and then
Attribute("total").Value to get the value of the
total attribute. The
returns a string, so we need to convert this string into a decimal value in order to compare it to a numeric value, in this case 300.
In addition to searching and filtering XML documents using the LINQ standard query operators you can use XPath expressions.
XPath is a standardized syntax for filtering XML documents. To filter documents using XPath expressions use the
XPathSelectElements method, which is an extension method defined in the
System.Xml.XPath namespace. The following example uses an XPath expression to return only those food items with less than 300 calories:
Personally, I prefer using LINQ's standard query operators. Using the standard query operators and lambda expressions you get IntelliSense and compile-time checking. Moreover, the same standard query operators can be used with LINQ to Objects, LINQ to SQL, LINQ to Entity Framework, or any other LINQ providers. XPath expressions, on the other hand, are an opaque string. There is no compile-time checking - you need to actually execute the code to see if the XPath expression is valid and returns the expected results. And XPath's syntax is specific to XML.
Check out the demo for more searching and filtering code examples. The demo includes a web page that allows the user to search for food items that meet a variety of criteria, including upper bounds for the calories, grams of fat, and milligrams of sodium, as well as the presence of certain vitamins or minerals. The screen shot below shows this page from the demo in action and includes code showing how to filter using the standard query operators and using XPath expressions.
At this point we have examined how to create, query, and filter XML documents using the LINQ to XML API. In a future installment we'll see how to edit existing XML documents by modifying existing values and by adding and removing XML elements.
Until then... Happy Programming!
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There are so many common products we ignore in your everyday living. While it’s true that many urban kids don’t understand that milk comes from cows or what a real wheat field looks like, the same holds true for manufactured products that are mainstream to life in America.
Think about the garbage bin outside your house, the bright orange road cones used for road safety, bicycle helmets and giant tanks utilized for water storage? Chances are these disparate products were made utilizing a popular manufacturing method called Rotomolding. Whatever they share is actually a hard, continuous outer shell along with a hollow space inside.
This Process – Rotational molding was an innovation of the 1940s, but wasn’t widely used until the creation of better technology that made the process faster. In addition, new polymer and plastic products entered the market and were well designed for rotational molds. This method of molding plastics has several advantages over some other techniques which result in higher prices for products along with a less environmentally friendly process.
The first step in creating a lightweight and affordable polyethylene (plastic) item is to produce a mold. This is usually done employing a computer software package competent at creating three dimensional images. The mold is most often manufactured from aluminum because the lightweight material is easier to handle than some other metals although it could be a little bit more costly. Machinists be able to work tooling the mold through the design. Once the mold is done, the rest of the process is in the hands of the plastics manufacturer where the rotational molding is carried out.
Here’s where some imagination is needed. Picture the ride at the State Fair where a person is strapped into a type of gyroscope that turns them up, down, sideways and around. That’s what is going to occur to the mold. However, the manufacturer measures polymer resin, a granular powder, and pours it in to the mold. The mold is fitted into place within an oven that’s heated for an appropriate temperature. Within the oven, the mold makes its axial turns, spreading the grains of polymer evenly on the inner surface of the mold.
As the aluminum quickly gets hotter, the resin melts and will continue to coat the within the mold. Time the mold spends spinning and heating is crucial to the caliber of the item. In the past it had been as much as the rotational mold experts to evaluate when a mold was able to remove from your oven and funky. Today, sensitive instruments gauge air temperature within the mold, improving quality control.
Fans are often used to help the mold cool. Unlike some other mold methods – including injection molds – the cooling in the aluminum causes the mold to shrink slightly from the interior of the mold. This allows easy removing of the biggest products, like water tanks. The product will be carefully inspected through the rotational manufacturer and, if this zqvpzd all specifications, is shipped towards the customer.
Molding Benefits – For many products, rotational molding makes a significant difference in the price of an item and in its durability. The manufacturing process will not require lots of interlocking and moving parts. Therefore, maintenance is minimal as it is replacing parts. In addition, there’s little waste of material, one factor that makes the process more environmentally sound.
Reliability of products is additionally extremely important to manufacturers, especially those marketing items that will serve customers over extended periods of time. As an example, a water tank produced using the rotational molding process will give you a lot longer service when compared to a comparable steel tank. Rotational molds can be made for any specification or shape, and will be manufactured a lot sooner than steel. They are also very lightweight, are less expensive to transport and are less challenging or awkward to set up onsite. Needless to say, a large benefit to molded tanks is that, unlike steel, they are going to never rust.
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Sociological study relies on the ability to classify the people being studied in order to arrive at correct conclusions. Classifications include groups, aggregates, and categories.
A group consists of two or more people who are distinct in the following three ways:
Example: A class of students is a group. Classes by definition consist of more than two people, meet at least a few times a week for an entire semester, and identify themselves on the basis of what classes they are taking. Students in a class must follow that professor’s class and test schedule, as well as rules for behavior and contribution in class.
Many different types of groups exist in industrialized societies, including school classes, social clubs, sports teams, neighborhood associations, religious communities, and volunteer organizations. Within any group, it is not uncommon for a few people to have an especially close relationship and form a clique, which is an internal cluster or faction within a group.
The word group is sometimes confused with the word aggregate. An aggregate is a collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time but who have no other connection to one another.
Example: The people gathered in a restaurant on a particular evening are an example of an aggregate, not a group. Those people probably do not know one another, and they’ll likely never again be in the same place at the same time.
A category is a collection of people who share a particular characteristic. They do not necessarily interact with one another and have nothing else in common.
Example: Categories of people might include people who have green eyes, people who were born in Nevada, and women who have given birth to twins.
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A healthy body has cells that work well. If cells work abnormally, this condition can be the cause of cancer. Well, one of the treatments that can be undergone by cancer patients is radiotherapy or also called radiation therapy. So, what does this treatment and its side effects look like? Let’s check out the review below.
What Is Radiation Therapy?
Radiotherapy or radiation therapy is a medical procedure used to treat cancer. The procedure is performed with the help of powerful X-ray energy to kill and stopping the proliferation and spread of cancer cells lodged in the body. In addition to X-ray exposure, radiotherapy can also be done in the form of implants, injectable or oral drugs.
To improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment, radiotherapy is often used in conjunction with other methods, such as chemotherapy methods or tumor removal surgery. Radiotherapy is applied very carefully and fully calculated to minimize side effects in patients.
Maybe you know radiation as one of the causes of cancer. However, the radiation used in this therapy is not large enough to trigger cancer. Human body cells can recover quickly from this radiation.
Although the focus of radiotherapy is to treat cancer, radiotherapy is also used to overcome non-cancerous diseases such as tumors, thyroid diseases, and various other blood disorders can also be treated with this treatment.
An advanced stage patients are also encouraged to do this therapy, not to aim to cure, but to reduce the symptoms of cancer and pain experienced by sufferers.
Radiation therapy types
External Radiotherapy (external beam radiation)
External radiotherapy is delivered through a machine where direct light is focused on the tumor. Linear accelerators (also known as LINAC cases) use electricity to form a fast-moving flow of subatomic particles to kill cancer cells.
Other modalities of external beam radiation include Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT), Tomotherapy, Stereotactic Radiation Surgery (SRS) and Proton Therapy.
Radioisotope Therapy (systemic radiotherapy)
Systemic radiation therapy requires patients to receive injections or ingest radioactive substances or radioactive substances bound to monoclonal antibodies that can travel throughout the body.
Radioactive iodine is a systemic radiation commonly performed to treat certain thyroid cancers.
Monoclonal antibodies combined with radioactive substances help to plan, find and kill cancer cells.
Radioactive drugs such as samarium-153-lexidronam (Quadramet) and strontium-89 chloride (Metastron) are types of palliative radiation therapy.
Radiation Therapy Indication
The doctor will consider radiotherapy with the following purposes:
- Being the sole procedure to treat cancer.
- Treat cancer combined with other treatments.
- Reduce the size of the tumor before surgery.
- Alleviate symptoms in advanced cancer conditions.
- Kill and clean cancer cells so as not to return after surgery.
Radiation therapy for cancer
Cancer is one of those dangerous diseases that is scary. One treatment is radiotherapy or radiation therapy by utilizing rays as energy intensive to kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy generally uses X-ray power, but it can also use the power of protons or other types of energy. Radiation therapy serves to damage cancer cells by destroying the genetic material of cells that control the growth and self-division of cancer cells.
Treating Different Types of Cancer
Most cancer patients will receive radiation therapy as part of treatment. Radiotherapy is used by doctors to help with the treatment of almost all types of cancer. Radiation therapy is also useful in treating some types of benign tumors. Here are some reasons why radiotherapy is performed:
- As the only type of treatment for cancer.
- Combination with other types of treatments such as chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells.
- Stop the growth of cancer cells that still exists after surgery (adjuvant therapy).
- Reduce the size of a cancer before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy).
- In advanced cancer, to alleviate symptoms caused by cancer.
Radiation Therapy Side Effects
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy has side effects, which occur when non-cancerous cells experience radiation or are affected when getting treatment. Cancer cells are more susceptible to the effects of treatment, as it is easier to copy themselves than to improve themselves. In addition, non-cancerous cells are also affected by the therapy and can cause side effects, ranging from mild to severe.
Possible side effects are:
- Fatigue or lethargy.
- Skin irritation, including swelling, blistering, until it looks like sunburn.
- Hair loss, bladder problems, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Inflammation of tissues, such as pneumonitis, esophagitis, and hepatitis.
- Decreased white blood cells or platelets although rare.
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Grazing operation tips for optimal grass
Grasslands are complex environments comprised of many different kinds of living organisms affected by abiotic factors such as weather. There are few things that are black and white in such complex ecosystems, but there may be some self-evident "truths." If you haven't considered them in your grazing operation, perhaps you should.
Grazing systems developed over the past 100 years attempt to optimize the productivity of pastures while at the same time produce a useable or saleable product. What most rotational grazing systems try to do is mimic the defoliation patterns under which grasslands were thought to have evolved; severe defoliation of native flora by massive herds of native ungulates (hoofed animals such as bison) for a relatively short period of time. Did short-term overgrazing occur by bison? Of course it did.
The integrity of these grasslands was maintained because bison would not return to these heavily grazed areas for many months or years, giving the land adequate opportunity to recuperate. Short duration grazing, high intensity-low frequency grazing, management-intensive grazing and, recently, mob-grazing have all been introduced as the grazing system that best mimics the movements of the great bison herds of the past. Fences were not in place back then, but rotational grazing occurred by herd movements over time. Isn't it interesting that these massive herds were able to maintain their numbers despite no one being around to feed them hay all winter long?
Diversity of grazing species
Historically, the Southern Great Plains was a very diverse ecosystem with a mixture of grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees on the landscape. Bison preferred herbaceous vegetation; woody plants were not their forage of choice. Fortunately, there were other ungulates that did utilize woody plants as well as forbs. Pronghorn antelope, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer were common on the Southern Great Plains prior to European settlement. Today, domestic cattle have taken the place of the bison, and many cattle producers spend huge amounts of money trying to kill plants that some animals (e.g., deer, domestic sheep and goats) use. Fencing is a challenge for sheep and goats, but money spent on weed and brush control would buy a lot of woven wire fence. Cattle didn't pay for five-strand barbed wire fences the first year they were up, either.
To read the entire article, link here.
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Saint Katharine Drexel, Stuffed Shells and Year of Faith
March begins the sixth installment of our Year of Faith. This is where once a month I highlight a saint that has been listed on the USCCB Saints for the Year of Faith. The month of March is dedicated to St Katharine Drexel.
Katharine Drexel was born into a family where the idea that wealth was simply loaned to them and was meant to be shared with everyone.
Upon a family trip to the west, as a young girl, Katharine saw first hand the plight of the American Indian. Those early images is what convinced her for the rest of her life to always strive to alleviate their condition. In the end, thanks to her personal and financial support there were several missions and schools named in her honor.
Later in her life, while visiting Pope Leo XIII, she required more missionaries to staff the Native American missions that she was supporting. To her surprise Pope Leo ask that she also become a missionary. That is exactly what she did. After speaking with Bishop James O’Connor, she dedicated herself to God. She used her inheritance to service the Indians and African-Americans.
From then on, she supported a very improvised lifestyle, only requiring the bare necessities. On February 12, 1891 she professed her first vows as a religious, founding the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament. their dedication was to share the message of the gospel among the African-American and Indian population.
Katharine felt compassion for the African-Americans also. She wanted to change racial attitudes and change the substandard way of life. She wanted to educate them so they would not have to continue to do underpaid menial tasks. She wanted them to enjoy the same constitutional rights as ever one else.
While she was alive, she opened over 6o missions and schools. Her crowning achievement was the Xavier University of Louisiana. She founded the predominantly African-American catholic institution in the United States.
Katherine Drexel died on March 3, 1955.
She was beautified by Pope John Paul II on November 20, 1980.
Today I will be sharing with you Buffalo and Cheese Stuffed Shells.
Buffalo and Cheese Stuffed Shells
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 lb ground bison
1 large onion chopped
1 clove garlic minced
8 ounces shredded mozzarella cheese
1/2 cup Italian bread crumbs
2 tablespoons parsley
2 tablespoons basil
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon pepper
1 egg beaten
15-18 giant pasta shells
1 32 ounce jar of spaghetti sauce
1/2 cup Parmesan cheese
Heat olive oil in a medium skillet. When hot saute onions and garlic with the bison meat.
In a large bowl, add mozzarella, bread crumbs., parsley, egg, salt and pepper. Add bison mixture. Set aside.
Cook shells according to directions on package. Remove from water when almost tender. Put in a colander pour cold water over shells and drain well. Pour a thin layer of sauce in the bottom of a 9 X 13 inch baking dish. Stuff shells with meat mixture.
Arrange shells in single layer in baking dish. Cover with rest of sauce and sprinkle with Parmesan cheese. Bake at 375 degrees for 25 minutes until bubbly.
Peace be with you,
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The Obituaries Format
provides a structure for writing an obituary easily. As obituaries are written notices or announcements that inform the public about the death of an individual. They serve as a brief biographical summary of the deceased person’s life, highlighting their significant accomplishments, personal details, and surviving family members. Obituaries are published in newspapers, online platforms, or other media sources to notify the community of the person’s passing and provide information about memorial services or funeral arrangements. They serve as a way to remember and honor the deceased, share their life story, and allow others to offer condolences and support to the grieving family. Obituaries can be written by family members, friends, or professionals and serve as a tribute to the life and impact of the person who has passed away.
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Cryonics, the science of freezing humans and animals with the intention of reviving them later, has long been the stuff of science fiction. Recently however, it has become one step closer to science fact. Interestingly, it wasn’t the result of ongoing research, but rather, an accident.
The story begins almost a year ago. On the evening of February 20, Justin Smith of McAdoo, Pennsylvania, tripped while walking home, fell into a snowbank, and passed out. There he remained until his father discovered his body the next morning. By that time, Justin’s body temperature had dropped to 68 degrees (normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees) and he was presumed dead. Nonetheless, when EMTs brought him into the hospital, the emergency physician on duty ordered that Smith be given CPR in a last-ditch attempt to revive him. Dr. Gerald Coleman realized that it would likely have no effect, but later told a local newspaper,
“Something inside me just said, ‘I need to give this person a chance… I think we need to do our best for him.”
For two hours, EMTs continued to administer CPR until Smith could be flown to another hospital in Allentown. Once there, the patient received a transfusion of warm, oxygenated blood, and his heart began beating on its own. Smith remained in a coma for two weeks and doctors feared permanent brain damage from lack of oxygen. However, when Smith finally emerged from his coma, he was coherent – if understandably disoriented. Except for the loss of his toes and the pinky finger of both hands to frostbite, Justin Smith was none the worse for wear.
Smith’s recovery was miraculous, but it wasn’t the first of such cases. In 2001, 2-year-old Paulie Hynek of Eau Claire, Wisconsin wandered outside one winter night and wound up spending the night in a snow bank. By the time he was found, his body temperature had dropped to 60 degrees, his heart had stopped beating, and he was no longer breathing. Nonetheless, physicians managed to revive him. Today, Paulie Hynek is a normal, healthy teenager.
These cases have implications for the science of cryonics. The idea that patients with terminal illnesses or injuries could be frozen and later revived when future medical technologies might be able to save them has long been attractive. However, for many years, the primary problem with freezing humans and large animals is that the procedure is irreversible. The extremely low temperatures used for the cryopreservation process (close to minus 200 degrees Fahrenheit, the point at which nitrogen begins to liquify) causes severe damage due to oxygen deprivation and tissue fracturing. Cryoprotectants used as a type of “antifreeze” to prevent ice formation can also cause serious injury. Although the cryonic preservation of humans and animals is possible, there is no way to successfully revive such subjects with current technology.
Justin Smith’s survival could cause scientists to rethink the entire process. Such cases may also may lead medical science to redefine what constitutes physical death. Further advances in bioengineering and medical nanotechnology, combined with what medicine is learning from patients like Justin Smith and Paulie Hynek, may very well lead to a day when patients who are presently considered terminal may literally be “put on ice” until medical science is able to treat them successfully.
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“Kane wa kachiken
Ase to namida no
“My husband cuts the cane stalks
And I trim the leaves
With sweat and tears we both work
For our means.”
Japanese laborers quickly comprised the majority of Hawaiian sugar plantation workers after their large-scale importation as contract workers in 1885. (Oxford Press)
Their folk songs provide good examples of the intersection between local work/life and the global connection which the workers clearly perceived after arriving.
While many are songs of lamentation, others reflect a rapid adaptation to a new society in which other ethnic groups were arranged in untidy hierarchical order–the origins of a unique multicultural social order dominated by an oligarchy of white planters. (Oxford Press)
From 1885-1924, about 200,000 Japanese came to Hawai‘i to work on the sugar plantations. (Kim) By 1900, the Japanese population, about 40% of the total, was the largest ethnic group in Hawai‘i. (Densho)
Many of those Issei women, first generation of Japanese immigrants, came as picture brides and found themselves working long hours in the canefields.
The men cut the cane; the women’s work was to strip the leaves from sugar cane stalks so that it produces more juice while providing fertilizer for the growing plant.
These women sang songs about work and the dilemmas of plantation life. The songs, called Hole Hole Bushi, used old Japanese folk tunes, and mixed Hawaiian and Japanese words for dramatic lyrics. (Kim)
Hole Hole Bushi is a hybrid term that combines the Japanese word for tune (bushi) with a Hawaiian term describing the stripping the leaves off of sugar cane (hole.) Issei women composed and sung a repertoire of these songs, set to familiar Japanese melodies, which expressed their hardships, disappointments, and hopes. (Kim)
Hole Hole Bushi is a folk song which Issei (first-generation Japanese overseas emigrants) who immigrated to Hawai‘i at the end of the 19th century, sang at their work in the sugarcane fields. (Nakahara)
Folk songs are short stories from the souls of common people. Some, like Mexican corridos or Scottish ballads, reworked in the Appalachias, are stories of tragic or heroic episodes. Others, like the African American blues, reach from a difficult present back into slavery and forward into a troubled future. (Oxford Press)
Japanese workers in Hawaii’s plantations created their own versions, in form more like their traditional tanka or haiku poetry.
These Holehole Bushi describe the experiences of one particular group caught in the global movements of capital, empire, and labor during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Oxford Press)
The name “Hole Hole Bushi,” first appears in Saishin Hawai Annai (The Latest Hawai‘i Guide) by Namitarō Murasaki (1920.) “Hole-hole Bushi” is described as one of Hawai‘i’s specialties to see, as in the following:
“Honolulu is a song-less town. One rarely hears singing except through a phonograph or overhearing a spree coming out of a restaurant. Of course, new popular songs are imported every time Japanese ships come into port. But these songs are sung only at tea houses for the time being, and mostly disappear before they spread outside.”
“Nevertheless, if you go to the countryside, you can still hear the loud singing of a tune saturated with a sorrowful mood. That is “Hole-hole Bushi”—a distinctive feature in Hawai‘i.” (Nakahara)
The lyrics are mostly in Japanese with Hawaiian and English words mixed in, and follow a poetic form with lines of 7+7+7+5 syllables. The texts cover a wide range of topics, from the hardships of field labor and uncertainty in life to the relationships between men and women, name-calling and gossip.
Around 1930, the lives of the Issei improved, and many moved to cities. The Hole Hole Bushi which had been sung in the field disappeared, and, in its place, lively-sounding versions of Hole Hole Bushi were performed in Japanese tea houses.
During the Second World War, the government banned Japanese cultural activities. After the war, however, the great success of the Nisei troops in the fight received admiration. However, Hole Hole Bushi was never performed; for the Issei, Hole Hole Bushi had become an embarrassment. (Nakahara)
Hole Hole Bushi performed by Allison Arakawa at Japanese American National Museum:
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[break][break][break][break][break][break][break][break][break]Floods are the most costly natural disaster in Canada. Healthy riparian areas protect the uplands from flooding.
These Riparian Restorations empower communities and repair the landscape. Work alongside community leaders, local volunteers and restoration specialists to restore our Watersheds! BBQ lunch is provided!
October 18th, 2014
October 19th, 2014
*Register with Sustainability Circle using links below:
Day 1: October 18th – click here to register.
Day 2: October 19th – click here to register.
Registration for residents of Black Diamond & Turner Valley is Free!
Note: This workshop will require digging with hand shovels and heavy lifting. Volunteers should bring sturdy footwear and appropriate clothing for outdoor activities.
This program is possible thanks to support from the following:
• Town of Black Diamond
• Town of Turner Valley
• Cows and Fish
• Trout Unlimited Canada
• Leaping Cowgirl Productions
What is a Riparian Area?
According to the MDP2010, riparian areas are lands adjacent to a watercourse where the vegetation and soils show evidence of being influenced by the presence of water. Riparian areas are the green zone around a watercourse.
They are the transitional zone between surface water and drier uplands and play a vital role in the healthy functioning of both.
Riparian areas have been shown to play a role in:
• Filtering sediment, nutrients, agricultural chemicals and other pollutants from surface runoff
• Protecting streambanks from erosion
• Providing food, water, and cover for many species of terrestrial animals
• Providing shade, food, and reducing stream water temperature for fish and other aquatic organisms
• Providing leaf litter and woody debris to the stream
• Providing travel corridors for a wide variety of wildlife; and
• Trees and grasses in riparian areas stabilize stream banks and reduce floodwater velocity, resulting in reduced downstream flood peaks
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That Roentgen rays produce distinct changes in various tissues of the animal body is well known, but concerning the exact mechanism by which these changes are caused we know practically nothing. Marked changes may be produced in the blood and blood-forming organs by these rays under proper conditions and, as first shown by Heineke, the lymphocytes are especially sensitive to their action, disintegration taking place very rapidly. It is on this account that the rays are used in the treatment of leukemia. In animals it has been found that the lymphoid tissues themselves are markedly affected. Recently the effect of roentgenization on the thymus has been studied experimentally by Rudberg,1 and as the resulting cellular changes have been followed closely (in rabbits) a brief account of them is given.
Under the influence of the rays, the lymphocytes as well as the cells of the reticulum of the thymus rapidly
THE EFFECT OF ROENTGEN RAYS ON THE THYMUS. JAMA. 1911;LVI(8):594. doi:10.1001/jama.1911.02560080042014
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By Emily Forbes-Mobus, MD
Milton Family Practice
Bats are linked to human rabies cases. In fact, 48 of the 52 human cases of rabies in the US between 1990 and 2016 were due to rabies from bats. While rabies has been found in bats all across the US, including Vermont, most bats do not have rabies; in Vermont only about 5 percent of bats have it. The problem is that you can’t tell if a bat has rabies just by looking at it. The only way to know is by having the bat tested. A good rule of thumb is if a bat is active by day or found in a place where bats aren’t often seen, such as in your home or on your lawn, it may be rabid.
Don’t handle any bats, even if you come across a dead or sick bat. Bats that aren’t able to fly and who let you approach could be sick. Some may carry rabies, but it’s more likely that they have white nose syndrome, an illness that affects bats across the Northeast. If you find a group of dead or sick bats you should report this to the Vermont Department of Fish & Wildlife.
Rabies treatment: Each year there are only 1 or 2 cases of rabies in humans in the US, but about forty thousand people are protected by vaccines. Stopping rabies after exposure involves a group of 2, 4 or 5 shots, depending on if you’ve been treated for rabies before and if you have a healthy immune system. You can get them through your doctor’s office.
Who needs to be treated? Rabies can be spread through bites or saliva in a cut or scratch, eyes, nose, or mouth. Because of this; finding a bat in the room of a sleeping person or unattended child, or making contact with a bat, is a rabies exposure risk.
If this happens, you may send the bat in for testing. You don’t need treatment if the bat tests negative for rabies. If the bat tests positive for rabies or if it’s unable to be sent in for testing, the person will need treatment. Only try to catch a bat if you are able to catch it without being bitten.
People sometimes don’t feel bat bites, so not being able to feel or see a bite mark doesn’t mean that you weren’t bitten. You don’t need to be treated for rabies if you are sure that you had no contact with the bat while you were in the same room, and at all times you were aware of where the bat was.
Have all dead, sick, or easily captured bats tested for rabies if they were exposed to people or pets. Even pets that are up to date on their rabies shot or are overdue for a booster should be treated right away and watched for 45 days. There are no treatments for rabies in animals, so pets that have never had a rabies shot should be put in strict quarantine for 4-6 months or put down immediately by an animal health professional. Call your vet’s office with any questions.
How to capture a bat
- Only try if you can avoid being bitten.
- Wear gloves.
- After bat lands, place box or other container over it, slide cardboard under container and tape securely.
- Call rabies hotline for guidance.
- You do not have to try this on your own. Game wardens, animal control officers, nuisance trappers, town health officers, etc. can help you.
- General rabies safety reminders.
- Do not feed or touch wild animals or animals you do not know, even baby animals.
- Get rabies shots for all your pets, including cats.
- Call a doctor if bitten, get animal saliva in cut, eyes, nose or mouth.
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This is part three of a five part series written by USPG entitled All Things Are Possible, exploring how faith in God can change the world.
Key Text: Genesis 1:27-31
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development states:
‘We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations.’
From a human perspective – with so many diverse and contrary opinions – the task of safeguarding the planet and its resources seems impossible. This study looks at the idea that it is only in faith and through God that there is hope.
Bring to mind a powerful experience you have had of being in nature – or an encounter with animals – it could even be an experience from childhood. Share briefly with the group.
USPG is supporting a Green Schools programme run by the Church of South India (CSI) that is teaching students about the importance of safeguarding the environment.
Schools taking part in the Green Schools Programme carry out a ‘green audit’ of their school that draws upon every subject on the curriculum.
In maths, pupils learn about waste management by measuring the amount of garbage generated by the school – they are then encouraged to come up with ideas for reducing waste.
In biology, pupils learn about composting. In English they write reports on the environment. In computing they complete online forms to record their findings. In social studies they undertake a campaign to raise awareness about green issues in their local community.
Prof Dr Mathew Koshy Punnackad, Director of CSI’s Department of Ecological Concerns, said: ‘Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide. Many of the earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change.’
Ms Jolly, a teacher at CMS Lower Primary School in Mundakayam, described how committed the school is to helping students engage with environmental issues.
She explained: ‘In my school, teachers are facilitators more than teachers. We do things together with the students. We have a herbal garden and a kitchen garden. We arrive one hour before school starts and spend time gardening and planting with the students.’
Ms Jolly’s school is located in a part of Kerala State that has been exposed to the pesticide Endosulphan for over 25 years. The pesticide has caused terrible contamination of soil and water, which has given people cancer and resulted in children being born with abnormalities. The school is reaching out to these children. One activity saw pupils write a puppet show, which they performed throughout Kerala to raise funds to buy kitchen equipment for special schools that support the children. The school is also providing affected children with books and is supporting an initiative to help introduce the children into mainstream society with a sense of acceptance.
So God created humankind in his image,
in the image of God he created them;
male and female he created them.
God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
God said, “See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food.
And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food.”
And it was so.
God saw everything that he had made, and indeed, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
Take it in turns to reflect on the question posed at the start of this study: What does it mean to care for the environment? Share briefly your insights.
Celebrating God’s Creation
In silent wordless prayer, imagine the world as if you were viewing it from outer space. Take a moment to observe the seas, the continents, the clouds. [Pause]
See God’s light infusing and filling the earth. [Pause]
See God’s light infilling all things: seas [pause], mountains [pause], forests and jungles [pause], deserts [pause], animals [pause], villages [pause], cities [pause] and all people. [Pause]
Rest for a while knowing that this same light is also in you. [Pause]
Know that this light is the light of God’s unconditional acceptance and love. [Pause]
Simply allow yourself to rest in this light – feeling its transformative power. [Pause]
Creator God, thank you for the world you have entrusted to our care:
for its beauty, and the interconnectedness of all living things.
Help us to take our responsibility as earth’s stewards seriously,
and bring the whole created order into your just and gentle rule.
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1 Trail Materials Analysis and Comparison . - City of Santa Cruzdesign team, and was deemed acceptable per the project's environmental documents, . Decomposed Granite: The goals of using DG as a trail material are to.crushed granite environmental,The Use of Oil-contaminated Crushed Stone Screenings in .gas and sand, which has a positive impact on the environment. Thus . Disposal of oil-contaminated waste ballast of crushed granite in railway transport with the.Environmental Impacts of Sand Exploitation. Analysis of . - MDPIJun 26, 2017 . Environment Programme (UNEP) stipulates that “Sand and gravel represent the .. For example, waste products , crushed granite ,.
Copyright © 2019 quality . All Rights Reserved
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Aphids are indeed one of the most common garden pests you may encounter while hydroponically gardening. They can take control once established in either soil or hydroponic systems. The attacks from root aphids can make the plants vulnerable to root rot, powdery mildew, fungus gnat infestations, and even disease. These are probably the worst pest out there, just beating the bulb mites. The good news is that you can eliminate sap-sucking aphids from your outdoor crops with a bit of work and early action.
Here’s how to identify and eliminate them from your indoor garden!
Aphids: What Are They?
Root aphids are tiny hydroponic pests from the family Phylloxera, with adults measuring 1/8th of an inch. These species of aphids come in many colors, such as green, white, yellow, red, brown, and black. Winged aphids, formerly adult crawlers, produce wingless males and females that produce overwintering eggs that complete the crop cycle and fly back to the trees in the autumn. To the naked eye, the eggs look like beneficial soil fungus. They are white and appear in clusters.
Typically, aphids infestations are found in colonies on the plant roots, stem, on the underside of leaves and at the sides of grow cups. Since they like the new growth, they prefer to hang out on the branches and tops of the infected plants spotted by growers. The aphids become carriers of any plant diseases they have consumed so that they can spread disease from one plant to another.
Root aphids attack a diverse range of plants, including rice crops, fir, walnut, and hickory trees, in addition to greenhouse and garden perennials.
The Effects of Aphids on A Hydroponic Garden
Aphids love to eat the nutrients from your healthy plants. Discoloration, wilting, and curling of leaves can result from their feeding. The plant will look stunted, with new shoots looking deformed, often mistaken for a nutrient deficiency.
You can also suffer damage from root aphids in less indirect ways. They leave behind a sugary residue known as honeydew that attracts other pests, like ants, by opening a wound on a plant. Aphids are protected and cultivated by ants to produce honeydew. Aphids are known to be carried from exhausted plants to uncolonized garden plants by ants.
How to Keep Aphids Off Your Hydroponic Garden
Preventing root aphid growth in your indoor or outdoor plants is vital for their health and nutrition. Since most chemical insecticides only provide moderate effectiveness and may damage the beneficial insects, it is best to use organic methods to keep the root aphid population off. Pesticides are damaging to other plants and insects, depending on the location of the host plant and the surrounding ecosystem. Using chemical pesticides also wipes out their natural predators, such as beneficial nematodes, parasitic wasps and ladybugs, which attack aphid eggs.
By Spraying Soap
A soapy water spray sometimes works best for keeping a small infestation under control in your garden. Mix your batch of insect-killing soap or buy some that are already mixed.
You can rid your hydroponic garden of aphids with neem oil, which is a natural insecticide. You should soak plant roots in two tablespoons of the mixture per gallon of water. As a foliar spray, mix it in a spray bottle with water.
In the event of an active infestation, you may need to step it up a notch with a pesticide like Azamax. In Azamax, a single compound also derived from neem is the active ingredient. Combining it with neem oil makes it even more effective. In addition, it is a water-based foliar spray.
Adding Natural Predators
Adding predators such as ladybugs to your hydroponic garden is probably the best biological control at the first sign of root aphids. Aphids are a favorite food of ladybugs and their larvae, so they would be delighted to eat them. Predatory nematodes can be used either in soil or hydroponic systems using rock wool or coco coir.
Growing using aeroponics or a deep water culture system makes it much easier for the entire root to receive aphid-killing compounds since they have nowhere else to go but the roots. You can also use a capsaicin root drench or an essential oil drench for extra punch.
For those who don’t mind the possibility that treatment might fail or harm other species, here’s how to fight off root aphids with insecticides: Soak your growing medium thoroughly in an industrial-strength insecticide.
How To Rid Of Aphids Out Of Your Indoor Hydroponic Garden
In most cases, aphids, like spider mites, are introduced to indoor plants from your outdoor garden. There is a high likelihood of root aphids and their eggs being carried inside greenhouses by nursery plants, particularly those from a large, commercial grower. Check any plants you add outside for signs of root aphid infestation or any other hydroponic pest insects before adding them. By germinating seeds or cloning plants from within your garden, you can reduce the need for new plants.
With a grow tent, you create a barrier that controls pests like regular aphids that might otherwise attack your hydroponic garden.
Although aphids can destroy your hydroponic garden, a little care can help to save it. As a result of how fast they reproduce, quick action is crucial. Keeping a close eye on your hydroponic garden can help you spot aphids and pest problems before they become too intensive.
What are the differences between aphids and gnats?
The easiest way to tell them apart is body shape. While adult gnats will fly all over the place, root aphid species will fly straight towards your lights.
What are the early signs of aphids?
If you see crawlers but no fliers, you’ve caught the problem early.
What are the best ways to check for aphid bodies?
Checking your feeding water and runoff for aphid larvae can help gauge how effective your treatments have been.
What are the best ways for aphid control?
Transplanting while fighting feeding aphids is generally more successful in soil or coco than in Rockwool, but it’s best if you can knock them out first.
What should I do when removing a plant?
When removing the entire plant, take care to keep the root aphid species and eggs as contained as possible – avoid shaking the plant and dropping any aphids or eggs onto the soil or any healthy plants below.
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Do you have a beloved Dalmatian in your life? These spotted pups are known for their unique looks and energetic personalities, but they can also be prone to certain health issues. From skin conditions to deafness, there are several challenges that Dalmatians may face throughout their lives. But don’t worry – with the right care and preventative measures, you can help keep your furry friend healthy and happy for years to come! In this blog post, we’ll explore some of the most common Dalmatian health issues and offer tips on how to prevent them. So grab a cup of coffee (or treat yourself to a puppuccino), snuggle up with your four-legged companion, and let’s dive into these important topics together!
Introduction to Dalmatians and common Dalmatian health issues
Dalmatians are one of the most popular dog breeds, known for their striking black and white coats. But did you know that Dalmatians are also prone to certain health problems? In this article, we’ll introduce you to some of the most common health issues in Dalmatians and how you can prevent them.
One of the most common health problems in Dalmatians is inherited deafness. Deafness can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, trauma, or disease. Because Dalmatians are born with white coats, they lack the pigment in their skin and ear canal that helps protect against deafness.
In the Dalmatian, deafness is associated with the extreme piebald gene (Strain 1996), which causes the whiteness of most of their coat and their blue eyes (in those that have blue eyes). Dalmatians are homozygous recessive for the extreme piebald gene and deafness seems to occur as a linked polygenetic disorder, in which inheritance of the gene makes it very likely that genes that cause the deafness are inherited also (Webb & Cullen 2010).source: https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/dalmatian-deafness
If you’re thinking about getting a Dalmatian, be sure to ask the breeder about the parents’ hearing status and get your puppy’s hearing tested as soon as possible.
Another common dalmatian health issue is urinary stones. See your veterinarian immediately if you suspect urination problems.
Urinary stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder or urinary tract. They’re often painful and can lead to infections or blockages. Male Dalmatians are especially susceptible to urinary stones because of their anatomy – they have a relatively long urethra, which gives minerals more time to form into stones. To prevent urinary stones, make sure your Dalmatian stays well-hydrated and avoid feeding them foods high in magnesium, calcium, or phosphorus.
Dalmatians are unique among dogs since they excrete uric acid in their urine rather than allantoin like other dogs. Some male Dalmatians form bladder stones composed of urate. The stones can cause a blockage of the urethra preventing the dog from urinating, which is a life-threatening problem. After surgical removal of the urinary stones, medical treatment is available to prevent their reoccurrence. The treatment for Dalmatians that form stones requires lifelong medication and frequent visits to the veterinarian for urine testing. All Dalmatians regardless of line or the sex of the dogs produce uric acid in their urine, however only a subset of male Dalmatians have the stone formation problem.https://www.akcchf.org/research/research-portfolio/0097.html
If you’re considering adding a Dalmatian to your family, keep these common health issues in mind and talk to your veterinarian.
Symptoms of health issues in Dalmatians
There are a number of health issues that can affect Dalmatians. Some of the more common ones include:
Hip dysplasia: This is a condition where the hip joint does not develop properly, leading to pain and lameness. It is thought to be genetic in nature, so it is important to have your dog’s hips checked by a veterinarian before breeding.
Elbow dysplasia: This is similar to hip dysplasia, but affects the elbow joint instead. Again, it is thought to be genetic and can lead to pain and lameness.
Allergies: Dalmatians are prone to allergies, both environmental and food-based. Common signs include itching, excessive licking, and hot spots. If you suspect your dog has allergies, talk to your vet about possible treatments.
A common allergy among Dalmatians is a darkening “browning” of their coat. Bronzing skin syndrome, also referred to as Dal crud, is a type of bacterial folliculitis seen exclusively in Dalmatians.
Symptoms of bronzing skin syndrome can include:
- skin scaling
- itchy skin
- patchy coat
- skin attains a bronze/brown hue
- bumps at the base of inflamed hair follicles
- scabs or crusts around bumps due to ruptures
- hair loss around bumps
With our personal experience, we’ve been able to tie some of the symptoms with diet. One of the common causes is a diet high in purine content. We’ve changed their diet to include more salmon and less chicken. Additionally, in the evening before bed, we religiously give our dogs fish oil supplements. We tell them to go get their “fish”, which is a keyword that they know just like “treat”, “go for a walk” or “go to the park”. We’d love to hear your experiences in the comments below.
Urinary tract infections: UTIs are relatively common in Dalmatians, especially females. Signs include increased urination, straining to urinate, and blood in the urine. If you think your dog may have a UTI, take them to the vet for treatment.
Preventative Measures for Common Health Issues
There are a few preventative measures you can take to avoid some of the more common health issues in Dalmatians. Firstly, make sure your dog is well-exercised – this will help to avoid problems with weight gain and obesity, which can lead to joint problems later on in life. Secondly, keep an eye on their diet and make sure they are eating a nutritious and balanced diet – this will help to keep their immune system strong and reduce the chances of them developing any skin or coat problems.
Ensure that you keep up to date with their vaccinations – this will help to protect them from any potentially deadly diseases. By following these simple steps, you can help your Dalmatian stay happy and healthy for many years to come.
Tips on Diet and Exercise for Healthy Dalmatians
As with any dog, a balanced diet and regular exercise are essential for keeping your Dalmatian healthy. A good diet for a Dalmatian should include plenty of protein and moderate amounts of fat and carbohydrates. Avoid feeding your Dalmatian too much grain or filler as this can lead to health problems down the road.
As far as exercise goes, Dalmatians need at least 30 minutes of vigorous activity every day. A good way to provide this is by taking them on a daily walk or jog. If you don’t have time for a daily walk, try playing fetch or Frisbee in your backyard instead. Just make sure that your Dalmatian always has access to fresh water while exercising, as they can overheat quickly and drinking lots of water can help mitigate urinary issues.
By following these simple tips on diet and exercise, you can help keep your Dalmatian happy and healthy for many years to come by mitigating many of these common dalmatian health issues.
Important Vaccines & Treatments
Dalmatians are susceptible to a number of health conditions, some of which can be prevented with vaccinations or early treatment. Some of the most important vaccines and treatments for Dalmatians include:
Parvovirus: Parvovirus is a potentially fatal disease that can affect Dalmatians of all ages. Vaccination is the best way to prevent parvovirus, and all Dalmatians should be vaccinated against it.
Hepatitis: Hepatitis is a viral infection that can cause serious illness in dogs. It is important to vaccinate your Dalmatian against hepatitis to help protect them from this disease.
Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that can be deadly in dogs. Vaccination is the best way to prevent leptospirosis, and all Dalmatians should be vaccinated against it. Early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis is also important, as this disease can rapidly progress and lead to death if not treated promptly.
Ear infections: Ear infections are common in Dalmatians, especially those with allergies or skin problems. Treatment of ear infections usually involves cleaning the ears and using medication to clear the infection. Preventing ear infections is often possible by keeping the ears clean and free of debris.
Urinary tract infections: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are relatively common in dogs, and Dalmatians are no exception. Ensure that your dalmatian drinks lots of water and has an opportunity to urinate frequently.
Other Considerations for Keeping a Healthy Dalmatian
When it comes to keeping your Dalmatian healthy, there are a few other things to keep in mind. For starters, exercise is important for all dogs, but especially for Dalmatians. They are a high energy breed and need plenty of physical and mental stimulation to stay happy and healthy.
Another thing to keep in mind is nutrition. A healthy diet is important for all dogs, but Dalmatians can be particularly sensitive to certain ingredients. Be sure to talk to your vet about what kind of food is best for your dog.
Avoid overbreeding. Dalmatians are already prone to health problems, so breeding them too often can further increase the risk of genetic disorders. Stick to responsible breeders who health test their dogs and only breed when necessary.
The Dalmatian is a popular breed of dog that unfortunately has its fair share of health issues. Thankfully, many of these common conditions can be controlled or prevented with proper nutrition, exercise, and veterinary care. With the right diet and regular check-ups from your veterinarian, you can help ensure your Dalmatian stays healthy and happy for years to come.
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Research and data clearly show that structural racism and the experience of day-to-day racism result in significant and compounding negative health impacts for people of color.(NAM)
Scroll through or click on a link below to explore the topics on this page
Dr. Sowande' Mustakeem will speak today about her one of a kind medical history course that she teaches to students to empower the future of us all. As such, she has taught, "Medicine, Healing, and Experimentation in the Contours of Black History" for over a decade training undergraduates at least to be racially mindful of the very fragile relationship of African Americans with the American medical profession. We all need to learn and know more along these racial understandings. She will provide books, articles, and key points in learning over the years in the MHE course.
The US medical system is still haunted by slavery
Black women's history matters in medicine.
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Guarding Your Dog's Health
We all know the adage “dog is man's best friend” seem to run for ages now. But we have reasons enough to consider our dogs as vital parts of our daily existence.
They seem to have this special character to display love and loyalty, not to mention a unique fun that we can only witness from them. That's why, as much as possible, we will do everything we can to give them the best treatment and best health care, just like we do for our family members. Come to think of it- we even provide them their own insurance!
In this article, we will tackle some important dog health guidelines. Though considerably generalized for all breeds, information here are helpful still in maintaining our best friend's optimum health.
Dental Care. Swollen, inflamed gums and secondary infections often cause the existence of other major dog health problems. It must be observed that a young dog's teeth are brushed once in a week. Older dogs must have a regular session of thrice a week.
There are especially designed toothbrushes for dogs that provide cleaning of the rear teeth. It is not a good practice to use human toothpaste for them, instead make use of enzyme toothpaste that will prevent tartar build-up. There are also dental cleaning pads that will complement for tooth brushing, if not regularly done. Such pads would cleanse your dog's teeth by means of enzymes incorporated on their surface, which are effective in removing stuck-up dirt.
Ear Care. We often overlook the ears of our dog, however this practice might lead to wax and dirt build-up that can cause infection and inflammation. Regular ear care will help remove ear debris and drying the ear canal. Thus, prevention of some major conditions that might as well cause us to give especial attention to those parts.
Ear care also entails the extermination of ear mites that typically reside in the inner ear of our dogs.
Nutritional Supplements. Dog foods are often lacking in nutrients essential for the optimum development and growth of our pets. Thus, it is very vital to supplement them with vitamins and nutrients to prevent deficiencies that might cause serious dog health complications. This is especially true for older dogs who no longer has the appetite to eat heartily.
Those dogs that work hard during the entire day also need supplements. And also for those that have recently undergone surgery and sickness.
Irritated and Sored Skin. Not only humans get skin irritations and allergies. Some dogs have extra sensitive skins that make them susceptible for bacterial and fungus attack which in turn may lead to wounds, scabs and skin diseases.
Hot Spots. These are characterized by skin areas, which are moist and inflamed. These are typically due to irritation from fleabites, substance irritation or allergies. These spots are usually extremely itchy which cause dogs to scratch and lick on them. Thus, the aggravation of the condition that can lead to serious wounds.
The most vital step in healing hot spots is to reduce the frequency of scratching. Afterwhich, spraying of skin relief products may prove beneficial n stopping the pain and itchiness.
If your dog display symptoms of conditions as listed here, it is wise to consult a vet immediately. He may provide you with some guidelines, which will aid greatly in preserving your pet's health. It is also likely that he will prescribe you with some medications that will ease the symptoms that your dog exhibits.
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This activity is designed to give students practice in finding roots of higher order polynomial functions by factoring. There are 12 polynomial functions ranging from 3rd to 8th degree. All roots can be found by factoring: GCF, trial and error, difference of perfect squares, and grouping. This activity is intended to be used as a practice activity once students have been introduced to the various factoring methods. An answer key is included for quick checking of students work.
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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Roots-of-Polynomial-Functions-Dominoes-Activity-3437237
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Parts of Speech - Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subjectsThe subject tells who or what about the verb. Source: Lesson 91 and verb). Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
Instructions: Find the co-ordinate conjunctions which are joining clauses in these sentences.
1. I do not like the idea, yet I will help.
2. The trip was a delight for us, for we had a great time.
3. The mail has not arrived, nor will it come today.
4. I will speak the truth, or I will not work for you.
5. Mom likes Christmas, but Dad likes Halloween.
6. Ann washes the walls, and Pam vacuums the carpet.
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http://dailygrammar.com/Lesson-78-Conjunctions.htm
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What is a therapy dog?
Therapy dogs are dogs who go with their owners to volunteer in settings such as schools, hospitals, and nursing homes. From working with a child who is learning to read to visiting a senior in assisted living, therapy dogs and their owners work together as a team to improve the lives of other people.
Therapy dogs are not service dogs. Service dogs are dogs who are specially trained to perform specific tasks to help a person who has a disability. An example of a service dog is a dog who guides an owner who is blind, or a dog who assists someone with a disability. Service dogs stay with their person and have special access privileges in public places such as on planes, restaurants, etc. Therapy dogs do not have the same special access as service dogs. It is unethical to attempt to pass off a therapy dog as a service dog for purposes such as flying on a plane or being admitted to a restaurant.
What kind of training does it take?
Your dog needs to have or learn excellent manners around all humans. In a strange environment, she must walk politely on a leash without pulling; sit, down, and come on cue; and leave food/medications alone. A few tricks are always good to put a smile on someone’s face.
What dog makes a good therapy dog?
Therapy dogs need to have a calm and gentle disposition. They must be good around other dogs, calm when strangers pet them all over, and not startled by things such as strange noises, smells, and medical equipment.
My experience in therapy dog training
I have trained four dogs from the shelter life to the good life of a spoiled therapy dog, including two of my personal dogs. In fact, training my childhood dog as a therapy dog was my introduction to dog training.
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http://dianethedogtrainer.com/therapy-dogs/
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When you experience blood clot in your leg, pelvis or thighs then you may have DVT or a deep vein thrombosis. The condition is not very common but pregnant women are prone to get DVT more than women who are not pregnant.
DVT is caused because during pregnancy the blood clotting proteins increase and the level of the anti-clotting protein decreases. The uterus gets enlarged during pregnancy and this also increases the risk because the veins in the lower body are exposed to additional pressure and this causes trouble for the blood to return to the heart.
Only in about 1 in 1000 pregnant women could develop a case of DVT.
Reasons why DVT is more common during pregnancy and during the postpartum phase?
Nature-tends to increase the clotting ability of blood around the time of birth. Sometimes it happens too much. And this is why the condition of DVT is more common in pregnant women and after birth.
Who is at a risk of developing DVT?
Clotting of blood is not something that is common but you definitely are more prone to blood clotting when you are pregnant. You are 10 times more likely to develop the condition. The risk of a blood clot increases with pregnancy and this is the highest in the first three weeks after your delivery.
The reasons why the blood clotting is higher during pregnancy are:
- The body helps the placenta to work at the time of pregnancy and it also prevents excess loss of blood during labor and birth
- The flow of blood is less from your veins to your heart and legs. This is because of the pregnancy hormone and the uterus that gets larger.
- The baby presses the veins to your pelvis and this causes the clot to develop around where the damage is done.
Symptoms of Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
The common symptoms that you can look out for any signs of DVT on one leg are:
- Heavy and a painful feeling on the leg like a muscle gets pulled which stays for very long
- Feeling of warmth and tenderness in the calf region or the thigh region
- Experience severe or slight swelling on the leg
In case the clot moves to the lungs then you will experience:
- Pain in your chest
- Shortness of breath
- Blood coughing
- Rapid breathing rate
When should you approach the doctor?
In case you find any symptoms of DVT then approach the doctor immediately. The condition may not be severe and it will not harm either you or your baby. However, it could be threatening, if it gets serious so it is best to get your self-checked.
Conclusion – What treatment is given to a DVT patient?
You will have to meet an obstetrician or a hematologist to get treated during pregnancy. In order to treat the condition, you will be injected with heparin. This is an agent that helps to thin the blood. It stops the clot from getting bigger and lets the clot to dissolve in the body. It also prevents any further clots. You will be asked to come for regular check-ups to see if the clot has dissolved.
Any health-related information or any medical opinion in the content is gathered from secondary sources and is only for the purpose of information and this should not be treated as a specific diagnosis or treatment plan for any individual situation. Using this site and the information contained in it is not to create a doctor-patient relationship. Always make sure to seek the advice of your doctor if you have any issues or questions regarding yours or the health of others.
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https://healtheoz.com/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt-pregnancy/
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CERP asked undergraduate computing majors what would increase their interest in becoming a middle or high school computing teacher. As seen in the above graphic, financial incentive in the form of a higher teaching salary, free tuition for teacher training, and forgiven student loans were the top factors increasing students’ interest in becoming a middle or high school computing teacher. These findings provide insights into how to generate more computing educators for the K-12 school system, which is becoming increasingly important, given recent efforts to promote widespread K-12 computing education.
Notes. Data were collected from 2,745 undergraduate students who were majoring in a computing field. Computing majors included computer science, computer information systems/informative, bioinformatics, computing and business, information technology, computer engineering, and other fields with a strong computing component. Students were asked Which of the following would increase the likelihood that you would prepare to become a middle or high school computing teacher?, and provided with factors displayed in the figure, to be rated using the following scale: (1) No increase, (2) Increase a little, (3) Increase somewhat, (4) Increase quite a bit, (5) Increase very much. Percentages of students who responded with either “increase quite a bit” or “increase very much” are displayed in this visualization.
This analysis is brought to you by the CRA’s Center for Evaluating the Research Pipeline (CERP). CERP provides social science research and comparative evaluation for the computing community. To learn more about CERP, visit our website at https://cra.org/cerp/.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number (CNS-1246649; and/ or DUE-1431112). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Metallic sodium is regarded as a promising anode material for sodium rechargeable batteries. However, sodium dendrite growth and exhaustive electrolyte decomposition cause the poor reversibility of the sodium metal electrode. Here, we present that, by forming a mixed surface of carbon and sodium metal, the sodium electrodeposition mode and stripping mechanism can be tuned. In order to systematically investigate sodium plating/stripping behavior on a mixed surface of carbon and sodium, we fabricate a carbon nanotube-sodium composite electrode with a simple rolling and folding method. As the carbon nanotube content is increased, the overpotentials for sodium nucleation and pit-formation are remarkably reduced. Postmortem and chronoamperometry analysis elucidate that sodium and sodiated carbon nanotube have a different sodium nucleation mode, and sodium nucleation is preferred on the sodiated carbon nanotube surface with lower nucleation energy, inducing a more uniform sodium deposition. Furthermore, the embedded carbon nanotube appears to help sodium stripping by providing a channel for a more facile sodium ion transport. As a result, the carbon nanotube-sodium composite electrode exhibites a 5 times higher cycling stability. The tuning of the nucleation and stripping behaviors by forming a mixed surface can be a viable approach for enhancing the reversibility of metal electrode.
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https://koasas.kaist.ac.kr/handle/10203/268080
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Dennis M. Ritchie, who helped shape the modern digital era by creating software tools that power things as diverse as search engines like Google and smartphones, was found dead on Wednesday at his home in Berkeley Heights, N.J. He was 70.
Mr. Ritchie, who lived alone, was in frail health in recent years after treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease, said his brother Bill.
In the late 1960s and early ’70s, working at Bell Labs, Mr. Ritchie made a pair of lasting contributions to computer science. He was the principal designer of the C programming language and co-developer of the Unix operating system, working closely with Ken Thompson, his longtime Bell Labs collaborator.
The C programming language, a shorthand of words, numbers and punctuation, is still widely used today, and successors like C++ and Java build on the ideas, rules and grammar that Mr. Ritchie designed. The Unix operating system has similarly had a rich and enduring impact. Its free, open-source variant, Linux, powers many of the world’s data centers, like those at Google and Amazon, and its technology serves as the foundation of operating systems, like Apple’s iOS, in consumer computing devices.
“The tools that Dennis built — and their direct descendants — run pretty much everything today,” said Brian Kernighan, a computer scientist at Princeton University who worked with Mr. Ritchie at Bell Labs.Continue reading the main story
Those tools were more than inventive bundles of computer code. The C language and Unix reflected a point of view, a different philosophy of computing than what had come before. In the late ’60s and early ’70s, minicomputers were moving into companies and universities — smaller and at a fraction of the price of hulking mainframes.
Minicomputers represented a step in the democratization of computing, and Unix and C were designed to open up computing to more people and collaborative working styles. Mr. Ritchie, Mr. Thompson and their Bell Labs colleagues were making not merely software but, as Mr. Ritchie once put it, “a system around which fellowship can form.”
C was designed for systems programmers who wanted to get the fastest performance from operating systems, compilers and other programs. “C is not a big language — it’s clean, simple, elegant,” Mr. Kernighan said. “It lets you get close to the machine, without getting tied up in the machine.”
Such higher-level languages had earlier been intended mainly to let people without a lot of programming skill write programs that could run on mainframes. Fortran was for scientists and engineers, while Cobol was for business managers.
C, like Unix, was designed mainly to let the growing ranks of professional programmers work more productively. And it steadily gained popularity. With Mr. Kernighan, Mr. Ritchie wrote a classic text, “The C Programming Language,” also known as “K. & R.” after the authors’ initials, whose two editions, in 1978 and 1988, have sold millions of copies and been translated into 25 languages.
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was born on Sept. 9, 1941, in Bronxville, N.Y. His father, Alistair, was an engineer at Bell Labs, and his mother, Jean McGee Ritchie, was a homemaker. When he was a child, the family moved to Summit, N.J., where Mr. Ritchie grew up and attended high school. He then went to Harvard, where he majored in applied mathematics.
While a graduate student at Harvard, Mr. Ritchie worked at the computer center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and became more interested in computing than math. He was recruited by the Sandia National Laboratories, which conducted weapons research and testing. “But it was nearly 1968,” Mr. Ritchie recalled in an interview in 2001, “and somehow making A-bombs for the government didn’t seem in tune with the times.”
Mr. Ritchie joined Bell Labs in 1967, and soon began his fruitful collaboration with Mr. Thompson on both Unix and the C programming language. The pair represented the two different strands of the nascent discipline of computer science. Mr. Ritchie came to computing from math, while Mr. Thompson came from electrical engineering.
“We were very complementary,” said Mr. Thompson, who is now an engineer at Google. “Sometimes personalities clash, and sometimes they meld. It was just good with Dennis.”
Besides his brother Bill, of Alexandria, Va., Mr. Ritchie is survived by another brother, John, of Newton, Mass., and a sister, Lynn Ritchie of Hexham, England.
Mr. Ritchie traveled widely and read voraciously, but friends and family members say his main passion was his work. He remained at Bell Labs, working on various research projects, until he retired in 2007.
Colleagues who worked with Mr. Ritchie were struck by his code — meticulous, clean and concise. His writing, according to Mr. Kernighan, was similar. “There was a remarkable precision to his writing,” Mr. Kernighan said, “no extra words, elegant and spare, much like his code.”Continue reading the main story
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
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https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1325160898-pPD+x0uZo5PoXvE8LyQNZQ
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U.N. envoy links development, sustainability, leadership
Negotiations to attain global sustainability are too important to be left to professional negotiators--they must involve all affected parties, including women, youth, business, indigenous people and government at all levels of jurisdiction, a former U.N. Environmental Envoy to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development said in a Feb. 20 talk at MIT.
"For many of these people, environmental sustainability is not an abstract concept but a matter of life and death," said Jan Pronk, chair of the International Institute for Environment and Development.
Motivated partners--for example, an important local industry and the government overseeing it--can experiment with much more innovative environmental strategies than the conservative, lowest-common-denominator type of solutions typical of international treaties, said Pronk.
Workshop opens students' eyes to water quality
Students from Cambridge's Morse Middle School visited MIT for "The River is Our Backyard: Water Quality in the Charles River," a Feb. 14 workshop at MIT. Part of a project initiated by MIT with the Cambridge Schools, the program is a major component of a year of fellowships and classroom and field work on environmental issues.
Keith Bush of the Urban Ecology Institute helped students build their own watershed and test it with water flows supplied by spray bottles of colored water. In another session, students poured small film canisters full of sample pollutants into one big jar to observe the combined effect. They built their own filter systems and observed the impact of running the polluted water through them. Lecturer Daniele Lantagne introduced students to the creatures that inhabit the river.
The project was undertaken by MIT in connection with the settlement of an enforcement brought by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Justice for alleged violations of the Federal Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; there is no allegation of any actual harm to the environment.
MIT's smart classrooms allow long distance learning
Using smart classrooms developed at MIT, graduate students in the School of Engineering are taking graduate courses simultaneously with peers at the National University of Singapore and the University of Cambridge.
Massachusetts clocks are five hours behind Cambridge's and 11 hours behind Singapore's. Both classes start at 8:30 a.m. here, so they start at 1:30 p.m. in the United Kingdom and 7:30 p.m. in Singapore.
MIT students in 3.48J (Materials and Processes for Microelectromechanical Systems) and 3.320 (Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials) are participating in the distance-learning project. The classes are taught in classrooms with large screens that provide video feeds of the lecture and materials. Students and lecturers on all three continents are seen and heard at the other sites as they ask questions and make comments.
The courses play a key role in the Program for Advanced Materials for Micro- and Nano-Systems (AMMNS) of the Singapore-MIT Alliance. The classrooms were developed through the support of the Singapore-MIT Alliance and the Cambridge-MIT Institute.
Record storm shuts down indoor tennis courts
MIT's indoor tennis courts were shut down as a result of damage suffered during the 27.5-inch snowstorm on Feb. 17. "We regret the inconvenience that the deflation of the bubble causes to the MIT community," said Candace Royer, head of the Department of Athletics, Physical Education and Recreation. "We will do everything within our power to get this facility up and operational as quickly as possible."
Call 253-1451 or check http://web.mit.edu/athletics/www for updates on the status of the courts.
A version of this article appeared in MIT Tech Talk on February 26, 2003.
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What is food allergy dermatitis?
What signs do dogs show?
The main sign is itchy skin, most commonly of the ears and bottom. Some dogs will also have diarrhoea, not necessarily at the same time. Problems often start before the dog is 6 months old but may not be seen until as late as 3 years of age.
Initially other causes of itchy skin disease must be ruled out, such as skin parasites or bacterial, fungal and yeast infections. Various tests such as coat brushings, skin scrapes and hair plucks may be done.
Food allergy dermatitis signs are similar to atopy (a skin disease caused by abnormal reaction of the skin to proteins that enter the body via the skin). The two diseases can occur together in the same dog, making diagnosis more complicated. In general the skin of atopic dogs usually improves with steroid treatment, whereas that of dogs with food allergies often does not.
There are no blood tests that can be used to diagnose a food allergy.
The only definitive way of diagnosing a food allergy is to do a food trial. A food trial is time consuming and requires a lot of dedication and perseverance on the part of the dog’s owner.
In a food trial a dog is fed an exclusion diet, a diet containing proteins that it has never eaten before, for at least 6 weeks but maybe as long as 12 weeks. If the skin condition improves during that time then a food allergy may be suspected. However, to be sure that the skin did not just coincidentally get better, a dietary challenge with individual foods needs to be done.
A dietary challenge involves keeping the dog on the exclusion diet whilst one food item, such as chicken or egg, is added to the diet for several days to see if the skin condition deteriorates again. The allergic response can take several days to develop.
If the dog’s skin is provoked into reacting to a particular added food, that food is one of the causes of the skin problem. The addition of other foods to the exclusion diet, always only one type at a time, is repeated for all the basic protein sources – milk, and each type of meat, fish and starch, so that a picture can be built up of all the protein sources that trigger a dog’s skin problems. A diet excluding these protein sources can then be fed long term.
Many owners do not get as far as food challenging, preferring to stick to the original exclusion diet if their dog’s skin condition improves in the first few weeks of the trial.
Which foods can be used for the food trial exclusion diet?
First we need a list of every type of food that has ever been fed to the pet, including all the different ingredients in any proprietary diets. The exclusion diet needs to exclude (avoid) all of these ingredients and all of the other foods that the dog has been fed! There are 3 types of exclusion diets available:
- A home cooked diet made of a meat or fish, plus a source of starch, such as potato, that the dog has never eaten before. Some dermatologists think this is the best type of exclusion diet.
- A proprietary or prescription hypoallergenic diet containing a protein and starch source the dog has never eaten before. These can be dry or tinned diets. The standard ‘hypoallergenic’ or ‘sensitive’ supermarket type commercial pet foods are usually not sufficient – ask for advice.
- A prescription diet made up of hydrolysed (broken down) proteins
Food allergy dermatitis is an itchy skin condition. It is diagnosed by a positive reaction to food challenging, after the skin has improved on an exclusion diet. A suitable hypoallergenic diet can then be found that will not trigger skin problems.
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<urn:uuid:71b69a76-fc6a-4c07-a5f4-c89fe322061f>
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http://www.parkvetgroup.com/dogs/food-allergy-dermatitis-in-the-dog/
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Do you think you have done enough to end child labour, Murad Ali Shah?
The law allows children between 14 and 18 to work in non-hazardous occupations for three hours daily.
Around 20 years ago, a relative of mine got into serious trouble when a European customer of his visiting Pakistan saw some children working in his factory. The foreigner immediately cancelled all orders and my relative had to wind up his business to avoid bankruptcy.
In Pakistan, child labour is something that is considered normal and the laws dealing with it are very lax. In developed countries, forcing a child to work can result in severe penalties and imprisonment. But in Pakistan, even today, a child can be “sold” to work as domestic help and the punishment for this is a mere fine of Rs250, if the case is ever reported to the authorities that is.
Recently, the case of 10-year-old Tayyaba made headlines after she was reportedly tortured by her employers. Her father had sold her to a judge, and the girl was being made to do household work for him and his family. The kid was reportedly treated like a slave, and beaten up if she failed to do the work given to her – like washing dishes and clothes, sweeping the floor and other menial jobs). Evidently, the judge (like millions of other Pakistanis) did not know that even children of poor Pakistanis are supposed to attend school and should not be forced to work. But ignorance of the law is no excuse.
The reason why people sell their children is that they have too many kids. They don’t limit the number of offspring because they believe that practicing birth control is a heinous sin – they have heard this a million times from the preachers in their mosques). Having many children and then selling them also provides additional income. Sometimes, they need the money to pay off debts, whilst other times, they need it to feed their families or arrange marriages for their older kids.
After Tayyaba’s case made rounds on social media and media organisations started covering the issue, the Supreme Court of Pakistan decided to finally take action. Resultantly, the Sindh government recently passed a law prohibiting child labour. The punishment for forcing children to work will now be six months’ imprisonment or a fine of Rs50, 000 (or both). The definition of child labour is somewhat vague and ambiguous. According to this law, a boy or girl under the age of 14 is a child and should not be made to work at all.
However, the proposed law does not ban children between 14 and 18 from working, except in hazardous occupations. On paper, the state is supposed to provide free education to children, but of course in Sindh, this is not possible since most of the education budget is siphoned away to foreign bank accounts and the rest is paid to “ghost” teachers who exist only on paper. The law will allow children between 14 and 18 (defined as adolescents) to work in non-hazardous occupations for three hours daily, but considering that adolescents also go to schools and colleges, they will not get time to study and play.
Thereby, I request Sindh Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah to make the law on child labour more stringent. The definition of a child should include those who are at least younger than 16 (if not 18), and the fine should be increased to Rs200, 000 together with two years’ imprisonment.
And to see if the elite themselves follow the law, media representatives should be allowed to visit factories and agricultural land owned by our assembly members to find out if children are being forced to work there. But will your colleagues ever agree to such investigations, Mr Shah? We have heard that agricultural workers are not being paid the minimum salary of Rs13,000 per month fixed by your government, but has any labour department or media representative ever been allowed to go to the fields to find out if workers are paid minimum salary?
So, Mr Shah, you can be sure that it will be a long time before child labour is completely eliminated in the country. And for this, you and your ministers will be held responsible, but knowing that our feudal lords regard poor people as animals, I doubt if it will cause them to lose any sleep over it.
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« back to encyclopedia search results
The fresh meat of the domestic pig.
Pork has always been the favoured meat of agricultural societies; as the only meat which tastes better cured than fresh, it remained the most popular meat until the invention of refrigeration and modern preservation methods.
As a semi-domestic animal, during medieval times, pigs had the advantage of being able to scavenge in uncultivated woods - so needing little attention or feeding for much of the year.
Ways have been found to use all of the animal, from the feet to the tail - in France this is the art of 'charcuterie'.
Britain is a net pork importer - in 2000, 939,000 tons of pork and bacon were produced in Britain, 210,000 being exported; but a further 520,000 tons imported. See 'Pig'
If you enjoy cooking take a minute to look at ‘Simon Scrutton French Cookery Classes’ on Google – and learn how to make top class bistro-style dishes. Suitable for beginners upwards. Small classes.
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The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, the biosphere, the oceans and the geosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution approximately 150 years ago, carbon Cycle is greatly Interrupted by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have begun to have an effect on the carbon cycle and the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Human activities affect the carbon cycle through carbon dioxide emissions (sources) and the removal of carbon dioxide (sinks). The carbon cycle can be affected when carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere or removed from the atmosphere.
Factors that effect carbon cycling
Burning of fossil fuels
When oil or coal is burned, carbon is released into the atmosphere at a faster rate than it is removed. As a result, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. Natural gas, oil, and coal are fossil fuels that are commonly burned to generate electricity in power plants, transportation, homes, and other industrial complexes. The main industrial activities that emit carbon dioxide and affect the carbon cycle are oil refining, paper, food and mineral production, mining and the production of chemical products.
When plants remove carbon dioxide from the air and store it, the process is called carbon sequestration. Agricultural and forestry methods can affect the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed from the atmosphere and stored by plants. These carbon dioxide sinks can be farms, grasslands, or forests. Human activity in the management of farmland or forests affects the amount of carbon dioxide that plants and trees remove from the atmosphere. These carbon dioxide sinks affect the carbon cycle by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees from forests. Permanent removal of trees means that new trees will not be replanted. This large-scale removal of trees from forests by people results in increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because trees no longer absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. As a result, the carbon cycle is affected. According to National Geographic, agriculture is the main cause of deforestation. Farmers remove trees on a large scale to increase acreage and livestock.
Human activity can affect the carbon cycle by capturing carbon dioxide and storing it underground rather than allowing it to be released into the atmosphere. This process is called geological hijacking. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the USA, geological sequestration could retain large amounts of carbon dioxide for long periods of time and, consequently, reduce soil carbon dioxide concentrations.
Effects of high levels of oxides of carbon in atmosphere
Too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is not good for the planet or other living creatures. If humanity cannot reduce its CO2 production, the planet faces an uncertain future.
- Disturbance in carbon cycle balance: The industrial revolution leading to the massive burning of fossil fuels for heat, transportation, and manufacturing is disrupting the carbon cycle balance severely (balance between carbon removal and addition in atmosphere). An unbalanced carbon cycle threatens to alter climates and change land use and living habitats.
- Effect on Central nervous system and respiratory problems: Carbon dioxide turns into a poisonous gas when there is too much in the air you breathe. In addition to the effects it can have on the planet and the atmosphere, carbon dioxide poisoning can cause damage to the central nervous system and respiratory decline in humans and other breathing creatures.
- Green House Effect:
The main threat from increased CO2 is the greenhouse effect. As a greenhouse gas, excess CO2 creates a covering that traps the sun’s thermal energy in the atmospheric bubble, heating the planet and the oceans. An increase in CO2 wreaks havoc on Earth’s climates by causing changes in weather patterns.
- Growth pattern of plants: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has many side effects. Because plants absorb CO2 as part of their growth cycle, an increase in gas can cause changes in plant growth. In a 2008 study by the University of Illinois, scientists found that soy grown in a high CO2 environment lost some of its natural defenses against pests. A Southwestern University study suggests that increasing CO2 reduces the protein content of many crops. Furthermore, high levels of CO2 in the oceans can affect the growth of some marine species, making some species more vulnerable to predators.
- Pollution: The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that air and particle pollution cause 60,000 deaths each year. There are natural factors that contribute to air pollution, but modernization and the transportation industry dramatically increase levels of toxic fumes.
- Plant life: Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and other air pollutants can enter the pores of developing plants and break down the waxy coating that protects them from disease and excessive water loss.
- Carbon monoxide: Internal combustion engines in cars and other vehicles produce carbon monoxide, which is a highly poisonous gas. According to the American Heart Association, breathing this form of air pollution for a long period of time can cause serious breathing problems.
- Air Transport of carbon pollution: The effects of air pollution can be felt thousands of miles from its original source. China’s industrial pollution can be felt in the western parts of the United States. Air travel has also caused pesticides from farms in South America to reach Antarctica.
- Global warming: All forests contain large amounts of carbon. When destroyed, the burning or decomposition of forest matter releases this carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that absorbs solar heat into the atmosphere. Therefore, higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to a warmer climate. Global warming threatens ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide.
According to the EPA, humans release 30 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year. Because each CO2 molecule can last up to 200 years, this carbon overload can have long-term consequences.
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Have you ever walked through your neighborhood, noticed a vacant lot, and wondered why nobody had bothered to plant a garden there, instead of just letting the land sit around empty?
Now, of course, plant and insect people will tell you that no land is empty. Even the humblest weedlot plays a role in urban ecology.
But I’d wager that few vacant lots are under the control of a wildlife manager or urban forester. Instead, it’s clear that most empty lots just sit there, waiting for the the real estate market to improve. Hardly the highest and best use of scarce urban land.
In the past, people never would have let good land in a well populated area go to waste. Just take the example of the UK town of Guildford, 27 miles southwest of London. Transition Network co-founder Rob Hopkins recently unearthed an 18th-century map of the town showing how yesteryear’s version of smart development revolved around maximizing in-town photosynthesis:
We see, for example, that the hospital has its own vegetable garden. The Free School has its own orchard. While many of the houses have their own gardens, others appear to have allotments out the back, large pieces of land divided into plots. In the center of the map is a cluster of coaching inns, each of which have yards full of vegetable gardens. Behind every house, on every piece of ground, food is being grown. It is an extraordinary snapshot of a time when food production was the principal form of urban land use after roads and buildings.
Hopkins isn’t trying to romanticize the bad old days when life was harder and standards of living were much lower, but instead, “to marvel at what a really local food culture looks like in reality for those of us who have no living memory of such a thing.”
And of course to suggest that, if we’re smart now and lucky later, maps of our towns in the future might show just as much urban space under cultivation as Hopkins’s 18th-century map of Guildford does.
Today, I wince when I see a wide expanse of expensive urban land going to waste. And I cringe when I see, even worse, some status-conscious property owner subjecting God’s own sun, rain and soil (not to mention the devil’s own petroleum products) to the insult of producing fodder for a riding lawn mower.
But if the sight of huge toxic lawns, acres of parking lot or neighborhoods blighted by brownfields sprouting broken glass and rusted shards of beer cans is repulsive, then, with apologies to Tommy Lee Jones’s sheriff in The Fugitive, the vision of a garden behind every warehouse, farmhouse, henhouse, outhouse and doghouse, is sublimely beautiful.
And planting mini-orchards of apple, pear and cherry trees in every median strip, on every sidewalk and in every public park could help our cities and towns provide a new kind of prosperity to their residents.
Gardening our cities would be easy, cheap and fun for all. Why wait? Volunteer citizen efforts are a great start, getting neighbors together to make sure everybody’s planted their own backyard. But to really spread, you have to start gardening some of those vacant lots.
It may be time to re-work local property tax. Instead of taxing parcels that have a building on them at a higher rate, why not tax vacant lots more — unless of course, their owners plant food gardens or allow someone else to do it. Then, reward that civic-minded property owner with a big discount on her property tax bill.
Call it the Food Security Tax Break.
– Erik Curren, Transition Voice
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About the Film
Magna Carta was sealed by King John in the summer of 1215, in a muddy field in Runnymede outside of London. Up until this moment, monarchs ruled as if they had powers given to them by God, but after, they agreed to be limited by the law of the land. This was the starting point for the English tradition of the rule of law and the right to due process–ideas that became fundamental principles in America.
Over the next 400 years, Magna Carta was renounced, reaffirmed and eventually forgotten. But this changed in the 17th century when Sir Edward Coke brought the document back to life. Coke was an influential English judge and legal historian who argued all free Englishmen had rights the King had to respect. Magna Carta, Coke alleged, was the source of those rights.
It was Coke’s interpretation of Magna Carta that sailed with the colonists to the New World. Magna Carta became a rallying cry at the start of the Revolution and, eventually, the colonists incorporated ideas that evolved from Magna Carta and Coke’s interpretation of it into their new Constitution. Fair trials, habeas corpus, and an independent judiciary can all be traced back to Magna Carta and Coke’s writings. The connection is even stronger in the Bill of Rights, where the 5th and 14th amendments provide a right to due process.
Over time, the Supreme Court has been instrumental in ensuring that all Americans have the same fundamental rights to due process and that rule of law is protected and preserved. So in 1931, when nine young black men in Alabama known as the Scottsboro Boys were convicted of rape and sentenced to death without a lawyer, the Supreme Court agreed to hear their appeal alleging that their right to due process had been violated. In Powell v. Alabama, the Court insisted for the first time that states had to protect the right to due process.
And the Supreme Court has played a key role in affirming the rule of law. In the height of the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court declared in a unanimous decision in U.S. v. Nixon that no one, not even the President, is above the law.
The sealing of Magna Carta was the first time that a King agreed to be bound by the law and to respect certain rights of his subjects. Those ideas have been expanded over centuries to form bedrock principles that Americans live by today. No one is above the law, and we all have rights that our government must protect.
Producers, Robe Imbriano and Maria Matasar-Padilla
Writer and Narrator, Robe Imbriano
Editor, Marc Tidalgo
Graphic Animators, Victoria Nece, Hiroaki Sasa, Thomas Curtis and Stephanie Gould
Photography, Edward Marritz, Brett Wiley, Matthew Green, and Thorsten Thielow
Senior Production Associate, Bonnie Birmingham
Sound, Mark Mandler, Peter Ginsburg, Michael Boyle, Peter Penebre and Sam Brolan
Music, Audio Network
Head of Production, Innbo Shim
Production Accountants, Mara Connolly and Andrea Yellen
Assistant to the Executive Producer, Rachael Benjamin
Senior Producer, Kayce Freed Jennings
Executive Producer, Tom Yellin
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The generations before us used to dip their child’s first pair of shoes in bronze to commemorate this important stage of his little life. That very first tiny pair of shoes are still fun to save as a keepsake to be pulled out in later years when the same child is wearing size thirteens! It will be difficult to believe that your son’s giant feet were ever really that little.
Years ago the shoe tradition also called for very stiff, hard soled shoes as baby’s first walkers. They felt that a young child needed the extra support around his ankles and the bottom of his tender feet. The belief was that the tiny feet would develop flat feet and weak ankles if not supported by still leather and tightly laced shoes.
But doctors have since learned that a small child will actually develop stronger feet and walk earlier if you allow them to go without shoes until they are actually walking confidently or need to walk outside. Toddlers do not need arch support or high ankle support.
A soft-soled shoe is recommended once your toddle begins to walk on his or her own. You should be able to fold the shoe in half easily. The ankle muscles and bone will develop and build strength by being used.
Of course it is great fun to dress a baby in cute shoes to match the outfit. It is also good to put shoes on a baby in cold weather especially if you are going to be outside. There is no harm in doing this. But when you are home, a bare foot or a pair of socks with nonskid bottoms is the best way to go.
Once your child is older it is important to buy them shoes with room to grow. Children’s feet change size nearly every three months. Most shoe stores now are self-serve so you will be fitting them without assistance. A good rule of thumb is the “Thumb Measurement”. Make sure your son or daughter’s heel is squarely sitting in the heel section of the shoe or sandal, and then gently push down on the portion of shoe that is empty in front of the big toe. You should be able to feel a full thumb’s width of empty space at the toe of the shoe. This will allow for the next three months of growth and prevent serious toe injury problems.
When purchasing sandals be careful not to allow more than a thumbs width of growth, otherwise your child will be constantly tripping over her own feet all summer. It is also a good idea to scrape the bottoms of slick soled shoes before wearing. This will help prevent them slipping on smooth surfaces and getting hurt.
We may no longer dip our kid’s shoes in bronze, but we still cherish that first tiny pair and save them as a reminder of the baby years. Whether they are high top tennis shoes or shiny black patent leather mary janes, they will be enjoyed as a special keepsake of your family life.
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CoQ10 For Hearing Loss - Does It Work?
Does it help to take CoQ10 for hearing loss?
There is evidence from animal studies that coenzyme Q10, a potent antioxidant, may be able to slow down the damage from noise induced hearing loss.
You can learn about all the health benefits of CoQ10 in this complete and unbiased article (and there are indeed many benefits) so we won't mention it here.
What we want to present in this article is the research studies on the use of CoQ10 for preserving and perhaps reversing the loss in hearing...
Benefits of CoQ10 for hearing loss - What the studies show
Research studies have found a relationship between sudden hearing loss with low levels of CoQ10. But experts are not sure if the hearing loss is the result of low levels of CoQ10 or that hearing loss causes the CoQ10 to drop.
The mitochondrion is the powerhouse in each cell, generating all the energy needed to support cellular life. However, it also produces, as a by-product, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage parts of the cell. These oxygen free radicals can cause damage to the sensitive hair cells in the inner ear responsible for sensing sound.
This first study was done at the Institute of Otorhinolaryngology (long name eh?) in Italy with 60 patients with hearing loss. Here's the reference to the study:
Coenzyme Q 10 and cardiovascular risk factors in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients.
Cadoni G, et al.
Otol Neurotol. 2007 Oct;28(7):878-83.
The researchers found a consistent relationship between hearing loss, high cholesterol and low CoQ10. This does not mean that low CoQ10 causes hearing loss.
But there is compelling evidence (both from previous animal studies) that high oxidative stress (due to low CoQ10 levels) could make existing hearing loss much worse.
How can we be sure? How about a clinical study involving CoQ10 and hearing loss?
The second study below is more revealing in the health benefits of CoQ10 for treating hearing loss.
Coenzyme Q10 in combination with steroid therapy for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a controlled prospective study.
Ahn JH, et al.
Clin Otolaryngol. 2010 Dec;35(6):486-9.
This is (probably) the only clinical study to date that actually looked at using CoQ10 supplements to help improve hearing.
Conducted at the University of Ulsan College of Medicine in Korean, 60 patients given CoQ10 with conventional steroid therapy showed greater improvements in speech discrimination score than just with the steroid therapy alone.
(Note: The other measure of hearing, four-tone average hearing was not different between the two groups.)
So it seems that CoQ10 may have a role to play in reversing hearing loss. That was the conclusion from the authors of this study.
CoQ10 for hearing loss - Dose used in the studies
We suggest taking 100 mg twice daily. It may be also wise to have your family doctor test your cholesterol levels to ensure they are at the recommended target.
There is some suggestive evidence that the presence of cardiovascular risks (e.g. high blood pressure, heart disease, high cholesterol) may play a role in worsening cases of existing hearing loss.
See CoQ10 Dose for more information on dosages of CoQ10 for other uses.
Experts believe that low CoQ10 reduces the antioxidant protection to sensitive nerves responsible for processing sound in the inner ear.
One clinical study showed that taking CoQ10 supplements with conventional therapy for treating hearing loss was more effective than just using the conventional therapy.
We recommend starting at a dose of 100 mg twice daily.
See Health Benefit of Coenzyme Q10 to discover all the other benefits of this natural substance.
Articles and Resources for CoQ10 for Hearing Loss
Get the Full Review on Coenzyme Q10
Article Collection on All the Health Benefits of CoQ10
CoQ10 for Tinnitus
Jump to Coenzyme Q10 Information
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Is the Great Wall of China really the only manmade structure that can be seen from space?
The original formulation of this claim—which predates space travel—was that the Great Wall of China was the only manmade structure that could be seen from the moon.
It cannot, in fact, be seen from the moon, at least not with the naked eye. At some lower altitudes it might be visible from outer space, especially with the use of binoculars, but it's hardly the most visible manmade object. While the wall is long, it is only a few meters wide, and it's not very different in color from its surroundings.
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Michigan Ear Institute has been at the forefront in developing treatment modalities for facial nerve dysfunction including Bell’s palsy and traumatic facial nerve paralysis. The various treatment programs including medications, surgery, and reanimation procedures have been used to improve overall facial function. State of the art diagnostic testing has been able to predict the outcome of a patients with facial nerve weakness. Electrical stimulation may be used as well in order to assist our patients during their recovery.
Twitching, weakness or paralysis of the face is a symptom of some disorders involving the facial nerve. It is not a disease in itself. The disorder may be caused by many different diseases, including circulatory disturbances, injury, infection or a tumor.
Facial nerve disorders are accompanied at times by a hearing impairment. This impairment may or may not be related to the facial nerve problems.
The facial nerve resembles a telephone cable and contains hundreds of individual nerve fibers. Each fiber carries electrical impulses to a specific facial muscle. Acting as a unit this nerve allows us to laugh, cry, smile or frown, hence the name, “the nerve of facial expression”. Each of the two facial nerves not only carries nerve impulses to the muscles of one side of the face, but also carries nerve impulses to the tear glands, saliva glands, to the muscle of a small middle ear bone (the stapes) and transmits taste fibers from the front of the tongue and pain fibers from the ear canal. As such, a disorder of the facial nerve may result in twitching, weakness or paralysis of the face, dryness of the eye or the mouth, loss of taste, increased sensitivity to loud sound and pain in the ear.
An ear specialist is often called upon to manage facial nerve problems because of the close association of this nerve with the ear structures. After leaving the brain the facial nerve enters the temporal bone (ear bone) through a small bony tube (the internal auditory canal) in very close association with the hearing and balance nerves. Along its inch and a half course through a small bony canal in the temporal bone the facial nerve winds around the three middle ear bones, in back of the eardrum, and then through the mastoid to exit below the ear. Here it divides into many branches to supply the facial muscles. During its course through the temporal none the facial nerve gives off several branches: to the tear gland, to the stapes muscle, to the tongue and saliva glands and to the ear canal.
Abnormality of facial nerve function may result from circulatory changes, infections, tumors, or injuries. An extensive evaluation is often necessary to determine the cause of the disorder and localize the area of nerve involvement.
Tests of hearing are done to determine if the nerve disorder has involved the delicate hearing mechanism. When the face is totally paralyzed a special hearing test (stapedius reflex) helps to localize the problem area.
Scans are usually taken to determine if there is infection, tumor or bone fracture. (CT or MRI scans).
A test of eye’s ability to tear may be helpful to determine the location of the facial nerve involvement.
An ENG (electronystagmography) test of the balance system is advised in some cases to clarify the cause or location of the facial nerve disorder.
There are three electrical tests of the facial nerve function that we may use: nerve excitability test, electroneurography and electromyography.
The facial nerve excitability test helps us to determine the extent of nerve fiber damage in cases of total paralysis. The test may be normal despite the paralysis, indicating a better outlook for return of function. In such cases the excitability test may be repeated every day or so to detect any change which would indicate progressive deterioration.
Electroneurography involves the use of a computer to measure the muscle response to electrical stimulation of the facial nerve. Recording electrodes are placed on the face and the facial nerve is stimulated with small electrical currents. Muscle contractions are recorded by the computer.
Electromyography may be indicated in cases of long standing paralysis. This test helps us to know if the nerve and muscles are recovering. Tiny needles are used to measure the responses.
The most serious complication that may develop as the result of total facial nerve paralysis is an ulcer of the cornea of the eye. It is important that the eye on the involved side be protected from this complication by keeping the eye moist. Closing the eye with the finger is an effective way of keeping the eye moist. One should use the back of the finger rather that the tip in doing this to insure that the eye is not injured.
Glasses should be worn whenever you are outside. This will help prevent particles of dust from becoming lodged in the eye.
If the eye is dry, you may be advised to use artificial tears. The drops should be used as often as necessary to keep the eye moist. Ointment may be prescribed for use at bedtime.
At times it is necessary to tape the eyelid closed with tape. It is best for a family member to do this to insure that the eye is firmly closed and will not be injured by the tape.
If pain, redness or visual loss occurs despite lubrication, you should see an ophthalmologist (eye specialist) immediately.
In many cases where long standing paralysis is anticipated it may be necessary to insert a tiny gold weight into the eyelid or perform some other long standing procedure to help the eyelid close.
All patients notice some hearing impairment in the operated ear immediately following surgery. This is due to swelling and fluid collection in the mastoid and middle ear. This swelling usually subsides within 2 to 4 weeks. The hearing returns to its preoperative level during this time. In an occasional case scar tissue forms and results in a permanent hearing impairment. It is rare to develop a severe impairment.
Dizziness is common following surgery due to swelling of the inner ear structures. Some unsteadiness may persist for a few days postoperatively. On rare occasions dizziness is prolonged.
The middle fossa approach to the facial nerve, necessary in some cases, is a more serious operation. Hearing and balance disturbances are more likely following this surgery. Permanent impairment is none the less uncommon.
Hematoma (collection of blood under the skin incision) – Hematomas develop in a small percentage of cases, prolonging hospitalization and healing. Reoperation to remove the clot may be necessary if this complication occurs.
Cerebrospinal fluid leak (leak of fluids surrounding the brain) – A cerebrospinal fluid leak develops in an occasional case. Reoperation may be necessary to stop the leak.
Infection-Infections are a rare occurrence following facial nerve surgery. Should an infection develop after a middle fossa it could lead to meningitis, an infection in the fluid surrounding the brain. Fortunately, this complication is very rare.
Temporary paralysis – Temporary paralysis of half of the body has occurred following middle fossa operation , due to brain swelling. This complication is extremely rare.
Operations on the facial nerve usually are performed under general anesthesia. There are risks involved with any anesthesia and you should discuss this with the anesthesiologist.
A common cause of facial nerve injury is a skull fracture. This type of injury may occur immediately or may develop some days later due to nerve swelling. Injury to the facial nerve may occur in the course of operations on the ear. This complication, fortunately, is very uncommon. It may occur, however, when the nerve is not in its normal anatomical position (congenital abnormality) or when the nerve is so distorted by the mastoid or middle ear disease that is not identifiable. In rare cases it may be necessary to remove a portion of the nerve in order to eradicate the disease.
Treatment of an injured facial nerve may be medical or surgical depending on the extent of the nerve damage.
Medical – Medical treatment due to an injury of the Facial Nerve is the same as the treatment for Bell’s palsy.
Surgical Treatment – There are 3 common types of surgery done for an injured facial nerve.
Decompression – Mastoid decompression of the facial nerve is done during hospitalization and may require a stay of 2 to 4 days. An incision is made behind the ear and the rigid mastoid bone around the swollen nerve is removed which relieves the pressure so that the circulation may be restored. Middle fossa facial nerve decompression takes place when there deeper portions of the facial nerve are involved. This may involve an incision above the ear, with removal of a small portion of the skull. Facial nerve graft is necessary at time if facial nerve damage is extensive. A skin sensation nerve is removed from the neck and transplanted into the ear bone to replace the diseased portion of the facial nerve. Total paralysis will be present until the nerve re-grows through the graft. This usually takes 6 to 15 months. Some facial weakness may be permanent.
The most common tumor to involve the facial nerve is a nonmalignant fibroid tumor of the hearing and balance nerve, the acoustic tumor. Although there is rarely any weakness of the face before surgery, tumor removal sometimes results in weakness or paralysis. This weakness usually subsides in several months without treatment, occasionally it will be permanent.
It may maybe necessary to remove a portion of the facial nerve in order to remove the acoustic tumor. Rarely may be possible to sew the nerve ends together at the time of surgery or to insert a nerve graft. At times a nerve anastomosis procedure is necessary later, connecting a tongue nerve to the facial nerve (hypoglossal facial anastomosis). In either case the face is totally paralyzed until the nerve re-grows which takes from 6 to 15 months.
A nonmalignant fibroid growth may grow in the facial nerve itself. This tumor may or may not produce a gradually progressive facial nerve paralysis. Removal of this facial nerve neuroma requires removing that portion of the facial nerve invaded by the tumor. Usually it is possible to graft it at the time of surgery with a skin sensation nerve from the neck. There may be total paralysis until the nerve re-grows through the graft, usually in a period of 6 to 15 months. There will be some permanent facial weakness.
When the portion of the facial nerve nearest the brain is destroyed by the tumor, a facial reanimation procedure may be necessary.
Removal of a facial nerve neuroma may necessitate removal of the inner ear structure. If this were necessary, it would result in a total loss of hearing in the operated ear and temporary sever dizziness. Persistent unsteadiness is uncommon.
Surgery to correct this problem may involve 1) intentional weakening of the nerve through an incision on the face which may also require a gold weight eyelid implant, or 2) relieving pressure on the nerve adjacent to the brain. This operation includes risks of facial paralysis, hearing loss, dizziness, spinal fluid leak and stroke. 3) An injection of Botox can give temporary relief. As always, you should discuss your proposed surgery in detail with your doctor.
Acute or chronic middle ear infections occasionally cause a weakness of the face due to swelling or direct pressure on the nerve. In acute infections the weakness usually subsides as the infection is controlled and the swelling around the nerve subsides.
Facial nerve weakness occurring in chronically infected ears is usually due to pressure from a cholesteatoma (skin-lines cyst). Mastoid surgery is performed to eradicate the infection and relieve nerve pressure. Some permanent facial weakness may remain.
Delayed weakness or paralysis of the face following reconstructive middle ear surgery (Myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, stapedectomy) is uncommon, but occurs at times due to swelling of the nerve during the healing period.
Fortunately this type of facial nerve weakness usually subsides spontaneously in several weeks and rarely requires further surgery.
Hemifacial spasm is an uncommon disease of unknown cause which results in spasmodic contractions of one side of the face. Extensive investigation is necessary at times to establish the diagnosis correctly. In some cases, a hemifacial spasm is caused by irritation of the facial nerve near the brain. Examination of the nerve and correction of the irritation, if present, is possible by the retrolabryrinthine or retrosigmoid surgical approach. Facial nerve decompression may be beneficial.
In a decompression surgery the area between the brain and the inner ear is exposed by removing the mastoid bone behind the inner ear. The complications related to this surgery are the same as those for the middle fossa approach.
Tumors and circulatory disturbances of the nervous system may cause facial nerve paralysis. The most common example of this is a stroke.
In brain diseases there are usually many other symptoms which indicate the cause of the problem. Treatment is managed by the internist, neurologist or neurosurgeon.
During the period of recovery of facial function, exercises may be recommended. Exercising the muscles by wrinkling the forehead, closing the eyes tightly and smiling forcefully may be beneficial.
Electrical stimulation of the facial muscles may be of some benefit.
As recovery of facial nerve function begins exercises may be recommended by your otologist.
There a number of surgical procedures that is helpful with facial paralysis. In some cases, repairing or decompressing an injured nerve is an important consideration. There are varieties of other procedures that may be helpful to prevent drying or injury of the eye and assist in improving symmetry or even movement of the face. It should be noted however that none of these procedures can create a perfectly normal appearance of the face.
Implantation of gold weights in the upper eyelid can be helpful in counter balancing the lifting eyelid muscle. This helps to prevent dryness and irritation of the eye and helps to improve the appearance. Shortening of the lower lid or corners of the eyelid are sometimes performed at the same operation. Complications of these procedures are rare and may include bleeding, infection, droopy eyelid, extrusion of the implant and possible visual loss.
Connecting a portion or all of the tongue nerve to the facial nerve may provide good tone to the face. Facial movements can also be obtained by attempting to move the tongue to the involved side when a smile is desired. Some degree of tongue weakness is expected which may affect speech or swallowing.
Transferring one of the jaw muscles to the corner of the mouth can provide improvement of facial symmetry. Smiling is relearned by attempting to bite at the same time. Unlike hypoglossal-facial anastomosis, no tongue weakness is expected and chewing problems are rare. The surgeon always attempts to over correct the pull at the corner of the mouth. This over-correction and the significant face swelling usually resolve in 4-6 weeks. Rarely a very thick muscle may result in a bulge.
While facial reanimation surgery cannot provide a return to normal facial function, the improvement in eye protection and appearance is usually gratifying. Not infrequently, secondary procedures or revisions may be required to obtain the best results or modify results because of the passage of time.
There are a variety of other operations that are sometimes performed by themselves or in combination with the above procedures. Such procedures may include a face lift or removal of excess skin at the brow or cheek. For patients who have some faulty return of facial function, selective cutting of facial nerve branches or facial muscles may be of benefit and may be combined with other procedures to correct some of the anticipated weakness.
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We care about your safety. Use these basic safety procedures with meat and poultry.
- Keep refrigerated or frozen. Thaw in refrigerator or microwave. (Never thaw at room temperature or in water)
- Keep raw meat and poultry separate from other foods. Wash working surfaces ( including cutting boards), utensils, and hands after touching raw meat or poultry.
- Cook Thoroughly.
- Keep hot foods hot. Refrigerate leftovers immediately or discard.
- For more information on food safety including specific products please visit www.fsis.usda.gov
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Zoos, aquaria, and animal sanctuaries are among the conservation organizations under more constant and increasing social pressure from animal rights activists and conservation ethicists alike (1). While the “Ark paradigm” has proven to be a weak argument given the outcomes produced in the last decade (2), ex-situ management interventions are becoming a primary part of an increasing number of conservation strategies (3).
Over the past decades, public perception of captivity has changed significantly; the “Good zoos” have been adapting to the variable attitudes with investments in redefining values. Research, education, animal welfare, and conservation have been the driving forces towards getting a better positioning in the scientific conservation community and gaining public approval. Some institutions, like the Bronx Zoo, have become leaders of very successful conservation movements (4), and some are renowned as the “national pride” such as the Singapore Zoo (5). However, not all zoos have been able to adapt to these shifting perceptions timely. The loss of legitimacy of some institutions also influences the industry's reputation, affecting the funding and the capacity to play a significant role in the conservation process, a cycle that leaves one victim; biodiversity.
These emerging social changes in perception have led to increased public concern and interest in the role of ex-situ managed collections (6). Even projects that maintain animals under human care for conservation purposes are experiencing increased public scrutiny, which will intensify as the scientific understanding of animal welfare develops further (7). The traditional benefits of zoos, amusement, education, scientific research, and conservation of species are overshadowed by the moral presumption against keeping animals in captivity (8). Therefore, ex-situ managed programs must engage with active and relevant conservation projects, conservation-oriented meaningful research, advanced animal welfare science, and a robust education outreach campaign to inspire people to protect wildlife.
Zoos must engage with active and relevant conservation projects, conservation-oriented meaningful research, advanced animal welfare science, and a robust education outreach campaign to inspire people to protect wildlife
To blend the four key factors of zoological institutions; Animal Welfare, Conservation, Research, and Education, into one simple combined concept, we had to investigate the available options to find the concept that better suits our objective. Finally we found the term "Social License to Operate," a concept that has been used in the zoo industry only recently when approaching Animal Welfare concerns, especially in Australia and New Zealand. Here, however, we propose a wider application of the concept considering the four values in which zoological institutions must be supported in order to maintain their legitimacy.
The term "Social License to Operate" (SLO) was first introduced more than two decades ago in the mining industry, responding to the deteriorating social reputation of the natural resource extraction industry (9). As a theoretical construct, the SLO concept is based on the perception and opinion of local communities and other stakeholders regarding the company’s business operations affecting them (10). It represents the implied public approval and consent for a business to operate independently from legal or statutory requirements (11). In order to “attain” SLO, a company must gain trust from the public and other stakeholders (12). The trust can only be achieved after gaining legitimacy through compliance with legislation and moral principles, and credibility by providing sufficient information to make informed decisions.
The SLO provides a platform for public intervention and a more significant social commitment for companies beyond corporate social responsibility (13). The SLO is dynamic and hard to certify without measuring specific indicators regularly. Within the zoo industry, an SLO is built not only on its reputation but also on the perceptions of both visitors and the broader community through more thoughtful consideration of their opinions and attitudes while influencing their values positively (14).
Like the mining industry, zoos operate around valuable natural resources -in this case, endangered species-. Still, unlike the mining industry, zoos must produce benefits for the public and the conservation of their resident animals. Unlike the mining industry, the resources of zoos are not taken from the environment. However, like the mining industry, zoos have to justify their actions and operations to maintain legitimacy, credibility, and trust. Social License to Operate represents an acceptable long term social framework for the future of the zoo industry.
“Zoos need to outgrow their past, based in awareness and entertainment, and become real conservation organisations that demonstrate compassion for all living beings”
~ Jennifer Helen Gray
The future of all ex-situ managed programs relies on the capability of every institution to adapt to the new public perceptions and to make meaningful contributions to the conservation of endangered species through the different avenues available – conservation education, research for conservation, ex-situ and in-situ conservation –. Additionally, animals must be kept under the highest welfare standards and must be kept in natural settings to promote their educational value. Reaching acceptable levels on all these different values often requires strong support and determination.
Today, the zoo is standing at a crossroads and has to decide if it will fully commit to the new
paradigm and develop into a conservation center or if it will degenerate into a venue for entertainment that will provoke increasing criticism, not only from annimal protectionist but also from wildlife conservationists.”
Allies for Wildlife is looking for institutions aiming to step up their conservation efforts and are wishing to become key wildlife conservation partners. We offer the support needed to make a meaningful impact and to enhance the Social License to Operate
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We’ve come a long way when it comes to the world of medicine. Once upon a time, not too long ago, the mention of anything in relation to mental well-being was either seen to be mythical or non-existent. Now, it’s safe to say that we understand the depth of the human mind and that an individual’s mental well-being is just as crucial and is also in direct correlation with their physical well-being as well.
We’ve come as far as understanding how to treat mental instability and illness, and one such method that has come a long way is psychotherapy. If you don’t know where to start, then it’s important to first discover if there are any therapy clinics in your area. In the US, for example, there isn’t a state that doesn’t have a clinic that gives access to treatment. Information found at the APA Center helps to give better insight. With a bit of research online, you’re bound to find a clinic near you that provides similar services and have you well on your way to recovery. But before doing that, it’s important that you understand what psychotherapy is all about.
What It Is?
To put it in the simplest of terms, psychotherapy is the process of creating a mental breakdown or illness using a number of methods that revolve around fostering a relationship with a trained and certified professional. The therapist will first and foremost prioritize sessions that involve conversation and allow you to express yourself. By doing so, the therapist will be able to understand and diagnose you, and you will be able to speak freely without having to worry about anyone not understanding or judging you.
There Are Different Kinds Of Psychotherapy
What is interesting to know, and what makes the practice so accessible, is that there are different approaches to psychotherapy. This all depends on a number of factors- what makes you comfortable, the kind of approach that your therapist specializes in or the one they suggest, and of course, what suits your conditions best. The kinds include:
- Cognitive Therapy: This approach mainly focuses on the thought process of the patient. This is because it is believed that perception- whether it be of the self or the surrounding factors- play a huge role in a person’s well-being. This approach focuses on working on bettering one’s thought process for a better life and more control.
- Behavioral Therapy: For people who suffer from more behavior-based mental issues, behavioral therapy is possibly the best approach to take. Even though it is not as widely used as it once was before, the fact that conditioning behavior is effective cannot be denied, especially in cases of self-destructive behavior and so on.
- Psychoanalytic Therapy: This is a practice that is widely used, as the information gathered is vital in treatment. It’s important to express yourself openly so that the therapist can better understand the underlying factors that may be contributing to your pain.
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Bringing together these two approaches is highly effective in mental illness that needs more work and is deep-seated. It combines the effect of working on altering the thought process while also getting a hold of certain behavior that may be causing the individual mental turmoil.
You Have Options
It can be very difficult to come to terms with and admit that you may just need help. This is why there are a variety of options when it comes to the nature of how the treatment takes place. There are group therapy sessions if you don’t feel comfortable or confident enough to take on a one-one session just yet. For those experiencing issues with their life partner, there is also the option of couples therapy, which works on sorting out any strain or stress between the two, together.
The same goes for if you’re having trouble with a family member or a number of family members, and of course, there is the option of taking an individual session. How long treatment takes really depends on what your case is, and how much needs to be exposed and controlled in order for you to be in a better place mentally. This all depends on you and your therapist.
Psychotherapy is important in this day and age, and there’s absolutely no shame in admitting that you or a loved one may need help in dealing with a mental issue or illness. Whether it be stress, anxiety, depression, or a life-long mental illness such as Schizophrenia and so on, there’s always a light at the end of the tunnel. Now that you have a better understanding of what it is and how it works, you need to make sure that you take care of yourself and get the help you need.
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Mammoth Lakes Facts
A world of awesome natural beauty.
Mammoth Lakes is a small but lively region of only four square miles, filled with a special brand of people (population 8,234 year-round residents, Census 2010) who have chosen to leave behind their urban lifestyles and experience the unique attributes of the Eastern Sierra.
Incorporated in 1984, Mammoth Lakes is a relatively young town. Mammoth Lakes is located in the Inyo National Forest, of Mono County. The town is surrounded by acres of forest and is bordered by the Ansel Adams and John Muir Wilderness Areas. Yosemite National Park's eastern entrance is located just 32 miles north of town and its short 100-mile drive to the valley floor. The town occupies a site in the southern half of Mono County, a stunningly diverse region of eastern California. Comprising 3,018 square miles, the county's area is marked by the startling contrast between its eastern and western boundaries. Bounded on the west by the Sierra Nevada crest, this region is characterized by its mountains, lakes, streams and forests. Unlike the gentle, rolling escarpment west of the crest, the eastern slope of the Sierra plunges dramatically to the valley floors. This is probably the characteristic of the Eastern Sierra most obvious to the first-time visitor. The Town of Mammoth Lakes is situated in the southwestern, mountainous region of the county, and many of its trails, campgrounds and roads either abut or cross the crest of the Sierra. Included within is one of the finest ski resorts in the western United States - Mammoth Mountain Ski Area.
The Town of Mammoth Lakes economy is primarily tourism-based; the importance of visitor dollars to the local economy is made clearly by the existence of Mammoth Lakes Tourism. Mammoth Lakes Tourism's mission is to promote the town, increase tourism, help coordinate the marketing efforts of the total tourism community, and to provide complete, objective information to our visiting guests. Mammoth Lakes Tourism in partnership with the Inyo National Forest maintains the Mammoth Lakes California Welcome Center, a facility dedicated to providing information about the Mammoth Lakes region to walk-in customers.
The mainstay of the Town's tax revenue is the Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT). The 13% tax is added to the rental of any lodging facility and campgrounds for stays of less than a month. There are more than 4,599 rental units in Mammoth Lakes and the lodging industry generates around two-thirds of the Town of Mammoth Lakes gross revenue.
Visitation: It is estimated that the Town of Mammoth Lakes receives 1.3 million visitors in the winter and 1.5 million in the summer for an annual average of 2.8 million visits (May 2003). Results from the 2004 & 2007 Visitor Survey's find an average visitor stays 5 nights per visit in the summer and 4 nights per visit in the winter for an average of 4.5 nights per visit. The average size of of a visiting party is 4.1 in the summer and 4.75 in the winter for an average of 4.425 nights per visit.
Rooms: According to the transient occupancy license holders who report to the Town of Mammoth Lakes Finance Department, as of January 2009 there were 4,599 rentable units. This includes hotels/motels/inns/condominiums/bed & breakfasts/cabins and campgrounds.
Occupancy: The average annual occupancy in 2009 as reported from the lodging industry to the Town of Mammoth Lakes Finance Department was 30.3%. For additional information on rooms and occupancy visit the Town of Mammoth Lakes Finance Department.
Demographics: Please click here.
Location: The Town of Mammoth Lakes is located in the heart of California's Eastern Sierra Nevada mountain range in Mono County. Mammoth Lakes is about 325 miles north of Los Angeles, and about the same distance east of San Francisco. Mammoth Lakes is about 164 miles south of Reno, NV.
Access: By automobile, Mammoth Lakes can be reached via U.S. Highway 395 from the north and south and Interstate 80 and Hwy 50 from the east and west. State Highway 120 and State Highway 108 are open in the summer months only.
Mammoth Yosemite Airport is located just 10 minutes from the Town of Mammoth Lakes.
During the summer/fall, Alaska Airlines offers one daily flight to and from Mammoth Yosemite Airport (MMH) from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Summer/fall flights operate April through mid December.
In the winter/spring season, Alaska Airlines has expanded air service, with nonstop flights from Los Angeles to Mammoth Lakes. Flight times, fares and tickets are available at AlaskaAir.com or by calling (800) 547-9308.
United Airlines has daily nonstop flights from San Francisco (SFO), San Diego (SAN and Orange County (SNA) to Mammoth Lakes (MMH) in winter/spring only. Flight times, fares and tickets are available United.com or by calling (800) 864-8331.
The Mammoth winter/spring season runs December to April.
The closest International airport to Mammoth Lakes is Reno/Tahoe. For more Information call 775-328-6870. Reno/Tahoe International Airport (775) 328-6400 is a three-hour drive by automobile and is served by all major airlines.
If you would like to charter an aircraft to or from the Mammoth / Yosemite Airport, call GaryAir Air Taxi at 408-729-4359.
For flight line, aircraft servicing and airport parking call Hot Creek Aviation at 760-924-9127.
To travel by bus north to Reno or south to Los Angeles there is the Crest (Inyo-Mono Transit), 800-922-1930 or 760-872-1901.
Elevation: The Town of Mammoth Lakes sits at an altitude of 7,800 - 8,000 feet. The surrounding mountains rise to elevations exceeding 12,000 feet.
Climate: In summer, temperatures average 75-80 degrees for a high and seldom dips below 40 for a low. Winter temperatures average 30-40 degrees for a high and 10-20 degrees for a low with mostly sunny skies.
Precipitation: Based on figures compiled for more than 20 years, snowfall at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area averages 33 feet or 400 inches (10 meters) per year.
Accommodations: There are more than 4,599 rental units in Mammoth Lakes, accommodating various size groups. This figure includes condominiums, hotels, motels, lodges, hotel condominiums, bed & breakfasts, and cabins.
Restaurants: With more than 65 restaurants and lounges in town, Mammoth Lakes offers a wide variety of menus. Traditional, American, Mexican, Chinese, Japanese, German, Italian, Thai and French cuisine are all available. There is a restaurant in town that can satisfy any palate or budget.
Shopping: The majority of Mammoth's retail shops and storesare located in a variety of shopping plazas: The Sierra Center Mall, Old Mammoth Mall, Main Street Plaza, Minaret Village Mall, Sherwin Plaza, Mammoth Luxury Outlet Mall and The Village at Mammoth. Items of every description can be found in town, from gourmet wines, designer clothes and sporting equipment to local art, jewelry and home furnishings.
Local Transportation: A free shuttle service provided by Mammoth Mountain Ski Area provides transportation between the ski area and the Town of Mammoth Lakes during the winter months only. The Town of Mammoth Lakes operates the evening Trolley, offering free transit around Mammoth Lakes. During the spring, summer and fall months, the Town in partnership with the Eastern Sierra Transit Authority (ESTA) operates the Town Trolley, Dial-a-Ride and LIFT - local and workforce buses. There is a mandatory shuttle bus to the Devils Postpile National Monument during the summer months.
Taxi Services: Mammoth All Weather Shuttle (MAW) 760-709-2927, Mammoth Cab: 760-924-2227, Mammoth Shuttle: (out of area only) 760-934-6588, Mammoth Taxi: 760-934-8294, My Mammoth Shuttle: 760-709-6459,
Dial-a-Ride: 760-937-9089 or 800-922-1930.
Skiing & Snowboarding: Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, one of the country's largest resorts, is located just five miles from town. June Mountain Ski Area is located approximately 20 miles from the town of Mammoth Lakes in June Lake. Contact: Mammoth Mountain Ski Area 800-MAMMOTH (800-626-6684) or 760-934-2571. June Mountain: 888-586-3686.
Other Information: Mammoth Lakes is located in the Inyo National Forest, Mammoth Ranger District. The Town is surrounded by acres of forest and is bordered by the Ansel Adams and John Muir Wilderness Areas. Yosemite National Park's eastern entrance, Hwy 120/Tioga Pass (closed in winter), is located just 45 minutes from the Town of Mammoth Lakes and approximately 2 ½ hours to the valley floor.
Important Phone Numbers:
Mammoth Lakes Tourism - 760-934-2712
California Welcome Center - Mammoth Lakes - 760-924-5500
Mammoth Mountain Ski Area - 800-MAMMOTH (800-626-6684)
Town of Mammoth Lakes Offices - 760-934-8989
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Portland in Cumberland County, Maine — The American Northeast (New England)
Home of Elias and Elizabeth Widgery Thomas
Portland Freedom Trail
Corner of India and Congress Street, known as a Station House on the Underground Railroad. The home was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1866.
The Thomases were prominent in the Portland Anti-Slavery Society, begun in 1833, which also worked to advance women's rights. They provided housing for such notables as Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles Lenox Remond and Parker Pillsbury.
Erected 2007 by Maine Freedom Trails.
Marker series. This marker is included in the Maine, Portland Freedom Trail marker series.
Location. 43° 39.722′ N, 70° 15.132′ W. Marker is in Portland, Maine, in Cumberland County. Marker is at the intersection of Congress Street and India Street, on the right when traveling north on Congress Street. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Portland ME 04101, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. War of Independence Memorial (within shouting distance of this marker); Rear Admiral James Alden (about 400 feet away, measured in a direct line); Eastern Cemetery (about 400 feet away); Joseph Coffin Boyd Reverend William I. Reese (about 400 feet away); Christopher Christian Manuel (about 500 feet away); Portland Maine Freedom Trail Eastern Cemetery (about 500 feet away); Alonzo P. Stinson (about 500 feet away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Portland.
Also see . . .
1. Portland Freedom Trail. (Submitted on December 12, 2011, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.)
2. Portland's Anti-Slavery Society. (Submitted on December 12, 2011, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.)
Categories. • Abolition & Underground RR • Civil Rights •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on December 12, 2011, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania. This page has been viewed 757 times since then and 36 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on December 12, 2011, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.
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Alison Dunford, Deputy Headteacher, Fairfield Primary School Formative Assessment Formative assessment is a key element of Target Tracker and forms the solid foundation on which the summative data is built. From here you can choose to print it by tapping on the symbol in the upper right corner or to open it in another app.
I am sure that I will use this service again. Sunday, 29 June Guided Reading and the New Curriculum Having had a successful year with changing how we teach Guided Reading to whole class teaching read why and how hereit is time to consider how we will adapt our practice for the new curriculum which is coming into play in September.
Students retell the text, and you use Retelling Rubrics to score their comprehension. The writers of the three best stories will each receive a free place at a Talk for Writing conference of their choice and the overall winner will receive a free conference place and free copies of both the Talk for Writing Across the Curriculum and Talk for Writing in the Early Years books.
Then swipe across the name of the student from right to left. We actually have customers that pay for papers online and order assignments from us for years. We have been utilising Essential Assessment to assist us to differentiate our classroom learning for two years. Omissions The O on the gestural menu is used to indicate a word that was omitted in the reading.
Score retellings using an online rubric. It is important that you not tap on Add Assessment to add text reading information to a Benchmark conference you are continuing because tapping on Add Assessment starts a new Assessment Summary Report. Assign leveled books from Reading A-Z's extensive collection for guided practice at students' instructional levels.
Writing Tester also checks all your "big words" to give feedback on what grade level education would understand and comprehend what you have written. You can determine which edition your text is by looking at the cover of the student book.
There is no specific mention of historic relevance or cultural influence, although these could come under the author's viewpoint. Read the full story below, or download a PDF of this story to use in class here: This subsection is intended to clarify existing law.
To comment, tap on the speech balloon under the key understanding and type into the text field that pops up. The deadline for entering the competition is 31st May, Three summary statements will also appear that are based on the reading assessment data and that will help you move toward next steps for instruction for this student.
Its underpinning storyline lends itself to creative innovation. Obviously, the more readable and understandable the advertisement, the more sales that can be made. Coding, Scoring, and Analyzing It is recommended that you practice coding by copying the behaviors from some completed recording forms before attempting to work with a live student.
Using the new KS2 Reading objectives, which can be found herewe can adapt our approach from the AFs of APP to the themes which are displayed in the new curriculum. No doubt, I will cooperate with them in future. If a student substitutes a contraction for two words, this should only count as one error.
Please note that a repetition is not an error. Determine when a student is ready to move to the next level.
You cannot add students from the app interface. Fireproofing and fire protection systems. However, an increase in assessments for common expenses without discrimination against the developer shall not be deemed to be detrimental to the sales of units.
Teacher love knowing the level and seeing the growth of their students without the hassle of any excess data entry and manipulation. To delete a student from the iPad app before the end of the school year, select the Manage Classes area from the cog symbol dropdown menu.
Scoring Fluency This screen allows you to assess the fluency of the reader and to make notes on the reader's fluency. In this case, you will need to set up your classes and students within the app.
Karen Goldfinger, Ph.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist in private practice in Connecticut. She is the lead author of a textbook on psychological assessment, Psychological Assessment and Report Writing, and a former adjunct faculty member for a psychology graduate thesanfranista.com has a wealth of experience in psychological testing and has long been interested in when, why, where, and how.
Making the most of Talk for Writing training Download a PDF version of document here Rome wasn’t built in a day Talk for Writing Primary Adviser Maria Richards explains why you must invest time and have a plan if you want to reap the potential benefits of Talk for Writing for your school.
Primary Resources - free worksheets, lesson plans and teaching ideas for primary and elementary teachers. Assessment of student mastery of content takes many forms. This pages includes support materials for assessments that work with the Common Core State Standards and rubrics for many different assessment products.
These materials are based on the APP assessment criteria and organised in the National Curriculum levels.
There is a set for each of the old national curriculum levels 4 to 8. Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA.Writing assessment year 1 app
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The COVID-19 pandemic has elevated many issues related to health and fitness, past quite possibly the most urgent and everyday living-threatening penalties. The potential risk of mental overall health effects has long been highlighted (Holmes et al., 2020), and this also includes a risk of elevated on-line actions, such as greater movie gaming (King et al., 2020) or addictive World-wide-web use (Sunlight et al., 2020).Also, considerations have been elevated about COVID-19-associated effects on gambling conduct. Difficulty gambling plus the gambling dysfunction depict ailments which can be globally widespread; earlier-12 months dilemma gambling has become documented to arise in between 0.1 and five.eight% of the general population across distinctive international locations and continents (Calado and Griffiths, 2016). The gambling problem is affiliated with severe economic, social and psychological implications, including psychiatric comorbidity, but is often treated, largely with cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interventions (Potenza et al., 2019).
It has been documented in earlier nationwide money crises that these might have an effect on gambling habits (Economou et al., 2019), Despite the fact that encounters from these kinds of crises are relatively inconclusive (Olason et al., 2015). The COVID-19 disaster, and the confinement as well as other restrictions connected with it, characterize a previously unseen condition with equally money penalties to the inhabitants, other changes to your labor marketplace, schooling and leisure pursuits. These modifications include an increase in time expended at your home, probably more time used on-line, a threat of increased be worried about the long run, and will perhaps influence gambling behavior (Håkansson et al., 2020).
1 certain circumstance could be the เว็บพนันที่ดีที่สุด considerable modify in the gambling market place alone, as almost all athletics generally subject to sports activities betting disappeared in the course of a major period of time (Håkansson et al., 2020). Given the feasible results on other sorts of online behavior from COVID-19-relevant confinement (King et al., 2020; Sunshine et al., 2020), it might be hypothesized that some gambling sorts can be additional favored than Other people, whereas Other individuals could lower (Håkansson et al., 2020). Sporting activities betting is among sorts of gambling known to enhance the possibility of dilemma gambling, and signifies the next commonest gambling type described by therapy-trying to find gambling dysfunction individuals while in the current environment (Håkansson et al., 2017). One concern is the fact offered the big impact on sporting activities in the pandemic, on account of lockdown restrictions and canceled situations (Radio Sweden, 2020), those with usually predominating athletics betting routines would convert to gambling types with likely even larger addictive potential, which include on line On line casino online games or other on-line-primarily based gambling, mainly because of the lack of athletics activities and land-based mostly gambling possibilities (Håkansson et al., 2020). Early inside the pandemic, dread of such a transition within the gambling market led politicians to acquire authorized motion, like by way of a limit to gambling advertising (SBC News, 2020), or other proposed limitations for the extent of on the net gambling (Reuters, 2020). Sweden, the location researched here, has become the nations around the world exactly where the online gambling market is robust and on the net gambling is widespread amongst therapy-looking for patients (Håkansson et al., 2017; Håkansson and Widinghoff, 2020), which contributes on the perceived threat of more on the web gambling predominance through COVID-19. The panic of the transition to on the internet gambling is supported by the overall effect of on the web gambling staying a lot more addictive (Chóliz, 2016).
On the other hand, thus far, populace information are very confined with regard to actual gambling habits over the COVID-19 crisis. A previous standard inhabitants research (such as the two gamblers and non-gamblers) in Sweden observed a modest proportion reporting an increased gambling actions during the crisis. As being a response to decreased sports events, a minority described either turning to other remaining sports activities events, on the net casino, or horse betting. In full, All those reporting a rise in their gambling habits were being a lot more more likely to be challenge gamblers (Håkansson, 2020). From the population study in Ontario, Canada, it had been noted that in the first weeks of lockdown of Actual physical facilities for example land-primarily based casinos, a considerable migration appeared to possess occurred from land-primarily based-only gambling to online gambling (Rate, 2020).Presented the theoretically improved position of on line behaviors (King et al., 2020; Sunshine et al., 2020), and also the cancelation of athletics things to do, the present study focused on people reporting to get on line gamblers. For the current examine, details were derived from a inhabitants research on gambling behaviors, designed ahead of the COVID-19 disaster as an internet survey which was completed through the month of May well, 2020, i.e., all through the continuing crisis. This sub-research utilised the past-thirty-day data to be able to describe gambling designs during COVID-19.
The purpose from the current study was to describe past-30-day use of various gambling sorts throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in persons defined as online gamblers, in order to allow a comparison with earlier-thirty-day info claimed from a preceding survey in on the internet gamblers completed in 2018. Particularly, specified the significant improvements in sports globe-vast, the examine also aimed to assess regardless of whether on-line sporting activities bettors still reporting past-thirty-working day sports activities betting differed from those who did not. Below, it had been hypothesized that past-thirty-working day gambling in Swedish on the web gamblers might be much more widespread (in relation to some measure of earlier-yr gambling conduct) for many gambling styles, for example on the net On line casino or other on the internet-dependent gambling forms very likely to be unaffected from the COVID-19 constraints, in comparison to gambling forms additional Obviously afflicted through the pandemic. Also, it was hypothesized that folks who managed gambling during the disaster, particularly for gambling sorts for example sports activities betting considered for being reduced in the course of COVID-19-relevant constraints, would current other properties than other on the net gamblers.
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Psychology is the science of behavior. It covers the behavior of humans, normal and abnormal, and across the life span. The field is concerned with the development of principles of behavior and the application of those principles to individuals, society, and the institutions of government, business, and mental health.
|Research methods or experimental design*||3cr|
|Any of the following areas of psychology: Cognition, Perception, Psychobiology, Learning and Memory, Experimental, Developmental, Systems Theory/History.||6cr|
|Any of the following: Psychology of Counseling, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Personality, Psychopathology/Abnormal, Community/Mental Health.||3cr|
|Remaining credits: These credits should constitute a cohesive program in Psychology and meet the distribution requirements (a minimum of 15 credits at the upper level is required).||21cr|
* Must be beyond freshman level.
The GRE Subject Test in Psychology can be used as elective credit towards this requirement (18 credits: 15 lower level, 3 upper level), but does not fulfill any of the subject requirements listed above.
Student Learning Outcomes
Students who graduate with a concentration in Psychology will be able to:
- apply, evaluate, and analyze different domains of psychology. This includes, but is not limited to, such domains as cognitive, behavioral, physiological, humanistic, socio-cultural, and psychodynamic;
- solve problems by applying previous knowledge to a new problem, and distinguish between pseudoscience and scientific findings;
- write about psychological topics with clarity and logical organization;
- synthesize information from primary and secondary sources;
- understand psychological phenomena both systematically and empirically;
- use qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including statistical reasoning, research design, and evaluation of data;
- apply psychological perspectives to a research area: memory, learning, personality, perception, and psychopathology; and
- synthesize learning of the concentration through a research paper, project, portfolio, or practicum.
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Residual water from the food industry gives seaweed cultivation a boost
Process water from the food industry is an excellent fertilizer in land-based seaweed cultivation. Not only does the seaweed grow faster; its protein content also multiplies. In this way, process water can go from being a cost to becoming a resource in the food industry.
Can macroalgae, such as sea lettuce, become a competitive source of protein in the foods of the future the way soybeans are today? Seaweed naturally has a lower protein content than soybeans, but with fertilizer that difference decreases.
A scientific article from researchers at the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology shows that process water from food production can serve as an excellent fertilizer in seaweed cultivation. The seaweed grew more than 60% faster, and the protein content quadrupled with the addition of process water.
"The protein content of soybeans is about 40%. By using process water, we have increased the protein content in the seaweed to more than 30%," says Kristoffer Stedt, a doctoral student at the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Gothenburg.
We already know that algae grow better in the vicinity of fish farms in the sea due to nutrients in fish feces that spread in the water. Process water from food industries is often rich in nitrogen and phosphorus in a similar way.
Different food producers
The researchers tested four different types of seaweed and added process water from several different food producers—from the herring industry, salmon farming, shellfish processors, and a manufacturer of oat milk. A certain amount of process water with a controlled content of nitrogen was added to the seaweed cultivation. After eight days the researchers analyzed the results.
"We included oat milk to achieve cultivation that was completely vegan. And it turned out that all different types of process water worked well as fertilizer for the seaweed," says Stedt.
Food production requires large amounts of water, and taking care of the process water is currently a cost for producers. But this water can be turned into a valuable resource.
"We think that you could have land-based cultivations of algae, such as sea lettuce, near a herring factory, for example. Seaweed cultivation can cleanse large portions of the nutrients from the process water. That brings us closer to a sustainable approach, and the companies have another leg to stand on," says Stedt.
No off-taste for the seaweed
The researchers were worried that the seaweed would be tainted by the process water. Not everyone may appreciate herring-flavored sea lettuce. But test panels did not note any impact on the taste of the seaweed from the process water.
In the future, Kristoffer Stedt and his colleagues will focus on scaling up the experiments with seaweed cultivation. They will use process water from the herring industry, which showed very promising results, and focus on the species Ulva fenestrata (sea lettuce).
"We need to conduct tests in larger volumes as a first step in a controlled environment. But we believe that this may be an alternative source of protein in future foods. It could also be a completely circular system if we used cultivated seaweed as feed for salmon culture on land and used the process water to fertilize the seaweed cultivation," says Stedt.
Great need for new protein sources
An estimated 10 billion people will live on Earth by 2050, and there is a great demand for sustainably produced food protein. Between 2000 and 2018, the production of seaweed tripled, reaching 32 million tons. Almost 99% is produced in the Far East.
In the research project CirkAlg, researchers from the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology are collaborating on processes that can generate a new Swedish marine protein source in a resource-efficient way through both cultivation and processing of seaweed.
"In addition to boosting the seaweed's protein content with process water, we are looking at several ways to extract the proteins from the algae for use in other foods in the same way as protein is extracted from soybeans today. However, this presents a challenge, because the protein in seaweed is bound more tightly than in the soybeans," says Ingrid Undeland, a professor of food science at the Department of Biology and Biological Engineering at Chalmers. She is also the coordinator for CirkAlg.
More information: Kristoffer Stedt et al, Cultivation of seaweeds in food production process waters: Evaluation of growth and crude protein content, Algal Research (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102647
Provided by University of Gothenburg
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The power to manipulate the science of reflections.
- Reflective Magic/Science
User can create, shape and manipulate reflections, by controlling and/or using mirrors and/or reflecting surfaces that can be used to reflect/redirect attacks. Users can turn the reflections into real objects/beings, turn mirrors and reflections into prisons, storage-places or dimensions of their own use, manipulate space inside reflections, and so on.
- Catoptric Replication
- Deflection/Power Reflection
- Distortion Manipulation by twisting the mirror and/or altering reflections.
- Illusion Manipulation
- Inverted Dimension
- Mirror Imprisonment
- Mimic anything reflected:
- Reflective Attacks
- Reflection Destruction
- Crystal Manipulation
- Glass Manipulation
- Glass Weaponry
- Ice Manipulation
- Mirror Manipulation
- Light Manipulation
- Portal Creation - mirrors sometimes act as portals, as well as reflect everything back.
- Power Echo - reflecting any attack directed against the user back to attacker or target of choice.
- Reflective Immutability
- Sound Manipulation - sound can be reflected.
- Spatial Manipulation - distort space to reflect anything back at the source.
- Vector Manipulation - deflect everything back.
- Water Manipulation
- May only be able to control reflections and not actual mirrors/reflecting surfaces.
- Must have reflective surface to work.
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1. Read and Read again
I really want to thank Philipp Wagner. A great Open Source contributor. Please, visit his webpage.
He wrote a lot of usefull article about Face Recognition using OpenCV. Actually, he wrote the libfacerec library we installed in step 3.2. All my code are based from his opencv sample.
Here are some webpage you need to read to understand better how to detect faces and recognize people :
- Face Recognition using OpenCV (general)
- Face Recognition using OpenCV (theory + source code)
- Understand how to detect face using Cascade Classifier (theory + source code)
- A very clear tutorial : Face Recognition in Videos with OpenCV
- A very clear tutorial written by Shervin Emami : Introduction to Face Detection and Face Recognition
These reading are perhaps redundants. But they give you all theory and source exemple to master face reco with OpenCV.
You’ve read everything ? Fine. Now copy examples, compile and see what happens.
It’s really one of the spirit of Raspberry Pi community to test by yourself and developp your own software.
Now, you’ll be able to compile C++ samples on your raspberry and see your face, detect your face. Recognition is a little bit more difficult to test since it requires training-pictures. It’s the goal of step 5.
At this stage, you should thank Eben Upton to be the co-founder of Raspberry Pi Foundation and Liz Upton to animate so well the Raspberry Pi community. Thank to their works, you can smile to your webcam playing with your raspberry pi !
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A rare earthquake of magnitude 5.9 struck North Korea off its east coast and a nuclear detonation has been ruled out as the cause. The quake occurred at 4.18am local time on Thursday (13 July) at a depth of 537.6 kms below the East Sea, also known as the Sea of Japan.
Both the Pentagon and the US Geological Survey (USGS) said the quake is unlikely to have been triggered by a nuclear test. Major Jamie Davis, a Pentagon spokesman, cited the depth and location from initial reports for ruling out a nuclear test. He added that the Pentagon is monitoring the region for more information.
"It occurred at 500 km below the seabed. There's no way it was caused by a nuclear test. It's a natural earthquake," John Bellini, a geologist with the USGS, told South Korea's Yonhap news agency. Some reports put the quake's magnitude at 5.8 and 6.
USGS experts said a quake of this magnitude in the region is rare. The previous occasion when a large quake hit this area of the Sea of Japan was thought to be in 2004.
North Korea's previous nuclear tests had triggered seismic events in the region, but the tests are usually underground on land and not underwater. The country has conducted five underground nuclear tests since 2006 with the last two detonations taking place in 2016.
Thursday's quake occurred amid widespread concerns that Pyongyang could carry out its sixth nuclear detonation as part of its efforts to strengthen its nuclear and missile programmes.
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The Great Lakes Region Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook June 2016 was published today.
As you may have noticed, this spring was fairly mild temperature-wise and mostly uneventful in terms of severe weather. After a couple of late cold spells and above-average precipitation in early spring, May brought a few record-breaking temperatures within the region and lower than average rainfall. .
Despite the late-season dry conditions, lake levels are at or above average throughout the entire region as we enter summer and warmer than average temperatures are predicted from July through September.
To read more on the past season’s outcomes, as well as the forecast for summer, download the complete report below.
About the Quarterly Climate Outlook:
NOAA and its partners around the Great Lakes region work together to produce the Quarterly Climate Index and Outlook to inform the public about recent climate impacts within their respective regions. This regional climate outlook discusses the major climate events during the past three months and contains historical seasonal assessments as well as future climate outlooks.
To receive this outlook via email, visit: https://illinois.edu/gm/subscribe/17196.
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Bridged T delay equaliser
The bridged-T delay equaliser is an electrical all-pass filter circuit utilising bridged-T topology whose purpose is to insert an (ideally) constant delay at all frequencies in the signal path. It is a class of image filter.
The network is used when it is required that two or more signals are matched to each other on some form of timing criterion. Delay is added to all other signals so that the total delay is matched to the signal which already has the longest delay. In television broadcasting, for instance, it is desirable that the timing of the television waveform synchronisation pulses from different sources are aligned as they reach studio control rooms or network switching centres. This ensures that cuts between sources do not result in disruption at the receivers. Another application occurs when stereophonic sound is connected by landline, for instance from an outside broadcast to the studio centre. It is important that delay is equalised between the two stereo channels as a difference will destroy the stereo image. When the landlines are long and the two channels arrive by substantially different routes it can require many filter sections to fully equalise the delay.
The operation is best explained in terms of the phase shift the network introduces. At low frequencies L is low impedance and C' is high impedance and consequently the signal passes through the network with no shift in phase. As the frequency increases, the phase shift gradually increases, until at some frequency, ω0, the shunt branch of the circuit, L'C', goes in to resonance and causes the centre-tap of L to be short-circuited to ground. Transformer action between the two halves of L, which had been steadily becoming more significant as the frequency increased, now becomes dominant. The winding of the coil is such that the secondary winding produces an inverted voltage to the primary. That is, at resonance the phase shift is now 180°. As the frequency continues to increase, the phase delay also continues to increase and the input and output start to come back into phase as a whole cycle delay is approached. At high frequencies L and L' approach open-circuit and C approaches short-circuit and the phase delay tends to level out at 360°.
The relationship between phase shift (φ) and time delay (TD) with angular frequency (ω) is given by the simple relation,
It is required that TD is constant at all frequencies over the band of operation. φ must therefore be kept linearly proportional to ω. With suitable choice of parameters, the network phase shift can be made linear up to about 180° phase shift.
The four component values of the network provide four degrees of freedom in the design. It is required from image theory (see Zobel network) that the L/C branch and the L'/C' branch are the dual of each other (ignoring the transformer action) which provides two parameters for calculating component values. Equivalently, every transmission pole, sp in the s-domain left half-plane must have a matching zero, sz in the right half-plane such that sp=−sz. A third parameter is set by choosing a resonant frequency, this is set to (at least) the maximum frequency the network is required to operate at.
There is one remaining degree of freedom that the designer can use to maximimally linearise the phase/frequency response. This parameter is usually stated as the L/C ratio. As stated above, it is not practical to linearise the phase response above 180°, i.e. half a cycle, so once a maximum frequency of operation, fm is chosen, this sets the maximum delay that can be designed in to the circuit and is given by,
For broadcast sound purposes, 15 kHz is often chosen as the maximum usable frequency on landlines. A delay equaliser designed to this specification can therefore insert a delay of 33μs. In reality, the differential delay that might be required to equalise may be many hundreds of microseconds. A chain of many sections in tandem will be required. For television purposes, a maximum frequency of 6 MHz might be chosen, which corresponds to a delay of 83ns. Again, many sections may be required to fully equalise. In general, much greater attention is paid to the routing and exact length of television cables because many more equaliser sections are required to remove the same delay difference as compared to audio.
Superconductor planar implementation
Losses in the circuit cause the maximum delay to be reduced, a problem that can be ameliorated with the use of high temperature superconductors. Such a circuit has been realised as a lumped-element planar implementation in thin-film using microstrip technology. The traces are the superconductor yttrium barium copper oxide and the substrate is lanthanum aluminate. The circuit is for use in the microwave band and has a centre frequency of approximately 2.8 GHz and achieves a peak group delay of 0.7 ns. The device operates at a temperature of 77 K. The layout of the components corresponds to the layout shown in the circuit diagram at the head of this article, except that the relative positions of L' and C' have been interchanged so that C' can be implemented as a capacitance to ground. One plate of this capacitor is the ground plane and it thus has a much simpler pattern (a simple rectangle) than the pattern of C which needs to be a series capacitor in the main transmission line.
- Chaloupka & Kolesov, p. 233
- Chaloupka & Kolesov, p. 234
- H. J. Chaloupka, S. Kolesov, "Design of lumped-element 2D RF devices", H. Weinstock, Martin Nisenoff (eds), Microwave Superconductivity, Springer, 2012 ISBN 9401004501.
- Jay C. Adrick, "Analog television transmitters", in, Edmund A. Williams (editor-in-chief), National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th edition, pp. 1483-1484, Taylor & Francis, 2013 ISBN 1136034102.
- Phillip R. Geffe, "LC filter design", in, John Taylor, Qiuting Huang (eds), CRC Handbook of Electrical Filters, pp. 76-77, CRC Press, 1997 ISBN 0849389518.
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What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago this week?
“Jolley Allen, At his Shop almost opposite the Heart and Crown, in Cornhill, Boston.”
Almost without exception, shopkeeper Jolley Allen used bold visual elements to distinguish his advertisements from others that appeared in Boston’s newspapers in the late 1760s. Sometimes he arranged to have borders composed of printing ornaments surround his advertisements. Other times he dominated the page with lengthy list-style advertisements that included his name in a font that far exceeded the size of anything else printed in the newspaper. To add further interest, designs derived from printing ornaments flanked his name, making the graphic design elements of his advertisements even more distinctive.
Such was the case in the summer of 1768 when Allen once again published advertisements that filled two out of three columns on a page, this time in the Boston Weekly News-Letter. He had launched this strategy late in the previous summer. For the new iteration he maintained the format but updated the copy. In addition to the decorative elements that headlined his notice, he also inserted manicules to direct attention to specific merchandise or promotions. For instance, one manicule pointed to “Cotton Wool, very good and very cheap.” Another directed readers to “Choice Jamaica and other brown Sugars, by the barrel, hundred or smaller Quantity, some as low as 3s. O.T. per single pound, and cheaper by the Quantity.”
Allen even deployed double manicules – one at the beginning of the sentence and another at the end – to draw attention to the most significant appeals aimed at convincing readers to make their purchases from him. In one case, he proclaimed, “The above TEA is warranted of the best Kind, and if it proves otherwise, after trying it, will be taken back and the Money returned, by the said JOLLEY ALLEN.” The manicules made it less likely that prospective customers would miss this generous money-back guarantee. The advertisement concluded with an appeal reprinted from the previous iteration, this time with double manicules to draw greater attention. In it, Allen advised that his “Town and Country Customers, and others, may depend upon being supply’d with all the above Articles the Year round … as cheap in P[r]oportion as those which have the Prices fixed to them.” Unlike most merchants and shopkeepers, Allen did indicate prices for several items in his advertisement.
It might be tempting to dismiss the placement of the manicules and other visual aspects as haphazard or accidental, especially since compositors rather than advertisers generally determined the layout and other graphic design elements of advertisements. However, the consistency demonstrated in Allen’s advertisements from newspaper to newspaper suggests that he carefully consulted with compositors in order to achieve the visual elements important to him. Not all eighteenth-century advertisers left it to the printing office to determine how their notices would appear on the page.
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In this worksheet, we will practice explaining the origin of hybrid orbitals based on electron pair energies and the symmetries of molecular orbitals.
How many bonds can an atom form using sp hybrid orbitals?
How many bonds can an atom form using sp3 hybrid orbitals?
How many bonds can an atom form using sp3d hybrid orbitals?
In the valence bond theory description of methane, which of the following statements is not a valid justification for the use of sp3 hybrid orbitals?
- AThe bonds are exactly equivalent, so they must be generated by orbitals of equal energy.
- BThe s orbital of each atom must overlap with the s orbital of the atom and at least one p orbital.
- COverlap of the s orbitals with the three p orbitals of the atom would produce bonds at to each other.
- DA atom could not form four bonds without hybridization, as the energy for promoting a 2s electron to the 2p subshell is too large.
- EA tetrahedral bonding geometry with zero dipole moment is only possible if electron density is distributed equally between the four bonds.
Which of the following correctly illustrates the energies of the orbitals of the carbon atom in ?
Based on the outer shell hybridisation of the nitrogen, amines have what geometry?
- ATwo electrons in the 2s orbital and three bonding pairs of electrons in the three 2p orbitals.
- BA structure with three sp2 orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement and one perpendicular p-orbital with 2 electrons.
- CIt is incorrect to equate hybridisation with molecular geometry.
- DTetrahedral, just like carbon and oxygen, with four energetically equivalent orbitals pointing at the apexes of a tetrahedron.
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Nurses in Nazi Germany
Moral Choice in History
Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland-Icke
This book tells the story of German nurses who, directly or indirectly, participated in the Nazis' "euthanasia" measures against patients with mental and physical disabilities, measures that claimed well over 100,000 victims from 1939 to 1945. How could men and women who were trained to care for their patients come to kill or assist in murder or mistreatment? This is the central question pursued by Bronwyn McFarland-Icke as she details the lives of nurses from the beginning of the Weimar Republic through the years of National Socialist rule. Rather than examine what the Party did or did not order, she looks into the hearts and minds of people whose complicity in murder is not easily explained with reference to ideological enthusiasm. Her book is a micro-history in which many of the most important ethical, social, and cultural issues at the core of Nazi genocide can be addressed from a fresh perspective.
McFarland-Icke offers gripping descriptions of the conditions and practices associated with psychiatric nursing during these years by mining such sources as nursing guides, personnel records, and postwar trial testimony. Nurses were expected to be conscientious and friendly caretakers despite job stress, low morale, and Nazi propaganda about patients' having "lives unworthy of living." While some managed to cope with this situation, others became abusive. Asylum administrators meanwhile encouraged nurses to perform with as little disruption and personal commentary as possible. So how did nurses react when ordered to participate in, or tolerate, the murder of their patients? Records suggest that some had no conflicts of conscience; others did as they were told with regret; and a few refused. The remarkable accounts of these nurses enable the author to re-create the drama taking place while sharpening her argument concerning the ability and the willingness to choose.Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland-Icke lives in Germany and is an adjunct lecturer in the University of Maryland's European Division.
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UDOT is just one of the agencies working to repair erosion that occurred during a flash flood in Huntington Canyon in the Manti-La Sal National Forest.
A rain storm that occurred on August 1 caused a flash flood that washed trees, soil and rocks from the canyon walls into cut-ditches and culverts and onto SR-31. The flooding event was made worse by the Seeley Fire that occurred in the area before the flood. Because much of the vegetation was burned away, the runoff washed debris down the canyon. “It was an incredible flood,” says Jim Chandler, UDOT Region Four Area Engineer.
UDOT crews made a herculean effort to clear and open the road during the week after the flood, according to Chandler. But without the natural vegetation on the slopes, rain or snow melt in the spring could cause more erosion in Huntington Canyon. “It damaged more than just a highway,” says Chandler.
The flood also took its toll on the natural environment explains Darren Olsen, U.S. Forest Service District Ranger. The flash flood “scoured out the natural drainage areas” including seasonal stream beds that carry spring runoff or flooding to Huntington Creek and out of the canyon. Ash from the fire washed into the streams and killed fish and downstream agricultural users are dealing with sediment that clogs irrigation systems.
The most significant fire damage and erosion occurred on north-facing slopes where conifers typically grow. Many of those trees had been killed by beetles, and that dry wood provided fuel for the fire.
Olsen is helping to plan some mitigation in targeted areas to prevent similar flash floods in the future. “Already Mother Nature is doing a good job at re-vegetating the south facing slopes” where new growth is coming in. The USFS is planning to place wood mulch on 540 acres of area on steep slopes. The mulch will slow down runoff until vegetation can be reestablished. Reseeding areas of the Seeley Fire will be flown in to help get plants established. This reseeding effort aims at encouraging “quick plant growth that will capture the rain.”
Olsen says that between Mother Nature and the USFS efforts, two to five years is the expected time for vegetation to fill in the burned areas. He says one concern is spring weather; a cold spell followed by warm weather could cause heavy runoff from snow melt.
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Researchers have been testing microelectronic retinal implants as a method of restoring vision in patients rendered blind by degenerative diseases of the retina such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Tests of electrical stimulation of the retinal surface have demonstrated that such stimulation may induce light sensation. These studies have shown that retinal neurons are preserved after death of photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa.
Two types of retinal implant systems are under development: (i) epiretinal implants, designed to communicate directly with the ganglion and bipolar cells; and (ii) subretinal implants, designed to replace photoreceptors in the retina. Both types of implants are intended to restore some vision through electrical stimulation of functional neurons in the retina. Retinal implants require an intact optic nerve pathway to allow them to function. Both systems translate incoming light, whether from a camera or the environment, to electrical stimulation of the functional neurons in the retina.
Epiretinal implants are positioned on the surface of the retina and receive light signals from external camera systems. An electronic chip camera mounted in the frame of special glasses captures images and transmits the images via electrical impulses to a second chip, which is implanted in the retina. Epiretinal implant systems may include other components such as image processing electronics, a telemetry system to provide power and data to the implanted subsystems, implanted electronics for signal decoding and stimulus generation, and an electrode array to deliver the electrical charge to the retina.
Subretinal implants are positioned behind the retina and receive light directly from the environment. In this approach, light is converted into electrical signals that stimulate remnant cell layers of the retina.
The first Argus retinal prosthesis was labeled the Argus 16 since it consisted of 16 electrodes attached to the back of the retina. It was created by Second Sight Inc. (Sylmar, CA) as a means of restoring sight to the blind. The Argus 16 device (also known as Argus I) was a complex arrangement of inter-connected devices. Similar to the virtual sight devices, the Argus implant also used spectacles. It consisted of a miniature camera and transmitter mounted in the rims of the spectacles, an implanted receiver that receives the output of that camera, as well as an electrode-studded array secured to the retina with a micro-tack. A wireless microprocessor and battery pack worn on the belt powered the entire arrangement. The principal difference between the Argus implant and virtual sight devices was that Argus connects to the retina, whereas virtual sight connects to the optic nerve directly. As a consequence, the Argus implant requires a natural eyeball to still be in place, and cannot work with those lacking such. The camera was capable of capturing images in far greater detail than the electrode array was capable of sending to the brain. The 16 electrodes, arranged in a 4 X 4 pattern, could only produce a very tiny visual area, and literally a display of 4 pixels by 4 pixels, of the outside world. Thus, the Argus implant only offer vague shadows and light impressions. However, when compared with blindness, such ability may be beneficial. In 2007, clinical trials began on the Argus I's replacement, the Argus II. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Shop/ProductsDisplay/VRInterface.php?ID=129.
Ahuja et al (2011) examined to what extent subjects implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis can improve performance compared with residual native vision in a spatial-motor task. High-contrast square stimuli (5.85 cm sides) were displayed in random locations on a 19 inches (48.3 cm) touch screen monitor located 12 inches (30.5 cm) in front of the subject. Subjects were instructed to locate and touch the square center with the system on and then off (40 trials each). The coordinates of the square center and location touched were recorded. A total of 96 % (26/27) of subjects reported a significant improvement in accuracy and 93 % (25/27) demonstrated a significant improvement in repeatability with the system on compared with off (p < 0.05, Student t test). A group of 5 subjects that had both accuracy and repeatability values less than 250 pixels (7.4 cm) with the system off (i.e., using only their residual vision) was significantly more accurate and repeatable than the remainder of the cohort (p < 0.01). Of this group, 4 subjects showed a significant improvement in both accuracy and repeatability with the system on. The authors concluded that in a study on the largest cohort of visual prosthesis recipients to date, these investigators found that artificial vision augments information from existing vision in a spatial-motor task.
The clinical trial "Argus™ II Retinal Stimulation System Feasibility Protocol" is still ongoing; another clinical trial on "Safety and Efficacy of Subretinal Implants for Partial Restoration of Vision in Blind Patients" is recruiting subjects (CliniaclTrials.gov, 2011).
Weiland et al (2011) stated that degenerative diseases such as ARMD and RP primarily affect the photoreceptors, ultimately resulting in significant loss of vision. Retinal prostheses aim to elicit neural activity in the remaining retinal cells by detecting and converting light into electrical stimuli that can then be delivered to the retina. The concept of visual prostheses has existed for more than 50 years and recent progress shows promise, yet much remains to be understood about how the visual system will respond to artificial input after years of blindness that necessitate this type of prosthesis. In this review, the authors focused on 3 major areas: (i) the histopathologic features of human retina affected by ARMD and RP, (ii) current results from clinical trials, and (iii) challenges to overcome for continued improvement of retinal prostheses. They noted that "the routine nature of intraocular lens implantation today belies decades of hard-won surgical and biomaterial advances. Retinal prostheses are following a similar roadmap, and to realize their full potential, we have to allow time not only for the clinical and biological testing, but also for engineering and technical advances".
In a single-arm, prospective, multi-center clinical trial, Humayun and colleagues (2012) evaluated the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products, Inc.,) in blind subjects with severe outer retinal degeneration. A total of 30 subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were followed-up for a minimum of 6 months and up to 2.7 years. The electronic stimulator and antenna of the implant were sutured onto the sclera using an encircling silicone band. Next, a pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and the electrode array and cable were introduced into the eye via a pars plana sclerotomy. The microelectrode array then was tacked to the epiretinal surface. The primary safety end points for the trial were the number, severity, and relation of serious adverse events (SAEs). Principal performance end points were assessments of visual function as well as performance on orientation and mobility tasks. Subjects performed statistically better with the system "on" versus "off" in the following tasks: object localization (96 % of subjects), motion discrimination (57 %), and discrimination of oriented gratings (23 %). The best recorded visual acuity to date is 20/1,260. Subjects' mean performance on orientation and mobility tasks was significantly better when the system was "on" versus "off"; 70 % of the patients did not have any SAEs. The most common SAE reported was either conjunctival erosion or dehiscence over the extra-ocular implant and was treated successfully in all subjects except in 1, who required explantation of the device without further complications. The authors concluded that the long-term safety results of Second Sight's retinal prosthesis system are acceptable, and most subjects with profound visual loss perform better on visual tasks with system than without it. It is unclear whether these statistically better findings are translated into better clinical outcomes. The results of this small feasibility study need to be validated by further investigations.
Barry and Dagnelie (2012) studied the capabilities of the Argus II retinal prosthesis for guiding fine hand movement, and demonstrated and quantified guidance improvement when using the device over when not using the device for progressively less predictable trajectories. A total of 21 patients with RP, remaining vision no more than bare light perception, and an implanted Argus II epi-retinal prostheses used a touch-screen to trace white paths on black backgrounds. Sets of paths were divided into 3 categories: (i) right-angle/single-turn, (ii) mixed-angle/single-turn, and (iii) mixed-angle/two-turn. Subjects trained on paths by using prosthetic vision and auditory feedback, and then were tested without auditory feedback, with and without prosthetic vision. Custom software recorded position and timing information for any contact that subjects made with the screen. The area between the correct path and the trace, and the elapsed time to trace a path were used to evaluate subject performance. For right-angle/single-turn sets, average tracing error was reduced by 63 % and tracing time increased by 156 % when using the prosthesis, relative to residual vision. With mixed-angle/single-turn sets, error was reduced by 53 % and time to complete tracing increased by 184 %. Prosthesis use decreased error by 38 % and increased tracing time by 252 % for paths that incorporated two turns. The authors concluded that use of an epi-retinal visual prosthesis can allow RP patients with no more than bare light perception to guide fine hand movement visually. Further, prosthetic input tends to make subjects slower when performing tracing tasks, presumably reflecting greater effort.
Dorn et al (2012) investigated the ability of 28 blind subjects implanted with a 60-electrode Argus II (Second Sight Medical Products, Inc., Sylmar, CA) retinal prosthesis system to detect the direction of a moving object. Blind subjects (bare light perception or worse in both eyes) with RP were implanted with the Argus II prosthesis as part of a phase 1/2 feasibility study at multiple clinical sites worldwide. The experiment measured their ability to detect the direction of motion of a high-contrast moving bar on a flat-screen monitor in 3 conditions: (i) with the prosthesis system on and a 1-to-1 mapping of spatial information, (ii) with the system off, and (iii) with the system on but with randomly scrambled spatial information. Fifteen subjects (54 %) were able to perform the task significantly better with their prosthesis system than they were with their residual vision, 2 subjects had significantly better performance with their residual vision, and no difference was found for 11 subjects. Of the 15 better-performing subjects, 11 were available for follow-up testing, and 10 of them had significantly better performance with normal rather than with scrambled spatial information. The authors concluded that these findings demonstrated that blind subjects implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis were able to perform a motion detection task they could not do with their native vision, confirming that electrical stimulation of the retina provides spatial information from synchronized activation of multiple electrodes.
On February 14, 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under humanitarian device exemption (HDE), approved the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System, the first implanted device to treat adult patients with advanced RP. The device, which includes a small video camera, transmitter mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, video processing unit (VPU) and an implanted retinal prosthesis (artificial retina), replaces the function of degenerated cells in the retina and may improve a patient’s ability to perceive images and movement. The VPU transforms images from the video camera into electronic data that is wirelessly transmitted to the retinal prosthesis. An HDE exempts the device from a review of clinical effectiveness. The FDA concluded the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System will not expose blind individuals with severe outer retinal degeneration to an unreasonable or significant risk of illness or injury. The FDA concluded the initial data demonstrated a probable benefit that out-weighed the risks of the device.
An UpToDate review on “Retinitis pigmentosa: Treatment” (Garg, 2013) states that “One retinal prosthesis system (Argus II) converts video images captured from a very small camera housed in the patient’s glasses, into a series of small electrical impulses that are wirelessly transmitted to an array of 60 electrodes on the retina. Argus II was approved for use in Europe in 2011 and is undergoing review by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2012. Newer generations of prostheses have increasingly more electrodes, with one in the development phase with over 1000 electrodes. Retinal prostheses have the potential to enhance the quality of life of RP patients by aiding in object recognition, mobility, and independent living …. Experimental approaches to treatment for RP, under active investigation, include gene therapy, transplantation of fetal retinal cells or stem cells, and electronic retinal prostheses”.
Currently, there is insufficient evidence that the use of artificial retina devices result in improved useful vision. Available data are limited to small, short-term, feasibility studies. Furthermore, no professional medical society has recommended the use of artificial retina devices.
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Linux is making impressive inroads (sorry) in the field of in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), the automobile technology we use to group navigation, entertainment, location-based services, external connectivity to social media and even radio usage.
The open source operating system is changing up to an even higher gear (sorry, again) in the automotive market in terms of its development in self-driving cars.
The Google self-driving car project is driven (sorry!) by software called Google Chauffeur, which runs on a "modified" (in this scaled-back) version of Ubuntu Linux.
Also known as autonomous vehicles, the market for these machines is estimated to be capable of representing as much as 75 percent of all light vehicle sales by 2035 - according to Navigant Research.
Photon laser disturbance
The cars work with a roof mounted laser and side mounted radar sensors to detect and react to the world around them, but the technology is far from perfect yet and atmospheric conditions that affect photons (such as rain) will impact the performance of the laser and don't do the radar too many favours either.
Google's car (a modified Toyota Prius and a Lexus RX450h has also been used) is not the only self-driving car to run Linux -- prototypes exist at GM and Volkswagen which also run the open source operating system.
The US states of Nevada have legalised legalised autonomous vehicles for testing and California is thought to be next in line.
Reports suggest that the only accident these cars have so far reported occurred while a human driver was in control of the vehicle.
Embedded Linux Conference 2013 - KEYNOTE Google's Self Driving Cars
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