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March – Women’s History Month – is mostly observed by honoring trailblazing women who helped overcome challenges, triumph against sexism, and make our country what it is today. Feminists sometimes use the occasion to highlight how women have yet to achieve economic parity with men, but we should be careful to keep the right perspective when evaluating the status of women in the modern U.S.
It’s simply not accurate to think of all women as a marginalized victim class in today’s economy. Using the right measures, facts bear this out. Furthermore, when women accurately assess our own success and opportunities, we can see women and men in cooperation, not competition.
By nearly any measure, women are advancing and achieving greater success than ever before. Not only has the sheer number of women attaining higher levels of education increased, but women have overtaken men, earning the majority of associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate degrees.
And according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics report, the percent of working-age women participating in the workforce was 43 percent four decades ago. Today it is near 58 percent. In 2010, women comprised 47 percent of the U.S. workforce.
Modern day feminists sometimes point to the disproportionately low number of women in certain higher-paying professions, or at certain levels — i.e. corporate boardrooms — as evidence that American women still lack opportunities. They emphasize that women still have a long way to go before achieving parity with men.
But women don’t need to be equally represented in all facets of American life in order to prove that we are free and prosperous.
A better measure of women’s — and men’s — success is whether they are living the lives they want to lead, in accordance with their personal preferences. While each person is an individual, and will have individual preferences, the two sexes show substantial differences.
For example, Pew Research asked working moms if they would prefer part-time or full-time work. Fully 62 percent of working moms would prefer to work part time, compared to only 21 percent of working dads. Considering this significant difference in the two groups, it’s not surprising that we see more men climbing the ladders of careers that require full-time work.
But a more important truth is this: Comparing outcomes between men and women is simply a useless exercise. This approach tells us little about the expectations and opportunities that men and women face. And these economic comparisons represent the misguided attitude that men and women are in competition.
In reality, men and women’s interests are tied, and we want the most freedom and greatest prosperity for all of our neighbors, regardless of sex.
Instead of slicing the pie between men and women, we should focus on the state of the whole pie: When the American economy is growing and strong, both men and women benefit. Conversely, if the economy tanks, that’s bad news for us all.
In fact, perpetuating the idea that men are the economic winners and women are victims may do harm. It may encourage young women to accept the status quo as if there is nothing we – as individuals – can do to better our own circumstances.
One favorite – and often misinterpreted – statistic on women is the “wage gap,” or the disparity in average wages between men and women. According to BLS, women earn 81 percent of men’s median wages. This statistic does not take into account different fields, professions, experience levels or hours worked. It’s an average.
If we want more young women to maximize their earning potential, we should encourage them to choose higher-paying jobs, spend more time on the job, or ask for raises more frequently. Really, we should just make sure women are informed about the tradeoffs involved in these choices, and then let each woman decide.
American women are strong, empowered and capable. When we consider women’s history, we see what great obstacles women overcame to shatter glass ceilings and reach new achievements. American women – like men – will continue to overcome, to learn and to grow.
But most importantly, we will seek happiness on our own terms, we will work with – and not against – men along the way, and we will not see ourselves as helpless victims in this modern era where we are more successful and free than ever. | <urn:uuid:d961310f-32ac-41f0-a622-96955cdc1cf6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://redalertpolitics.com/2014/03/23/womens-history-month-a-dose-of-perspective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.954433 | 904 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Graphing to Show Place Value
Learning Level: Primary School
About this Resource
Grade 1. In this project, students can explore place value by graphing it. A number can be written in the textbox at the top of the page. Then the student can write the appropriate number at the top of each of the 1000’s, 100’s, 10’s and 1’s column and then use the bar graph to depict the number. This activity supports the BC Ministry of Education PLO for Grade 1 Literacy Foundations Mathematics/Number: demonstrate an understanding of place value for whole numbers to 1000. Created by Kathy Ryan.
Please Note: These files can only be downloaded on desktop. Visit the SET-BC website on a desktop computer to access them.
Graphing to Show Place Value (465 KB) | <urn:uuid:a22bc178-cdfc-4871-86a0-10f0797537b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.setbc.org/resources/graphing-to-show-place-value/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.844911 | 179 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Starting on October 12, GlobalGiving is matching at all donations - donate and maximize your impact!
Community members are diversifying their agricultural production by implementing agroecology techniques. By producing their own food, communities are making great strides toward food sovereignty.
Greenhouses and training centers benefited from the installation of dry latrines, classrooms, kitchens, and 18 water purification filters. Improving these facilities helps communities learn best practices in agroecology.
By providing chicken wire to prevent patio animals from destroying orchards, 400 families were able to diversify their food production.
Building chicken coops out of hygienic materials in 6 communities decreased chicken mortality rates and increase production.
By donating to DESMI you are promoting sustainable agriculture and supporting income-generating projects for rural families.
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San Cristobal d.l. Casas,
IDEX Latin America Program Director | <urn:uuid:781256b2-19b3-4f89-9a27-2f7bb35c8e92> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.globalgiving.org/projects/sustainable-organic-agriculture-in-chiapas-mexico/updates/?subid=7971 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021949508/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121909-00015-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904899 | 319 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Keeping fish in ornamental ponds requires careful monitoring of the pond water chemistry to ensure the health and life of the inhabitants. Pond water is generally not replenished on an ongoing basis, such as from a stream in and out of the pond. The pond water can become a basin for the collection of chemical runoff and fish waste. Regular maintenance typically requires a 10 per cent water change on a weekly basis with 50 per cent water changes in the fall. Chlorine should be removed or neutralised from the new water prior to introduction to the pond.
Drain the pond water according to recommended guidelines for your pond size. Remove the water by siphoning with a garden hose or by using a pond pump to expel the water from the pond. If necessary, use several lengths of hose to ensure the drained water does not run back into the pond. General recommendations suggest 10 per cent weekly water replacement with a 50 per cent replacement in the fall. Topping off the water does not remove toxin build-up.
Move a large container, such as a clean trash bin, barrel or trough, near the pond. The container should be free of debris, chemicals or other potentially hazardous contents. If in doubt, use a new container. Move the garden hose near the container.
Fill the container with water. Fill it to a level that still allows you to dump, pour or drain the container into the pond.
Add the manufacturer recommended amount of dechlorinator for the volume of water you are treating. Dechlorinator treatment volumes differ by concentration and brand so follow manufacturer instructions. Stir the water in the container to allow the dechlorinator to neutralise the chlorine.
Pour the water into the pond. Repeat until the pond is full.
Test the pond water for chlorine content with a chlorine test kit prior to adding dechlorinator. Chlorine will naturally dissipate from the water over time.
Fill a 5-gallon bucket with water. Add dechlorinator in sufficient quantity, according to manufacturer instructions, to treat the whole pond for the chlorine levels detected.
Mix the water and dechlorinator in the bucket.
Pour the contents from the bucket evenly around the edges of the pond. If possible, use a paddle to stir the pond contents to allow the dechlorinator to mix evenly with the pond water.
If you do not know the volume of water the large container holds, fill a 5-gallon bucket with water and pour the water in the container. Repeat until the container is full, while counting the gallons of water required to fill the container. Generally, if the water supply is from a municipal water supply and if less than five per cent of the water is changed weekly, it is not necessary to dechlorinate the new water. Always test the chlorine levels to be certain the concentration is not harmful. If you are uncertain, dechlorinate even small volumes of water.
While fish may survive in less than pristine water, optimal health requires regular pond water maintenance. Many toxic chemicals and nitrates build up in the water column. Removal of the build-up is directly proportional to the amount of water changed. For example, to reduce 50 per cent of the nitrates, 50 per cent of the water must be replaced. The volume of dechlorinator used to treat the water is dependent on the type and concentration of the dechlorinator. Follow manufacturer instructions for optimal results. Irregular maintenance may result in toxin build-up that causes algae blooms, lack of oxygen, cloudy water and fish death. Treating symptoms, such as algae blooms, without treating the root cause, toxin build-up, may contribute to the decline of the health of your fish. | <urn:uuid:b3f53301-1ed0-4b41-ae23-d1ddb274ee32> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_8250963_dechlorinate-pond-fish.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621055646-20180621075646-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.892443 | 749 | 3.125 | 3 |
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can be very dangerous for a woman who is pregnant. There are two main types of hypertension issues in pregnant women – those who develop it as a part of a condition called preeclampsia or “toxemia” and those who have hypertension before becoming pregnant.
“Preeclampsia is a disease that is unique to pregnancy,” says Naomi L. Wahl, MD, FACOG, perinatologist at Saint Francis Medical Center. “It is most common in women who are having their first baby, but is also seen in women who have high blood pressure preceding the pregnancy, diabetes or gestational diabetes, and in women who are having a multiple gestation. Symptoms can include swelling that can be very sudden in onset, headaches that are not relieved by Tylenol®, and even nausea and vomiting the last three to four months of pregnancy.”
A woman who develops preeclampsia needs to work with her obstetrician, sometimes in concert with a perinatologist to determine the best timing of delivery. Preeclampsia can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. The mother can have problems, which include seizures, as well as kidney and liver problems. The baby can have problems including too little growth and premature delivery and the associated risks.
While pre-existing hypertension for a pregnant woman can also be dangerous, it is treatable when properly monitored. “Ideally, every woman would see her doctor prior to becoming pregnant to make sure that medications and other health issues are addressed to ensure a safe pregnancy is planned,” says Wahl. “Of course, that does not happen all the time. It is important that every woman sees a doctor early in her pregnancy. If she does have high blood pressure, she may need a different medication or may be able to stop her medications during the pregnancy. She also needs her kidney function assessed at the beginning of the pregnancy to help with management closer to term.”
Both women with preeclampsia and those with pre-existing hypertension can be at an increased risk to require a cesarean section for delivery. They are also at increased risk for abruption, a complication in which the placenta starts to separate from the uterus before the baby is born. This can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby.
“If you have hypertension, it is important to receive regular prenatal care. Be aware of concerning symptoms. Follow the instructions given by your obstetrician and perinatologist. We want to optimize the outcome for you and your baby,” says Wahl.
For more information call 573-331-3996. | <urn:uuid:ac8723ef-ca51-4c4a-aca0-605438fb871f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.sfmc.net/health-page/controlling-high-blood-pressure-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246650195.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045730-00170-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966975 | 562 | 3.125 | 3 |
Olde Towne Middle School
launches 'near space' balloon
Wednesday, March 7, 2012 12:00 PM
A "near space" balloon launched by a group of Olde Towne Middle School students this weekend traveled over 18 miles into the atmosphere, capturing photos of the earth's curvature and high speed particles all while carrying a payload with half a dozen science projects.
A camera attached to a ‘near space’ balloon launched by a group of Olde Towne Middle School students captured this photo of earth's curvature at nearly 100,000 feet.
Members of OTMS Robotics, Radio and Technology club were impressed as they saw the photos, as well as the results of the experiments from the LEO-1 Flight. The flight was named in memory of Leo McGehee who was a critical member of the chase and recovery team last year. McGehee passed away shortly after last year's launch.
In addition to launching the balloon and gathering data, the project entered the world amateur radio ballooning records. The LEO-1 flight is now recognized as the second furthest VHF/UHF telemetry distance reception.
After several months of preparation, the group launched the helium-filled latex balloon from Gluckstadt Saturday morning carrying a payload chain of data-collecting tools behind it.
After the balloon popped at nearly 100,000 feet, the payload was recovered near Ashville, Ala., 300 miles away. After deeming last year's launch a success just for being able to send the balloon up, program coordinator Bill Richardson was pleased with the results.
"The difference was that this year we were trying to focus on using the balloon as a vehicle for putting good science experiments up on the edge of space," Richardson said. "The focus wasn't necessarily on the flying and novelty of the balloon. We're getting more science-based information.
"Last year, we were just glad to have gotten it up," Richardson added.
Science teacher Bobby Robinson, who helped coordinate the science projects with the students, was also happy with the results, saying that the project is garnering interest from prospective students at OTMS.
"Each and every year we gain more and more enthusiasm for the project," Robinson said. "We had a huge turnout this year. There was much more community support that is involved in helping us get necessary materials."
To get an idea of how high the balloon flew, students compared stopwatches from earth with those on the flight. The stopwatch on the balloon registered a shorter time as the incredibly low temperatures of near-space slowed down the electrons in the circuitry of the watch.
A major point of interest for the students for Richardson and Robinson last year was several photos that captured a strange cosmic particle on the film. After sending the images to scientists at Mississippi State and NASA, the group learned that the particle was unique and not a camera error.
The group attempted to duplicate that project this year.
"They didn't know what cosmic ray we had captured on the undeveloped film," Robinson said. "We wanted to try to extend that research."
The group took a 35 mm undeveloped film and laid it flat to get individual strikes of the particles.
"We captured a very similar particle," Robinson said. "That's real science. No one has seen a particle like that before."
Robinson went on to say that their research has been submitted to several physicists in the area in hopes of identifying the particle.
For Robinson, the reward of the project didn't necessarily come from the data, but from the interest in science expressed by the students.
"One of the students said she wants to become a forensic anthropologist because we're studying ecology and did a number of experiments on pathogens on the flight," Robinson said. "I've had several students say that because they did these projects, they want to follow this up into various scientific fields of study." | <urn:uuid:a4c75e27-167c-453f-8be7-81e7cca005da> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://onlinemadison.com/Content/Default/Local-News/Article/Olde-Towne-Middle-School-launches-near-space-balloon/-3/1/24822 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721067.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00100-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977593 | 804 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Simone de Beauvior in her book “The Second Sex” says that “one is not born a woman, but becomes one.”
She explains that gender differences are set in a hierarchical position such that men are superior and women are subordinate. Gender here, is an overarching category – a major social status that has emerged out of the social institutions of the society such as economy, ideology, polity, family and so on.
This concept of gender is very well reflected in the 20th century Indian tragic romantic movie “Devdas” directed by Sanjay Leela Bansali. ‘Devdas’ is a saga of unrequited love revolving around the doomed inter personal relationships between each of the three pivotal characters – Parvati, Devdas, and Chandramukhi – whose love for each other is never mortally realized. The movie is a vivid description of how the society ascribes gender-specific roles to men and women, under the umbrella of patriarchy by putting women under the control of men, where they are supposed to be the holders of family values The first half represents Devdas as a sadist who resorts to erotic domination over Paro in order to organize his masculinity. Devdas is infantilized in private domain by the authority of his aristocratic father. Similarly, in public realm he is emasculated by the manly ‘Englishman’. Hence, it is only through violence upon the ‘Other’ that the powerless colonial subject can salvage and articulate his sense of masculinity and heroism.
Therefore, the character Devdas seems to be most vulnerably gendered within the factions of colonialism, class, caste, social roles. Devdas was sent to London for higher studies by his father. But even his legal training in law could not prepare him to confront his father. However, he seems ineffectual; unable to express his love in the face of paternal opposition and one who himself seems to be a victim of patriarchy. However, the powerless colonial subject who lacks an ability to stand up for his lover against the societal barriers considers his right and control over Paro through his love.
Gender not only has dooms in it for women, but for men as well by influencing their attitudes, behaviors and belief systems. On the eve of Paro’s marriage, in an iconic sado-masochistic gesture, Devdas strikes Paro, inflicting a scar on her forehead stating it as remembrance of their love (pyaar ki nishaani) further inflicting the ‘desire for control’ within men where women are subsumed to find comfort within their subordination by men (husbands or elderly males). Unfortunately, it is the woman who is always supposed to bear the scars of love by men, as remembrance of their love. Why not men? The answer lies within the boundaries of patriarchy which regard women as upholders of values and tradition.
A.K. Ramanujam identifies action and quest as male narrative elements but defines female elements in terms of sufferings to protect traditional values (marriage). This is vividly reflected in the movie where the male rejected self-destructive lover unable to have union with her beloved (Paro), gets addicted to alcohol, leaves his family, wanders here and there in search of some solace within himself while, in the meantime also gets habituated by the caring and loving nature of the courtesan Chandramukhi. But, the cinematic expressions of the movie leave the audience to sympathize with the male protagonist (who lacked the heroism to stand up for his lover against paternal opposition, and turns into a violent sadist) while the female lovers are left to fit into the societal definitions of a woman whose sufferings seem to be minimally focused in the movie.
Paro, in the later part of the movie, is seen bounded by her worldly marriage and it’s duties which are sincerely performed by her. But her fate causes her to stay virgin, where she is already told by her husband about his unforgettable love for his first wife (who is no more). But, the husband fails to accept his wife Paro’s first love for Devdas and even punishes her by restricting her to stay in the house and to not step out of it, for her lifetime. Therefore, the marriage puts a societal obligation that Parbati cannot escape; yet she largely avoids its entrapment. It is a reflection of the male dominated cage, where women are supposed to stay, leave all her desires, passions, interests, individual agency, sexual agency-all under the control of men, in order to give her consent to their obedience and subordination.
Chandramukhi, as a tawaif, in the movie emerges as a very strong character possessing great levels of independence and assertiveness by having a control on her personal and sexual consent. As Devdas’ film hero even explains it to Chandramukhi, “a woman is a mother, a sister, a wife or a friend; when she is nothing, she is a tawaif.” The movie tries to project an ideal woman as the silent, self-sacrificing married woman, bound to a lifetime of service to her husband and his family, without meeting with other men or construing her own needs; while the bad and the immoral woman was the prostitute, who remained independent maintaining her individual and sexual agency, which is beyond the control of men.
The song-driven narrations in the movie further, seem to contribute to the relationship between the gender constructions of men and women, within the society. The movie set in a backdrop of colonialism and patriarchy, reflects the vulnerability which ‘gender’ brings to men, women and their relationships with each other by caging them into worldly institutions (i.e. family, marriage, etc.). Hence, the public-private dichotomy is central to such implications of gender constructions that not only restrict the thinking and acting ways but also prioritize some over another. Rest its up to us to decide whether to get caught in this gendered trap or to make every bit of an effort to come out of it and rethink ‘what should our belief systems be?’ and ‘what do I believe in?’. | <urn:uuid:c463e8db-5182-4458-91a1-c4bda2934b82> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.indiafellow.org/blog/2016/12/gender-construed-identities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122720.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00263-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973586 | 1,296 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Cultivate your crops with compostable applications
Traditional plastics have supported agriculture and horticulture for many years. Well-known examples include mulch films, greenhouse films, irrigation systems, plant pots, and a multitude of auxiliary products. Modern bio-based plastics, based on Biosuccinium®, can completely degrade in compost or soil. Compostable plastics offer alternative disposal scenarios when it is difficult to collect and recycle products at the end of their lifespan.
It is often difficult to recycle fossil-based PE mulch films due to contamination with soil and agrochemicals. Biodegradable mulch films are becoming more popular as they perform just as well and can be ploughed into the soil, where they break down into water and carbon dioxide.
Biodegradable nets represent a recent but developing application segment. Whether used for packaging, wrapping or as a soil reinforcement for bulbs or grass, such nets can offer significant advantages. There is no need for removal and disposal at the end of use as they break down into water and carbon dioxide.
Compostable plastics can be used for smaller products such as garden tools, utensils, clips and ropes. Such products may occasionally be lost or forgotten in the outdoor environment where they will eventually degrade and decompose into water and CO2.
Our plant-based solution for safe, sustainable and innovative performance materials.
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Sustainable and high quality thermosetting resins are demanded by markets that increasingly require composites or coatings.
Phthalate-free and 100% bio-based solutions offering the performance of standard general-purpose primary plasticizers.
Are you looking for a safe and bio-based solution to enhance your polycarbonates’ properties, at the same time as replacing Bisphenol A?
Grab many opportunities to innovate sustainably with Biosuccinium®-based PBS
Roquette plant-based solutions for TPU: empower your softness! | <urn:uuid:1eab7e14-0f75-4ce7-b8ba-1edd2519b97f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.roquette.com/industries/performance-materials/performance-materials-overview/polyesters-pbs-solution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738892.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812112531-20200812142531-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.936511 | 419 | 2.734375 | 3 |
During the past decade, the United States has made tremendous strides in setting progressive fuel-economy standards for cars and trucks. The resulting benefits include consumer savings at the pump, a decline in the nation’s dependence on foreign oil, and reduced carbon pollution. The rules also have spurred development of new technologies that are enabling the auto industry to outperform annual emission requirements and put passenger cars on schedule to achieve efficiency of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025.
In the next month, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration will propose a new rule aimed at improving the energy usage of medium- and heavy-duty trucks, another important and growing class of vehicles. Tractor-trailers, package delivery vans, service trucks, and buses play a central role in the American economy, shipping 20 billion tons of freight and transporting 3.5 million people every day. Even though these classes of trucks make up only 7 percent of vehicles on the road, they account for nearly 25 percent of U.S. transportation energy use, and their operation has a broad impact. According to the Consumer Federation of America: “The average American household spends $1,100 extra on consumer goods and services to cover the costs of fueling up inefficient heavy duty trucks. Companies pass these fuel costs on to consumers through price hikes on everything from a gallon of milk to large appliances.”
More than 300 companies and business advocacy groups are calling for strong efficiency standards for these vehicles. Fleet owners, component manufacturers, alternative fuel producers, and firms that ship products via freight understand the benefits of such standards. Between now and 2040, heavy-duty vehicles will represent the largest growth segment among all transportation modes. Until recently, however, no regulations existed to help curb energy usage by these trucks, and their fuel economy ratings were mostly unchanged since the 1970s.
Analysts estimate that medium- and heavy-duty trucks can become 40 percent more energy efficient by 2025 through the use of cost-effective technologies. Increasing fuel economy for combination trailers to more than 10 mpg, from nearly 6 mpg in 2010, will reduce petroleum consumption by more than 570,000 barrels per day while transporting the same amount of goods. With these standards, truck owners could save $30,000 each year at the pump and help prevent 110 million metric tons of carbon pollution.
Robust efficiency policies encourage innovation and make U.S. manufacturing globally competitive. Investment in research, production, and deployment of advanced vehicle technologies gives the United States a market edge. The cost of advanced batteries, for example, has declined 50 percent since 2009, in large part because of incentives for domestic research and development of new processes and products.
After the EPA and NHTSA announce the proposed truck standards in June, support from consumers and businesses will be critical to ensure that the nation remains at the forefront of vehicle innovation. Consider taking action by submitting comments in support of the rule. Let these agencies know that fuel efficiency is important for America’s businesses, environment, and energy independence.
For more information, see Pew’s fact sheet “Improving Medium- and Heavy-duty Truck Fuel Standards in Model Year 2019.”
Visit Pew’s fuel efficiency website: www.pewtrusts.org/fuelefficiency. | <urn:uuid:16d0b113-df25-4aee-bb5c-6d556adcf812> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.pewtrusts.org/research-and-analysis/articles/2015/05/28/stakeholders-call-for-more-energy-efficient-trucks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249550830.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223203317-20190223225317-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.943764 | 674 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What is instinct Behaviour?
Table of contents:
- What is instinct Behaviour?
- What is the strongest instinct in humans?
- What instinct do humans have?
- Should I trust my instincts?
- What are the characteristics of instinct?
- How are instincts passed down?
- What are our primal instincts?
- Is revenge an instinct?
- How do you tap into primal instincts?
- Is survival a human instinct?
- Do humans still have animal instincts?
- Are instincts learned or inherited?
- Do humans have predatory instincts?
- Are humans apex predator?
- What animal kills the most humans?
- What animals eat humans?
- Will a pig eat a human?
- Will a bear eat you alive?
- What Animals kill for fun?
What is instinct Behaviour?
Innate behavior is also called instinctive behavior. Instinct is the ability of an animal to perform a particular behavior in response to a given stimulus the first time the animal is exposed to the stimulus. In other words, an instinctive behavior does not have to be learned or practiced.
What is the strongest instinct in humans?
We've all heard the phrase 'survival of the fittest', born from the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Keltner adds nuance to this concept by delving deeper into Darwin's idea that sympathy is one of the strongest human instincts — sometimes stronger than self-interest.
What instinct do humans have?
Like all animals, humans have instincts, genetically hard-wired behaviors that enhance our ability to cope with vital environmental contingencies. Our innate fear of snakes is an example. Other instincts, including denial, revenge, tribal loyalty, greed and our urge to procreate, now threaten our very existence.
Should I trust my instincts?
Gut instinct, or intuition, is your immediate understanding of something; there's no need to think it over or get another opinion—you just know. ... Because of this, trusting your intuition is the ultimate act of trusting yourself. Listening to your intuition helps you avoid unhealthy relationships and situations.
What are the characteristics of instinct?
Universality, innateness, adaptability, purposiveness, perfection at first performance, complete mental action etc., are the characteristics of instincts.
How are instincts passed down?
Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living organism toward a particular behavior. Instincts are generally inherited patterns of responses or reactions to certain kinds of stimuli.
What are our primal instincts?
Primal instinct is behind our innate ability to react to new potentially dangerous situations in the interest of self-preservation. Although humans still possess most of the instincts of our primal ancestors, other instincts have adapted and evolved, which override the older reactions.
Is revenge an instinct?
The instinct for revenge is universal, automatic, and immediate. It also serves a function: to deter the threat of future exploitation. As long as humans have lived and competed in groups, the question of deterring threats from one's adversaries has been of central importance.
How do you tap into primal instincts?
20 ways to train your primal instinctsRead a book this summer about evolution. ... Sleep outside one night. ... Cook a bird, fish or animal whole on a fire you made. ... Go for a run in the woods without your shoes. ... Eat no sugar, no grains, nothing from a box or packet for 30 days. ... Have a day of critical examination. ... Spend an afternoon at a playground.Ещё•13 мая 2011 г.
Is survival a human instinct?
Self-preservation is essentially the process of an organism preventing itself from being harmed or killed and is considered a basic instinct in most organisms. Most call it a "survival instinct".
Do humans still have animal instincts?
Like hunter-gatherers in the jungle, modern humans are still experts at spotting predators and prey, despite the developed world's safe suburbs and indoor lifestyle, a new study suggests.
Are instincts learned or inherited?
Instinctive Behaviors Animals are born with certain instincts or inherited behaviors that help them survive. Certain behaviors, called instincts, are automatic, and they happen without the animal even thinking about them. Instincts are inherited from parent organisms.
Do humans have predatory instincts?
I feel certain that humans have predatory instincts. Most people manage this instinct - they play sports or other competitive games and a few go deer hunting, bear hunting, etc. Some people do not manage and control this instinct very well. ... A few people express the instinct by killing.
Are humans apex predator?
Apex predators affect prey species' population dynamics and populations of other predators, both in aquatic and in terrestrial ecosystems. ... Humans are not considered apex predators because their diets are typically diverse, although human trophic levels increase with consumption of meat.
What animal kills the most humans?
What animals eat humans?
Although human beings can be attacked by many kinds of animals, man-eaters are those that have incorporated human flesh into their usual diet and actively hunt and kill humans. Most reported cases of man-eaters have involved lions, tigers, leopards, polar bears, and large crocodilians.
Will a pig eat a human?
But not at all uncommon. It's a fact: Pigs eat people. ... In fact, it's been whispered for years that the Mafia uses hogs to help them dispose of bodies. All awfulness aside—we know a hog will eat a human.
Will a bear eat you alive?
Fact: Bears prefer natural, wild food unless it is difficult to find and human food is too easy to get. Kick, punch, hit the bear with rocks or sticks or any improvised weapon you can find. Bears are eating her alive and she doesn't give up on life.
What Animals kill for fun?
Some of the animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing include zooplankton, humans, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, jaguars, orcas, red foxes, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, spiders, brown bears, american black bears, polar bears, coyotes, lynxes, minks, raccoons ...
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- What is the difference between Garmin instinct and instinct tactical? | <urn:uuid:863b8a56-99c6-4097-a9c6-e6a9aff94721> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://psichologyanswers.com/library/lecture/read/1293-what-is-instinct-behaviour | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945381.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326013652-20230326043652-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.923512 | 1,529 | 3.109375 | 3 |
James B. McPherson
Early life[change | change source]
McPherson was born in 1828 near Clyde, Ohio. He was the eldest son of William and Cynthia (Russell) McPherson who were farmers. To help his family, in 1841 at age 12, McPherson entered an apprenticeship at a general store. He became a clerk for Robert Smith. McPherson was raised and tutored along with Smith's children. His father died in 1847 and Smith paid for McPherson's education at Norwalk Academy. In 1849 Smith arranged an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. McPherson spent much of his time tutoring his roommate John Bell Hood. McPherson graduated in 1853, first in his class.
Military career[change | change source]
He secured a posting as a second lieutenant with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He worked on improvements to New York Harbor. He was assigned to the building of Fort Delaware. McPherson then directed worked on fortifications on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. In 1858 he was a first lieutenant. In 1861 when the Civil war broke out, he raised a company of volunteers to fight for the Union. Now a captain went to Boston to supervise the construction of harbor defenses. His former commander helped him by making McPherson his Aide-de-camp and promoted him to Lieutenant colonel.
In early 1861 McPherson was assigned to the staff of general Ulysses S. Grant as an engineering officer. In 1862 he impressed his superiors and was assigned to supervise military railroads in Mississippi. In this position he was a brigadier general of volunteers. After the Battle of Corinth McPherson was promoted to the rank of major general (8 October 1862). He became commander of Seventeenth Corps in the Army of the Tennessee. At the Battle of Raymond a small force of Confederates attacked his 10,000 man column. They were almost completely destroyed before they realized their mistake. He commanded his corps at the Siege of Vicksburg.
In January 1864 he succeeded general Sherman as commander of the Army of the Tennessee. As part of Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, on several occasions his army threatened the enemy's supply lines. McPherson's army was also used in flanking maneuvers. Sherman's combined armies kept moving towards Atlanta while the confederate armies, under Joseph E. Johnston, fell back. Finally Johnston retreated into Atlanta on July 9–10. Jefferson Davis the Confederate president, dismissed Johnston for not stopping the Union army. Davis gave command to general John B. Hood, McPherson's friend and former roommate. Hood had little chance of succeeding. Sherman's larger army, including McPherson's Army of the Tennessee, was five miles from the city when Hood took command.
His death[change | change source]
On learning of Johnson's replacement by Hood, and knowing Hood as well as he did, McPherson readied his army for an attack by Hood's confederates. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee was holding Sherman's left flank. On 22 July 1864, Hood directed his attack against McPherson's army. The battle went on for several hours. During a break in the fighting McPherson saw a gap developing in the Union lines. He rode out with a staff officer to close the gap. He came upon confederate skirmishers who ordered him to surrender. He turned and spurred his horse to escape, but was shot and killed. His body was returned to the Union lines for burial. Both Sherman and Hood mourned his death. McPherson was the second highest ranking Union officer killed in the civil war. He was buried in his hometown of Clyde, Ohio. Five years after his death President Rutherford B. Hayes presided over a ceremony where a bronze statue was placed over his grave.
References[change | change source]
- John C. Fredriksen, Civil War Almanac (New York: Facts on File, 2007), p. 728
- Cynthia Russell McPherson, James Birdseye McPherson Family Papers, Local History & Genealogy Department Toledo-Lucas County Public Library, Toledo, Ohio, Biographical Notes pp. 4–6
- "James McPherson". The Blue and Gray Trail. 26 May 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
- "James B. McPherson; Major General, November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864". Civil War Trust. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
- John C. Fredriksen, Civil War Almanac (New York: Facts on File, 2007), p. 729
- "The Atlanta Campaign; A Strategic Overview". The Civil War Trust. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- The Civil War in Georgia: A New Georgia Encyclopedia Companion, ed. John C. Inscoe (Athens : University of Georgia Press, 2011), pp. 73–84
- John C. Fredriksen, American Military Leaders: from colonial times to the present (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999), p. 508
- "Biographical Sketch of James Birdseye McPherson". Sandusky County Scrapbook (Ohio). 2001. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
Other websites[change | change source]
- McPherson Home Archived 2015-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- American Civil War: Major General James McPherson
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to James B. McPherson.| | <urn:uuid:a29a2248-0415-46eb-8bdb-109370873c1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._McPherson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.969367 | 1,234 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The canonical scriptures of the Old and New Testament are basic to christianity as the divine revelation. As such they are at the heart of the worship of God.
God speaks to men through the scriptures as they are read and preached. As God alone is the object of worship, so he alone should determine the character of our response to him through his own Word.
Because the faith once delivered is founded upon the whole Bible, both Testaments should be used for reading. A balanced scheme for covering the whole Bible should be aimed at, although some passages may be considered less suitable for public reading than others due to their obscurity. The actual choice of readings, such matters as whether passages from both Testaments should be read at each service and how long a reading should be, should be left to the discretion of the minister. It seems to us that the excellencies of the Authorised Version recommend its continued use.
The scriptures should be read in public prayerfully and in a manner becoming their character as God’s Word. The reading should be taken with reverence and dignity. The reader should desire that he himself may feel the power of the Word and that the hearers may feel the same.
Due regard should be given to the exact meaning so that the true sense may be conveyed to, and understood by, all who hear. Sincerity of heart, concentration of mind and singleness of purpose will help to produce clear expression.
Every one should be encouraged to have his own Bible, to read it privately and to follow the scriptures read during the service. | <urn:uuid:c99d47a2-6e32-48ec-86ca-3d5509e180d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.gracebaptistassembly.org.uk/gba2/index.php/1966-affirmation/a-guide-to-church-fellowship/worship/the-reading-of-scripture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527839.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419141228-20190419162933-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.965 | 317 | 2.703125 | 3 |
+44 1803 865913
This volume covers topics relating to the physics of the major planetary bodies in the solar system, starting with an introductory description of the solar system and collection of pertinent data, continuing with a discussion of the early history of the planets, and finishing with articles about planet dynamics, thermal evolution of planets and satellites, and descriptions of their magnetic fields and the processes that generate them.
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:5a70dc83-cc31-437c-97bf-974fec78ec16> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.nhbs.com/planets-and-moons-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512434.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019191802-20181019213302-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.865681 | 157 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Prairie Fires and Grazing
Fire was a natural event on the Northern Tallgrass Prairie and
was started by lightning or Native American hunters who were driving game. In
western Minnesota, fire was the dominant force in shaping grasslands. This area
generally receives enough rain to support trees, but fire, bison grazing and
periodic drought helped to keep the forests from expanding westward.
As humans settled and the prairie was broken and fragmented,
fires could not carry across the expanses they once did. Whether it was a fire
or intense short term grazing by nomadic bison, grassland plants evolved a
dependence on frequent disturbance. Today, fire, haying, and grazing are used to
stimulate native grasses. The District has to rely on local farmers and ranchers
for assistance with haying and grazing. These activities can be detrimental if
they are not carefully planned. Fire can be an inexpensive and controlled way
for us to successfully manage a prairie tract. | <urn:uuid:20f81d08-a159-4a83-8b64-78e80f40505b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Fergus_Falls_WMD/wildlife_and_habitat/fire_management.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00312-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960351 | 209 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Ever wonder what King Solomon thought about on a rainy day in his palace with his purported seven hundred beautiful wives and three hundred concubines meandering around him? Compare your thoughts to what King Solomon revealed. You may be surprised.
King Solomon was a prolific writer of proverbs and songs and all writers inadvertently reveal something personal about themselves in their writings. Having so many wives, surrounded by so many women, and being so wise, he surely must have acquired extraordinary personal insight about women. Was his knowledge on par with women, about other women?
In a novel excerpts I surmised what he may have shared, based on his proverb, to the Queen of Sheba about his knowledge of women. The novel is a contemporary application of a story form to promote understanding of proverbs and ancient wise sayings in relation to our modern times.
“Bilqis, before I solve your riddle, I must state a clarification. Regardless of the number of wives he may have, a husband will never be on par with women in knowledge about other women. However, there is one exception; I wrote a proverb to describe and compare this circumstance.
“Your proverb interests me. Please tell me this circumstance that causes so great a wise man with hundreds of wives to experience.”
“An unrelenting drip on a day of downpour is on a par with a nagging wife.” (Proverb 27:15)
Regards and good will blogging.
As A Lily Among Thorns – A Story of King Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, and the Goddess of Wisdom by Rudy U Martinka.
Available as an eBook at most sellers. Read an excerpt by clicking below. | <urn:uuid:1db54d9b-7b23-4db5-9e28-d10d2182c6b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://rudymartinka.com/2019/02/24/king-solomons-rainy-day-thought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573053.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917061226-20190917083226-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.96386 | 350 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Noun: voice voys
Verb: voice voys
- The distinctive quality, pitch or condition of a person's speech
"A shrill voice sounded behind us"
- The sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract
"a singer takes good care of his voice";
- vocalization, vocalisation [Brit], vocalism, phonation, vox
- A sound suggestive of a vocal utterance
"the noisy voice of the waterfall"; "the incessant voices of the artillery"
- Expressing in coherent verbal form
"I gave voice to my feelings";
- A means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated
"the voice of the law"; "the Times is not the voice of New York"; "conservatism has many voices"
- Something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression
"the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it"
- (metonymy) a singer
"he wanted to hear trained voices sing it"
- An advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose
- spokesperson, interpreter, representative
- The ability to speak
"he lost his voice"
- (linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes
- The melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music
"he tried to sing the tenor voice";
- Give voice to
"He voiced his concern"
- Utter with vibrating vocal chords
- sound, vocalize, vocalise [Brit]
Derived forms: voicing, voices, voiced
Type of: advocate, advocator, agency, air, articulate, communication, enounce, enunciate, exponent, express, expression, give tongue to, grammatical relation, line, means, melodic line, melodic phrase, melody, physical ability, pronounce, proponent, say, singer, sound, sound out, strain, tune, utter, verbal expression, verbalise [Brit], verbalism, verbalize, vocaliser [Brit], vocalist, vocalizer, way | <urn:uuid:1f63b453-ff50-42e3-ac2d-26810fb7ea78> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/VOICE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292975.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00205-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912571 | 460 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A research project led by Dr. Richard J. Malak Jr., an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, has been featured in the January 2013 issue of ASEE Prism, the magazine of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
The article, "Folding Frontier," focuses on origami engineering, which the writer says could be the next big thing in manufacturing.
The Texas A&M research team was recently awarded a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant through the Emerging Frontiers of Research and Innovation (EFRI) program for this research. The grant, which is for four years, is for nearly $2 million.
The research team consists of Malak (pictured), who is the principal investigator; co-principal investigators Dr. Dimitris Lagoudas (aerospace engineering), Dr. Nancy Amato (computer science and engineering), Dr. Ergun Akleman (Department of Visualization); Dr. Daniel McAdams (mechanical engineering); and Dr. Darren Hartl (aerospace engineering).
In the article, writer Don Boroughs says:
"The Texas A&M team is working with a material so complex that the engineers occasionally have to laugh at the difficulty of the task before them. In fact, they still have to invent it. But the computer models developed by aerospace engineer Darren Hartl show great promise for a sandwich of two sheets of shape-memory alloy — prestressed to fold in opposing directions — separated by an insulator. A switched resistor network pattern, like a programmable version of the defrosting wires embedded in an automobile’s rear window, will trigger the bending action. With no hinges limiting the position of creases, the massively foldable sheet could theoretically take one of an infinite variety of shapes, unfold, and then refold into something completely different. In a simulation recently published by Hartl, mechanical engineer Richard Malak, and their colleagues, the sheet becomes an airfoil to steer a spacecraft to a landing on Venus, and then curls into a cylinder to roll on the planet’s surface."
Malak said the research objective of the NSF grant is to discover new techniques for synthesizing complex 3-D structures from programmable, self-folding 2-D elements. This will be made possible by the incorporation of active shape memory layers that provide actuation capabilities.
If successful, the results of this research will constitute a substantial leap forward in engineering technology and knowledge, allowing engineers to design complex systems in fundamentally new ways. | <urn:uuid:dc830aa9-ea74-4e31-ba94-fbefcee9b43f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://engineering.tamu.edu/news/2013/01/18/texas-am-research-featured-in-asee-prism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00543-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944204 | 517 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The most important part of writing a five-paragraph -- or any other style -- essay has little to do with the actual essay writing: when it comes to a successful essay, the most crucial step is the planning. Example education essay - tackling homophobia in schools this example education essay has been written to a 2:1 standard by one of our skilled researchers. Stars online free form essay questions example of a well-written essay example #1 1) what are your short term academic goals my short term academic goals are to obtain associates in applied science degree in accounting. Writing an essay on importance of education since education has a powerful effect on human society, essay on importance of education will help us understand the role of education in the nation's growth and development.
Writing an essay about education can be a difficult task if you do not know where to start education can be a broad topic to cover, and constructing an effective essay requires some planning and research a good essay will narrow the scope of the topic and provide good concise information that the. Teach your students to entertain readers with narrative writing this lesson will help your students understand the genre, the different parts of a story, and elements such as character, setting, and conflict. A s the government begins its crackdown on essay mill websites, it's easy to see just how much pressure students are under to get top grades for their coursework these daysbut writing a high. Essay on education education essay needs to be focused on one particular category so that you can write it with one focused theme it is evident that you should have enough knowledge of different areas of education to select one education essay topic for you.
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Not only is the college essay a place to showcase writing skills, it's one of the only parts of a college application where a student's voice can shine through the essays are important in part. Our best essay writing services offer high-quality help to all students in need for a reasonable price our professional staff makes sure to deliver excellent plagiarism free papers in no time. It is not easy to write an essay about education, or any topic for that matter, probably because working with a broad topic without the slightest idea on where to begin, it can present a whole new level of difficult for you. Essay uk offers professional custom essay writing, dissertation writing and coursework writing service our work is high quality, plagiarism-free and delivered on time essay uk is a trading name of student academic services limited , a company registered in england and wales under company number 08866484. Apart from all these writing services, we can also guide you throughout the education period as you learn paper writing all you have to do is join our amazing essay writing community here, we'll do all that we can to ensure that you make only the best writing decisions.
One freelance limited: a custom writing service that provides online custom-written papers, such as term papers, research papers, thesis papers, essays, dissertations, and other custom writing services inclusive of research materials for assistance purposes only. Ten great argumentative essay topics in education an argumentative essay needs to be based on fact, not just based on emotion an argument is only as good as the support that backs it up. This essay is going to investigate whether parental involvement within a childs education has a positive or negative impact on the child and the published: wed, 08 aug 2018 early childhood mathematics teaching.
Essay on education: short essay on education education is an effort of the senior people to transfer their knowledge to the younger members of society it is thus an institution, which plays a vital role in integrating an individual with his society and in maintaining the perpetuation of culture. Writing sample of essay on a given topic education for all introduction education is a complementary practice to every society because all people need to learn and become somebody in their adult lives. Best essay education - harvard strategies for essay writing at the beginning of each term, most students enter deadlines and other due dates from all their courses onto a master calendar during certain time periods, mostly the last couple of weeks of a semester, the calendar is crammed full of deadlines. | <urn:uuid:a132494e-6046-4c92-a8d6-1a9728fa307c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://qnessayagnm.presidentialpolls.us/written-essay-on-education.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744649.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118201101-20181118223101-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.95099 | 1,014 | 2.53125 | 3 |
December 2nd, 2012, 11:12 PM
Embedding HTML in XML
By using the below code we can make text bold by embedding
HTML in XML
But how can we make same text as flash and how to increase the font size and color by embedding the HTML tags in XML
content=" <b>Hi how are you doing?</b>" >
December 16th, 2012, 12:06 AM
Inside XML, replace "<" with "& l t ;" and ">" with "& g t ;" ?
Last edited by hdewantara; December 16th, 2012 at 12:17 AM.
December 16th, 2012, 04:40 PM
The proper, and best, way to do it requires you to change your structure slightly so that the "content" value is the content between the <user> and </user> tags. This will let you use CDATA to enclose the HTML values so that you're guaranteed that there's no issues.
Using <![CDATA[ and ]]> basically tells the XML parser that everything inside this area is to be used exactly as it's written.
<![CDATA[<b>Hi how are you doing?</b>]]>
December 21st, 2012, 02:33 AM
Try using CDATA, a CDATA section starts with "<![CDATA[" and ends with "]]>": | <urn:uuid:fc88b4cb-33d2-4fef-8b29-1ebc9348bca9> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://forums.devshed.com/html-programming-1/embedding-html-xml-935436.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00167-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846654 | 298 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Two European emperors died today over 1,500 years apart.
Alexander the Great was the son and heir of Phillip of Macedon. Famously taught by Aristotle, Alexander inherited a Greek state and a battle-hardened army which he took on a grand conquering tour of the Middle East. During his campaigns, he founded over twenty cities bearing his name and encouraged the diffusion of Greek culture across the Middle East.
Alexander married twice but there is a persistent rumour that his true love was Hephaestion. Aristotle, who taught both when they were boys, said of them that they were one soul in two bodies. The two shared everything and when Hepheastion died, Alexander’s grief was intense and public. Alexander died within a year of his friend’s death aged only 32.
Alexander died after a massive drinking bout in which he downed a large bowl of unmixed wine. It took two weeks of agony for him to die. Some suggest he died of meningitis or appendicitis but whatever the cause of his death, his followers entombed him in a giant golden sarcophagus filled with honey and his honey-covered corpse was then taken to Alexandria and has been lost. His great empire fell apart after his death with his generals creating various dynasties that ruled the Middle East for centuries.
The other emperor to die today drowned crossing a river while leading the Third Crusade in 1190. Frederick Barbarossa or red beard was 68 years old and had ruled as the Holy Roman Emperor for almost 35 years. On the crusade Barbarossa had decided to walk his horse through the Saleph River instead of crossing the bridge that had been too crowded with his troops. The current was too strong for the horse to handle, and his suit armour was too heavy for him to swim in: both were swept away and drowned.
Barbarossa’s corpse, unlike Alexander’s was put in a barrel of vinegar. The barrel and its contents were lost on the crusade’s panicky march to Acre. Barbarossa’s death had plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicking, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many of his troops deserted, were killed, or even committed suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a small fraction of the original force, eventually arrived in Acre.
So two great conquering European emperors died while on campaign in the Middle East and although one was covered with honey and the other with vinegar, neither substance allowed their mortal remains to be preserved as both corpses have been lost.
Empire and Emperors all must, consign themselves to dust.
Not honey nor gall, will save our corpses from earth’s dusty pall.
– Posted by Douglas Racionzer (http://www.serendipiday.blogspot.com/) | <urn:uuid:0d0dd95b-7f35-45a9-8a87-cb2d81f9b6ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://whammedia.co.za/today-in-fact-10-june/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.988813 | 581 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In graph theory, a maximal independent set or maximal stable set is an independent set that is not a subset of any other independent set.Some example of MIS are in the graph of cube:
The goal of maximum independet set problem is find the maximum size of the maximal independent set in a given graph or network. In other words the problem is the search of the leaders in a local network of connected processors, and forleaderwe intend an active node connected with an inactive node. This problem is a NP-problem.
Following Afek, Alon, Barad, Hornstein, Barkai and Bar-Joseph,
no methods has been able to efficiently reduce message complexity without assuming knowledge fo the number of neighbours.But a similar network occurs in the precursors of the fly's sensory bristles, so researchers idea is to use data from this biological network to solve the starting computational problem!
Such system is called sensory organ precursors, SOP.
There are a lot of similarities between MIS and SOP:
- the selection of a particular cell as a SOP is a random event governed by an underlying stochastic process(3, 5);
- similar to computational requirements SOP selection is probably constrained in time because the default of all cluster cells is to become SOPs unless they are inhibited(4);
- in computational algorithms(1, 2) processors send messages only when they propose their candidacy to become leaders, thus reducing communication complexity.
Researchers so try to describe the biological network:
We assumed a collection of identical processors placed at nodes of an arbitrary synchronous communication network. Nodes can only broadcast one-bit messages. A message broadcasted by a node reaches all of its neighbors that are still active in the algorithm. In each round, a processor can only tell whether or not a message was sent to it. When a processor receives a message, it cannot tell which of its neighboring processors sent it, and it cannot count the number of messages received in a round.That in terms of algorithms became:
where $n$ is the number of nodes, $D$ an upper bound on the number of neighbors any node can have, $M$ a parameter setted to 34, and every node has a probability $p_i$ tosend a message to his neighbors.
In order to select the model Yehuda Afek and collegues confrount experimental data collected from 10 pupas:
between simulated results:
And at the end they can conclude that:
the only way the algorithm may err is by terminating while leaving some nodes that are not in A and are also not connected to nodes in A. Next, we show that when the algorithm terminates all nodes are, with high probability, either in A or connected to a node in A, which solves the MIS problem.
(1) M. Luby, SIAM J. Comput. 15, 1036 (1986)
(2) N. Alon, L. Babai, A. Itai, J. Algorithms 7, 567 (1986)
(3) P. Simpson, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7, 537 (1997)
(4) B. Castro et al., Development 132, 3333 (2005)
(5) M. E. Fortini, Dev. Cell. 16, 633 (2009)
Afek, Y., Alon, N., Barad, O., Hornstein, E., Barkai, N., &amp; Bar-Joseph, Z. (2011). A Biological Solution to a Fundamental Distributed Computing Problem Science, 331 (6014), 183-185 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193210 | <urn:uuid:48488332-1393-413d-b54f-23d342e440b6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2011/07/solution-to-maximal-independent-set.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122047499.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175407-00111-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897669 | 769 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Electrolytes such as potassium have many important roles in the human body. Not getting enough potassium can cause you to feel tired and worn down, making it harder for you to stay active enough to lose weight effectively. Although supplemental potassium on its own won't aid weight loss directly, it can help you avoid potassium deficiencies. Always talk to your doctor before taking any sort of supplement.
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Potassium is an electrolyte, so it has an electrical charge when it is dissolved in water-based substances such as blood and the fluid inside of cells. Electrolytes are important for conducting electricity, and your cells can generate and maintain an electrical charge by controlling the amount of potassium inside and outside of cells. Potassium is particularly important for the health of nerve and muscle cells.
Importance For Weight Loss
The main way that potassium can help you lose weight is by keeping your muscles from getting fatigued and tired. When you don't get enough potassium from your diet, you can develop a condition known as hypokalemia, which causes your muscles to become weak and cramp more easily. This can make it hard for you to stay physically active, causing you to burn fewer calories. Getting enough exercise is a critical part of losing weight, so be sure you get enough potassium in your diet.
If you are concerned that you aren't getting enough potassium and that it's hindering your ability to lose weight, stock up on high potassium foods. A medium baked potato with its skin on has 926 mg of potassium. Bananas, prune juice, plums, orange juice and tomato juice also provide high levels of potassium. Potassium also can be found in significant levels in raisins, artichokes, squash, cooked spinach, lima beans, almonds and molasses.
Although potassium can help your muscles stay healthy, allowing you to burn more calories, potassium will not result in weight loss on its own. In fact, consuming large amounts of potassium supplements can be dangerous and result in a condition known as hyperkalemia, which can disrupt your heart's rhythm and affect the function of your muscles. Talk to a doctor before taking any sort of supplement to try to help you lose weight. | <urn:uuid:55078996-c28a-4cd6-a898-41e87070db3a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/444817-does-potassium-aid-in-weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887423.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118151122-20180118171122-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.956985 | 451 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Lawn Care Maintenance For Mere Mortals
Though everyone likes to see their lawn in an enviable condition few are aware of the basics of lawn preparation and maintenance. Planting the seeds, spraying for the weeds, and watering your lawn, all look simple but proper maintenance of a good lawn is no simple task. To some, lawn care is a serious business – reading every bit of the literature that they come across and going for a serious lawn building exercise that may make this interesting past time a rudimentary daily routine.
Lawn care and maintenance are more of an enjoyable pastime rather than a core activity. Consider these basics of healthy lawn care. While talking about lawns the first thing to consider is mowing. The frequency of mowing, the growth of the grass, and the lawn movers are all integral parts in deciding a good mowing habit. Quite often small opening up of the soil leaving more space for the lawn to breathe would accelerate the healthy growth of the grass. The lawn is to be sufficiently watered especially during large dry spells of summer to sustain the growth of the grass. Lawns need a good supplement of a proper mix of fertilizers with adequate nitrogen phosphate and potash.
If we go a bit technical, lawns require more than one annual feed. The feed for the summer need contain a nitrogen-rich fertilizer whereas an autumn feed should be rich in phosphate and potash with an adequate supplement of worm killers and disease resistance. For watering, the coolest time of the day, either in the morning or in the evening is advisable, the frequency is once a week.
A good lawn care management program includes proper weed control besides appropriate mowing and application of fertilizers. The basic mowing lesson includes the use of sharp blades and regular mowing from March to October. Care should be taken not to move the mower backward and forwards. In the case of new lawns, the first thing to be considered is to prepare a smooth and level ground by a tractor and box blade.
As regards sowing the seeds they need spread in two directions preferably with a rotary spreader. The seeds are to be planted around thirty days in advance. Depending upon the temperature the seed suitable for the hot season or for the cold spell may be selected. A healthy lawn requires more or less an inch of water during a week. Further aerating in spring is considered best for the lawns. The recent trend in lawn care is the use of organic fertilizers. These are environmentally friendly and harmless to the plants. The literature on organic fertilizers is plentiful on the market. The cost of the organic fertilizers is almost the same as that of the chemical fertilizers but the benefit stays longer.
The type of lawn care depends on one’s budget but our Mean Green Lawn Care. One can afford to spend thousands of dollars should lawn making is taken as a serious hobby. If, on the other hand, one needs a well-maintained lawn to spend a few hours with family and friends the same may not cost much. | <urn:uuid:ca15688e-54f3-4ad0-8914-1c6fd3137904> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.greenmachinelawncare.com/lawn-care-maintenance-for-mere-mortals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.951316 | 617 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- slide 1 of 6
Urban Wind Turbines
As the fall of the economy continues to impact everyone, major states with large cities, like New York, have turned to wind turbine energy to power businesses, apartments, and homes. This major improvement of natural, clean energy has proven to provide wind power for homes, reducing the annual cost of energy.
- slide 2 of 6
Beginning of Wind Turbines
In around 200 BC, Persia was known to be using wind powered machines. It wasn't until 1888, when a man named Charles F. Brush built the first one to touch down in American soil. He had built it in Cleveland, Ohio.
Today, many can be seen in the rural parts of the world powering farms, or supplementing energy companies’ power supply. They are manmade beasts, standing from 30-60 meters tall, with blades with lengths from 20-40 meters. They are usually painted light grey in order to blend in with clouds, and obtain a flashing red light for airplanes to see them.
- slide 3 of 6
Urban Wind Turbines
These giant creations are not the ones being found in compact cities. There are newly created urban wind turbines, which are much smaller and look very similar to in-house fans. These new creations can be expected to produce one-kilowatt of power, which with multiple running, it would be able to power all the interior common area lights, like elevators, stairwells, hallways and surrounding building lights. They also are different as they do not give power to the energy companies; rather give power directly to the homes that have purchased them.
- slide 4 of 6
Costs and Benifits
Wind turbine energy is not a new source of energy at all, but its integration into the city lifestyle has great effects on prices of living. Many housing units, called "affordable living facilities" are found trying to incorporate them into their buildings, with backup power sources in case there is no wind. The wind turbine costs about $10,000 for a small residential wind generator turbine, but is supposed to be able to cut annual energy costs up to $1,200. It has been known for these turbines to be able to power one-half to two thirds of a three to four bedroom house.
Urban wind power turbines are suppose to be able to drop prices of bigger buildings, like the ones seen along the New York skyline, up to half the amount of the original bill. This will make the cost of living substantially less than it used to be.
The only problem is the large initial cost of these urban wind turbines. Ranging from $8,000-$12,000, they are surely a large investment. In this type of economy, it may be hard for people to cough up that kind of money. The benefit, however, is the amount of money you will save over time. In just a couple years, the urban wind turbine will have paid itself off, but numbers show it does not affect anyone’s decision to rush into buying one.
New York has offered to cover half of the cost for the initial installment of the turbines; however, there is hardly anyone taking advantage of the discounted price. Just recently, the government has offered a 30% tax break, with a cap of $4,000, in hopes to generate a bigger desire to turn to wind power for homes.
- slide 5 of 6
Some Current Disadvantages
There are also many disadvantages to these newly created urban wind turbines. They must be raised high above the ground, as they will not work close to the surface of the earth. City buildings usually prevent large gusts of wind to pass through the city, limiting the amount of power these urban wind turbines generate. They also vibrate, which may cause wear and tear on the weaker buildings and homes who decide to invest in them. The wind powered turbines must be placed in a spot to get wind from multiple directions, in order to always be creating power.
- slide 6 of 6
These urban wind turbines are still being worked on and constantly having new breakthroughs, but one thing is certain, once the bumps in the creation of wind powered sources of energy are fixed, many people can expect to see more fan-like turbines spinning on top or urban houses and buildings!
Source of Initial information: | <urn:uuid:f7703c7a-b330-4470-8bdd-93990d0774d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-environmental/articles/23514.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.967774 | 889 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Everyone knows that watering trees in spring is essential, but do you know how and when to do it? As the weather begins to warm up, trees start to grow new leaves. Depending on the species, you may see a few blossoms and buds make an appearance as well. Of course, if you want your trees to thrive, they need water, and when you turn on the sprinkler matters. In the style of Goldilocks, you need to water at just the right time—neither too soon nor too late. Here’s how you can ensure you provide your trees with adequate moisture this season.
Know the Leaf-Out Dates in Your Region
Springtime watering should begin before a tree’s leaf-out date. During leaf-out, you’ll start to notice new growth and fresh, green leaves. This critical date will vary according to where you live. An arborist can give you specifics for your region and tree species—but expect it to fall somewhere between mid-March to early May.
If you live in a dry climate, you’ll need to provide plenty of supplemental water before leaf-out. A good rule of thumb is to check the water levels in the areas around the tree. Dig 4-6 inches into the ground, and make sure the soil feels damp. If it’s dry, crumbly, or powdery, it’s time to drag out the hose.
Trees tend to need more water in colder regions as well. If winter was exceptionally chilly, it’s best to start watering before spring. However, only begin watering after the ground has thawed. If freezing temperatures aren’t common where you live, just wait until the days get longer and warmer.
Stick to a Regular Watering Schedule
Unless you planted a few young trees—which need 20-gallons of water per week—you don’t need to water very often. Most healthy adult species only need fresh water about 1-2 times a month. As previously stated, the condition of the soil will tell you if the tree is thirsty or hydrated.
While most homeowners use a hose or sprinkler, a drip irrigation system may be the better choice. With drip irrigation, you never have to worry about flooding the roots, and you may even see a slight decrease in your water bill.
Watering in the early hours of the morning is also the best way to ensure your tree gets enough to drink. As the sun rises, moisture evaporates. In the middle of the afternoon, the soil may dry out before water can even reach the roots. If you’re not an early bird, consider pulling out the hose before you go to bed at night.
Schedule Regular Tree Care and Maintenance
Even if you provide plenty of water, a sick tree won’t thrive. It’s best to have an arborist examine your trees to make sure they’re free of disease or pest infestations. Remember, trees don’t have a voice, and they rely on you to keep them in good health.
When it comes to expert tree care, Engram’s Tree Service is here for you. Our arborist can help you come up with a watering schedule for all the trees on your property. Keeping your trees healthy and lush is our number one priority. Get in touch with our tree experts to learn more about the importance of watering trees in spring. | <urn:uuid:5124be12-c2f8-425a-8203-b66324643c48> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.engramtree.com/is-there-a-right-time-and-a-wrong-time-for-watering-trees-in-spring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647614.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601042457-20230601072457-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.934683 | 716 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Determining the future - Does science make sense?
Time is a strange thing. It's like those stalagmites you find in large caves: It's constantly dripping, but you can only see what is accumulated on the bottom. The stalagmite; the past. If you believe in determinism then you believe that there is another peg from where it's dripping down. The stalactite; the future. But no one has ever seen the stalactite. Some claim to have caught a glimpse, of course, but the whole future has defied scientific imaging efforts. And that's really something, since predicting the future is basically the only reason science exists.
Knowing the future
So, what exactly can we find out about the future? We can only approximate larger events and consequences. The more details we need, though, the harder it gets to determine what will happen. However, if you simplify, you leave out details that might be important. This is apparent in weather calculations: The meteorological system is so complex that predicting the weather at a specific location more than 5 days ahead of time is mere guesswork. Wow. 5 whole days! Demographs can find out which party a group of people are gonna vote for. By asking them beforehand. And even with that knowledge it's quite unpredictable. We can find out when a meteor will hit the face of the earth. If we've seen from where it's coming and how fast it's going beforehand.
Not quite the best images of our stalactite, so far. Is knowing the future possible at all? First of all, the following question arises: If you know what you are going to do, are you still going to do it? What if you don't do it? Did you change the future? How could you produce a different future, by knowing "the future"? Are you perhaps going to do that thing just to prove you were right? At the heart of these questions however is actually the question of free will, which I've covered over here (short and sweet answer: our past determines our future). So, sometime in our past we must have acquired knowledge of the future in order to know the future. In a world without time-travel, that's just not possible.
But how do those weather predictions work then, you ask? We use models for our predictions. Models are a simple description of the status quo and the assumed rules for the development of the system. With these two fixed inputs, we calculate how the real system would develop if it were equivalent to the model. So, predicting the exact future of the earth would require a system as large and complex as the earth itself. And this would still not be faster than the real one, because of the speed limit in our universe. This has even been proven scientifically, ironically. It's called the Entscheidungsproblem (although, it was conceived in a completely different context).
So, even if it's predetermined, we can never know the future beforehand, because it would defeat logic.
Now, that we've covered knowing the future, let's get to the actual philosophical question of whether the world is deterministic.
Science' one premise is that there's always a reason, a cause. But what if there isn't? What would it mean if there wasn't a predetermined course for the future? Then, by casual interpretation, some things would be left to chance. But what does chance really mean scientifically? It means, we cannot find a rational, scientific explanation for the given event happening. In other words, living in a non-deterministic world means that we cannot fully explain why things happen the way they do. That we cannot find underlying rules or principles for the events we observe.
How can you check if the world is a deterministic one without finding out the future? This one, we've already found out a long time ago: Record the past and try to make sense of it, by finding underlying rules and principles. This is what lead to all the scientific discoveries that lead to the theories of how our world works.
However, so far the theories on the most basic level, the quantum theories, suggest that events on this level can only be associated with probabilities and it's never possible to predict one outcome with certainty. The question is whether these probabilities are a physical reality (which would be fatal for determinism) or hide the yet unnoticed bustle of even more fundamental structures.
The crucial thing is that absence of evidence isn't evidence of absence. So, even if we had tried to find explanations for quantum events for a hundred years without success, we couldn't ever be sure whether there are none or if they've just eluded us thus far and we would keep searching even if there are none or they are out of our reach.
This battle with nature is still ongoing and, as we cannot know the future, your bet is as good as mine. I for one believe that there are structures that are impossible for us to detect and make sense of at this scale, since even the act of measuring the exact location of a "particle" disturbs it so much that the information is basically useless. However, even if we uncovered all the rules, being able to explain everything doesn't lead to being able to know the exact future, because time is a bitch and is as unskipable as it is unstoppable. So, even though there is no real free will, we still won't know exactly what we're going to do when it rains tomorrow. If it does. | <urn:uuid:f559cdb0-dc30-4d36-bb93-eb1d130bf42f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://illiterate.art/determining-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652959.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606150510-20230606180510-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.966856 | 1,134 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Aurora is a phenomena which is most prevalent in the regions close to the so called "Aurora Belt". Depending on where you live in the world this belt may be southern Canada or the northern part of the Nordic countries. In these areas Aurora will occur a dozen times a year, even in the quiet periods of the Solar Cycle. If you live more to the south, like in Central Europe, years may pass with little or no Aurora openings.
Finally, after a very long solar minimum, our neighbouring star has been showing activity since early 2010. Sunspots have been appearing again, but thus far there have been no major Aurora openings. However, we are interested to have infos about ANY Aurora opening occurring in the European area (other parts of the Northen and Southern hemisphere may be added later, depending on Ham and Solar activity). So if you make any Aurora QSOs on 2 metre or 70 cm, please post them into the aurora page using LOGIN, or send as a text file to email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org. The results of QSOs will be plotted on a map of Europe, and/or posted as lists of worked stations.
In order to produce an intersection map of the position of the Aurora cloud(s), we need reports from both stations who have been involved in a QSO, including an accurate beam heading. Please use LOGIN (please register), and file your list of QSOs by clicking: "Send your report" and follow the guidelines.
Example log entry by PA3BIY:
12:14 PA4EME JO20WX 45
12:17 HA5CRX JN97NM 85
If you are new to VHF DX, you might want to read this small introduction article about Aurora and its relation to the Sun. Other articles related to VHF propagation can be found on the FORUM page. | <urn:uuid:eb7d6e5c-99a7-4f25-a80a-326ffac8c8ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://mmmonvhf.de/au.php?year=1991 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487610196.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613161945-20210613191945-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.933697 | 418 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The promising exoplanet TRAPPIST-1b has no atmosphere and therefore no life | Science
The Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1b has no atmosphere. This means that there can be no water and therefore no life. Astronomers are now pinning their hopes for extraterrestrial life on the other six rocky planets orbiting the red dwarf star TRAPPIST-1.
The discovery was made with the James Webb Space Telescope. Some astronomers expected a thick atmosphere. But James Webb’s infrared eyes found no evidence of such an atmosphere. This means that the planet is not protected against cosmic rays.
1b is the closest planet to TRAPPIST-1; much closer than Earth to the Sun. Moreover, the planet always faces its star from the same side. Still, it was thought there might be life on the planet, as the red dwarf star is much fainter than our sun. But without an atmosphere, it can still reach 230 degrees on the light side.
Scientists still hope that the other planets in the solar system are habitable. Three of the seven planets are in the habitable zone of their star. This means that in theory water can flow and there can be life.
Great success in the hunt for extraterrestrial life
NASA calls the mission a success anyway. Never before had a telescope been able to capture radiation from such a small, distant planet. According to the space agency, this is very promising for the future search for other exoplanets.
In 2017, astronomers discovered that TRAPPIST-1 had up to seven Earth-like planets. This has made the solar system, located 40 light years from Earth, very interesting for astronomers looking for extraterrestrial life.
“Food expert. Unapologetic bacon maven. Beer enthusiast. Pop cultureaholic. General travel scholar. Total internet buff.” | <urn:uuid:5622ef03-dee6-4b7f-adda-2cfdbe282228> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://dodofinance.com/the-promising-exoplanet-trappist-1b-has-no-atmosphere-and-therefore-no-life-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649193.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603101032-20230603131032-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.935495 | 381 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It’s 70 years since Operation Market Garden came to an unexpected end in Arnhem; the infamous Bridge Too Far. The events of that time have left a deep impression on the area, commemorated recently with memorial services and reenactments to mark the 70th anniversary.
The plan was to take a number of bridges from Eindhoven up to Arnhem and then march on into Germany; the aim to end the war by Christmas of 1944. Tens of thousands of American troops were parachuted into landing zones from Eindhoven to Groesbeek, with the British dropped into fields outside Arnhem on the other side of the rivers.
Although I learnt about World War Two at school, and visited the trenches and the battlefields of World War One at Ypres, it’s often difficult to grasp exactly what these events were like to live through, not only for the soldiers but for the people on the ground. And the Nijmegen area is one I’ve come to know a little of over the years, without really understanding its history.
On the edge of Arnhem, in a wooded residential area that overlooks the Rhine river, the Hartenstein villa still stands. From this site the British commanded the troops of the 1st Airborne Division as they fanned out towards the river, en route to take the final bridge. Due to the strength of the German resistance, only 700 made it as far as the bridge, which they defended for four days before they were finally overcome. Thousands of soldiers were captured and taken to detention camps.
The Hartenstein villa has been turned into an evocative and powerful museum (the Airborne museum) which serves as a memorial to all those who were affected by the battle. While the two floors on the battle itself were interesting, what really struck me was the basement floor, dedicated to the evacuation of Arnhem’s residents. Following the city’s capture by the Germans, it was declared out of bounds and a mandatory evacuation was ordered. Thousands took to the roads out of the town, with only what they could carry, taking shelter in farmhouses, in woods, or wherever they might be welcome (which wasn’t everywhere).
The museum is presented in Dutch, English and German, and really opened my eyes to the reality of World War Two and its effect on ordinary people. If you can read Dutch, this website is a great place to start; a ever-growing collection of memories from local people about how the events of Operation Market Garden and its aftermath affected them.
The Airborne Museum is found in Oosterbeek, a suburb of Arnhem. To reach the museum, take the number 1 or number 52 buses which start just outside the railway station. | <urn:uuid:fef692eb-123b-48db-8a0f-fb7cb0e4ba25> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://saltwatertales.com/2014/09/30/on-the-trail-of-operation-market-garden-70-years-on/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.97582 | 568 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Transformation of spatial pattern and declining of social capital in Dhaka city , Bangladesh
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In human settlement, there is a strong link between spatial quality and societal values. A space has two facts: physical phenomenon and a mental arena. Both of them are influenced by the social process (Sheikh, 2006). Nowadays in our country, we are experiencing rapid unplanned urbanization due to the pressure of huge population and globalization. In course of time urban areas are developed for business, education, and administrative purposes. People are coming to urban area for livelihood. To accommodate the huge population, there occurs lot of changes in their living space and pattern. Our traditional living space is being demolished. In the past, people lived in horizontal space but now people are living in a tight and congested area where the traditional space is not respected. The community space, interaction spaces are very rare there. So social bonding is being destroyed. They are living like a machine which is very much contrary to our culture (Sheikh, 2006). This trend is destroying our social capital. This paper aims to study how transformation of spatial pattern affects our living style and turns our social capital (focusing on community network, trust, dependency and cooperation) towards the declination. It also aims to give some recommendations to make this transformation of spatial pattern organized and planned to prevent the declination of our social capital. | <urn:uuid:ec66c912-54d3-4b46-946b-8d31fb14829c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/896 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.934561 | 293 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Atlas vertebra therapy
What is Atlas vertebra therapy (Vitalogy)?
Vitalogy was developed in 1981 by Dr. Peter Huggler, a graduate of the Palmer College of Chiropractic. It is a method that focuses on the atlas vertebra. Dr. Peter Huggler wanted to understand why so many people suffer from chronic illnesses. He finally concluded that many cases present with a minimal displacement of the atlas vertebra, which puts constant pressure on the nerve pathways and spinal cord. Even the slightest displacement of this vertebra can affect the entire spinal column.
A blocked atlas vertebra is often accompanied by tension typically affecting the neck and shoulder areas, but these symptoms are often not recognised as being connected to the blocked vertebra. With the therapy method developed by Dr. Peter Huggler, the atlas vertebra can be returned to its original position, which relieves muscle tension. The nerves can relax and the body’s self-healing power is restored.
Our head, with a weight of 6 - 8 kg, sits atop the atlas vertebra. This is joined to the skull via a joint, which forms the transition between the skull and the spinal cord. This means that the atlas vertebra has to balance the entire weight of the head. As the first vertebra beneath the head, it forms a crucial connection between the central nervous system and the body. All nerve pathways must pass through the atlas vertebra. Even a small displacement can cause a host of symptoms. Vitalogy can have a positive effect on these types of symptoms or illnesses.
This method can relieve symptoms of the musculoskeletal system, back pain, symptoms caused by whiplash, hip pain, or tension in the back muscles and the pelvic misalignment that this can cause. The misaligned posture places undue stress on shoulder, hip, and knee joints, which can cause long-term joint pain and arthritis. In addition, other health problems such as headaches, migraines, visual disturbances, dizziness, poor function of the digestive tract, or neurological illnesses may point to a misaligned atlas vertebra. The misaligned vertebra can place pressure on the nerve ends protruding from the spinal cord so that nerve signals can no longer be transmitted properly from the brain to other cells and internal organs.
The atlas vertebra is centred with the patient lying down in a resting position on a treatment table with a specifically developed head piece. Using my hands, I try to feel the extent of the displacement of the upper vertebra. Using a targeted, lightning-fast motion and minimal pressure, the vertebra is “encouraged” to return to its original position. The muscles surrounding the atlas vertebra may also reflexively relax at the same time. Depending on the extent of the displacement, additional treatment may be necessary. An atlas correction is followed by a period of rest, which is very important for the body. | <urn:uuid:2255b307-88ce-403b-abee-28eb26933c43> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://joannaeber.de/en/treatments/atlas-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.926169 | 629 | 2.75 | 3 |
Leaves come in all shapes and sizes and scientists have discovered simple rules that control leaf shape during growth.
Using this ‘recipe’, they have developed the first computer model able to accurately emulate leaf growth from a bud.
“A bud does not grow in all directions at the same rate,” said Samantha Fox from the John Innes Centre on Norwich Research Park. “Otherwise leaves would be domed like a bud, not flat with a pointed tip.”
By creating a computer model to grow a virtual leaf, the BBSRC-funded scientists managed to discover simple rules of leaf growth.
Similar to the way a compass works, plant cells have an inbuilt orientation system. Instead of a magnetic field, the cells have molecular signals to guide the axis on which they grow. As plant tissues deform during growth, the orientation and axis changes.
The molecular signals become patterned from an early stage within the bud, helping the leaf shape to emerge.
The researchers filmed a growing Arabidopsis leaf, a relative of oil seed rape, to help create a model which could simulate the growing process. They were able to film individual cells and track them as the plant grew.
It was also important to unpick the workings behind the visual changes and to test them in normal and mutant plants.
“The model is not just based on drawings of leaf shape at different stages,” said Professor Enrico Coen. “To accurately recreate dynamic growth from bud to leaf, we had to establish the mathematical rules governing how leaf shapes are formed.”
With this knowledge programmed into the model, developed in collaboration with Professor Andrew Bangham’s team at the University of East Anglia, it can run independently to build a virtual but realistic leaf.
Professor Douglas Kell, Chief Executive of BBSRC said: “This exciting research highlights the potential of using computer and mathematical models for biological research to help us tackle complex questions and make predictions for the future. Computational modelling can give us a deeper and more rapid understanding of the biological systems that are vital to life on earth.”
The model could now be used to help identify the genes that control leaf shape and whether different genes are behind different shapes.
“This simple model could account for the basic development and growth of all leaf shapes,” said Fox. “The more we understand about how plants grow, the better we can prepare for our future – providing food, fuel and preserving diversity.” | <urn:uuid:96ebdb82-7c90-4f95-b0b2-2540b1c4715f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.jic.ac.uk/news/first-model-of-how-buds-grow-into-leaves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.955838 | 517 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Most people think they have to die to go to hell but that is not true anymore. Today, in the mainstream press, they announced the existence of a hell hole in Japan at the destroyed nuclear power station at Fukushima. We have a hot spot on our planet that has never been imagined before and in the face of it human technology is helpless.
At the levels of radiation now being found a Fukushima, a robot would be able to operate for less than two hours before it was destroyed. And Japan’s National Institute of Radiological Sciences said medical professionals had never even thought about encountering this level of radiation in their work.
The accident is enormous in its medical implications. Through future years, too long to contemplate, we will witness an epidemic of cancer as people inhale the radioactive elements, eat radioactive vegetables, rice and meat, and drink radioactive milk and teas. Year by year, decade through relentless decade, the radiation will build up yet modern medicine does not seem concerned.
New readings at Fukushima have recorded the highest radiation levels seen since the triple core meltdown that occurred in 2011. Readings inside the containment vessel of reactor no. 2 are as high as 530 Sieverts per hour, a dosage that would be fatal dozens and dozens of times over if a human were to be exposed to it. The previous high was a still very fatal rate of 73 Sieverts per hour.
The blazing radiation reading was taken near the entrance to the space just below the pressure vessel, which contains the reactor core. The highest radiation levels ever measured at Chernobyl were 300 Sieverts per hour; an incomprehensibly high dose which can kill a man almost instantly.
The new record at Fukushima of 530 Sieverts per hour is 70% higher than that of Chernobyl. The 530 Sievert reading was recorded some distance from the melted fuel, so in reality it could be 10 times higher than recorded, said Hideyuki Ban, co-director of Citizens’ Nuclear Information Center.
To put this in perspective, radiation is usually measured in thousandths of a Sievert, called millisieverts. For example, most people receive around 2.4 millisieverts per year from background radiation, or only 0.0002739726 per hour.
According to the Kyodo news agency, the institute estimates that exposure to one Sievert of radiation could lead to infertility, loss of hair and cataracts. One Sievert is enough to cause radiation sickness and nausea; 5 Sieverts would kill half those exposed to it within a month, and a single dose of 10 Sieverts would prove fatal within weeks.
How Come We Do Not Hear More about Fukushima?
It was just recently said that, “It is not every day that a U.S. president calls journalists among the most dishonest human beings on earth.” This dishonesty is displayed in its full power with nuclear power issues and specifically with Fukushima where things are so bad it is basically prohibited to talk about it openly in the press. In fact, as I was reading the essays on Yahoo about the record amount of radiation the essays disappeared off the news summary list.
Most of this radiation is being washed out to sea and it is quite quickly destroying the Pacific Ocean and much of the life in it. We have no idea how much of the radiation is escaping into the atmosphere but we do know that during the first few weeks of the nuclear accident, because of the explosions, huge amounts of radiation were released into the atmosphere and it circled around the globe especially in the northern hemisphere.
There is no way for anyone to say that having a point of output of radiation of 530 Sieverts an hour is safe or how many decades it will take a radioactive output of this magnitude to badly pollute our precious world. None of this is good news for our children. Anyone who says nuclear power is safe is lying. Anyone who says nuclear radiation is not dangerous is lying.
They Don`t Want to Say Where These Clouds are Coming From
Researchers have discovered the existence of high-altitude “radiation clouds that can expose airplane passengers to high levels of radiation. These clouds were discovered as part of the NASA-funded Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety (ARMAS) program.
It’s widely known that radiation levels are generally higher in the upper atmosphere versus on the ground, simply due to the higher levels of cosmic rays. However, when studying these levels of radiation, researchers detected small pockets where radiation levels suddenly spiked, up to double the normal level. These spikes could not be explained by normal sources of radiation like cosmic rays. Frequent flyers, and first trimester fetuses may be at greater risk due to their longer exposure times or greater vulnerability.
How Come Doctors Don`t Say More About Radiation Dangers?
Because they are among the primary users of nuclear radiation, using it for all kinds of dangerous tests. A single CT scan of the chest is equal to about 350 standard chest X-rays. They are using radiation, a cause of cancer, to try to treat cancer and that usually does not turn out too well. Because they are not honest with themselves they cannot be honest with their patients, who should be told that many of the tests they are being given by doctors expose them to more dangerous radiation.
Like global warming, vaccines and now Islamic terrorism and immigration, there is no real discussion, no real science being sported in the news so the public is left completely in the dark about radiation exposures. The people with the real power in this world insist that we will always see and define the situation as safe, no need to worry or do anything like drink lots of iodine, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium and start off each day drinking a glass of ultra-pure edible clay. Edible clay is one of the most basic detoxification substances. It helps make sure absorbed radioactive particles pass through instead of into us. When was the last time you remember your doctor telling you to take magnesium or any of these other substances, or even sulfur to reduce the risk that our exposureto increasing levels of radiation do not lead to cancer.
One Year Ago
RT Russian News reported,
“Deadly radiation levels of up to 9.4 Sieverts per hour have been recorded at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant – enough to kill a person in less than an hour if directly exposed, local media reports. The mortal radiation reading was taken in a small room, using a remote-controlled robot. The reading of 9.4 Sieverts (Sv) per hour was taken during the September 4-25 checks. Immediate radiation exposure around the Fukushima nuclear power following the deadly incident reached 400 millisieverts (mSv) per hour in places. One millisievert is a thousandth of a sievert, therefore the new 9.4 Sv reading is 23.5 times higher than the radiation level recorded in March, 2011.”
The operator of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant says levels of radioactivity in underground tunnels have sharply risen. Tokyo Electric Power Company has detected 482,000 becquerels per liter of radioactive cesium in water samples taken from the tunnels on December 3rd. That’s 4000 times higher than data taken in December last year.
Officials revealed that about 2 Trillion becquerels of Fukushima radioactive material flowed into the ocean every month during 2013 — “Deadly strontium” releases are now more than double cesium — “Strontium gets into your bones… it changes the equation.” Strontium is a potentially lethal alkaline earth metal poses the biggest immediate concern, because, unlike cesium, it doesn’t get trapped in soil and tends to accumulate in bones of fish and animals if ingested.
Everyone wants to forget all about Fukushima
Everyone wants to forget all about Fukushima for who wants to remember their worst nightmares? The Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown disaster “is not over and will never end,” warns Dr. Helen Caldicott, Nobel Peace Prize nominee and holder of 21 honorary doctorate degrees.
It was reported by Andy Gunderson during the first year of the Fukushima meltdown that people on the west coast of the United States and Canada, Hawaii and Alaska were bearing some of the worst of the radiation and people then, and now, are not taking evasive action. Gunderson said in an exclusive interview with Chris Martenson that, “I am in touch with some scientists now who have been monitoring the air on the West Coast and in Seattle for instance, in April of 2011, the average person in Seattle breathed in 5-10 hot particles a day, depending on how active they are.” This means even if Fukushima disappeared today we should already be treating ourselves and our children for exposure.
Dr. Brownstein writes, “If there is enough inorganic, non-radioactive iodine in our bodies, the radioactive fallout has nowhere to bind in our bodies. It will pass through us, leaving our bodies unharmed. It is important to ensure that we have adequate iodine levels BEFORE this fallout hits.”
Everyone should be making sure that they are taking enough minerals because radioactive substances mimic their non-radioactive mineral substances. Strontium mimics calcium, for example, making it extremely dangerous to all life forms once it is absorbed. The toxic substances such as Tritium, Cesium, Plutonium and Strontium are being carried everywhere by winds, rain and ocean currents, entering the food chain through seaweed and seafood, building up high levels of toxicity in the fish – and humans – at the top end of the consumption chain.
Fukushima is Japan’s and the world’s radiation nightmare that will not go away in our lifetimes nor our children’s or grandchildren’s. The Fukushima nuclear power plant is hemorrhaging radioactive toxic waste into the ocean and though we are told not to panic, nor even to be casually concerned, the situation is dangerous and critical to future life on earth. | <urn:uuid:d44ef8dd-37ea-4e73-a11c-4beda4c6e7b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.theunknownbutnothidden.com/hell-hole-earth-discovered-fukushima/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902745.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029040021-20201029070021-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.951585 | 2,050 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The human family, it might be said, found its natural place in the pre-industrial home. For the vast majority of the human race, and over hundreds of generations, workplace and home were united. On a peasant – or family – farm, in an artisan’s or merchant’s shop, in a fisherman’s cottage, or in a nomad’s tent, men and women worked together to advance and sustain their small enterprises. Taking advantage of each other’s talents and strength, they crafted a natural complementarity. In these places, children and the aged usually found useful tasks as well, so completing the home economy.
Such homes witnessed little, if any, technological change. The daily life within a normal eighteenth-century European home differed little from the home life experienced by the Holy Family in first-century Palestine or by the agrarian families found in Homer’s Greece. Such households strove for a meaningful self-sufficiency. They wove their own cloth and sewed their own garments. They raised and preserved their own food. They crafted their own furniture and built their own shelters. Again, for the vast majority, home life and economic life were united.
The Industrial Revolution came when technological innovations in machine tools were harnessed to centralized power sources: flowing water and steam engines. Among the innovators, a new mindset was involved as well, a relentless tinkering which launched the limitless quest for improvement of the machines.
The emergence of modern factories – first in England, then on the Continent and North America – shattered the ancient regime of the home economy. Most directly, households were emptied of their able-bodied residents: the men going to one kind of factory; the women to another; the older children perhaps to a third. Most workers faced ten to twelve hours of factory labor per day, six days a week. New problems emerged: Who would care for infants and small children? Who would care for the elderly? Then, as now, there were no clear and good answers.
By definition, industrialization also meant the rapid dismantling of home economies, as cheap factory goods replaced the products and crafts which had defined functional households. The process began with spinning and weaving; yet it was soon apparent that it would have no end, until homes had been stripped of all productive tasks. The material base of the natural family disappeared, to be replaced by the bric-a-brac of a consumer economy.
After rough early decades, when dirty and dismal factories were populated by dirty and bewildered workers, living standards did begin to rise. Relying on an ever more elaborate division of labor and new spurts of technological innovation, the industrial process produced a staggering array of consumer goods, as substitutes for what families had once provided themselves.
From the very beginning, there was deep unease over the effects of these changes on domestic life. In Britain, Parliamentary inquiries told horrific tales of abandoned children and other signs of social disorder. William Wilberforce and his Clapham Sect abandoned London to raise their children together in the country, so inventing both the modern suburb and the daily commute. By the mid-nineteenth century, the English middle class settled into the model of the Victorian home. The men were irretrievably lost to the world of industry and commerce. However, the women – commonly aided by several servant girls – would devote themselves to building Christian homes for the nurture of children. By the century’s end, even working class leaders in Britain, Germany, and North America would adopt a similar goal, demanding a “living family wage” so that a male worker could support a full-time mother and their children in dignity.
Feminists, however, insisted that such a model should not, and would not, survive. The most prescient of these was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Her 1898 book, Women and Economics, showed how technological advances and the laws of capitalism had already stripped homes of most of their functions. No one any longer dipped their own candles or made their own soap or spun their own wool. Indeed, by her time, the tasks within the home had already been reduced to only three: cooking, cleaning, and early child-care. However, the laws of economics now slated these for extinction, as well. She proceeded to lay out business plans, of a sort, for the fast-food industry (where people in kitchenless homes “prefer to go to their food” and pick it up at the windows of industrial kitchens), professional cleaners (like the Merry Maids), and commercial day-care centers (with infants taken off “the trembling knees of the young, untrained mother” and turned over to trained nurses). The home would cease to be “a workshop or a museum,” becoming instead a “place of love and privacy” for “pure, strong, beautiful [and equally employed] men and women.”
The twentieth century witnessed several attempts to reconcile technology and the home, in order to rebuild strong households. The most ambitious of these was the Home Economics Movement. Formally launched in the United States in 1899, this sought to pull the private household into the new world of technology and efficiency. As founding theorist Ellen Richards explained, “Home Economics stands for: The ideal home life of today unhampered by the traditions of the past.” Rejecting Gilman’s approach as well, this movement held that the housewife could be retrained, and saved. The home economists argued that their field would be “constantly stimulated by research” and they gave attention to the efficient use of new household appliances.
Over time, however, the discipline turned away from retraining young women in productive tasks such as cooking and sewing, focusing instead on educated consumption. This actually marked the thorough merger of the home sphere with the industrial sphere, with the retooling of the homemaker as a purchasing agent. Instead of rescuing women’s distinctive and vital tasks in the household, the home economists also dismissed them as irrelevant. Popular author Christine Frederick created the career of “household engineer” through books such as Selling Mrs Consumer and Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home. She vigorously endorsed Taylorism, the managerial principles then favored by progressive corporations, and she tried to translate “time-motion studies” and “one best way” for use in household tasks. In practice, however, home economists succeeded only in negotiating a final surrender of the private home to the industrial sector and its technological imperative. Under new assault by feminists of the Gilman-sort, the discipline dissolved in the 1970s and 80s.
An alternate approach to reconciling technology and the home was the Homesteading Movement of the 1930s. Examples of this “back to the land” approach could be found in England, particularly among the more enthusiastic Distributists who imbibed the work of G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. In the United States, the leading prophet was Ralph Borsodi. In the midst of a successful career as an advertising executive on New York’s Madison Avenue, Borsodi turned with vengeance on the capitalist consumerism he had helped to create. In best-selling books such as This Ugly Civilization and Retreat from the City, he called for the use of modern technology to reverse the industrial revolution. Borsodi argued that new technologies had eliminated the efficiency advantages formerly held by the factories. Specifically, the small electric motor tied to the electrical grid and the compact internal combustion engine had decentralized productive power. Home workshops and small companies not only could now compete with big industries; unburdened by corporate bureaucracies and overhead, they often enjoyed an efficiency advantage. As Borsodi summarized, “The huge factory is a steam-age relic rendered obsolete by the electrical age,” yet kept alive by cartels, patents, and other state favors.
In short, technological advances now allowed families to begin again “an adventure in home production,” rooted in “true organic homesteads… organized to function not only biologically and socially but also economically.” Gardens, chicken coops, a few cows and pigs, carpentry shops, loom rooms, and modern electrical tools: all were necessary in real family homes. When fully engaged in modern home production, the housewife would save more of her husband’s earning than she could earn in the industrial sector. In 1933, Borsodi founded his School of Living, which would conduct the research to show “the scientific validity of decentralization” and retrain currently helpless city dwellers in the skills needed for a new agrarian order. His Craft Division taught woodworking, furniture production, and home spinning and weaving (using a technologically advanced Borsodi Loom). The Homemaking Division applied small-scale tools to cooking, food preservation, and laundering. The Agricultural Division taught vegetable gardening and small animal care. The Building Division offered training in the construction of a home. Another taught the basics of founding and operating a home-based business.
Hundreds of young couples came for training and Borsodi Homesteads mushroomed across the land. His ideas gave direct inspiration to the Subsistence Homestead Program, a Federal initiative launched in 1933 as part of the New Deal. Instead of a suburban development, these projects linked a new home to about five acres of land laid out in village fashion, and normally provided training in gardening and animal husbandry. In 1939, a magazine co-edited by Borsodi, called Free America, sponsored an architectural contest to design “the owner-occupied home of the free man,” where “living and producing a livelihood are welded into an harmonious whole.” Designs submitted must treat “the family as the primary economic and social unit” and craft the home to utilize the latest technologies in gardening, animal care, and handcrafts. Over 500 entries arrived, most of them using “a distinctly modern style of architecture.” By 1941, about 400 Homestead communities in the Borsodi style had been built or launched.
Alas, these promising developments were washed away during that great centralizing event known as World War II. Factory production of the most massive sort gained new life; homesteading now seemed to be a sentimental distraction. Peace in 1945 also brought on a housing shortage, as returning GIs and their brides produced Marriage and Baby Booms. Cheap houses built quickly and squeezed into suburban housing tracts became the favored government approach.
Still, the burgeoning suburbs offered another opportunity to reconcile home and technological advance; or so some key opinion makers thought. Sociologists led by Talcott Parsons celebrated the disappearance of productive tasks in the home. As he saw it, technology had liberated women from such drab practices, allowing them to refocus exclusively on emotional relations with husbands and, secondarily, children. These “companionate” marriages, he thought, would be richer and more stable than those once held together by mere economic bonds.
Another enthusiast for the new suburban home was Henry Luce, founder of the publishing empire that included Time, Fortune, Sports Illustrated, andLife. The son of Presbyterian missionaries to China, he worried about the problem of Mammon. In a May 1945 planning document sent to his editors, Luce accurately predicted that America would soon enter a “super-colossal Adventure into Prosperity,” driven by pent-up demand and war-inspired technological advances. Fortune, he said, could make its contribution to responsible journalism by turning this adventure “into something which we shall not be ashamed to call Civilization.” With its massive weekly circulation, Life would tackle the crass materialism found in modern American advertising. The magazine’s Modern Living section, Luce said, would serve “as the nexus between the Editorial and the Advertising.” At a minimum, it must promote good taste in the purchase of gadgets and goods, for “just as there is a close connection between manners and morals, so there is a close connection between taste and spirit.” At its best, the magazine would guide Americans toward a family-centered consumption, as a key part of what he called the New America.
Whether as consequence or by coincidence, American consumption patterns during the great postwar economic boom of the 1940s and 1950s actually did center primarily on family life. Later investigations showed that household expenses focused almost exclusively on homes, home furnishings, clothing and toys for children, family cars, refrigerators, backyard barbeques, and the early televisions. This was not an age of conspicuous consumption, but one where it seemed that the gifts of technology had finally been reconciled with a reasonably strong family system.
This actually fragile world collapsed during the “Sixties” (more accurately, 1965-76), when a moral and sexual revolution freed not only Eros but also the fruits of technology. Companionate marriages liberated by technology from productive tasks and focused strictly on emotional needs proved to be weak. Divorce rates soared and retreats from both children and marriage began. American and European homes started to unravel again; and largely by coincidence the digital revolution began.
Looking ahead, there are reasons to feel optimistic about the relationship between home and technological advance. As with Ralph Borsodi in the 1920s and 30s, new devices hold the potential for a resurrection of the home economy. In his time, hope came from the small electrical and internal combustion engines. In our time, the amazing power of the home computer and the great commercial democracy of the internet make an array of small scale enterprises possible. Advances in medical technology, including the miniaturization of diagnostic devices, make feasible the return of doctors’ and dentists’ offices to homes. The potential for telecommuting remains great. 3-D printers could turn garages into mini-factories.
And yet, skepticism is in order. As the ruin of Borsodi’s dreams reminds us, promising advances toward economic decentralization are vulnerable to both great events (such as war or revolution) and the vested interests conspiring to hold on to their power. Moreover, Borsodi’s scheme actually presumed that future technological advance would be modest; yet he provided no mechanism that would slow future innovation. Nor can technology save us from varied disorders of the soul. Indeed, it is much more likely to encourage the deadly sins of greed, sloth, envy, lust, and gluttony. Examples of such “technologies” range from the flood of hard-core pornography to be found just two clicks away on Google to the “supersized” Big Mac.
Indeed, the only modern communities that have actually learned how to control technology are those which apply religious devotion and obedience to the task. While such separatist sects take many forms, the primary American example is the Old Order Amish. The secrets of the Amish are simple: “efficiency” is subordinated to the preservation of both the self-sufficient home economy and certain forms of human labor; the use of tools remains bound to the ideal of personal craft; and technological innovation is allowed only if it does no harm to the preservation of families and the religious community. Obedience to elders, in turn, makes bearable the psychological costs of renouncing the symbols and products of intensive consumerism and an extreme division of labor. Notably, with certain shifts in emphasis, the same principles have operated in largely the same manner within the historic and faithful Catholic religious orders.
The irony here is large: only a radical “separation from the world,” with eyes firmly fixed heavenward, gives sufficient power to individuals in homes and intentional communities to overcome the lures, appetites, and pressures of technological change and the full industrialization of human life. These folks alone are the masters, not the servants, of innovation. | <urn:uuid:a3553a5c-0a92-4236-8b80-8f3e485e1f19> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://humanumreview.com/articles/the-electronic-cottage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215001700-20171215021700-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.96232 | 3,266 | 3.328125 | 3 |
- SAKAMOTO Minoru
- National Museum of Japanese History
- One of my academic themes is to obtain high-precision numerical age through radiocarbon (carbon-14) dating. Although radiocarbon dating covers about 50,000 years, from the Paleolithic to the modern periods, higher precision is required later in the period. Endeavor has been made in a scientific way.
Radiocarbon dating requires a calibration to convert radiocarbon age into calendar age. In the northern hemisphere, IntCal, the radiocarbon age dataset based on European and North American tree rings of which numerical age was determined by tree-ring dating, is applied in general. However, radiocarbon age of Japanese tree rings sometimes does not agree well with IntCal in some period. In this project, I would like to pursuit regional effects on calibration curve for radiocarbon dating to contribute numerical age estimation of Northeast Asia. | <urn:uuid:0ebf0130-b16a-43ec-9ce6-0d243730b458> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/nihu/cnaas/english/member/sakamoto.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00890.warc.gz | en | 0.937092 | 190 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Libraries In the early Church, as soon as churches began to be erected, it was customary to attach libraries to them. In these were included not only the liturgical and other Church books, and MS. copies of the holy Scriptures in the original languages, but also homilies and other theological works. That they were of some importance is evident from the manner in which they are referred to by Eusebius and Jerome, who mention having made use of the libraries at Jerusalem and Caesarea. Eusebius says he found the principal part of the materials for his Ecclesiastical History in the library at Jerusalem. One of the most famous was that attached to the church of St. Sophia, which is supposed to have been commenced by Constantine, but was afterwards greatly augmented by Theodosius the Younger, in whose time there were not fewer than one hundred thousand books in it, and a hundred and twenty thousand in the time of Basilicus and Zeno. No doubt a particular reason for thus collecting hooks was their great expense and rarity before the art of printing enabled men to possess themselves the works they needed for thorough research. In churches where the itinerant system prevailed libraries possessed by churches would even in our very day prove a source of pleasure, and timesaving as well. Indeed, in some of the larger cities here and there, cogregations are already advocating this plan. | <urn:uuid:de6633d7-0b0b-49dc-aa28-11d786abe499> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/L/libraries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739046.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813132415-20200813162415-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.987269 | 279 | 3.203125 | 3 |
According to a report on Statista, there is an increase in the price of domestic electricity bills in the UK. In fact, the electricity expenditures have doubled in the past decade. It's high time when one should get a 10kW Solar system in the UK to reduce their expenses.
Installing a Solar system is more like an investment. It will cut down your annual electricity expenses in the long run. Moreover, solar panels use solar energy to generate electricity and no emission is involved in this process. So, the use of the solar system is good for the environment as well.
Coming to the price, a 10kW solar system cost in UK largely depends upon the type of setup you are having at your place. To understand more about a 10kW solar system, its cost, and production in the UK, let's take you through the article.
What is a 10kW Solar System?
A 10kW solar system with battery backup in the UK is a type of solar panel system that can produce a maximum power output of 10,000 kWh yearly. However, shading, time of the year, location in the UK, roof direction, and efficiency of your system may affect the power output generated by a 10 kW solar system.
Besides, like any other solar system, it absorbs solar energy through panels and converts it into electrical energy. The solar panels generate DC power which gets converted into AC electricity when it passes through the inverter. There are three different types of solar panel setups on-grid, off-grid, or hybrid solar system.
With higher efficiency and better power potential, a 10kW solar system in the UK is an ideal choice for big households, small-scale businesses, offices, and shops.
How much does a 10kW Solar System Cost?
Many factors may influence a 10kW solar system cost in UK. The key factors associated are:-
- Quality of the product
- Model of the product
- Types of cells
- Installation cost
On average, a 10kW solar system can cost you somewhere between £16,000 to £18,000 including the installation charge and VAT. That's without a battery. After adding the battery, the price will increase based on the number of batteries you are using with the solar system. The cost of a 10kW solar system with battery backup in UK is approximately £20,000 to £22,000.
How Much Power does a 10kW Solar System Produce?
The solar system will generate power based on the surroundings where it is established. In the most suitable environment, a 10kW solar system will produce power of 10,000 kWh or more per annum. On average, a 10kW solar system can produce approximately 8,000 kWh to 12,000 kWh annually. On a daily basis, you can expect it to provide 30 kWh to 45 kWh.
How Many Solar Panels does a 10kW Solar System Need?
The number of panels needed for a 10kW solar system setup is based on the availability of space and the capacity of the solar panels. If there is enough space, you can install 28 solar panels having a capacity of 405 watts. However, if you do not have much space to accommodate 25 panels, you can invest in high-capacity solar panels. This will decrease the number of panels needed for a 10kW solar system. For instance, 18 to 19 solar panels of 540 watts can be utilized. This will produce nearly the same amount of power that the 28 panels of 405 watts produce.
Is a 10kW Solar System Enough for Your Business?
A 10kW solar system is the best fit for businesses that require power of nearly 40 kWh per day. It is also best for small-scale businesses that need a considerable amount of electricity. Installation of a solar panel system not only cuts the cost of electricity expenditures, but also makes your business self-sufficient in terms of power supply. A 10kW solar system is capable of generating enough energy to fulfill the electricity needs of your small business, office, and shops.
10kW Solar System On Grid or Off Grid?
An On-Grid or Grid-Tied solar system is directly connected to the National Grid through a solar or micro inverter. It does not demand any battery storage system for power backup. In this setup, the excess electricity generated by the system is sent back to the grid. In the UK, you get paid for that excess electricity through feed-in-tariff. It is best for someone who is already connected to the National Grid and still wants to decrease their electricity bills.
On the other hand, an off-grid solar system is not connected to the National Grid. It can work efficiently in the most remote areas. This makes it suitable for people who cannot connect to a grid and want to install a solar system. An off-grid solar system has everything that you need for an efficient energy supply, no matter where you live.
FAQs about 10kW Solar System
Will a 10kW solar system run a house?
A 10kW solar system is powerful enough to support the power supplies of a house. If you have a large mansion or a villa, a 10kW solar system can carry out all the functions that you normally perform while using electricity. If you think that buying a 10kW solar system for a household is squandering the money. Then, you must know that your investment is going to make your tasks easy for many years. But if you think the 10kW solar system is too large and expensive for you as you live in an apartment, BLUETTI is a good choice for you. It offers a wide variety of solar batteries and panels to assist users aiming for total energy independence while maintaining durability of over 10 years on its batteries. Hence, if you are searching for an eco-friendly solar panel and batteries at a reasonable price in the UK, BLUETTI will be a sure-shot solution for you.
Is it worth getting a 10kW solar system?
Yes, it is worth spending money to get a 10kW solar system. This is an investment that you are not going to regret in the future. A decent solar system lasts for up to 25 to 30 years or more. Due to inflation or other factors, electricity prices are rising with time. Furthermore, if you have high energy demands, you should definitely consider buying a 10kW solar system in the UK. It makes you energy independent and helps to put aside some money rather than paying high bills of electricity.
Can I install a 10kW solar system in the UK?
You can surely install a solar system in the UK. However, some rules need to be followed:
- The solar array should not lie beyond the roof of the house (excluding the chimneys).
- The solar panels should be removed when they are no longer in use.
- The panels should not exceed more than 20 mm from the edge of the roof.
- If mounted on land, the system is not allowed to be taller than 4m and must not go beyond an area of 9m².
In addition, you just need to get permission and notify the Distributor Network Operator (DNO) before installing a 10kW solar system.
Investing in a trustworthy solar system will make your life easy by making you energy-independent. For medium to large-sized businesses, a 10kW solar system installed with a battery is more than enough. A 10kW solar system with battery backup in UK generally ranges from £20,000 kWh to £22,000 kWh. Moreover, the BLUETTI can be a reliable option that is built to last longer and work efficiently. Besides, if you do not need a power backup, you may exclude batteries. | <urn:uuid:34789284-fd28-4e9a-8075-5fa67391509f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bluettipower.co.uk/ga/blogs/news/10kw-solar-system-cost-uk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.934982 | 1,602 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Officially known as the church of Santa Maria Assunta, the church of Santa Chiara is located in Corso Vittorio Emanuele, next to the former Benedictine monastery of the Holy Crucifix.
The church was designed by Rosario Gagliardi around 1730, it was completed in 1758 and later annexed to the monastery belonged the Benedictine nuns (which is now a museum). It represents an important example of baroque architecture.
The façade of the church was originally located in Corso Vittorio Emanuele. It had a portal surmounted by a broken vault, while at the centre there was a window with a large circular gable decorated with battlements. In the XIX century, as a result of previous excavation works, the church’s entrance turned to be above the street level, which practically obstructed the access to the worship place. The same thing happened to the portal of the monastery (now walled but easily detectable by lavish baroque battlements and pyramidal pinnacles which are still visible).
The current façade, located in via Capponi, has the main entrance located on a small staircase.
The façade has a portal framed by two Tuscan-style columns. The corners of the bell tower are decorated with two capitals.
The church has an elliptical shape reminiscent of the Roman churches built between the XVI and the XVII centuries.
The interior of the church has numerous decorations with cupids and stucco.
The only ovoid-shaped nave of the church is surrounded by 12 stone columns. Each of these columns is topped by statues of the Apostles, all of them made by Basile.
The vestibule is characterized by a wooden ceiling, while on an upper level stands the wooden choir, painted and decorated with inlays.
The altar is one of the most important examples of baroque style design with its battlements in bas-relief finely decorated with polychrome stucco. We also see the painting of “The Assumption of Mary” of the XVIII century.
Among the many artworks inside the church, there is an altarpiece depicting Santa Chiara, San Benedetto and Santa Scolastica, made by Salvatore Lo Forte in 1854 and a XVI century marble-made sculpture of the Virgin and the Child, attributed to Antonello Gagin
Progetto finanziato con risorse di cui al Progetto d'Eccellenza "Culto e cultura - Itinerari di turismo religioso" di cui alla L- 296/2006 art. 1 c. 1228.
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[JURIST] United Nations child rights experts on Monday praised [press release] the new Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure [text, PDF], which grants children access to international human rights protections by allowing minors to complain directly to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRD) [official website] about the violation of their rights. The Protocol permits children or their representatives to submit formal complaints, upon which the CRD must review the allegations and decide whether to take action. If a rights violation is found to have the proper grounds, the CRD must then recommend to the nation at issue specific and mandatory procedures to remedy the violations. According to the UN, the Protocol effectively places children on equal legal footing with adults with respect to several international treaties. Children will be allowed to allege rights violations only if their government has ratified the treaty and if they have already exhausted all legal options in their own country. UN experts applauded this commitment to improving children's access to justice, stating their hope that "this new treaty will give voice to children's testimonies and help them to obtain the necessary remedy and reparation." Ten countries have ratified the treaty so far.
Childrens' rights continues to be an important issue across the globe. In November the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) [official website] issued [JURIST report] a 60-page multimedia report that Syrian refugee children are suffering trauma from the Syrian Civil War [JURIST backgrounder], which has killed over 120,000 people. The report stated that many Syrian refugee children in Jordan and Lebanon are growing up in broken families, lacking education and serving as a household's primary source of income. Also in November a UN independent rights expert called on the government of the Republic of Benin to better protect the rights of children [JURIST report] after a visit to the country reportedly revealed widespread abuse and exploitation. In September Sweden's Ombudsman for Children [official website] Fredrik Malmberg called for the country to ban infant male circumcision [JURIST report], claiming the practice violates the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child [text]. Also in September UN officials urged member states to ratify [JURIST report] the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its three optional protocols at the 2013 treaty event held at its New York headquarters. | <urn:uuid:32a1b3f0-a498-43ca-9426-bba906920c46> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/04/new-treaty-allows-children-to-complain-about-rights-violations-directly-to-the-un.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246637364.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045717-00310-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943379 | 479 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Insurance refers to a contract between an individual or entity (the insured) and an insurance company (the insurer). It involves the transfer of risk from the insured to the insurer in exchange for a payment called a premium.
In simpler terms, insurance is a way to protect yourself financially against unexpected events or risks. When you have insurance, you pay a certain amount of money regularly to an insurance company. In return, the company agrees to help you financially if something bad happens to you or your property that is covered by the insurance policy.
For example, if you have car insurance and you get into an accident, the insurance company will cover the costs of repairing your car. Similarly, if you have health insurance and you need medical treatment, the insurance company will help pay for your medical expenses.
The purpose of insurance is to provide you with a safety net and peace of mind. It helps protect you from large financial losses that may occur due to unforeseen circumstances. By spreading the risk among many individuals who pay premiums, insurance companies can provide financial support to those who experience unfortunate events.
Overall, insurance serves as a means of managing and minimizing financial risks by sharing them with an insurance company. | <urn:uuid:c95d18b8-bad8-4b47-af90-338212c6a631> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://getmeupdate.com/what-do-you-mean-by-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00875.warc.gz | en | 0.968652 | 240 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Saint Servatius is a 4th century Christian bishop, one of the first to preach the Gospel in Western Europe. He is considered the founder of Christianity in the Netherlands and Belgium. Servatius (Servaas in Dutch and ‘Servats’* in Armenian, which means ‘Beloved one’) is a patron saint of the city of Maastricht (in Holland), and the towns of Schijndel (in Holland) and Grimbergen (in Belgium).
Bust of Saint Servatius in Maastricht Basilica (the Netherlands)
According to legends (two vitae—recently translated into English) Servatius came from Armenia to Western Europe preaching Christianity. His Armenian origins were confirmed during the Council of Mainz, when envoys from the Byzantine emperor arrived at Mainz confirming accounts by a certain Alagrecus who had testified that Servatius was Armenian.
He has been credited with many miracles, some of which continued to manifest after his death in 384 AD, contributing to popularity of pilgrimages to his remains.
The mortal remains of Servaas are kept in a box, which is on display in the Treasury of Saint Servatius Church.
The Basilica of St. Servatius (Basiliek van St. Servaas), which is located on the famous Vrijthof Square, is a Romanesque basilica with crypts and treasures.
Pilgrims have traveled to Maastricht to visit the tomb of Saint Servatius for centuries. The first stone churches in Maastricht were built after the arrival of Saint Servatius in the fourth century AD. After his death, Maastricht became a popular destination for pilgrims. A small chapel was built on the spot where he was buried. In the centuries that followed, this chapel grew into the St. Servatius Church.
Source: P.C. Boeren, Jocundus, biographe de saint Servais. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972 | <urn:uuid:ba7661cd-1879-4559-a7de-90afcbfee6af> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://hyetert.org/2013/10/31/history-people-religion-saint-servatius-the-armenian-bishop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.962345 | 425 | 2.625 | 3 |
Carla Krachun, a primate expert at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, who was not involved in the study, and her colleagues had previously shown that chimpanzees could overcome an optical illusion of small grapes looking bigger due to magnifying lenses. "It's extremely interesting that they found similar performances across all species," she says in an email to The Dodo.
Apes that see through deception have a leg up, evolutionarily speaking - the natural world is full of things that aren't what they appear. "Camouflage and mimicry are obvious examples," Krachun says, or "objects appear bigger when immersed in water, or appear a different color under different lighting conditions." And mistaking a snake for a branch, for example, could have lethal consequences.
Krachun believes studies like these could help shed light on the way reality and appearance clash in the social world, too. "Other individuals may misrepresent their feelings, intentions, abilities, identity," she says. "And knowing this would allow one to avoid being misled by others, and also to mislead others to one's own advantage." | <urn:uuid:ad5dced0-8689-4379-b28f-f189348bf08d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.thedodo.com/primates-see-through-illusion-734794364.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511642.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018022028-20181018043528-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.970075 | 226 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The recent presentation from Black History Studies entitled "Slavery Is Not Our History" detailed many of the ways in which enslaved African people liberated themselves and fought against kidnapping, genocide and mass enslavement in Africa, on board the slave ships, on many Caribbean islands, and in South America and the United States.
My sister, who grew up in the 1940s and '50s, tells me that, when she was growing up, people would say to her that slavery could not have been that bad, because there were no slave revolts. The schools taught that slaves were happy on the plantations. The only slave revolt she was told about was that led by Nat Turner.
Fortunately, our mother taught us from an early age about those who fought for liberation, including Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Toussaint L'Ouverture and more.
For more about this presentation, click here for Black History Facts. As usual, this was a fascinating presentation, packed with loads of information.
For more about the "Slavery Is Not Our History" presentation, see: Why Focus on History?
You may also be interested in African People's Self-Liberation. | <urn:uuid:9662bb28-6da0-41c8-bead-b440d3fc7ea2> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://ancestralenergies.blogspot.com/2012/10/african-people-liberated-themselves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210362.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815220136-20180816000136-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.978136 | 249 | 3.4375 | 3 |
To lose weight, watching your diet and practicing regular physical activities is not always effective if the mind does not follow. Indeed, it is also important to manage one’s emotions, a factor that has a determining influence on metabolism.
1/ The influence of emotions on weight
Emotions disturb our eating behavior and contribute to weight gain
Either they encourage snacking and the search for comfort in foods rich in fats and sugars;
Or they suppress the appetite and force the body to store more fat to prevent deficiencies;
They also trigger the production of cortisol, a stress hormone that becomes harmful at high levels. Under the effect of cortisol :
metabolism slows down, resulting in greater weight gain, even without excess fattening foods;
the blood sugar level increases, which can lead to hyperglycemia, nervousness, fatigue and in the worst case, diabetes;
the body accumulates more fat, especially in the abdomen, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases;
one has irrepressible cravings for non-dietary foods;
Nervous tensions push us to eat much more than usual, even when we are not hungry.
Under the influence of negative emotions, eating healthy is no longer a priority. We tend to turn to fast food.
When we give in to snacking, we often feel guilty. We promise not to do it again, but first we make the most of it because it won’t be “long”. Many people fall for this.
A good weight loss program therefore requires a better management of negative emotions.
2/ Benefits of a well managed emotional state
Our body reflects our emotional state and vice versa. For maximum effectiveness during a diet, it is therefore necessary to take over the emotions. In doing so :
the metabolism burns fat cells more easily, without the harmful effects of cortisol and sedentary lifestyle. The slimming diets then lead to quick and convincing results;
more enthusiasm: you adopt a winning attitude that does not falter in the face of hard times, which encourages you to go through with the slimming program;
better self-control: you are more resistant to snacking;
stabilization of the ideal weight: less risk of regaining the weight you lost.
3/ How to manage your emotions to lose weight better?
A multitude of activities have a positive effect on your emotional state and, by extension, on your weight:
Sport/physical activity: energy expenditure is not only essential for healthy weight loss, but it also promotes well-being (production of endorphins) and helps maintain weight and health;
Sleep: getting enough sleep reduces cortisol levels. Herbal teas are particularly effective in this regard;
Holistic relaxation practices: body and spiritual approach to well-being (spa, massage, sauna, fangotherapy, yoga, tai chi, etc.). Some methods even include slimming treatments such as palpate-rolling in massage therapy, seaweed wraps in thalassotherapy or self-control through meditation;
Hobbies: dance, music (playing an instrument), art (painting, pottery, coloring for adults and others), nature escapes, etc. are all valuable allies against overwhelming emotions. Do what you are passionate about!
Diet: Avoid caffeine, as it promotes the production of cortisol and ACTH (another stress hormone). Choose foods rich in carbohydrates (especially whole grains), vitamin B1, magnesium and vitamin C, a deficiency of which increases stress even more;
The Zen attitude: in any situation, avoid gloom, altercations and overly strong reactions so as not to fall into the trap of emotional stress. Be a little more detached.
Convert these good practices into a habit to reach and maintain your ideal weight!
4/ An intense emotional outburst: the right reaction
Is your work stressing you out? Take a break or take a vacation, being in a bad mood will not make you efficient;
Bad news? Don’t make any hasty decisions. Take some time to digest or even forget the problem. You will be calmer and have a clearer head;
You are undecided or something is bothering you? Take a walk in nature to clear your mind and think quietly. The answer is often buried under the excess of information;
Emotional stress is insidious and makes any diet unsuccessful, especially when it is chronic. So don’t ruin your efforts by letting your emotions get the better of you, stay motivated and zen to lose weight quickly and sustainably! | <urn:uuid:f9b507a6-22e9-46ee-b4b1-3a0cddcdd9fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.motivationminceur.ca/en/how-to-lose-weight-by-managing-your-emotions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.920847 | 938 | 2.984375 | 3 |
BSAC Compressor Management Course
The BSAC Compressor Management course is designed to give students with little or no prior knowledge or experience of high pressure gas systems instruction in filling diving cylinders from high pressure gas sources, covering all relevant safety knowledge. The lessons gives an appreciation of the physical and engineering principles associated with gas compressors, some simplified basic physics so that you can understand what happens to gases when they are compressed, and why compressors are multi-stage. It then describes the basic components of a compressor and some of the design and operating issues.
This course is open to anyone. It is therefore not necessary to have any diving background or experience. This course is ideal for divers, dive centre’s air filling stations and Liveaboard operators or to anyone who is expected to operate a compressor. All candidates on completion of the course will receive a set of student notes and their Compressor Management certification card.
This is a 1 day course consisting of both theory and practical lessons.
Big Blue Package – 10,000 THB
- Air Conditioned Accommodation
- Study Crew Pack with reference CD-Rom
- Big Blue BSAC Club T-Shirt and Mask Strap
The course starts with an overview of the program; before moving on to the first of 4 theory lessons.
We start by investigating the basic physics of gas compression. The lesson continues with the layout and design of a compressor as well as each of the different components of a gas compressor. This section then concludes with a brief look at Nitrox mixing and some safe guards of using Nitrox and air compressors.
The second lesson looks at compressor chemical towers and air filters. We will cover what chemicals are used to filter the gas, the different types of contaminants that can be found in the atmospheric air being compressed and what each of the chemical is used for. Filter changing and how to effectively monitor the compressor running times, are also covered in this lesson.
Next we look at air/gas purity standards, which are based on European Standards. We also examine some air purity testing equipment and how to use them. The last lesson covers air cylinder marking and labeling, cylinder filling procedures, operating the compressor, the use of air banks and related safety issues when filling cylinders and operating the compressor.
The practical lesson is where you will get the chance to put all of the above theory into practice.
You will first learn how to perform daily safety checks of the compressor, checking the logbook and assessing when last filter change was. We then move on the proper start-up procedures of the compressor. After checking and evaluating that the cylinders are in test and are safe to fill, you will then get hands –on experience of the correct way to both fill cylinders and changing the cylinders between each fill.
You will also be taught how to change the air filter carriages in the chemical filter towers and maintain an accurate record of the compressor running hours.
On completion of the course you will be issue with the BSAC Compressor management qualification card | <urn:uuid:612c4bc9-205e-48e9-9cb2-2713213a98dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.bigbluebsac.com/skill-development-courses/bsac-compressor-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590901.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719125339-20180719145339-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.920143 | 613 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Microsoft has arranged ChatGPT as the mind of little robots to do housework.
Microsoft wants to further expand its partnership with OpenAI and has deployed the ChatGPT artificial intelligence in small robots.
According to Microsoft itself , this inclusion will allow AI to take control of robots and help them solve simple problems on a day-to-day basis.
AI + robots
Microsoft is investigating whether ChatGPT can “think beyond text” and reason about the physical world.
Microsoft researchers envision a day in which the average person can send instructions like “please heat my lunch” to a robot home assistant at home and watch it complete the task from start to finish.
In one of the tests, they added ChatGPT to a drone, which was able to recognize orders such as “healthy drinks”, “soda” and more, in addition to being able to take a selfie in front of a mirror.
This is because ChatGPT can convert natural language or text into lines of code that bots use for their actions.
OpenAI has kept many industries on their toes since the company decided, as a last resort, to release its ChatGPT chatbot to the public at the end of November.
Experts anticipate that a large number of industries, including writing, education, and software engineering , will be affected as a result of the technology.
While the Microsoft researchers acknowledged that their work “represents only a small fraction of what is possible,” they cautioned that these ChatGPT results should not be implemented without “careful analysis.” | <urn:uuid:5d9c0950-1534-4624-af91-56bb8362c6b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://techypu.com/microsoft-is-using-chatgpt-to-teach-robots-tasks-like-fetching-a-soda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.958461 | 334 | 2.90625 | 3 |
"Bullying is killing our kids." - Cat Cora, chef
While bullying isn't new, cyber-bullying is quicker, easier, and has a wider reach. Just as we can now protest by tweeting a brief note followed by a hashtag, bullies can hide behind the comfort and secrecy of their social media apps.
The first major bullying research was conducted by Norwegian psychologist Dan Olweus in the 1970s. Olweus was motivated by a series of school-age suicides by victims of bullying. He found that bullies seek to gain the affection of others while picking on those they view as vulnerable. Gay and lesbian teens get bullied up to three times more than their heterosexual peers.
I imagine nearly all moviegoers rooted against bullies Biff Tannen in Back to the Future and Regina George in Mean Girls. We empathize with the "little guy." Back in the school hallways, however, life is very different. Bullies generally get away with their behavior because bystanders tacitly support them by not intervening. The consequences of bullying can be catastrophic. Suicide is the second-leading cause of death for adolescents in the U.S. and the number one cause in many countries across the globe. Social isolation – often through bullying – is a significant driver. With nearly 20 percent of students in the U.S. reporting that they are being bullied on school property, this is an important issue for us to address.
We have published blogs on research that touts the benefits of exercise on mood, stress, and energy. However, until now there has not been a comprehensive study on the impact of exercise on suicide rates of bullied children.
A study by the University of Vermont evaluated the impact of exercise on suicide rates of teenagers who report being bullied. Over 13,500 high school students who were part of the CDC's National Youth Risk Behavior Survey were carefully tracked. The bullied students who were physically active four or more days per week had a 23 percent lower rate of suicidal ideation and attempts compared with bullied students with less regular activity. The more active group also reported reductions in sadness.
The study's lead author, Jeremy Sibold, associate professor and chair of the Department Rehabilitation and Movement Science at the University or Vermont, said, "Even if one kid is protected because we got them involved in an after-school activity or in a physical education program it's worth it."
This finding comes out at a time when physical education programs are getting slashed across the country. Although physical education has been linked to reduced obesity and improved academic performance, it is being sidelined in favor of classes that are fixated on boosting test scores. Harvard professor Dr. John J. Ratey, said, “There is shrinking P.E. for our kids,” Dr. Ratey. “P.E. teachers are fighting like cats and dogs to hold the line on their jobs and worth, at the same time as there is a dawning awareness that we have missed the boat.”
Nearly half of all high school students reported that they had no physical education classes in an average week, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
The University of Vermont study concludes: "Considering the often catastrophic and long-lasting consequences of bullying in school-aged children, novel, accessible interventions for victims of such conduct [such as physical activity programs] are sorely needed."
René Veenstra, a sociologist at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, says that 85 percent of bullying cases occur to gain attention. Let's work on increasing the attention that is given to proven measures, including exercise, to help victims of bullying.
We'd love to hear from you. How have your experiences with bullying affected you and how has exercise helped you deal with them? Comment below or on our Facebook page at facebook.com/flytefitness, or tweet us at @flytefitness.
Be Flyte Fit,
Co-Founder & CEO
P.S. DON’T FORGET TO SIGN UP FOR FITNESS UPDATES! CLICK THE BOX AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE!
Posted on 9/22/2015 at 8:24:00 AM | <urn:uuid:dbc70bc9-cf2c-47f9-84cc-07f5ce94cdcf> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.flytefitness.com/blog/post/exercise-reduces-suicidality-in-bullied-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00438-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969696 | 855 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Welcome to Let's Teach English. This series offers free online training for English language educators worldwide. Voice of America and the University of Oregon are partners on this project.
The focus of this lesson is teaching analytical thinking skills. The teacher leads the class through an exercise developed by Stella Ting-Toomey called “Describe, Interpret, Evaluate” (See-Think-Feel).
The students move through the process of carefully examining an event before they form an opinion about it. The teacher compares this process to intercultural contact, and encourages thoughtful reflection on cultural differences.
Teacher Preparation Video Transcript
This episode shows a model of teaching through role plays and group projects. Click on the image below to download a pdf of the transcript.
Women Teaching Women English Text
Click on the image below to download a pdf of the student text and teacher manual. At the end of the ten-unit course, the whole book will be available for download.
Women Teaching Women English Listening
These audio files go with Unit 5 of Women Teaching Women English. Click on the "Direct Link" button to the right of the player to download them.
Conversation: Reading a Coffee Cup
Reading: Mystery 1
Reading: Mystery 2
What Do You Think?
Let us know what you think about this course. Email us or write your comment in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:0f3765a4-ee53-4fba-a165-e6849eb8c433> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/lets-teach-english-unit-7-critical-thinking-skills/4066225.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806832.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123123458-20171123143458-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.90568 | 284 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A vast body of theoretical research has focused either on overly simplistic models of parallel computation, notably the PRAM, or overly specific models that have few representatives in the real world. Both kinds of models encourage exploitation of formal loopholes, rather than rewarding development of techniques that yield performance across a range of current and future parallel machines. This paper offers a new parallel machine model, called LogP, that reflects the critical technology trends underlying parallel computers. it is intended to serve as a basis for developing fast, portable parallel algorithms and to offer guidelines to machine designers. Such a model must strike a balance between detail and simplicity in order to reveal important bottlenecks without making analysis of interesting problems intractable. The model is based on four parameters that specify abstractly the computing bandwidth, the communication bandwidth, the communication delay, and the efficiency of coupling communication and computation. Portable parallel algorithms typically adapt to the machine configuration, in terms of these parameters. The utility of the model is demonstrated through examples that are implemented on the CM-5.
- complexity analysis
- massively parallel processors
- parallel algorithms
- parallel models
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design | <urn:uuid:b5f15422-a380-47ce-adad-26790b1b1d06> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/logp-towards-a-realistic-model-of-parallel-computation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.90001 | 252 | 3.03125 | 3 |
(Electronic Asthma Self-management for Young People)
Asthma is a serious global health problem and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide over the past two decades, particularly in children. It is the most common chronic childhood disease in the UK and affects 1.1 one million (1 in 10) children. Asthma accounts for a higher number of emergency bed-days and emergency hospital admissions than any other paediatric long-term condition. In 2006-7, 38,500 emergency bed-days were recorded in those under 19 with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Studies suggest that up to 75% of hospital admissions with asthma are avoidable with better self-management using action plans2 but that sustained & effective uptake of such tools is currently limited2. This is particularly true of teenagers & adolescent patients. Supporting effective self-mamagement and adherence to treatment remains challenging.
Work supported by the NHS Institute for Innovation & Improvement, Asthma UK, and UCLH/ UCL Partners has focused on imprvoing emergency & urgent care for children and young people with asthma in the London Borough of Camden, It produced a three pronged approach, based on British Thoracic Society Guidelines3:
• Asthma Action Plan
• Asthma Hand Held Record
• Asthma Annual Assessment Proforma4.
These Patient-centred educational tools that support knowledge of treatments have the potential to improve treatement adherence, symptom control and quality of life. Ultimately this self-management empowers patients to increase self-sufficiency in the management of their condition.
Children and Young People rountinely access multimedia tecnologies and web based resources in their everyday lives. Within the next decade, patients with chronic long-term conditions such as asthma will be able to access digital healthcare, transforming how the next generation manage their health & interact with health care providers.
In partnership with Asthma UK, QMUL and Solar Embedded we have developed an innovative Mobile Phone Application (app for Android Mobiles) ‘My Asthma Log’ to support improved education, treatment adherence & emergency self-management (EASY programme) in children and young people with asthma.
The mobile-phone ‘app’ enables patients to manage their health needs with an individualised asthma plan. The ‘app’ is an interactive communication platform which will allow patients to access their emergency self-management plans (including digital images of their inhalers), hand-held records & educational material such as information on the asthma and links videos of correct inhaler
technique. It ultilizes a user-friendly icon/button interface. NHS London will host this ‘app’ on it’s new App store which will be launched this November.
For further information contact the clinical lead for the project, Dr Caro Minasian, Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University College London Hospitals (firstname.lastname@example.org) or Catherine Clapton HIEC Fellow Asthma Children and Young People (email@example.com)
Asthma UK http://www.asthma.org.uk/
2 (DH) Outcomes strategy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in England (2011) http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_127974
3 British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guidance (2009) (http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/qrg101.pdf)
4 North East,Central London and Essex Health Innovation and Education Cluster: http://www.necles.org.uk/ | <urn:uuid:d8ba1a72-1a41-4965-b451-e9d5fcde29b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://departmentofhealth.ideascale.com/a/dtd/EASY-PROJECT-Electronic-Asthma-Self-management-for-Young-People/51949-15482 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117211331-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.90609 | 780 | 2.75 | 3 |
What is beagling?
Traditionally beagling is the hunting of the hare on foot with a pack of hounds.
Today we no longer pursue the hare or other wildlife. Trailing with beagles can successfully take place with trails being laid by humans at the beginning of the day and continuing to be laid throughout our activities.
This provides a simulation of the traditional sport without causing harm to wildlife.
Beagling is a sport for all irrespective of age. Hounds are followed on foot and followers can either watch the action from a suitable vantage point or move closer to the hounds. Standards of individual fitness therefore are not important. The weather can be unpredictable so it is advisable to dress appropriately for the terrain and likely conditions. We enjoy the countryside in the company of other like-minded people from all walks of life. We come to see hounds working and to get some fresh air and exercise; often on land to which we would not otherwise have access.
We only trail on land with the permission of the landowner, farmer and where appropriate, gamekeeper. Respect for the countryside and those who live and work in it is always our first priority. | <urn:uuid:185a8139-bf72-4d23-8033-40346eba20db> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://airedalebeagles.com/what-is-beagling.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363437.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208022710-20211208052710-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.951269 | 241 | 2.578125 | 3 |
I’ve seen dozens of reproductions of the same code on the internet showing how to measure CPU utilization on a Windows machine using the PerformanceCounter.nextValue() method. The vast majority of these implementations consistently alternated values of either “0” or “100” on some machines and worked just fine on others, which is essentially worthless. And, since my apps tend to be deployed on many different types of machines, I needed something that worked all the time.
So, for a recent project I decided I was going to dig deep into Microsoft’s online documentation and solve this riddle once and for all. Sure enough I found what I was looking for in an article that mentioned using the System.Diagnostics. CounterSample Structure as a way to compare two PerformanceCounter values. That seemed like a perfect way to gaurantee better measurements.
So, here’s how I implemented it:
PerformanceCounter cpuCounter = new PerformanceCounter("Processor", "% Processor Time", "_Total"); CounterSample cs1 = cpuCounter.NextSample(); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100); CounterSample cs2 = cpuCounter.NextSample(); float finalCpuCounter = CounterSample.Calculate(cs1, cs2);
So why and how does this work? System.Diagnostics.CounterSample lets you compare two PerformanceCounter samples to come up with a float value. Rather than taking a snapshot value, which is what the nextValue() method does, you can compare values over a period of time. Here’s the official description from MSDN of the Calculate() method: “Calculates the performance data of the counter, using two sample points. This method is generally used for calculated performance counter types, such as averages.”
Feel free to experiment with adjusting the Thread.Sleep timeframe. It may need to be set slightly more or slightly less depending on the speed of the machine in which it runs, and the CPU activity on the machine. For example, if your machine activity is very sporadic and frantic, then you might want a shorter interval. Or, if you have long running processes that eat a fairly consistent amount of CPU you could probably lengthen the sleep time. I tested this pattern on a total of three different machines including two Windows 7 boxes and an 8-core, Windows Server 2008 box, and it worked very well.
Now, for those of you purists who hate seeing Thread.Sleep in any code there’s no need to yell at me. This is a sample for you to use as you see fit. | <urn:uuid:2cfc8a75-c8fd-46e5-bb4e-8d5fa09e013e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.andygup.net/a-better-way-to-measure-cpu-using-windows-performancecounter-and-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806422.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121185236-20171121205236-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.914103 | 539 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Childrens museum austin - Dinosaurs museum in san francisco - New walk museum.
Childrens Museum Austin
- Artwork with a dominant theme of adolescent motifs. For the children.
- Biologically, a child (plural: children) is generally a human between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of "child" generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority.
- (in children’s literature: Latin America; in children’s literature: Russia/Soviet Union )
- A museum is a building or institution that houses and cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.
- A building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited
- a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value
- museum is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet used exclusively by museums, museum associations, and individual members of the museum profession, as these groups are defined by the International Council of Museums (ICOM). In joint action with the J.
- A city in southeastern Minnesota, noted for its meatpacking industry; pop. 21,907
- state capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas
- The capital of Texas; pop. 656,562. First settled by Anglo-Americans in 1835 (a year before Texas gained independence from Mexico), it was named Waterloo until 1839, when it was renamed to honor Stephen F. Austin
- The Austin was a brass era American automobile manufactured in Grand Rapids, Michigan from 1901 to 1921. The company, founded by James E.
- The Austin Amtrak station is located in the former station of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, just west of downtown Austin, Texas, United States. The station is served by Amtrak's Texas Eagle route, extending north to Chicago and west to Los Angeles.
At the Children's Museum in Austin, TX
The Austin Children's Museum | <urn:uuid:4d908dab-c390-4667-8c78-7e00c5b19b62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sites.google.com/site/highmuseumhours/childrens-museum-austin---museum-austin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94021 | 444 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Summer is cruising by, and we are approaching the season of sports, cheerleading and band camps. It’s a good time for a refresher on the importance of good hydration and heat related illness – not just for campers, but for all who are active in the summer weather. Heat and humidity make children and adults vulnerable to dehydration. Here are some steps to stay safe in the heat:
• Drink plenty of water throughout the day, even before you feel thirsty. Feeling thirsty means you’re already dehydrated, so stop this by drinking before, during, and after any activities in the heat.
• Wear lightweight, loose fitting clothing that breathe.
• Try to exercise or play in shaded areas, and take frequent breaks to cool down.
• Be especially careful when the humidity level is high. The body has a harder time cooling itself by sweating in higher humidity.
• Monitor for signs of heat distress and act quickly.
Dehydration is the most common of heat related distress. The first sign is thirst; however, other signs include:
• Light-headedness or dizziness
• Boredom or disinterest
• Excessive fatigue
• Not able to play as hard or as well as usual.
Heat related muscle cramps most often occur when a child is dehydrated and has been active in the heat over a period. Cramps usually occur in the lower extremities but can also happen in the abdomen. If you suspect a child has a heat cramp, have the child:
• Stop playing.
• Drink a sports drink to replenish fluids, preferably one containing sodium and electrolytes.
• Perform some light stretching and massage.
Heat exhaustion can occur when a child remains active during periods of dehydration – this is most common later in the summer during activity. Signs of heat exhaustion include:
• Trouble playing or finding it impossible to keep playing
• Light-headedness, fainting, loss of coordination
• Heavy sweating
• Pale skin
• Headache, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
• Stomach cramps or persistent muscle cramps
If these symptoms occur it is important to act quickly:
• Move to air-conditioning or at least to a shaded area.
• Remove excess clothing or equipment.
• Cool with water or fans.
• Lie down with legs raised above heart level.
• Rehydrate by drinking water or a sports drink if one is not nauseated or vomiting.
If the child does not recover quickly, seek medical treatment promptly.
Heat stroke is a serious heat-related illness that can lead to permanent disability or death if untreated. Heat stroke occurs when the body’s core temperature rises above 104 degrees, usually because of vigorous activity in the heat. The risk of heat stroke increases as heat and humidity rise. Signs a child may be suffering from heat stroke include:
• Seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behavior or other signs of central nervous system dysfunction
• Increase in core body temperature
• Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, weakness, fast breathing, increased heart rate, dehydration or combativeness
Heat stroke is an emergency situation. Begin treatment immediately by:
• Calling emergency medical personnel.
• Taking child out of the sun.
• Beginning to cool child while waiting for emergency medical personnel.
Noting the dangers associated with children and hot cars is important while discussing heat related illnesses. Leaving a child in a car and forgetting they are in there is unimaginable but happens frequently. It is usually centered around a break in the normal routine where the part of the brain that allows us to operate on “auto-pilot” (called the Basal Ganglia) is competing with the part of the brain that involves conscious awareness and new information (Hippocampus). Any break in a normal routine increases the risk of that auto-pilot kicking in and the new information (child in the car) getting overlooked. Use these tips to assist in remembering the change of routine to try and prevent this tragedy:
• Place a “Look Before You Lock” sticker on the driver side window.
• Leave your bag in the back with the child.
• Keep a stuffed animal in the car seat when the child isn’t in it, and move the toy to the front seat when the child is in the car seat.
Risk of injury is highest when we break routine. There were 39 deaths in the United States from children in hot cars in 2016 alone; we are at 19 so far in 2017. 54 percent of these deaths are when the child is forgotten in the car, and 28 percent are when a child is playing unattended in a car and becomes trapped inside. Temperature inside the car can reach 20 degrees hotter than the outside temperature within just 10 minutes and can go up 34 degrees hotter in 30 minutes. A child’s body warms 3 to 5 times faster than an adult and can reach 106 degrees in 10 to 15 minutes. Remember and share this information to ACT:
A – Avoid injury and death by never leaving your child alone in a car, not even for a minute.
C – Create reminders by putting something in the back of the car next to the child (purse, phone, briefcase).
T – Take action if you see a child alone in a car – call 911. | <urn:uuid:6760d1d7-6388-42ee-9d72-24fa7ffcc03b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://childrenspgh.org/heat-related-illnesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573415.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919015534-20190919041534-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.930082 | 1,105 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Table of Contents:
From a public perspective, the biggest concern is the possibility of an accident. To date, there have been three nuclear accidents: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi. The public’s perception of these events has resulted in a persuasive anti-nuclear advocacy. Unfortunately, there is a strong misunderstanding of these accidents and their impact on people and the environment.
The accident at Thr ee Mile Island occurred in March of 1979 and resulted in near complete destruction of the fuel in the reactor. The resulting meltdown of the fuel allowed dangerous highly radioactive fission products to escape into the reactor building where ahnost all were contained. Very little, most notably radioactive noble gasses and some radioactive iodine, escaped to the environment. It was estimated that the release of the radionuclides could result in one extra cancer death in the population within 50 miles of Three Mile Island. Within this population of 2.2 million it was expected there would be about
540,000 cancers and 325,000 cancer deaths, not counting the accident (Battist, 1979). While some studies disagree, the principle health effect of the accident was the mental stress on the residents and not diseases associated with radiation. The stress was believed to have resulted in an increase in heart problems within the area around Three Mile Island.
In a long-term study performed by the University of Pittsburgh, it was concluded that there were health effects related to the accident. Specifically, there was an increase in mortality due to heart attacks among the group studied. At that time, they could not rule out the possibility of long latency period cancers (Talbott et al., 2000). Another series of studies found there was long term stress among the residents surrounding Three Mile Island and that such chronic stress could cause a variety of physical, emotional, and mental illnesses (Osif, 2004). More recent work suggests the low levels the residents around Three Mile Island were exposed to could explain certain anomalies observed in thyroid cancers within the group (Goldenberg, 2017). Others suggest these could be associated with the levels of radioactive iodine produced by nuclear weapons testing and suggest that additional studies be performed (Mangano and
Sherman, 2019). While one cannot say with absolute certainty there were no radiological implications from the low levels of radioactivity released, it seems there is no strong evidence to support the case that there were. Nonetheless, despite a near complete meltdown of the reactor, and a near worst case accident, the health effects appear minimal and are largely associated with the stress of events. Studies are ongoing and will likely continue for years.
By comparison, the accident at the Chernobyl reactor was much more severe, owing to the design and the lack of safety features commonly found in Western reactors. The Chernobyl reactor lacked the containment building which would have housed the nuclear reactor and associated equipment. A containment building would have held back almost all of the radioactive material in the accident.
The Chernobyl accident occurred during a physics tests that caused the reactor power to increase so rapidly that the cooling water vaporized almost instantaneously causing a sudden explosive buildup of steam. Temperatures in the reactor got so hot that the carbon used to help the nuclear reaction caught fire and the fuel melted. The result was a radioactive plume that spread throughout the surrounding area. Twenty-eight firefighters received deadly radiation doses and died. It is reasonably clear that those involved in the emergency work after the explosions suffered an increase in cancers and some circulatory issues. Similar circulatory issues were also seen at TMI among the general population near TMI. The cancers are thought to be due to the radiation dose received during the emergency. It is unclear what caused the circulatory issues. Nonetheless, the total impact on mortality was small despite what was probably the worst accident possible at a reactor, a completely uncontained release of radioactive material from the core. The World Health Organization estimates that among the 49,000 workers studied, there were about 200 deaths associated with the accident out of the nearly 5,000 deaths that occurred within this group. It should be remembered that these were the first responders and the emergency workers who fought the fire and experienced high radiation doses as a result (WHO, 2006).
Now, more than 30 years later, the general population surrounding the reactor has not seen a statistically significant increase in cancer deaths. There has been a statistically significant increase in thyroid cancers, probably as a result of the radioactive iodine released during the accident. It is expected that if the number of health effects is in proportion to the radiation dose received, there will be an additional
4,000 cancer deaths in the exposed population of 600,000. In a population of 600,000, one would expect about 200,000 cancer deaths over the lifespan of the population had the accident not occurred. To date, aside from an increase in thyroid cancers, there has not been an increase in cancer deaths in the exposed population. Studies are ongoing (WHO, 2016).
The most recent accident occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan on March 11, 2011. The accident was the result of an earthquake and the resulting tsunami that occurred off the coast of Japan. The tsunami killed over 20,000 people and caused extensive damage all along the coast, including to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor’s safety systems. The damage to those systems resulted in a complete loss of electrical power at the site, including the backup diesel generators. The safety systems intended to cool the reactor in the event of an unusual occurrence are run by electrical power. Because there was no electricity, four of the six reactors at the site overheated and their reactor cores melted, releasing radioactive material. When the fuel overheated, the protective fuel cladding underwent oxidation, resulting in the generation of large quantities of hydrogen. The hydrogen built up in the reactor containments detonated, damaging the containments and releasing radioactive material to the environment.
The accident was extremely severe, however, unlike Chernobyl, the population near the site and even the workers on-site received much smaller doses of radiation. Despite the low levels of radiation offsite, over 100,000 people were evacuated. The evacuation resulted in 1,000 unnecessary deaths due in part to inadequate medical care for critically ill evacuees and the elderly. Similar fatalities were noted among those evacuated because of the earthquake and tsunami. Experts concluded that the evacuation was unnecessary, since radiation levels were similar to background levels elsewhere in the world (Hasegawa etal., 2015).
The accident at Three Mile Island and the events at Fukushima Daiichi demonstrate the importance of the safety built into the design of current nuclear power plants. While the reactor and associated systems in both suffered extreme damage and will require cleanup that will last for decades, the offsite consequences were minimal. By comparison, without those built-in safety features, the accident at Chernobyl created significant off-site radioactive contamination of the surrounding area and an increase in thyroid cancer.
The process of uranium fission produces both short-lived and long-lived radioactive material. These materials must be disposed of in a maimer such that they do not pose a risk to humans or the environment. Presently disposal methods and sites are available for all but the spent fuel. These materials consist of clothing, equipment, and chemicals that have become contaminated with radioactive materials duiing the operation, maintenance, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants. Such facilities are licensed by the U.S. NRC and provide reasonable assurance that there is minimal risk to the environment and human beings for at least as long as they remain a hazard.
Disposal of the spent fuel itself is still an open question in the U.S. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act designated deep geological disposal as the method for the disposal of spent fuel. Yucca Mountain was designated as the disposal site, pending evaluation and licensing. The site is located in Nevada, about 25 miles from Death Valley and 90 miles from Las Vegas. Due to opposition from the State and public opposed to having Nevada become the site for the nation’s spent fuel disposal site, the process is stalled for lack of Congressional funding. Spent fuel is currently stored onsite at both operating reactors and those that have been decommissioned. For operating reactors, some of the fuel is stored in pools until it’s cool enough to be placed in canisters and removed to dry storage. In the case of decommissioned reactors, the fuel is sufficiently cool so that it can be stored onsite in dry cask storage facility. As of this writing, the U.S. Congress has no plans to move forward with funding of Yucca Mountain as required by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act.
Other countries are moving forward with planning for the disposal of spent fuel. France, through a national referendum, authorized the expenditure of 25 billion Euro to construct a 500 m underground rock laboratory in eastern France situated in clays and known as the Industrial Centre for Geological Storage (C’igeo). The structure will comprise hundreds of storage tunnels covering a total area of 25 km2 and will last for a century. The project would provide a facility not unlike the Yucca Mountain Project to store but allow for retrieval of spent fuel for possible reprocessing into new fuel. As in the U.S., though there is strong opposition despite the referendum passing to the project.
In Sweden, the Svensk Kambranslehantering AB or SVK is tasked with developing a spent fuel repository (Figure 1). Like the French repository, the Swedish repository uses deep geological disposal in bedrock.
The proposed repository is currently under licensing review by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. Current plans call for the facility to be operational in 2030. It is estimated the complete program will cost about SWK 141 billion (14.1 billion USS).
Both of these countries have examined the problem and har e largely completed their safety and environmental reviews, concluding that deep geologic disposal is the preferred method of disposing of spent fuel. The U.S. proposal for Yucca Mountain is similar, technically, but is held up by the lack of support from the State of Nevada and its Congressional delegation. It’s worth noting that Nye County, where the facility would be located, strongly supports continuing with the project design and safety assessment. Tire County would support construction if the final safety and environmental analysis concludes the furl could be safely stored at Yucca Mountain for generations to come.
Why Should Nuclear be Used?
Looking at fossil fueled power plants, the emissions from fossil fuel electric generation plants result in a variety of pollutants: Sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate material and heaty metals. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, which is hannfitl to plants and to animals that live in water. SO, also worsens respiratory ilhresses and heart diseases, particularly in children and the elderly. Nitrous oxide contributes to ground-level ozone, which irritates and damages the lungs. Particulate matter (PM) results in smog in cites and scenic areas. Coupled with ozone. PM contributes to asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Very small, or fine PM. is also believed to cause emphysema and lung cancer. Heavy metals, such as mercury, are hazardous to human and animal health.
Estimates of the effect of burning fossil fuels suggest that they are far more damaging to health than nuclear power, even accounting for the types of accidents that har e occurred. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that deaths from air pollution from the production of electricity by burning natural gas are 100 to 1,000 times more likely than from nuclear power plants. The effects are even more dramatic compared to coal (Markandy, 2007). By comparison, the TMI, Chernobyl and Fukirshima accidents had meltdowns: released radiation to the atmosphere: contaminated nearby areas with radiation yet did not produce the grim results that were postulated.
Advances in Nuclear Technology
Despite the inherent safety of the current generation of nuclear plants, improvements are in progress to both lower construction costs and increase safety. The latest generation of nuclear power plants are large, like the previous generation,3 and require ten years or more to build. It is estimated that those plants currently under construction in the U.S. will cost S20 billion to complete. While they are even safer than those currently in operation, the cost and tune to build them makes them economically difficult to justify. A comparable gas fired generating plant is one tenth the cost of these plants. Even when the cost of gas is included the combined cycle plant is capable of generating electricity at Vi to 'Л the cost of the latest design nuclear plant (Lazard, 2018).
Since a critical component of the cost is financing of construction, efforts are under way to reduce the time to commercial operation. Currently, the effort to reduce cost and construction time is concentrated on small modular reactors (SMR). such as the one depicted in Figure 2. The design features a self-contained steam system that can be built in a factoiy, eliminating the need for much of the onsite construction work typical of current and previous generation reactors. While the power output of such reactors is less than 1/3 that of the current generation of nuclear reactors, they can be combined into a multi-modular plant with 2, 3, 4 or more modules, decreasing operating cost. Then small physical size would allow them to be installed underground, making them less vulnerable to severe weather events and helping contain 5 typically for the latest generation III+ reactors are 1000 MWe to 1200 MWe.
Figure 2. NuScale Power ModuleTM, image provided by NuScale Power, LLC.
Figure 3. Cutaway of the PRISM power block. Showing two reactors and associated systems located underground
(GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy).
radioactivity' in the event of a severe accident. Since all the major systems are in the module, there are no large diameter pipes that could break, causing loss of cooling, as occurred at TMI. Construction in a factoiy would lower cost, cutting down on construction delays associated with weather. Once installed, a module could begin operation, producing income to pay for the installation of the next and subsequent modules, further reducing costs.
Other reactor concepts are also under consideration. Fast reactors, such as the PRISM design (shown in Figure 3), use liquid metal as the coolant and produce more fuel than they consume, at the same time burning up undesirable fission products, which decreases waste production (Triplett, 2012).
Since the reactor uses liquid metal in a pool as a coolant, the system can be operated at low pressure, virtually eliminating the possibility of a loss-of-coolant accident, reducing the stress on the piping systems and increasing the efficiency. Several countries are developing similar concepts but, so far, these types of reactors have been difficult to operate reliably. Furthermore, such fast reactors, when combined with pryroprocessing, provide the option for closing the fuel cycle and the recycling of the spent nuclear fuel inventory, utilizing the valuable remaining energy content (~ 95%) while reducing the half-lives and heat loads of the remaining byproducts, thereby easing the repository requirements.
Fusion, mentioned earlier, holds promise as a source of energy. Recent advances in operation of prototype facilities have shown significant promise that a reliable operating system is possible. Assuming ITER is operational in 2025, as scheduled, the following table provides timelines developed by various countries for the operation of a commercial size fusion reactor (El-Guebaly, 2017).
However, recent advances in the use of high temperature superconducting magnets and their application in compact fusion devices may shorten this timeline (National Academy, 2019).
Unlike fission reactors, the fusion reactor would produce no long-lived fission products and would have a nearly inexhaustible fuel source that could be obtained from sea water. It is unlikely that a commercial fusion reactor will be designed and constructed in the near future. It is likely that in the next ten years we will see a demonstration fusion reactor akin to the original nuclear fission reactor, CP-1, built by Enrico Fermi and his colleagues.
Table 2. International timelines to a demonstration fusion power plant.
Renewables can and do provide a significant source of low-GHG generated electricity. These sources must be supplemented by some form of dispatchable electric source lacking improvements in batteiy technology. Currently, the dominant sources of dispatchable electricity are coal, gas, and nuclear. The former two emit large quantities of GHG, offsetting some of the benefits of renewables. Nuclear is constrained by public perceptions of lack of safety and cost of construction. New designs that may help reduce costs and enhance safety are in the works. Despite these drawbacks, nuclear must be in the mix if GHG production is to be reduced over the long term.
Baratta, A. 2017. For a more detailed discussion of nuclear reactions and radioactive decay please see. Introduction to Nuclear Engmeenng, 4th ed., Pearson Education.
Battist, L., Congel, F., Buchanan, J. and Peterson, H. 1979. Population Dose and Etealth Impact of the Accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Preliminary Estimates for the Period March 28, 1979-Apnl 7, 1979 (NUREG-0S58), US NRC, United States.
Chinese Academy of Science. 2017. China’s ‘artificial sun’ sets world record with 100 second steady-state high performance plasma. Phys. org. July 6, 2017, retrieved 8 July 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2017-07-chuia-aitificial-sun- worldsteady-state.html.
El-Guebal, L. 2017. Worldwide Tunelines for Fusion Energy, accessed September 11, 2019. http://sites.nationalacademies. org/cs/groups/bpasite/documents/webpage/bpa_184787.pdf.
Goldenberg, D., Russo, M., Houser, K. et al. 2017. Altered molecular profile in thyroid cancers from patients affected by Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Laryngoscope 127(suppl 3): S1-S9.
Hasegawa, A., Tanigawa, K., Ohtsuru, A., Yabe, H., Maeda, M., Shigemura, J., Ohira, T, Tommaga, T, Akashi, M., Hirohaslu, N., Ishikawa, T., Kamiya, K., Shibuya, K., Yamashita, S. and Chliem, R. 2015. Health effects of radiation and other health problems in the aftermath of nuclear accidents, with an emphasis on Fukushima. The Lancet 386: 479^88.
Herrmann, M. 2014. Plasma physics: A promising advance in nuclear fusion. Nature 506(7488): 302-303.
IAEA. 2016. Climate Change and Nuclear Power 2016. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Lokliov, A. 2011. Load-following with nuclear power plants. NEANews 2011-No. 29.2.
Lazard. 2018. Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis—Version 12.0.
Mangano, J. and Sherman, J. 2019. In response to altered molecular profile in thyroid cancers from patients affected by Three Mile Island nuclear accident. The Laryngoscope 129: E51.
Markandya, A. and Wilkinson, P 2007. Electricity generation and health. The Lancet 370(9591): 979-990.
National Academies of Sciences, Engmeermg, and Medicine. 2019. Final Report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25331.
NEI. 2018. Nuclear Costs in Context. Nuclear Energy Institute (Available for download at https://www.nei.org/resources/ reports-briefs/nuclear-costs-in-context).
Osif, B., Baratta, B. and Conkling, T. 2004. See the discussion on health effects in TMI25 Years Later, Penn State University Press.
Piinciotta, F. 2011. See Chapter 4 m Global Climate Change—The Technology Challenge, Sponger, Netherlands.
Talbott, E.O., Youk, A.O., McHugh, K.P, Shire, J.D., Zhang, A., Murphy, B.P and Engberg, R.A. 2000. Mortality among the residents of the Three Mile Island accident area: 1979-1992. Environ Health Perspect 108: 545-552.
Triplett, B., Loewen, E. andDooies, B. 2012. Prism: A competitive small modular sodium-cooled reactor. Nuclear Technology 178: 186.
USEIA. 2019. Annual Energy Outlook 2019, U.S. Energy Information Agency, Washington, D.C.
WHO. 2006. Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programs, World Health Orgamzation, Geneva.
WHO. 2016. 1986-2016: CHERNOBYL at 30, World Health Organization, Geneva, | <urn:uuid:64d68240-8e6f-4d38-8813-7b4346869f10> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://m.ebrary.net/204113/engineering/safety_concerns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335254.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928113848-20220928143848-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.941654 | 4,436 | 3.109375 | 3 |
With the stress of everyday life and the fast paced pace in which we live it’s no wonder that many people suffer from one of the most common problems that affects humans, and that is stress. Stress can greatly affect your health both mentally and physically. Some people don’t even realize how much stress affects their body until they have an accident or something close to it. Ways on How to Keep the Body and Mind Healthy goes into explaining exactly how to keep you body functioning properly while at the same time enjoying a higher quality of health. Relax and enjoy this article as I teach you ways how to keep the mind and body healthy.
One of the most important things is eating the right kinds of foods. Eating the right foods can make a major difference in how you feel and what kind of mood you are in on a regular basis. It’s important to know what kind of food your body needs to function at its highest level of efficiency so that you can avoid stress and maintain your mind frame as well. You want to learn what foods work best for you and also identify how your mind reacts to certain foods.
Relaxation is one of the most overlooked ways. If you aren’t relaxed then stress can build up and eventually break down your immune system. Not only does stress cause headaches but it can cause serious health conditions such as heart disease and stroke. Learn simple relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and meditation. These will help you lower your blood pressure and reduce the effects of stress on your body.
Another great way on keep the body and mind healthy is through exercise. Exercise is one of the best ways you can remain stress free and help you remain healthy on a long-term basis. It doesn’t matter if you’re at home, at work or traveling, exercise should be a part of your daily routine. There are many different forms of exercise that you can incorporate into your daily routine and there are also many great exercise videos out there that show you how to exercise in a more productive way. The best part is exercising in a healthy way can give you added benefits such as better memory, improved concentration, and even help you lose weight.
A great source of enjoyment for many people is sports. Whether it’s basketball softball, football, baseball, soccer or tennis, these are all great ways to keep active and have fun throughout the day. Sports can benefit everyone regardless of fitness level. They can be extremely challenging and result in immediate fun or frustration and burn off all the extra energy quicker than a longer workout. In addition, sports help release endorphins which are the body’s own natural painkillers. This means you can enjoy your workouts without the added pain and soreness.
Taking a yoga class or other form of physical activity is also another great way to keep healthy. Yoga is especially good for those who need to reduce stress and balance their mind and body. A great combination yoga practice and a solid diet can produce some amazing changes to your appearance and overall health. With a balanced diet you can keep the weight off and reduce stress, which is a leading cause of ill-health in today’s society.
How to keep the body and mind active is only one aspect of fitness. Running, walking, and bicycling are other great ways to stay fit. These activities keep your body and mind in constant motion, so they are working hard for you. You will burn calories and lose weight faster and they will also improve your stamina and condition your muscles more.
The above are just a few ways how to keep the body and mind healthy. The more active you are the better off you will be. You to enjoy all the little things in life such as waking up, going to work, and enjoying the rest of your time with your family. By eating healthy and keeping the stress levels low you will be able to live a long, happy and healthy life. | <urn:uuid:f5eeaa5e-4284-475a-906d-b7b2cc404cdf> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://fitwomenforlife.com/ways-to-keep-the-body-and-mind-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.965969 | 797 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Expectant mothers who take all precautions and regularly visit medical professionals throughout their pregnancy have every reason to believe they will be treated and cared for according to accepted medical standards. When doctors, nurses, or other health care providers fail to provide a reasonable standard of care, commit acts of negligence, or fail to properly diagnose conditions, both mothers and babies face increased risks of suffering harm. This is especially true of gestational diabetes, which can lead to more difficult pregnancies and complications during delivery that can injure newborns and mothers.
Gestational diabetes, or GDM, is a condition that prevents pregnant mothers from metabolizing sugar as they normally would. Without proper diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, gestational diabetes can lead to the birth of a larger child, a condition known as macrosomia. Macrosomia can create difficulties during labor and delivery, and can also result in birth injuries to the baby, including brachial plexus injuries or shoulder dystocia, which often occurs when a baby become stuck in the birthing canal. It may also lead to premature birth, hypoglycemia, and brain injuries.
When a mother is diagnosed with gestational diabetes, medical care providers will more closely monitor mothers during pregnancy. It is the legal duty of medical professionals to properly evaluate, test, and correctly diagnose patients in according to the accepted standards of their fields. This means that problems with diagnosing the condition, or failures to diagnose it at all, can result in injuries that could have otherwise been prevented.
In the case of gestational diabetes diagnosis errors, the following can occur:
- Misdiagnosis – A misdiagnosis of gestational diabetes may mean that a mother is treated for a condition they do not really have, which can pose risks to both mother and child. It also means that they do not receive the proper treatment and education regarding their true condition.
- Failure to diagnose – As with a misdiagnosis, a failure to diagnose gestational diabetes means that a mother will not have the opportunity to make certain decisions that could improve the health of herself and her child, such as a change in diet. It also means that they will not be properly treated and monitored during their pregnancy, which increases risks of hypoglycemia and macrosomia that can cause injuries during birth.
Medical malpractice laws can ensure that mothers who did not receive proper care and were incorrectly diagnosed or not diagnosed for gestational diabetes have the legal right to hold doctors and other responsible medical care providers responsible for their damages. Medical malpractice can be a complex area of law and the elements involved in these claims can be difficult to address. These include the need to establish proof that a doctor should have tested and / or known that mother had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, or that a doctor should have been aware of risk factors and warning signs that a mother had the disorder, but failed to recognize them.
Although birth injury and medical malpractice claims are difficult, they can be effectively handled by attorneys who possess the experience, resources, and professional connections with medical experts required in these cases. At Jordan, Herington & Rowley, our Denver personal injury lawyers have recovered millions of dollars in verdicts and settlements for our clients. We are available to discuss your situation, any injuries you or your child may have suffered during pregnancy or birth, and how we may be able to help you fight for the compensation you are rightfully owed.
To speak with a member of our legal team, contact us today. | <urn:uuid:b87ae8cb-42d8-4fdd-8657-a08bcd4bb62f> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.jordanlaw.com/gestational-diabetes-in-mothers-what-happens-whe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407667.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530071741-20200530101741-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.967255 | 711 | 3.015625 | 3 |
How many millier in 1 dekatonne?
The answer is 10.
We assume you are converting between millier and dekatonne.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
millier or dekatonne
The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram.
1 kilogram is equal to 0.001 millier, or 0.0001 dekatonne.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between millier and dekatonnes.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 millier to dekatonne = 0.1 dekatonne
10 millier to dekatonne = 1 dekatonne
20 millier to dekatonne = 2 dekatonne
30 millier to dekatonne = 3 dekatonne
40 millier to dekatonne = 4 dekatonne
50 millier to dekatonne = 5 dekatonne
100 millier to dekatonne = 10 dekatonne
200 millier to dekatonne = 20 dekatonne
You can do the reverse unit conversion from dekatonne to millier, or enter any two units below:
The SI prefix "milli" represents a factor of 10-3, or in exponential notation, 1E-3.
So 1 millier = 10-3 er.
The SI prefix "deka" represents a factor of 101, or in exponential notation, 1E1.
So 1 dekatonne = 101 tonnes.
The definition of a tonne is as follows:
A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 1000 kg (= 106 g).
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | <urn:uuid:3e383f80-a50b-4b64-b3f7-f5d7dd7420cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.convertunits.com/from/millier/to/dekatonne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799741.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126104721-20210126134721-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.752931 | 504 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Language of Thought Hypothesis
The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) postulates that thought and thinking take place in a mental language. This language consists of a system of representations that is physically realized in the brain of thinkers and has a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations. According to LOTH, thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic (constituent) structure with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over such representations. Most of the arguments for LOTH derive their strength from their ability to explain certain empirical phenomena like productivity and systematicity of thought and thinking.
- 1. What is the Language of Thought Hypothesis?
- 2. Status of LOTH
- 3. Scope of LOTH
- 4. Nativism and LOTH
- 5. Naturalism and LOTH
- 6. Arguments for LOTH
- 7. Objections to LOTH
- 8. The Connectionism/Classicism Debate
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
LOTH is an empirical thesis about the nature of thought and thinking. According to LOTH, thought and thinking are done in a mental language, i.e., in a symbolic system physically realized in the brain of the relevant organisms. In formulating LOTH, philosophers have in mind primarily the variety of thoughts known as ‘propositional attitudes’. Propositional attitudes are the thoughts described by such sentence forms as ‘S believes that P’, ‘S hopes that P’, ‘S desires that P’, etc., where ‘S’ refers to the subject of the attitude, ‘P’ is any sentence, and ‘that P’ refers to the proposition that is the object of the attitude. If we let ‘A’ stand for such attitude verbs as ‘believe’, ‘desire’, ‘hope’, ‘intend’, ‘think’, etc., then the propositional attitude statements all have the form: S As that P.
LOTH can now be formulated more exactly as a hypothesis about the nature of propositional attitudes and the way we entertain them. It can be characterized as the conjunction of the following three theses (A), (B) and (C):
- Representational Theory of Mind (RTM) (cf. Field 1978:37,
Representational Theory of Thought: For each propositional attitude A, there is a unique and distinct (i.e. dedicated) psychological relation R, and for all propositions P and subjects S, S As that P if and only if there is a mental representation #P# such that
- S bears R to #P#, and
- #P# means that P.
Representational Theory of Thinking: Mental processes, thinking in particular, consists of causal sequences of tokenings of mental representations.
Mental representations, which, as per (A1), constitute the direct “objects” of propositional attitudes, belong to a representational or symbolic system which is such that (cf. Fodor and Pylyshyn 1988:12–3)
representations of the system have a combinatorial syntax and semantics: structurally complex (molecular) representations are systematically built up out of structurally simple (atomic) constituents, and the semantic content of a molecular representation is a function of the semantic content of its atomic constituents together with its syntactic/formal structure, and
the operations on representations (constituting, as per (A2), the domain of mental processes, thinking) are causally sensitive to the syntactic/formal structure of representations defined by this combinatorial syntax.
Functionalist Materialism. Mental representations so characterized are, at some suitable level, functionally characterizable entities that are (possibly, multiply) realized by the physical properties of the subject having propositional attitudes (if the subject is an organism, then the realizing properties are presumably the neurophysiological properties of the brain).
The relation R in (A1), when RTM is combined with (B), is meant to be understood as a computational/functional relation. The idea is that each attitude is identified with a characteristic computational/functional role played by the mental sentence that is the direct “object” of that kind of attitude. (Scare quotes are necessary because it is more appropriate to reserve ‘object’ for a proposition as we have done above, but as long as we keep this in mind, it is harmless to use it in this way for LOT sentences.) For instance, what makes a certain mental sentence an (occurrent) belief might be that it is characteristically the output of perceptual systems and input to an inferential system that interacts decision-theoretically with desires to produce further sentences or action commands. Or equivalently, we may think of belief sentences as those that are accessible only to certain sorts of computational operations appropriate for beliefs, but not to others. Similarly, desire-sentences (and sentences for other attitudes) may be characterized by a different set of operations that define a characteristic computational role for them. In the literature it is customary to use the metaphor of a “belief-box” (cf. Schiffer 1981) as a blanket term to cover whatever specific computational role belief sentences turn out to have in the mental economy of their possessors. (Similarly for “desire-box”, etc.)
The Language of Thought Hypothesis is so-called because of (B): token mental representations are like sentences in a language in that they have a syntactically and semantically regimented constituent structure. Put differently, the mental representations that are the direct “objects” of attitudes are structurally complex symbols whose complexity lends itself to a syntactic and semantic analysis. This is also why the LOT is sometimes called Mentalese.
It is (B2) that makes LOTH a species of the so-called Computational Theory of Mind (CTM). This is why LOTH is sometimes called the Computational/Representational Theory of Mind or Thought (CRTM/CRTT) (cf. Rey 1991, 1997). Indeed, LOTH seems to be the most natural product when RTM is combined with a view that treats mental processes or thinking as computational when computation is understood traditionally or classically (this is a recent term emphasizing the contrast with connectionist processing, which we will discuss later).
According to LOTH, when someone believes that P, there is a sense in which the immediate “object” of one's belief can be said to be a complex symbol, a sentence in one's LOT physically realized in the neurophysiology of one's brain, that has both syntactic structure and a semantic content, namely the proposition that P. So, contrary to the orthodox view that takes the belief relation as a dyadic relation between an agent and a proposition, LOTH takes it to be a triadic relation among an agent, a Mentalese sentence, and a proposition. The Mentalese sentence can then be said to have the proposition as its semantic/intentional content. Within the framework of LOTH, it is only in this sense can it be said that what is believed is a proposition, and thus the proper object of the attitude.
This triadic view seems to have several advantages over the orthodox dyadic view. It is a puzzle in the dyadic view how intentional organisms can stand in direct relation to abstract objects like propositions in such a way as to influence their causal powers. According to folk psychology (ordinary commonsense psychology that we rely on daily in our dealings with others), it is because those states have the propositional content they do that they have the causal powers they do. LOTH makes this relatively non-mysterious by introducing a physical intermediary that is capable of having the relevant causal powers in virtue of its syntactic structure that encodes its semantic content. Another advantage of this is that the thought processes can be causally guided by the syntactic forms of the sentences in a way that respect their semantic contents. This is the virtue of (B) to which we'll come back below. Mainly because of these features, LOTH is said to be poised to scientifically vindicate folk psychology if it turns out to be true.
LOTH has primarily been advanced as an empirical thesis (although some have argued for the truth of LOTH on a priori or conceptual grounds following the natural conceptual contours of folk psychology—see Davies 1989, 1991; Lycan 1993; Rey 1995; Jacob 1997; Markic 2001 argues against Jacob. Harman 1973 develops and defends LOTH on both empirical and conceptual grounds). It is not meant to be taken as an analysis of what the folk mean (or, for that matter, what the scientists ought to mean) when they talk about various propositional attitudes and their role in thinking. In this regard, LOT theorists typically view themselves as engaged in some sort of a proto-science, or at least in some empirical research program continuous with scientific psychology. Indeed, as we will see in more detail below, when Jerry Fodor first explicitly articulated and elaborated LOTH in some considerable detail in his (1975), he basically defended it on the ground that it was assumed by our best scientific theories or models in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics. This empirical status generally accorded to LOTH should be kept firmly in mind when assessing its plausibility and especially its prospects in the light of new evidence and developments in scientific psychology. Nevertheless, it would be more appropriate to see LOTH more as a foundational thesis rather than as an ongoing research project guided by a set of concrete empirical methods, specific theses and principles. In this regard, LOTH stands to specific scientific theories of the (various aspects of the) mind somewhat like the “Atomic Hypothesis” stands to a whole bunch specific scientific theories about the particulate nature of the world (some of which may be—and certainly historically, have been—incompatible with each other).
When viewed this way, scientific theories advanced within the LOTH framework are not, strictly speaking, committed to preserving the folk taxonomy of the mental states in any very exact way. Notions like belief, desire, hope, fear, etc. are folk notions and, as such, it may not be utterly plausible to expect (eliminativist arguments aside) that a scientific psychology will preserve the exact contours of these concepts. On the contrary, there is every reason to believe that scientific counterparts of these notions will carve the mental space somewhat differently. For instance, it has been noted that the folk notion of belief harbors many distinctions. For example, it has both a dispositional and an occurrent sense. In the occurrent sense, it seems to mean something like consciously entertaining and accepting a thought (proposition) as true. There is quite a bit of literature and controversy on the dispositional sense. Beliefs are also capable of being explicitly stored in long term memory as opposed to being merely dispositional or tacit. Compare, for instance: I believe that there was a big surprise party for my 24th birthday vs. I have always believed that lions don't eat their food with forks and knives, or that 13652/4=3413, even though until now these latter two thoughts had never occurred to me. There is furthermore the issue of degree of belief: while I may believe that George will come to dinner with his new girlfriend even though I wouldn't bet on it, you, thinking that you know him better than I do, may nevertheless go to the wall for it. It is unlikely that there will be one single construct of scientific psychology that will exactly correspond to the folk notion of belief in all these ways.
For LOTH to vindicate folk psychology it is sufficient that a scientific psychology with a LOT architecture come up with scientifically grounded psychological states that are recognizably like the propositional attitudes of folk psychology, and that play more or less similar roles in psychological explanations.
LOTH is an hypothesis about the nature of thought and thinking with propositional content. As such, it may or may not be applicable to other aspects of mental life. Officially, it is silent about the nature of some mental phenomena such as experience, qualia, sensory processes, mental images, visual and auditory imagination, sensory memory, perceptual pattern-recognition capacities, dreaming, hallucinating, etc. To be sure, many LOT theorists hold views about these aspects of mental life that sometimes make it seem that they are also to be explained by something similar to LOTH.
For instance, Fodor (1983) seems to think that many modular input systems have their own LOT to the extent to which they can be explained in representational and computational terms. Indeed, many contemporary psychological models treat perceptual input systems in just these terms. There is indeed some evidence that this kind of treatment might be appropriate for many perceptual processes. But it is to be kept in mind that a system may employ representations and be computational without necessarily satisfying any or both of the clauses in (B) above in any full-fledged way. Just think of finite automata theory where there are plenty of examples of a computational process defined over states or symbols which lack full-blown syntactic and/or semantic structural complexity. (For a useful discussion of varieties of computational processes and their classification, see Piccinini 2008.) Whether sensory or perceptual processes are to be treated within the framework of full-blown LOTH is again an open empirical question. It might be that the answer to this question is affirmative. If so, there may be more than one LOT realized in different subsystems or mechanisms in the mind/brain. So LOTH is not committed to there being a single representational system realized in the brain, nor is it committed to the claim that all mental representations are complex or language-like, nor would it be falsified if it turns out that most aspects of mental life other than the ones involving propositional attitudes don't require a LOT.
Similarly, there is strong evidence that the mind also exploits an image-like representational medium for certain kinds of mental tasks. LOTH is non-committal about the existence of an image-like representational system for many mental tasks other than the ones involving propositional attitudes. But it is committed to the claim that propositional thought and thinking cannot be successfully accounted for in its entirety in purely imagistic terms. It claims that a combinatorial sentential syntax is necessary for propositional attitudes and a purely imagistic medium is not adequate for capturing that.
There are in fact some interesting and difficult issues surrounding these claims. The adequacy of an imagistic system seems to turn on the nature of syntax at the sentential level. For instance, Fodor, in Chapter 4 of his (1975) book, allows that many lexical items in one's LOT may be image-like; he introduces the notion of a mental image/picture under description to avoid some obvious inadequacies of pictures (e.g., what makes a picture a picture of an overweight woman rather than a pregnant one, or vice versa, etc.). This is an attempt to combine discursive and imagistic representational elements at the lexical level. There may even be a well defined sense in which pictures can be combined to produce structurally complex pictures (as in British Empiricism: image-like simple ideas are combined to produce complex ideas, e.g., the idea of a unicorn—see also Prinz 2002). But what is absolutely essential for LOTH, and what Fodor insists on, is the claim that there is no adequate way in which a purely image-like system can capture what is involved in making judgments, i.e., in judging propositions to be true. This seems to require a discursive syntactic approach at the sentential level. The general problem here is the inadequacy of pictures or image-like representations to express propositions. I can judge that the blue box is on top of the red one without judging that the red box is under the blue one. I can judge that Mary kisses John without judging that John kisses Mary, and so on for indefinitely many such cases. It is hard to see how images or pictures can do that without using any syntactic structure or discursive elements, to say nothing of judging, e.g., conditionals, disjunctive or negative propositions, quantifications, negative existentials, etc.
Moreover, there are difficulties with imagistic representations arising from demands on processing representations. As we will see below, (B2) turns out to provide the foundations for one of the most important arguments for LOTH: it makes it possible to mechanize thinking understood as a semantically coherent thought process, which, as per (A2), consists of a causal sequence of tokenings of mental representations. It is not clear, however, how an equivalent of (B2) could be provided for images or pictures in order to accommodate operations defined over them, even if something like an equivalent of (B1) could be given. On the other hand, there are truly promising attempts to integrate discursive symbolic theorem-proving with reasoning with image-like symbols. They achieve impressive efficiency in theorem-proving or in any deductive process defined over the expressions of such an integrated system. Such attempts, if they prove to be generalizable to psychological theorizing, are by no means threats to LOTH; on the contrary, such systems have every feature to make them a species of a LOT system: they satisfy (B).
In the book (1975) in which Fodor introduced the LOTH, he also argued that all concepts are innate. As a result, the connection between LOTH and an implausibly strong version of conceptual nativism looked very much internal. This historical coincidence has led some people to think that LOTH is essentially committed to a very strong form of nativism, so strong in fact that it seems to make a reductio of itself (see, for instance, P.S. Churchland 1986, H. Putnam 1988, A. Clark 1994). The gist of his argument was that since learning concepts is a form of hypothesis formation and confirmation, it requires a system of mental representations in which formation and confirmation of hypotheses are to be carried out, but then there is a non-trivial sense in which one already has (albeit potentially) the resources to express the extension of the concepts to be learned.
In his LOT 2 (2008), Fodor continues to claim that concepts cannot be learned and that the very idea of concept learning is “confused”:
Now, according to HF [the Hypothesis Formation and Confirmation model], the process by which one learns C must include the inductive evaluation of some such hypothesis as ‘The C things are the ones that are green or triangular’. But the inductive evaluation of that hypothesis itself requires (inter alia) bringing the property green or triangular before the mind as such. ... Quite generally, you can't represent anything as such and such unless you already have the concept such and such. All that being so, it follows, on pain of circularity, that ‘concept learning’ as HF understands it can't be a way of acquiring concept C. ... Conclusion: If concept learning is as HF understands it, there can be no such thing. This conclusion is entirely general; it doesn't matter whether the target concept is primitive (like GREEN) or complex (like GREEN OR TRIANGULAR). (LOT 2, 2008:139)
Note that this argument and the predecessors Fodor articulated in his previous writings and especially in his (1975) are entirely general, applicable to any hypothesis that identifies concepts with mental representations whether or not these representations belong to a LOT.
The crux of the issue seems to be that learning concepts is a rational process. There seem to be non-arbitrary semantic and epistemic liaisons between the target concept to be acquired and its “evidence” base. This evidence base needs to be represented and rationally tied to the target concept. This target concept needs also to be expressed in terms of representations one already possesses. Fodor thinks that any model of concept learning understood in this sense will have to be a form of hypothesis formation and confirmation. But not every form of concept acquisition is learning. There are non-rational ways of acquiring concepts whose explanation need not be at the cognitive level (e.g., brute triggering mechanisms that can be activated in sorts of ways that can presumably be explained at the sub-cognitive or neurophysiological levels). If concepts cannot be learned, then they are either innate or non-rationally acquired. Whereas early Fodor used to think that concepts must therefore be innate (maybe he thought that non-learning concept acquisition forms are limited to sensory or certain classes of perceptual concepts), he now thinks that they may be acquired but the explanation of this is not the business of cognitive psychology.
Whatever one may think of the merits of Fodor's arguments for concept nativism or of his recent anti-learning stance, it should be emphasized that LOTH per se has very little to do with it. LOTH is not committed to such a strong version of nativism, especially about concepts. It also need not be committed to any anti-learning stance about concepts. It is certainly plausible to assume that LOTH will turn out to have some empirically (as well as theoretically/a priori) motivated nativist commitments about the structural organization and dynamic management of the entire representational system. But this much is to be expected especially in the light of recent empirical findings and trends. This, however, does not constitutes a reductio. It is an open empirical question how much nativism is true about concepts, and LOTH should be so taken as to be capable of accommodating whatever turns out to be true in this matter. LOTH, therefore, when properly conceived, is independent of any specific proposal about conceptual nativism.
One of the most attractive features of LOTH is that it is a central component of an ongoing research program in philosophy of psychology to naturalize the mind, that is, to give a theoretical framework in which the mind could naturally be seen as part of the physical world without postulating irreducibly psychic entities, events, processes or properties. Fodor, historically the most important defender of LOTH, once identified the major mysteries in philosophy of mind thus:
How could anything material have conscious states? How could anything material have semantical properties? How could anything material be rational? (where this means something like: how could the state transitions of a physical system preserve semantical properties?). (1991: 285, Reply to Devitt)
LOTH is a full-blown attempt to give a naturalist answer to the third question, an attempt to solve at least part of the problem underlying the second one, and is almost completely silent about the first.
According to RTM, propositional attitudes are relations to meaningful mental representations whose causally sequenced tokenings constitute the process of thinking. This much can, in principle, be granted by an intentional realist who might nevertheless reject LOTH. Indeed, there are plenty of theorists who accept RTM in some suitable form (and also happily accept (C) in many cases) but reject LOTH either by explicitly rejecting (B) or simply by remaining neutral about it. Among some of the prominent philosophers who choose the former option are Searle (1984, 1990, 1992), Stalnaker (1984), Lewis (1972), Barwise and Perry (1983). Some who want to remain neutral include Loar (1982a, 1982b), Dretske (1981), Armstrong (1980), and many contemporary functionalists including some connectionists.
But RTM per se doesn't so much propose a naturalistic solution to intentionality and mechanization of thinking as simply assert a framework to emphasize intentional realism and, perhaps, with (C), a declaration of a commitment to naturalism or physicalism at best. How, then, is the addition of (B) supposed to help? Let us first try to see in a bit more detail what the problem is supposed to be in the first place to which (B) is proposed as a solution. Let us start by reflecting on thinking and see what it is about thinking that makes it a mystery in Fodor's list. This will give rise to one of the most powerful (albeit still nondemonstrative) arguments for LOTH.
RTM's second clause (A2), in effect, says that thinking is at least the tokenings of states that are (a) intentional (i.e. have representational/propositional content) and (b) causally connected. But, surely, thinking is more. There could be a causally connected series of intentional states that makes no sense at all. Thinking, therefore, is causally proceeding from states to states that makes semantic sense: the transitions among states must preserve some of their semantic properties to count as thinking. In the ideal case, this property would be the truth value of the states. But in most cases, any interesting intentional or epistemic property would do (e.g., warrantedness, degree of confirmation, semantic coherence given a certain practical context like satisfaction of goals in a specific context, etc.). In general, it is hard to spell out what this requirement of “making sense” comes to. The intuitive idea, however, should be clear. Thinking is not proceeding from thoughts to thoughts in arbitrary fashion: thoughts that are causally connected are in some fashion semantically (rationally, epistemically) connected too. If this were not so, there would be little point in thinking—thinking couldn't serve any useful purpose. Call this general phenomenon, then, the semantic coherence of causally connected thought processes. LOTH is offered as a solution to this puzzle: how is thinking, conceived this way, physically possible? This is the problem of thinking, thus the problem of mechanization of rationality in Fodor's version. How does LOTH propose to solve this problem and bring us one big step closer to the naturalization of the mind?
The two most important achievements of 20th century that are at the foundations of LOTH as well as most of modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) research and most of the so-called information processing approaches to cognition are (i) the developments in modern symbolic (formal) logic, and (ii) Alan Turing's idea of a Turing Machine and Turing computability. It is putting these two ideas together that gives LOTH its enormous explanatory power within a naturalistic framework. Modern logic showed that most of deductive reasoning can be formalized, i.e. most semantic relations among symbols can be entirely captured by the symbols' formal/syntactic properties and the relations among them. And Turing showed, roughly, that if a process has a formally specifiable character then it can be mechanized. So we can appreciate the implications of (i) and (ii) for the philosophy of psychology in this way: if thinking consists in processing representations physically realized in the brain (in the way the internal data structures are realized in a computer) and these representations form a formal system, i.e., a language with its proper combinatorial syntax (and semantics) and a set of derivations rules formally defined over the syntactic features of those representations (allowing for specific but powerful programs to be written in terms of them), then the problem of thinking, as described above, can in principle be solved in completely naturalistic terms, thus the mystery surrounding how a physical device can ever have semantically coherent state transitions (processes) can be removed. Thus, given the commitment to naturalism, the hypothesis that the brain is a kind of computer trafficking in representations in virtue of their syntactic properties is the basic idea of LOTH (and the AI vision of cognition).
Computers are environments in which symbols are manipulated in virtue of their formal features, but what is thus preserved are their semantic properties, hence the semantic coherence of symbolic processes. Slightly paraphrasing Haugeland (cf. 1985: 106), who puts the same point nicely in the form of a motto:
The Formalist Motto:
If you take care of the syntax of a representational system, its semantics will take care of itself.
This is in virtue of the mimicry or mirroring relation between the semantic and formal properties of symbols. As Dennett once put it in describing LOTH, we can view the thinking brain as a syntactically driven engine preserving semantic properties of its processes, i.e. driving a semantic engine. What is so nice about this picture is that if LOTH is true we have a naturalistically adequate causal treatment of thinking that respects the semantic properties of the thoughts involved: it is in virtue of the physically coded syntactic/formal features that thoughts cause each other while the coherence of their semantic properties is preserved precisely in virtue of this.
Whether or not LOTH actually turns out to be empirically true in the details or in its entire vision of rational thinking, this picture of a syntactic engine driving a semantic one can at least be taken to be an important philosophical demonstration of how Descartes' challenge can be met (cf. Rey 1997: chp.8). Descartes claimed that rationality in the sense of having the power “to act in all the contingencies of life in the way in which our reason makes us act” cannot possibly be possessed by a purely physical device: “The rational soul … could not be in any way extracted from the power of matter … but must … be expressly created” (1637/1970: 117–18). Descartes was completely puzzled by just this rational character and semantic coherence of thought processes so much so that he failed to even imagine a possible mechanistic explication of it. He thus was forced to appeal to Divine creation. But we can now see/imagine at least a possible mechanistic/naturalistic scenario.
But where do the semantic properties of the mental representations come from in the first place? How can they mean anything? This is Brentano's challenge to a naturalist. Brentano's bafflement was with the intentionality of the human mind, its apparently mysterious power to represent things, events, properties in the world. He thought that nothing physical can have this property: “The reference to something as an object is a distinguishing characteristic of all mental phenomena. No physical phenomenon exhibits anything similar” (Brentano 1874/1973: 97). This problem of intentionality is the second problem or mystery in Fodor's list quoted above. I said that LOTH officially offers only a partial solution to it and perhaps proposes a framework within which the remainder of the solution can be couched and elaborated in a naturalistically acceptable way.
Recall that RTM contains a clause (A1b) that says that the immediate “object” of a propositional attitude that P is a mental representation #P# that means that P. Again, (B1) attributes a compositional semantics to the syntactically complex symbols belonging to one's LOT that are, as per (C), realized by the physical properties of a thinking system. According to LOTH, the semantic content of propositional attitudes is inherited from the semantic content of the mental symbols. So Brentano's questions for a LOT theorist becomes: how do the symbols in one's LOT get their meanings in the first place? There are two levels or stages at which this question can be raised and answered:
(1) At the level of atomic symbols (non-logical primitives): how do the atomic symbols represent what they do?
(2) At the level of molecular symbols (phrasal complexes or sentences): how do molecular symbols represent what they do?
There have been at least two major lines LOT theorists have taken regarding these questions. The one that is least committal might perhaps be usefully described as the official position regarding LOTH's treatment of intentionality. Most LOT theorists seem to have taken this line. The official line doesn't propose any theory about the first stage, but simply assumes that the first question can be answered in a naturalistically acceptable way. In other words, officially LOTH simply assumes that the atomic symbols/expressions in one's LOT have whatever meanings they have.
But, the official line continues, LOTH has a lot to say about the second stage, the stage where the semantic contents are computed or assigned to complex (molecular) symbols on the basis of their combinatorial syntax or grammar together with whatever meanings atomic symbols are assumed to have in the first stage. This procedure is familiar from a Tarski-style definition of truth conditions of sentences. The truth-value of complex sentences in propositional logic are completely determined by the truth-values of the atomic sentences they contain together with the rules fixed by the truth-tables of the connectives occurring in the complex sentences. Example: ‘P and Q’ is true just in case both ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are true, but false otherwise. This process is similar but more complex in first-order languages, and even more so for natural languages—in fact, we don't have a completely working compositional semantics for the latter at the moment. So, if we have a semantic interpretation of atomic symbols (if we have symbols whose reference and extension are fixed at the first stage by whatever naturalistic mechanism turns out to govern it), then the combinatorial syntax will take over and effectively determine the semantic interpretation (truth-conditions) of the complex sentences they are constituents of. So officially LOTH would only contribute to a complete naturalization project if there is a naturalistic story at the atomic level.
Early Fodor (1975, 1978, 1978a, 1980), for instance, envisaged a science of psychology which, among other things, would reasonably set for itself the goal of discovering the combinatorial syntactic principles of LOT and the computational rules governing its operations, without worrying much about semantic matters, especially about how to fix the semantics of atomic symbols (he probably thought that this was not a job for LOTH). Similarly, Field (1978) is very explicit about the combinatorial rules for assigning truth-conditions to the sentences of the internal code. In fact, Field's major argument for LOTH is that, given a naturalistic causal theory of reference for atomic symbols, about which he is optimistic (Field 1972), it is the only naturalistic theory that has a chance of solving Brentano's puzzle. For the moment, this is not much more than a hope, but, according to the LOT theorist, it is a well-founded hope based on a number of theoretical and empirical assumptions and data. Furthermore, it is a framework defining a naturalistic research program in which there have been promising successes.
As I said, this official and, in a way, least committal line has been the more standard way of conceiving LOTH's role in the project of naturalizing intentionality. But some have gone beyond it and explored the ways in which the resources of LOTH can be exploited even in answering the first question (1) about the semantics of atomic symbols.
Now, there is a weak version of an answer to (1) on the part of LOTH and a strong version. On the weak version, LOTH may be untendentiously viewed as inevitably providing some of the resources in giving the ultimate naturalistic theory in naturalizing the meaning of atomic symbols. The basic idea is that whatever the ultimate naturalistic theory turns out to be true about atomic expressions, computation as conceived by LOTH will be part of it. For instance, it may be that, as with nomic covariation theories of meaning (Fodor 1987, 1990a; Dretske 1981), the meaning of an atomic predicate may consist in its potential to get tokened in the presence of (or, in causal response to) something that instantiates the property the predicate is said to express. A natural way of explicating this potential may partly but ultimately rely on certain computational principles the symbol may be subjected to within a LOT framework, or principles that in some sense govern the “behavior” of the symbol. Insofar as computation is naturalistically understood in the way LOTH proposes, a complete answer to the first question about the semantics of atomic symbols may plausibly involve an explicatory appeal to computation within a system of symbols. This is the weak version because it doesn't see LOTH as proposing a complete solution to the first question (1) above, but only helping it.
A strong version would have it that LOTH provides a complete naturalistic solution to both questions: given the resources of LOTH we don't need to look any further to meet Brentano's challenge. The basic idea lies in so-called functional or conceptual role semantics, according to which a concept is the concept it is precisely in virtue of the particular causal/functional potential it has in interacting with other concepts. Each concept may be thought of as having a certain distinctive set of epistemic/semantic relations or liaisons to other concepts. We can conceive of this set as determining a certain “conceptual role” for each concept. We can then take these roles to determine the semantic identity of concepts: concepts are the concepts they are because they have the conceptual roles they have; that is to say, among other things, concepts represent whatever they do precisely in virtue of these roles. The idea then is to reduce each conceptual role to causal/functional role of atomic symbols (now conceived as primitive terms in LOTH), and then use the resources of LOTH to reduce it in turn to computational role. Since computation is naturalistically well-defined, the argument goes, and since causal interactions between thoughts and concepts can be understood completely in terms of computation, we can completely naturalize intentionality if we can successfully treat meanings as arising out of thoughts/concepts' internal interactions with each other. In other words, the strong version of LOTH would claim that atomic symbols in LOT have the content they do in virtue of their potential for causal interactions with other tokens, and cashing out this potential in mechanical/naturalistic terms is what, among other things, LOTH is for. LOTH then comes as a naturalistic rescuer for conceptual role semantics.
It is not clear whether any one holds this strong version of LOTH in this rather naive form. But certainly some people have elaborated the basic idea in quite subtle ways, for which Cummins (1989: chp.8) is perhaps the best example. (But also see Block 1986 and Field 1978.) But even in the best hands, the proposal turns out to be very problematic and full of difficulties nobody seems to know how to straighten out. In fact, some of the most ardent critics of taking LOTH as incorporating a functional role semantics turn out to be some of the most ardent defenders of LOTH understood in a weak, non-committal sense we have explored above—see Fodor (1987: chp.3), Fodor and Lepore (1991), Fodor's attack (1978b) on AI's way of doing procedural semantics is also relevant here. Haugeland (1981), Searle (1980, 1984), and Putnam (1988) quite explicitly take LOTH to involve a program for providing a complete semantic account of mental symbols, which they then attack accordingly.
It is also possible, in fact, quite natural, to combine conceptual role semantics (internalist) with causal/informational psychosemantics (externalist). The result is sometimes known as two-factor theories. If this turns out to be the right way to naturalize intentionality, then, given what is said above about the potential resources of LOTH in contributing to both factors, it is easy to see why many theorists who worry about naturalizing intentionality are attracted to LOTH.
As indicated previously, LOTH is almost completely silent about consciousness and the problem of qualia, the third mystery in Fodor's list in the quote above. But the naturalist's hope is that this problem too will be solved, if not by LOTH, then by something else. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that LOTH is neutral about the naturalizability of consciousness/qualia. If it turns out that qualia cannot be naturalized, this would by no means show that LOTH is false or defective in some way. In fact, there are people who seem to think that LOTH may well turn out to be true even though qualia can perhaps not be naturalized (e.g., Block 1980, Chalmers 1996, McGinn 1991).
Finally, it should be emphasized that LOTH has no particular commitment to every symbolic activity's being conscious. Conscious thoughts and thinking may be the tip of a computational iceberg. Nevertheless, there are ways in which LOTH can be helpful for an account of state consciousness that seeks to explain a thought's being conscious in terms of a higher order thought which is about the first order thought. So, to the extent to which thought and thinking are conscious, to that extent LOTH can perhaps be viewed as providing some of the necessary resources for a naturalistic account of state consciousness—for elaboration see Rosenthal (1997) and Lycan (1997).
We have already seen two major arguments, perhaps historically the most important ones, for LOTH: First, we have noted that if LOTH is true then all the essential features of the common sense conception of propositional attitudes will be explicated in a naturalistic framework which is likely to be co-opted by scientific cognitive psychology, thus vindicating folk psychology. Second, we have discussed that, if true, LOTH would solve one of the mysteries about thinking minds: how is thinking (as characterized above) possible? How is rationality mechanically possible? Then we have also seen a third argument that LOTH would partially contribute to the project of naturalizing intentionality by offering an account of how the semantic properties of whole attitudes are fixed on the basis of their atomic constituents. But there have been many other arguments for LOTH. In this section, I will describe only those arguments that have been historically more influential and controversial.
When Fodor first formulated LOTH with significant elaboration in his (1975), he introduced his major argument for it along with its initial formulation in the first chapter. It was basically this: our best scientific theories and models of different aspects of higher cognition assume a framework that requires a computational/representational medium for them to be true. More specifically, he analyzed the basic form of the information processing models developed to account for three types of cognitive phenomena: perception as the fixation of perceptual beliefs, concept learning as hypothesis formation and confirmation, and decision making as a form of representing and evaluating the consequences of possible actions carried out in a situation with a preordered set of preferences. He rightly pointed out that all these psychological models treated mental processes as computational processes defined over representations. Then he drew what seems to be the obvious conclusion: if these models are right in at least treating mental processes as computational, even if not in detail, then there must be a LOT over which they are defined, hence LOTH.
In Fodor's (1975), the arguments for different aspects of LOTH are diffused and the emphasis, with the book's slogan “no computation without representation”, is put on the RTM rather than on (B) or (C). But all the elements are surely there.
People seem to be capable of entertaining an infinite number of thoughts, at least in principle, although they in fact entertain only a finite number of them. Indeed adults who speak a natural language are capable of understanding sentences they have never heard uttered before. Here is one: there is a big lake of melted gold on the dark side of the moon. I bet that you have never heard this sentence before, and yet, you have no difficulty in understanding it: it is one you in fact likely believe false. But this sentence was arbitrary, there are infinitely many such sentences I can in principle utter and you can in principle understand. But understanding a sentence is to entertain the thought/proposition it expresses. So there are in principle infinitely many thoughts you are capable of entertaining. This is sometimes expressed by saying that we have an unbounded competence in entertaining different thoughts, even though we have a bounded performance. But this unbounded capacity is to be achieved by finite means. For instance, storing an infinite number of representations in our heads is out of the question: we are finite beings. If human cognitive capacities (capacities to entertain an unbounded number of thoughts, or to have attitudes towards an unbounded number of propositions) are productive in this sense, how is this to be explained on the basis of finitary resources?
The explanation LOTH offers is straightforward: postulate a representational system that satisfies at least (B1). Indeed, recursion is the only known way to produce an infinite number of symbols from a finite base. In fact, given LOTH, productivity of thought as a competence mechanism seems to be guaranteed.
Systematicity of thought consists in the empirical fact that the ability to entertain certain thoughts is intrinsically connected to the ability to entertain certain others. Which ones? Thoughts that are related in a certain way. In what way? There is a certain initial difficulty in answering such questions. I think, partly because of this, Fodor (1987) and Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988), who are the original defenders of this kind of argument, first argue for the systematicity of language production and understanding: the ability to produce/understand certain sentences is intrinsically connected to the ability to produce/understand certain others. Given that a mature speaker is able to produce/understand a certain sentence in her native language, by psychological law, there always appear to be a cluster of other sentences that she is able to produce/understand. For instance, we don't find speakers who know how to express in their native language the fact that John loves the girl but not the fact that the girl loves John. This is apparently so, moreover, for expressions of any n-place relation.
Fodor and Pylyshyn bring out the force of this psychological fact by comparing learning languages the way we actually do with learning a language by memorizing a huge phrase book. In the phrase book model, there is nothing to prevent someone learning how to say ‘John loves the girl’ without learning how to say ‘the girl loves John.’ In fact, that is exactly the way some information booklets prepared for tourists help them to cope with their new social environment. You might, for example, learn from a phrase book how to say ‘I'd like to have a cup of coffee with sugar and milk’ in Turkish without knowing how to say/understand absolutely anything else in Turkish. In other words, the phrase book model of learning a language allows arbitrarily punctate linguistic capabilities. In contrast, a speaker's knowledge of her native language is not punctate, it is systematic. Accordingly, we do not find, by nomological necessity, native speakers whose linguistic capacities are punctate.
Now, how is this empirical truth (in fact, a law-like generalization) to be explained? Obviously if this is a general nomological fact, then learning one's native language cannot be modeled on the phrase book model. What is the alternative? The alternative is well known. Native speakers master the grammar and vocabulary of their language. But this is just to say that sentences are not atomic, but have syntactic constituent structure. If you have a vocabulary, the grammar tells you how to combine systematically the words into sentences. Hence, in this way, if you know how to construct a particular sentence out of certain words, you automatically know how to construct many others. If you view all sentences as atomic, then, as Fodor and Pylyshyn say, the systematicity of language production/understanding is a mystery, but if you acknowledge that sentences have syntactic constituent structure, systematicity of linguistic capacities is what you automatically get; it is guaranteed. This is the orthodox explanation of linguistic systematicity.
From here, according to Fodor and Pylyshyn, establishing the systematicity of thought as a nomological fact is one step away. If it is a law that the ability to understand a sentence is systematically connected to the ability to understand many others, then it is similarly a law that the ability to think a thought is systematically connected to the ability to think many others. For to understand a sentence is just to think the thought/proposition it expresses. Since, according to RTM, to think a certain thought is just to token a representation in the head that expresses the relevant proposition, the ability to token certain representations is systematically connected to the ability to token certain others. But then, this fact needs an adequate explanation too. The classical explanation LOTH offers is to postulate a system of representations with combinatorial syntax exactly as in the case of the explanation of the linguistic systematicity. This is what (B1) offers. This seems to be the only explanation that does not make the systematicity of thought a miracle, and thus argues for the LOT hypothesis.
However, thought is not only systematic but also compositional: systematically connected thoughts are also always semantically related in such a way that the thoughts so related seem to be composed out of the same semantic elements. For instance, the ability to think ‘John loves the girl’ is connected to the ability to think ‘the girl loves John’ but not to, say, ‘protons are made up of quarks’ or to ‘2+2=4.’ Why is this so? The answer LOTH gives is to postulate a combinatorial semantics in addition to a combinatorial syntax, where an atomic constituent of a mental sentence makes (approximately) the same semantic contribution to any complex mental expression in which it occurs. This is what Fodor and Pylyshyn call ‘the principle of compositionality’.
In brief, it is an argument for LOTH that it offers a cogent and principled solution to the systematicity and compositionality of cognitive capacities by postulating a system of representations that has a combinatorial syntax and semantics, i.e., a system of representations that satisfies at least (B1).
Systematicity of thought does not seem to be restricted solely to the systematic ability to entertain certain thoughts. If the system of mental representations does have a combinatorial syntax, then there is a set of rules, psychosyntactic formation rules, so to speak, that govern the construction of well-formed expressions in the system. It is this fact, (B1), that guarantees that if you can form a mental sentence on the basis of certain rules, then you can also form many others on the basis of the same rules. The rules of combinatorial syntax determine the syntactic or formal structure of complex mental representations. This is the formative (or, formational) aspect of systematicity. But inferential thought processes ( i.e., thinking) seem to be systematic too: the ability to make certain inferences is intrinsically connected to the ability to make certain many others. For instance, you do not find minds that can infer ‘A’ from ‘A&B’ but cannot infer ‘C’ from ‘A&B&C.’ It seems to be a psychological fact that inferential capacities come in clusters that are homogeneous in certain aspects. How is this fact (i.e., the inferential or transformational systematicity) to be explained?
As we have seen, the explanation LOTH offers depends on the exploitation of the notion of logical form or syntactic structure determined by the combinatorial syntax postulated for the representational system. The combinatorial syntax not only gives us a criterion of well-formedness for mental expressions, but it also defines the logical form or syntactic structure for each well-formed expression. The classical solution to inferential systematicity is to make the mental operations on representations sensitive to their form or structure, i.e., to insist on (B2). Since, from a syntactic view point, similarly formed expressions will have similar forms, it is possible to define a single operation which will apply to only certain expressions that have a certain form, say, only to conjunctions, or conditionals. This allows the LOT theorist to give homogeneous explanations of what appear to be homogeneous classes of inferential capacities. This is one of the greatest virtues of LOTH, hence provides an argument for it.
The solution LOTH offers for what I called the problem of thinking, above, is connected to the argument here because the two phenomena are connected in a deep way. Thinking requires that the logico-semantic properties of a particular thought process be somehow causally implicated in the process (say, inferring that John is happy from knowing that if John is at the beach then John is happy and coming to realize that John is indeed at the beach). The systematicity of inferential thought processes then is based on the observation that if the agent is capable of making that particular inference, then she is capable of making many other somehow similarly organized inferences. But the idea of similar organization in this context seems to demand some sort of classification of thoughts independently of their particular content. But what can the basis of such a classification be? The only basis seems to be the logico-syntactic properties of thoughts, their form. Although it feels a little uneasy to talk about syntactic properties of thoughts common-sensically understood, it seems that they are forced upon us by the very attempt to understand their semantic properties: how, for instance, could we explain the semantic content of the thought that if John is at the beach then he is happy without somehow appealing to its being a conditional? This is the point of contact between the two phenomena. Especially when the demands of naturalism are added to this picture, inferring a LOT (= a representational system satisfying B) realized in the brain becomes almost irresistible. Indeed Rey (1995) doesn't resist and claims that, given the above observations, LOTH can be established on the basis of arguments that are not “merely empirical”. I leave it to the reader to evaluate whether mere critical reflection on our concepts of thought and thinking (along with certain mundane empirical observations about them) can be sufficient to establish LOTH.
There have been numerous arguments against LOTH. Some of them are directed more specifically against the Representational Theory of Mind (A), some against functionalist materialism (C). Here I will concentrate only on those arguments specifically targeting (B)—the most controversial component of LOTH.
These arguments rely on the explanations offered by LOTH defenders for certain aspects of natural languages. In particular, many LOT theorists advert to LOTH to explain (1) how natural languages are learned, (2) how natural languages are understood, or (3) how the utterances in such languages can be meaningful. For instance, according to Fodor (1975), natural languages are learned by forming and confirming hypotheses about the translation of natural language sentences into Mentalese such as: ‘Snow is white’ is true in English if and only if P, where ‘P’ is a sentence in one's LOT. But to be able to do that, one needs a representational medium in which to form and confirm hypotheses—at least to represent the truth-conditions of natural language sentences. The LOT is such a medium. Again, natural languages are understood because, roughly, such an understanding consists in translating their sentences into one's Mentalese. Similarly, natural language utterances are meaningful in virtue of the meanings of corresponding Mentalese sentences.
The basic complaint is that in each of these cases, either the explanations generate a regress because the same sort of explanations ought to be given for how the LOT is learned, understood or can be meaningful, or else they are gratuitous because if a successful explanation can be given for LOT that does not generate a regress then it could and ought to be given for the natural language phenomena without introducing a LOT (see, e.g., Blackburn 1984). Fodor's response in (1975) is (1) that LOT is not learned, it's innate; (2) that it's understood in a different sense than the sense involved in natural language comprehension; (3) that LOT sentences acquire their meanings not in virtue of another meaningful language but in a completely different way, perhaps by standing in some sort of causal relation to what they represent or by having certain computational profiles (see above, §5.3). For many who have a Wittgensteinian bent, these replies are not likely to be convincing. But here the issues tend to concern RTM rather than (B).
Laurence and Margolis (1997) point out that the regress arguments depend on the assumption that LOTH is introduced only to explain (1)-(3). If it can be shown that there are lots of other empirical phenomena for which the LOTH provides good explanations, then the regress arguments fail because LOTH then would not be gratuitous. In fact, as we have seen above, there are plenty of such phenomena. But still it is important to realize that the sort of explanations proposed for the understanding of one's LOT (computational use/activity of LOT sentences with certain meanings) and how LOT sentences can be meaningful (computational roles and/or nomic relations with the world) cannot be given for (1)-(3): it's unclear, for example, what it would be like to give a computational role and/or nomic relation account for the meanings of natural language utterances. (See Knowles 1998 for a reply to Laurence & Margolis 1997; Margolis & Laurence 1998 counterreplies to Knowles.)
Dennett in his review of Fodor's (1975) has raised the following objection (cf. Fodor 1987: 21–3 for a similar discussion):
In a recent conversation with the designer of a chess-playing program I heard the following criticism of a rival program: “it thinks it should get its queen out early.” This ascribes a propositional attitude to the program in a very useful and predictive way, for as the designer went on to say, one can usefully count on chasing that queen around the board. But for all the many levels of explicit representation to be found in that program, nowhere is anything roughly synonymous with “I should get my queen out early” explicitly tokened. The level of analysis to which the designer's remark belongs describes features of the program that are, in an entirely innocent way, emergent properties of the computational processes that have “engineering reality.” I see no reason to believe that the relation between belief-talk and psychological talk will be any more direct. (Dennett 1981: 107)
The objection, as Fodor (1987: 22) points out, isn't that the program has a dispositional, or potential, belief that it will get its queen out early. Rather, the program actually operates on this belief. There appear to be lots of other examples: e.g., in reasoning we pretty often follow certain inference rules like modus ponens, disjunctive syllogism, etc., without necessarily explicitly representing them.
The standard reply to such objections is to draw a distinction between rules on the basis of which Mentalese data-structures are manipulated, and the data-structures themselves (intuitively, the program/data distinction). LOTH is not committed to every rule's being explicitly represented. In fact, as a point of nomological fact, in a computational device not every rule can be explicitly represented: some have to be hard-wired and, thus, implicit in this sense. In other words, LOTH permits but doesn't require that rules be explicitly represented. On the other hand, data structures have to be explicitly represented: it is these that are manipulated formally by the rules. No causal manipulation is possible without explicit tokening of these structures. According to Fodor, if a propositional attitude is an actual episode in one's reasoning that plays a causal role, then LOTH is committed to explicit representation of its content, which is as per (A2 and B2) causally implicated in the physical process realizing that reasoning. Dispositional propositional attitudes can then be accounted for in terms of an appropriate principle of inferential closure of explicitly represented propositional attitudes (cf. Lycan 1986).
Dennett's chess program certainly involves explicit representations of the chess board, the pieces, etc. and perhaps some of the rules. Which rules are implicit and which are explicit depend on the empirical details of the program. Pointing to the fact that there may be some rules that are emergent out of the implementation of explicit rules and data-structures does not suffice to undermine LOTH.
In any sufficiently complex computational system, there are bound to be many symbol manipulations with no obviously corresponding description at the level of propositional attitudes. For instance, when a multiplication program is run through a standard conventional computer, the steps of the program are translated into the computer's machine language and executed there, but at this level the operations apply to 1's and 0's with no obvious way to map them onto the original numbers to be multiplied or to the multiplication operation. So it seems that at those levels that, according to Dennett, have engineering reality there are plenty of explicit tokenings of symbols with appropriate operations over them that don't correspond to anything like the propositional attitudes of folk psychology. In other words, there is plenty of symbolic activity which it would be wrong to say a person engages in. Rather, they are done by the person's subpersonal computational components as opposed to the person. How to rule out such cases? (cf. Fodor 1987: 23–6 for a similar discussion.)
They are ruled out by an appropriate reading of (A1) and (B1): (A1) says that the person herself must stand in an appropriate computational relation to a Mentalese sentence, which, as per (B1), has a suitable syntax and semantics. Only then will the sentence constitute the person's having a propositional attitude. Not all explicit symbols in one's LOT will satisfy this. In other words, not every computational routine will correspond to a processing appropriately described as storage in, e.g., the “belief-box”. Furthermore, as pointed out by Fodor (1987), LOTH would vindicate the common sense view of propositional attitudes if they turn out to be computational relations to Mentalese sentences. It may not be further required that every explicit representation correspond to a propositional attitude.
There have been many other objections to LOTH in recent years raised especially by connectionists: that LOT systems cannot handle certain cognitive tasks like perceptual pattern recognition, that they are too brittle and not sufficiently damage resistant, that they don't exhibit graceful degradation when physically damaged or as a response to noisy or degraded input, that they are too rigid, deterministic, so are not well-suited for modeling humans' capacity to satisfy multiple soft-constraints so gracefully, that they are not biologically realistic, and so on. (For useful discussions of these and many similar objections, see Rumelhart, McClelland and the PDP Research Group (1986), Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988), Horgan and Tienson (1996), Horgan (1997), McLaughlin and Warfield (1994), Bechtel and Abrahamsen (2002), Marcus (2002).)
When Jerry Fodor published his influential book, The Language of Thought, in (1975), he called LOTH “the only game in town.” As we have seen, it was the philosophical articulation of the assumptions that underlay the new developments in “cognitive sciences” after the demise of behaviorism. Fodor argued for the truth of LOTH on the basis of the successes of the best scientific theories we had then. Indeed most of the scientific work in cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, and AI assumed the framework of LOTH.
In the early 1980's, however, Fodor's claim that LOTH was the only game in town was beginning to be challenged by some who were working on so-called connectionist networks. They claimed that connectionism offered a new and radically different alternative to classicism in modeling cognitive phenomena. The name ‘classicism’ has since then become to be applied to the LOTH framework. On the other hand, many classicists like Fodor thought that connectionism was nothing but a slightly more sophisticated way with which the old and long dead associationism, whose roots could be traced back to early British empiricists, was being revived. In 1988 Fodor and Pylyshyn (F&P) published a long article, “Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis”, in which they launched a formidable attack on connectionism, which largely set the terms for the ensuing debate between connectionists and classicists.
F&P's forceful criticism consists in posing a dilemma for connectionists: They either fail to explain the law-like cognitive regularities like systematicity and productivity in an adequate way or the connectionist models are nothing but mere implementation models of classical architectures; hence, they fail to provide a radically new paradigm as connectionists claim. This conclusion was also meant to be a challenge: Explain the cognitive regularities in question without postulating a LOT architecture.
First, let me present F&P's argument against connectionism in a somewhat reconstructed fashion. It will be helpful to characterize the debate by locating the issues according to the reactions many connectionists had to the premises of the argument.
F&P's Argument against Connectionism in their (1988) article:
Cognition essentially involves representational states and causal operations whose domain and range are these states; consequently, any scientifically adequate account of cognition should acknowledge such states and processes.
Higher cognition (specifically, thought and thinking with propositional content) conceived in this way, has certain empirically interesting properties: in particular, it is a law of nature that cognitive capacities are productive, systematic, and inferentially coherent.
Accordingly, the architecture of any proposed cognitive model is scientifically adequate only if it guarantees that cognitive capacities are productive, systematic, etc. This would amount to explaining, in the scientifically relevant and required sense, how it could be a law that cognition has these properties.
The only way (i.e., necessary condition) for a cognitive architecture to guarantee systematicity (etc.) is for it to involve a representational system for which (B) is true (see above). (Classical architectures necessarily satisfy (B).)
Either the architecture of connectionist models does satisfy (B), or it does not.
If it does, then connectionist models are implementations of the classical LOT architecture and have little new to offer (i.e., they fail to compete with classicism, and thus connectionism does not constitute a radically new way of modeling cognition).
If it does not, then (since connectionism does not then guarantee systematicity, etc., in the required sense) connectionism is empirically false as a theory of the cognitive architecture.
Therefore, connectionism is either true as an implementation theory, or empirically false as a theory of cognitive architecture.
The notion of cognitive architecture assumes special importance in this debate. F&P's characterization of the notion goes as follows:
The architecture of the cognitive system consists of the set of basic operations, resources, functions, principles, etc. (generally the sorts of properties that would be described in a “user's manual” for that architecture if it were available on a computer) whose domain and range are the representational states of the organism. (1988: 10)
Also, note that (B1) and (B2) are meta-architectural properties in that they are themselves conditions upon any specific architecture's being classical. They define classicism per se, but not any particular way of being classical. Classicism as such simply claims that whatever the particular cognitive architecture of the brain might turn out to be (whatever the specific grammar of Mentalese turns out to be), (B) must be true of it. F&P claim that this is the only way an architecture can be said to guarantee the nomological necessity of cognitive regularities like systematicity, etc. This seems to be the relevant and required sense in which a scientific explanation of cognition is required to guarantee the regularities—hence the third premise in their argument.
Connectionist responses have fallen into four classes:
Deny premise(i). The rejection of (i) commits connectionists to what is sometimes called radical or eliminativist connectionism. Premise (i), as F&P point out, draws a general line between eliminativism and representationalism (or, intentional realism). There has been some controversy as to whether connectionism constitutes a serious challenge to the fundamental tenets of folk psychology. Although it may still be too early for assessment, the connectionist research program has been overwhelmingly cognitivist: most connectionists do in fact advance their models as having causally efficacious representational states, and explicitly endorse F&P's first premise. So they seem to accept intentional realism.
Accept the conclusion. This group may be seen as more or less accepting the cogency of the entire argument, and characterizes itself as implementationalist: they hold that connectionist networks will implement a classical architecture or language of thought. According to this group, the appropriate niche for neural networks is closer to neuroscience than to cognitive psychology. They seem to view the importance of the program in terms of its prospects of closing the gap between the neurosciences and high-level cognitive theorizing. In this, many seem content to admit premise (vi). (See Marcus 2001 for a discussion of the virtues of placing connectionist models closer to implementational level.)
Deny premise (ii) or (iv). Some connectionists reject (ii) or (iv), holding that there are no lawlike cognitive regularities such as systematicity (etc.) to be explained, or that such regularities do not require a (B)-like architecture for their explanation. Those who question (ii) often question the empirical evidence for systematicity (etc.) and tend to ignore the challenge put forward by F&P. Those who question (iv) also often question (ii), or they argue that there can be very different sort of explanations for systematicity and the like (e.g. evolutionary explanations, see Braddon-Mitchell and Fitzpatrick 1990), or they question the very notion of explanation involved (e.g. Matthews 1994). There are indeed quite a number of different kinds of arguments in the literature against these premises. For a sampling, see Aydede (1995) and McLaughlin (1993b), who partitions the debate similarly.
Deny premise (vi). The group of connectionists who have taken F&P's challenge most seriously has tended to reject premise (vi) in their argument, while accepting, on the face of it, the previous five premises (sometimes with reservations on the issue of productivity). They think that it is possible for connectionist representations to be syntactically structured in some sense without being classical. Prominent in this group are Smolensky (1990a, 1990b, 1995), van Gelder (1989, 1990, 1991), Chalmers (1990, 1993). Some connectionists whose models give support to this line include Elman (1989), Hinton (1990), Touretzky (1990), Pollack (1990), Barnden and Srinivas (1991), Shastri and Ajjanagadde (1993), Plate (1998), Hummel et al. (2004), Van Der Velde and De Kamps (2006), Barrett et al. (2008), Sanjeevi and Bhattacharyya (2010).
Much of the recent debate between connectionists and classicists has focused on this option. How is it possible to reject premise (vi), which seems true by definition of classicism. The connectionists' answer, roughly put, is that when you devise a representational system whose satisfaction of (B) relies on a non-concatenative realization of structural/syntactic complexity of representations, you have a non-classical system. (See especially Smolensky 1990a and van Gelder 1990.) Interestingly, some classicists like Fodor and McLaughlin (1990) (F&M) seem to agree. F&M stipulate that you have a classical system only if the syntactic complexity of representations is realized concatenatively, or as it is sometimes put, explicitly:
We … stipulate that for a pair of expression types E1, E2, the first is a Classical constituent of the second only if the first is tokened whenever the second is tokened. (F&M 1990: 186)
The issues about how connectionists propose to obtain constituent structure non-concatenatively tend to be complex and technical. But they propose to exploit so called distributed representations in certain novel ways. The essential idea behind most of them is to use vector (and tensor) algebra (involving superimposition, multiplication, etc. of vectors) in composing and decomposing connectionist representations which consist in coding patterns of activity across neuron-like units which can be modeled as vectors. The result of such techniques is the production of representations that have in some interesting sense a complexity whose constituent structure is largely implicit in that the constituents are not tokened explicitly when the representations are tokened, but can be recovered by further operations upon them. The interested reader should consult some of the pioneering work by Elman (1989), Hinton (1990), Smolensky (1989, 1990, 1995), Touretzky (1990), Pollack (1990).
F&M's criticism, more specifically stated, however, is this. Connectionists with such techniques only satisfy (B1) in some “extended sense”, but they are incapable of satisfying (B2), precisely because their way of satisfying (B1) is committed to a non-concatenative realization of syntactic structures.
Some connectionists disagree (e.g., Chalmers 1993, Niklasson and van Gelder 1994—see also Browne 1998 and Browne and Sun 2001 for discussion and overview of models): they claim that you can have structure-sensitive transformations or operations defined over representations whose syntactic structure is non-concatenatively realized. So given the apparent agreement that non-concatenative realization is what makes a system non-classical, connectionists claim that they can and do perfectly satisfy (B) in its entirety with their connectionist models without implementing classical models.
The debate still continues and there is a growing literature built around the many issues raised by it. Aydede (1997a) offers an extensive analysis of the debate between classicists and this group of connectionists with special attention to the conceptual underpinnings of the debate. (See also Roth 2005 who argues that to the extent to which connectionist models can transform representations successfully according to an algorithmic function, to that extent they count as executing program in the sense relevant to classical program execution.) Aydede argues that both parties are wrong in assuming that concatenative realization is relevant to the characterization of LOTH. Part of the argument is that concatenative realization of (B) is just that—a realization. The attentive reader might have noticed that there is nothing in the characterization of (B) that requires concatenative realization. Indeed, when we look at all the major arguments for LOTH focused on the need for (B), none of them requires concatenation or explicit realization of syntactic structure. In fact, it is almost on the border of confusion to necessarily associate LOTH to such an implementational level issue. If anything, this class of connectionist networks, if successful and generalizable across all higher cognition, contributes to our understanding of how radically differently a LOTH architecture could be implemented in neural networks. Indeed, if these models prove to be adequate for explaining the full range of human cognitive capacities, they would show how syntactically structured representations and structure sensitive processes could be implemented in a radically new way. So research programs in this niche are by no means trivial or insignificant. But we need to be clear and careful about what minimally needs to be the case for LOTH to be true, and why.
On the other hand, it is by no means clear that these connectionist models are successful and generalizable (scalable). They all have proved to have serious limitations that seem to be tied to their particular ways of implementing variable binding (syntactic structure) and structure sensitive processing. For critical discussion, see Marcus (2001), Hadley (2009), Browne and Sun (2001). Marcus in particular makes a strong and largely empirical case for why classical symbol systems are needed for explaining human capacities of variable binding and generalizing, and why existing connectionist models aren't up to the job to match human capacities while remaining non-classical. Indeed the trend in the last fifteen years seems to be towards developing hybrid systems combining connectionist and classical symbol processing models—see, for instance, the articles in Wermter and Sun (2000).
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How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up this entry topic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
- Bibliography on the language of thought, in PhilPapers.org.
- Bibliography on the philosophy of artificial intelligence, curated by Eric Dietrich, in PhilPapers.org. | <urn:uuid:9ed9c6bd-13e0-43d1-b682-dbd43ec3eb92> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/entries/language-thought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00550-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90978 | 24,587 | 3.25 | 3 |
Create a flattened view
of the 3D solids and regions in the current view.
Create a Flatshot Object
the FLATSHOT command, you
can create a flattened, 2D representation of the 3D model projected
onto the XY plane. The resulting objects
can be inserted as a block or saved as a separate drawing.
The process is like taking
a photograph of the entire 3D model and then laying the photograph
flat. This feature is useful for creating technical illustrations.
The flatshot process
works only in model space. Start by setting up the view you want,
including orthographic or parallel views. All 3D objects in the model
space viewport are captured. Therefore, be sure to place the objects you
do not want captured on layers that are turned off or frozen.
As you create the block,
you can control how hidden lines are displayed by adjusting the
Foreground and Obscured Lines settings in the Flatshot dialog
box. For best results with mesh objects,
clear the Show box under Obscured Lines so that hidden lines are
that have been sectioned are captured in their entirety, as if they
had not been sectioned.
To create profile
images of 3D solids in paper space, use the SOLPROF
Modify a Flatshot Block
You can modify a flattened
view that has been inserted as a block in the same way that you
modify any other 2D block geometry.
To create a flattened 2D
view of a 3D model | <urn:uuid:b170052f-13f5-4538-b201-e4b400160578> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://docs.autodesk.com/ACD/2011/ENU/filesAUG/WS1a9193826455f5ffa23ce210c4a30acaf-6659.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119356.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00213-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890938 | 324 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What you should always do BEFORE climbing a ladder or using other long or tall equipment (poles, etc.)
- 1Look for power lines nearby.
- 2Keep everyone and everything at least 3 m away from a medium-voltage line.
- 3Also be sure that nothing touches the low-voltage lines (including the lines connected to the service entrance of your home). Even though they’re insulated, the sheathing may be cracked and therefore inadequate.
Vidéo : Before starting any outdoor workr
Learn about safety habits to adopt when working around the house and the importance of keeping your distance from power lines.
Vidéo : Kids at play and power lines
Learn safety tips for kids playing outdoors this summer and the importance of always staying away from power lines.
Activities during which you need to be especially careful
- Pruning or cutting down a tree
- Trimming a hedge
- Building a treehouse
- Using a ladder
- Delivering materials with a crane or cherry-picker
- Working on scaffolding or a cherry-picker
- Working on a roof
- Cleaning out eavestroughs
- Skimming a pool
- Putting up holiday decorations or a Christmas tree
- Piling up snow and playing on a big pile of snow
- Playing with a water blaster
- Flying a kite or drone
- Approaching a downed power line
- What to do if a car hits a utility pole and damages it
Pruning or cutting down a tree
Pruning or cutting down a tree is more dangerous than you think. Before you climb a ladder into a tree, always take a careful look around for nearby power lines. The safe distance for your work depends on the type of pruning or size of the tree to cut down. If the danger of falling branches is not properly assessed, there is a serious risk of injury or shock if a branch comes in contact with a line. When pruning or cutting down a tree, hiring a professional arborist is the best—and safest—option!
Trimming a hedge
Trimming a hedge can pose a risk if there are power lines overhead. Before you climb a ladder into a hedge or use a long-reach hedge trimmer, always take a careful look around for nearby power lines. It is also important to consider the height of the hedge. Keep yourself and your tools and instruments at least three metres from power lines. If you or your tools or instruments get too close, there is a serious risk of injury or shock. When trimming a hedge, hiring a professional arborist is the best—and safest—option!
Building a treehouse
So many children dream of a treehouse! But before you build one, always take a careful look around for nearby power lines. It is also important to make sure there are no lines running through the tree. Remember that branches will grow over time and must never come in contact with power lines. Make sure the children can safely climb the tree and play in their treehouse without running the risk of electric shock.
Using a ladder
Before using a ladder, take a quick look around the area where you intend to work to locate Hydro‑Québec power lines, which may be hidden in a tree’s highest branches. When you are ready to set up the ladder, remain careful at all times. You don’t want uneven ground, a gust of wind or a simple distraction to cause you to lose your balance, since the top of the ladder could then come in contact with a power line. To eliminate the risk, always place your ladder at least three metres from a power line. Ideally, choose a ladder made of fiberglass or another nonconductive material. Don’t run the risk of a potentially lethal electric shock.
Delivering materials with a crane or cherry-picker
Whether you are a professional or just helping a friend, you put your life at risk when you use a crane or cherry-picker near Hydro‑Québec power lines. When you arrive, take a quick look around the area where you intend to work to locate them. Make sure the crane or cherry-picker is within a safe distance—three metres away—at all times. Don’t run the risk of a potentially lethal electric shock.
Working on scaffolding or a cherry-picker
Work near Hydro‑Québec power lines requires considerable caution. A minimum distance of three metres must be kept at all times when handling the materials and tools required to carry out the work. When you work on scaffolding or a cherry-picker, you are closer to the power lines. Still, you must keep a safe distance of at least three metres at all times. For example, a window or an eavestrough can get too close to the lines during installation. A gust of wind or wrong move can quickly cause a potentially fatal electric arc, so keep a safe distance! Make sure you and your tools and instruments are at least three metres from power lines. If that is not possible at all times, you must ask for safety measures to be implemented. Read the General Information Sheet – Work Near Power Lines [PDF 248.9 kB] to learn more.
Working on a roof
Working on a roof means working at height! And that often means working near power lines. Clearing snow, installing or cleaning eavestroughs and replacing roof coverings is high-risk work. Consider hiring a professional or, if you do the work yourself, read the General Information Sheet – Work Near Power Lines [PDF 248.9 kB] to stay safe.
No matter what the situation, never minimize the risk of electric shock and always keep a safe distance of three metres from power lines.
Cleaning out eavestroughs
To clean out eavestroughs, you need to use a long pole or climb a ladder. For your own safety, choose a pole or ladder made of nonconductive materials (fiberglass is ideal, wood is also acceptable). When cleaning out eavestroughs, take a look around the area where you intend to work and locate the power lines. Most importantly, keep an eye on the tops of the pole or ladder and any tools so they don’t touch the lines. Use nonconductive tools and always keep a safe distance of three metres from Hydro‑Québec power lines.
Skimming a pool
Even though the lines that connect a home to the power system are covered with an insulating sheath, it could be damaged. There is always a risk of serious electric shock. Before using a skimmer, look around the pool to stay safe.
Opt for a fiberglass long-handled skimmer rather than an aluminum one. Fiberglass provides better insulation than aluminum, which is a good conductor of electricity.
Putting up holiday decorations or a Christmas tree
A Christmas tree outside a house always looks beautiful. But remember that the taller it is, the greater the risk of touching a power line. Before you choose your tree, take a careful look around to make sure there are no power lines nearby. Don’t climb a ladder to hang the decorations on a windy day. Choose a ladder or pole made of nonconductive materials, like fiberglass or wood, and be careful when installing the lights and ornaments. Always keep a safe distance of three metres from Hydro‑Québec power lines.
When hanging outdoor holiday lights, be sure to use extension cords that are in good condition and designed for outdoor use. Don’t overload the sockets with too many extension cords.
Piling up snow and playing on a big pile of snow
Whether it’s in a parking lot or schoolyard or during snow removal operations, it’s important to pile snow in the right spot, far from power lines. Large snowbanks quickly become fun playgrounds to climb and slide down, but kids can get too close to power lines and risk severe shock or even death by coming in direct or indirect contact with them.
If you see a pile of snow that seems dangerous, alert authorities by calling 911. Emergency services will take the necessary steps to ensure people are safe.
Playing with a water blaster
Water blasters have huge tanks so they can shoot a continuous stream over a distance of several metres. When the spray hits a line, it’s just as if the hands holding the water blaster were touching it directly. It is extremely dangerous, so always spray safely!
Flying a kite or drone
Flying a kite is so much fun that it’s easy to forget about overhead power lines. Remind children to always look out for power lines and keep a safe distance. A kite that gets tangled in power lines can conduct electricity. If the ground is wet, the risk of serious shock is even higher. It is always safer to fly a kite in an area where there are no power lines nearby.
Never steer a drone near Hydro‑Québec power lines or a transformer substation. If your drone happens to land behind the fence of a Hydro‑Québec substation, don’t try to get it yourself. You’d be risking your life. The area is fenced off because it is very dangerous to access. To get your drone back, contact Hydro‑Québec customer services and explain the situation. A specialist will retrieve it for you on their next planned visit to the substation.
Approaching a downed power line
When a power line is in contact with the ground or your vehicle, it is likely still live, even if it seems to be cut or damaged. The ground around it can also conduct electricity and cause shock. Always keep a safe distance and never use anything to try to move a line. Even a tree branch can conduct electrical current.
To report a downed line, call 911.
Collision with a utility pole
When a vehicle hits a utility pole, a line may be damaged or cut and fall to the ground. You may not even see the line, which could still be live. There is a significant risk of severe shock if you happen to touch it. The ground around it can also conduct electricity and cause shock. The best thing to do is to remain in the vehicle and not touch any metal parts inside it. Stay calm and immediately call 911. Do not exit the vehicle. If bystanders try to help you, tell them not to approach the vehicle and, above all, not to touch it.
A kite board isn’t always easy to maneuver. If you lose control of the kite, you could quickly come too close to power lines before you regain control. There is a risk of severe electric shock or even death. Enjoy the wind and have fun, but always stay at least 75 m (245 ft.) from power lines. Don’t put your life at risk! | <urn:uuid:2a7cdb3a-ad83-4b8c-83a2-1ab58f20cfd9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hydroquebec.com/safety/distribution-lines/activities-near-lines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00823.warc.gz | en | 0.930323 | 2,267 | 2.84375 | 3 |
5 facts about America’s students
In a few weeks, America’s roughly 53.5 million K-12 students will head to the classroom. Trading in swimming pools and summer jobs for math problems and history homework, these students will hit the books at one of more than 129,200 schools across the country, including about 5,700 charter schools and 30,900 private schools.
Pew Research Center has found today’s American students as a whole to be more diverse – and on track to be better educated – than their parents and grandparents. Here are five key findings about these students:
1As a whole, America’s K-12 students are more racially diverse than ever. The U.S. Department of Education projected that minorities would outnumber whites at public schools by fall 2014, due largely to fast growth in the number of Hispanic and Asian school-age children born in the U.S. Since 2000 there has also been a large increase in the number of states where at least one-in-five public school kindergartners are Latino.
These changes reflect a broader shift toward a majority-minority youth population. Young Americans are far more likely than older Americans to be racial or ethnic minorities. Data from the Census Bureau show that half of Americans younger than 5 were minorities in 2013, compared with just 17% of those ages 85 or older.
2Yet, even while school-age children as a whole have become more diverse, most white students still attend largely white schools. Just 17.1% of whites attended a school where minorities made up at least half of all students in 2012. Meanwhile, more than three-quarters of Hispanics and blacks (and six-in-ten Asians) attended these majority-minority schools. But many of these minority students are going to school with classmates of their same race or ethnicity. For the 2011-12 school year, the average Latino student attended a school that was 56.8% Latino, and the average black student attended a school that was 48.8% black, according to a recent report from the Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles. (The average white student attended a school that was 72.5% white.)
3Students today are more likely to stay in school. As of 2013, America’s high school dropout rate had reached a record low: Just 7% of 18- to 24-year-olds that year had dropped out of high school, down from 12% in 2000. The decline can be attributed to falling numbers of black and Hispanic dropouts. The dropout rate among black students fell by nearly half, from 15% in 2000 to 8% in 2013, while the rate for Hispanics tumbled to a record low of 14%, down from 32% in 2000. Yet while a growing share of Hispanic youths are finishing high school and attending college, Hispanics still lag behind whites in obtaining four-year college degrees.
4America’s students have improved in math and science over the past 20 years – but remain behind students in many other industrialized nations. The United States ranks 35th out of 64 countries in math and 27th in science, according to a cross-national test known as PISA. Although the U.S. spent more per pupil than many countries in 2012 ($115,000), its students performed the same in math as those in Slovakia, which spent $53,000 per student.
Americans are critical of the quality of the nation’s K-12 science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) instruction: Only 29% believe U.S. STEM education is above average or the best in the world, and 29% say it is below average. At the same time, Americans believe math and science skills are less critical to success than communication and reading skills: 90% say communication is one of the most important skills for American children to get ahead, while 79% name math and only 58% name science.
5While they may lag their peers in other nations, American students are outperforming one group: their grandparents. In fact, Millennials are on track to be the most educated generation in history compared with older generations when they were the same age. This is partly due to increases in higher education among minorities, as well as to educational gains for women. Millennial women are nearly four times as likely as women in the Silent generation to have at least a bachelor’s degree.
Category: 5 Facts
Lauren Kent is an editorial intern at Pew Research Center. | <urn:uuid:40a1c104-ac88-4f65-b0d1-014583d37c8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/08/10/5-facts-about-americas-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830064.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00280-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970792 | 923 | 2.96875 | 3 |
(NaturalNews) Extracts from a certain species of mistletoe are more effective at treating colon cancer and have fewer negative side effects than chemotherapy, according to a study conducted by researchers from the University of Adelaide
Both case studies and experimental research have shown that mistletoe extracts can stimulate the immune system and directly destroy the cells of many different cancer types. As a result, mistletoe extract is a widely used cancer treatment in Europe. It has not yet been adopted by regulatory agencies or medical professionals in the United States and Australia; however, purportedly due to lack of scientific evidence.
"Mistletoe extract has been considered a viable alternative therapy overseas for many years, but it's important for us to understand the science behind it," said Professor Gordon Howarth, who supervised the student who carried out the research.
More effective than pharmaceuticals
Studies have shown that much of the initial uncertainty over the effectiveness of mistletoe extracts stemmed from the fact that each variety of mistletoe has its own unique properties. Therefore, university student Zahra Lotfollahi performed a study to test the effectiveness of three different kinds of mistletoe extract. She exposed both healthy intestinal cells and colon cancer cells to each of the extracts, as well as to chemotherapy.
One of the extracts, derived from the variety Fraxini, which grows only on ash trees, proved not only more effective against the cancer cells than the chemotherapy
drugs were, but also less toxic to healthy intestinal cells.
"This is an important result because we know that chemotherapy is effective at killing healthy cells as well as cancer cells," Lotfollahi said. "This can result in severe side effects for the patient, such as oral mucositis (ulcers in the mouth) and hair loss."
"Our laboratory studies have shown Fraxini mistletoe
extract by itself to be highly effective at reducing the viability of colon cancer cells. At certain concentrations, Fraxini also increased the potency of chemotherapy against the cancer cells."
The findings are promising for expanding the acceptance and effective use of mistletoe extract
, Howarth suggested.
"Although mistletoe grown on the ash tree was the most effective of the three extracts tested, there is a possibility that mistletoe grown on other, as yet untested, trees or plants could be even more effective," he said. "This is just the first important step in what we hope will lead to further research, and eventually clinical trials, of mistletoe extract in Australia."
"This might mean that Fraxini is a potential candidate for increased toxicity against cancer
, while also reducing potential side effects," Lotfollahi agreed.
It's not just in laboratory studies that mistletoe extract performs well. A large clinical trial in Germany found that cancer patients who took a certain mistletoe extract lived 40 percent longer than patients who did not take the extract, while another study found that patients taking mistletoe extract had a significantly higher quality of life. Further clinical studies are also being pursued in Germany and Austria.Sources:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121130094725.htmhttp://www.naturalnews.com/034193_mistletoe_cancer.html | <urn:uuid:0dd1cce1-ce1f-44ba-a660-59874e6d4782> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.naturalnews.com/038180_mistletoe_chemotherapy_cancer_treatment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00246-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965401 | 671 | 2.875 | 3 |
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Physical Chemistry: Understanding our Chemical World
Understanding Physical Chemistry is a gentle introduction to the principles and applications of physical chemistry. The book aims to introduce the concepts and theories in a structured manner through a wide range of carefully chosen examples and case studies drawn from everyday life. These real-life examples and applications are presented first, with any necessary chemical and mathematical theory discussed afterwards. This makes the book extremely accessible and directly relevant to the reader.
Aimed at undergraduate students taking a first course in physical chemistry, this book offers an accessible applications/examples led approach to enhance understanding and encourage and inspire the reader to learn more about the subject.
A comprehensive introduction to physical chemistry starting from first principles.
Carefully structured into short, self-contained chapters.
Introduces examples and applications first, followed by the necessary chemical theory.
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regarding ISBN / ISBN-10 / ISBN10, ISBN-13 / ISBN13, EAN / EAN-13, and Amazon | <urn:uuid:5e2a881c-c63a-4be6-8beb-ed8c2ea27583> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.alldiscountbooks.net/_9780471491804_i_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00117-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.762963 | 1,728 | 2.671875 | 3 |
WASHINGTON – The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) recently announced its newest initiative: The Center for Green Schools at USGBC. There are nearly 140,000 schools, colleges and universities in the United States; no one has ever counted the buildings, but thousands are barely built to code. The Center for Green Schools is how USGBC is working toward the ambitious goal of ensuring everyone has the opportunity to attend a green school within this generation.
“At USGBC, we understand the profound impact green buildings have on our lives and the innovation they have poured into the marketplace, and we believe no other market speaks more powerfully to the benefits and potential of green buildings than our schools,” says Rick Fedrizzi, president, CEO and founding chair of USGBC. “The Center for Green Schools at USGBC is engaging educators in creating sustainable learning environments for their students and applying solid research to inform leadership—from school boards to college presidents—about the benefits of healthy, high-performing schools.”
USGBC also announced United Technologies Corp. as the first Founding Sponsor of The Center for Green Schools at USGBC. Through UTC’s multi-year, multimillion-dollar financial commitment, the Center will lead hundreds of schools across the nation to becoming green and more energy efficient and will help build hundreds of LEED registered education projects in the next few years.
“UTC is once again honored to partner with USGBC, a world leader in sustainable buildings,” says Sandy Diehl, UTC vice president, Integrated Building Solutions. “This multi-year, multimillion-dollar commitment demonstrates UTC’s strong support for sustainable building design and construction, as energy efficiency is a hallmark of UTC products. We believe the greening of school facilities will have the added benefit of educating our next generation of leaders about the benefits of sustainable building design.”
UTC’s support as Founding Sponsor will help the Center raise the volume on USGBC’s efforts to drive wholesale change in how schools are designed, constructed and operated so that they enhance the learning experience for students and save money for school districts and higher education institutions. Green schools provide fresh and clean air that improves health, additional daylight that boosts concentration, comfortable temperatures that increase focus and improved acoustics that enable better communication. Green schools also use less water and energy, making them less expensive to operate.
The Center is building upon the leadership, partnerships and programming USGBC started through its Green Schools and Green Campus campaigns, by convening conversations with key decision-makers, collaborating with leading education and environmental associations and creating tools and resources that help make green schools possible.
Through the Center, USGBC is escalating its work on green schools caucuses in the U.S. Congress and the 50 for 50 Initiative with state legislatures nationwide; the nationwide Mayors’ Alliance for Green Schools; and the Coalition for Green Schools, which represents more than 10 million members collectively and comprises organizations such as the National PTA, the National School Boards Association, the National Education Association, and the American Federation of Teachers. The Center is creating new resources and advocacy tools to support USGBC Student Groups on college campuses and a nationwide network of more than 1,000 Green School Committee professional volunteers and is focused on providing trainings and helpful resources to those who need it most—K-12 schools serving lower-income families, under-resourced institutions and community colleges.
“The U.S. Department of Education is committed to being a partner in the efforts to build an environmentally literate and sustainable society,” notes U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan. “The U.S. Green Building Council is working with school districts and universities to incorporate green technology into schools through its Center for Green Schools. These schools not only are good for the environment, they provide a better learning environment for students—and they are cost efficient. I'm especially excited to hear that this fall that one of the Center’s programs, The Coalition for Green Schools, will be reaching out to groups beyond education in the private and public sector.”
A Center for Green Schools advisory board and honorary advisory board made up of green advocates, experts, educators, philanthropists and other key stakeholders has also been formed. Current members include green schools pioneer Jayni Chase; environmental activist and philanthropist Kelly Chapman Meyer; and renowned author and environmental studies and politics professor David Orr. Honorary advisory board members include National Education Association president Dennis Van Roekel and National PTA president Chuck Saylors.
“We see an opportunity to educate a new generation of leaders we call sustainability natives, who are capable of driving global market transformation toward green schools,” notes Rachel Gutter, director of The Center for Green Schools. “Our job is to equip the people who make the case, the people who make the decisions and the people who get things done by elevating and accelerating important conversations with district and campus stakeholders and providing the tools and resources to help make transformation possible. We believe every child in America and throughout the world should have access to an environment that greatly improves their learning experience.”
The Center for Green Schools at the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is how USGBC is making sure every student has the opportunity to attend a green school within this generation. From the kindergartner entering the classroom, to the Ph.D. student performing research in a lab, the Center provides the resources and support to elevate dialogue, accelerate policy and institute innovation toward green schools and campuses. High-performing schools educate high-performing students, and the Center works directly with staff, teachers, faculty, students, administrators, elected officials and communities to drive the transformation of all schools into sustainable places to live, learn, work and play. Visit www.centerforgreenschools.org for more information.
About the U.S. Green Building Council
The USGBC community is transforming the way we build, design and operate our buildings for healthier places that save precious resources for people to live, work, learn and play in. UGSBC is helping create buildings and communities that regenerate and sustain the health and vitality of all life within a generation. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the Council is the driving force of the green building industry, which is projected to contribute $554 billion to the U.S. gross domestic product by 2013. USGBC leads a diverse constituency of builders and environmentalists, corporations and nonprofit organizations, elected officials, concerned citizens, teachers and students. The USGBC community comprises 80 local chapters, 17,000 member companies and organizations, and more than 150,000 individuals who have earned LEED Professional Credentials. Visit www.usgbc.org for more information.
United Technologies Corp. (UTC), based in Hartford, CT, is a diversified company providing high technology products and services to the global aerospace and building industries. UTC’s products include Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines, Sikorsky helicopters, Carrier heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, Hamilton Sundstrand aerospace systems and industrial products, Otis elevators and escalators, UTC Fire & Security systems, and UTC Power fuel cells. More information can be found at www.utc.com. | <urn:uuid:956940c5-2d4a-49dc-9e9a-9b189047b55d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.interiorsandsources.com/interior-design-news/interior-design-news-detail/articleid/10684/title/usgbc-launches-center-for-green-schools.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00195-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954924 | 1,500 | 2.59375 | 3 |
B. near Orleans c. 945; d. at Fleury, 13 November, 1004, a monk of the Benedictine monastery of Fleury sur Loire
Abbon (or ABBO), Saint, b. near Orleans c. 945; d. at Fleury, November 13, 1004, a monk of the Benedictine monastery of Fleury sur Loire (Fleuret), conspicuous both for learning and sanctity, and one of the great lights of the Church in the stormy times of Hugh Capet of France and of the three Ottos of Germany. He devoted himself to philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. In early life he was called to England to direct the school of the newly founded monastery of Ramsey, in the County of Huntingdon, after which he returned to Fleury. On the death of the Abbot Oilbold, Abbon was elected to succeed him, but one of the monks who had secured the support of the King and his son Robert, the Bishop of Orleans, contested the choice, and the matter assumed national importance in the political forces it brought into play. It was finally settled by the famous Gerbert (later Pope Sylvester II) in favor of Abbon. He was present at the Synod of St, Basolus (St. Basle), near Reims, at which Archbishop Arnolf was tried for treason and deposed, to make way for Gerbert. When the question arose about the marriage of Robert the Pious and Bertha, Abbon, was commissioned to arrange it with the Pope. On the way to Rome he met Pope Gregory V, who was a fugitive from the city from which the Antipope John XVII had expelled him. Between the Pontiff and the Abbot the greatest esteem and affection existed. The royal petition for a dispensation was rejected. Abbon succeeded in bringing about the restoration of Arnolf to the see of Reims. His influence contributed largely to calm the excitement about the fear of the end of the world which is said to have been general in Europe in 1000. His glorious life had a sad ending. In 1004 he attempted to restore discipline in the monastery of La Reole, in Gascony, by transferring some of the monks of Fleury into that community. But the trouble increased; fighting began between the two parties, and when St. Abbon endeavored to separate them he was pierced in the side by a lance. He concealed the wound and reached his cell, where he died in the arms of his faithful disciple Aimoin, who has left an account of his labors and virtues. The miracles wrought at his tomb soon caused him to be regarded in the Church of Gaul as a saint and martyr. His feast is kept November 13. | <urn:uuid:aeccdd65-8db6-4d94-b4ea-f34fd64805a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/abbon-saint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.980147 | 578 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Despite being one of the poorest nations in the world, Afghanistan may be sitting on one of the richest troves of minerals in the world.
The bewildering shapes apparently owe their origin in large part to how rock can strengthen when squashed from above.
Deep within the Earth's rocky mantle lies oceans' worth of water locked up in a type of mineral called ringwoodite.
The new substance will forever remain in Earth's rock record, researchers say.
NASA's Mars rover has drilled into its third Mars rock, exposing pristine material that will help scientists better understand the past habitability of the red planet.
A blood-engorged mosquito fossil is the first of its kind ever found in a shale rock, as opposed to amber.
Astronomers have detected exoplanets that orbit so close to their host stars that rock would vaporize and possibly condense in the atmosphere to create a very alien 'rock snow' flurry.
Oxygen may have filled Earth's atmosphere hundreds of millions of years earlier than previously thought. | <urn:uuid:dc71a0ba-dfd3-4dff-93a5-57d817a85954> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://news.discovery.com/tags/rocks.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663417.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00276-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937621 | 211 | 3.125 | 3 |
In Photos: Remembering the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound, spilling 11 million gallons of crude oil, impacting miles of Alaska’s coastline and killing millions of animals.
The impact of this spill was truly horrific. Alaska Native Chief Walter Meganack was later quoted as calling it “the day the water died.”
Today, 22 of the 24 impacted species have still not fully recovered, including animals like orca whales, sea lions and dungeness crab. | <urn:uuid:8e33222c-c40a-4bfe-b8cf-9884c6479279> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/arctic/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584415432.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123213748-20190123235748-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.941372 | 114 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Technology and science are developing at an exponential rate. If this sort of progress doubles its rate every year then in 25 years (2030) we will have enhancements in the order of 1 billion fold compared with now.
Energy is not a worry because nanotechnology combined with solar power will solve that problem.
People will live much longer and poverty and pollution will continue to decline.
In response, Rodney Brooks challenges the idea that exponential growth in itself will automatically produce the dramatic changes envisaged by Kurzweil.
For example, AI has been working on generic object recognition for 40 years but still can't do it.
We don't have a conceptual model of how the brain works. Theoretical, conceptual breakthroughs are required. Growth itself, even though exponential, is not sufficient.
A long time ago the brain was a hydrodynamic system. Then the brain became a steam engine. When I was a kid, the brain was a telephone switching network. Then it became a digital computer. And then the brain became a massively parallel digital computer. About two or three years ago I was giving a talk and someone got up in the audience and asked a question I'd been waiting for — he said, "but isn't the brain just like the World Wide Web?"
The brain is always — has always been — modeled after our most complex technology. We weren't right when we thought it was a steam engine. I suspect we're still not right in thinking of it in purely computational terms, because my gut feeling is there's going to be another way of talking about things which will subsume computation, but which will also subsume a lot of other physical stuff that happens.
- Rodney Brooks | <urn:uuid:23ca33ac-e2f6-4760-b52c-e9f678005dda> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://billkerr2.blogspot.com/2006/07/brain-is-not-computer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280668.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00395-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96872 | 346 | 2.90625 | 3 |
2019 International Year of Indigenous Languages: Word of the Week - Week Fifty-One.
As part of State Library's commitment to the 2019 International Year of Indigenous Languages, we will be promoting a 'word of the week' from one of the 125+ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages and dialects from across Queensland.
This week's word is puuya from the Umpila language of Cape York. It means 'the soul' or 'the heart' which is a reminder that language is an important part of identity that shapes who we are as people in a changing world.
Umpila is also known as Ompeila, Ompela, Koko-umpilo, etc. is spoken in the Princess Charlotte Bay region of Cape York. There are several related languages in the region including Kuuku Ya'u and Kaanju. Umpila has a small number of speakers, notably in Lockhart River Community.
Language has been a feature of children's stories from Lockhart including the PCAP (Priority Country Area Program) Books of the 1980s - the image above for the Jarjum Stories exhibition is from Greg Omeenyo from his story "The Crocodile".
Recent resource development for Umpila and Kuuku Ya'u includes a set of readers developed by Clair Hill and David Thompson with the Lockhart River community. This resource kit is in the State Library collections and comprises a series of booklets and audio to create a set of learning modules. Ongoing work supported through AIATSIS has incorporated the use of technology and multimedia for language revival and maintenance.
Community language projects such as these ensure the soul of language is kept strong for the next generation. This is the essence of language and a theme which features in State Library's IYIL2019 exhibitions.
Join the conversation as we post a new word for each week!
Week Fifty-One 17-23 December 2019.
#slqIYIL #IYIL2019 #IYIL #IY2019WordoftheWeek #SLQIndigenousLanguages
Indigenous Languages Coordinator, State Library of Queensland
State Library of Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages Webpages
State Library of Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages Map
Jarjum stories: A kuril dhagun showcase focusing on children’s books and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages. 19 October 2019 to 10 May 2019.
Spoken: celebrating Queensland languages: A major exhibition exploring the survival and revival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages throughout Queensland. Join in the many talks and events to celebrate the rich and diverse languages spoken today. 21 November 2019 to 19 April 2020.
UN IY2019 Links
UN International Year of Indigenous Languages webpages
UN International Year of Indigenous Languages Resources
The word of the week has been sourced from the following item in the State Library collections.
Source: Thompson, D. (1988) Lockhart River 'sand beach' language : an outline of Kuuku Ya'u and Umpila. J 499.15 THO
Other materials in the State Library collections relating to Umpila and neighbouring languages include the following:
Charles, B., Neuenfeldt, K. and Pegrum, N. (2006) Ba'il muzik Kincha Ngumpulungu songs from the East Coast Lockhart River. HCD 782.42162 BAI
Curr, E. M. (1887) The Australian Race: its origins, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over that continent. RBF 572.994 cur
Hill, C. and Thompson, D. (2012) Lockhart River language readers Umpila and Kuuku Ya'u languages. HKT 418 HIL
Omeenyo, G. (1987) The crocodile. JUV A823.3 ome
Sutton, P. (ed) (1974) Languages of Cape York: papers presented to the Linguistic Symposium, Part B, held in conjunction with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Biennial General Meeting, May 1974. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies: Canberra. G 499.15 1976
Tindale, N. B. (1974) Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names. Q 994.0049915 tin
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) | <urn:uuid:a1164340-f5d2-4f49-a4fe-63b16aeadfa1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/2019-international-year-indigenous-languages-word-week-week-fifty-one | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.893694 | 928 | 2.734375 | 3 |
9.2. Built-in Template Engines
A template enables the view to dynamically generate the response's body by combining dynamic values, like instance variables and the flash object, and static content like HTML tags and text. Throughout this book you've been exposed to ERb templates as a means of generating XHTML documents. Yet ERb is not limited to this task and can be used to generate any other type of document that requires a mix of static and dynamic content (that is, Ruby code).
Note that for historical reasons, the old extension format is still accepted. If you work with legacy code, you may find the equivalent myfile.rhtml, myfile.rxml, and myfile.rjs. As you upgrade an existing project to Rails 2.2 or a newer version, you can safely rename them.
ASP.NET developers are used to thinking in terms of controls that are positioned within a page. In ERb templates, the approach is entirely different. In fact, most templates contain ... | <urn:uuid:3c28ba75-93e3-4f8f-b15c-1352a5ee209c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ruby-on-rails/9780470374955/9780470374955_built-in_template_engines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.857514 | 342 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The study of the Fifth Century Legacy
of Chinese Painting Scholar, Practitioner and Theorist: Hsieh Ho
“Energy is eternal delight”.
Earlier in my career, decades back, I was exposed to the study of classical Chinese art theory and its applications to art, architecture and spiritual principles. This was connected to studying calligraphy and painting. Working with different masters, from China and Japan, I explored the context of Western approaches to illustration, type design and the treatment of the letterform.
And I applied it.
The idea of capturing the spirit of the “thing”, is about literally reaching to spirit — the momentary essence of an object, as it is living and moving. And importantly, the breath of life that nourishes its vitality. Breath, in this context reaches to the heart of spirit. And that can be traced, etymologically, right to the essence of the word itself.
c.1250, “animating or vital principle in man and animals,” from O.Fr. espirit, from L. spiritus “soul, courage, vigor, breath,” related to spirare “to breathe,” from PIE *(s)peis- “to blow” (cf. O.C.S. pisto “to play on the flute”). Original usage in English mainly from passages in Vulgate, where the L. word translates Gk. pneuma and Heb. ruach. Distinction between “soul” and “spirit” (as “seat of emotions”) became current in Christian terminology (e.g. Gk. psykhe vs. pneuma, L. anima vs. spiritus) but “is without significance for earlier periods” [Buck]. L. spiritus, usually in classical L. “breath,” replaces animus in the sense “spirit” in the imperial period and appears in Christian writings as the usual equivalent of Gk. pneuma. Meaning “supernatural being” is attested from c.1300 (see ghost); that of “essential principle of something”.
The essential character of ch’i is wrapped in the context of the calligraphic ideogram itself — as noted above — interpreted most memorably, at least for me, in the concept of the L-shaped stroke representing the “altar”, the four stroked treatment beneath speaking to the four elements, or the “rice grains” of the offertory — and above, the finishing strokes representing the vapor of the offering, to heaven.
And the commentary and exploration of this sixth century grouping of precepts is extensive, and ranges into centuries of study and notations of interpretation.
Alexander C. Soper’s “The First Two Laws of Hsieh Ho
Fritz van Briessen’s “The way of the Brush”
Or Clay Lancaster’s treatment, for the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism
And there are dozens of others to be explored. But the point is about capturing, and illustrating — or literally, lustrating, the concept of the spirited energy of the object being expressed.
More than 1500 years ago, the notion of ch’i, however, was considered the most important quality in a painting by Hsieh Ho, of the fifth century, who put forward the Six Canons:
1. Infuse ch’i/yün to show life-movement;
2. Establish bone method in using the brush;
3. Respond to matter by creating form;
4. Distinguish objects by applying colors;
5. Arrange elements in appropriate positions;
6. Study earlier examples by copying them.
According to Wucius Wong’s “The Tao of Chinese Landscape Painting”, there are principles that are treasured. Classically, artist and art essayists have regarded these canons as the supreme guidelines in painting. The canons determine various goals of artistic pursuit, with the first canon having paramount importance. There have been numerous interpretations of this canon, but put in simple words
“it means that a painting should breathe with life.”
In varying interpretations, ch’i and yün either represent separate concepts or stand as a single term. Ch’i, standing for breath, incorporates such meanings as spirit, energy, and force, all used in a cosmic sense. The Chinese character yün can mean organic harmony, concord, charm, resonance, or rhythm. When ch’i and yün function together as a single term, the term refers to the vital breath of harmony, incorporating the meanings of both characters.
The whole phrasing for the opening canon is: “A true work of art should express the rhythmic vitality of the breath of heaven”.
How, possibly, might this be linked to the notion of design, or identity, for application in any environment of communications? Esoteric yes, but relevant, surely. The point reaches to the context of “lustration”, the idea of capturing the spirit of an entity – which could be an enterprise, a product, a concept of expression.
When I work, I tend to consider the relationship
with my clients as a kind of
It’s a settling in, a contemplation into their world, and being there, being absorbed in that reflection allows me, and the team at Girvin, to mindfully gather in their sense of culture. That embrace draws me into their audience, their place of experience — and that brings me into proximity to make what we create for them “shine”. More so, it’s a captivation of spirit, going back to the beginnings of the notation — it’s breathing in, and exhalation of the character of the brand, the fire, the soul, the vitality that is critical to the nature of building resonance in community, in communications. And the illustrative link?
c.1375, “a spiritual illumination,” from O.Fr. illustration, from L. illustrationem (nom. illustratio) “vivid representation” (in writing), lit. “an enlightening,” from illustrare “light up, embellish, distinguish,” from in- “in” + lustrare “make bright, illuminate.”
What could be more, to the nature of identity, than to create that bridge from heart, to fire, to lighting the message from the inside, to the outside, in moving forward in change?
It’s fluency, flow, energy catalyzed.
Image credit: Shinichi Maruyama
E x p l o r i n g f i r e b r a n d s:
Google book: The Way of the Brush
Wong, Wucius. The Tao of Chinese Landscape Painting,
Principles & Methods.
New York: Design Press. 1991.
Girvin ch’i references:Calligraphy
Girvin and Ink
Meeting a Zen master | <urn:uuid:ba9d1dad-e187-45c4-b276-5f9339ccd7cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.girvin.com/brandspirit-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.91186 | 1,615 | 2.578125 | 3 |
11trees.com began life, in 2008, simply trying to put a dent in the mountain of paper (and time) that a year’s worth of writing, grading, and commenting creates.
The average teacher collects over 11 trees-worth of paper from their students in a single year: by asking students to write essays, by creating handouts and quizzes, through printing syllabi etc. (This is based on a ream of paper requiring 6% of a ‘standard’ tree and calculating out the numbers of pages generated by an average class etc.).
We created Annotate for Word (back then just for Windows) to help writing teachers more quickly manage grading and returning documents to students. So they could collect documents electronically, comment, and return.
We’ve focused on writing ever since, introducing a Legal Writing Edition of Annotate and the free Writers’ Toolkit for Word, which can replace an $80 writing handbook while giving students faster access to help on grammar, syntax, style, and formatting. We’ve broadened our solutions to cover Mac OSX – crucial in today’s world (have you used Windows 8?).
Thousands of teachers and students around the world use our solutions to work more efficiently. We like to think we’re helping them make a bigger impact through better writing, whether for school assignments or feedback for another writer.
In the Fall of 2013 we’re introducing our most impactful solution yet: Q for Research. Q is a customized add-in for Word (Windows and Mac) and Google Chrome that helps libraries bring their entire breadth of resources to students.
Q for Research also marks a turning point: 11trees is now laser-focused on creating solutions to help students learn more efficiently and more deeply. That may seem like an obvious statement, but the vast majority of eLearning solutions do not follow this approach. Most solutions are designed to help teachers (well, try to help them) do monotonous work more efficiently:
- Distribute communications, including grades (grade books).
- Automate class discussion (discussion boards).
- Grade essays (Criterion from ETS and, to a lesser extent, our own Annotate for Word).
- Manage course registration and financial aid etc. (SIS like Banner).
What tools exist to help students create better work? Very few.
And like any process, it’s far more effective to improve inputs rather than fix mistakes. Stay tuned…we’re in for a wild, disruptive ride. | <urn:uuid:e288b934-8f10-4490-8769-805efcb6c4a3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://11trees.com/live/about-11trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00213-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912927 | 531 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Playing rugby can actually make you lose fat and muscle mass. It is common for rugby players to lose weight throughout the season due to the cardio intensity of the sport. Rugby players have to make a conscious effort to lift and eat throughout the season to stop losing too much size.
If you think lacing up a pair of rugby boots and signing up to your local footy club is going to turn you into an Adonis you may need to pick another sport. While being big, muscular and strong helps your rugby performance playing the sport can actually have a negative effect on these attributes.
This is because rugby is a grueling sport that is cardio intensive and involves lots of running. All of that cardio has a negative effect on rugby players’ muscles and can lead to them shrinking. It is actually common for rugby players to lose some muscle as the season progresses. This is due to a combination of the cardio of playing rugby, the reduction in weight training as skill training is prioritized and many players’ reluctance to force feed themselves as their calorie expenditure increases.
Rugby players don’t just lose muscle throughout a rugby season they also drop a bit of extra fat. Again due to the extra cardio of playing regular rugby matches and doing more rugby focused training sessions players are burning more calories. By burning extra calories they end up dropping a few percentage points of body fat and looking leaner.
While for most athletes and people dropping fat is a good thing for some rugby players particularly forwards that extra fat is helpful as it allows them to create more power at scrum time or when they are tackling and also makes them harder to clean out at the breakdown.
Another factor that results in rugby making you smaller is the injuries you pick up from playing. Even minor injuries can cause you to rest body parts which can quickly lead to muscle loss. For example if you hurt your wrist and decide to skip weightlifting sessions for a few weeks and only do light rugby training you will notice a reduction in overall muscle mass especially in your arm.
By the time professional rugby players get to the end of the season they are often mummies with all the bandages hanging off them. It is no wonder then that many of them look noticeably smaller then during pre-season.
Rugby players’ bodies typically follow the same progression every year. They finish the season smaller, leaner and carrying a few niggling injuries. They then take a few weeks break and let their niggling injuries heal.
Once they start off-season they are typically carrying a little excess fat after a few weeks of eating and not playing rugby. During off-season they focus on building as much quality muscle as possible through lifting heavy in the gym and limiting the cardio sessions. They will also try to consume large amounts of protein and aim for a lean bulk.
If done correctly rugby players will finish their off-season fully recovered from their niggling injuries and up a few kilos after gaining a considerable amount of muscle while also hitting personal records on multiple exercises. The smart rugby players don’t completely neglect cardio training and don’t let their bulk get too out of control by gaining excess fat.
During pre-season the goal for rugby players is to shave off excess fat and keep putting on a bit of lean mass or at the very least hold onto their off-season gains. This can be tricky as pre-season can be very cardio intensive as athletes try to get in shape for the upcoming rugby season.
After completing pre-season rugby players are in their physical prime and are not only lean but are holding onto large amounts of muscle while still being in great cardio shape. They are able to hold onto this peak condition for a number of weeks into the season but then it slowly declines as the season continues.
Throughout the rugby season players will stop lifting as many weights, will be battling injuries, have to deal with the grueling nature of playing games every week and hard training sessions. The result of this tough workload is players start to lose size and muscle.
The way rugby players stop losing size throughout the season is by doing maintenance weightlifting sessions. This is where they don’t lift super heavy or perform lots of sets but do enough work to stimulate the muscle so it doesn’t atrophy. Players who don’t lift weights throughout the season tend to lose more muscle mass then those who do. However, rugby athletes need to be careful not to lift too frequently during the season as otherwise they increase their risk of injury and over train which can lead to an acceleration of muscular atrophy and poor on field performances.
Another way rugby players prevent themselves from losing muscle is through nutrition and supplementation. Rugby players will eat at least 1 gram of protein for every pound of body weight and eat a diet that is high in meat and vegetables. They will also consume supplements such as protein powders, Vitamin D, BCAAs and creatine.
Finally rugby players will try to rest as much as possible when they are not training or playing. By getting 8 hours of sleep and taking frequent naps rugby players let their bodies recover and cause a spike in Growth Hormone which helps their muscles recover.
As rugby players are so big and muscular many people think that it is rugby the sport that makes the athletes so muscular. However, this is not true as playing rugby actually causes you to lose size and muscle due to the cardio intensive nature of the sport and the damage it does to your body.
Rugby players are big and muscular because they follow specialized diets consisting of large amounts of calories and high protein combined with intense weightlifting. | <urn:uuid:cb32e288-0961-4cd0-9135-4bf3f5e58c61> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fluentrugby.com/does-playing-rugby-make-you-bigger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.982195 | 1,149 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Benefits of Physical Activity
You’ve likely heard the idea that sitting is harmful to your health.
Physical Activity can help your kids and family feel better right away with better sleep, better mood, and better grades! When your kids are feeling good, your life is that much easier. It doesn’t matter what you do, it just matters that you get up and get moving!
See below for some tips by age.
3-5 year olds: Improves bone health and maintains healthy weight.
6-13 year olds: Improves cognitive functions such as attention, reasoning, problem-solving, memory, language, and learning. Reduces risk of depression.
Adults: Improves quality of life, bone health, and sleep. Reduces risk of cancer, depression and anxiety.
Older Adults: Improves the ability to perform basic actions, memory, concentration, and processing speed. Reduce risk of fall-related injuries and dementia.
Overall some Physical Activity is better than none!
Based on the best science, everyone can dramatically improve their health just by moving - anytime, anywhere, and by any means that gets you active.
The most important guideline to remember is to move more and sit less. Any amount of physical activity has health benefits.
The physical activity guidelines recommend:
Youth and Teens: 60 minutes or more per day of moderate (carry on a conversation, but can’t sing) vigorous-intensity aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and/or bone-strengthening activities.
Adults: 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) per week of moderate-intensity (walking briskly, vacuuming, or heavy gardening) activity.
You don’t need to go to the gym or take up jogging. Pick any activity that gets your heart rate up, such as walking. Try to do muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week.
Older Adults: 150 minutes of aerobic activity including balance and muscle-strengthening activities.
What is meant by intensity?
Light Intensity: moving at an even pace, able to have a conversation and sing. Examples: walking at a leisurely pace, cooking, light household chores.
Moderating Intensity: heart rate increased, you can carry on a conversation, but you can’t sing. Examples: walking quickly, yard work, vacuuming.
Vigorous Intensity: you can’t say more than a few words without pausing for a breath. Examples: running, carrying heavy groceries upstairs, fitness classes.
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Category : 10th Class
The <title>tag allows adding title to a Web page. It is inserted in the head section of the page. In the caption of the browser the title of the web page is displayed, between the openings and closing <title> tags the title of the web page is written.
The following code snippet shows how to add title to a Web page:
<!DOCTYPE HTPL PUBIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
<title>Student Personal Record </title>
You need to login to perform this action.
You will be redirected in 3 sec | <urn:uuid:e0d26f90-3199-44d2-8ecf-0b7930ec7b96> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.studyadda.com/index.php?/notes/10th-class/computers/working-with-html/adding-title-to-a-web-page/7825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591837.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720213434-20180720233434-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.70997 | 133 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Researchers have linked multiple rat brains and multiple monkey brains and synchronized them and trained them to perform classificiation and other tasks
Researchers proposed that Brainets, i.e. networks formed by multiple animal brains, cooperating and exchanging information in real time through direct brain-to-brain interfaces, could provide the core of a new type of computing device: an organic computer. They describe the first experimental demonstration of such a Brainet, built by interconnecting four adult rat brains. Brainets worked by concurrently recording the extracellular electrical activity generated by populations of cortical neurons distributed across multiple rats chronically implanted with multi-electrode arrays. Cortical neuronal activity was recorded and analyzed in real time, and then delivered to the somatosensory cortices of other animals that participated in the Brainet using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Using this approach, different Brainet architectures solved a number of useful computational problems, such as discrete classification, image processing, storage and retrieval of tactile information, and even weather forecasting. Brainets consistently performed at the same or higher levels than single rats in these tasks. Based on these findings, they propose that Brainets could be used to investigate animal social behaviors as well as a test bed for exploring the properties and potential applications of organic computers.
A 4-rat Brainet was capable of maintaining a level of global neuronal synchrony across multiple brains that was virtually identical to that observed in the cortex of a single rat.
In conclusion, they propose that animal Brainets have significant potential both as a new experimental tool to further investigate system neurophysiological mechanisms of social interactions and group behavior, as well as provide a test bed for building organic computing devices that can take advantage of a hybrid digital-analogue architecture.
A) A Brainet of four interconnected brains is shown. The arrows represent the flow of information through the Brainet. Inputs were delivered as simultaneous ICMS patterns to the S1 cortex of each rat. Neural activity was then recorded and analyzed in real time. Rats were required to synchronize their neural activity with the remaining of the Brainet to receive water B) Inputs to the Brainet were delivered as ICMS patterns to the left S1, while outputs were calculated using the neural responses recorded from the right S1. C) Brainet architectures were set to mimic hidden layers of an artificial neural network. D) Examples of perievent histograms of neurons after the delivery of ICMS.
The Brainet can synchronize neural activity
A) The different colors indicate the different manipulations used to study synchronization across the network. During the pre-session, rats were tested for periods of spurious neural synchronization. No ICMS or rewards were delivered here. During sessions, rats were tested for increased neural synchronization due to detection of the ICMS stimulus (red period). Successful synchronization was rewarded with water. During the post session, rats were tested for periods of neural synchronization due to the effects of reward (e.g. continuous whisking/licking). Successful synchronization was rewarded with water, but no ICMS stimulus was delivered. B) Example of neuronal activity across the Brainet. After the ICMS there was a general tendency for neural activity to increase. Periods of maximum firing rate are represented in red. C) The performance of the Brainet during sessions was above the pre-sessions and post-sessions. Also, delivery of ICMS alone or during anesthetized states also resulted in poor performances. ** and *** indicate P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001 respectively. D) Overall changes in R values in early and late sessions show that improvements in performances were accompanied by specific changes in the periods of synchronized activity. E) Example of a synchronization trial. The lower panels show, in red, the neural activity of each rat and, in blue, the average of neural activity for the remaining of the Brainet. The upper panels depict the R value for the correlation coefficient between each rat and the remaining of the Brainet. There was an overall tendency for the Brainet to correlate in the beginning of the test period.
Monkey Brains linked as well
Traditionally, brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) extract motor commands from a single brain to control the movements of artificial devices. Researchers introduce a Brainet that utilizes very-large-scale brain activity (VLSBA) from two (B2) or three (B3) nonhuman primates to engage in a common motor behaviour. A B2 generated 2D movements of an avatar arm where each monkey contributed equally to X and Y coordinates; or one monkey fully controlled the X-coordinate and the other controlled the Y-coordinate. A B3 produced arm movements in 3D space, while each monkey generated movements in 2D subspaces (X-Y, Y-Z, or X-Z). With long-term training we observed increased coordination of behavior, increased correlations in neuronal activity between different brains, and modifications to neuronal representation of the motor plan. Overall, performance of the Brainet improved owing to collective monkey behaviour. These results suggest that primate brains can be integrated into a Brainet, which self-adapts to achieve a common motor goal. | <urn:uuid:6dee40fc-03ef-4a1d-8c2b-33217e2bf02b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2015/07/multiple-monkey-brains-and-multiple-rat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118743.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00195-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950136 | 1,063 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What Is a Chiari Malformation?
An MRI of a child with a Chiari I malformation. The white line shows where the large hole in the base of the skull (foramen magnum) is. The arrow shows the bottom parts of the cerebellum (cerebellar tonsils) pushing down 10 millimeters into the cervical spinal canal. Photo courtesy of the Chiari and Syringomyelia Foundation.
A Chiari malformation (pronounced key-AR-ee mal-for-MAY-shun) is a problem with the way parts of the brain are shaped and the way they sit in the skull.
In children who have a Chiari malformation, the
and sometimes the
and the brain's fourth
come down through the large hole in the base of the skull (foramen magnum) into the upper neck. They squeeze into the space where the spinal cord enters the first one or two bones of the spine (
cervical spinal canal
Crowding in the cervical spinal canal may limit the flow of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
. It also may put pressure on the brain and spinal cord.
Types of Chiari Malformations
There are four types of Chiari malformations. We discuss only types I and II here because they are much more common than types III and IV. Types III and IV are very rare.
- In a Chiari I malformation, the bottom parts of the cerebellum (cerebellar tonsils) come down into the cervical spinal canal. The cerebellum affects balance and coordination.
- In a Chiari II malformation, the cerebellar tonsils, the lower part of the brainstem and the fourth ventricle come down into the cervical spinal canal. The brainstem connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Chiari Malformation in Children
Often a Chiari malformation is present when a child is born (congenital), but it may happen after birth, too.
Sometimes doctors and families do not know a child has a Chiari I malformation until later in life because the child has no symptoms. Some people don't learn that they have this condition until they are adults. For this reason, Chiari I malformation is sometimes called adult Chiari. Most people with a Chiari I malformation are not born with any other health problems.
Chiari II malformations happen most often in children who have
and sometimes in children who have
. Some children have a Chiari II malformation, myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. Together, these three conditions form a complex birth defect.
Reasons for Chiari Malformations
Chiari malformations can happen for many reasons. Usually they happen because the back of the child's skull is too small for the child's growing brain. Less often, the skull bones are not the normal shape or at the normal angle (malformed). Other conditions that can affect the brain, such as brain tumors, can also cause Chiari malformations. Each of these conditions can prevent the brain from fitting into the skull, causing brain tissue to "escape" through the foramen magnum.
Rarely, children with a Chiari malformation have a
tethered spinal cord
- their spinal cord is pulled down and stuck in their spinal canal. This might play a role in their brain being pulled down into their cervical spinal canal. They may need treatment for their tethered cord before their Chiari malformation is treated.
Children with a Chiari I or II malformation may have a
in their spinal cord called
(pronounced se-ringo-my-EEL-e-ah). The cyst, also called a
, is filled with CSF. It may form because the normal flow of CSF is partly blocked and it's easier for CSF to collect inside the spinal cord than to flow around or seep through the blockage.
Most children with
do not have a Chiari malformation. But if a child's scoliosis doesn't act the way doctors expect - like if the scoliosis gets worse quickly or happens along with
- the child may have a Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. A syrinx could be causing the child's spine to curve. For some of these children, treating the Chiari malformation and syrinx may stop the scoliosis from getting worse or even improve it.
Genes and Chiari malformations
The role of
in Chiari malformations is complex. Genes appear to play only a very small role. If you have a child with a Chiari malformation, your chance of having another child with this condition is probably no greater than anyone else's. In some families, more than one person has a Chiari malformation. These families may be at greater risk. Your child's doctor can talk with you about the risk for your family.
Chiari Malformation at Seattle Children's
Children from across the United States come to Seattle Children's for treatment of Chiari malformations. Each year our neurosurgeons perform about 40 surgeries on children with this condition. We also evaluate and follow many children with Chiari malformations who don't need surgery - either because they have no symptoms or they have mild symptoms that we can treat in other ways. In our
, we work closely with experts in many medical areas to care for children affected by Chiari malformations.
Our first step in your child's care is making an accurate diagnosis. For many children, this means having an
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
scan. Your child's doctor may also order a special MRI called a
(or cine MRI CSF flow study). This can show how CSF moves around the lower part of your child's brain.
Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD
, and a team of researchers helped develop the use of cine-MRI for children with Chiari malformations.
Our approach to surgery
Another important part of your child's care is making a thoughtful decision about if they need surgery. At Seattle Children's, we take a conservative approach. We do surgery for Chiari malformations only in select children. These include children whose symptoms limit their lifestyle significantly and children with syringomyelia, scoliosis or neurologic deficits that are getting worse. For children who need surgery, we follow the most modern protocols. Our neurosurgeons monitor many children who have not had surgery so we can detect whether surgery becomes the right choice for them at some point.
When you come to Seattle Children's, your child's team will carefully diagnose your child's condition. Then we will work with you to decide whether surgery, some other treatment or regular check-ups are best for your child. | <urn:uuid:5e0db201-6ee6-45c1-bf0a-c1dd7b5e9173> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/chromosomal-genetic-conditions/chiari-malformation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774718.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00037-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924868 | 1,415 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Many will say that we learn history so that we won’t repeat our missteps. It’s an easy statement to make but is hard to back up with action. Sometimes people have different ideas of what the missteps were.
For instance, had we truly learned not to repeat the mistakes we have made in our history, would we still have been tangled in the costly Iraq war?
It is also hard to be the lone dissenting voice. It takes someone especially brave and compassionate to take on that role. This week, we will take a lesson from Fred Korematsu, who became a fugitive during World War II, when President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which required Japanese Americans to be relocated to internment camps. Prior to that, Korematsu trained to be a welder in order to contribute efforts toward defense in the war.
The U.S. Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States in 1944 tested the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066. The court decision, authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled in favor of the United States, 6–3, and Korematsu was interned.
After he was released, Korematsu became an activist. Recognizing the parallel between what happened to Japanese Americans during WWII and the racial profiling that occurred after Sept. 11, 2001, he was known for speaking out for the rights of Arab Americans.
This event occurred in our recent history; we all remember it. Yet how many American citizens spoke up against the racial profiling like Korematsu did? How many Americans saw something wrong in it but didn’t say anything? And how many citizens thought they were
right and justified in targeting Arab Americans?
Is it possible that so many Americans just missed class the days that Japanese internment, American slavery, and Manifest Destiny were taught?
We are just not learning the lessons of our past, or perhaps we are too slow in learning these lessons. This is why it is crucial for us to be good teachers to the next generations, as that is how social progress is made. This is also why it’s good for us to always be students. There is something we can learn from everyone we meet because we all come from different backgrounds.
Korematsu was especially compassionate because he strived for the rights of everyone, not just Asian Americans. Ethnic communities are not particularly strong in reaching out beyond racial lines. It is notable and deserved that his 1944 conviction was overturned in 1983 by a pro bono law team, that Seattle University named a law center after him.
His empathy and actions are things we need to work harder toward. (end)
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Sun = Latin, Sol (Solar system)
The Sun is the star at the center of our Solar System.
(A star is an astronomical object consisting of a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun.)
Our sun offers us most most important source of energy for life on Earth.
Thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core, releasing energy that radiates into outer space. Our Sun star is composed of roughly 73% hydrogen and 25% helium with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.
Size – diameter approx. 1.39 million kilometers(864,000 miles), or 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth.
It accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. The Sun, which comprises nearly all the matter in the Solar System,
It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago the same way as all stars form: (from the gravitational collapse of matter.
The Sun is roughly middle-aged. It will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years.
When hydrogen fusion in its core diminishes, its core will become more dense while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, and render Earth uninhabitable. After this, it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf, and no longer produce energy by fusion, but still glow and give off heat from its previous fusion.
Source of Suns light and heat
Nuclear Fusion. It currently fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second. This is the source of the Sun’s light and heat. In about 5 billion years
Light travels from the Sun’s horizon to Earth’s horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds.
The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth’s climate and weather.
The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized by humans through time
The rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars, like the one we use today – as opposed to Moon calendars.
Many ancient monuments were constructed with the sun in mind, for example Stonehenge, to mark the solstice, Machu Picchu, Peru, Temple of the Sun,
Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians, the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico.
In religions such as Hinduism, the Sun is still considered a god.
In Egypt the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra, portrayed as a falcon-headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk, and surrounded by a serpent.
Portrayed as being carried across the sky in a solar ship
The Sun became identified with the dung beetle, whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun.
To the Greeks, he was Helios, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses. The Sun’s birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus (literally “Unconquered Sun”) soon after the winter solstice, which may have been replaced by Christmas.
In ancient Greek religion, Helios was syncretized with Apollo.
The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu, the god of justice
Tonatiuh, the Aztec god of the sun, was depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice.
The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion, and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors.
PAGAN and ROMAN
In ancient Roman culture, Sunday was the day of the sun god. It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background. The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians, and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions.
In paganism, the Sun was a source of life, giving warmth and illumination to mankind. Stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed. The celebration of the winter solstice (which influenced Christmas) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun (Sol Invictus). Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East.
Old Norse Sól, | <urn:uuid:8a101707-29b3-438d-a94c-d77df2edcf88> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://kindaforestschool.com/2019/06/08/sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.962737 | 951 | 4.0625 | 4 |
This week we have been learning the story of the papaya that spoke through the T4W approach as Mr Dale explained in our newsletter this week. Here is the story map that we have been using in class, see if your child can tell you the story using actions.papaya that spoke story map
As well as learning the story we have been focusing our guided reading to look at the story in more detail.
The children also had a chance to taste a papaya – it was more of a hit than we were expecting!!
Next week we will begin to adapt the story, focusing on a pineapple! We will be trying pineapples on Monday, so please let us know if your child has an allergy.
Please make sure your child had a PE kit for Monday and suitable clothes for the weather – its meant to be to be getting colder 🙂
We are of course always trying to improve our achievements in Year One, with the focus on our Phonics Screening at the end of the year we really appreciate you reading with your child every night for 10 minutes as this is proven to make a huge difference to their progress in both reading and writing – Thanks as always for your continued support!
Happy New Year from the Year 1 Team | <urn:uuid:93f8075f-cb85-425f-a52b-f901c56aa144> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.st-nicholas-newromney.kent.sch.uk/the-papaya-that-spoke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738727.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811025355-20200811055355-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.9806 | 253 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Return to The Gospel Of Luke.
Important: This is not a translation or paraphrase, but a story based on Luke 3.
[Note: In the word pronunciations I have made the vowels with a Long Sound bold while the vowels with a short sound are in normal print. Academic Associate students know that the "u" has 3 long sounds. These sounds are separated from each other with a 1, 2 or 3. Sometimes a vowel does not have a sound in a syllable. In dictionaries this is usually shown with a "ə" but I have chosen simply not to show it since it has no sound. Also, when the "r" says it name instead of its normal sound, I have put it in bold. Academic Associate students, of course, know why and when it says its name instead of its sound.]
In the fifteenth year of the reign [ran] of Tiberius [Ti bir e us] Caesar, when Pontius [Pon chus] Pilate was governor of Judea [Ju2 de u] and Herod the Great's son Herod Antipas [An ti pas] was ruler in Galilee, God spoke to John, the son of Zechariah [Zek u ri u], in the desert. John then went into all the country around the Jordan River preaching that people should be baptized to show their sorrow for their sin and to receive forgiveness from God.
This is what Isaiah the prophet meant when he wrote these words hundreds of years before John was born:
"There is heard the voice of one calling in the desert,
'Prepare the way for the Lord,
make straight paths for Him.
Every valley shall be filled in,
every mountain and hill made level.
The crooked roads will become straight,
the rough paths will be made smooth.
And all mankind will see God's salvation.'"
John sternly warned the crowds that were coming out to be baptized by him saying, "You poisonous nest of snakes! Who warned you to run from God's coming anger? If you are really sorry for your wrongdoing you should prove it by your actions! Do not say in your hearts that 'We are God's covenant children because of His promise to Abraham.' You are only deceiving yourselves. I tell you that God could make covenant children of Abraham out of stones you are standing on if He wanted to. You are like an orchard. God is coming into it with His ax. Any tree that does not bear good fruit is about to be cut down and thrown into the fire. Beware!"
"What should we do?" asked the gathered crowd.
John answered firmly, "The person with two coats should give one to the person who has no coat. The person with extra food should help feed a hungry person."
Government agents also came to be baptized. They asked, "Teacher, what should we do?"
John replied, "Do not collect any more money than you have to. Do not use your job to oppress people and enrich yourselves."
There were some law enforcement officers who came to John and asked him, "What about us? What should we do?"
John answered them with his piercing honesty, "Be fair and honest. Do not extort money and accuse people falsely of crimes. Also, be content with your wages. Do not always be grumbling for more or stealing from the people."
John sounded like one of the prophets of old and all the people watched him carefully wondering if he might possibly be the coming Saviour.
John denied that he was the Saviour by replying, "I baptize you with water. But One more powerful than I am is coming. I am not worthy to even untie His shoelaces, He will baptize you will the Holy Spirit and fire. Just like the farmer separates the good wheat from the useless husks, placing the good wheat in barns and burning the husks, so He will separate the true believers from the fake believers."
John used many examples to encourage the people and share the good news that the Saviour had almost arrived.
Now the ruler Herod Antipas was an evil man. When he married his brother's wife, Herodias [Hi ro de us], John boldly told him this was wrong so Herod threw John into prison.
When all the people were being baptized, Jesus came to be baptized as well. While Jesus was praying at His baptism the sky seemed to part and the Holy Spirit, looking like a dove, came out and landed on Him. Then a voice came from the sky saying to Jesus, "You are My Son. I love You and I am very happy with You."
Jesus was now about thirty years old and He began His ministry. Most people thought He was the Son of Joseph, who had adopted Him, not remembering or knowing about His miracle birth. Joseph was able to trace his ancestors through King David all the way back to Adam who was personally created by God.
Return to The Gospel Of Luke. | <urn:uuid:ea9b7470-3e8e-4e1f-acbb-8c8fd089f51d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.learn-to-read-prince-george.com/luke-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579564.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215192327-20171215214327-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.974393 | 1,032 | 2.546875 | 3 |
As American attitudes on homosexuality is rapidly shifting, June 27 may become a significant anniversary in our history.
On June 27, 1969, patrons at the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village, clashed with police in an incident considered to be the birth of the gay rights movement. Since that time “gay pride” parades have occurred on or near this date.
It’s important you know about this occurrence, because President Barak Obama made history during his inaugural speech in 2013 by equating gay rights with those of women’s and civil rights, by evoking the term “Stonewall.”
ABC news summarized this aspect of the speech on January 2013:
“Obama also mentioned the word Stonewall when citing milestones of the civil right struggle. It was a reference to a riot and subsequent protests over a police raid in June 1969 of the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village. The president mentioned it along with the first women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, N.Y., in 1848 and the civil rights march in Selma, Ala., in 1965.
“We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths – that all of us are created equal – is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall . . . ” – Barak Obama
See the entire article here http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obama-makes-history-citing-gay-rights-inaugural-address/story?id=18275341
I would imagine that references to Stonewall Inn will continue to be referenced as America works through the complexity of this issue.
I pray Christians will continue to look to Scripture for the source of our convictions and standards, and simultaneously be gracious to homosexuals in a Christ-like demeanor. | <urn:uuid:9a861ef2-ce6a-4374-9727-8755f6d1dacc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://aaronallison.com/2014/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889798.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121001412-20180121021412-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.950421 | 415 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This field of psychology is often referred to by a variety of names including biopsychology, physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. Biopsychologists often look at how biological processes interact with emotions, cognitions, and other mental processes. Brief History While biopsychology might seem like a fairly recent development thanks to the introduction of advanced tools and technology for examining the brain, the roots of the field date back thousands of years to the time of the early philosophers. In other words, philosophers and other thinkers wondered what the relationship was between the mental world and the physical world. Aristotle, for example, taught that our thoughts and feelings arose from the heart. Later thinkers such as Rene Descartes and Leonardo da Vinci introduced theories about how the nervous system operated.
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What is a Biological Psychologist? Quality Biological Psychology Resources The Making of Individual Differences is just one of the many course units you can access for free via LabSpace, a truly remarkable resource from the Open University that provides free and open educational resources for learners and educators around the world. The Making of Individual Differences examines the issue of nature and nurture and how genes and the environment interact in the development of the nervous system to make each of us unique.
It is not exclusively about biological psychology, however, the module contains some very insightful related material. For instance, make sure you access the section on genes and their influence on behavior. This excellent first-of-its-kind website went live on the 16th March to coincide with International Brain Awareness Week.
Genes to Cognition G2C is aimed at biology and psychology students, as well as families who are facing mental health problems and interested members of the public. The website includes fascinating insights from more than 70 neuroscientists from across Europe and the United States, who provide different perspectives on genetic, neural, and cognitive approaches to understanding human behavior. G2C Online is distinguished both by its content and the innovative way in which this interactive content is presented.
As you explore the site your perspective shifts from one point to another, the effect of which is to emphasize the connections between known elements in brain circuitry, neuroanatomy, and brain function and dysfunction; particularly in the context of specific brain illnesses such as autism, schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and depression.
Visitors can access an extensive library of unique items including excellent 3-D brain, animations, demonstrations, videos, and experiments. Neural Plasticity publishes research and review articles from an entire range of relevant disciplines, including basic neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, biological psychology, and biological psychiatry. Produced by the Society for Neuroscience, Brain Facts is a page primer on the brain and nervous system, the latest edition of which includes information on brain development, learning and memory, language, neurological and psychiatric illnesses, potential therapies, and more.
Essential Reading Dr. James W. Another goal has been to convey the excitement of the search for biological explanations of behavior, and Kalat delivers. Updated with new topics, examples, and recent research findings. See following link for full details.
Studying the Brain and Behavior in Biopsychology | <urn:uuid:09feeb02-f0c8-40a4-8b7a-a774c581b5cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://xn--80apgfhelckg6l.xn--p1ai/history/biopsychology-kalat.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.907778 | 783 | 3.625 | 4 |
IoT, The Oppressed Project
We are now in the era of IoT “Internet of Things”. It’s a concept that not only has the potential to impact how we live but also how we work. And as things become more connected, people become more concerned about their security and privacy. I have gone through a lot of technical conversation about IoT and realized how paranoid people are about their connected devices and appliances.
The future Internet will be an IPv6 network interconnecting traditional computers and a large number of smart objects or networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By 2020 there will be over 26 Billion connected devices and some estimate this number to be more than 100 Billion connected devices. This includes mobile phones, Smart TVs, washing machines, wearable devices, Microwave, Fridges, headphones, door locks, garage door openers, scales, home alarms, hubs for multiple devices, remote power outlets and almost anything else you can think of like your car and airplane jet engines.
Ways of securing the traditional Internet networks have been established and tested. The IoT is a hybrid network of the Internet and resource-constrained networks, and it is, therefore, reasonable to explore the options of using security mechanisms standardized for the Internet in the IoT.
What will we do about managing the usernames and passwords of every single connected device? What about our privacy? What if some hacker was able to control our video cameras? More and more questions are being asked and more security concerns are being escalated. Do we really have to be paranoid about IoT?
IoT was already there
Most of us have Computers, Laptops, Tablets, Mobile phones, Printers, Game consoles, Media players, Storage device, Video Cameras and Satellite Receivers which are already connected to our home networks. Those are some of the Internet of Things devices and we were OK with that although if some hacker could hack into one of the cameras connected to one of the Laptops or even to one of the Smart TVs, he could see what’s going on inside the home
So what is the problem?
The problem is not with IoT, the problem is with how we understand IoT. IoT not only means the interconnectedness of appliances, computers, microprocessors and machines, all of which have IP addresses or some form of digital identification, it also means the interconnectedness of devices coupled with automated and centralized data collection and analysis capabilities from those devices or processors linked to them. This leads to tremendous possibilities to develop new applications for the IoT, such as home automation and home security management, smart energy monitoring and management, item and shipment tracking, surveillance and military, smart cities, health monitoring, logistics monitoring and management. Due to the global connectivity and sensitivity of applications, security in real deployments in the IoT is a requirement.
Cisco is very clear about IoT Security:
“IoT security requires a new approach that combines physical and cyber security components.”
Learn how Cisco can help you more securely implement the opportunities and benefits the IoT can bring. IoT Security
Please watch this video, where Dan O’Malley and “Rick the Radio Guy” give an overview about how Cisco IPICS open standards and integrated technologies enable Internet of Things Secure Mobile Communications and Communications Interoperability to support mission needs for Public Safety, Defense, Manufacturing, Utilities, Transportation, Mining, and more.
What to do?
“#security should be the #1 thing companies focus on in the wake of #IoT” – CEO John Chambershttp://cscoengs.co.vu/1ucx8GY
“It is not often that companies learn from the past, even rarer that they draw the correct conclusions from it.” – Henry Kissinger
I hope companies will break this trend when it comes to security in the Internet of Things (IoT). Here, I will give some tips for both end users and service providers to secure IoT.
- Change the Default Username and Password. Do not ever use the default username/password of any device not only your router.
- Hide your SSID and choose something clever. Never use something related to your location like “Maher’s office room”
- Encrypt Your Wireless Network. If you’re using WEP encryption, get that changed as soon as you can, then move on to some of the other methods.
- Segmenting the network. Set up one network for each group of devices, by this, if one segment is hacked, all the other devices are not accessible and remain safe.
- Use MAC address filter so the router assign only an IP for each device that’s in the MAC address list and all unknown devices will be blocked from accessing the network.
- Disable guest network access.
- Use a firewall, whether it’s a stand-alone device or one turned on inside the router.
2. Keep your Network devices up-to-dateIt is very easy to gain access to your computer/devices if there are security holes in any software that you have installed. NBC news reported of a family that had an Internet enabled baby monitor that was hacked by an intruder. The intruder likely used a program that scans IP addresses for open ports that have security and web cameras connected to them. They had a three years old camera with outdated firmware that enabled the intruder access.For this reason it is critical that you keep your software up-to-date. This rule applies to all devices in your home network, like smart phones and even Wi-Fi devices such as your baby monitor. But ensure that devices receiving updates over the web are doing so over secure systems. Ensure that connectivity is secure and use devices that provide for two-factor authentication.3. Use OOB systemsGovernmental departments and Banks use IoT linked devices, but they are mainly out of reach from hackers because they are OOB (Out Of Band). But keep in mind that these OOB systems are subject to insider attacks.4. Stay informedInformation about managing and securing IoT devices can be obtained from some organizations such as FIPS and National Institute of Standards and Technology. These organizations address critical steps that are needed to secure and protect information and critical systems.5. Secure the location of your IoT linked devicesData should be protected physically and virtually and this should be done by your IoT service provider. Be sure to have a contract that outlines the provider’s responsibilities if there is a breach of its system.Service ProvidersIn this section, I will point some tips without going deep in Details.1. The communication in IoT should be secured with:
- Authentication services
This can be achieved at different layers:
- At the link layer, with IEEE 802.15.4 security.
- At the network layer with IP security (Ipsec).
- At the transport layer with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).
Even if the IoT is secured with encryption and authentication, the sensor nodes are vulnerable to wireless attacks, Therefore, an IDS and firewalls are needed.2. Network SecurityThe Network can be attacked even if there is a communication security that protects messages. Such attacks are aimed to disrupt networks by interrupting the routing topology or by launching DoS attacks. IDS, therefor, are required to detect any malicious activities in the network. Firewalls are required as well to block any unauthorized access to the network.6LoWPAN networks in IoT are vulnerable to a number of attacks from the Internet and from inside the network and are easier to compromise a resource-constrained wireless node than a typical Internet host. Considering the novel characteristics of the IoT it is worth investigating the applicability of current IDS and firewall techniques in the IoT, or designing a novel IDS and firewall exploiting the contemporary IoT features and protocols.3. Data SecurityIt is very important to protect sensitive data stored on any IoT device. As we know, most of the IoT devices are wirelessly connected and it is hard to protect each connected node with smart cards or TPM. Software based solutions can be used to secure such sensitive stored data.4. The following security services are necessary in the IoT:
- Confidentiality: Any attacker can intercept messages between the source and destination, therefore E2E message secrecy is required in the IoT.
- Data Integrity: Message Integrity Codes (MIC) are mostly used to provide this service
- Source Integrity or Authentication: communication between end points should be verified
- Availability: Services that applications offer should be always available and work properly.
- Replay Protection: There should be mechanisms to detect duplicate or replayed messages.
In the end, I want to say “As long as there is a mind to invent, there is a mind to crack. Just do what you have to do”.
I hope this has been informative for you and I would like to thank you for reading. | <urn:uuid:1f801418-539e-4581-9307-aa207daba95f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://ciscomarketing.jiveon.com/people/Unix1511974/blog/2015/03/12/iot-the-oppressed-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.933799 | 1,839 | 2.671875 | 3 |
ELMAU, Germany (AP) - The world should move away from using fossil fuels by the end of this century, G-7 leaders said Monday, setting an ambitious but distant goal ahead of a global conference on climate change this year.
The leaders of seven wealthy democracies also warned Russia that sanctions imposed for its actions against Ukraine would remain until a cease-fire is fully observed in eastern Ukraine - and those sanctions could be made tougher if the situation requires.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, whose turn it was to host the annual gathering, pressed for a commitment to "decarbonize" the global economy - that is, to eliminate most carbon dioxide emissions from burning oil, gas and coal. While the goal was set for the end of the century, the seven leaders also asserted that "urgent and concrete action is needed to address climate change."
Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, which traps the sun's heat and warms the atmosphere.
The leaders agreed to press for a reduction, by 2050, of 40 to 70 percent in the 2010 global emission levels of the greenhouse gases blamed for global warming. The range was a disappointment to some environmental activists, but the leaders added they recommended the "upper end" of that range. They also said they would commit to a "transformation of the energy sectors" in their countries to produce fewer carbon emissions.
The word "decarbonization" is used to mean the replacement of carbon-based fossil fuels by alternative sources such as wind and solar power. The term is open to interpretations that include the use of some fossil fuels.
A German government spokesman said that as used by Merkel the word meant "substantial" emission reductions in the next decades and "near zero" greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the century.
Merkel set climate change as a key topic for the gathering, just like she did the last time she hosted it in 2007.
Her goal was to come up with a united stance among the group's advanced economies in order to better advocate for the goals at a much broader conference on how to combat global warming to be held Nov. 30-Dec. 11 in Paris. The thinking was that negotiations with other countries - including major greenhouse gas emitters such as China and India - would be easier if the developed world took a united position.
Ulf Moslener, professor of sustainable energy finance at the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, said the G-7 statement was "largely a confirmation of what has already been agreed" on climate change. Its chief value was in getting the developed countries on the same page ahead of climate change negotiations with developing countries.
Moslener said the steep reduction implied by Merkel's decarbonization goal does imply substantial change, "though it has to be said it's a rather long time horizon."
Merkel and President Barack Obama devoted much of their one-on-one meeting during the summit to Ukraine, where renewed fighting has broken out in recent days. Western nations and NATO accuse Russia of sending troops and weapons into Ukraine to support pro-Russian separatist fighters, something Russia denies.
A peace deal struck at Minsk in February requires a halt to fighting between the separatists and Ukrainian forces, and heavy weapons such as artillery and rocket launchers to be pulled back from the front line
"There was a lot of consensus with regard to Ukraine," Merkel said. "We agreed that the lifting of sanctions is tied to the implementation of the Minsk peace deal. And we are ready, should the circumstances warrant -which we don't want - to increase sanctions."
Still, G-7 nations aren't totally united on what to do about Russian support for the separatists. Britain and the U.S. have sent limited help to train Ukraine's military, while Germany has rejected military assistance.
Asked about that, Merkel said the meeting reached "no common conclusions."
Obama, at a news conference, said the G-7 leaders had discussed additional steps they could take if Russia were to "double down" on military actions inside Ukraine. But he said those discussions have been taking place "at a technical level, not yet at a political level," and said the first step was for the 28-nation European Union to commit to extending its current sanctions against Russia.
The G-7 statement also condemned Russia's "illegal annexation" of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula last year.
Subscribe to Power Engineering magazine | <urn:uuid:b08c5c08-8187-40f8-8e9c-699385f311d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pe/2015/06/g-7-set-far-off-goal-to-move-away-from-fossil-fuels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106779.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820150632-20170820170632-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.969614 | 892 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In classical mechanics, holonomic constraints are relations between the position variables (and possibly time) which can be expressed in the following form: , where are the n coordinates which describe the system. For example, the motion of a particle constrained to lie on the surface of a sphere is subject to a holonomic constraint, but if the particle is able to fall off the sphere under the influence of gravity, the constraint becomes non-holonomic.
Velocity-dependent constraints such as are not usually holonomic.
Holonomic system (physics)
i.e. a holonomic constraint depends only on the coordinates and time . It does not depend on the velocities. A constraint that cannot be expressed in the form shown above is a nonholonomic constraint.
Transformation to general coordinates
The holonomic constraint equations can help us easily remove some of the dependent variables in our system. For example, if we want to remove which is a parameter in the constraint equation , we can rearrange the equation into the following form, assuming it can be done,
and replace the in every equation of the system using the above function. This can always be done for general physical system, provided that is , then by implicit function theorem, the solution is guaranteed in some open set. Thus, it is possible to remove all occurrences of the dependent variable .
Suppose that a physical system has degrees of freedom. Now, holonomic constraints are imposed on the system. Then, the number of degrees of freedom is reduced to . We can use independent generalized coordinates () to completely describe the motion of the system. The transformation equation can be expressed as follows:
Consider the following differential form of a constraint equation:
where cij, ci are the coefficients of the differentials dqj and dt for the ith constraint.
If the differential form is integrable, i.e., if there is a function satisfying the equality
then this constraint is a holonomic constraint; otherwise, nonholonomic. Therefore, all holonomic and some nonholonomic constraints can be expressed using the differential form. Not all nonholonomic constraints can be expressed this way. Examples of nonholonomic constraints which can not be expressed this way are those that are dependent on generalized velocities. With a constraint equation in differential form, whether the constraint is holonomic or nonholonomic depends on the integrability of the differential form.
Classification of physical systems
In order to study classical physics rigorously and methodically, we need to classify systems. Based on previous discussion, we can classify physical systems into holonomic systems and non-holonomic systems. One of the conditions for the applicability of many theorems and equations is that the system must be a holonomic system. For example, if a physical system is a holonomic system and a monogenic system, then Hamilton's principle is the necessary and sufficient condition for the correctness of Lagrange's equation.
As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight. Being inextensible, the string’s length is a constant. Therefore, this system is holonomic; it obeys the holonomic constraint
where is the position of the weight and is length of the string.
The particles of a rigid body obey the holonomic constraint
where , are respectively the positions of particles and , and is the distance between them. | <urn:uuid:b0df9d01-58fb-4f96-af6e-34b7dd4a9fac> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_constraints | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468233.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00044-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894351 | 717 | 3.25 | 3 |
New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
1) Script. A form or handwriting, often cursive in nature. The word script, when used in this meaning, readily brings to mind the fancy, flowery Spencerian Scripts which were adapted for typesetting at a fairly early date. However, there are other types of scripts ranging from the formal script to the informal, as well as many other handlettering styles.
See also: Script Tag.
3) Script. A bit of computer programing. Python scripting knowledge is an advantageous skill for today's type designer. Several altruistic designers are willing to share their knowledge by sharing python scripts that they have written as well as helping others to learn to write their own scripts. | <urn:uuid:aa00425c-8237-43aa-8fd1-e2682495528e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://typophile.com/node/17786 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657041.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00100-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967952 | 156 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Research creates such vast opportunity. The opportunity to address the challenges created from climate change. The opportunity to help communities address air quality and pollution. The opportunity to develop energy solutions for the future. The opportunity to have timely dialogue with policy and community leaders.
With $3 million in new federal funding, air quality specialists at the Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC) will refine sophisticated methods they have been developing to help understand and improve air quality.
These techniques, to be refined through five federally-backed research projects over the next three years, hold special promise for addressing high levels of air pollution in industrial neighborhoods and in areas near oil and gas production facilities.
HARC recently received word from Harris County, the primary local contractor for the grant from the U.S. Interior Department, that it will be authorized to conduct this array of five research projects, said Eduardo (Jay) Olaguer, director of air quality research.
One key project will involve a major field study to measure people’s exposure to cancer-causing benzene and other toxic chemicals that pollute the air in communities near the industry-lined Houston Ship Channel. The same study, called BEE-TEX (for Benzene and other Toxics Exposure) will track measured pollutants to their industrial sources.
In a second project, researchers will continue to improve HARC’s recently developed computer model for investigating industrial pollution sources and assessing air quality at the neighborhood level.
This project will also enhance HARC’s Air Research Information Infrastructure, a multifaceted online tool that melds advanced mapping and data-mining technologies to help researchers and the general public analyze air quality with a tight geographic focus.
Other projects carried out with the federal grant will enhance inventories of Houston-area pollution sources, model reductions in smog levels from 2006-09 so they are better understood, and analyze data gathered during a 2009 study that measured pollutants in industrial neighborhoods with sophisticated remote-sensing equipment.
Despite improvements in air quality over the years, stubborn problems persist in Texas. They notably include urban smog that threatens public health across metropolitan regions, as well as localized “hot spots” where higher levels of toxic chemicals occur. Besides threatening people’s health by themselves, some of those chemicals and their byproducts contribute to ground-level ozone, smog’s lung-damaging ingredient.
To help address such issues, HARC has been developing what Olaguer calls “a suite of very advanced tools to assess air quality on the neighborhood scale.” They include advanced methods for measuring air pollutants, high-resolution computer modeling techniques to simulate pollution emissions and atmospheric reactions, and advanced digital tools to simplify access to air quality information.
These tools synthesize key findings and methods derived from major research projects that HARC managed over the last decade for the state of Texas.
The new federal funding is just one example of the positive attention HARC’s toolkit is receiving. Key aspects of HARC’s work are explained in three new articles in prominent, peer-reviewed journals.
An important aim of HARC’s air quality work is to “tightly intertwine” advanced pollution-monitoring methods and high-resolution computer modeling for a close-up examination of emission sources and pollution levels, Olaguer said.
Many conventional air quality models typically operate on much larger geographic scales than HARC’s neighborhood-focused modeling, for instance. And the pollution-monitoring methods honed by HARC, unlike others that are often used, can “fingerprint” plumes of pollutants in the air with equipment outside the industrial facilities where they originate, erasing the need for investigators to ask a company for permission to operate inside its plant.
HARC’s new techniques are particularly promising for addressing “environmental justice” concerns in specific neighborhoods, Olaguer said.
“We want to expand the applications of these tools, expand the number of stakeholders who can use the information and empower those stakeholders in ways that have never been possible before,” he said. | <urn:uuid:dbddb812-208a-40f9-b404-572a6af19b99> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.harcresearch.org/feature/HARC_enhance_air_quality_tools_with_%20%243-million_federal_grant?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146160.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225202625-20200225232625-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.933674 | 845 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Christina Rossetti (1830—1894) was a highly acclaimed poet in her day. She was born in London, the youngest daughter of Italian poet Gabriele Rossetti, who had come to England as a political refugee. Her mother was an evangelical Anglican, who educated her children at home; all of whom became well known. Christina’s brother, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, is famous as a poet and artist. Christina modelled for many of his paintings. She was a devout Anglican who broke off an engagement because her fiancé had become a Catholic, and later rejected another man she loved because she did not believe he was a Christian.
Her poetry, like that of many Victorians, fell from fashion in the early twentieth century. Today, in some circles she may be best known for the Christmas carol “In The Bleak Mid-Winter”, with music composed by Gustavus Holst. Her thought-provoking poem “Who Has Seen The Wind” became an inspiration for W.O. Mitchell’s novel of the same name (1947). By the 1970s a resurgence of interest in her work — due to its depth and subtlety — has re-established her distinction as one of the most significant female poets of the 19th century.
A Better Resurrection
I have no wit, no words, no tears;
--------My heart within me like a stone
Is numb'd too much for hopes or fears;
--------Look right, look left, I dwell alone;
I lift mine eyes, but dimm'd with grief
--------No everlasting hills I see;
My life is in the falling leaf:
--------O Jesus, quicken me.
My life is like a faded leaf,
--------My harvest dwindled to a husk:
Truly my life is void and brief
--------And tedious in the barren dusk;
My life is like a frozen thing,
--------No bud nor greenness can I see:
Yet rise it shall—the sap of Spring;
--------O Jesus, rise in me.
My life is like a broken bowl,
--------A broken bowl that cannot hold
One drop of water for my soul
--------Or cordial in the searching cold;
Cast in the fire the perish'd thing;
--------Melt and remould it, till it be
A royal cup for Him, my King:
--------O Jesus, drink of me.
This is the first Kingdom Poets post about Christina Rossetti: second post, third post.
Entry written by D.S. Martin. He is the award-winning author of the poetry collections Poiema (Wipf & Stock) and So The Moon Would Not Be Swallowed (Rubicon Press). They are both available at: www.dsmartin.ca | <urn:uuid:7fd778ce-d2c6-4ae3-80a7-82c7684b5e46> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://kingdompoets.blogspot.com/2010/04/christina-rossetti.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056711.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919035453-20210919065453-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.962319 | 585 | 3.015625 | 3 |
While Paul was waiting in Athens, he was greatly distressed to see that the city was full of idols. So he reasoned in the synagogue with both Jews and God-fearing Greeks, as well as in the marketplace day by day with those who happened to be there. A group of Epicurean and Stoic philosophers began to debate with him. Some of them asked, “What is this babbler trying to say?” Others remarked, “He seems to be advocating foreign gods.” They said this because Paul was preaching the good news about Jesus and the resurrection. (Acts 17:16-18)
Paul caught the attention of the philosophers and became an instant curiosity in the city. They asked Paul to come before the council of the Areopagus to explain his new way of thinking. They said, “You are bringing some strange ideas to our ears, and we would like to know what they mean.” (Acts 17:20)
The Areopagus of Athens, also known as Mars Hill, is located just northwest of the Acropolis. Basically, it’s a small mountain of marble where people met. During the Classical period, it was used as an assembly place for judicial tribunals for major crimes. When Paul was in Athens, the Areopagus had also become a popular gathering place to discuss and debate ideas. The council of the Areopagus was composed of 100 members, including philosophers, scholars, and former officials of Athens.
According to Acts, Chapter 17, it was here at the Areopagus that Paul engaged the “professional thinkers” of Athens. Paul very wisely acknowledged the broad spiritual curiosity of the Athenians, which provided a natural opening for a conversation about God.
“People of Athens! I see that in every way you are very religious. For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: to an unknown god. So you are ignorant of the very thing you worship—and this is what I am going to proclaim to you.
“The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by human hands. And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything. Rather, he himself gives everyone life and breath and everything else.” (Acts 17:22-25)
In his speech to the Areopagus council, Paul used an altar to the “unknown god” to illustrate that the God unknown to the Athenians was the one true God of the Bible. Famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle used the generic “theos” (god) in their ancient writings to refer to an ambiguous supreme god, so Paul’s explanation would have been particularly interesting to the educated philosophers of Athens.
Paul went on to make the Gospel understandable within the Athenian system of belief. He referred to Greek gods, Greek philosophers, and Greek poets in his talk — delivering a masterful example of how the Good News of Jesus Christ applies to everyone.
“Therefore since we are God’s offspring, we should not think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone—an image made by human design and skill. In the past God overlooked such ignorance, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent. For he has set a day when he will judge the world with justice by the man he has appointed. He has given proof of this to everyone by raising him from the dead.” (Acts 17:29-31)
Many rejected the message that Paul delivered, but Luke records that some of the people became believers, including Dionysus, a member of the Areopagus council, and a woman named Damaris. Although we don’t know much about these first Christians in Athens, history tells us that Christianity grew here in the late first century. | <urn:uuid:4590de58-c54e-4974-998c-62801623d961> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://drivethruhistoryadventures.com/paul-at-the-areopagus-of-athens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524548.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716115717-20190716141717-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.983895 | 813 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cockroaches have been on this earth much before humans and birds evolved. They have been living for over 300 million years and are the most primitive of the winged insects. They have evolved into roughly 4,000 species which are categorized under seven families. Cockroaches are highly evolved pests and exist in almost every part of the world except in the Polar Regions or at elevations of about 2,000meters and above since they are very adaptable and can survive in almost any environment. There are specific species of cockroaches which prefer living around the human habitat. They are commonly found in buildings, homes, restaurants, kitchens, bakeries, ranches, garages, attics and any place where there is a source of water, food and a dark, cozy shelter. Cockroaches are sometimes deadly to humans, causing asthma, allergies and gastroenteritis. They are capable of spreading over 30 different types of bacteria which are fatal to humans. The females lay cases of eggs called oothecae, which may protrude from her body or found stuck in drawers, corners, boxes, etc.
ALLERGIES: Cockroaches make humans prone to allergies like asthma, especially among children. Cockroaches are capable of spreading over 30 different types of bacteria which are fatal to humans
FEEDING DAMAGE:Cockroaches like starchy foods. Apart from books and their bindings, they feed on food items like cereals, biscuits, bread, sugary substances and meat products. This may stain or contaminate the foods we consume and cause damage to our health.
•Too ugly to live:The very sight of Cockroaches can cause considerable psychological or emotional distress in some individuals because of its ugliness.
Apply attractive food with combined gel at discrete places. No object will be disturbed.
After swallowing the gel food, majority of the Cockroaches migrate from that place and a few of the weaker ones may perish.
NOTE: Does not harm to human, animals, pets, birds and even the environment. | <urn:uuid:451cf2ca-3aa3-4aca-9e2c-6f943c333706> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ashrithpestcontrol.com/Cockroach.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.949148 | 423 | 3.546875 | 4 |
JOAN RIVERS, a comedian who died last year, did not let chores get in the way of a career in showbusiness. “I hate housework,” she joked. “You make the beds, you do the dishes, and six months later, you have to start all over again.”
An escape from unpaid drudgery into paid work seems a distant prospect for millions of women. In South Asia, for instance, women carry out up to 90% of unpaid care work, including cooking, cleaning, and looking after children and the elderly. They are far less visible than men in work outside the home. Women make up less than a quarter of the paid workforce in India and account for just 17% of GDP, a measure of output that excludes unwaged work. By contrast, women contribute 41% of GDP in China.
A new report from the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), a think-tank, underlines how gender inequality in work and society is itself distributed unequally across the world. The number-crunchers at McKinsey calculated gender-parity scores—gauges of how women fare at work and in society in comparison with men—covering over 90% of the world’s population. They reckon South Asia (India excluded) is the global laggard with a score of 0.44 (a score of one represents perfect parity between the sexes). Richer parts of the world do a lot better but are still a long way from complete gender equality. North America and Oceania, the best-ranked region, has a score of 0.74.
It is hard to put a number on the social costs of this but the McKinsey folk take a stab at estimating the loss of economic output that goes with it. Other studies find that countries could boost their GDP by 5-20% if women’s participation in the workforce was on a par with men’s. But that captures only part of the lost output. Even in rich bits of the world, where women are close to half the paid workforce, they tend to work fewer hours than men and in jobs with lower productivity, not to mention lower pay as a result of pure discrimination. If the gender gaps in participation, hours worked and productivity were all bridged, the world economy would be $28.4 trillion (or 26%) richer, McKinsey reckons (see chart). The potential gains are proportionately greater in places where fewer women are in paid work. India, for instance, could be 60% richer.
A more realistic target is for countries to close their gender gaps at the rate achieved by the country in their region with the best recent record in this respect. That would add $12 trillion to global output by 2025, according to McKinsey’s calculations, other things being equal (which they almost certainly will not be).
The policies that would quicken a closing of the gender gap at work, such as keeping girls at school for longer and providing better legal protections for women, are in the gift of government. Women whose level of education is on a par with men are more likely to find well-paid jobs in technical professions. They are also more likely to share unpaid work more equitably with men—or, at least, to be able to claim, as Rivers did, that the dullest chores can wait for another six months.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline "The power of parity" | <urn:uuid:9f73abb3-4bdc-4659-8111-0a7b0a5eb654> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2015/09/24/the-power-of-parity?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fpe%2Fed%2Fthepowerofparity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585348.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020183354-20211020213354-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.962748 | 717 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Posted: October 30, 2013 at 12:39 am
By Kristen Basham and Tiet Tran
Tucked away in the old, nearly abandoned, Mountaineer Mall sits a facility full of robots, nanotechnology and inquisitive explorers. This isn’t a science laboratory though, it’s a children’s museum.
The Children’s Discovery Museum of West Virginia hosts a variety of activities for children. Since its beginning in 2008, the Museum has always had an area set aside for science, technology, mathematics and engineering (STEM), but a recent influx of grant money has allowed the museum to increase its STEM education pursuits.
In 2013, the museum received a grant for $2,113 from the LEGO Foundation. This grant allowed for the purchase of hands-on exhibits such as a robotic arm, able to pick up small items like foam balls, plastic cups, and marbles, and a three-dimensional marble racetrack that allows children to manipulate the marble’s path.
Another grant the museum received this year came from the Nanoscale Informal Science Education (NISE) Network. This grant, worth $2,623, will be put towards outreach efforts to the Boys and Girls Club, as well as a special 400-square-foot, nano science exhibit coming in 2014.
Abigail Arnold the Director of the Boys and Girls Club of Morgantown says that the club has a great connection to the museum.
“We have a great symbiotic relationship with the museum. The kids love going there to learn, and the staff do a really good job making them feel welcomed.”
The items provided by the recent grants allow the museum to host Science Saturday events. These events are centered on certain topics, such as magnets, and include hands on activities for children of all ages. Susan Grant, the science coordinator of the museum, usually leads these events.
“I think kids should learn about science early, so they can get a good grasp on it later on. We’re also incredibly lucky to be able to use grants to show kids things they normally wouldn’t see inside a typical classroom,” Grant said.
While the Science Saturday events are for everyone, an area of the museum is sectioned off for kids from ages 5-11. This area features the hands-on activities that may involve small pieces that could be a choking hazard, or activities that may involve breakable items. Although the museum tends to attract a younger crowd, there are older, interested visitors that stop by.
Brian Menear brings his son, Joel Menear, 7, and his daughter, Ella Menear, 6, to the museum often. On one recent trip in October, Joel and Ella took advantage of the new features and hands-on exhibits.
“It was actually my son’s idea to come up here this Saturday. He said he didn’t want to stay inside and do nothing for the day. He really enjoys being able to touch and build things.”
The museum is largely supported by the cost of admission and private donors. In 2013, the Mylan Foundation awarded the museum $10,000 to be used towards field trips, outreach programs, and a science-centered teacher workshop.
Julie Bryan, the director of the Children’s Discovery Museum of West Virginia said that though the museum always benefits from grant money, 2013 has been a particularly good year.
“We’re so excited to be able to offer exhibits and activities that you’d be hard pressed to find anywhere else in Morgantown. For example, one of the nano science exhibits we’ll be showing in 2014 is one of only 500 of its kind. That’s an awesome opportunity for us and the community,” Bryan said.
The museum opened in 2008 under the name “The Fun Factory.” Since then, it has undergone a few changes. Although in its early days, it offered many of the same exhibits you can find in today’s museum, there was less emphasis on learning and very few structured activities. When the museum changed its name to the Children’s Discovery Museum of Morgantown in 2011, science, health, and art became the primary focus. Since 2008, the museum has occupied three different locations in the Mountaineer Mall. Its current location is beside the Women’s Fitness Center and accessible directly from the parking lot.
Popular exhibits include a dinosaur discovery area, where kids can “dig” for bones; an imagination station, where kids can perform plays with a variety of puppets, and an arts and crafts section that invites kids to paint, color, and draw.
In 2012, the museum drew 7,500 visitors. This year, Bryan hopes to surpass 10,00.
The museum is opened Tuesday-Saturday from 10 a.m. – 1 p.m. Science Saturday events are held every Saturday, and the hands-on learning area for kids 5-11 is open every other Saturday. Admission is $4 for children over 12 months of age. | <urn:uuid:63fed0f5-ed12-453e-8717-f354bd88a178> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://mountaineernewsservice.com/childrens-discovery-museum-of-morgantown-launches-hands-on-science-exhibit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982921683.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200841-00118-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959122 | 1,059 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Flu Shot Myths
By Sheryl Kraft
It happens every year, just as we turn the calendar to October. Along with the pink signs reminding us that it's breast cancer awareness month are signs imploring us to get our flu vaccines.
It takes about two weeks for the vaccine to become fully protective, so it's recommended you get yours sometime before the end of October, before the flu starts to spread. (Note that getting vaccinated later can still be beneficial and protective, because the season can last as late as May.)
Sure, the flu is not typically as serious as cancer, but this highly contagious virus does pose a real threat and can indeed be deadly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has tracked the number of deaths in the U.S. from flu-related complications to be anywhere from a low of 12,000 during 2011-2012 to a high of 56,000 during the 2012-2013 season.
Yet, although the flu is a serious disease that causes illness, hospitalizations and deaths every year in the United States, many people skip their flu shot. Their reasons vary, and most are not based on fact:
I'm allergic to eggs. Although flu vaccines are manufactured by growing viruses in eggs (and have been done this way for more than 70 years), you can still get a vaccine if you have an egg allergy. If your egg allergy involves just hives, it's safe to receive any licensed flu vaccine (and it's no longer necessary to wait 30 minutes after receiving the vaccine). If your allergy is more severe—meaning you have needed a shot of epinephrine or some other emergency intervention—you can still have a flu vaccine, but it should be given in a medical setting and supervised by a health care professional trained in managing and treating any severe allergic conditions.
The flu vaccine will give me the flu. The vaccine is manufactured from an inactivated virus, so if you get sick after receiving a vaccine, chances are you were already sick with something. It's also possible you've come down with another form of respiratory virus besides the flu virus. (While there can be some side effects from the vaccine—like soreness, low-grade fever, headaches or muscle aches, which will dissipate within a day or two—those are side effects and not the flu.)
My child (or grandchild) is too young for a vaccine. The vaccine is safe and encouraged for anyone 6 months or older. If it's their first time getting vaccinated, they'll need two doses spaced at least four weeks apart.
I don't have a doctor, so I can't get the vaccine. Aside from a doctor or nurse, flu vaccines are available in many other settings, including health departments, pharmacies (pharmacists are trained in immunization techniques), urgent care clinics and many times your place or employment or school.
I've never had the flu—therefore, I'm immune to it and don't need a vaccine. Age and certain chronic health conditions can affect immunity, and you can become susceptible to the virus even if you've never caught it. The flu viruses also change from year to year. The fact is that anyone can get the flu, even if they're otherwise healthy.
The nasal spray flu vaccine is ineffective. While it might have been that way in the past, this year is different. It's a recommended option for non-pregnant women and people between ages two and 49.
If I'm pregnant, I shouldn't get the vaccine. Both the CDC and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend the flu shot for all pregnant women, regardless of which trimester they're in. And since infants are at an increased risk of severe flu symptoms (and can't receive vaccines until they're six months old), the vaccine is beneficial to your baby as well, as the antibodies you'll develop will pass onto the baby through your placenta and breast milk, if you're breast-feeding.
Antibiotics can help treat the flu. Because the flu is a viral infection and antibiotics work against bacterial infections, they won't help treat flu symptoms. However, if you develop a secondary bacterial infection as a complication of the flu, antibiotics may be helpful.
I received a flu shot last year, so I don't need one this year. Each year, the influenza virus changes and mutates. What you were protected against last year is not necessarily what is the same projected threat this year (but even if the circulating viruses are the same, a yearly vaccine is still recommended). Also, your body's immune response fades over time.
The stomach flu is a type of flu. Many people use the term "flu" to describe feeling ill with nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, but these symptoms are not the hallmarks of influenza. The flu is a respiratory disease, not a stomach or intestinal one.
Check out our Flu Education Resource for HCPs.
Some people may still get the flu after getting the vaccine, especially older people and those with compromised health, and some years the flu vaccines are not a perfect match for what is actually circulating—but it's smart to lower your odds.
If you get the flu, you should stay at home and avoid contact with other people.
If your symptoms are severe and you're at high risk for complications, you can be treated with a prescription drug known as an antiviral, which can speed your healing and help prevent serious complications. These work best if taken within 48 hours of getting sick.
People at high risk for complications include those 65 years of age or older, those with chronic diseases like asthma, heart disease or diabetes, children younger than five but especially children younger than two, pregnant women and women who are up to two weeks postpartum and residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities.
This year, in addition to the nasal spray, there are three vaccines: the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), the recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) and the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4). The CDC says there is no preference for any one over another. The vaccines protect against either three and four viruses (the fourth being an additional B virus) and are known as "trivalent" or "quadrivalent" vaccines. | <urn:uuid:f9399b23-4bea-48e1-a47d-7141a8ba735c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.healthywomen.org/content/blog-entry/flu-shot-myths | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.966757 | 1,287 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. It’s located in the upper half of the heart and on the left side of your body.
The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from your lungs. It then pumps this blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. From the left ventricle, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out through the aortic valve to be distributed to the tissues of your body via your circulatory system.
In some cases, the left atrium can become enlarged. Read on to find out why this happens and what the possible complications are.
Some people with an enlarged left atrium may not experience any symptoms. If you do experience symptoms, they may include:
Your doctor can diagnose enlargement of the left atrium using an imaging method called echocardiography. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to take pictures of the structure of your heart.
During an echocardiogram, you lie on a table while the doctor places small electrodes onto your chest. The doctor then passes a probe across your chest. The probe produces sound waves that bounce off of your heart and then return to the probe. The information returned to the probe is then turned into images that are displayed on a screen in the room.
The following factors can influence the size of the left atrium:
- Age. It’s important to note that normal aging itself isn’t a cause. Instead, changes that occur to your body as you age can influence the size of the left atrium.
- Gender. Men typically have a larger left atrium than women.
- Body size. The size of the left atrium increases with body size.
The following conditions can lead to the enlargement of the left atrium:
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Left atrial enlargement is often present in people with high blood pressure. A review of 15 studies over the last 12 years found that left atrial enlargement is present in 16 to 83 percent of people with either treated or untreated high blood pressure. Try to incorporate these foods into your diet if you have hypertension.
Dysfunction of the mitral valve
A few conditions involving the mitral valve can lead to left atrial enlargement. The mitral valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle.
In mitral stenosis, the mitral valve is narrowed. This makes it difficult for the left ventricle to be filled.
In mitral regurgitation, blood leaks out of the left ventricle and backward into the left atrium. This condition can be caused by either structural or functional issues with the mitral valve or the left ventricle.
In both mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation, it’s more difficult for the left atrium to pump blood into the left ventricle. This can lead to an increase in pressure in the left atrium, which in turn leads to enlargement.
Dysfunction of the left ventricle
If there’s a problem with your left ventricle, the pressure in the left atrium will increase in order to be able to fill the left ventricle properly. This increase in pressure can lead to enlargement of the left atrium. In this case, the amount of enlargement in the left atrium can reveal the level of dysfunction of the left ventricle.
This is an arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) that increases the risk of stroke and heart failure. In this condition, the two upper chambers of your heart, or atria, beat out of sync with the two lower chambers, or ventricles. Atrial fibrillation can happen occasionally, or it can be permanent.
It’s unclear if atrial fibrillation is a cause or a complication of left atrial enlargement.
Enlargement of the left atrium has been associated with poor outcomes for the following cardiovascular conditions:
- Atrial fibrillation. This is associated with increased mortality and has been listed as both a cause and complication of left atrial enlargement. One
studyfound that every 5-millimeter increase in left atrium diameter increased the risk of developing atrial fibrillation by 39 percent.
- Stroke. In a
studyof older people, an increase in left atrium size was found to be independently predictive of a first ischemic stroke. The risk of stroke increases if a person also has atrial fibrillation.
- Congestive heart failure. A
studyof older people found that left atrium size was predictive of congestive heart failure.
Once left atrial enlargement has occurred, treatment revolves around addressing the factors that caused it.
High blood pressure can be treated in the following ways:
- taking medications, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-beta-blockers, and diuretics
- eating a heart-healthy diet
- limiting salt
- being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight
- limiting alcohol
- managing stress
Treatment for mitral stenosis can include:
- rhythm and rate control medications
- anticoagulant medications to prevent blood clots
- surgical intervention or mitral valve replacement in serious cases
Your doctor may recommend surgery if you have mitral regurgitation with symptoms. You may also be advised to have surgery if you don’t have symptoms but there’s evidence of left ventricle dysfunction.
There are many possible treatments for atrial fibrillation. Some of these can include:
- rhythm and rate control medications
- anticoagulant medications to reduce the risk of blood clots
- electrical cardioversion procedure to electrically reset the heart when medications aren’t effective
- pulmonary vein ablation procedure when medications aren’t tolerated or effective
- pacemaker implantation for a slow heart rate
There are ways to lower your risk of developing left atrial enlargement and its complications.
- Keep high blood pressure and high cholesterol under control.
- Eat heart-healthy foods.
- Avoid using alcohol and tobacco products.
- Maintain an active lifestyle.
- Try to lose weight if you’re overweight.
- Reduce stress, as this can lead to problems with heartbeat.
- Let your doctor know if you have a family history of heart or cardiovascular conditions.
There are many treatments for the conditions that cause left atrial enlargement. These range from medications and lifestyle changes to surgical interventions. It’s important to remember that treatment of this condition goes hand in hand with treating the conditions that caused it.
Once diagnosed with left arterial enlargement, you may be at risk for additional cardiovascular complications if you don’t take measures to keep conditions like high blood pressure and arrhythmias in control.
If you have a family history of cardiovascular disease or heart conditions, be sure to let your doctor know so that they can monitor your cardiovascular health. | <urn:uuid:1505f7b1-1b57-4e2d-a67e-b2de5706d4cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.healthline.com/health/left-atrial-enlargement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.888618 | 1,458 | 3.5 | 4 |
Land Grabbing Illustrated
10 Apr 14
In the Sierra Norte mountain range, 300 km from Mexico, the indigenous Náhuat and Totanac peoples are facing a new threat. The mining industry, with its hydroelectric power stations and other accompanying infrastructure, is endangering this region’s lush nature and the future of these resident indigenous communities and their ancient traditions. These include a traditional form of apiculture which uses the small and docile native bee to produce honey, protected by Slow Food through a Presidium project.
The plans to exploit the area’s resources are extensive. In the Presidium’s area, three mining concessions have been publicized in recent months. And as we have already reported, a hydroelectric power station is now planned for the same area, in order to produce electricity for the mining industry.
From Mexico, José Ernesto Vazquez Chanico, an artist who has been depicting the traditions of his indigenous community for over 40 years, is working to communicate this situation. In San Miguel Tzinacapan, where he lives, he is known as “Don Ernesto.” He has recently illustrated a booklet on land grabbing for Slow Food - Land Grabbing: A Mexican Presidium Under Threat. Using delicate line drawings, the booklet illustrates the dangers facing his land.
“My region has an enormous wealth of culture and biodiversity, which risks being swallowed up by the mining projects,” he explains. “I hope that those who see my drawings will understand this serious injustice.”
Various protests are underway. The Consejo Tiyat Tlali, which unites different Sierra Norte organizations working to protect the environment, is trying to inform the indigenous peoples about the imminent dangers. Don Ernesto’s book will soon be distributed here, translated in the Náhuat and Totanac language.
“We are organizing meetings with the local communities to warn them about the projects underway,” says Leonardo Durán Olguín, the honey Presidium’s coordinator. “It is also important that people elsewhere know what is going on in this region. The people have a right to decide how to preserve their land. We have to help them have this right respected.”
See the comic strip Land Grabbing: A Mexican Presidium Under Threat, illustrated by José Ernesto Vazquez Chanico.
The publication is also available here in Italian, French and Spanish. To request a printable version, or send us your comments, write to: email@example.com
To see the booklet Let’s Expose Land Grabbing! and other publications from the Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity, visit: www.slowfoodfoundation.org
Find out more about our campaign against land grabbing:
Consejo Tiyat Tlali
Red Mexicana de Afectados por la Minería
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Now accept the one who is weak in faith, but not for the purpose of passing judgment on his opinions.
Today I want to speak about a virtue that is the cornerstone of developing peace and unity, and that is tolerance. I tend to bandy the word about, but I want to delve into its meaning a little more.
The word ‘tolerance’ does not appear in the Bible, but it is alluded to many times. Tolerance, as we understand it, means a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, beliefs, practices, lifestyles, racial or ethnic origins differ from our own. It means having interest in and concern for concepts that are foreign to us; a broad-minded, undogmatic viewpoint. American author Robert G. Ingersoll described the word in this way: “Tolerance is giving to every other human being every right that you claim for yourself.” Tolerance carries a positive welcoming feeling: although we may disagree, we lean openly toward accepting another’s viewpoint. That’s a good thing.
The word ‘tolerate’, however, has a slightly different definition: It means to allow the existence, presence, practice, or an act without prohibition or hindrance. It means to permit without repugnance; to put up with. This sounds less welcoming, less accepting, less of a good thing and more just of neutral value.
I think I would be happy where people have tolerance toward me. They accept me. But I don’t know that I would be happy where people only tolerated me; they just put up with me. Like a wart: I don’t really like it, but it’s there, so I tolerate it. If it gives me any problems, I’ll have it removed. That is toleration, not tolerance. There is a difference. I would rather be celebrated than tolerated.
Some people confuse the word tolerance and toleration. When they hear the word tolerance, “We need to show more tolerance toward people who are dissimilar to us,” what they hear is “We have to put up with those people.” This is not what tolerance means. Again, tolerance is a positive virtue of accepting, respecting, allowing, and the welcoming of foreign ideas, people, and circumstances.
To tolerate is only a small increment above hatred, disrespect, or rejection. It is not a spiritual virtue. Christ did not say, “Patrick, tolerate your neighbor. Just put up with them.” No, he said to love your neighbor.
Tolerance is the starting point of that command, the bare minimum. I would submit that to love your neighbor involves a step beyond tolerance; love involves active care, consideration, and concern. Love extends the unconditional hand of friendship although friendship is not reciprocated. Love gives without receiving and looks for the best in everyone. Love is the power that transforms us and enables us to accept and join with another soul’s presence through which we transcend our normal human state.
Arthur Brooks, a social scientist and the head of the think tank: American Enterprise Institute says, “It’s not enough to tolerate people; it’s not even enough to help people. We need to need people who are not like us. Only when we can do that do we have a kind of unity that we really crave.”
He is right. Toleration is insufficient. To claim that we tolerate something or someone, is hardly more than saying that we won’t totally reject them, dismiss them, or even actively seek to demolish them and their ideas at some point. They are warts to put up with.
Brooks’ idea that we must need people who are not like us is a profound concept that moves even beyond tolerance and into the love domain. To need our neighbor, the people who don’t think or act or look like us, to need our opponents and enemies, is the daring willingness to love them. It is moving past differences and seeing their value at the spiritual level. This requires that we see differently, perceiving through the eyes of Christ instead of our earthly eyes. To see differently requires that we release our old ways of thinking and responding.
I don’t like speaking about politics, but this serves a point. Psychologists have identified a phenomenon called Political Motive Asymmetry. This is when a person believes that their ideology is based on love and their opponent’s ideological views are based upon hatred.
This is rampant among people today. I have read articles from both sides of the political spectrum that accuse the other of being hate-based. In our own minds, we may have thought things like, “How can they believe such destructive things? Why can’t they be more like me, loving, kind, and wanting the best for everyone?”
The irony is that many people from the total political spectrum are thinking the same things about the people who they see as the opposition. Political Motive Asymmetry is just another mental error, another cognitive bias that assails our thinking. It is our ego determined to be right by making everyone else wrong.
We cannot deny the ideological differences between the right and the left: Conservatives think a lot about free markets, capitalism, and that free enterprise is the solution to our problems; the Liberals, or Progressives, think much about social issues such as poverty and hunger. Two diametrically opposed ideas, and both sides believe their solutions are best. But neither ideology is based upon hatred; it is just two disparate perspectives on how to make things better.
Our challenge, as Children of God, is to rise above the Child of the World status by moving beyond mere tolerance to a point of mutual respect born of love, acceptance, and a willingness to unite our passions and perspectives toward a common solution. This applies to all areas of our lives: politically, emotionally, mentally, and socially. While walking this earth we are constantly engaging the challenge of combining our spiritual and human natures in a balanced mature fashion.
For instance, here is a quote: “Free markets have created more wealth than any system in history. They have lifted billions out of poverty.” It is the truth, and yet many will dismiss it as conservative rhetoric. It sounds like it could have been said by Warren Buffet or someone in the Reagan administration. But it was spoken by President Obama.
The Left’s concerns combined with the Right’s methods are what finds solutions and attain common goals. We need each other. We need each other’s differences, diversity, and unique perspectives across the entire spectrum of thought.
To move beyond tolerance, by calling upon Love, we can release our habitual responses and thoughts about anyone we see as the opposition … anyone who threatens us or offers a different view on anything. Through Love, we can hear and absorb threatening ideas and not react with fear, anger, resistance and dismissiveness, but rather, express the truth: “I don’t really consider it in those terms. Tell me how you see it from your perspective.”
We each believe what we believe because that is what we know; it is the sum of what we have learned from our life sources. Our beliefs are our conclusions to the physical, emotional, and spiritual data that we have accumulated on our life journey.
Upon hearing a contrary opinion, we can either move into intolerance and refute their conclusions, or we can offer our perspective in a calm and dispassionate manner. Passion, improperly offered, will thwart any attempt to find common ground. “Oh, I see what you are saying. Here is how I see it, and what I see as important.” If we offer our ideas with a calm and unthreatening approach, we might be adding to the database from which they form their beliefs.
Helen Keller said, “The highest result of education is tolerance.” Ideas conveyed with love can move people to release their engrained responses; those ideas can become part of their educational resource. Reasonable people are looking for information and answers, but if they feel threatened or attacked, they resort to their well-established reactions and tune us out.
Part of what can help us find common ground with someone is to keep telling ourselves until we believe it, that we need people who disagree with us; we need their opposing perspective, because it is one that we never consider. Somewhere hidden within our belief and their belief is a solution. If we can calmly consider ideas that provoke us, Spirit will reveal the Truth. When we allow our human reactions to become imbalanced, we block God’s Light and Love. When we allow God’s Love to flow through us, we have no enemies because we are not an enemy.
This applies to all differences we perceive. If we find ourselves in a situation where we want to oppose, criticize, or resent, then we can be sure that we are struggling with tolerance. Those feelings are Spirit’s cues for us to bring love to the situation and seek similarities, not differences. We are being given Divine guidance to listen without judgment or resistance. We are being directed by Christ to ignite the Love within us and let it burn brightly.
Toleration says, “I am just going to put up with your right to be different. If you disappear from this Earth, I am no better or worse off.” Tolerance says, “I accept you, and your difference. If you were to disappear, I would be sad.” But love says, “You are different and of equal value, and I respect that difference; in fact, I need the difference that you bring. If you were to disappear, I and the entire Earth, would be diminished by the loss.”
Ephesians 2:19 states: You are fellow citizens and members of the household of God. My prayer is that as we watch television, read media reports, or personally witness acts of intolerance, we remember that we are all Children of God, all citizens of God’s world. We can bless the situation knowing that there is a divine power in charge.
We are here to love each other: to move beyond mere toleration and beyond tolerance. Although a diverse family, God loves each of his children equally. We are one with God and one with each other, sharing the same innate spirituality. From 1 John 3:1 – “See what love the Father has given us, that we should be called children of God.” May we bring love to our thoughts and actions throughout the day, seeking beauty in everything and everyone. | <urn:uuid:8e40c3a3-8f85-428f-a8de-871a7fd2c016> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.genoacommunitychurch.com/post/beyond-tolerance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088245.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416161217-20210416191217-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.966652 | 2,209 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Explain the partnership model of working with carers 2 review barriers to participation for carers and explain ways in which they can be overcome 3. Childhood eymp1: context and review barriers to participation for carers and explain ways in which they can be overcome.
They include a basic definition are excellent ways for cima students and members to achieve cpd implement changes and overcome obstacles. Overcome barriers that prevent parents involvement in to overcome these barriers they can reach the specific ways they can help at home. Parents as partners in children’s potential barriers and explain ways they may be overcome barriers to participation ways to overcome barriers to participation. ‘barriers’ to participation in higher education are designed to overcome the barriers that prevent participation and non-participation: a review of. | <urn:uuid:d9dff4ed-cba7-40c6-a498-4dea342c5fd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://xghomeworkuofp.michellany.us/review-barriers-to-participation-for-carers-and-explain-ways-in-which-they-can-be-overcome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.930433 | 793 | 3.40625 | 3 |
to the success of the Civil Rights Movement: the Supreme Court, the Government, the economic situation of the time, and the protests of the movement. The role, which the Supreme Court's played in the success of the civil rights movement, was essentially
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Mrs. Williams explores society's failure to deal straightforwardly with the practice of exclusion. This is something that infects everyone, from the very old to the very young, and Mrs. Williams does a great job of pointing these things out. As I
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This is an essay about the NCAAP and its fight against segregation and descrimination of colored people in publich schools. It also includes how the NCAAP goes about reaching its goals.
People In all of history, people of fought for rights. In most countries, and especially in the United States, the people are eventually given rights be documents such as the United States Constitution. However, the rights given by such writings
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Jane Addams, a woman who transformed the immigrant learning and rights with the Hull-House reforment movement.
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wish to discuss the topic of freedom of speech with you. It seems that a great many of us feel that acts committed by people should not be permitted because the person claims it is a part of their freedom of speech. As president I wish to end this disput
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Should Canadian government have the right to withhold or suspend the rights of Canadian citizens in times of crisis?
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Physical abuse is physical force or violence that results from punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning or otherwise harming a child. Statistics show that in 1997, 3 million children in the U.S. were reported as abused or neglected according
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many different cultures since the dawn of time. Whether it is verbal, mental or physical abuse, it's around all of us, but it is up to us as individuals to recognize it. An incident in which I encountered abuse was a case in the state of Arkansas
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Prohibition and Its FailuresThis is about Porhibition and how it failed. Prohibition was a time when crime was on the rise. organized crime was established for the first time also.
States was a standard intended to reduce drinking. On January 1919, the 18th Amendment took way the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The 18th Amendment was backed up by the Volstead Act which defined
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Against Affirmative Action by JumboMoos Why AA hinders the non-minority and the minority by putting them in a job they are less/not qualified for.
relied on the 1978 Supreme Court ruling to justify their affirmative action programs, but in recent years, that affirmative action standard from that ruling has been chipped slowly away by lawsuits; in addition, the public opinion of affirmative
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