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The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. At 1825 meters, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening to 1903, the first steel-wire suspension bridge.
Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in an 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915.
Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
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Meaning of Aerophagia
Aerophagia is the swallowing of air meaning that air enters the gastrointestinal tract (gut) rather than the lungs. The air may get trapped in the esophagus and/or stomach temporarily and may be passed with an eructation (belch or burp). Aerophagia is not a serious condition but may lead to gas bloating, indigestion and abdominal discomfort. The most noticeable symptom though is excessive belching.
Breathing through the mouth is one route for gases to travel between the lungs and the environment. Normally this does not pose a problem as the opening of the epiglottis and the negative pressure created within the lungs during inspiration essentially “sucks” the air into the lungs. Similarly when exhaling the air is forced out of the lung and airways and quickly exit via the nose or mouth. The esophagus in these instances is usually collapsed so air will not easily enter it.
However, it is when air is moving and swallowing occurs or when there is insufficient food or liquid in the mouth at the times of swallowing that air is actually pushed into the esophagus. In other words, aerophagia (air swallowing) almost never occurs without actual swallowing. Since swallowing is a voluntary act (the first part), air swallowing can therefore be controlled and prevented when a person is conscious of their actions.
Causes of Aerophagia
Common causes of aerophagia (air swallowing) include :
- Nasal congestion which leads to mouth breathing.
- Eating or drinking too fast.
- Talking too fast or for long periods of time.
- Strenuous physical activity.
- Chewing gum.
- Cigarette smoking.
- Hysteria or anxiety leading to hyperventilation.
- Incorrectly fitting dentures.
There are other sources of gas in the gut which may not have entered via the mouth with the swallowing of the air. This should not be confused with aerophagia as it specifically refers to the act of swallowing air. Gas may enter the gut through carbonated beverages, bacterial action in the bowels and even some gas passes out of the bloodstream and into the gut. These gases may only enter or arise lower down the gut and is passed out with flatus.
Symptoms of Aerophagia
Every person swallows some air when eating and drinking. However, these quantities of air are very small, quickly pass out with a belch and rarely cause any symptoms in such small quantities. Excessive air swallowing will present with :
- Excessive belching
- Indigestion (dyspepsia)
- Bloating (sensation of fullness)
- Excessive flatulence (uncommon)
- Abdominal discomfort
- Louder or more active bowel sounds
Treatment of Aerophagia
Aerophagia is not a serious medical disease. However, it should be avoided as it can cause discomfort. Treatment measures should be directed at the underlying cause where possible. Some dietary and lifestyle measures includes :
- Eating small bites of food
- Chewing slowly and swallowing completely before filling the mouth again
- People who talk for a living should take note of whether they are speaking to fast or breathing through their mouth only during talking.
- Carbonated drinks worsens the problem of gas in the gut.
- Gum should not be chewed for long periods of time or repeatedly. | <urn:uuid:1a62f0be-470f-4ad9-b942-34b31fcba7ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.healthhype.com/what-is-aerophagia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290634.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00202-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937888 | 719 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Standing up for the mob
Safety at work is a right for NSW workers and we all have responsibilities to respect and protect the rights of others at work.
It can be confronting and challenging to stand up against discrimination, bullying, harassment and lateral violence, particularly if you are the one who has been targeted by these behaviours. It might also be dangerous.
Always talk to someone you trust about what is occurring. This might be someone you work with or someone outside of the workplace.
Safety in numbers works. Direct and open support for bullied, harassed or targeted workers can achieve substantial changes in workplace relationships.
Building culturally safe workplaces
Building cultural safety in your workplace is not a once-off activity but a continuous process of performance monitoring and quality improvement. Developing policies is the start of this process. Making sure that policies are implemented and operating as intended is critical to ensuring the benefits in your workplace.
All workers, managers, employers, directors and volunteers can work towards making sure that if bullying, harassment or lateral violence occur it is identified and managed quickly, responsibly and in a professional way.
Have a look at our safety support section and our building health and safety culture section to gain more insight into how you might be able to improve your health and safety procedures and the engagement of workers.
If you are a worker
You can model behaviour that supports cultural safety for all in the workplace. This includes:
- being open, honest and professional at work
- keeping you and your co-workers health and safety top of mind at work
- listening closely to co-workers and managers
- knowing the health and safety policies in your workplace, including about violence at work
- building trust with your co-workers, managers and employers.
If you are an employer
Employers, directors and managers set the tone for a workplace. Some simple strategies to health and safety will help build trust between you and workers and allow for open discussion about any aspect of health and safety. These strategies include:
- regularly consulting with your workers about health and safety or any of their concerns
- making sure that everyone knows the policies and standards of behaviour in your workplace
- making your commitment to cultural safety obvious to workers and ensuring you follow through on any concerns, feedback or safety issues
- making it clear that you do not tolerate violence in any form at work
- holding cultural safety training sessions for all people in the workplace
- making sure there are no repercussions for speaking out about health and safety or violence.
A supportive bystander will take action to protect the rights of others.
A supportive bystander will use words and/or actions that can help someone who is being bullied or targeted through lateral violence.
If bystanders are confident to take safe and effective action to support victims then there is a greater possibility that violent behaviour can stop and the person who is targeted will recover.
People respect those that stand up for others who are being targeted but being a supportive bystander can be tough. Sometimes it is not easy to work out how to help safely because lateral violence can happen in different ways and places such as online, at work or socially.
There is no one size fits all approach to being a supportive bystander. Here are some suggestions to help you take safe and effective action:
- make it clear to your co-workers that you won’t be involved in violent or bullying behaviour
- never stand by and watch or encourage lateral violence
- do not harass, tease or spread gossip about others, this includes on social networking sites like Facebook
- never forward on or respond to messages or photos that may be offensive or upsetting
- support the person who is being targeted to ask for help e.g. go with them to a place they can get help or provide them with information about where to go for help
- report it to someone in authority or someone you trust e.g. a manager but if there is violence/assault, report it to the police. If the bullying occurs on Facebook, report it to Facebook.
Who to contact?
We have also prepared information on who to contact if you need further specific assistance
If you employ Aboriginal people, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing toolkit from the Inner North West Primary Care Partnership (Vic) will help you identify when, and how, you might need to specifically support Aboriginal people in your workplace.
The information will also be useful for your cultural safety programs and policies and may be of use to Aboriginal workers individually too. | <urn:uuid:03b117fa-1e07-46dd-a8a3-0a3d121646bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/safety-starts-here/our-aboriginal-program/culturally-safe-workplaces/standing-up-for-mob | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.959449 | 918 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Self-esteem can simply be defined as how we feel about ourselves. These feelings may be positive or negative and are influenced by personality, appearance, morality, belief systems, habits, mannerisms, physical and emotional health, self-worth, abilities and capabilities. Self-esteem is how much we value ourselves physically, emotionally and spiritually.
Levels of self-esteem vary in different situations of our lives. Fulfilment and confidence plays a big role in self-esteem. Self-esteem is learnt and this learning begins in childhood when parents teach their children of their worth. If the child is raised in a loving, nurturing environment, he or she is likely to have high self-esteem. If raised in an unhealthy environment filled with abuse, discouragement and criticism, the child will not understand it’s worth and is likely to have low self-esteem.
Children who grow up in dysfunctional homes grow up without nurturing and crave for attention and are called adult children. Alcoholism, drug addictions, eating disorders, workaholic homes, gambling, sexual or physical abuse, mental illness, divorce and separation, improper guardianship by family members or foster homes are the things the causes for dysfunctional homes and have a negative influence on the child. In such homes, the attention is focussed on the dysfunctional adult or parent and the child’s needs are ignored. This child grows up to have low self-esteem and doubts everything and has feelings of not being important, unattractive, too loud or quiet, stupid, not being loved, wanted or needed and will end up not accomplishing anything in life.
There are various components that are involved in determining levels of self-esteem such as
Self-acceptance: A child who grows up in a dysfunctional home grows up feeling unaccepted and neglected. These feelings are carried into adulthood and results in lack of confidence socially, insecurity in relationships avoidance of challenges. These feelings indicate that we have low levels of self-acceptance. Average levels of self-acceptance include feelings of being comfortable with ourselves, willing to take risks, the will to achieve success and happiness in life. High levels of self-acceptance are when we feel good about ourselves, see ourselves as attractive and have high levels of confidence. The goal is to feel good about ourselves.
Self-worth: Growing up in a dysfunctional home, a child feels unimportant and strives for approval. This feeling when carried into adulthood becomes a feeling of unworthiness. Life becomes meaningless and “I don’t care” attitude is developed. Feeling worthless, not investing much time or energy into relationships, careers and personal growth are signs of low levels of self-worth. Average levels of self-worth include feelings of some value and meaning of and for life. High levels include a sense of feeling worth to oneself and others. The goal is to feel valuable and important.
Self-feeling: Acknowledging personal feelings are almost always discouraged in a dysfunctional home. Negative feelings such as sadness and anger maybe the only emotions exhibited and that too towards the dysfunctional parent. As the child grows up the range of emotions are limited to two, usually the negative emotions. The adult is now out of touch and cannot express himself. This is when he has low levels of self-feeling. A person with average levels of self-feeling will be able to experience more than two emotions but won’t be able to express them well. High levels of self-feeling are acceptance of one’s positive and negative emotions as well as others’ and the ability to express them appropriately. The goal is to accept and express feelings.
Self-focus: In a dysfunctional home, the focus is usually on the dysfunctional parent and the child is neglected and is not treated as an individual with personal desires or needs. Thus the child grows up feeling that others are more important than him. This is carried into adulthood and the child begins to focus on others’ needs rather than his own. There is no balance between give and take and they become victims and are easily taken advantage of and are unable to take a stand. Giving importance to others before oneself is an indication of low levels of self-focus. Average levels include recognitions of needs and desires and the ability to communicate them to others. High levels are when the person can stand up for himself and make decisions based on what’s right or wrong. The goal is to be the master of our lives.
Self-growth: Maturation and growth processes are generally ignored in a dysfunctional home. Risks to make changes are hardly encouraged and thus the child has stunted growth. This feeling of stunted growth is a result of low levels of self-growth. An average level of self-growth shows that there are few chances of taking risks and making changes even though they are simple. High levels show that the person sees each day as a chance for self-growth, easily ask others for help and helps others as well. The goal is to be healthier, happier and satisfied.
Self-nurturing: The 3 components of nurturing are encouragement, love and support However, in a dysfunctional home these 3 components are replaced by being ignored, abused, and mistreated and given mixed signals. Lacking nurturing leads to having a difficult time understanding oneself which is low levels of self-nurturing. Average levels include the ability to make right choices even we do not know how we feel most of the time and thus we are not consistent. A person with high levels of self-nurturing is encouraging, supportive and love themselves consistently. The goal is to be giving to oneself.
Self-guidance: Growing up in dysfunctional homes there is no one to guide the child because the focus is on the dysfunctional parent and thus the child grows up with no steering mechanism and has no idea on how to care for himself. A low level of self-guidance is when the person cannot depend on himself for inner strength. Average levels show that the person has the ability to grow and mature which lies deep within. Some days they are strong and other days, directionless and insecure. A high level of self-guidance is seen in a person who has faith and belief in his inner strengths and uses it to set realistic goals. The goal is to trust the ability to guide oneself.
Self-determination: There is no balance in a dysfunctional home and you can hardly stick to your goals. Growing up without understanding the importance of setting and reaching goals causes us to give up easily. Drifting aimlessly is a sign of low level of self-determination. Average levels is setting goals and reaching them if they’re realistic or working hard for things of importance. High levels of self-determination include setting new goals, taking risks and achieving our dreams. The goal is to feel important.
Self-healing: Growing up in a dysfunctional home can be unhealthy - physically, emotionally and spiritually. This empty feeling is carried into adulthood and the person feels unprotected. Disliking the way we feel, being lethargic, not knowing how to help oneself shows low levels of self-healing. Average levels are when we try to improve appearance and physical strength and feeling pleased with changes we make. Working to improve all 3 areas are high levels of self-healing. The goal is to feel good inside-out.
Self-love: A child in a dysfunctional home does not know what love is and carry unloving feelings into adulthood. They do not know how to give or receive love. This unloving feeling is a sign of low self-love. Average levels of self-love include feelings of liking oneself rather than loving oneself, being happy and forming meaningful relationships. High levels are being satisfied, happy to be alive and excited. The goal is to be able to love oneself.
The most important factor in building self-esteem is “change”. To enhance positive change in the building of our self-esteem we need to remember GROWTH which is an acronym for
Goal setting:To set realistic and appropriate goals in all areas of our life and work towards them and hence learn about our capabilities, wants, needs and desires.
Risk taking: To take risks more suited to our personalities, open out to others and overcome limitations and fears. Be honest with oneself and others.
Opening up: Opening up to others helps boost confidence and in turn increases levels of self-esteem.
Wise choice making: Decisions play a major role. Knowing who to trust and when, right from wrong. We need to listen to ourselves and make the right choice.
Time-sharing: We need time and patience, allow ourselves the space to grow. Make changes at our own pace.
Healing: This includes physical, emotional and spiritual healing. Better grooming, paying more attention to all our habits, meditation help in the process of healing. | <urn:uuid:5c7c5f48-3bb7-46b8-881e-166dd62274d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.hopetrustindia.com/node/357 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650262.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324112821-20180324132821-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.966688 | 1,817 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Issue Date: August 6, 2012
Making Wood Last Forever With Acetylation
No building material is as familiar as wood. Most everyone on Earth has walked on it or been sheltered by it. Even the least handy among us has had occasion to form it, cut it, or drive a nail through it. The shortcomings of wood are also familiar. Who hasn’t treaded gingerly on rotting planks or struggled with a window swelled by dampness?
Acetylation, a chemical reaction first employed more than a century ago, may solve these problems and make wood a building material of the future as well as of the past. After many attempts over the years to commercialize acetylated wood, a host of firms believe the material’s time has come.
Unlike pressure treatment, in which preservatives such as ammoniacal copper quaternary compounds are infused into wood, acetylation chemically modifies wood. In the process, acetic anhydride reacts with the hydroxyl groups on large molecules such as lignin and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall. The reaction replaces hydroxyl groups with acetyl groups and yields acetic acid as a by-product.
It’s the same chemistry employed since the early part of the last century for making cellulose acetate—acetylated wood pulp—for photographic film, wedding dress fabric, cigarette filters, and playing cards.
Several firms are ramping up output of acetylated wood and are seeding the market with product. Eastman Chemical, one of the world’s major cellulose acetate makers, is acetylating wood at its Kingsport, Tenn., chemical complex. The lumber is being sold under the Perennial Wood brand name at 50 Lowe’s stores in New England. Accsys Technologies develops acetylation technology, which it is licensing to third parties, and also acetylates wood in Arnhem, the Netherlands.
These companies are betting that consumers are willing to pay for the improved wood properties—namely better dimensional stability and decay resistance.
Roger Rowell, professor emeritus of biological systems engineering at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, explains that newly harvested “green” wood will lose about 10% of its volume when it is dried before being cut into lumber. Introducing acetyl groups stretches out the wood’s cell walls again, locking the wood back into its original volume. “It is about as big as it can get,” he says. “Water doesn’t swell it.”
Acetylated wood has the strength of regular wood that is very dry, Rowell says. For every 1% gain in moisture, wood loses about 5% of its modulus of rupture, a measurement of how a material bears a large load. “Is acetylated wood stronger?” he asks. “Yes, by quite a bit, because it is drier.” Similarly, acetylated wood resists termites partially because it is harder than unmodified wood.
Acetylated wood isn’t hard to work with, its backers say. “All the construction techniques that you can use with wood, you can use on acetylated wood,” says Jimmy Dickerson, Eastman’s technology manager for acetylated wood.
However, Eastman recommends using stainless steel fasteners with acetylated wood because residual acetic acid would corrode regular steel. The acetic acid can also make the wood smell like vinegar, something that acetylated wood producers can reduce by wicking out excess acid and applying a finish to the wood.
There are two main schools of thought as to why acetylated wood resists decay. One is that acetylation changes the conformation of the substrate that fungi are trying to eat. The fungal enzymes that break down the wood don’t recognize it as food.
Rowell is a proponent of another theory based on research he did in Sweden 20 years ago. Again, dryness is the key. “Acetylation reduces moisture in the cell wall to the point where there just isn’t enough to support fungal degradation,” he says. “In other words, in order to hydrolyze a glycosidic bond, you have to have a molecule of water. And if you don’t have water at the glycosidic bond, hydrolysis can’t take place.” Glycosidic bonds link carbohydrate molecules in polysaccharides such as cellulose.
If acetylation imparts such benefits, why didn’t it take off decades ago? Rowell notes that patents covering acetylated wood do date back to the 1930s, but the handful of companies that subsequently attempted to introduce it had little luck. For example, Koppers tried launching a product in the 1960s. Japan’s Daiken introduced acetylated wood flooring in the 1980s. And firms involved in acetyl chemistry such as Eastman and BP have long dabbled in the technology.
Observers cite technical and economic reasons for why acetylation hasn’t been viable until now. Although the process involves chemistry similar to that used to make cellulose acetate, there are subtleties to using whole wood, Eastman’s Dickerson notes.
“One of the beautiful things about wood is its uniqueness. Every piece of wood is different,” Dickerson says. “That same character is a nightmare for a chemist.” Additionally, producing cellulose acetate involves acetylating a well-dispersed fiber, he says. A block of wood, on the other hand, has much less surface area. For aceytlation to be beneficial, the reaction needs to penetrate deep into the wood.
Another difference, Rowell points out, is that cellulose acetate is made with a catalyst such as sulfuric acid. But acetylating cellulose in wood is undesirable because cellulose is the source of the wood’s strength. In order to relegate the reaction to the lignin and hemicellulose, commercial wood acetylation processes tend not to use catalysts, Rowell says.
Acetylated wood also isn’t cheap. At Lowe’s, a 16-foot board of premium pressure-treated decking goes for $14.57. The same board of Trex plastic composite decking can cost up to $44.97. A Perennial Wood board will set the consumer back $51.74.
Eastman’s Dickerson says consumers are becoming used to paying more for materials such as composite lumber because of their durability. “The synthetic materials that are out there have largely proved a price point, particularly in decking,” he says.
Paul Clegg, chief executive officer of Accsys, says alternative materials have raised the bar in other applications as well. For example, wood was once the dominant material for building windows. Today in the U.K., some 90% of the windows installed in new structures are made of aluminum or polyvinyl chloride, which don’t swell as wood does. “The PVC and aluminum industries have done a fantastic job in raising the level of expectation,” he notes.
Yet architects and consumers increasingly want renewable construction materials, Clegg points out. They are also shying away from using materials from carbon-intensive industries, such as PVC and aluminum.
Eastman and Accsys are approaching the acetylated wood market differently. Eastman is initially focusing on decking materials. Dickerson says the company is also gaining traction in outdoor furniture and porch flooring markets.
Rather than license the technology to a wood company, Eastman has decided to manufacture and market acetylated lumber itself. Dickerson says it is easier to bring wood onto a chemical site than it would be to duplicate the chemical infrastructure in a wood processing plant.
Since 2007, Accsys has run a plant in Arnhem, where 12.5-meter-long tube-shaped pressurized reactors can create up to 40,000 m3 of its Accoya acetylated wood per year. But the company’s long-term business model is to license its technology to third parties.
Last month it agreed to license the technology to Solvay’s Rhodia Acetow unit. By the end of 2014, Solvay expects to have built a 63,000-m3 Accoya plant, likely in Freiburg, Germany, where it already makes cellulose acetate. Accsys is also forming a joint venture with chemical maker Ineos to further develop and license its recently commercialized Tricoya technology for making boards from acetylated wood chips.
Although Accsys, like Eastman, is looking at decking, Clegg says windows, doors, and cladding are higher priority applications, largely because raw materials are a small part of the cost of such products. “For a window, wood is 15% of the cost, but it is 90% of the performance,” he says.
Clegg believes that consumers will eventually pay for the performance, but he also recognizes that the construction market is conservative. “The wood industry is not the semiconductor industry,” he remarks. “We don’t go from invention to obsolescence in 18 months.”
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:aded31b6-e87e-421a-9a52-c289f5357475> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i32/Making-Wood-Last-Forever-Acetylation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596542.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723145409-20180723165409-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.956931 | 1,985 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This essay has been submitted by a law student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers defining and analysing the concept of corporate governance. Code of ethics a code of ethics forms a part of formal statement showing the value of the organization on the ethical and social issues in other words, these act as general principles about the beliefs of organization related to the matters like employees, quality and the environment below are the codes of ethics of the publicly held companies. Business code of ethics is defined by businessdictionarycom as “written guidelines used by an organization to set the standards for employees and managements conduct and behavior” (“businessdictionarycom”, 2013)the purpose of this paper is to research a chosen companies code of ethics (in this case exxonmobil) and. A business with a code of ethics may also be viewed more favorably by members of the public, which means that a code of ethics is a sound business decision adherence to a code of ethics may also be required for continued employment an employee manual may include a clearly outlined code of ethics, for example, with a note that failure to follow.
Ethics have become an organizational priority in the 21st century, ethics is neither a luxury nor an option there is a growing impatience within society with selfish and irresponsible actions that impoverish some, while enriching the crafty. Fundamentals of good governance should remain the same at all levels and stages 14 most governance codes focus on delivering good governance practices at an. Malaysia launches a code of ethics on a more positive note, malaysia's ministry of domestic trade and consumer affairs recently released a book entitled code of ethics for malaysian business. Electronic business must set up ethics program that should be controlled by the host nation a business ethics program should therefore not set up either its workers or its enterprise for failure rather a business ethics program, strives to put the correct people in correct position is an e-business enterprise to foster and address stakeholders. The impact of religion on business ethics yuriy pertsev mariya shykhova scientific supervisor: shcherba av dnepropetrovsk national university we live in age of innovation, growth of free markets, and world economy new government authorities, world’s business leaders and up-to-date technologies being players on global scene form business. Codes of ethics of professional engineering abstract industrial engineering decisions may involve factors such as environmental pollution, product safety, and.
This essay has been submitted by a law student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers sources of the malaysian legal system. Read this essay on ethics and leadership effectiveness come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more only at termpaperwarehousecom. The 10 benefits of business ethics the impact of business ethics on nestlé nestlé's view on business ethics 43 the implications of business ethics on stakeholders 5 conclusion introduction every business has the power through their ability to spend vast amounts of money they have.
Ethical issues in the construction industry: contractor's perspective uploaded by norizan ahmad available online at wwwsciencedirectcom procedia - social and. Business essays: code of ethics code of ethics this essay code of ethics and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom autor: reviewessays • december 8, 2010 • essay • 417 words (2 pages) • 576 views.
In search for ethics in business 41 eat before you come 43 following the prophets 44 searching the soul of humanity, looking 46 for answers defining and identifying.
The malaysian business code of ethics (rukuniaga) introduction the malaysian business code of ethics is based on the religions, philosophical and cultural values of. The malaysian business code of ethics (rukuniaga) introduction the malaysian business code of ethics is based on the religions, philosophical and cultural values of malaysian it was undertaken by national consumer’s protection consultative council and ministry of domestic trade and consumer affairs to develop self regulation. Ethics & compliance the core of the ethics and compliance program at the coca-cola company is our code of business conduct the code guides our business conduct, requiring honesty and integrity in all matters all of our associates and directors are required to read and understand the code and follow its precepts in the workplace and. Ahammurabi’s code babet code 1further case studies abhopal bthree mile island cchernobyl 7 concluding remarks what is engineering ethics engineering ethics. | <urn:uuid:d6ae9458-3871-475d-9195-a94edacf80cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://pnhomeworkybqn.quickrewards.info/the-malaysian-business-code-of-ethics-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589573.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717051134-20180717071134-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.928544 | 949 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Bonnie A. Spear, R.D., M.S. is a pediatrics professor at the University of Alabama in Birmingham. During this webinar, she gives a review of the expert committee recommendations for treatment and prevention of childhood obesity. She also highlights the resources that can be used in the school systems. Originally aired in 2009.
Video - Flash Version
Use this Flash version to view online in streaming video. Published 2009.View or DownloadVideo - Windows Media Video Version
Use this Windows Media Video version to download and save to your computer. Published 2009.View or Download | <urn:uuid:13f16d89-a5aa-42f0-809c-fa4b293592e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.nfsmi.org/ResourceOverview.aspx?ID=314 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00096-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849604 | 118 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was a Scottish lawyer and geologist. As a close friend of Charles Darwin, Lyell became one of the early promoters of The Theory of Evolution. Lyell is also known for his theory of uniformitarianism.
Lyell wrote the "Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man" to present his theories and evidence for evolution and an old earth. He supported an ice age as part of his theory of an old earth. | <urn:uuid:272fb480-70b9-4b6e-9bc5-123ba0b7f458> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Charles_Lyell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987875 | 99 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- 2008 INDIES Finalist
- Finalist, Religion (Adult Nonfiction)
Because most introductions to Islam focus their attention on the religion’s history—with particular emphasis on the Prophet Muhammad and the sacred foundation of the Quran—readers seeking a broader examination of Islamic culture in a religious context have been largely disappointed. General audiences too often must either choose an “art book” that neglects the religious bedrock of Islam or pick a work concentrating on the latter but giving short shrift to artistic customs and practices that underlie many Muslim communities.
French scholar Jean-Louis Michon recognizes this gap and fills it capably with Introduction to Traditional Islam: Foundations Art and Spirituality. Using the development of culture in typical Islamic cities as a thread he describes the principles of faith art and architecture music spirituality and mysticism in the world’s second largest religion. In so doing Michon explicitly eschews investigation of “fundamentalist” and “political” Islam which he dismisses as aberrations from the enduring foundations and principles of what he calls “traditional Islam.”
The opening section which covers the tenets of Islam manages to walk the fine line between brevity and adequate treatment of the basic elements of religious practice. Michon covers the Quran the Sunnah (customs of the Prophet Muhammad) and Islamic jurisprudence efficiently before relating the five “pillars” of Islamic belief—expression of faith prayer fasting alms-giving and pilgrimage—and the foundations of the Islamic city in an equally economical fashion. This section of the book like those that follow are liberally illustrated with intriguing full-color images of mosques and city scenes from Islamic locales ranging from Spain to Niger to Uzbekistan (and including most countries in between).
The real comparative advantage of Introduction to Traditional Islam begins in Part II “The Message of Islamic Art.” Here Michon moves beyond mere description to analyze how various art forms—architecture gardens mosaics representational art handcrafts and especially calligraphy—inform and are informed by the context of the Islamic city and Muslims’ spirituality. Standing out in this section is Michon’s correction of the oft-repeated misunderstanding that the Quran bans the human figure in art. He usefully relates that many observers assume such a prohibition when in fact it is traditional Islam’s revulsion at “seeing man substitute himself for the Creator in wishing to imitate natural forms” that explains the rarity of portraits and related representational art in many Islamic cultures.
Michon puts to rest a similar myth in the following section pointing out that although many conservative Islamic communities through the ages have outlawed musical expression neither the Quran nor the Sunnah outlaw the practice. His assessment of Islamic philosophers’ spiritual arguments for and against music is particularly enlightening. The discussion leads to a fascinating overview of instruments rhythms melodies and vocal arts in traditional Islamic societies. He wraps up the book with an extensive analysis of the theory and practice of Sufi mysticism the movement within Islam that incorporates music most fully into its religious rituals.
Introduction to Traditional Islam is at its best when describing the sights and sounds of Islam. Michon—drawing on his experience working in Islamic countries for various United Nations agencies and as a freelance translator/consultant—wisely includes nearly 300 illustrations that bring the text alive and make the book a joy to flip through time and time again. He clearly celebrates the cultural heritage of Islam serving more as a sympathetic observer than a critical appraiser and writing with an enthusiasm that will draw most readers in.
The book is not without shortcomings however. Especially in the early pages the placement of many illustrations is confusing as they do not relate directly to the text and the reader also wonders why Michon introduces scores upon scores of Arabic terms (far too many for a general audience). He also tends to make wide-reaching claims about Islam and Muslims often conflating diverse societal experiences into generalizations that obscure more than they reveal. He acknowledges for example that “the unity of the Muslim community is more than ever compromised by national rivalries and ideological dissensions which rarely have anything to do with the ultimate interests of believers.” But with the exception of lengthy descriptions of various regions’ musical genres he rarely devotes enough attention to the wide differences that characterize contemporary life in much of the Islamic world as much as his idealized vision of the “ traditional Islamic city.”
These points aside Introduction to Traditional Islam stands out among the many introductory works on the Islamic faith for its careful consideration of cultural context and interweaving narratives among Muslim artists architects musicians and religious authorities especially within the urban setting. It will make a rich colorful addition to any display or collection on Islam.
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. No fee was paid by the author for this review. Foreword Reviews only recommends books that we love. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255. | <urn:uuid:be433877-7e98-4c29-a475-b063bdebbd80> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/introduction-to-traditional-islam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528013.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722113215-20190722135215-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.931249 | 1,053 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Some states, such as Texas and Ohio, have many underground waste disposal wells. But Pennsylvania has only a few, meaning the leftovers have to be shipped elsewhere.The Coast Guard proposal says barge companies want to move waste from the Marcellus region "via inland waterways to storage or reprocessing centers and final disposal sites in Ohio, Texas, and Louisiana." That means large quantities of waste could be shipped on major rivers such as the Ohio; one of its main tributaries, the Monongahela; and the Mississippi. Critics say that if there were an accident, it could threaten the drinking water supply of millions of people. They also cite the uncertainty around what's in that toxic mix. The Coast Guard is proposing to address that by requiring chemical testing of each barge load before shipment; test results would also be kept on file for two years. A Marcellus wastewater spill wouldn't be any different from other threats, said Jerry Schulte, the emergency response manager for the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, which has members in eight states. Occasional spills and other pollution are "a part of life" on industrialized waterways such as the Ohio, he said. "Things happen, whether it's naturally occurring, or spills," he said. Municipal water suppliers also monitor river water, and if there's a spill nearby, they shut intake valves until the problem has passed downriver. One of the largest river spills in the region's history took place in 1988, when an on-shore storage tank ruptured in Pittsburgh, spilling about a million gallons of fuel oil into the river. The sludge flowed down the Ohio River, forcing many water suppliers to shut intakes for a week. But according to a 2011 report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, the fatality, injury and air pollution rates for barge transportation are far lower than truck or rail transport. | <urn:uuid:42376998-65de-4e79-80ab-589299ef6acd> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.thestreet.com/story/12155196/2/coast-guard-wants-barges-to-ship-fracking-water.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540915.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00142-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967356 | 384 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Am I the only one that has flashbacks to fourth grade science class every time I pass the styrofoam balls at the crafts store… I start envisioning my lil solar system and the asteroid that got me extra credit! (#PlutoForever haha!) Well, we are taking styrofoam balls outside their norm with this project!
As the weather is starting to perk up so are the colors outside and, for this project, inside too. The kiddos will love this fun, spring (and science) inspired project! They will be wowed as the colorfully dipped cotton swabs turn the mini styrofoam balls into glittery goodness. Simply cut and stick the swabs then dip them into paint or food coloring to brighten up the bouquet. We tried using coordinating colors and then topped it all off with some glitter!
Options for this project might be to paint the styrofoam before, switch up the lengths of your swabs, and have some fun with the flowers and your choice of vase. I know it’s easy to get carried away in the excitement of a new project, but don’t forget to ask YOUR CHILD what ideas THEY have for making this project uniquely theirs! Don’t despair, glitter everywhere is where it’s at! 😉
- Work on those fine motor skills as they place those little pieces into the styrofoam
- Identify different colors, shades, and color patterns
- Define what characteristics make a sphere and compare sizes
- Explore all the different textures in each supply
- Talk with your kiddo about how what happens to the liquid in the bowl when the swab becomes saturated
- Speak in metaphors…The ball is as round as the sun! | <urn:uuid:1e22e371-73c4-401d-9e35-40c227854655> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.certifiedcelebrator.com/springspiration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.906167 | 364 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This 2013 video, in English with Dutch subtitles, says about itself:
In the Masai community where 13-year-old Richard Turere lives, cattle are all-important. But lion attacks were growing more frequent. In this short, inspiring talk, the young inventor shares the solar-powered solution he designed to safely scare the lions away.
By Taco van der Eb, in Mare, weekly of Leiden university in the Netherlands:
The Return of the King
Thursday 20 June 2019
Kenya’s lion population is on the rise, thanks to very close collaboration with the local people. Mare joins Leiden biologists on a field trip to fit these creatures with collars and transmitters. “Oops… there goes my camera.”
Richard Turere was a nine-year-old Maasai boy when he was put in charge of his family’s cattle on the edge of Nairobi National Park in Kenya. At night, after he had herded the animals together into the boma, the fold, they seemed safe. But the lions jumped over the fence and took them.
He tried different things. Fire will scare them, he thought, but the light made it easier for the lions to see inside the fence. They lost their fear of scarecrows within a day. Then he had an idea: using an old car battery, a switch from a scrapped motor bike and a few bulbs from some broken torches, he rigged up a system of flashing lights. When he hung it round the kraal, it looked as if a cowherd was making his rounds with a torch.
It worked: the lions stayed away. This system of flashing lights is now used in large parts of Kenya and Richard Turere gives TED Talks on his invention called “My invention that made peace with lions.”
That peace was desperately needed. The number of wild lions in Africa dropped to very worrying levels in recent decades; a century ago, there were more than 200,000 – now there are about 32,000. At the turn of the century, there were about 2,700 in Kenya, of which only 2,000 are left. They could be completely extinct within twenty years, and they are already gone from large parts of West, Central and Northern Africa.
Nairobi National Park borders on the southern edge of the Kenyan capital, from which it is separated by a fence. A narrow river marks the other side of the park and wild animals can wade through the shallow, narrow stream, in and out of the park. Small Maasai communities live along that rim and graze their cattle, sheep and goats on the plains during the day.
Now and then, the border is the scene of trouble. If the lions attack the cattle here, the cowherds sometimes take revenge. The Maasai are not afraid of killing the predators with their spears. “Cows are valuable assets”, Hans de Iongh, Professor at Leiden University’s Centre for Environmental Studies (CML), explains. “I can understand the call for revenge if a lion steals one. The battle between man and beast continues, but with less damage nowadays.”
In contrast to other African countries, killing wild animals and selling bush meat is against the law in Kenya. “The traditional rite of passage, when a Maasai warrior must prove his courage by killing a lion, is not allowed any more, and that’s made a huge difference”, De Iongh continues. “Because some of the Maasai have switched to wildlife management, the lion population has grown considerably.”
De Iongh, Kenyan PhD student Francis Lesilau from Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and CML PhD student Kevin Groen are doing research in four national parks. “We hope our work will help protect the species. By the late nineties, lions were completely extinct in Amboseli National Par – killed by the Maasai. Gradually, they are returning from the surrounding areas.”
In 2007, Leiden University and Stichting Leo (an organisation for the protection of large carnivores in Africa) and KWS began fitting the lions in Nairobi National Park with transmitters. “In recent years, we have put collars with transmitters on at least twelve. The satellite shows us where the lions regularly leave the park at night and run in to trouble with the locals.”
The programme Living with Lions was launched at the same time; its aim is to train locals, mainly Maasai warriors, as lion rangers. “KWS runs educational programmes too: children learn how valuable this wilderness is, which builds support for management”, says De Iongh.
Evening falls over Nairobi National Park as Nickson Parmisa, chair of the local Maasai committee, herds his sheep and goats safely into the boma. “We’ve installed flashing lights here too. We still lose cattle, but now it’s more often during the day. Our animals drink over there, at the river; the lions are on the other side of the water. If a cowherd does not look out, they’ll seize a sheep or a goat. That’s why we’re glad with the transmitters; it means we know where the lions are, and we can avoid that area.”
It’s still dark when De Iongh, a group of students and PhD student Luka Narisha enter the Meru National Park. Circling vultures give away the presence of a kill. Narisha investigates on foot, disappearing into the undergrowth. It’s not without risk: a lion could be close, guarding its prey. The carcass of a buffalo has already almost been cleared of its flesh. Narisha estimates that it’s been there for a day or two. The students have found what they came for: scat, i.e. lion shit, and start collecting samples.
Two male lions are asleep in the shadow of a small tree in Lake Nakuru National Park. KWS vet Titus Kaitho drives over carefully, takes aim and shoots. The lions jump up, surprised. There’s a feather sticking out of one male’s leg. He manages to draw out the bright pink dart with his mouth, but it’s too late. The tranquillizer is already taking effect and the creature starts to fall asleep.
Everyone rushes out of the cars. A ranger lifts the slumbering animal’s massive head so that Francis Lesilau can fit the collar round its neck. Hans De Iongh and KWS’ Monica Chege fasten the transmitter with nuts and bolts.
It’s already dusk by the time the vet administers the antidote, but the lion is in no hurry to wake up. I want to capture the moment as well as I can and set up a camera on a tripod so I can take pictures via remote control. It’s dark before the lion finally gets up. He heads straight towards my camera and oops…he starts to chew it. Then he runs off with my camera and tripod in his mouth. Three Land Cruisers race after him through the ink-black bush. We can catch glimpses of the speeding creature now and then in the headlights. He only drops the camera and flees once we have him surrounded, following a rowdy chase. A ranger, grinning from ear to ear, picks the device out of the undergrowth.
“I had three today. One scat was really fresh, disgusting, like trying to grab custard.” Messages from Leiden biology students Iris Noordermeer and Dionne Jacobs flood in on the phones via WhatsApp. Nine students, supervised by Kevin Groen, have been collecting data for three months. Groen shares his results with the researchers from Kenya Wildlife Service, Monica Chege, Luka Narisha and Francis Lesilau, who is also associated with Leiden University.
“We count the different kinds of prey, too”, Groen says. “If we don’t want lions snacking outside the park, we must make sure that there is enough prey to keep them happy. We can adapt our strategy to that.” He knows that fences, on the other hand, aren’t always the solution. “In enclosed parks, grazers run into lions and other predators more often, so they are more alert and graze less, which can create a kind of landscape of fear. If there’s less grazing, more trees grow, which certain animals don’t like and that, in turn, affects the population.”
That evening, the researchers hold a “calling station” in the Amboseli National Park. They use an amplifier to play the sound of a prey. As soon as the whimpers of a distressed wildebeest sound across the plain, the first lions prick up their ears. Then more and more join them. The large group gets up quietly and starts walking towards the noise. There are thirteen of them: females, young adults and some young animals that still have spots on their fur. As soon as it’s dark, the researchers return, hoping to find scat here tomorrow. I get a few hours sleep before the alarm goes off at five o’clock.
The next morning, the coast is clear: the lions have been spotted further away. The students fervently fill ampoules and plastic grab bags with the first samples from Amboseli National Park: tell the world on WhatsApp! On the way back, a musty smell starts to fill the car. | <urn:uuid:2deeec14-38fe-4a7b-8b8d-84ad801c317c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2019/06/27/kenyan-9-year-old-boy-saves-cattle-lions-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488550571.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624015641-20210624045641-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.95963 | 2,022 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- Historic Sites
Doctor Gatling And His Gun
Professing humanitarian motives, he gave gangsters a word for their artillery and the world its first practicable machine gun.
October 1957 | Volume 8, Issue 6
This early proponent of push-button warfare went to work and by November 4, 1862, was granted his first patent for a machine gun with six revolving barrels turned by a crank. Since his first model, like the coffee-mill gun, used loaded steel containers, it was an improvement over that pioneer weapon only in that its multi-barrel principle kept the Gatling from overheating or from going out of commission if one barrel jammed. When Gatling redesigned his gun to take the newly developed metallic cartridge his weapon became the highly efficient, death-dealing machine that eventually was to make its inventor rich and famous. He finally reached popular immortality in gangsters’ speech in which any repeating hand weapon became, by the linguistic process known as apocope, a “gat.”
But the Gatling gun was so slow to win acceptance by the Army Ordnance Department that it never became important in the Civil War. The few Gatlings used saw service only because individual commanders procured them—sometimes with private funds.
Ben Butler was one of these commanders. He got a dozen Gatlings for his troops, and at least one of them is said to have been in action at Petersburg in the spring of 1865. (A very early Gatling gun bearing Serial No. 2. now in the West Point Museum, is probably one of the guns Butler bought.) The Navy was generally more progressive in its attitude toward new weapons than the Army, and Admiral David Dixon Porter ordered a Gatling sent to Cairo, Illinois. The Gatling gun’s usefulness in protecting boats and bridges was quickly appreciated, and records show that they were mounted on various kinds of watercraft and at bridgeheads. Three of them were brought to New York to guard the New York Times building on Park Row during the bloody Draft Riots of July, 1863.
On February 18, 1864. Gatling wrote to Lincoln to explain the virtues of his gun and to ask for his assistance in getting it put to wider use. But by this time the harassed President had lost interest in machine guns. And in a few weeks he was to hand over the responsibility of deciding about the Union Army’s strategy and equipment to Ulysses S. Grant. Lincoln therefore ignored Gatling’s letter, and the gun lost its chance of turning the tide of battle in the Civil War.
But perhaps the real reason why the Gatling gun did not have more influence on Civil War history is that its southern-horn inventor was found to be a member of the secret Copperhead organizations that were threatening to take over the border and north-central states for the Confederacy. It was revealed, too, that he was offering his weapon for sale to anyone who would buy it—and this meant not only foreign governments but the Confederacy as well. One can hardly blame Gatling, who had been constantly rebuffed by the Army Ordnance Department, but he became very unpopular with American military men until the war was over. Then, on August 24, 1866. the Gatling gun was officially adopted by the United States Army, which ordered 100 of them. Gatling had these built by the Colt Patent Fire Arms Company, which manufactured all his guns from then on.
Once the official seal of American governmental approval was placed on his weapon, Gatling was in a good position to sell it to foreign countries. He did fairly well with the British, the Austrians, with various South American governments, and with the Russians (who called the gun the Gorloff after the general who adopted it), but he could not interest the French, who were busy inventing their own mitrailleuse.
This French volley gun with 25 stationary barrels using paper cartridges was based on an entirely different principle from Gatling’s revolving gun, and it was developed under such great secrecy that when it was sent into battle during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the soldiers who were supposed to use it had never been taught how to operate it. As a result the German armies rolled over France, and rapid-firing weapons were looked at skeptically by the military experts of the world for a generation to come. Among those who saw the failure of the French mitrailleuse in battle was General Philip H. Sheridan.
In 1876, when one of Sheridan’s close personal friends and top cavalry commanders, General George A. Custer, led more than 250 doomed men of the famous 7th Cavalry into the Montana hill country to search for hostile Sioux Indians, he left behind a battery of Gatlings. If he had taken the then greatly improved machine guns with him the outcome of the much-discussed battle at the Little Big Horn would surely have been very different. But Custer thought that the wheeled gun carriages drawn by the condemned horses assigned to them would slow him down in the rough country through which he had to travel. He also is said to have believed that the use of so devastating a weapon would cause him to lose face with the Indians.
Two years later, however, three Gatling guns were used in a battle against the Shoshones and Bannocks, who were in a seemingly impregnable position on top of a bluff near the Umatilla Agency. The Indians were quickly driven off the heights by the Gatlings’ hail of bullets that swept along the crest and scattered the terrified warriors by their drumming rattle. | <urn:uuid:6a6b8d0b-032d-49f3-b7df-42eab0a59593> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/doctor-gatling-and-his-gun?page=2&nid=50970 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989018.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00305-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988348 | 1,145 | 3.171875 | 3 |
I was raised on a farm in Lincolnshire, a major wheat-producing county in eastern England. The region regularly produces 140 bu. to 150 bu. per acre wheat. In fact, this year, a Lincolnshire farmer raised a verified yield of 214 bu. per acre in an area that receives 20" to 24" of rainfall each year.
I came to the U.S. in 1989 to work with the Miles Farm Supply team, conducting trials to investigate which European crop management elements might offer the greatest yield and profit increases. When the Miles organization, in conjunction with the University of Kentucky, started offering a European-style crop management system, average yields in Kentucky increased from 35 bu. per acre in the 1980s to 75 bu. per acre this year. One of my clients won the Kentucky wheat yield contest this year with a little more than 121 bu. per acre.
While European wheat management systems are being used across the U.S., I’m frequently asked: "Why are wheat yields still so much higher in England? Mostly, the cooler and longer growing season across Western Europe lends itself to higher yields; however, annual yields across England have increased by 20 bu. per acre in the past 25 years. Most of these yield increases have come from better crop management, especially improved timing and accuracy of inputs, plus better plant breeding.
More recently, there have been numerous technological advances when it comes to seeding equipment, including ultra-narrow row spacings with consistent depth control. Narrow row spacings of around 5" are common on western European farms, based on research that documents higher yields from better use of light, nutrients and water. I have conducted many replicated wheat row-spacing trials in the U.S., and almost all of them have resulted in higher yields in narrow rows. Research from the University of Virginia even suggests a 10% yield boost when going from an 8" to 4" row spacing.
In an attempt to take wheat yields to the next level, some European manufacturers are now adding singulation systems to their air seeders to further improve seed distribution and increase yields in narrow rows.
In the next three to five years, we’ll see hybrid wheat varieties introduced in the U.S. and yield advances of 5% to 15%. The downside of hybrid wheat is the higher cost of the seed, primarily because of the increased production costs but also because farmers won’t be able to save their own seed.
Phil Needham writes from Calhoun, Ky. Contact Phil:
To take your wheat yields to the next level, make plans to attend a Farm Journal Wheat College event in 2014.
Feb. 25 - Dodge City, Kan.
March 13 - Admore, Okla.
To register, call (877) 482-7203 or visit www.FarmJournalCornCollege.com | <urn:uuid:05f09005-ae29-477d-b4ff-a1fb61f446df> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.agweb.com/article/high-yield_wheat_the_next_big_thing_naa_phil_needham/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189032.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00035-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943003 | 583 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Before you start Java, may have a question “Why should I waste my time learning Java ?” Here’s Why
Java is an Object Oriented programming language.After the C family (C family nothing but C , C++ ,C#,Objective C,many more languages based on “C” but i like that “C family”) its great to learn for fun. The best thing about Java is its flexibility and safety. Let me explain the flexibility in terms of coding, you can write code and compile on any system and create some binary files. In case of Java the compiled binary file executes on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) not like ordinary binaries which executes on the system itself. So if there is a JVM present in any system the Java program or application would work on it. It’s like “Compile once and Run everywhere”.
For Your Information (FYI) : GUI of the Android is written in Java, still the core is based on C. Continue reading Setting Up Java Developer Environment For Beginners | <urn:uuid:d1747791-f2c0-4c16-83f7-b78bcbdf4def> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://tiptogeek.com/tag/jdk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423769.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721102310-20170721122310-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.92937 | 224 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Access to Clothing is a complex issue that seems almost impossible to effectively address. Some consider it one of our most pressing issues. The well-off continue to be able to afford appropriate clothing for all occasions. The least fortunate amongst us are able to access free or subsidized clothing to be worn during the most important events in their lives. The middle class cannot afford to purchase clothing at all.
To the great discomfort of businesses, restaurants and hosts and hostesses everywhere, most members of the middle-class have given up wearing purchased clothes entirely. Many people now wear home-made clothing that is barely adequate for most occasions. Public policy analysts refer to this group as the self-clothed. Many other people eschew clothing entirely. These are the unclothed.
The Tailor’s Guild is naturally very concerned, being good professionals, and also being faced with public criticism from the best-robed members of society. Tailors have encouraged their apprentices and journeymen to work in pro-bono clinics as duty-tailors. But there still remain far too many self-clothed and un-clothed.
Naturally, this problem has not gone unnoticed. There has been much discussion amongst the great and the good given the fundamental importance of clothing. One approach has been to focus on the modern trend for clothing that is unnecessarily expensive. There is much merit in this analysis as it is difficult to understand why tuxedos and ball gowns have come to be required in shopping malls and bowling alleys. We may have come to require fancier dress than is actually fit for purpose.
Many tailors do not accept that the self-clothed and un-clothed can be making reasonable choices. Clothing is fundamental. Tailors charge fair rates that reflect their training and expertise and which allow them a reasonable standard of living. To earn a living at the hourly rates that the self-clothed and un-clothed could afford to pay would mean working 60 hours a day. Even increasing leverage by hiring more apprentices and journeyman does not reduce the blended hourly rates sufficiently.
The Tailors’ Society is naturally concerned as well. Effective regulation in the public interest requires ensuring Access to Clothing. But it is also important that professionalism be maintained. The tailor-client relationship is highly important. It is well understood that one’s clothing is a fundamental aspect of one’s identity and that tailoring fit clothing requires the exercise of professional judgment taking into account the particular shape and character of the client.
In order to protect the public, it has been thought best to require that tailors own and control all tailor practices. Who but tailors could be trusted with knowledge of intimate client measurements and preferences? Tailors have, understandably, been prohibited from sharing any of their hourly rate revenue with anyone except other tailors. Perhaps for this reason, most tailors practice in sole practice or with several other tailors.
Some have suggested that modern production processes and technology could be used by tailors to produce cheaper “off-the-rack” clothing at a lower cost . While some of the large tailor firms have made progress using project-planning tools and by garment process outsourcing, the tailors serving individuals in sole practice and small firms do not have the experience, expertise or the capital to innovate outside of the hourly rate framework. And those in the business and technology world have little interest in tailoring. They cannot invest in tailoring practices and tailors cannot share fees with them.
But all is well. There is no perceived demand from tailors for new practice structures. The importance of clothing to self-identity makes it absurd to think that proper clothing could be designed and manufactured with the assistance of computers, production lines and the like. How could anyone be able to obtain clothing that sufficiently suited client size, shape, personality and intended social usage except from expert bespoke tailors who spend the time needed to do the job.
Members of the Tailors’ Guild and the Tailors’ Society continue to work closely together to address the Access to Clothing issue. Despite new-fangled names like Target, Gap and Lululemon showing up in other countries, it is difficult to imagine how Access to Clothing could be addressed by such radical approaches.
While lawyers and bespoke tailors obviously have entirely different practices, tailors interested in this issue might consider a thoughtful analysis of the effect of regulation on innovation in legal practice by Ray Worthy Campbell entitled Rethinking Regulation And Innovation in The U.S. Legal Services Market as recently reviewed by Professor Laurel Terry in her blog post Creative Destruction and the Legal Services & Legal Education Markets. Lawyers will be aware of the early innovators that presaged change in the legal services market such as Axiom Law, Contract Express, the Co-operative, CPA Global , Legal Zoom, Quality Solicitors, Riverview Law, Rocket Lawyer, Slater & Gordon, Winn Solicitors.
But, there is no reason to think that the market for clothing could or should change as the market for legal services has changed or that innovation is affected by current regulation of tailors.
We must continue to work together to address the Access to Clothing (A2C) crisis.
Sometimes A2C for those in the know.
Badum, Badum
Some tailors, who design and sew military, religious or other uniforms for corporate clients, establish larger firms of tailors which allows them to specialize. Some tailors spend their time designing and sewing complicated epaulettes. Others design and sew the elegant designs in beautiful cloth. There are relationship tailors and tailors who ensure that the work of the specialist tailors suits overall client requirements. It is a great challenge to plan and manage the work of so many skilled craftspeople.
Similarly, the suggestion of expanded scope of practice for para-tailors to assist the self-clothed and unclothed is easily rejected. The essential issue is not really not Access to Clothing but rather Access to Proper Clothing. It is not reasonable to think that anything less than expert tailoring could be sufficient given the importance of clothing.
The opinions expressed in this article are not the opinions of the Tailors’ Guild, the Tailors’ Society nor necessarily those of the author. | <urn:uuid:07e80a29-bd17-47f8-ae10-86ee1cd2acf0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://malcolmmercer.ca/2013/07/04/40/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.962553 | 1,292 | 2.703125 | 3 |
"We recommend changing the batteries in smoke detectors twice a year, and it's easy to remember to do it when you change your clocks in the fall and spring," Mann said. "Smoke detectors are one of the best and cheapest ways to prevent deaths from fires."
When turning clocks back, homeowners should replace the batteries in each smoke alarm and test the alarm to ensure that it is working properly. Smoke alarms should be installed on every level of your home, especially in sleeping areas.
Mann suggested replacing a smoke alarm if it is more than 10 years old, even if it seems to work properly. The useful life of a smoke detector is usually 10 years.
After making sure smoke alarms function properly, Mann recommends creating and practicing a home fire escape plan. Each member of the household must be able to identify more than one way to get out of the home and a meeting place away from the home, such as a neighbor's porch or a telephone pole across the street, so that each person can be accounted for in an emergency.
"Fire escape plans need to be reviewed and updated several times a year, and this weekend is a good time to do that," Commissioner Mann said. "Something as simple as an addition on a home, a new baby, or having a family member who needs assistance will impact how people exit their house in an emergency."
More information about fire prevention and safety is available online at www.ReadyPA.org. For more information about the Office of the State Fire Commissioner and the fire service in
CONTACT: Ruth A. Myers (717) 651-2009
SOURCE Pennsylvania Office of the State Fire Commissioner | <urn:uuid:8551790d-e5a3-480d-ac8b-da4fa6056d4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/change-smoke-detector-batteries-when-changing-clocks-this-weekend-says-state-fire-commissioner-61767067.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688103.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922003402-20170922023402-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.950339 | 335 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This is the continuation of a series of stories about men who died in World War 1, and whose photographs appeared in a publication called “Our Nation’s Roll of Honor.” The original post and explanation can be found at this link. There will also be a complete listing of all the names researched at that same blog post.
THE LOST FACES OF WORLD WAR ONE: Our Nation’s Roll of Honor (Part 3)
Bernard Herman Bolt was born 9 Nov 1898 Germany, and died of wounds 29 May 1918 in France. He was the son of Friedrich Carl Gustav & Wilhelmine Friederike Marie Sophie (Meinke) Bolte, and he immigrated to the United States about 1903 with his family.
In March (29) of 1918, “he was one of an American patrol, officer, sergeant and 3 men who took four prisoners from a German outpost position. Quietly slipped up behind and covered six Germans. One was Bernard Bolt of South Bethlehem PA.” –Colorado Springs Gazette, April 1, 1918, page 8. He was awarded the French War Cross for aiding in this capture.
Bernard H. Bolt’s dates of service was from 21 October 1916 to his death date of 29 May 1918. Reportedly he served in Co. K. 34th Regt US Infantry, and Co. K, 28th Regt US Infantry (his tombstone shows this latter company). The official history of the 28th Infantry Regiment in WW1 shows at the time of his death, his company was involved in the first American offensive of the war, near Cantigny, France, begun on May 28,1918.
The June 13, 1918 Evening Public Ledger newspaper of Philadelphia PA noted that he was “injured in action with Pershing’s forces in France,” and that he had died of his injuries. He was buried in Fountain Hill Cemetery, Lehigh County, PA [see an additional photograph]
In 1910 he was living in East Allen, Northampton Co. PA with his family. He was single, but besides his parents, at the time of his death he left behind siblings: Ernest J. Bolt, Adolph K. Bolt, William H. Bolt, Mada, Bolt, and Erma L. Bolt.
Charles O. “Charley” Brown, was born 27 May 1896 in Missouri, son of John Thomas & Edna A. (Foss) Brown of Poplar Bluff, Butler Co., Missouri. A series of newspaper reports tell the story of tragedy.
Saturday, June 15, 1918 Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock) page 8 –IS KILLED IN ACTION
Special to the Gazette. Poplar Bluff Mo., June 14.–According to a message received today by Mrs. J.T. Brown from Adjutant General McCain, Corp. Charles O. Brown, a Poplar Bluff boy, was killed in action during the battle of the Marne on June 4. Corporal Brown was with the first detachment sent to France from Poplar Bluff. Some time ago he was gassed and was out of the hospital only a short time before he was killed.
July 16, 1918 Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock) page 2 TO HONOR DEAD HERO.
Poplar Bluff Mo. July 15–A movement is on foot here for funds to erect a monument in the public square in honor of Charles O. Brown the first Poplar Bluff boy killed in action in France. E.C. Graham is at the head of the movement. [I could not find a record of this monument, or if it was ever erected, however a monument was much later erected to honor the dead of several wars.].
Thursday, October 24, 1918 Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock AK) p. 2 — KILLED BY HUN MINE. C.O. Brown of Poplar Bluff Victim of German Treachery. Poplar Bluff Mo., Oct. 23.–Mrs. J.T. Brown today received a letter from Capt. J.B. Cook in France, giving an account of the death of her son, Corporal Charles O. Brown, who was killed during the battle of the Marne. The letter in part follows: “Your son, Corporal O. Brown, Company H., 18th Infantry, died of wounds received in action at 1:10 a.m., June 4, 1918. He was wounded at about 11:40 p.m. on June 3, in the front line trench at Chateau Grivesnes, France, by a German grenade, while he was in charge of a working party digging trenches. “The trench your son was working on recently had been taken from the Germans and the men were repairing the trench when one of them hit a trap set by the Germans with his pick, injuring four men, of whom your son was one. The trap was set by the Huns and buried, and the men working in the dark could not see it. All work in the front lines has to be done at night, or the enemy would shell all working parties. Your son was an excellent soldier and a good squad leader.”
In 1921 his body was returned to the United States for reburial at Woodlawn Cemetery in Poplar Bluffs, Missouri. Wednesday, April 6, 1921, Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock AK) page 8 — TO BURY HERO. Poplar Bluff Mo., April 5.–Funeral services for Corp. Charles O. Brown, first Poplar Bluff boy killed in action during the World war, will be held tomorrow. Mayor J.W. Berryman issued a proclamation today setting two hours tomorrow afternoon as a holiday, during which time the funeral services will be held. All business in the city will stop so that all persons may pay their respects to the dead hero.
The local American Legion post was named for Brown. Post 153 Brown-Mabry [Charter Date: Sept 1 1924, American Legion 100th anniv 1919-2019].
Charles O. Brown was single, but besides his parents, he left behind siblings: Dewey Grant Brown, Effie A. Brown, Mary Lucreacie “Creacie” Brown, and Georgie O. Brown.
Samuel “Sam” Buchalter was born 1/2 January 1894 in Selets [Seltz], Belarus, Russia, son of Naftali/Nathan & Rebecca (Litchitsky) Buchalter. He immigrated with his family to the United States. His father was a blacksmith and in 1910 the family was living in Salem, New London Co., Connecticut.
Samuel Buchalter enlisted in the regular army at Ft. Slocum, NY on July 7, 1917, at the age of 23 years. He was in Co. M 55 Infantry from July 18 1917 to Aug 21, 1917; 2nd Co Training Battalion 26th Infantry to February 2 1918; Co. D 26 Infantry to death. Rank: Private. He was Killed in Action May 29, 1918 at the Battle of Cantigny. He was cited for Bravery.
His body was returned to the United States after the war ended, and is buried in plot 203-5 New Jewish Cemetery, Colchester, Conn, p 105 [aka Ahavas Achi, Cabin Road, Burial Plot G79]. Besides his parents, he left behind siblings: Jennie Buchalter, Bessie Buchalter, Nathan Buchalter, Lillie Buchalter, and Bertha Buchalter.
Harry Albert Bullock was born 8 September 1878 in Needham, Norfolk Co. MA, son of Edwin Orr & Ann “Annie” Veazie (Warren) Orr. In 1880 his family was living in Needham, Norfolk Co. MA, his father being a dry goods merchant there. His siblings included: Edwin Warren Bullock, William F. Bullock, Charles J. Bullock, Annie C. Bullock [Mrs. Emerson Kimball], and Grace F. Bullock.
He was a well known reporter for the New York Times prior to his enlistment, and so his death and burial was greatly detailed in the newspapers as follows.
NY Times, 6 June 1918
Captain Harry A. Bullock, for nearly ten years a member of the reportorial staff of the New York Times, and later Secretary of the Municipal Railway Corporation, a subsidiary of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, was killed on duty in France, May 30 . Captain Bullock, a graduate of Plattsburg assigned to the Quartermaster’s Reserve Corps was killed by an aerial bomb which struck the portable officer five miles from the front line trenches where he and his superior officer, Colonel Bertram T. Clayton , were supervising the bringing up of supplies to the troops. Colonel Clayton also is listed as killed in action. The dead Captain was one of the first Plattsburg men to go overseas and in letter which he wrote he said that for some time he had been detailed to study the transportation problem in France. His advisers indicated, however, that for the last three weeks he had been on duty in an especially active sector of the American line. The first word of his death to reach his home in Brooklyn came in a letter which Captain Bullock’s brother, Professor Charles J. Bullock of the Department of Economics at Harvard University, wrote to Timothy S. Williams. President of the B.R.T. In his letter Professor Bullock supplemented the Adjutant General’s brief notification of his brothers death with details which he had obtained by cable….. In addition to Professor Bullock, the dead soldier is survived by another brother, Edward Bullock and by two sisters, Miss Grace F. Bullock and Mrs. Emerson Kimball, both of Concord NH.
After the war, his remains were returned to the United States for reburial.
16 April 1921: MILITARY FUNERAL SUNDAY FOR CAPT. HARRY A. BULLOCK
Sunday afternoon more than 500 ex-service men In uniform will parade as an escort of honor to the body of Capt. Harry Albert Bullock, of 6 Channlng street, former division quartermaster of the First division, A. X. F., who was killed in action May 30, 1918, and whose funeral will take place at Mt. Auburn chapel, Sunday afternoon at 2:30 o’clock. The body of Capt. Bullock, who was a brother of Prof. Charles J. Bullock, of Harvard, will be accorded full military honors. His flag-draped casket will be carried from his home to Mt. Auburn on a gun caisson at the head of the military escort. Key. Dr. William 11. Van Allen, of the Church of the Advent, Boston, will officiate at the services, and a firing squad will give the regulation military salute at the grave. Burial will be In Mt Auburn. The military escort, which will parade from Harvard square to the cemetery, will be composed of members of the Cambridge post, No. 27. American, Legion; Russell E. Hoyt post. No. 299, Veterans of Foreign Wars; George Dillboy post. Veterans of Foreign Wars, of Somerville; and the Somerville. Drum corps. Capt. Bullock was born September 8, 1878. In Wellesley Hills. He enlisted In the army in February, 1917. and first served as quartermaster at the Plattsburg camp. He sailed for France In October 1917 where he served first as quartermaster at the base hospital at Boulogne and later as divisional quartermaster of tho Flint division. He was killed at Noyers. St. Martin, by an air bomb dropped, during a German attack, following the capture of Cantigny by the First division, on the headquarters ‘of the quartermaster’s department. Capt. Bullock was cited by Maj. Gen. Summerall of the First division, in general orders issued Jan. 1. 1920, for ”gallantry in action and especially meritorious services.” Previous to entering the service. Capt. Bullock was employed by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. as assistant to the president. He was a graduate of Amherst college and for several years was In the newspaper business, first an a reporter and later at city editor of the New York Times. His only immediate survivors are two brothers and two sisters: Charles Bullock, Dr. E. W. Bullock, of Haverhill: Mrs. F. A. Kimball, of St. Paul., and Miss Grace F. Bullock, of Brookline.
The Harry A. Bullock Post VFW in Brooklyn NY named after him.
Rollin M. Cannon was born 27 January 1896 in Canada, the son of son of Fletcher Bent & Dorcas Ann Harriet (McDonald) Cannon. He died 10 June 1918 of wounds suffered at the Battle of Chateau Thierry, in France. He was a member of the 18th Co., 5th Regt. U.S.M.C.
After the war ended, his body was returned to the United States, and buried at Rutland Rural Cemetery, Rutland MA. Rollin M. Cannon had siblings Robert, Edith G., Aidan, George F., Elizabeth A. His grandfather was Mariner Cannon. Additional newspaper clippings tell his story.
Boston Post (Boston MA) 22 June 1918: DIES OF WOUNDS
Private Rollin M. Cannon, a member of the 18th Company, Fifth Regiment Marines, died on June 9 of wounds received in action. He was one of three sons of F.B. Cannon of Westminster, MA in the service. His brother Aldran C. Cannon, 29, is in France with C Company 104th Infantry, and his brother Robert H. Cannon, 26, is in an aviation camp in Texas. Private Cannon was born 22 years ago on Jan. 27, the Kaiser’s birthday, and was educated at Rutland High School and the Mt. Hermon School and was formerly employed by the Norton Grinder Company, Worcester. He enlisted April 12, 1917.
Fitchburg Sentinel (Fitchburg MA) 27 June 1918: WESTMINSTER: Memorial to Rollin M. Cannon.
A very simple but impressive memorial service, attended by relatives and friends, was held in the Congregational church Wednesday evening as a tribute to Private Rollin M. Cannon, son of Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher B. Cannon, Damon hill, who died from wounds in France, June 10. Rev. Charles N. Gleason, pastor of the church had charge of the service. The members of the choir sang two selections. The ushers were members of the Cyrus K. Miller camp, S of V and were Commander Edward R. Miller, Albert E. Gates, Robert O. Hurd, and Charles L. Mansur. The members of Joseph P. Rice post, G.A.R. attended in a body.
. The services consisted of prayers by Rev. Lucy Milton Giles, hymn by the choir, etc etc. Taps by soldiers form Camp Devens closed the service. | <urn:uuid:3ba5b3d3-adf6-48fb-ae97-e779e59bb141> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.cowhampshireblog.com/2016/06/06/the-lost-faces-of-world-war-one-part-three/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684425.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018181458-20191018204958-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.977848 | 3,153 | 2.53125 | 3 |
‘Keep going’ was the thing for us today as our connection was interrupted several times and we couldn’t get to the bottom of it! Thanks to other devices, like the mobile phone, we continued our session and communication. It just made me more excited to see the outcomes of the children’s interpretation of my suggestions, as the session continued without visual information!
‘Keep going’ was the meaning offered by one child for the word ‘CONTINUOUS’…
I had asked the children to try using a continuous line to draw the edge of a leaf as a way of picking up the thread from our previous session. However the children themselves were all dressed up and so was teacher Dearbhla – Bear Dearbhla! It was World Book Day and so not realizing that the children would be dressed as characters themselves, I had a small space to think – as suddenly our connection was broken…
A wee change of plan..
The children just continued to draw and paint and find out about the nature of the paint as they used it. I then asked them to draw around their own hand.
So if they laid their palms flat they could draw their knuckles and nails and if they had their hand palms facing up, they would be able to record their lines across their hands.
The children began to paint their shapes with watercolour. Here’s what I tried myself..
I suggested the children draw an object that their character would like. I am excited to see what they did. | <urn:uuid:751f2811-7add-42ab-8e32-5503551601bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://projects.kidsown.ie/st-patricks-ps-artist-blog/?p=1415 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331210803-20230401000803-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.991903 | 314 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Dr. Eric Werner
In Silico Multicellular Biology and Genomics
Talk given at the Beyond Genome -Beyond Genome Conference 2002, in San Diego, June 2002.
There have been a number of attempts to simulate living cells in software (e-cell, T7, Physiome). There have also been efforts to simulate chemical interactions in organs, as well as simulations of neural nets. Others have simulated cellular interactions based on physical relationships such as adhesion. However, none of those attempts simulate the actual dynamic development of multicellular structures such as tissue and organs. We report on results achieved by researchers at Cellnomica, Inc., working on the simulation of multicellular development as well as other multicellular processes such cell signaling and chemical gradients.
More specifically, we show that new insights can be gained into the nature, organization and function of genomes when looked at from the perspective of the role of genomes in multicellular development of tissue and organs. Many diseases such as cancer are inherently multicellular phenomena. Our research shows that perhaps the best way to understand such diseases is by way of simulations that take into account not just genes or the interactions of genes, but the entire process of how networks of genes function together in cells to engender the disease phenotype. The cure for diseases such as cancer can be more probable with the kind of understanding and control that multicellular simulation can give. Other areas that may gain from the simulation of multicellular genome guided processes are cloning, stem cell research, tissue engineering, drug delivery modeling, and nanotechnology, to name a few.
In this section: | <urn:uuid:da68f7d1-ab53-452e-8e53-eef11ef899f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://users.ox.ac.uk/~dpag0022/Abstracts/BeyondGenome02Abstract.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00341-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944892 | 331 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Friday, January 24, 2014
NOTE ON TELEVISION (from 1938)
With radio broadcasting no longer a novelty but an established medium of entertainment and information, the public is anticipating a newer medium which will transmit visual images to supplement sound.
The individual who wishes to write for radio’s aural audience, however, should not concern himself with television. Material written for this newest medium, which combines the techniques of writing for the stage and screen, is a complete reversal of radio technique, and a detailed analysis of television writing finds no place in a book devoted to Practical Radio Writing.
Television’s first function will be to provide entertainment which cannot be supplied by any other present medium—notably the direct telecasting of world events. Radio enables listeners to sit comfortably in their homes and hear a football or baseball game, and to know the final score the moment the spectators know it. Television can take the final step and make it possible for people to see the game in their own homes, without the assistance of an announcer who interprets the action through his eyes and words.
News events, “telecast” or “televised” from the scene of the action have been extremely successful. Such presentations, however, will be of little interest to the radio writer. The spoken portions of such programs have included only written opening announcements and extemporaneous remarks by a commentator.
Obviously the radio writer’s technique is inapplicable to television, just as it is to the stage or screen. The expert radio writer will have as much difficulty adapting his dialogue to visual presentation as the average stage dramatist finds today in adjusting himself to the demands and limitations of radio. The successful radio writer has taught himself to work strictly in terms of sound. But in the television medium the visual appeal becomes of paramount importance, because the novelty of television lies in the fact that it enables members of a home audience to see something which is being transmitted to them from outside their homes.
Many of the successful television dramas which have been transmitted to date have stressed the visual appeal. The scripts have consisted mostly of stage directions, with sounds and spoken lines being used only to emphasize the main points of the plot and to heighten the effect of climaxes. Dialogue has been of little more importance than the captions used in old-time, silent motion pictures.
Similarly, when sound was first added to motion pictures, the “talkies” were extremely verbose and noisy. Today, dialogue and sounds are important to motion pictures, but no more important than the visual appeal. Over a period of years, an effective technique has been evolved which combines sound with sight.
The same evolution will take place in television before it becomes an important medium of entertainment. But in order to create successful scripts for this new medium, writers will be compelled to learn the advantages and drawbacks of television entertainment. As in broadcasting, the first television scripts will be produced by writers and directors who take an active part in the development of a new technique.
Undoubtedly, dramatic entertainment will play an important part in television when many technical obstacles have been surmounted, and when the practical question—“Who will pay the tremendous costs of television?”—has been answered with satisfaction. From present indications, based on the experiments made to date, the cost of providing interesting television programs, on a nation-wide basis, will be prohibitive. Whether or not advertisers will foot the bill for regular television programs is a moot question. Someone must pay—and the cost will be many times that of commercial radio programs of equal interest. Mechanically, television has graduated from the laboratory. Practically, its support presents a stupendous financial problem.
Without a doubt a solution will be found, but from all the indications the advent of television will not affect the present demand for competent radio writers. Authorities are unanimous in their belief that television will not supersede radio broadcasting in the immediate future, but will take its place beside radio, the screen and the stage as an additional medium of entertainment and information. | <urn:uuid:58377b0a-67aa-4bcf-8cb3-005128c95e50> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://istillloveradio.blogspot.com/2014/01/note-on-television-from-1938.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936468536.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074108-00242-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961654 | 833 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The paper deals with Czech households’ subjective views on food waste. It examines households’ attitudes to food waste, including the causes of food waste. The primary data were obtained via a questionnaire survey with 1 582 respondents. The analyses allowed the identification of three categories of Czech households with different attitudes to food waste and its causes. These findings provide a basis for a proper selection of corrective measures aimed at amending or even completely transforming the current behaviour.
attitudes to waste; causes of waste; consumer behaviour; food loss; segmentation
Borma A. (2017): Food waste – a global problem. SEA: Practical Application of Science, 5: 353–362.
European Agency for the Environment (2016): Food Waste. Available at https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2012/close-ups/food-waste (accessed Jan 25, 2017).
European Commission (2018): Food Waste. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste_en (accessed Feb 13, 2018).
European Court of Auditors (2017): Combating Food Waste: an Opportunity for the EU to Improve the Resource-Efficiency of the Food Supply Chain. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Available at http://publications.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/foodwaste-34-2016/ (accessed Jan 20, 2018).
Food and Agriculture Organisation (2011): The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture. Managing Systems at Risk. FAO, Rome. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i1688e/i1688e.pdf
Gustavsson J., Cederberg C., Sonesson U. (2011): Global food losses and food waste. In: Procee-dings Save Food Congress, Düsseldorf May 16, 2011. Available at: http://www.madr.ro/docs/ind-alimentara/risipa_alimentara/presentation_food_waste.pdf (accessed Mar 24, 2017).
Monier V., Mudgal S., Escalon V., O’Connor C., Gibon T., Anderson G., Montoux H. (2010): Prepara-tory Study on Food Waste across EU 27. Technical Report 2010–054. Bio Intelligence Service, Fran-ce. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/pdf/bio_foodwaste_report.pdf (accessed Feb 1, 2018).
Tostivint C., Östergren K., Quested T., Soethoudt H., Stenmarck A., Svanes E., O’Connor C. (2016): Food Waste Quantification Manual to Monitor Food Waste Amounts and Progression. Bio by Deloitte, Paris.
WRAP (2014): Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK. Final Report. WRAP, Banbury Available at http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Household_food_and_drink_waste_in_the_UK_-_report.pdf (accessed Feb 8, 2018). | <urn:uuid:1431e9cb-2deb-4dea-b068-3fa50abd4007> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/agricecon.htm?type=article&id=364_2018-AGRICECON | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351374.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225153633-20210225183633-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.712331 | 694 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
DescriptionNorthern Grasshopper Mice are highly predatory, and their skulls and teeth resemble those of flesh-eating carnivores such as cats and dogs. Their forelimbs, equipped with elongated fingers and claws, have developed great dexterity, so they are able to manipulate captured prey. These Mice have a complex social system, using howling vocalizations to broadcast information on sex, identity, body size, and location. Grasshopper Mice prey primarily on grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles, yet they incorporate some seeds into their diet, presumably a dietary preference retained from a seed-eating ancestry.
Mammal Species of the World
Click here for The American Society of Mammalogists species account | <urn:uuid:c5863431-12eb-4f5d-afa0-9dedc91bc6fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://eol.org/pages/328463/overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00602-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923352 | 152 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The relevance of an IgG guided elimination diet in chronic inflammatory skin disorders
by Dr Camille Lieners
Skin disorders affect children and adults. Atopic dermatitis is most prevalent in children with increasing frequency. (1) Other disabling skin disorders, such psoriasis, urticaria and acne are often present in adulthood.
All these diseases may have different causes and may have a genetic component. But it seems that the purely genetic factor is less important than the epigenetics (2). Triggers are environmental toxins, chemicals, heavy metals and food! Diet has an important role to play in many skin disorders. (3)
All skin diseases cited above implicate the immune system. It is assumed that type 1 allergy plays a major role, but recent studies show up to 20% of the cases are non-IgE mediated allergies (4). While IgE-mediated allergic skin disorders appear immediately after contact with the allergen, IgG mediated sensitivity is delayed from hours up to days, making it extremely difficult to identify the culprit. Because the symptoms lack specificity, patient self-diagnosis is difficult.
As a consequence, often these symptoms tend to become chronic. Dermatological disorders should always be addressed as a complex immunological disorder implicating many cellular and humoral components of the immune system. Blood levels of IgE, IgA, IgG, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and complements
pathophysiologically correlate with eczema severity. (5) Particularly, if IgE mediated allergies can be excluded, IgG mediated food hypersensitivities should be investigated. A study published in 2017, reported a strong impact of IgG mediated hypersensitivity in patients suffering from urticarial (hives), eczema and atopic dermatitis compared to healthy controls. (6)
IgG mediated hypersensitivity may occur at all ages. Food hypersensitivity is typically caused by a variety of foods rather than by a single food and can cause multi-system discomfort, including gastrointestinal irritation, eczema, dermatitis, and migraines, although individual specific symptoms may only be caused by a few IgG positive foods. Acne and Dermatitis herpetiformis for instance is primarily caused by gluten hypersensitivity. Some studies suggest that eggs, dairy and soybean are involved skin disorders in children. This is not surprising as these allergens are also the most positive reactions seen in adults. As IgG mediated hypersensitivity is a growing concern in the western societies and due to trans-placental transmission of IgG from the mother to the baby, babies tend to suffer more from skin related disorders. Another study suggests that IgG reactions to beef derived antigens play a key role in acne inversa. (7)
Common to all these inflammatory diseases is the infiltration of circulating immune complexes in the tissue and attraction of phagocytic immune cells to destroy the complexes locally, resulting in an inflammatory skin manifestation.
Intervention studies with an elimination diet based on IgG reactive foods are rare. In 2013 a study (8) could show complete healing from hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa), an inflammatory, chronic skin disease characterized by recurrent, painful, boil-like lumps (nodules) under the skin, for which up to today, no known cure or a consistently effective treatment is available. (9)
All patients were found to have positive IgG reactions to brewer’s yeast and wheat. Patients were put on a strict 12-month brewer’s yeast free diet. The diet demonstrated immediate stabilization of their clinical symptoms, and the skin lesions regressed over the 12-month treatment period. Similarly, all the patients demonstrated an immediate recurrence of skin lesions following accidental or voluntary consumption of beer or other foods containing brewer‘s yeast or wheat. The
patients also demonstrated a return of their quality of life and activities, including the reestablishment of sexual activity in the patients with inguinal and perigenital
A study from 2010 (7) showed that all allergic patients, including those showing only IgG and IgA antibodies, significantly ameliorated their symptoms, and their levels of beef-specific antibodies were considerably reduced in response to a cow meat exclusion diet.
In observation trials performed with Imupro, 65% of cases of psoriasis, 73,9% itchy skin, 67,2% atopic eczema, and 67% of acne have significantly improved or disappeared completely. (10,11) The survey showed that those patients strictly following the diet recommendations had the highest improvement of symptoms.
Chronic inflammatory skin diseases are often associated with a genetic predisposition. Environmental factors and food allergies can trigger this genetic polymorphisms
to become clinically manifest. IgE mediated type 1 allergy is believed to be the major cause for food related skin disorders. This is particularly true for immediate reactions, but often fails to be responsible for chronic manifestations. In this case IgG mediated food hypersensitivity should be addressed and a diet based on elimination of IgG positive foods should be performed. Some foods tend to be more often positive and responsible trigger in some diseases, but individual
reactions prevail and generalized recommendations are not suitable.
For more case reports please visit our parent company website www.imupro.com
1. Mohammedamin RS, van der Wouden JC, Koning S, et al. Increasing incidence of skin
disorders in children? A comparison between 1987 and 2001. BMC Dermatol. 2006;6:4.
2. Millington GW. Epigenetics and dermatological disease. Pharmacogenomics.
3. Kaimal S, Thappa DM. Diet in dermatology: Revisited. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol
4. Zopf, Y.; Baenkler, H.W.; Silbermann, A.; Hahn, E.G.; Raithel, M. The differential diagnosis
of food intolerance. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2009, 106 (21), 359–369.
5. Hon KL, Wang SS, Pong NH, Leung TF Circulating immunoglobulins, leucocytes and
complements in childhood-onset atopic eczema. Indian J Pediatr. 2013 Feb;80(2):128-31
6. Jia Qi et al. Analysis on relationship between specific IgG antibodies of 14 food allergens
and allergic skin diseases. Biomedical Research 2017; 28 (22): 9982-9985
7. Calderon TE Meat-specific IgG and IgA antibodies coexist with IgE antibodies in sera from
allergic patients: clinical association and modulation by exclusion diet.
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010 Jul-Sep;24(3):261-71.
8. Cannistrà C New perspectives in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: surgery and
brewer‘s yeast-exclusion diet. Surgery. 2013 Nov;154(5):1126-30.
9. „Hidradenitis suppurativa“. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. 2017. Archived from the original
on 28 July 2017.
10. Comed ImuPro Application Study, 2002-2008; evaluated by Mediveritas Institute for
Medical Studies, Munich
11. Lebensmittelunverträglichkeit, Allergie Typ 3 erkennen und richtig behandeln.
Hans J. Schwyn, Camille Lieners AT- Verlag, (2009) ISBN-10: 3038004154 | <urn:uuid:32aae456-dff6-46a8-baf7-252cbf9cd6a0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://imupro.com.au/blog/skin-disorders-by-dr-camille-lieners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703549416.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124141945-20210124171945-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.894439 | 1,599 | 2.8125 | 3 |
While it hasn’t all been bright, the South Carolina State Hospital has quite a history. Up until about a month ago when a three-alarm fire ravaged the Babcock building, its dome, or cupola, was a recognizable + historic piece of Columbia’s skyline.
In 1821, the South Carolina General Assembly approved $30,000 in funding (approx. $665,000 today’s value) to provide treatment and care for those with mental illnesses – making SC the second state in the country to dedicate funding to mental illness treatment. The South Carolina Lunatic Asylum and school for the deaf and dumb was built on Bull Street and completed in 1828. Later, the asylum was renamed to the South Carolina State Hospital.
Architect and South Carolina native Robert Mills designed the original building, also known as the Mills building, which included innovations that were new for its time, such as a fireproof ceiling and a rooftop garden (which was one of the first in the US).
When the hospital first began operation, patients were billed based on their ability to pay. Wealthy families of patients paid an annual fee, while those who were unable were funded by their respective counties. This caused the hospital to become increasingly dependent on state funding as the number of patients grew.
Within the first 30 years, the hospital was running out of space for patients. The state purchased surrounding land and in 1857, construction on the Babcock building (named for the hospital’s superintendent from 1891-1914, Dr. James Woods Babcock) began with George E. Walker and Samuel Sloan as leading architects on the project. Construction was done in four phases and completed in 1885. The building came in at 250,000+ sq. ft. with 1,100 windows.
Over the years, despite the additional space added to the hospital, it still struggled with overcrowding. Funding also became scarce during and following the Civil War; however, new patients were still accepted. In 1871, South Carolina took responsibility for funding patient care, instead of patients’ counties. The quality of care and treatment diminished and remained poor throughout the majority of the hospital’s history.
In 1981, nearly 100 years after its completion, the Babcock building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. However, patients still lived in the hospital until the 1990s + the SC Department of Mental Health announced it would close the facility in 2003.
Since its vacancy nearly 20 years ago, the Babcock building has withstood two fires. The first, on Dec. 13, 2018, was a two-alarm fire that is suspected to have been arson. Firefighters were able to extinguish the fire + the building was not a total loss. This year, on the morning of Sept. 12, a three-alarm fire broke out, which caused the cupola to collapse as well as other significant damage. Despite the damage, developers believe the renovation is still possible.
The Babcock building is now in the center of the revitalization of the Bull Street District. It is currently owned by the Virginia-based development company Clachan Properties, which has plans to redevelop the building into 200+ luxury apartments. | <urn:uuid:e3ef62dd-edf7-49f7-bbe9-dacd1386ddd6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://colatoday.6amcity.com/babcock-building-history/?pn-manage_account | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894759.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027195832-20201027225832-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.982822 | 658 | 3.375 | 3 |
Commodity Consumption and the Formation of Consumer Culture|
The commodity form is not restricted to capitalism, but the development of capitalism has involved its continual extension to ever more realms of social life. Capitalist development has also involved the formation of a consumer culture that defines commodity consumption as central to identity formation and notions of the good life. A multistranded critique of these processes unfolds at the levels of popular thought as well as high theory. Commodity production has been portrayed as alienating, mystifying, and dehumanizing, oriented toward profit versus human life, while commodity consumption has been charged with homogenizing, distracting, individualizing, and depoliticizing consumers.
In this course we will take these critiques seriously, but we will also seek to unsettle a number of the binaries they presuppose, such as production/consumption, commodity/gift, and control/liberation. Designed as a conversation between a historical archaeologist and a cultural anthropologist, the course will use particular cases drawn from a number of historical periods and societies to explore commodification as a contradictory and contested process. We will suggest that the increased access of consumers to commodities and to commercial spaces can have both enabling and limiting effects, and often has both at the same time. Specific topics to be considered include the rise of modern advertising, the development of department stores and malls as classed and gendered spaces, the postwar celebration of domestic consumption and its entanglement with ideals of the family, the social dynamics of taste and style, the commodification of the body, the growth of fast food and restaurants in the U.S., and the promotion of ethical consumption. The course will (weather permitting) include the option of a field trip to a supermarket or mall. Students are encouraged to develop their personal interests in consumer culture and commodities in final research papers.
||Gen Ed Area Dept:
|Course Format: Lecture / Discussion||Grading Mode: Graded|
||Fulfills a Major Requirement for: (ANTH-CapModern)(ANTH-MatCul/Tem)(ANTH-Perf/Rep/I)(ANTH-Prod/Cons)(SISP-Anth Conc)
||Past Enrollment Probability: Not Available
|Major Readings: (If discrepancies exist between major readings in Wesmaps and the results generated by the Text Book Information link, defer to the readings posted in Broad Street Books.)|
Text Book Information
Rachel Bowlby, CARRIED AWAY
Josee Johnston & Shyon Baumann, FOODIES: DEMOCRACY AND DISTINCTION IN THE GOURMET FOODSCAPE
Other readings will include selections from Karl Marx,Sidney Mintz, Mary Douglas & Baron Isherwood, Colin Campbell, Nicholas Thomas, Arjun Appadurai, Pierre Bourdieu, Karen Traber Hansen, Timothy Burke, Igor Kopytoff, William Roseberry, Richard Ohmann, Kathy Peiss, Lizabeth Cohen, Sharon Zukin, Robert Foster, and Brenda Weber.
|Examination and Assignments: |
Two short (4-5 page) papers.
Final project based on ethnographic or library research on consumption practices.
|Instructor(s): Traube,Elizabeth G. Croucher,Sarah Katharine Times: ..T.R.. 10:30AM-11:50AM; Location: FISK210; |
|Total Enrollment Limit: 40||SR major: 4||JR major: 10|| || |
|Seats Available: 5||GRAD: X||SR non-major: 4||JR non-major: 10||SO: 12||FR: X|
|Web Resources: Moodle, Syllabus | | <urn:uuid:89bdac15-5911-4de6-b81f-42b4fd437b36> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://iasext.wesleyan.edu/regprod/!wesmaps_page.html?crse=012574&term=1129 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656747.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00120-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892571 | 778 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Do you want to write video games one of the most common questions we ask in an interview is what a writer thinks about the narrative in games they. Story and narrative development for video games from california institute of the arts in this course, you will examine how storytelling acts as a vital. Explore teach this's board narrative writing on pinterest | see more ideas about writing prompts, classroom setup and english language. Talespinners provides narrative services, helping studios of all sizes with the story for their game whether writing and polishing scripts, crafting plot and. Writing dialogue and incidental copy for a game, a narrative copywriter fuses a knowledge of games and game design with writing talent to create a.
Winter: games tell stories • a game’s narrative is the aspects of a game that contributes to it telling a story –questions concerning whether games are. Selection of excellent educational maths and literacy games, organised by topic and age group - topmarks. Narrative will be a big player as some writers’ plans of attack bring interactivity to a whole new level. Writing: personal narrative writing these sites have tips and examples for writing strong leads for paragraphs and structuring personal narrative writing games.
Fun writing games for kids check out these fun writing games for kids enjoy a range of free activities, resources and practice exercises related to writing letters. Designing game narrative: how to create a great story i don’t mean to simply make a fun abstract game first, and then write a scripted story that makes sense.
In this gamespot au feature we look at narrative development in video games and once upon a time: narrative in video games to writing for games. Language is a virus languageisaviruscom exists to cure writer's block and inspire creativity you can choose from a multitude of writing games, gizmos, generators. Narrative, games, and theory by jan of writing that will take its as prototypical examples of narrative, and games studies scholars generally follow johan.
Most students enjoy narrative writing using their imaginations to tell an interesting story appeals to them sometimes, however, we have a student who struggles with. Warning: this feature contains a minor spoiler for the last of us: left behind writing can make or break a game it takes many forms - from dialogue to in.View | <urn:uuid:eadb8106-ea6c-454d-969b-0a8c14dd90aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://iocourseworklavm.health-consult.us/narrative-writing-games.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.929818 | 468 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, may result from poor alignment of the eyes as occurs in strabismus, or from a significant imbalance in the refractive powers of the eyes. When amblyopia is untreated, the brain favors the image received from the eye that sees better and ignores the blurred image of the misaligned or out-of-focus eye. Amblyopia can be treated successfully when detected early. If treatment is delayed until the later years, loss of vision can result in the eye that is not being used.
Principal symptom: an eye that is misaligned; other indications: tilting the head in a specific direction in an attempt to align the eyes, squinting one eye, bumping into objects or other signs of faulty depth perception, double vision
Covering or patching the good eye, glasses, eye drops, exercises or a combination of these approaches
Botulinum Toxin (Botox) | <urn:uuid:d22ffb2c-50e4-4e57-802f-ce1d1e35a9d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.uclahealth.org/Eye/amblyopia-lazy-eye | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.927009 | 193 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Rhesus Macaque Monkey Facts
- Wild Monkeys have a language of their own
- Rhesus Macaque Monkeys can be dangerous to humans as they can carry the possible deadly virus, herpes-B
- The virus can be transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, bits or scratches
- When a monkey is shaking a tree, it is a warning to stay back. They will also grunt, hand slap, head bob and yawn when they feel threatened. When this happens, don’t show them eye contact and allow them their space and they will most usually go on about their business.
- Female macaques rule their society
- It’s not unusual to find more than one male within a group as long there is no threat to the dominant male.
- Dogs can talk to monkeys. Actually, humans can too. It’s done through facial expressions and gestures, through body language. With both monkeys and dogs, their ears go back when they are angry and for humans, our brow is furrowed, our eyes dilate and our mouth draw forward. Dominant dogs and monkeys make themselves appear bigger and hold their tales high. When we smile, both monkeys and dogs see our mouths open and the corners go back which tells them that we are happy. They are able to read body language.
- A group of monkeys is called a troop.
- In India, Hindus regard wild monkeys as sacred and they leave them undisturbed to live peacefully
- These monkeys preceded humans into space and gave doctors the knowledge of different blood types in humans
- Rhesus monkeys can store food within their cheek pooch so that they can carry it, store it for later or protect if so that they can give it to their young
- Some people believe that the monkeys are on Silver River because they escaped from the film set of the classic Tarzan movie
- Silver River monkeys are very smart and self-aware and have shown that they really like looking at themselves in mirrors.
Wild Monkeys, known as Macaques which come in 23 species of monkey, can be dangerous when it comes to humans since they carry the possible deadly virus, herpes-B. This virus can be contracted through the contact of bodily fluids, a bite or through scratches. Right now, no human has ever contracted the disease from free-range monkeys. Averagely, the disease has been transmitted to humans through clinical studies being done on the monkeys. This is through a process called shedding and this occurs when the monkey is stressed. However, wild monkeys that are seen roaming the forests of Florida are not usually stressed.
Monkeys have a language of their own. This comes through a series of coos, screeches, facial expressions, hand gestures, body language and even grunts. Picture this, you are sitting in your kayak, relaxing and rowing when you hear a loud series of rapid mid-pitched grunts. When you hear this and you look toward the monkeys, you’ll see that they are all facing the same direction. They want to alert you to something dangerous, possibly even an alligator swimming nearby.
Macaques live within a multi-female, multi-male called a matrilineal society in which the females rule. A dominant female who has the highest rank rules and that leadership moves down to each of her sisters. However, each dominant female baby outranks the closest ranked sister and the same with the baby’s baby and so on. The youngest of the dominant female’s babies will have the highest rank on the oldest of offspring. The males however, are at a lower rank. When they are four years old, they are forced to leave the group to meet up with other males who have been ostracized from their own groups. However, the male offspring will rank higher than the next highest ranked female from a group. There can be multiple males in a group but there is only one dominant male and he must not feel threatened by any of the other males. While like in many cases where the male role is to continue their bloodline and this obviously happens among monkeys, it is not the primary role of a dominant male. Females can and do find other males outside the group to breed with. The dominant males primary objective is for protection and due to their huge fangs and very powerful and agile bodies, they can do the job very effectively.
Within Florida, there is a batch of monkeys that have formed a society on the Silver River and they are referred to as the Silver River monkeys. They are quite an attraction for people and they draw much attention. One question that people ask most often is if they are dangerous or not. For the most part, the answer is no. However, just like any animal, they can bite if they feel they are being threatened or if they are provoked. As long as they are respected and given their space, there is absolutely no reason they would bite anyone. With monkey’s however, they also can bite if they are being stared at, especially if eye contact is being made. It is viewed as a threat. As far as the virus goes, monkeys have to be stressed to transmit the virus and typically, only captive monkeys feel stressed which weakens their immune system enough for the virus to start shedding.
The Silver River monkeys eat on vegetation through the lush forest that they live in which consists of seeds, nuts, leaves, fruits, roots and more. They are omnivores so they also eat dirt and insects, spiders being one of their favorites. Long-jawed orb-weaver spiders can be found along the riverbanks. They can store a lot of food in their cheek pooches, which they tend to do so they can have food for later.
They are very smart monkeys and are self-aware, which is only observed in monkeys with high intelligence. When a mirror was used with the monkeys, they recognized themselves and began to examine parts of their body. During some instances, they even began to adjust the mirror for a better view of themselves.
Silver River monkeys, known as Rhesus monkeys, a Macaques species averagely live 4 years in the wild. Head to body, they are 17-25 inches in the length and their tail adds another 7 to 12 inches. They weigh 8-26 pounds. When they are seen in a group, it is referred to as a troop of monkeys. They are brown with red faces and rear-ends. Close-cropped hair can be seen around their faces which tends to accentuate their overly expressive faces. They are Asian, known as Old World monkeys and they can be found all over the world including Southeast Asia, China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. They can adapt to many different habitats and can even become accustomed to living in human communities.
These monkeys live in noisy and active troops that can include up to 200 animals. They are very good climbers and swimmers but spend a lot of time on the ground too. While males are averagely the more dominant sex, they do not stay with the troop full time and so the dominant female takes over the leadership of the troop. Troops include both males and females and therefore the community is sexually promiscuous. Female monkeys usually produce one offspring per year, which is raised by its mother in the social environment of the troop.
Rhesus monkeys have been very important to scientific and medical research. Due to the Rhesus antigens found within their blood, doctors have been able to identify the different human blood groups. They also preceded humans in to space.
History Of The Monkey In Silver Springs State Park
Rhesus macaques have inhabited Silver Springs State Park in Ocala, FL for more than 75 years. State records show that recently, in 2011, a photograph was taken of a monkey in Orange County on the Wekiva River near Rock Springs Run. History shows, that these monkeys were brought to Ocala and the Silver River via a tour boat operator, Colonel Tooey during the 1930’s. They were bought from a New York wildlife dealer who were initially brought to an island on the Silver River. They swam across the river to the nearby woods however and began to thrive there.
Colonel Tooey had a tour boat ride called “Jungle Cruise” which was made of up paddle boats owned by the Hart Boat Line. He believed that a live exhibit of monkey would increase his earnings and so he purchased two pairs of adult monkeys from the carnival in New York and built an island on a river known as “Monkey Island”.
The story seems legit but some seem to think that the monkeys escaped during the filming of the classic movie, Tarzan.
By 1963, documents show that these monkeys had grown in population to 78 rhesus macaques. Between 1998 and 2012, a trapper who was working under state permits reported the capture of 772 monkeys. These captured monkeys were sold to a biomedical research facility. However, due to the public outcry of society, the practice ended. Tooey was told that the monkeys would and could not swim and therefore it was believed that the monkeys would stay on the island and be completely isolated to it. They did not. They are actually really good swimmers and they swam to the banks of Silver River. Over the years, the monkeys were not breeding as Tooey had hoped so he released six more Rhesus monkeys that he bought from a supply house in New York. These monkeys were released on the north side of the river in about 1948. Another smaller release went down in history in 1962.
The question has been asked for many years now, should the monkeys be eliminated from the Silver River? When it comes to Florida parks, monkeys are not the only animals that are deemed as hazardous. Alligators are all over the state of Florida. So are racoons. Bats are seen in vast numbers. Mosquitos, possibly the most hazardous come in overwhelming numbers as well. Ticks, fire ants, and poisonous snakes are also hazardous animals that roam freely over the state of Florida. Many parks do not contain Rhesus monkeys but why should they be deemed as hazardous of removed from their home when so many other hazardous animals are not. These monkeys have made Silver River their home from the 1930’s. They did not ask to be brought there but they have adapted to it over the years.
Alternatively, monkeys are not indigenous to Florida and as part of Florida’s general rule, non-native species of both animal life and plant life are not “welcome”. The state does not like to introduce non-natives to their ecosystem. This is not as bad as it sounds. Many species have become extinct because a new animal or new plant life was introduced which brought a deadly illness with it. However, these monkeys have been on the Silver River since the 1930’s so the chances of them wiping out plant life or other animals is a miss. Other than spiders and small insects, which they seem to love. Yet, that is the circle of life, also.
Silver River monkeys will not allow their population to grow outside what their environment can support. Their heritage on Silver River should be protected, it should be preserved. They are the only free-range population of Rhesus monkeys in the United States. Another colony like theirs cannot be seen anywhere else in the United States. They are very valuable to our history but they are also very valuable in a monetary viewpoint since people will pay to see them. Tourist revenue has increased in the area of Silver River due to these monkeys. They are also great for universities for studying purposes as researchers do not have to travel overseas.
For all of these reasons, it’s important to allow these monkeys to stay on Silver River. It is their home. Their heritage should be preserved and protected as part of Florida’s history.
Where Can Wild Monkeys Be Seen
Rhesus monkeys, native to Asia can be seen on Silver River in Central Florida. New sightings however have been reported in Lake County, according to biologists at the University of Florida. They have also been spotted in Lady Lake and The Villages, which is about 20 miles south of the park.
In November, a tan-colored monkey was seen on the rooftop of The Villages Elementary of Lady Lake as children were being dismissed from school. The monkey simply paced back and forth atop the roof as parents began snapping shots of him/her. However, as the crowd grew the monkey scurried off into the woods.
Due to the reported monkey sightings in recent months in Lady Lake and The Villages, it is becoming increasingly aware that the monkeys are expanding.
Bob Gottschalk, a biologist who lives in The Villages has spent 8 years studying the moneys on Silver Springs on a weekly basis. He has given group leaders name such as “Cauli” and “King Phillip.”
Gottschalk said, “I suspect that there are some monkeys that have spread out of the national forest, and it’s not unreasonable to think they’ve gone down to Lake Griffin. Once you get that far south you get into Lake County.”
According to Gottschalk, these monkeys do not travel solo which could mean that if one is seen alone that it could be a male searching for his new group. It is advised not to get close to them but people are doing so anyways. They can become very aggressive and hostile. When people do not know how to react around a monkey, it can lead to doing something the monkey would find as very threatening and they may attack. This can lead to an outcry that the monkey is dangerous. However, not being educated about the monkey and approaching the animals anyways is what is dangerous. Monkeys just naturally flow in life, they aren’t malicious beings.
While it can be very exciting to see a monkey out and about, it is discouraged to try to feed them. While some monkeys will eat right out of a person’s hand, it is not something that researchers and zoologists suggest doing. People seem to think that since animals will eat from your hand then they must be tame and this is just not true. Aside from the dangers that it poses to a human, the monkey can be at risk as well. They are put at risk from their troop who will fight over food. This can lead to serious injury and even death within the monkey troop. It is best not to feed wild animals, period.
The population of monkeys that can be seen on Silver River throughout the years has fluctuated but within the last four years, the numbers have stayed pretty much the same with only a slight decline of less than 100 monkeys.
“There’s no other place in the world as unique as the monkeys on the Silver River. They’re living about as natural as they are anywhere else in the world,” Gottschalk said. | <urn:uuid:c31e077f-fbd7-4a91-8ec6-d99d29e09e5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.clearlanding.com/wild-monkey-along-the-silver-river-in-florida/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.980785 | 3,078 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Several non-food crops provide important alternative cash income in Texas. These include trees, unique oil crops, hemp, sod, and wildlife plots.
Castor. In 1960s, more than 20,000 acres were grown around Lubbock and processed in oil mills. Today there is no commercial production due to cheaper imports but there are some reports of 10 acres for planting seed. Castor produces a high quality oil used in industrial equipment, paints, aircraft and space lubricants, and other uses; less than 1% is fed to youth as a laxative. Seed contains ricinine which is highly toxic if eaten. Castor is now on the Homeland Security biohazard list after years of open production in the U.S.
Christmas trees. Planted on 1,500 acres, 90% are east of I-35 and on sandy soils; 70% are Virginia pine, 20% Afghan pine, and 5% Layland cypress. Seedlings planted, frequently drip irrigated to assure summer growth; requires good weed control to get bottom limb growth. Pruning and shaping essential for market-ability. Pines may be sprayed with a dye for more intense green coloration. Usually harvested after 5 years, with gross sales of $10,000 per harvested acre (average of $2,000 per planted acre if sequential plantings). No major disease problems but pine tip moth requires treatment every year and aphids in some years. Most tree farms are near metro centers for seasonal marketing and family experiences.
Flax. No flax is raised today but prior to 1970, flax was grown on 40,000 acres in South Texas. Winter-hardy varieties were short-strawed to maximize seed yields for production of linseed oil, an unsaturated oil used in paints. Flax, a winter annual, was cultured similar to small grains, seed was sold through a cooperative at Karnes City and shipped north. Some flax straw was baled for paper but the last unsold large supply mysteriously caught fire. Fiber varieties are typically taller but not raised in Texas.
Guayule. This North American crop was grown on 30,000 acres during World War II to supply natural rubber. This slow growing perennial does well in desert areas. Small experimental/observation plots with Firestone near Fort Stockton. In AZ, Yulex, Inc. has planted 500 acres in a quest to produce a natural latex for high-end medical and surgical products with non-allergenic properties. Yields average 1,000 pounds of guayule rubber per acre worth 40 cents per pound. In AZ, a pilot plant is designed to handle 750 tons of biomass in anticipation of producing natural latex; if successful, then plans to expand production to NM and TX.
Hemp/Marijuana. Originally an important cordage crop, raised for fiber in early days for burlap bags used for shipping. Now grown for seed and leaves for narcotic resin from Cannabis in small hidden plots of 0.1 to 0.5 acres in secluded areas along creek banks. Larger plots (5 acres or more) may be hidden if by tall crops such as forests or corn. While no firm statistics are available on the acreage producers, estimates range from 1,000 to 2,800 acres, with 80% of the production east of I-35 and remainder within 80 miles of metro centers, such as Austin. The real weeds are controlled by hand hoeing and selective herbicides but no pesticides are labeled. Diseases include Fusarium wilt and bacterial leaf diseases. In many states “medicinal hemp” sales exceed those of any other crop.
Kenaf . A new alterative crop was evaluated in LRGV without economic success. Some acres still maintained for seed production. Some production in Mississippi for newspaper fiber. Crop is desiccated by frost; chopped material stored in modules before processing. Few pests but potential concerns for white fly, powdery mildew, leaf spot, cotton root rot, and leaf deformation.
Lesquerella. A perennial shrub-like plant common in the desert, selected and cultivated for production of high quality industrial oil, similar to castor, with on-going research at Pecos, TX and AZ. No commercial production in Texas but 50 acres are planted for research in cooperation with AZ. Irrigated production usually yields 1,800 pounds of seed per acre; would require a price of 15 to 20 cents/pound to be profitable. Produces best if fall-planted, irrigated, and level ground for combine harvesting. Meal may be fed to livestock after oil is extracted.
Sod/turf production. Turfgrass is a major crop since Texas includes three of the top ten metro areas in the U.S. (Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio). Production of sod for planting at residential and commercial sites is generally east of I-35 and south of Houston in the Bay City/Coastal Bend region, with additional production near population centers such as Austin and D/FW. Commercial sod grown on 54,000 acres includes St. Augustine (70%), bermudagrass (26%),Zoysia (2%), and the remaining 2% from centipede, buffalograss, bluegrass, tall fescue, and Seashore Paspalum. Sod is harvested nearly year-round and is marketed as rolls or placed neatly on pallets. Less than 5% of the acreage is produced as certified sod but varietal purity and freedom from weeds and fire ants are important in wholesale and retail markets. Certified sod production is nearly 900 acres and includes bermudagrass-200 acres, St. Augustine cultivars – 135 acres, and several new zoysia cultivars – 500 acres. Seed of Kentucky bluegrass, turf-type tall fescue, bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass is produced in Oregon and wholesaled into Texas. Bermudagrass seed comes from Arizona. Insects include white grubs, sod webworms, fall armyworms, and fire ants. Several diseases to contend with – usually weather or temperature related.
Wildlife food plots. Food plots are commonly planted in the Hill Country and South Texas to attract wildlife, such as deer, exotic game, dove, and quail for hunting, birding, and non-consumptive recreation. At least six seed firms provide specific blends. Spring-seeded blends consist of several legumes (such as cowpeas, soybeans, lab-lab and others, some are pre-inoculated), sunflower, sorghums, and millets. Fall blends consist of small grains (particularly wheat and oats), clovers, and Austrian winter peas. Oat, wheat, and other commercial or non-blended seed is also planted. Food plots are planted in 2 to 10 acres at scattered locations on ranches or hunting preserves. Our estimate of annually seeded acreage was based on estimates from seedsmen and wildlife specialists and does not include CRP perennial grassland planted for soil stability and small game and bird habitat provided on an additional 4.2 million acres in West Texas.
|Crop||Statewide Production||Acreage by Production Region|
|Acres||Dollar Value per Acre||Total Value (dollars in thousands)||Lower Valley||Winter Garden||Plains Region||Far West Texas||Eastern Areas|
|Hemp/Marijuana||1,200||$4,200||$5,040||An unreported crop. No regional estimates.|
|Wildlife food plots||95,000||$60||$5,700||10,000||50,000||5,000||10,000||20,000| | <urn:uuid:074df720-ba4b-4bd9-a72b-7b3ca26b3b9e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guides/the-crops-of-texas/non-food-crops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770860.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00060-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932676 | 1,598 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By Patrick Meagher
We get a wet spring and we still get impressive corn and soybean yields.
Despite awkward weather conditions this year, Ontario overall is expecting high yields for corn and soybeans. The USDA forecasts that this year’s corn, soybean and wheat harvests will be the second-largest worldwide.
Last year’s harvest was the world’s most abundant.
As the world grows more acres of corn, soybeans and wheat using hybrid seeds that just keep getting better at pushing out higher yields, is the world producing too much?
Some people think so. After all, why has Potash Corp., the Saskatchewan company that is the world’s largest fertilizer supplier, merged with Agrium? Why has ag giant Monsanto merged with BayerScience? Why has grain handler Bunge Ltd. announced an informal merger with Glencore, a commodities giant?
Analyst Jonas Oxgaard at investment management firm Bernstein raised many eyebrows when he told Reuters news agency: “The mergers are absolutely driven by oversupply because their growth is gone. They just keep breeding better and better seeds every year.”
According to Oxgaard, seed companies are just too good at what they do.
It was 1985 when Ontario broke the 100 bu/ac ceiling for corn. In 1985, the average Ontario soybean yield was 37 bu/ac. Thanks to breakthroughs in genetic modification in the 1990s, the provincial five-year average for corn is now above 160 bu/ac and about 46 bu/ac for soybeans.
Seed companies are also finding new ways to grow in what was once thought of as impossible places. In 2015, an Alaskan research plot fewer than 190 kilometres from the Arctic Circle, grew a corn seed that was germinated in a greenhouse, transported outside and the plants matured in 60 days.
Monsanto is hoping that in about two years it will commercially market a corn variety that will mature in 70 days.
Genetically-modified super seeds can fight off insects and disease and still ensure great yields despite weather factors that can shorten the growing season. Farmers hoping for a weather hiccup to rally prices found that the global market last winter were sitting on the largest-ever grain stockpiles. This is now the fourth year of declining income among U.S. crop farmers with another projected decline this year.
But Western Ontario crop farmer and agricultural economist Phil Shaw thinks blaming innovation is too simplistic. He notes that when it comes to wheat, China now holds 48 per cent of world supply, while Russia is now a huge exporter and these new factors affect the economics. And there’s weather. “In the last three or four years we’ve had really good weather. This will change some day.”
While seed innovation might have been a contributing factor in the oversupply of corn, it’s not true of other grains and there are many factors that determine price, Shaw says. “A few years ago we saw the price of corn go to $8 and what we found out then was that the world loved to grow corn at $8. So, you’ve got increased competition from places like the Black Sea area and Brazil in the corn market.”
He also argues there are many reasons for company mergers. “There would be corporate motivations that I don’t know about that wouldn’t have anything to with (crop production). It probably has more to do with share price and opportunity and things of that nature. I think it’s much, much, much, more than agriculture productivity.”
The dean of business at Dalhousie University, Sylvain Charlebois, who researches food policy and distribution, agrees. “It is always challenging to correlate both (innovation with oversupply) but evidence seems to point at higher production efficiencies in agriculture, and biotechnologies are likely helping,” he says. “Yields are increasing while the use of nutrients and fertilizers is stagnating. Better pest resistance is one aspect which is helping. Drought-resistant seeds are also making a difference in many parts of the world.”
He adds, however, that “I’m not suggesting that the correlation is strong, but might be. It is very difficult to prove in the end, so Phil (Shaw) is correct.
Essentially, farmers are opportunistic and will always try to grow crops they can make money with. Opportunistic behaviour in the system will always influence prices and supplies. It’s a never-ending cycle.” | <urn:uuid:cdd53ad1-be25-4bde-834b-3f4cf5c61d8b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://farmersforum.com/has-seed-innovation-led-to-oversupply-experts-disagree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057199.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921070944-20210921100944-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.9621 | 958 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Tales and Treasures
Discover anew some of California's history with these engaging story books. The lively stories in these books explore the legends, facts, anecdotes, and lore surrounding people and events from California's past. Explore how the gold rush began; where the gold seekers came from (and where they went); how they lived, worked, fought, and played; and the effect they had on California history through the stories of Francisco Lopez, Sam Brannan, Joaquin Murrieta, Black Bart, Samuel Clemens, Lotta Crabtree, and many others. Trace the legacy of the missions through the shipwrecks, lost mines, buried bandit's loot, and fabled Indian gold that are part of the history of seven missions (San Diego, San Gabriel, Santa Barbara, San Antonio, San Carlos, Santa Clara, and San Francisco) and the communities that sprung up around them. The books explore and expound on the colorful and often little-known tales of the eras and are enjoyable to read in their straight-forward style. Black and white illustrations are sprinkled here and there throughout the text.
Hands-on History Project and Activity Books for each book are also available. These books provide a number of projects, activities, games and other ideas to help you integrate skills acrosss the curriculum, including a reader's theatre. While written for classroom use, they are easily adaptable for home use. They include black and white illustrations, answers, and are reproducible. sc, 56-65 pgs. ~ Zach | <urn:uuid:572301a0-8d0c-40a9-86ab-72e1b9484bc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.rainbowresource.com/category/7071/Tales-and-Treasures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389309.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525161346-20200525191346-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.93382 | 313 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A Year in the Life: Ambient Math Wins the Race to the Top!
For one year, 365 days, this blog will address the Common Core Standards from the perspective of creating an alternate, ambient learning environment for math. Ambient is defined as “existing or present on all sides, an all-encompassing atmosphere.” And ambient music is defined as: “Quiet and relaxing with melodies that repeat many times.” Why ambient? A math teaching style that’s whole and all encompassing, with themes that repeat many times through the years, is most likely to be effective and successful.
Time for a blog break. Please do watch this wonderful portrait of Waldorf, filmed at the Marin Waldorf School. And know that you can embody the Waldorf way at home as well. Love is key: love of and deep respect for both the child and the things of the world that are brought before the child. Anyone who is open to a child-centered approach can teach this way, enabling a joyful learning that continues lifelong as the end result! Knowledge ensues in an environment dedicated to imaginative, creative knowing, where student and teacher alike surrender to the ensuing of that knowledge as a worthy goal. | <urn:uuid:1f1fe905-429b-4458-ba4e-98f4207c2449> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://mathbyhand.com/a-year-in-the-life-ambient-math-wins-the-race-to-the-top-109/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.941045 | 251 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The president's budget proposes significant cuts to science-related programs across the federal government. These cuts, if enacted, will impact science programs and R&D at the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy and more, as well as at the Environmental Protection Agency, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation and elsewhere.
But the president's budget proposal is just that - a proposal - and Congress is likely to make significant changes when it begins debating the budget later this month. Although we don't know what Congress will ultimately pass, an examination of recent debate and past Congressional actions provide clues to possible outcomes.
What does the president's budget proposal mean for science, and what are possible Congressional actions? Register today for this free webinar, led by Matt Hourihan from AAAS's Office of Government Relations, for an in-depth analysis. | <urn:uuid:035995ce-f64b-4c22-82ec-1609ca0b7588> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.aaas.org/events/presidents-fy-2018-science-budget-aaas-analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358847.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129225145-20211130015145-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.934241 | 173 | 2.640625 | 3 |
InterfaithFamily is the premier resource supporting interfaith couples exploring Jewish life and inclusive Jewish communities. We offer educational content; connections to welcoming organizations, professionals and programs; resources and trainings for organizations, clergy and other program providers; and our new InterfaithFamily/Your Community initiative providing coordinated comprehensive offerings in local communities.
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Haggadah: The Passover Guide and Storybook
The haggadah, Hebrew for "the telling," is the liturgy for the Passover seder. The traditional haggadah (plural haggadot or haggadahs) includes the preparation ritual of removing hametz from the home before Passover, a listing of the order of operations of the seder and a retelling of the story of the Exodus from Egypt, with additional prayers and songs.
Most of the haggadah is in Hebrew or Aramaic, the ancient languages of Jewish life and prayer in the Middle East, usually with a translation on the facing page. Many modern haggadot have a retelling of the story without much Hebrew or Aramaic, and may include readings and songs from other traditions and parts of history that fit with Passover themes.
Haggadot will often have song lyrics and musical notation to help new singers learn the melodies. Modern haggadot may have an accompanying CD to play along with the story to help the non-singers at the table or for seders where everyone is a newcomer to the experience. Some publishers have included transliteration of the Hebrew into English letters, so that everyone can join in with the Hebrew singing and chanting at the meal.
If you are a first-time guest at the seder, your hosts will provide a haggadah for you to use, and you can follow the lead of your hosts about how to participate. If you are planning a seder at your house for the first time, we have included a list of some suggested haggadahs you can purchase or download from the internet. You can go in person to your local Judaica shop, synagogue gift shop or Jewish bookstore to browse through the choices, or shop on the web.
Hebrew for "order," refers to the traditional course of events, or service, surrounding the Passover and Tu Bishvat meals. | <urn:uuid:4c31d584-58b4-4cee-bfd9-353b0348e8fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.interfaithfamily.com/holidays/passover_and_easter/Haggadah_The_Passover_Guide_and_Storybook.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678699096/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024459-00042-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93098 | 486 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Nowruz is a celebration that marks the beginning of spring and a new year, according to the Persian solar calendar. The term “Nowruz” (نوروز) comes from Persian and translates literally to “new day”. Although the festival has its roots in Iranian and Zoroastrian cultures, over the years, it has been celebrated by communities in the Balkans, the Black Sea Basin, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia as a secular holiday.
Nowruz is marked at the precise moment of the Spring equinox (between the 20th and the 21st of March) in the northern hemisphere and across the various time zones. This year, Nowruz falls on Monday, March 20th, 2023 at 22:25 CET | 17:25 EST | 14:25 PST.
This blog explores the significance of Nowruz to individuals and communities that have faced displacement over the years. It delves into rituals, food and memories that are kept alive despite turmoil, separation, perilous journeys and novel circumstances. It also looks at aspects of Nowruz celebrations that have evolved with time. In our exploration, we are joined by six Language Partners at NaTakallam who celebrate Nowruz and have experienced displacement.
Nowruz, a celebration of nature in spring
“Nowruz is a celebration of a new day and a new life”, reflects Sayed Nabi, an Afghan Language Partner at NaTakallam, as he fondly recollects celebrating the festival out in parks with family and friends as a child while growing up in Afghanistan.
Nowruz marks the renewal of life in nature during spring. Parks, the countryside and forests have a special place in Nowruz festivities. Families join friends and neighbors outdoors particularly, on the ultimate day of Nowruz celebrations called “Sizdah Bedar” (سیزده بدر, lit. ‘the thirteenth outdoors’) to reconnect with nature and imbibe its renewed vigor.
Marwan, a Kurdish Language Partner with NaTakallam, shares his memories of celebrating Nowruz in nature with family and friends. He recounts, “while adults were on the green meadows singing folk songs, accompanied by the strumming of a tembûr player, and dancing in big circles, children played hide and seek or waited for their turn to get in on a small rust-covered so-called ferris wheel.” Similarly, a Kurdish Language Partner from Syria (who would like to remain anonymous) reminisces waking up at 5 A.M. to prepare to travel to the countryside, wearing traditional Kurdish clothes where they sang, danced and watched speeches and plays late into the night.
An Iranian Language Partner with NaTakallam (who, also, would prefer to remain anonymous) points out that although the refugee/migrant-experience(s) have curbed traditional Nowruz celebrations, being out in nature is still central to their family’s observance of the festival: “On the last day of festivities i.e., on Sizdah Bedar (getting rid of thirteen or the thirteenth out of the doors), all of the family spend the day in the open fields, parks or riversides to picnic; playing games, making music and dancing, taking with them the Sabzeh (سبزه, sprouts) to give it back to nature by throwing it into the river.”
Nowruz preparations and the Haft-Seen table
Nowruz celebrations and preparations for it can span days. As the aforementioned Iranian Language Partner relates, it usually begins with, “a scrupulous cleaning of the house and growing Sabzeh (sprouted wheat, barley or lentils) in a dish”.
Sadiqa Sultani, an Afghan Language Partner with NaTakallam, shares: “My family and I started our preparation for the festivities weeks beforehand. We clean our homes from top to bottom, including carpets, windows and curtains. Everyone in the family helps out. Anything broken is repaired or replaced and the house is decorated with flowers. By doing this spring cleaning, we wash away the bad things from the previous year and prepare for better things to come in the new year.”
Apart from cleaning, preparing food particularly, the Haft-Seen (هفت سین, seven Ss) table spread for the night of Nowruz is a key component of the celebrations. Sadiqa describes her family’s Haft-Seen table as follows:
“We prepare a special table in our homes, where we place small dishes holding seven symbolic foods and spices. The names of these foods all start with the letter ‘s’ (س) in Persian and so the table is called the ‘seven s’s’ (Haft-Seen). The dishes generally contain wheat or bean sprouts (sabzeh), vinegar (serke), apples (sib), garlic (sir), a wheat-based pudding called samanu, a red spice called sumac, and senjed, a kind of wild fruit which is common in the region. Other symbolic objects can include goldfish, painted eggs, candles and a mirror. The seven s’s symbolize life, love, health and prosperity.”
Alongside the delicacies on the Haft-Seen table, a variety of other dishes are prepared and enjoyed over the days of Nowruz celebrations. Leila Eftetahi, an Iranian Language Partner with NaTakallam, shares that her favorite dish to have on Nowruz is Sabzipolo ba Mahi (سبزی پلو با ماهی, herbed rice and fish). The Kurdish Language Partner (who would like to remain anonymous) shares that Mahshi is a popular dish enjoyed during Nowruz, mainly among Iraqi-Kurdish communities. Sadiqa tells us that her favourite Nowruz food item is Samanu (سمنو), “a sweet paste made entirely from germinated wheat, which is prepared especially for Nowruz in a large pot.”
Nowruz and the refugee/migrant experience(s)
Nowruz celebrations among communities affected by conflict and displacement have an added meaning today. It celebrates resilience – of nature and human beings.
The aforementioned Iranian Language Partner shares “the usual family links and networks do not exist anymore for many exiles or immigrants…In spite of these and other obstacles, Iranians who live abroad try to observe Nowruz traditions and rituals.” These sentiments are echoed by Sadiqa, when she says: “living as refugees, not having access to basic rights and having very few facilities, people prepare a small table just to celebrate the Nowruz with their family. Something that hasn’t changed is the way and reason for celebrating Nowruz. People spread love and happiness as much as they can.’’
Sharing happiness and keeping alive memories of “cozy fellowship” has been an important part of Marwan’s recent Nowruz celebrations. He reveals that he is looking forward to celebrating Nowruz with his small family “outdoors in a nearby playground and then, indoors dining locally, listening to Kurdish songs in Kurdish-hyggelig ambiance.” Leila, similarly, shares that she has never forgotten the excitement of getting to pick the tablecloth for the Haft-Seen table as a child. She honors this memory by continuing to pick a tablecloth for the Haft-Seen table as a tradition even after being away from home for the last 7 years.
Nowruz is a celebration of nature and new beginnings. Over the years, it has also come to commemorate human resilience and the quest for fellowship and happiness even in the face of adversity and displacement.
Happy first day of Spring to our language partners, language learners, friends and supporters, and all those celebrating, Saal-e no mobarak (سال نو مبارک) , Newroza te pîroz be, Happy Nowruz!
Fascinated by Nowruz? Learn more about Persian, Kurdish and Afghan cultures, traditions and languages with NaTakallam’s native tutors. Sign up here, today!
Learn a language, make a friend, change a life.
– Copywriting: Maria Thomas is a copywriter with NaTakallam. She is currently pursuing her doctoral studies in art history. In her spare time, she enjoys reading, powerlifting and going on hikes.
– Copyediting: Lucy Davis is a Communications and PR Officer with NaTakallam. She is currently pursuing a dual Bachelor’s degree in economics and literature. She loves cooking, doing puzzles, and traveling to new places.
– Content support 1: Leila Eftetahi is an Iranian Language Partner with NaTakallam teaching Persian – Farsi dialect. She has degrees in Computer Science and International Tourism, and has been working as a Community Engagement Specialist. Leila enjoys performing, watching movies and reading in her free time.
– Content support 2: Sadiqa Sultani is an Afghan Language Partner with NaTakallam teaching Persian – Dari dialect. She is an active volunteer at her local Refugee Learning Centre and in the refugee community. She loves sharing her culture and in her free time, she enjoys spending time with family and writing in her journal.
– Content support 3: Sayed Nabi is an Afghan Language Partner with NaTakallam teaching Persian – Farsi and Dari dialects. He studied French language and literature and worked as an interpreter & translator with ISAF/NATO and AFRANE. He loves Persian poetry, is interested in cultural exchange, and eager to share his experiences with students.
– Content support 4: Marwan Sheikho is Syrian Language Partner with NaTakallam specializing in Kurdish – Kurmanji dialect. He studied the development of Kurdish Kurmanji in Turkey and Syria for his Master’s degree in Germany. He enjoys learning languages, photography and preparing Kurdish language learning material for kids.
– And TWO OTHER content supporters who would like to remain anonymous. | <urn:uuid:216c15f1-136f-421e-b622-cd8f95736f51> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://natakallam.com/nowruz-persian-new-year-celebration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.944186 | 2,188 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Scientists have created a technique that dramatically improves the performance of musicians.
Neurofeedback improved musical understanding
The system - called neurofeedback - trains musicians to clear their minds and produce more creative brain waves.
Research, to be published in the journal Neuroreport, indicates the technique helps musicians to improve by an average of 17% - the equivalent of one grade or class of honours.
Some improved by as much as 50%.
Students were assessed on two pieces of music before and after neurofeedback sessions.
Neurofeedback monitors brain activity through sensors attached to the scalp which filter out the brainwaves.
These filtered brainwaves are then 'fed back' to the individual in the form of a video game displayed on a screen.
The participant learns to control the game by altering particular aspects of their brain activity.
This alteration in brain activity can influence performance.
A panel of expert judges found the 97 Royal College of Music students improved in a number of areas, including musical
understanding, imagination, and communication with the audience.
The technique has already been used to treat epilepsy, alcoholism, attention deficit and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the researchers from Imperial College London and Charing Cross Hospital who conducted the study.
But Dr Tobias Egner said: "This is the first time it has been used to improve a complex set
of skills such as musical performance in healthy students."
And Professor John Gruzelier added: "While it has a role in stress reduction by reducing the level of stage fright, the magnitude and range of beneficial effects on artistic aspects of performance have wider implications." | <urn:uuid:af867bd4-5907-46cc-bd59-7deecf790544> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3091595.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00196-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942674 | 331 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The world has over half a century of experience with programs that claim to help nature or feed the planet while they do the opposite. The twin crises of the early 21st century are economic and ecological collapse. Should we increase production to create more jobs and accept horrible environmental damage? Or, should we protect a livable world at the cost of causing more unemployment?
An increasingly popular answer is the “Green New Deal” (GND): create “green jobs” in order to jump start the economy. But the GND might not provide long term employment and could cause major environmental harm. Digging beneath the surface appearance of the GND requires exploring its family tree: the Green Revolution, Green Capitalism and the Green Economy.
The Green Revolution
As capitalism spread across the globe, hunger and starvation spread with it. Hoarding food and selling it to those who have plenty has always been more profitable than sharing food with those who need it.
By the middle of the 20th century, agribusiness decided that new plant varieties could be the focal point of a “Green Revolution” that would “feed the world.” According to Stan Cox, dwarfing genes “allowed the plant to divert less energy to making stems and leaves and allowed the farmer to apply much more nitrogen fertilizer without making the plants get too tall and fall over.” But these new varieties required pesticides and were more vulnerable to diseases.
For at least 10,000 years, humans have been using “open pollination” seeds which could be gathered and planted the next year. The Green Revolution also promoted hybrid seeds, especially for corn. But hybrid seeds did not reproduce traits sought by farmers. Those who use them must return to the seed company each year. Hybrids fostered agricultural dependency.
One of the best summaries of the effects of hybrid corn is in Carmelo Ruiz’ story of Henry Wallace, the agrarian progressive who was Franklin Roosevelt’s Secretary of Agriculture. According to Ruiz, “Among the most celebrated attributes of hybrid corn is the ease with which it can be harvested by machine.” Huge fields with “genetic uniformity created a dream situation for pests.” [2, p 10] As with dwarf varieties, this generated a need for pesticides. Rapid growth as well as pesticide destruction of the soil’s natural fertility created a need for fertilizers.
A huge increase in output resulted: “between 1950 and 1980, US corn exports were multiplied times 20.” Results also appeared in increased farming costs, impoverishment of family farmers, and further concentration of wealth in agriculture.
Was this truly the price that had to be paid in order to “feed the world?” Is it possible that the same yield increases could have occurred if research had gone in another direction? Ruiz quotes geneticist Richard Lewontin as concluding, “Virtually no one has tried to improve the open-pollinated varieties, although scientific evidence shows that if the same effort had been put into such varieties, they would be as good or better than hybrids.”
Research focused on developing hybrids because they were part of an overall agenda to concentrate capital. Proponents of the Green Revolution identified a real problem (hunger), but they trumpeted a solution friendly to big business which created as many problems as it solved. Meanwhile, a low-tech solution was ignored.
In 2010, a Forbes article praised Coca-Cola for “going green.” To project a green image of itself, Coke developed partnerships with Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund as it completed a takeover of the organic bottled-tea company, Honest Tea. Tom Philpott noted that, at about the same time, Coke “shareholders voted by a 3-to-1 margin to continue using BPA, a toxic industrial chemical, in the lining of its soft-drink cans.”
Coke is merely one drop in a sea of green products. Websites abound with everything from green clothes and hybrid cars to eco-friendly vacations. During the 1970s, such “Green Capitalism” often catered to the increased awareness of loss of biodiversity and toxins such as heavy metals and organic compounds. But it has not infrequently been used in environmentally destructive ways.
One of the more insidious corporate products has been “rubber mulch.” “Rubber leachates are known to be harmful to human health; effects of exposure range from skin and eye irritation to major organ damage and even death.” Despite the serious dangers lurking within discarded tires, corporations began shredding them to produce rubber mulch for landscaping and putting on children’s playgrounds. They market it as “environmentally friendly” because it reuses tires rather than sending them to landfills.
By the 1980s, more and more people were attending to ocean acidification, damage to the ozone layer, resource depletion and even greenhouse gases (GHGs). Green Capitalism hit its stride with Earth Day of 1990 when, across the US, those claiming to be environmentalists unleashed their cheers for eco-friendly products. As Brian Tokar wrote of their defense of big corporations,
By reducing waste, partially restoring damaged ecosystems, investing in renewable energy, and generally promoting an environmental ethic, the oil, chemical and other highly polluting industries would become “stewards” of the environment.
Overjoyed environmentalists believed they had made it to the big time—board members of major corporations began mimicking their vocabulary. Some distinguished between false green products and what they believed to be “truly green” products, such as composting toilets, energy efficient appliances, solar panels, windmills, and biofuels.
To this day, debates rage as to what is and is not a green gadget. Some could work wonders—but if and only if they were a part of getting rid of what is environmentally destructive. Other green products clearly stand in the way of serious solutions. Any type of “green” car remains an obstacle to designing walkable/bicyclable neighborhoods that are not addicted to cars.
A central fallacy of advocating “truly green” products is the belief that purchasing them would mean that non-green objects are not purchased. This tends not to happen. Take transportation. Moving in an environmental direction requires less reliance on cars. Thus, an increased devotion to bikes. But this does not mean that fewer cars are being manufactured. As people travel more, bicycles are not replacing cars, but are being used in addition to cars.
This happens throughout Green Capitalism. At best, “green” commodities replace non-green commodities while perpetuating the belief that happiness comes from purchasing objects. But often, they merely create new, additional green markets to aid the overall growth of capitalism.
Solar/wind devotees often mock eco-hustlers selling “green” cars to park in “green” McMansions. But their faith in solar/wind power reflects the same belief that purchasing the correct object can substitute for massive social change. “Green consumerism” is the flip side of “green capitalism.” The purchaser still advocates that individual consumer choices can solve environmental problems.
At the same time that the ideology of Green Capitalism was growing, serious struggles were intensifying. People were demanding that incinerators and other toxic facilities be shut down, that governments enforce standards against poisons, and that new legislation be written to tighten regulations.
But corporations vehemently fought the Precautionary Principle, which would require products to be proven safe before their introduction. When there has been a decrease in harmful production, it has typically been due to public protest and/or legal action. Once again, we see that high tech proposals (new products) have not solved the problem at hand (toxic production) but that low tech (protests and legal actions) have been core to most successes.
Green Capitalism addresses a real issue: production that is harmful to workers, communities, consumers and ecosystems. It offers two false solutions: (a) slapping a green label on the same old products and (b) promising that positive alternatives will replace negative ones when, in fact, they mainly add new product lines.
If you remove one toxin from production with huge fanfare and stealthily introduce two toxins, the problem has gotten worse while the Public Relations Department makes things appear better. Despite improvements here and there, the overall production of toxins has intensified under the “solution” of Green Capitalism.
The Green Economy
Though “Green Economy” is sometimes used interchangeably with “Green Capitalism,” there is an important difference between them. Green Capitalism refers to individual businesses selling their products, with an unspoken message that society can buy its way out of ecological collapse. Recent use of the term “Green Economy” is a re-branding of trends that have been underway for some time. These are reflected in the agreements that have sprung from summits including Kyoto, Japan (1997), and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2012).
The Green Revolution and Green Capitalism were based on specific changes in technology and are therefore easier to comprehend than the Green Economy, which is centered more around legal refinements in trading schemes. The Green Economy is also the corporate response to an acute public consternation with climate change, though it claims to address many environmental problems. The popularity of its carbon trading schemes shot up during the first decade of the 21st century as the devastation of climate change began growing exponentially.
The grand plan behind carbon trading was that every industry would begin with a given amount of certificates (or permits or credits) granting it the right to emit a certain amount of toxins. If that company found that it could make more money by continuing (or increasing) its level of pollution, it could buy permits from another company that was able to meet its target. Since the corporation selling its permits would get additional income for polluting less, it would theoretically have a competitive edge. As time went on, less and less pollution would be allowed, thereby generating more market pressures for environmental responsibility.
While regulations have needed to be strengthened ever since the first ones were written, pollution trading has its origin in theories designed to undermine them. When Al Gore went to the Kyoto climate summit in 1997, he argued that the US would sign onto an agreement only if two conditions were met: “that mandated reductions in emissions be far less ambitious than originally proposed, and that any reductions be implemented through the market-based trading of ‘rights to pollute.’”
In a great irony, Gore would become the darling of environmental liberals because right-wingers so viciously attacked him for advocating any carbon standards. In fact, the then-Vice President was the key player in ensuring that the accords were based on free market economics. Though the incoming Bush administration failed to sign onto the Kyoto accords, they were enthusiastically endorsed by the EU, whose Emissions Trading System (ETS) went into effect in 2005.
The core flaw with using free market schemas to reduce pollution is the belief that “free” markets exist. Since the first corporation came into being, it has done everything in its power to gain special favors and exemptions from governments. Free market economic theories do not propose worthwhile goals that can be improved with refinement—they are ideological smokescreens to pull the covers over incestuous relationships between corporations and governments that pretend to control them.
Some of the many handouts found with carbon trading and off-setting schemes include:
- “grandfathering” corporations by giving them pollution credits free rather than charging for them;
- “godfathering” highly polluting industries like steel and cement by giving them extra permits;
- allowing corporations to pass cost increases from purchasing pollution permits onto consumers via higher prices;
- allowing corporations to continue (or increase) pollution by purchasing credits from poor countries for promising not to begin a project that never would have begun; and,
- tolerating accounting tricks, such as a company buying credits, using them for compliance requirements, and then selling an equivalent amount of permits.
Carbon “offsets” were soon applied to the lungs of the Earth in the proposal, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation” (REDD). REDD was designed to allow rich countries to purchase credits from poor countries which promised not to cut down forests.
One of the worst problems of the REDD version of offsets is that it often requires indigenous forest dwellers to be driven from their homes so that the land they have lived on for millennia will be empty. REDD proponents claim that forested land must be devoid of inhabitants if it is to be “protected.” Once indigenous people are gone, there is no one on the land to observe, report and prevent illegal logging.
The Green Revolution and Green Capitalism pushed high-tech solutions when available low-tech alternatives would have better dealt with the problems identified. With the Green Economy, those recommending international climate deals strenuously avoid real solutions:
1. The way to reduce the burning of fossil fuels is to require industry to burn less fossil fuel; and,
2. The way to reduce the logging of forests in poor countries is to enlist the aid of those who have lived in the forests rather than driving them out.
As with the Green Revolution and Green Capitalism, the Green Economy creates new problems without solving targeted problems. Since it has been in effect, GHGs have increased—with the only exceptions being during times of economic downturn. [5, 8] Similarly, the November 2012 general strike in Spain brought a large part of production to a standstill, resulting in “18.6% less energy consumption compared to a normal work day.”
The Green New Deal
As economic crises of the early 21st century deepen, right wing forces call for more cutbacks and “austerity.” Economic justice activists ask for more programs to guarantee work. Environmentalists increasingly insist on a reduction in the burning of fossil fuels. The two sides frequently talk past each other, either ignoring the environmental or job effects of their solutions.
The Green New Deal (GND) promotes public works based on environmentally friendly jobs. Could it be the simple solution? But the solution itself generates problems. The GND might not bring full employment or anything close to it. Green production might not replace non-green production, but only map a new route to capital expansion. Green production itself is likely to lead to wars for the Conquest of Green Territories. In fact, “land grabs” which are well underway in Latin America and Africa appear to be the initial phase of such wars.
And there are alternate solutions that are much simpler and less problematic. If people are out of work, why don’t we just share existing work among everyone by reducing the work week? If people are being driven out of their homes, why not have a moratorium on foreclosures and evictions? If some people don’t have enough of what they need to survive, why not switch to producing things that endure so that everyone has what they need? All of these can be accomplished while burning a lot less fossil fuel. That’s especially true if we curtail manufacturing products we don’t need, including (but not limited to) cars for single person occupancy, cement for medical insurance buildings, and enough arms to kill everyone in the world many times over.
The New Deal unmasked
The New Deal (ND) built projects that the US needed. But myths allow the Democratic Party to take credit for solving unemployment in a peace economy, which it failed to do. Gabriel Kolko’s special report on the ND clears up multiple misperceptions. They include the false beliefs that President Herbert Hoover did nothing to respond to the great depression which began in 1929 and that Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for a New Deal.
Perhaps the greatest illusion is that the ND solved unemployment. A glance at the figures reveals that unemployment was 4.2% just before the depression in 1928, shot up to 23.6% in 1932, dropped to 16.0% in 1936 and surged to 19.0% in 1938.
The major historic event consistently bringing unemployment down was the huge manufacturing expansion that accompanied US entry into WWII. Unemployment could have been lessened enormously by passage of the Black Bill for a 30-hour work week. But big business vehemently opposed it, resulting in lack of support from FDR.
The Global Green New Deal
In 2008, Geoffrey Lean wrote that a UN plan for a Green New Deal “will be formally launched in London next week.” He noted that the GND “draws its inspiration from Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, which ended the 1930s depression.” UN leaders promised that “‘green growth’ will rescue the world’s finances.”
The very next spring the UN released its core description of a world-wide plan for recovery called the Global Green New Deal (GGND). Its list of collaborators included the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
With the draconian attacks on working class standards of living being the predominant corporate response to the economic crisis beginning in 2008, the UN document established that there was still a “liberal” wing who felt that government-stimulated growth would be the best route to recovery: “the world economy needs the stimulus provided by a GGND because the unregulated market cannot resurrect itself on its own…”
The GGND was designed to expand Green Capitalism and the Green Economy. It emphatically states that economic issues must be understood as a compilation of techno-fixes: “Technological solutions will be essential drivers in the transition towards a green economy.” [14, p 16] Nowhere are problems presented as caused by social relationships of domination. Instead, it seeks to tie economic “improvement” to global carbon markets and REDD. [14, 15].
The UN think tank had produced a textbook of pseudo-green fads which divert attention from real solutions. For example, it proposes that a GGND would make buildings more energy efficient while making no reference to the now voluminous evidence that efficiency makes energy cheaper, which leads to economic growth and increased use of energy [14, pp 6, 19]. It shows no understanding that having a smaller amount of space per person reduces energy usage far more than a combination of multiple eco-gadgets. .
Without even a hint of an idea of urban redesign to reduce miles traveled, it proposes the opposite—“helping” poor countries by dragging them into international trade deals that would further the distance that manufactured products are transported.
The GGND’s agriculture section has a very brief mention of “organic farming inputs,” but it is totally silent on meat production. Meat accounts for more GHGs than all other agricultural production and exceeds GHGs of the entire transportation sector.
The UN’s energy plan believes in a “need to develop renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, tidal and geothermal.” But its only hopes for decreasing fossil fuel use are “global carbon markets” and weak calls for voluntary reductions in subsidies to fossil fuel industries. [14,] With no plan to actually restrict the extraction, refining and sale of fossil fuels, the UN hopes to add the alternative fuel market on top of the existing fossil fuel market as a way to expand the total energy market.
Enter the European Greens
A British “Green New Deal Group” had already been thinking of a GND. A 2009 discussion between Turbulence editor Tadzio Mueller and Frieder Otto Wolf, an early member of the German Green Party, drew sharp lines. Mueller claimed that the essential flaw in the GND was its being a “driver of growth.” Wolf countered that a GND would open up left possibilities by responding to “the triple crunch” of energy, climate and economic crises. Wolf never responded to Mueller’s basic argument that the GND was a platform for expanding production, which is at the root of environmental crises.
The European Green Parties (GPs) soon made the GND a centerpiece of their economic perspectives. By 2010, documents such as “Why we need a Green New Deal” figured prominently in the website of The Greens in the European Parliament.
In contrast to the pro-corporate UN paper, the European GP sites are full of cutting edge statements (such as critiques of bee-killing toxins and GMO-contaminated food). A thread running through the European Green proposals is job creation. But they make no suggestion for a shorter work week and seem unaware that an environmental society will require much less work. For example, they endorse the very positive goal of “walkable neighborhoods,” but with no comment on the obvious fact that if people walk instead of driving cars, there will be enormously less automobile production (and less of all related industries). Their call for walkable neighborhoods is contradicted by proposals for more electric cars.
Their plan for more electric cars is contradicted by the call for less electricity from nuclear power [20, p 3]. The papers are so rife with ideas that work against each other that the reader is left wondering if the European GPs have a coherent strategy.
European GPs demand more durable products, which is an essential part of building a green society. But they do not think through the implications. If products are designed to last a lot longer, many fewer products will be needed and shorter working hours will be a necessity.
The greatest contradiction in the European GP treatises is the way they deal with economic growth. They suggest an understanding of the problem: “growth has decreasingly been correlated with job creation or with the reduction of inequalities.” Unfortunately, none of their documents make any preparations for a smaller economy.
In fact, the European Greens never acknowledge the intense debate between environmentalists concerning the role of renewable energy in creating a sustainable economy. They believe that Europe should have “a 100% use of renewable energy by 2050 at the latest.” This is consistent with Jacobson and Delucchi’s hotly contested assertion that the world can attain “a 100% conversion to wind, wave and solar power” by 2030.
A close scrutiny by Ted Trainer suggests many faults in their calculations. An even more damning critique is the Corner House assessment that Jacobson and Delucchi incorrectly assert “that society and technology are separate.” [23, p 52] The Corner House authors insist that, contrary to the belief that “machines have a life of their own,” they are actually “adopted and used in a matrix of social, economic and political relationships.”
The relationship particularly relevant to the GND is whether early 21st century capitalism is using alternative energy to replace fossil fuel or using it to placate environmentalists while adding it to fossil fuel extraction. In a thorough analysis of energy use, Richard York found the use of one unit of alternative energy “displaced less than one-quarter of a unit of fossil fuel energy and the displacement was only 10% for electricity.” The Corner House authors conclude that Jacobson and Delucchi’s ahistoric faith in alternative energy as a solution to fossil fuel “reflects a particularly virulent form of machine fetishism.”
Rather than opening a discussion of the role of alternative energy in capitalist society, the European GPs slam the door shut, implying that an increase of one unit of solar energy automatically means a reduction of one unit of fossil fuel energy. They overlook the growing number of authors who for years have concluded that solar and wind can play a critically important role in building a rosy future for humanity but if and only if we scale down production.
Even worse are GP policies that lead directly to growth. They endorse energy efficiency (EE) as strongly as the UN, with equal unconcern that EE results in more, rather than less, energy use. Their call for measures that will “stimulate job creation,” in the absence of a parallel call to decrease the hours of work, is a de facto proposal for economic growth.
A different approach would be proposing core reductions which would form a coherent gestalt and pull together ideas such as 100% of energy from solar/wind power, jobs for all, walkable neighborhoods and durable products. These would be reductions in:
- working hours;
- total energy usage (not merely fossil fuel); and,
- total industrial production.
The foremost task of a serious GP program would be to describe how these essential reductions can be accomplished while improving the quality of life. But the European GP program on “Industry” explicitly advocates growth. They assure corporate leaders of a plan that “stimulates the economy.” [20, pp 3, 5]
Greens in the US
In a 2011 article in Capitalism Nature Socialism, David Schwartzman maintains that the GND can provide a transition to a post-capitalist society by environmentalists and labor joining together with a program for green jobs. He disputes those who reject the GND because it does not call for the immediate creation of socialism. Such a rejection lacks any strategy of class struggle.
Absent from Schwartzman’s analysis is mention of the huge mobilizations against extraction industries, including mining across the globe and anti-oil and anti-coal efforts in the US. Since his article was published, anti-fracking conflicts have mushroomed. His advocacy of a blue-green alliance is on target, but, why not bring anti-fossil fuel activists and labor together with a program for a much shorter workweek, much more leisure time and democratic control of production?
When Jill Stein ran for President in 2012 representing the Green Party of the US (GPUS), her core campaign statement addressed “A Green New Deal for America.” That speech repeats many excellent portions of the GPUS program addressing social justice but makes no reference to the limits of growth.
The GPUS electoral speech has fallacies parallel to the European GP manifestos. It repeats the claim that Roosevelt’s “New Deal programs helped us out of the Great Depression” and is a model for ending unemployment. It aims to “shift to an economy in which 100% of our electricity is generated renewably” without realizing that 100% renewable energy can only characterize an economy which is much smaller than that of the US.
It wisely points out that “greening our economy also reduces the drivers of preventable chronic disease, which consume a staggering 75% of health care costs.” The author does not notice the contradiction between reducing the overweight sickness industry (which would reduce overall GDP) and saying that green businesses will grow the economy.
False hopes vs. real fears
It would not be surprising to find the GND being sold most vigorously to communities that would be most victimized by it. The US black community has been in permanent depression and is in urgent need of help. When white unemployment was 6.9% in August 2012, black unemployment stood at 14.8%. Unemployment is particularly devastating to those with fewer resources of their own or family members to fall back on. Bill Quigley notes that “Whites have 22 times more wealth than blacks and 15 times more wealth than Latinos.”
On the surface, the GND may seem the ideal solution. But it leaves out that communities of color not only suffer from a legacy of unequal wealth distribution, but also from a legacy of toxic dumps, poisonous incinerators and a variety of other industrial contaminants. As pointed out, the Green Economy does not replace toxic production with “green” production—it adds “green” products on top of existing poisons to expand capitalist growth. Because it rests on a cornerstone of economic growth, the GND would have the identical effect.
No matter how “green” the product itself was, it would mean a new influx of poisons from mining, processing, manufacturing, transportation and disposal within the GND’s full life cycle. The communities that would be hardest hit from this would be those it claims to help: low income communities of color.
David Bacon writes of what a growth economy means for Zapotec resistance to gold and silver mines in southern Mexico, which has resulted in multiple killings of mine opponents. The mines would destroy aquifers that villagers depend on for water and leave cyanide-laced wastewater in huge open-air pits. In the US and Canada, the best known resource struggles are those against fracking and tar sands. For indigenous peoples around the world, the fight is often against corporations extracting minerals. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, hundreds or perhaps thousands of struggles against economic growth of extraction industries broke out.
Blind faith that growth = jobs is disastrous. The economy grew 300 fold between 1913 and 2005. That was many times greater than population increase, which means that everyone would have multiple jobs if they flowed from growth. Growth cannot provide anything more than a temporary fix for unemployment. Workers need jobs, not economic growth.
US inner cities should be rebuilt in a framework totally outside of economic growth. We should have learned from the New Deal that a public works program cannot provide long-term employment in an economy that depends on unemployment to bring wages down. Rebuilding inner cities can be done simultaneously with a shorter work week if we reduce destructive production. A rational economic analysis would chart a path for rebuilding embedded in a larger picture of reducing what is socially useless.
Progressives often assume that poor countries must increase GHGs enormously to match the consumptive patterns of the overdeveloped world. For basic necessities such as housing, production may well need to increase. But this does not mean that these economic increases would be anywhere near the decreases in production, especially taking into account that they would be largely in extractive industries which could be paid for by reparations from rich countries. In other words, a “good life” throughout the globe does not mean everyone living extravagantly. Many people already enjoy lifestyles without the massive quantity of objects falsely believed to bring happiness.
At an Ecuadorian workshop on energy, an indigenous farmer stated, “My community doesn’t have electricity, but we don’t want the state to install it, either… we already have energy, through cultivating our own food, curing ourselves with medicinal plants, and maintaining our customs.” As Evo Morales explained, “We the indigenous people only want to live well, not better. Living better is to exploit, to plunder and to rob, but living well is to live in brotherhood.” [23, p 6]
Contradictions of the GND with itself
The GND has won more left support than its predecessors, the Green Revolution, Green Capitalism and the Green Economy. In part, this is because a GND is as easy to understand as the Green Economy is obtuse. Its very simplicity has pulled many an activist into the vortex of the UN and its allies, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. To put it bluntly: The GND is appealing because corporate media is so successful at convincing people that growth is essential for solving every economic problem.
Let’s not ignore the key contradiction of the GND: Though a rebuilding program would reduce unemployment some, those effects could only be temporary. What would a society do once the inner cities were rebuilt? A rational answer would be to stop rebuilding. But since it has no plan to “share the work” via a shorter workweek, accomplishing its rebuilding goal would bring the GND right back to the unemployment problem. After its rebuilding goal was accomplished, the GND would have no alternative except to continue building to keep employment high.
In fulfilling its need to build beyond rational needs, the GND would contradict its other basic premise: environmental protection. The GND ignores the huge number of demands which equate to creating a better quality of life by producing less of what is destructive:
- The call for ending US hyper-militarism with endless wars and hundreds of military bases around the world could subtract as much as $1 trillion from the US economy.
- Every struggle against extractive industries, whether to preserve forests, mountains, rivers and/or to oppose mining of numerous metals and fossil fuels, is inherently an effort to lower production.
- Resistance to international trade deals shows awareness that countries do not need to import goods simply because other areas have worse labor and environmental standards.
- Opposition to genetically modified organisms and the many other ways that food is contaminated reflects an understanding that the world can feed itself with much less costly methods.
- Those challenging the massive production of toxins understand that we would live healthier lives without manufacturing so many chemicals.
Advocates of a GND never address how such an enormous economic reduction could occur while the economy is expanding.
Protecting the corporations?
The three versions of the GND share fundamental features:
- although they may (or may not) call for eliminating the contamination of food with GMOs, they neglect the massive waste in packaging and processing and ignore the greatest contribution to GHGs in the food industry—meat production;
- although they may (or may not) advocate walkable neighborhoods, they have no plan for the reduction and elimination of private cars;
- they endorse alternative energy, yet say nothing about the need to reduce the total quantity of energy generated;
- although they may (or may not) explain the need to reduce a particular part of the economy (militarism or the sickness industry), they make no mention of the need to reduce total industrial production;
- they ignore the need to reduce the work week in order to expand employment while addressing environmental catastrophes.
The conceptual framework that permeates the GND and its predecessors is reliance on economic growth over alternatives which could achieve promised goals but without dire environmental consequences. With growth as the sine qua non of capitalism, it is clear that all four false green solutions have been designed as ways to rescue capitalism while using the verbiage of environmentalism.
Roosevelt’s New Deal was developed in the context of not just a collapsing economy, but of a young Soviet Union abroad and Socialist and Communist Parties in the US growing rapidly along with the desperate desire of US corporations to head them off. Ever since the ND was enacted as a way to block socialism, the 1% have been gnawing at the bit to undermine its accomplishments. Efforts to reverse the gains of the ND were begun during the presidency of Jimmy Carter and picked up steam with every administration since. Today, bipartisan efforts to destroy Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid lunge into territory where even Ronald Reagan feared to tread. The GND is well-named, since, as with Roosevelt’s ND, it would save capitalism, not humanity or the planet.
How the GND could reduce long-term unemployment
Ironically, a GND might actually bring long term unemployment down. But it would happen in a way completely different than anything currently promised. Just as Roosevelt’s New Deal only resolved unemployment with WWII, the internal logic of the GND would plunge it into war on two fronts. A gargantuan industrial construction would be required to change all existing steel mills and cement kilns to run on alternative energy.
The result would be a War on Nature. The fate of any stream, river or lake adjacent to mining operations would be sealed to secure metals for infinitely expanding “green” construction. Humans (and other species) that thrive on the natural sounds of high wind areas would be forced to sacrifice them to the roaring hum of armies of windmills. Prophets of green growth are already expressing enthusiastic visions of habitat annihilation:
the U.S. government … should invest …very aggressively in transformative 21st-century technologies like renewable energy, genetic engineering, biotechnology and nanotechnology, on a huge scale. The U.S. government could put a trillion dollars into each of these industries over the next ten years…I’m not talking about building solar panels for sale in the market; I’m talking about carpeting the Nevada desert with solar panels, building a grid coast-to-coast to transmit it …
There is no shortage of documentation of the disruption of nature’s quietude by windmills; but the damage of solar panels may not be as widely known. In 2011, the Sierra Club sued the California Energy Commission regarding the Calico Solar Project whose huge plant could impact rare plant and animal species.
The other Green War would be directed against those who live on that land. Low income people are quite familiar with the destruction of lives from extraction, transportation, manufacture and disposal of industrial products. Green growth would bring more of the same.
It is hardly an accident that America’s longest war is in a country that is both a potential pathway for oil and “could fulfill the world’s desire for rare-earth and critical minerals.” Afghanistan is rich in gold, lead, zinc, mercury, limestone, gypsum, tin, copper, lithium, and uranium, along with lesser-known carbonatite, tourmaline, barite, celestite, fluorite, magnestite and talc. The country’s rare earth elements, important for alternative energy, “may be triple the current estimates.”
Would the Green World Order mean that Venezuela might have less reason to fear an invasion aimed at gaining access to its heavy oils? Or, would it mean an additional invasion of Bolivia to grab its lithium for green batteries? Would northern Africa no longer need to fear attacks to secure Libyan oil? Or, would new green armies to secure solar collectors for European energy be added to existing armies? Across the globe, those marching with the red, white and blue banner of the War for Oil would continue to invade. But they could be joined by those marching with a green banner. That would ensure corporate growth by adding alternative energy to the energy already provided by fossil fuels.
Four Green Horsemen of the corporate apocalypse
Through the four supposed “green” paths runs the assumption that increasing the GDP is necessary to solve problems. In reality, this has not been true since the middle of the 20th century. There has been much more production than necessary to provide everyone with a good life. Rather than increasing GDP, it is necessary to shift to producing things that people actually need. At this point in history, the major effect of increases in GDP is to hasten climate change and otherwise destroy Earth’s ecosystems.
Late capitalism has expanded by increasing the quantity of useful goods by a miniscule percentage while vastly expanding production that is useless or harmful. Finding ways to decrease production while increasing the quality of life is the task of the 21st century.
The Green Revolution, Green Capitalism, and the Green Economy each claimed that economic growth was necessary when it was not. Based on expanding the market economy, each one failed to solve the problem it defined, and, in fact, made the problem worse. For each there was an alternative solution which was not based on economic growth that could have coped with the problem without exacerbating environmental crises.
To feed people and increase agricultural yield, the Green Revolution might have conducted research on open pollination. Instead, its emphasis on hybrids aided agribusiness in its quest to control and destroy small farmers while claiming that it would “feed the world.”
Green Capitalism was the alternative to mass struggles against toxic contamination in the production and disposal of commodities. It waved new green products to shift attention from serious regulation and to replace social solutions with personal lifestyle changes. New green product lines were typically added to non-green ones.
As awareness of climate change mushroomed, the Green Economy diverted attention from the need to stop burning fossil fuels. The cap ‘n trade shell game was hatched as international agencies played leading roles in trying to convince the world that CO2 can decrease while industrial production increases.
Similarly, the Green New Deal addresses very real problems: unemployment, a decaying infrastructure and the need for production that would not render the world unlivable. Though the GND may manifest a deep and sincere concern by many of its adherents, it would lead in the opposite direction of where humanity needs to go.
Like the New Deal of the 1930s, a GND might temporarily slow unemployment, which would then increase. It would lead directly into Wars for the Conquest of Green Territories, not because of bad decisions by individual leaders but because war would be inherent in the growth dynamics of corporate environmentalism.
European Greens call for a spiritual reawakening while GPUS calls for “electoral democracy.” Thus, the European Greens ask us to reawaken as consumers, a role in which we are virtually powerless, and GPUS wants to achieve democracy through various voting schemes, many of which have already been implemented in other countries and have accomplished little to nothing.
Both approaches leave aside the power that people truly have: our working lives. Imagine each group of working people asking themselves: Do we want to manufacture fall-apart stuff? Should we be producing things that poison our families and communities? Do we want schools where teachers are forced to robotocize children and medical services which entangle patients in insurance profits?
Imagine that working people actually had the power to vote on what to produce and how to produce it. Imagine that people were able to democratically decide how to create goods and services that would make the world a better place for their great-grandchildren.
The most positive aspect of the GND is its proposed labor/environmental alliance. Labor has the ability both to force social change and to organize a new society. Working people are hamstrung by the absence of a social vision that union bureaucrats crushed decades ago. A reborn labor movement, inspired by the understanding that it has the power to embrace and concretize environmental visions, would be something totally different. Such a red/green alliance could provide jobs for all by shortening the work week, which would be the basis for reducing the burning of fossil fuels and producing only those things that people need for good lives.
Along the road to understanding the simple environmental truism that we must produce “less of what we don’t need” there have been four shortcuts that lead to faith in the need for eternal growth. Although this analysis has implied that each of the “green” paths leads in a direction away from its goal, that may not actually be the case. It may be that only superficial goals, designed for public consumption, were the ones that failed. Each could have had a deeper, unstated agenda: expanded production, without regard to human need or ecological consequences. If that has indeed been the true goal, then each of the four green horseman is galloping heedlessly toward the apocalypse.
Don Fitz produces Green Time TV in St. Louis and is editor of Green Social Thought: A Magazine of Synthesis and Regeneration. He is on the National Committee of the Greens/Green Party USA. He would like to thank Brian Tokar and Stan Cox for comments on an earlier version of this article. This article first appeared in Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal.
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6. There are rare exceptions when an exact product is replaced, as happened twice with light bulbs.
7. Global Justice Ecology Project. (2012). Movie. A darker shade of green: REDD alert and the future of forests.
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10. Green Scenery, Oakland Institute, GRAIN and others. (June 3, 2013). End intimidation around Sierra Leone oil palm project. Continuing documentation of ongoing land grabs is available at grain.org and upsidedownworld.org.
11. A brief analysis of reducing production while maintaining quality lives is in The Greens/Green Party USA. (May, 2013). Economic/ecological crises of the 21st century: A deep green alternative.
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13. Lean, G. (October 12, 2008). A “Green New Deal” can save the world’s economy, says UN. The Independent.
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16. Two reports had very different estimations of the proportion of GHGs which can be attributed to the meat industry. An estimate that meat is responsible for 18% of GHGs appeared in Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2007). Livestock a major threat to environment. Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought, 44: 5–6. Calculation that meat could account for 51% of GHGs appeared in Goodland, R. and J. Anhang. (Nov/Dec, 2009). Livestock and climate change: What if the key actors in climate change are…cows, pigs, and chickens? World Watch.
17. Mueller, T. and F.O. Wolf. (December, 2009). Green New Deal: Dead end or pathway beyond capitalism? Turbulence: Ideas for Movement. No. 5.
18. The Greens/European Free Alliance in the European Parliament Green New Deal Working Group. (May, 2010). Why We Need a Green New Deal.
20. The Greens/European Free Alliance in the European Parliament Green New Deal Working Group. (2012). The Green New Deal in the European Parliament.
21. Jacobson, M. Z. & M. A.Delucchi. (2011a). Providing all global energy with wind, water and solar power, Part 1: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 39; 1154–1169. (2011b). Part 2: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies. Energy Policy 39, 1170–1190.
22. Trainer, T. (2013). A critique of Jacobson and Delucchi’s proposals for a world renewable energy supply. Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought 60: 23–28.
23. Lohmann, L. and Hildyard, N. 2013. Energy alternatives: Surveying the territory. Manchester, UK: The Corner House.
24. York, R. (March 18, 2012). Do alternative energy sources displace fossil fuels? Nature Climate Change, 1–3. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1451.
25. Schwartzman, D. (2011). Green New Deal: An ecosocialist perspective. Capitalism Nature Socialism 22 (3): 49–56.
26. Stein, J.E. (January 25, 2012). Full text of people’s state of the union address: A Green New Deal for America.
27. Babones, S. (August 7, 2012). Mr. President, the elephant in the room is not a Republican. truthout.
28. Quigley, B. (January 22, 2013). MLK Injustice Index 2013: Racism, materialism and militarism in the US. Black Agenda Report..
29. Bacon, D. (August 2, 2012). Mexican Farmers Up Against Canadian Mining Goliaths. ZNet.
30. Bryce, R. 2008. Gusher of lies: The dangerous delusions of “energy independence.” New York: Public Affairs.
31. Duncan, R. (2012). A new global depression? New Left Review 77: 5–33.
32. McBride, S. (January 5, 2011). Sierra Club sues over California solar plant. Reuters.
33. Simpson, S. (2011). Afghanistan’s buried riches. October. Scientific American, 305 (4): 58–64.
34. Fitz, D. (2008). Production-side environmentalism. Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought 47: 2–7. | <urn:uuid:c2d3a69e-f858-45e9-8c26-e03b2dc53468> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://climateandcapitalism.com/2014/07/15/green-green-new-deal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.949443 | 10,284 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Tea originated from China. Soon enough it spread to other parts of the world and became a popular drink, having even herbalists discover other medicinal functions that came with the plant. With the high demand, Tea Plantations started coming up as well as need for labour. Which boosted Slave Trade and unfortunately doomed Millions of Africans to Slavery. But gone are the days this was the case, we are no longer slaves. Tea, alongside it's medicinal properties, has 'magically' created millions of jobs for Africans. This Beautiful Kenyan Tea Plantation photo represents Freedom for me. Freedom from certain diseases and Freedom to Africans, to live life as we choose. | <urn:uuid:a8c847ab-3f7d-4ce5-b90e-f3083782c841> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://africanphotographyorganization.com/vote/825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.96233 | 131 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In various interviews and essays, Derrida recalls an inflammation of his middle ear that he suffered in his childhood, and he associates it with death. His mother prayed in despair to God as the dangerously ill boy laid in his bed. Derrida links his lurking deafness, paradoxically manifested in hearing too much noise, to the danger of dying (cf. Han, p.6-7). An impending silence (or too much noise? Noise and silence seem to play exchangeable roles), and an impending death are conspicuously linked together.
In a soundproof room, John Cage finds that he cannot escape from the sounds in his body. This leads him to think that as long as we live we cannot experience absolute silence. There will only be silence in death. Since it is impossible for us to experience our own death, we cannot experience silence either. With his statement, 'Until we die there will be sounds', Cage explicitly links death to silence. Perhaps, we may understand silence, think silence, but the experience of absolute silence remains an aporia to us. Silence, like death, can be conceived of as the impossible crossing of a border. We arrive at a border we cannot cross, an aporia, an impossible passage; or rather, the experience of a non-passage, an experience other than that consisting of opposing an other concept. A relation to an non-opposable other, that is, an other that is no longer its other. We are engaged in a certain possibility of the impossible (cf. Aporias, p.12 ff). In Aporias, Derrida points to the impossible yet unavoidable experience that 'my death' can never be subject to an experience that would be properly mine, or that I would be able to account for. Cage arrives at a similar conclusion concerning silence. The I can never experience absolute silence.
Death and silence. Connected to each other through the same impossible experience.
Silence can be understood in two ways. On one hand, there is audible silence, a silence that stays within the order of the audible; it remains constitutively hearable. This category contains what Cage calls 'unintended sounds'. ('Silence means the whole lot of sound; it is all of the sounds we don't intend'.) It also includes sounds that are almost impossible to perceive either because the source is too far away, or because their frequency is extremely high or low. A few examples. In 1976, Cage composed Branches, which makes use of amplified plant materials. Cage was interested in sounds from nature and had found that the spines of cacti, when touched and amplified, reverberate. Recent radiographic studies show that the universe is filled with a cacophony of sounds originating from sudden changes in the atomic structure of exploding gases. Additionally, pulsars also produce sounds. Music scientist Wilfried Krüger and nuclear physicist Jean E. Charon discovered harmonic relations (overtone sequences) on a microscopic level in the so-called quanta of atoms, in the spin of electrons, and in the structure of molecules. Photo-acoustic spectroscopy has enabled us to hear the sound of a rose when the blossom springs from the bud; it sounds like the drone of an organ, reminiscent of a Bach toccata. Indeed, even an old symbol of silence, the deep-sea, turns out to be full of sounds (cf. Berendt, 1990, p.43-62). All these are examples of the order of the audible in-audible. Even Dieter Schnebel's book, MO-NO. Music to Read, remains within this category of audible silence. MO-NO. Music to Read contains many signs that appeal to our auditory senses enabling and inciting us to enter the domain of hearing-through-imagination (cf. No (-) Music - D. Schnebel). Contrarily, absolute silence refers to everything that falls outside the range of the audible. It has no structure of audibility; it is other than audible. This silence implies the silence in death, the silence of death, death as silence. ('Man fears the absence of sound as he fears the absence of life', says composer Murray Schafer.) Absolute silence is death; it is an aporia. Death is the experience of the non-passage and absolute silence brings us to a similar impossible passage, a similar aporia.
Cage's thinking on silence remains within the order of the audible. To him, silence consists of ambient sounds, non-intended sounds. This is why he is able to think of silence as related to life instead of death. According to Cage in silence one hears the sounds of life. 'At my house, you hear the boat sounds, the traffic sounds, the neighbors quarreling, the children playing and screaming in the hall, and on top of it all the pedals of the piano squeak. There is no getting away from life' (Cage, 1961, p.135). Silence means the whole world of sounds. Life. Silence is life for Cage. Furthermore, this audible silence remains within the domain of duration. ('Silence cannot be heard in terms of pitch and harmony: it is heard in terms of time length'.) This silence is of a different order than the absolute silence that escapes life, and (with that) time. Death as silence, silence in death goes beyond duration: 'One always dies in an untimely way. The moment of death no longer belongs to its time', Derrida writes (Aporias, p.49, my italics). Absolute silence is not connected to time anymore; it is beyond time.
Silence/sounds vs. absolute silence. Audibility vs. inaudibility. Life vs. death. Oppositions we cannot overcome. Borders we cannot cross. And the hierarchy is clear. Life and audibility are the privileged terms. Absolute silence and death are secondary, thought out of the primary terms. What always remains to be asked is how the essence of death is defined in terms of life, Heidegger explains in Sein und Zeit [Being and Time]. In Aporias, Derrida elaborates upon Heidegger's existential analysis of Dasein and death. He determines how death is subordinated to life in Heidegger. Derrida quotes Heidegger: 'Within the ontology of Dasein, which is superordinate to an ontology of life, the existential analysis of death is, in turn, subordinate to a characterization of Dasein's basic state' (Aporias, p.29). A hierarchical order thus delimits the field, an order structured by an uncrossable edge, the edge between life and death, between here and there. Heidegger stresses that the existential analysis stands purely on this side. Derrida: 'It is on this side, on the side of Dasein and of its here, which is our here, that the oppositions between here and over there, this side and beyond, can be distinguished. In the same direction, one could say that it is by always starting from the idiomatic hereness of my language, my culture, and my belongings that I relate myself to the difference of the over there' (Aporias, p.52). Derrida's analysis of Heidegger: talking about death consists of privileging 'this side'. Life is conceived of as prior, a plenitude; death is the negation of this. Situated on the margin of the privileged term life, the subordinate term death designates an undesirable, dispensable deviation. Derrida, however, reverses this logic: 'Rather, it seems to me that one should say the opposite: it is the originary and underivable character of death, as well as the finitude of the temporality in which death is rooted, that decides and forces us to decide to start from here first, from this side here' (Aporias, p.55). We are left with no other choice than to start from this side. The impossibility to start from yonder side implies that we are forced to relate to 'over there' from 'here'. It is death itself that imposes this necessity on us. Therefore, death is not subordinate to life in Derrida's view. Rather, life is secondary to death. It is the primordiality of being-toward-death, being-until-death, or being-to-death that makes life secondary to death. (In some of his other works, Derrida calls attention to Freud who poses similar suggestions. Freud, too, observes that life is generally the positive term while death is its negation. Yet, Freud argues that man's death instinct is the most powerful life force. This death wish, manifested in a compulsion to repeat, makes the activity of life instincts a special case within the general economy of repetition and expenditure. Freud redelivers death to life, a striking reversal.)
After Derrida first reverses the hierarchical opposition of life and death, he then proceeds to disintegrate the opposition altogether. He effectively contravenes the assumption as though there would be two contrasting forces at work here. 'The theme of immortality [the death principle, MC] ... is not opposed to being-toward-death, it does not contradict it, it is not symmetrical with it, because it is conditioned by being-toward-death and confirms it at every moment' (Aporias, p.55-6). As death can only be thought from our being-to-death, so does the death principle always determine our being-in-life. Consequently, our aspiring for immortality is pervaded by our awareness of our impending death. It is precisely this one certainty, the certainty of our death, that fuels our desire for immortality.
'Until we die there will be sounds'. The link to sounds that determine and confirm our life as life is imposed on us by an unattainable absolute silence. It is precisely this unattainableness that forces us to engage in sounds. Therefore, we are always connected to the possibility of absolute silence through our connection with sounds. Music turns silence (death) into experience. To experience the aporia. We are always already on the other side of the here. As sounds and absolute silence mutually pervade and determine each other, the clear opposition sounds vs. silence disintegrates. Sounds and silence are not each other's opposite; they do not exclude each other. One is always pervaded by the other. 'And who will not recognize here the crossing of borders?' (Aporias, p.58). | <urn:uuid:8cc27628-4381-43e6-ae3c-3b4d0929b4fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://deconstruction-in-music.com/john-cage/silence-and-death/3171 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304835.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125130117-20220125160117-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.939474 | 2,207 | 2.78125 | 3 |
With more than 250,000 developers working towards designing applications for IoT, the potential of the technology cannot be doubted. User experience is what the effectiveness of mobile app development revolves around and such applications become important for the incorporation of Internet of Things. Recently, the mobile application development has taken an interesting turn as it has been exploring the areas like GPS technology, navigation systems, beacon technology and wearable technology.
A couple of years back, the utilization of such systems was unheard of, by commoners but all these systems have been incorporated within your small device to give you greater control over your surroundings. This could be the path which could lead to higher and much more complex integration of ‘things’ with the mobile technology. Let us see how IoT is going to change the future application requirements.
The Umbrella covering IoT
From gaming consoles to television, all such electronic devices have been made accessible with the development of integrative applications giving the power to remotely control such devices. With improved hardware on the mobile devices like IR sensors, the application developers now have the independence to experiment with different features which they can add. Already, many electronic companies producing Air conditioners, refrigerators and projectors have developed advanced mobile applications which help in controlling such devices.
The word mobile application is used for applications available on mobiles, tablets and on the wearable devices. With leading companies like Facebook and Google acquiring Nest and Oculus respectively, their intentions for diving into the world of IoT has become clear.
The All-rounder applications
The wireless technologies like NFC, Bluetooth (Low energy) and beacon have opened the gates to manage all the appliances and integrate them with efficiency. Many of the household appliances can be controlled by gestures or even voice control. Many air-conditioners have come up with the technology of human detection, and operate according to such sensors.
The support system
The success of the current or developing mobile technologies can be attributed to the modern hardware. They act as a support system and a backbone to the functionality of mobile applications. The rise of the wearable devices like smart watches and advanced sensors has created room for the development of multiple applications to support such hardware. In future, these hardware technologies are going to create a big market for applications based on IoT.
Many devices like smart televisions and smart watches are made in such a way that they can be connected to different platforms and the user doesn’t have to buy a separate device due to the incompatibility. This gives the users the power of connectivity with all the appliances which are compatible with such applications. Such hybrid apps help the user to interact with his home appliance or vehicles. The designing of such apps is done so that the app is easy to operate and at the same time comes with advanced functions.
The full integration
Although the above points suggest that the mobile technology is becoming more integrative with the passing time, but much more can be achieved. For full integration of IoT in mobile devices, there is still more scope in wearable, beacon and voice control technology. From handling data intensive tasks to herculean tasks like controlling heavy industrial machinery, all such applications are yet in their initial stages. Thus, IoT will tend to change the whole way the apps will be developed and used in the near future.
This integration of mobile and IoT is going to make our daily life much easier. It will be the communicating and connecting bridge between people, data and all the devices. | <urn:uuid:758f907a-6fba-4767-8633-ef0aed2890f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://stumpblog.com/5-ways-future-mobile-app-development-altered-iot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203093.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323221914-20190324003914-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.95642 | 690 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Mowgli, the little boy raised by wolves and befriended by Baloo the bear and Bagheera the panther, first came to life during a winter in Vermont in the imagination of Rudyard Kipling.
Kipling was in Vermont because that’s where his wife’s family lived; the couple had taken up residence there and started their own family. It was American hubris, however, that soured Kipling on living in the United States.
The focus of all the dissension was British Guiana, which was in a border dispute with Venezuela. Richard Olney, the American Secretary of State, declared that the United States had a right to mediate all disputes in the Western Hemisphere. Because of the Monroe Doctrine, you know.
In other words, the United States ruled the Western Hemisphere.
This didn’t sit well with the British, including Kipling. Anti-British sentiment in America, followed by family troubles, sent him back to England.
It was a period when both Britain and the United States were settling their weight upon all kinds of native peoples around the world. Someone observing the actions of both nations might have been amused by Kipling’s distaste for American interference in Britain’s interference in South America.
“If anybody’s going to be interfering in South America, it’s going to be us,” Secretary Olney would have told him.
Kipling, who actually memorialized the imperialist ambitions of both nations, remains a figure of contradictions.
He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1907, though other writers have mocked his abilities, particularly as a poet. People still argue about whether he was pro- or anti-imperialist. Many know of his poem The White Man’s Burden, for which he has been denounced – and celebrated, as a satirist.
Does anyone concerned with world affairs today, particularly heads of state, really care what Kipling may or may not have advised his fellow Whites roughly a century ago?
I’m guessing that the answer to this question is “No.” The fact that people still debate Kipling’s views is a testament to two things: the power of art, in this case literature; and the power of the idea of race.
Kipling is long gone, but there are people who seem to have some kind of stake in whether or not his views on race and empire were justified. It reminds me of the debate we have had from time to time in America over whether kids should read some of the works of Mark Twain.
Kipling’s Kim has been compared to Huckleberry Finn, in fact. Both novels tell the coming-to-maturity tale of a “loose” boy with father issues, traveling with a beloved adult male. Both novels have come under scrutiny for alleged racism – which informs the question of their appropriateness for developing minds.
School children should be taught literature. Adults wrangle over which works are to be presented to them, and how they are to be presented, because adults supervise the indoctrination of children.
They wrangle for another reason, though. The issue of race is intimately wrapped up in another issue: self-esteem.
When I say self-esteem, I mean the popular concept of having a healthy, positive self-image. Who doesn’t want kids to have a healthy, positive self-image – especially “minority” kids, those long deemed to be most in need of it?
So for quite some time, at least here in the US, we’ve been giving historical figures – be they Presidents or novelists – the PC litmus test. If someone reads anything by Kipling other than The Jungle Book (both parts), will he be contaminated by White Supremacist ideology?
We’ve decided we must be very careful about that sort of thing going into the heads of young people.
And so educators and other interested parties have put long-dead authors such as Kipling onto the front lines of their ideology wars. | <urn:uuid:c858a2e2-9823-4722-8b05-8a369b231563> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://beyondhighbrow.com/2010/06/04/kipling-on-the-front-lines-by-alpha-unit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038878326.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419045820-20210419075820-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.977098 | 853 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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Print version ISSN 0042-9686
Bull World Health Organ vol.79 n.5 Genebra Jan. 2001
A day in the life of the world's anti-TB drive
In March, WHO and the Stop TB partnership launched a US$ 50 million-a-year initiative to provide free drugs to 10 million tuberculosis patients over the next five years. By 2010, the Global TB Drug Facility, as the initiative is called, aims to reach 45 million patients in the worst-affected countries. By 2020, it hopes to have prevented 25 million TB deaths and 50 million cases.
The new drug facility was launched in the run-up to World TB Day, 24 March, which this year focused on tuberculosis as a human rights issue. In announcing the new facility, WHO director-general Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland said access to treatment and cure was basic to human rights. It is shameful that TB patients are still dying of the disease, and inexcusable that less than a quarter of them have access to effective treatment.
In its annual report on global tuberculosis control, also issued in the run-up to World TB Day, WHO estimates that 8.4 million people contracted TB in 1999 up from 8 million in 1997. The biggest increase in cases since 1997 was in sub-Saharan Africa, which experienced a 20% surge in cases due to the high rates of people co-infected with HIV and TB. About two million people die from TB every year, half a million with concurrent HIV infection.
Although TB is curable, only 23% of people with active TB have access to DOTS, formerly an acronym for directly observed treatment short-course, but now a brand name for a broader anti-TB package.
Unless the current trend can be reversed, says WHO, there will be 10.2 million new TB cases a year by 2005. And the goal of detecting 70% of cases through DOTS and curing 85% of them will not be reached until 2013 eight years later than the global target set at a ministerial conference held in Amsterdam in March 2000. And thats not to mention multidrug-resistant TB, which is on the increase in many places, particularly in the former Soviet Union, where it has been encountered in up to 14% of new TB cases.
The Global TB Drug Facility was launched in Washington DC on 21 March, with an initial US$ 10 million from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The first grants have now been approved to provide drugs to treat almost 200 000 patients in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Dr Jacob Kumaresan, executive secretary of the WHO-based Stop TB partnership, told the Bulletin: The drugs used to treat TB have been available for over three decades, and the 68 month course of treatment for TB costs as little as US$ 1015. But shortages of TB drugs are frequent and serious, often caused by financial constraints, inefficient drug procurement systems, and poor management. With the TB Drug Facility we will be able to ensure an uninterrupted supply of high-quality drugs, which should help to expand rapidly the use of DOTS.
Meanwhile, sympathisers of the anti-TB movement have taken advantage of World TB Day to give material expression to their support: the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced a gift of US$ 10 million to the WHO-based tropical disease research programme (TDR) to fund the development of better diagnostic tests for TB, and the Dutch government offered 20 million Dutch Guilders (about US$ 8 million) to the Stop TB partnership.
Sheila Davey, Geneva, Switzerland | <urn:uuid:5ae0f5d7-f818-44ce-aef2-51e9d4b7d633> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862001000500023&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186774.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00298-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943773 | 756 | 2.5625 | 3 |
How to use spun glass in a sentence
Each night she sends spectral melodies out into the universe, songs with the weblike clarity of spun glass.Annette Is Gorgeous to Look at But All the Wrong Kinds of Weird | Stephanie Zacharek | August 6, 2021 | Time
Even rocks have been imitated; and spun glass has often successfully represented water.The Ladies' Book of Etiquette, and Manual of Politeness | Florence Hartley
The relics of yellow hair, still adhering to the sides of his head, looked as silkily frail as spun glass.Heart and Science | Wilkie Collins
spun glass is used by chemists for filtering strong acid solutions.Textiles | William H. Dooley
In every museum you may see specimens of a beautiful vase-like structure seemingly made of spun-glass.Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) | Various
Its hair was like spun glass, of a bluish, pinkish gray, snow-white in the partings. | <urn:uuid:9a7feab4-1d97-41a6-9393-8fa7a5a20cba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/spun-glass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.93429 | 214 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Why kids should stay away from sports drinks
Tuesday, May 8, 2018
A 2011 analysis by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity found approximately that 27-40 percent of parents believe sports drinks are healthy for their children. However, the data tells a different picture. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reports that sugar-sweetened beverages account for 173 calories per day in 2 to 18 year olds, more than any other single category. A label from a popular sports drink shows it may contain high fructose corn syrup, fructose, sucrose, brown rice syrup, cane juice and maltodextrin – all of which has been shown to be associated with weight gain and obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and tooth decay. | <urn:uuid:0e787111-4873-41ad-91be-6058e2f395ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://uconnruddcenter.org/why-kids-should-stay-away-from-sports-drinks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212323.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817123838-20180817143838-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.936975 | 157 | 2.765625 | 3 |
PNNL to Study Effectiveness of "Salmon Cannon"
In an effort to reduce the impact of hydropower dams on migratory fish, PNNL is evaluating the viability of the Whooshh Fish Transport System, also known as the "salmon cannon." The Whooshh Fish Transport System was developed by Whooshh Innovations, LLC as a gentler, more environmentally sustainable method to move migrating fish past obstacles. Compared to current methods, this new transportation system could significantly reduce costs associated with fish migration assistance.
There are more than 2,500 hydroelectric dams in the United States. Current fish passage systems, such as ladders, fish lifts, and trap and haul programs, can be costly and in some cases harm fish. Consequently, DOE has called for new technology to understand and reduce the impact of hydropower on rivers and fish.
The Whooshh Fish Transport System uses a flexible tube and a pressure system to guide fish over and around structures. Compared to methods used today, the system could guide fish more quickly and safely at less cost.
PNNL research scientist, Alison Colotelo with the Ecology Group, is evaluating different lengths of tubes to compare different scenarios where the system could be utilized. Preliminary testing shows no obvious signs of injury to fish traveling through the transport system.
PNNL is collaborating with Whooshh Innovations through DOE's Wind and Water Power Technologies Office. | <urn:uuid:712b2dd3-fd89-4d2f-803a-beff35c87c4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/highlights/highlight.asp?id=1848 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00539-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940072 | 291 | 3.1875 | 3 |
(StatePoint) Whether you have a desk job or otherwise sedentary lifestyle, prolonged periods of sitting may be unavoidable for you. Chances are you are sitting as you read this article.
New research published in the Archives of Internal Medicine and other journals shows that sitting for long stretches can be detrimental to your health, contributing to obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic kidney disease.
“The best defense -- the only defense -- is to move more,” says Dr. Keith Overland, president of the American Chiropractic Association.
The simple act of walking can help you get in shape and feel great. It’s easy, burns calories, reduces the risk of heart disease, tones muscles and increases cardiovascular endurance. Walking as little as 12 minutes a day can have a significant positive effect.
To get the most from your walk, move your arms freely in coordination with the opposite leg, walk “with purpose” to maximize your cardiovascular workout, don’t stoop your head or look down as you walk and don’t carry weights, as they’re better used as a separate part of your exercise regimen.
Aches and pains prevent many people from even taking that first step toward better health. Chiropractic physicians -- experts in treating muscles and joints -- offer not only a drug-free approach to alleviating pain through spinal adjustments and manipulation, they also promote overall health and wellness through nutritional counseling, rehabilitation and exercise and lifestyle recommendations. Search for a chiropractor in your area by using “Find a Doc,” the American Chiropractic Association’s online member database, www.acatod
“When you do sit, make sure to do it correctly so you don’t ruin your posture or strain your muscles, leading to pain that could inhibit you from getting the activity you need,” suggests Dr. Overland.
To prevent problems, keep your feet on the floor or a footrest and don’t cross your legs. Your knees should be at or below the level of your hips. Adjust the backrest of your chair to support your low- and mid-back or use a back support, and avoid sitting in the same position for long periods of time.
Include frequent micro-breaks into your sitting time, stretching your neck, arms, wrists, back, and legs. Simple stretches include neck rotations, fist clenches, arm dangles, and shoulder shrugs.
Most of all, don’t sit for too long. Stand up and stretch your legs with a short walk about every 20 to 30 minutes. Avoid working through lunch.
Maintain Good Posture
Poor posture not only consumes more energy but also can lead to excessive strain on your postural muscles and may even cause them to weaken when held in certain positions for long periods of time. The postural muscles are prone to injury and back pain, but maintaining good posture, sitting properly and moving regularly can help you stay pain-free.
You can learn more healthy tips at www.ChiroH
While you may not be able to quit your desk job, you can prevail over inactivity and move yourself closer to better health.
©2012 Community News Group
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Everyone loves music and that is why it is so relevant. It is relevant in our everyday lives, it can affect our mood, inspire and provoke all sorts of emotions. If you are an occasional fan or you are an ardent music connoisseur, having fun playing your music should be a goal. Immerse yourself in an alternative society by practicing an instrument.
Being taught a new musical instrument can be both thrilling and enjoyable. With only a few classes, you will start to have fun with playing a musical instrument. An instrument strengthens the intellect, expanding the brain and growing mental ability.
Have a look at just some explanations why practicing a musical instrument will help your brain expand.
Help mutual relations stronger.
You can appreciate how music can connect people and build clear connections whether you have ever performed in a band, an ensemble, or another musical unit. Playing music requires a degree of coordination with other bandmates. This partnership strengthens one’s capacity to forge social interactions and builds partnerships.
Improves Literacy Skills.
Playing a musical instrument can improve children’s reading abilities. Learning to play a musical instrument provides a distinct benefit of acquiring literacy abilities. Early childhood reading capabilities have several advantages including subsequent high quality of life accomplishments. Learning a new instrument will promote language acquisition in infants, but a study has also demonstrated that there are several of the same benefits of adult learning.
Playing musical instruments requires concentration on multiple things at once. When you‘re playing the guitar, you ought to work on the pace, chords, and changes, along with remaining in time with any other musicians you are performing with. When you perform and study music through the years, you gain the capacity to process many topics concurrently.
More fluid supply in the brain.
The additional blood supply delivers sufficient oxygen to the body parts that need it, which increases the efficiency of certain organs. As studying an instrument improves the blood supply in the brain, the capacity to interpret language is enhanced. With improved blood supply to the brain, you would be more aware, have more stamina, and be more able to concentrate. Both these influence daily life because of routine activity.
You would be benefited if you try a new musical instrument.
This is an ideal place to challenge yourself and develop your musical expertise. Playing an instrument will enhance the cognitive capacity, improve comprehension skills and sharpen different mental processing abilities. Playing an instrument has often been considered to have a beneficial impact on mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Learning an instrument is worth the rewards that come with it! | <urn:uuid:9fa209c1-c1b4-45c3-8a8f-a555f142e97e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://tiploops.com/how-music-lessons-influence-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588257.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028034828-20211028064828-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.936425 | 520 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Gerbera daisies are a tropical, perennial plant that thrives in warm climates with mild winters. Gerberas are grown directly in the garden in areas such as Florida, but can be successfully grown in pots in areas with cold winters. Gerbera daisies are short-lived, and usually need replacing every two to three years. Caring for your Gerbera daisies properly helps extend their blooms as well as keeping the plant healthy for as many years as possible.
Plant Gerbera daisies in an area that receives afternoon shade and is well-drained. Work a 2-inch layer of peat or compost into the top 10 inches of the bed before planting to encourage good draining in the area.
Set a Gerbera in the ground so the crown of the plant is slightly above or just at the level of the soil. The crown is the area where the stems emerge from the root system.
Water Gerbera daisies when the soil begins to dry out around the crown.
Lay a 2-inch layer of mulch around the plants, but not over the crown. Use organic mulch, such as bark, as this preserves soil moisture and prevents weeds.
Lift the Gerbera and replant every two years or when the crowns sink into the soil and become covered. Dig around the plant, then slide your trowel under the roots and lift the daisy from the ground. Replant it so that the crown is once again even with the soil surface.
Potted Gerbera Care
Plant Gerbera daisies in 8- to 10-inch-diameter pots filled with a soil-less potting mixture. Soil-less mixes drain better than soil mixes. Set the Gerbera in the pot so the crown is even with the potting mix.
Set the pot in an area that receives indirect, bright light, such as near a south-facing window. Place the pot in a room that remains fairly cool, preferably between 40 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit during flowering, and slightly warmer when not in flower.
Water when the top 1 inch of soil in the pot feels dry to the touch. Water until the excess moisture begins draining from the bottom of the pot.
Fertilize potted Gerbera every two weeks when the plants are actively growing. Use a balanced, liquid houseplant fertilizer, following label instructions for application amounts and method.
About this Author
Jenny Harrington has been a freelance writer since 2006. Her published articles have appeared in various print and online publications, including the "Dollar Stretcher." Previously, she owned her own business, selling handmade items online, wholesale and at crafts fairs. Harrington's specialties include small business information, crafting, decorating and gardening. | <urn:uuid:0f059788-547e-4569-adb8-230a858f10b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.gardenguides.com/100831-plant-care-gerbera-daisy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00580-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935269 | 578 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A butcher needs to have two separate tubs of water – one where he washes the meat and the other where he washes the forbidden fats.
Similarly, a butcher needs to keep three separate knives – one for slaughter, one for cutting meat and one for cutting off forbidden fats.
The reason that the butcher needs a separate knife for slaughter seems clear. Since we do not want the shehitah knife to develop nicks or other deficiencies that would render it unfit for slaughter, we do not want the butcher cutting meat that might have bones that may ruin the blade. Rashi explains that although the butcher should really check the knife before using it for shehitah so he would, theoretically, discover any problems with the knife, nevertheless the Sages feared that if he is in a hurry he may neglect to do so. Others suggest that the concern is about the blood that may have been absorbed in the knife at the time of slaughter. If such a knife is used for cutting meat, the meat may absorb that blood and become forbidden.
The Gemara wonders why two separate knives are needed for cutting meat and cutting forbidden fats. Wouldn’t it be sufficient to have a single knife and require the butcher to cut the forbidden fats only after he finished cutting the meat? The Gemara explains that we fear that he may switch the order and cut the forbidden fats first. Once there is a requirement to keep separate knives the butcher becomes sensitive to the need to keep the meat separate from the forbidden fats. The Gemara offers the same explanation for the two separate tubs. Even though the Sages could have simply required that the meat be washed before the forbidden fats, by requiring two separate tubs we raise awareness that they must be washed separately and we are no longer concerned that the butcher will make a mistake. | <urn:uuid:9037bb24-ed36-4375-a529-b3f1542c1646> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://steinsaltz.org/daf/hullin-8a-b-tools-of-the-trade-for-a-kosher-butcher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000044.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626013357-20190626035357-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.950125 | 366 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Prefabricated tissue represents a bridge between traditional reconstructive surgery and tissue engineering. Initially used in the 1960s in reconstructive plastic surgery, in the 1980s it was also used in orthopedics. The term "prefabricated" indicates a process of neovascularization of a tissue by implanting a vascular pedicle inside the tissue itself; this tissue can be then reimplanted either at a short distance through the pedicle itself, or as a free graft by microvascular anastomosis. The purpose of prefabrication is to build a tissue (muscle, bone, skin, or composite) with characteristics as similar as possible to those of the defect to fill, thus minimizing morbidity in the donor site and improving the reconstructive effectiveness. We present a review of the literature that includes the main experiments performed until now in which a bone segment has been reconstructed using scaffolds and growth factors in relationship to the local blood supply or to the use of a vascular pedicle.
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:bcd98bdd-e60e-42b7-b53d-af043b179a99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/publications/historical-review-of-bone-prefabrication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952378 | 219 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Vitamin D update
Open Door - February 2013 page 2
Where does vitamin D come from?
Vitamin D (vitamin D3) is created in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet B radiation in sunlight. In the UK, between May and September, about 20 to 30 minutes a day spent outdoors in direct sunshine in the middle of the day will meet vitamin D needs for most fair skinned people1. Factors such as darker skin, the use of sunscreen, levels of pollution and the unpredictability of the British summer can all lower availability and between October and April, the level of ultraviolet is too low for vitamin D to be made2.
There are dietary sources of vitamin D3 from fish and dairy products and vitamin D2 from plant sources, but at much lower levels than from sunlight.
As a result, levels of vitamin D in the UK are generally low. The Department of Health reports that a quarter of the population have no more than a third of what is considered an adequate level3.
Does vitamin D affect the risk of getting MS?
A number of studies have demonstrated an association between vitamin D levels and the risk of developing MS.
A review of blood samples taken from US military personnel showed that those with lower vitamin D levels had a higher risk of subsequently developing MS4. Another study of nurses found those who had later developed MS had lower levels of vitamin D from diet or supplements5.
Exposure to vitamin D before birth has also been studied. A review of previous pooled information about the birth month of more than 150,000 people with MS. Instead of an even pattern across the year, they found a spike in people born in April (about 5% more than would have been expected) and a similar dip in October and November (about 5-8% less than expected)6. This mirrors research in Australia where, with the reversed seasons, November was the higher risk month and April the lower7. From this the researchers infer that the mother's exposure to vitamin D from sunlight during pregnancy is a factor on their child's risk of developing MS.
Published at the same time, Swedish research of blood sample collected from 1975 found that women with vitamin D levels of 75 nmol/l had a 61% reduced risk of developing MS compared to those with lower levels. In contrast to the previous review, amongst children of these women, the mother's level of vitamin D seemed to have no association with whether their child subsequently developed MS. However, despite looking at records from more than190,000 women, there were only 37 children who developed MS, so the numbers are too low to allow meaningful conclusions to be drawn8.
Vitamin D is not the only factor in the jigsaw that goes together to cause someone to develop MS, but it does seem to be one of the pieces.
What is known of vitamin D in people who have MS?
Whilst research has suggested a possible association between vitamin D levels and the risk of developing MS, what of vitamin D in people who already have MS?
A Dutch study of samples from 267 people with MS found that higher levels of vitamin D were associated with a lower relapse rate. People with progressive forms of MS had lower levels than those with relapsing remitting MS9.
This pattern was reflected in an Australian study that found that people with higher disability scores were more likely to have lower levels of vitamin D10. Another Dutch study found those with lower levels of vitamin D had a greater risk of experiencing a relapse11.
Although there seems to be an association between more active MS and low vitamin D levels, the nature of this association is difficult to determine. Are vitamin D levels a cause of MS activity or a result of it? Research in other conditions has shown that inflammation significantly reduces levels of vitamin D12. More research is needed in MS to see if the inflammation that drives relapses is also affecting vitamin levels in the blood.
Vitamin D as a treatment in MS?
There have been studies looking at vitamin D as a treatment in MS. Although there were indications of an effect on the number of relapses experienced, these trials were relatively small (10-62 people) and used doses ranging from 1,000 - 40,000 IU per day13. (40IU or international units is equal to 1 microgram of vitamin D3)
Several larger trials have looked at vitamin D3 supplementation combined with treatment with beta interferon.
A Finnish study found that those taking supplements showed fewer new areas of scarring on MRI scans, although there was no difference in the relapse rate between the supplement group and those taking a placebo14.
Two larger studies, SOLAR and CHOLINE, involving about 250 people each, are still ongoing. These are testing whether vitamin D supplementation will reduce the number of relapses someone experiences15-16.
How much should you take?
The recommended daily intake in the UK (400IU) is based on reducing the risk of rickets and is widely considered to be too low. In August 2012, the European Food Safety Authority increased the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (the levels that can be taken daily without causing harm) to 4000IU17. Some authors feel this is also too low - for instance, the authors of the birth month data suggest 5000IU per day for adults and 10,000IU for pregnant women18.
NICE has begun to consider the implementation of existing guidance on vitamin D, a review that will look at its role in general rather than specifically in MS. A consultation on the draft version of this is expected towards the end of the year19.
Read, order or download the Vitamin D factsheet
1. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010.
2. Cancer Research UK, et al.
Joint position statement issued to provide vitamin D clarity.
London: Cancer Research UK; 2010.
3. Davies SC, et al.
Vitamin D - advice on supplements for at risk groups.
London: DH; 2012.
4. Munger KL, et al.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis.
5. Munger KL, et al.
Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis.
6. Dobson R, et al.
The month of birth effect in multiple sclerosis: systematic review, meta-analysis and effect of latitude.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2012 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]
7. Staples J, et al.
Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis.
8. Salzer J, et al.
Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis.
9. Smolders J et al.
Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis.
Multiple Sclerosis 2008;14:1220-1224.
10. Van der Mei IA et al.
Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia.
Journal of Neurology 2007;254:581-590.
11. Runia TF, et al.
Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with a higher relapse risk in multiple sclerosis.
12. Reid D, et al The relation between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations after elective knee arthroplasty. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;93(5):1006-1011. Read online
13. Munger KL, Ascherio A
Prevention and treatment of MS: studying the effects of vitamin D.
Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2011;17(12):1405-1411.
Read online [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351202/]
14. Soilu-Hänninen M, et al.
A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with vitamin D3 as an add on treatment to interferon ß-1b in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2012;83(5):565-571.
NCT01285401. Supplementation of VigantOL Oil Versus Placebo as Add-on in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Rebif Treatment (SOLAR)
NCT01198132. A multicentre study of the efficacy and safety of supplementary treatment with cholecalciferol in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a 44 µg 3 times weekly (CHOLINE)
Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin D.
EFSA Journal 2012;10(7):2813.
18. Giovannoni G.
Are you pregnant or planning to fall pregnant?
Multiple Sclerosis Research blog - 15 Nov 2012.
Read blog post
Implementing Vitamin D guidance
Read on the NICE website | <urn:uuid:b5c492ec-1aaf-442e-a1a0-d0b28f1f1373> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.mstrust.org.uk/information/opendoor/articles/1302_02.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091925.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00271-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921824 | 1,889 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Vitamins are considered essential nutrients because either your body cannot make them or they are made in an inadequate amount.
This means that you must provide them through your diet or by taking a supplement. They are essential for your health, and when you lack in them, there will be health consequences and diseases.
Vitamin D is one of the four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), and there are two forms of it, D2 and D3. Vitamin D2, also known as ergocalciferol, comes from fortified foods, plant foods, and supplements.
Also See: Amazing Health Benefits of Eating Fish
Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, comes from fortified foods, animal foods (fatty fish, cod liver oil, eggs, and liver), supplements, and can be made internally when your skin is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
Vitamin D, is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet.
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is now a global public-health problem affecting an estimated 1 billion people worldwide. The most well-known consequences to not having enough vitamin D are rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
These are however, not the only problems associated with a vitamin D deficiency. Other health problems associated with Vitamin D deficiency include skeletal diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, infections, cognitive disorders, and/or mortality.
Causes Of Vitamin D Deficiency
Inadequate exposure to sunlight
Vitamin D is unlike any other vitamin because it is a “pro-hormone” produced in the skin with sunlight exposure. In particular, the sun is the main . of Vitamin D3.
Also See: Wondering Why You Have Hair Loss? Check This Out
Kidney or liver disease
Kidney and liver diseases can impair vitamin D conversion to its active form
Inadequate Consumption of Vitamin D in Food
Although the sun’s rays are the primary . of vitamin D, the nutrient can also be found in foods such as fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel and cod), oysters, shrimp, beef liver and eggs.
As you age, your kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, which can lead to a deficiency.
Problems in the digestive tract can cause inadequate absorption of vitamin D
Obesity (Body Mass Index greater than 30)
Vitamin D is extracted from the blood by fat cells. The more fat in the body, the less vitamin D is released into the circulation.
Also See: These Regular Habits Damage The Teeth
Here Are Some Signs/Symptoms Of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Weight gain
- Bone softening (low bone density) or fractures
- Fatigue and generalized weakness
- Muscle cramps and weakness
- Joint pain (most noticeable in the back and knees)
- Blood sugar issues
- Low immunity
- Low calcium levels in the blood
- Mood changes and irritability
Foods that contain vitamin D and can be eaten to augment exposure to sunlight include: Catfish, Mackerel, Salmon, Sardines, Tuna, Eggs, Beef Liver and Fish Liver Oil. | <urn:uuid:b135be67-ce98-4710-8c8a-5c360ad027ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://lifestyle.ng/why-you-need-to-fight-vitamin-d-deficiency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00034-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931457 | 686 | 3.640625 | 4 |
About This Chapter
Angles & Triangles - Chapter Summary
This chapter is all about navigating angles and triangles in geometry. It aims to boost your students' understanding of relevant geometrical properties, forms of measurement, and mathematical applications. By the time your students finish going through these lessons, they'll be better prepared to apply knowledge of the following topics:
- Measuring the angles of a polygon
- Defining the interior and exterior angles of a triangle
- Triangular medians, altitudes, and angle bisectors
- Angles created by a transversal
- Like triangles and the AA criterion
- Solving problems with similar triangles
- The transitive property
With every lesson containing both a video and transcript of the content, you'll be able to select the way you want your students to learn each topic. If you watch the videos, you and your students can skip around main points of the material by means of the timeline feature, while readers of the transcripts will find key terms highlighted in bold.
1. How to Measure the Angles of a Polygon & Find the Sum
Watch this video lesson to learn the one formula that lets you find the measure of angles in any regular polygon. Also, learn how you can tell if you are working with a regular polygon or not.
2. Interior and Exterior Angles of Triangles: Definition & Examples
Knowing just a few things about the interior or exterior angles of triangles is sometimes all you need to put all the pieces together. Find out more in this lesson.
3. Median, Altitude, and Angle Bisectors of a Triangle
Line segments in triangles are just clutter; they have special names and qualities depending on how they're drawn. In this lesson, we'll learn about medians, altitudes and angle bisectors.
4. Angles Formed by a Transversal
When you have a pair of parallel lines and a transversal, something very interesting happens to the angles that are formed. You can see this happen in real life at street intersections and such. Watch this video lesson to learn about all of this.
5. Similar Triangles & the AA Criterion
This video lesson explains the AA criterion and shows you why you only need two corresponding angles to be equal for two triangles to be similar. You will also see how you can use it to help you identify similar triangles.
6. Applications of Similar Triangles
Similar triangles are used to solve problems in everyday situations. Learn how to solve with similar triangles here, and then test your understanding with a quiz.
7. The Transitive Property of Similar Triangles
Watch this video lesson and you will understand what the transitive property is and how it applies to similar triangles. Watch as we apply the transitive property to three similar triangles.
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Other chapters within the STAAR Mathematics - Grade 8: Test Prep & Practice course
- Mathematical Problem Solving
- Numerical Representations - Numbers & Operations
- Slope & Rate of Change
- Functions & Proportionality
- Geometric Transformations
- Geometric Expressions, Equations & Relationships
- Bivariate Data
- Personal Financial Literacy
- About the STARR Tests
- STAAR Mathematics - Grade 8 Flashcards | <urn:uuid:8d98aa1d-cb9a-40a1-8c86-cdd230fe588a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://study.com/academy/topic/angles-triangles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.904952 | 808 | 4.375 | 4 |
Eating for a sustainable planet: Locavores vs. Herbivores
Date(s) - 24/05/2017
6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Is eating local more sustainable than eating vegetarian or vegan? Which contributes more to global climate change: locally-raised beef or imported and processed soy products? What should I eat during the winter in Nova Scotia? In today’s complex global food system, individuals are faced with multiple decisions about their eating habits each day. When considering the many environmental, social and economic ramifications of our food choices, it can be difficult to discern which types of foods to prioritize. Plant-based diets and those based on locally-produced foods have each seen a rise in popularity in recent years, largely for environmental reasons – but what are the merits of each?
Join Fusion Halifax’s Sustainability Action Team and Slow Food Nova Scotia for a lively debate between experts from Nova Scotia’s ‘Locavore’ and ‘Herbivore’ communities. Hear from both sides and choose for yourself how to eat sustainably in Nova Scotia.
Dr. Kathleen Kevany – Associate Professor, Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture
Erica Fraser – Co-Chair of Food Action Committee, Ecology Action Centre
Sheila Stephenson – Director and Secretary of Board of Directors, Slow Food Nova ScotiaiCal or | <urn:uuid:dc9693e0-d004-4274-ae75-2577caca5dfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://fusionhalifax.ca/events/eating-for-a-sustainable-planet-locavores-vs-herbivores/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.912988 | 283 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Some remarkable visual details fill out the 40-some maps that comprise Renaissance City Views from Above and Afar, an exhibition at the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library’s Kamin Gallery that runs through August 13.
In the views of Cadiz (above), the upper image shows the city’s fortress on the right and, on the spit of land to the left, a pair of watchtowers designed to warn the town of raids by pirates and “to alert fishermen to the arrival of schools of fish.” The lower view, notes the catalogue, shows “various aspects of the catching, processing, and disposal of tuna, one of the town’s major industries.”
The west-facing view of Rome (right) shows the city partially enclosed by the Aurelian walls from the third century CE. Saint Peter’s Basilica (begun in 1506) is not visible, but the Papal Palace, as well as the obelisk from the circus of Caligula and Nero (where Saint Peter was executed), the Vatican, and the Castel Sant’Angelo (Hadrian’s Tomb) can all be seen on the left.
Nearly all of the maps—which were drawn from the Civitates orbis terrarum (the six-volume atlas of the world’s known cities published between 1572 and 1617)—were lent to the library by Jack and Barbara Sosiak GNu’66, who began collecting maps and city views years ago in the course of work-related travel in Europe. The exhibition was co-curated by Jack Sosiak and Daniel Traister, curator for research services at Penn’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library. —S.H. | <urn:uuid:de06e465-e47e-431e-a49b-3ddf89214648> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0511/arts02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443062.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00262-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942466 | 368 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Emerging America’s online exhibits model engaging uses of primary and secondary sources from Western Massachusetts museums and archives. These stories serve as starting points to address major national themes and events in American history.
Each exhibit features a select set of documents, maps, artifacts, and images, placed in context through secondary sources from expert scholars. Students can dive directly into the stories, or explore dynamic maps, time lines, and multi-media. Within each exhibit, teachers can also access lesson plans, links to standards, and guidance on teaching methods.
Designed for grades 3-7 and 8-12. Focuses on an extraordinary community of utopian abolitionists and reformers of the 1840s. Enter the exhibit.
Designed for grades 8-12. Explores the 1826 voyage of the first Connecticut River steamboat into Massachusetts, opening a new era of industrial and economic expansion for this part of New England. Enter the exhibit.
Designed for grades 3-12. Demonstrates the central role of the Armory in leading the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s through innovative engineering and organization. Also examines expanded employment of women and blacks by the Federal Government in the 20th Century. Enter the exhibit. | <urn:uuid:86be7233-e66e-4e8f-9b1e-c253b8da3639> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://emergingamerica.org/online-exhibits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999817.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625092324-20190625114324-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.936306 | 245 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Western Gas Engine Company of Los Angeles, Calif., was formed in 1905 from what was previously named the Western Iron Works. This original company had roots going back to 1887, and as early as 1900 the company introduced the reversible-style gas engine model. This model was also referred to in the literature as an eccentric model. It apparently had no timing gears, nor did it have any semblance of a governor or timing devices for ignition and valve opening. How it actually worked is somewhat of a mystery, as no known examples or detailed descriptions are available.
In 1905 the geared model was introduced. The single-cylinder, early-style 1905 engines were built in sizes ranging from 7 HP to 100 HP. The hoist models ranged from 7 HP to 60 HP1, and all of them were of hit-and-miss design. This design was considered an obvious improvement and incorporated a timing gear and an eccentric/cam for controlling ignition timing and exhaust/intake valve operation. The design also utilized a unique, combination fuel pump/water pump that operated off the eccentric. The valves were contained in an external valve box and both were mechanically operated.
The mixer arrangement was similar to that used on the Charter engine, and the design for the water injection technique was patented by Western in 1906.2 The primary benefit of this design was its claim of providing smoother and more efficient engine operation when using kerosene as a fuel. It's interesting to note here that an assumption might be made concerning Western and Charter and possible sharing of designs, as both companies' larger engines shared many similar design features.
Basket Case 7 HP
In April 2001, I purchased a basket case 7 HP Western Gas Engine from Don Meakin of Arizona. A 1905 model, most of the serial numbers on the engine are 678, while the timing gear and governor parts carry serial number 407. At the time Western followed a practice similar to that of early steam engines, in that most parts built for an engine were not mass produced, nor were they generally inter-changeable. Each engine was built to operate as a final assembly, and many of the parts were 'gunsmithed' to fit. This meant stamping serial numbers on many of the individual parts to prevent any mix up during assembly or repair, as the engines continued to be maintained by the factory for years after they were purchased.
The name plate on Mike Tyler's 7 HP Western, showing serial number 678. Many pieces on this engine actually come from an earlier unit bearing serial number 407.
Many of these engines were returned to the factory for repair, re-boring, etc., and factory repair cards documenting repairs and when they were carried out are still available for many Western engines. Engine number 678's card was lost, but the card for number 407 indicates that engine was originally sold as a hoist engine on Dec. 4, 1906, to Con. Union Grand Copper Co. of Wickenburg, Ariz. The last entry on the card for engine 407 indicates it being owned by Y.M. Martin of Aguila, Ariz., with repair work performed on April 25, 1921.3 It is theorized that both serial number 678 and 407 were hoist engines, and further that number 678 suffered some type of accident that damaged the governor and timing gear parts. Engine number 678 was, evidently, repaired by utilizing parts from 407. Engine number 407 was probably discarded as being worn out.
When Meakin acquired this engine a hoist bearing serial number 407 came with the deal. The hoist has since changed hands and is understood to be somewhere in New Mexico. It would be nice, should the hoist ever be located someday, to marry it up with the engine.
After I bought the engine, an inventory of the parts revealed several key components missing; brass water/fuel pump, igniter, brass eccentric strap, igniter rod, brass inlet valve lever hook, and of course the unique brass oiler and remote drip oilers.
As many of us know from experience, these items are commonly missing from old engines. Fortunately for me, Ed Cooksey, a friend and a fellow engine collector, had recently restored a 7 HP Western. He was instrumental in helping me with the fabrication of missing parts and in the restoration of the engine.
In the process of this restoration I became sufficiently adept at fabricating custom bolts and nuts, as most were either missing or too corroded to use. The original crank guard was in place, but it had been modified to make room for a magneto adaptation. A patch was fabricated from a piece of cast iron and brazed in place to fill the hole. The brazing was then dressed with a sander. A new fuel/water pump was made by utilizing another pump as a pattern, then making a cast from that for final machining. Internal to the pump are two ball check valves. Additionally, the main oil lubricator had to be fabricated from red brass cast parts since none could be found. Again, an original one was borrowed to copy. Custom piston rings were purchased from Niagra, and heavy skids were fabricated from California oak. A fuel tank was ordered from Gale Rhoton and mounted on the skids.
On Aug. 7, 2001, the engine was started and ran beautifully. Recent research indicates there are six known surviving 7 HP Westerns of the 1905 Model, all presently located in California. I am confident that another of these engines will be discovered in the future, and it is a true pleasure to run and own such a fine example of early California engine history.
Contact engine enthusiast Mike Tyler at: 320 S. Locust St., Ridgecrest, CA 93555, or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
1. 'The Western Engine Lists,' compiled by Terry
2. Patent No. 822,172, May 29, 1906.
3. 'A Western History,' by Terry Hathaway 1989. | <urn:uuid:a536ae46-cfb3-4e2d-b6e8-a3707ee286e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.gasenginemagazine.com/gas-engines/western-gas-engine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690307.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925021633-20170925041633-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.979703 | 1,222 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If you have a garden, keeping your plants watered properly can be a challenge. With a drip irrigation system, you can easily and effectively keep your garden looking healthy and vibrant all season long. Here is how to install a drip irrigation system in your garden to help improve the watering process with minimal effort on your part once it's installed.
Plan it out and get the right tubing
Before you run the tubing, plan out your garden on a piece of paper and indicate where each type of plant will be placed. Drawing everything out will help you get a better idea of how you want to run the tubing for your particular garden's layout.
In order to correctly irrigate the garden, you will need to use drip tubing. This tubing consists of thin hoses with little plastic pieces called emitters that help the water drip out at a steady pace. The tubes will run throughout your garden in order to help distribute water to the soil right at the roots. Look for tubing that has holes already punched and the plastic emitters located every few feet.
Secure the tubing
In order to keep the tubing you've run level and secured, use plastic ground stakes to keep it secured to the ground. Space them out every few feet to ensure that the tubing stays secure and level. If you're irrigating trees, run the tubing around the trunk of the tree so that all sides will get water. You may have to pierce extra holes in the tubing to be sure that water is coming out of all sides. Once everything is in place, run the water gently to flush out any dirt that is inside of the tubing. Then, crimp off the end of the tube using a small crimper. This will prevent the excess water from running out of the end and keep it flowing out of the emitters in your tubes. Cover all tubing with an inch or two of mulch to hide it and help prevent the water from evaporating before it reaches your plants.
Connect the water
In order for the irrigation system to work correctly, you'll need to attach your tubing to an outdoor faucet. Use a pressure regulator so you can prevent dirty hose water from getting back into the water supply line. A filter can also be attached to ensure the water flowing is clean and free of debris or contaminants. Connect the filter to the end of the tubing and then tightly screw it onto the outdoor faucet. Once the water supply is connected, you can begin running the tubing throughout your garden according to the plans you've drafted. Make sure that the water is coming out of the tubing near the edges of your plant beds and not directly onto them. This will allow the water to naturally flow towards your plants rather than directly soaking them, providing them with a natural and slow watering process.
Drip irrigation is an easy and effective way to ensure that your garden is getting the water it needs to stay healthy. Talk to an irrigation system installation service for more information. | <urn:uuid:6d8b050c-0424-401a-bc67-c74c46bab8b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://adultmedicinepc.com/2016/03/28/installing-a-drip-irrigation-system-for-your-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.952627 | 595 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It all started (at least on my end) with reading a post on the CT birdlist about some Nelson’s Sparrows at the Connecticut Audubon Coastal Center. At the bottom of the post was a single line about a leatherback sea turtle that had washed up on the beach. I forwarded that email on to our (Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History) collections manager of herpetology and ichthyology, Greg Watkins-Colwell.
Leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are large turtles that can be found throughout the world. Not only is it the largest turtle in the world, it’s one of the largest reptiles in the world, only three ‘croccodiles’ are bigger. Leatherbacks are different from other turtles having a different type of shell, as their name implies. The latin root for the name Dermo indicates skin and chelys means shell, so they have a ‘shell’ that is covered by skin. It’s actually a bit more complicated than that… look for a future blog post.
On October 1st in the waters off of Bridgeport reports of a floating leatherback turtle were recorded. This is almost certainly the same body that washed ashore in Milford and spotted on October 8th (a week later). In the few days that would follow the Yale Peabody Museum staff worked with the local, state, and federal departments to obtain permission to collect the turtle as a research and educational specimen. The government shutdown, with Fish and Wildlife staff on furlough, hindered a rapid response. Finally, everything was set to collect the turtle on Thursday morning.
Check out local news cast News 12′s video: http://connecticut.news12.com/news/giant-sea-turtle-washes-up-on-milford-beach-peabody-museum-wants-to-study-carcass-1.6226535
Making a quick stop at the site on Wednesday evening, everything looked good to go. The leatherback was below the high tide line but was being partially buried and there was no real threat of it being taken away by the tide. What met us on Thursday morning was shocking.
At some point over night someone had poached the turtles head. We arrived to find the head had been cut off the turtles body. Leatherback sea turtles are an endangered species in the United States, making the poaching illegal with substantial penalties.
So, Why is the head such a big deal? The most important reason is that it makes the specimen whole. For educational purposes the head can illustrate the general form of this specialized jellyfish eater. For more scientific purposes the head can be used to study brain size and vascilurization of turtles. Comparing minute anatomical details from this specimen with others could help anser questions like: Do leatherbacks brains grow at different rates? Are the muscles involved in eating different or work differently on leatherback turtles? How well do Leatherback turtles see? and many more that have yet to even be asked.
Although, there is still a lot that scientists don’t know about the leatherback sea turtle, there are a few interesting facts. Leatherbacks, although reptiles, are able to survive in colder water temperature by producing their own body heat, likely because they rarely stop moving and create muscle heat. Leatherbacks are one of the deepest diving marine animals and can stay under water for up to 70 minutes (MOST dives are only 3-9 minutes). Also, We know that their primary food source is jellyfish! The major causes of non-natural deaths in Dermochelys is due to ingestion of plastic bags or balloons and boat propeller strikes. Think about that before letting your plastic shopping bag blow away.
How did we get the turtle off the beach? Once we arrived on scene we began to shovel sand away from the sides of the turtle to make it easier to access the body. The city of Milford was anxious to get the animal off the beach and willing to help science by supplying a front loader tractor to scoop up the turtle. By this point the turtle was very decomposed, the rear half of the leatherback was pretty much falling apart. And Yes, it smelled… a lot. Once the turtle was in the tractor it was carried to a pick-up truck and dropped into the bed.
A follow up from News 12 about the head: http://connecticut.news12.com/news/head-of-giant-milford-sea-turtle-stolen-1.6233882
WTNH video with removal footage: http://www.wtnh.com/news/new-haven-cty/dead-sea-turtle-washes-ashore-in-milford
From there the turtle was transported to a piece of Yale property that isn’t open to the public. With very large animals, often the best way to prepare them for skeletal use is by using nature. We wrapped the turtle in mesh to inhibit large mammals from upsetting the body and buried it underground. The leatherback will now slowly decay, the bacteria on and in the body have already started to breakdown the soft tissues. Insects, worms, and other small animals will aid in the process by cleaning/ eating the soft tissue away from the bone. After a year or so, staff will return to the burial site to excavate the skeleton for research. Maybe someone will want to use the bones to study flipper movement with the carpals or spine development of the vertebrae.
If you know anything about the poached turtle head, please let us or the authorities know. (comment anonymously even) I hope that it is someone who didn’t realize what the legal aspect was and didn’t mean to commit a crime. I also hope that it is someone who can realize how scientifically and educationally valuable the skull is to science. This is my personal plea that the person who took the skull will return it to us. Not only have they taken it from the museum but they have also taken it away from you and anyone who has visited the museum. This is one amazing animal with an amazing story that will now likely never end up on exhibit.
If you want to read a horrible article by the Connecticut Post (note this is even a revision of an even worse first rendition): http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Turtle-remains-removed-from-Milford-beach-4887938.php
Information was obtained by Wikipedia as viewed 14 October 2013 and by some of the scholarly articles on the wiki page references. Additional information is taken from personal communications with Yale Peabody Museum collections manager, Greg Watkins-Colwell. | <urn:uuid:22e91f18-281d-42e1-9017-e8d73cf11bd2> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://lynnjones11.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164351837/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133911-00064-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962028 | 1,403 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Best of Sicily
Food & Wine
Map of Sicily
B.C. - Before the traditional birth of Jesus Christ. Also B.C.E., before the "common" era.|
Bronze Age - Era of first tools and weapons made from copper and bronze, in Greece
beginning around 3000 BC, prior to Iron Age.
Copper Age - Earliest period of the Bronze Age, varying by region, before copper was alloyed with tin to form bronze for tools and weapons.
Early Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 4000 BC to 2100
Indo-European - Many societies of Europe, southern Asia and southwest
Asia, identifiable by 1000 BC based on linguistic similarities.
Iron Age - Era of tools made from iron, beginning around 1200 BC, in Greece around 1100 BC, in Sicily probably with Greeks circa 700 BC. Followed Bronze Age.
Late Bronze Age - In Sicily the era from about 1270 BC until circa 650 BC, immediately prior to Iron Age introduced by Greeks.
Late Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 1550 BC to 1100 BC.
Middle Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 2100 BC to 1550
Minoan - Aegean civilization of ancient Crete, from 4000 BC to 1100
Mycenean - Late Bronze Age civilization of ancient Peloponnese contemporary to Late Minoan (Cretan) development. Relating to ancient Mycenae.
Phoenician - Semitic language of ancient Phoenicians.
Sicanian - Native people of Sicily, from "sika" for chalcedony
(Italian "selce") found in valleys they inhabited. Origins identified from 2000-1600 BC following Proto-Sicanian cultures.
Sicels - Also Sikels from Greek "Si'Keloi," Italic people
arriving in eastern Sicily circa 1200 BC.
is the world's. Their empire --though vast-- was only half as large as the Mongol
Empire, but more than twice as influential in shaping society on a global
scale long after its demise. It is the standard by which other societies
are measured. At its greatest extent, it encompassed Italy and every land
touching the Mediterranean (Spain, Portugal, France, Greece, Albania, Egypt,
Palestine and Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria,
Libya), Austria, Armenia, most of Britain (including Wales and part of Scotland),
Belgium, Romania, Bulgaria and most of the Balkans, Mesopotamia (Iraq) and
Kuwait, small parts of Persia (Iran) and Arabia, southern Ukraine, Switzerland
and half of Germany. Its sphere of influence was far wider, extending into
Germany, Denmark, Poland, Sudan and Ethiopia.
Language, the calendar, the alphabet, art, architecture, literature, forms of government,
legal systems and even our eating utensils were influenced by Roman civilization.
Despite medieval (post-Roman) influences, the rudimentary blueprint for
what we now call "Western Civilization" was the society of the
ancient Romans. While it presents a balanced view and takes into account
the fundamental equality of diverse peoples, today's multicultural perspective
of world history often overlooks the pre-eminent importance of Rome's defining
role in the history of humanity. During the Renaissance, Italy breathed
new life into the classical Roman tradition. Through colonial expansion,
the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch brought Western European
culture and traditions around the world. The results were not always positive
but they could rarely be ignored.
Influenced by the Etruscans of central Italy and the Greeks of the south,
Roman society evolved from a tribal Italic culture (akin to those of the
Ligurians and Lucanians) to become one of the most sophisticated societies
of all time. European culture was --and is-- defined by its Roman heritage.
It is the single historical influence that all Europeans share, even if
(as in the case of Scandinavians and Slavs) indirectly. Constantinople (capital
of the Eastern Roman Empire) considered herself the second or "new"
Rome and Moscow claimed to be the third. In the early Christian Church,
the Patriarch of Rome was "primus inter pares" (first among equals)
among patriarchs. The medieval rulers of a realm extending from Saxony to
Sicily were "Holy Roman Emperors" crowned by the Pope of Rome
even if, as has been observed, their domain was not holy, Roman or even an empire. In the United States,
modern structures built in imitation of ancient Roman ones house legislative
bodies whose elective representatives are called "senators."
The Romanesque and Neo Classical styles preserved Roman architectural traditions long after the fall of Rome. The English language
(now the world's most widely spoken tongue) is peppered with Latin legal
phrases and numerous words bearing Latin roots, and the page you're reading
is written using the Roman alphabet. Every day, speakers of Spanish, French,
Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and even English and German, use words which
would be perfectly recognizable to the ears of Julius Caesar, though he
would be surprised to witness the enduring influence of his Empire's culture.
The annals of history themself were defined by Romans, with years based
on the birth of Jesus in the Roman province of Judea. Rarely (with the possible
exception of today's Americans) has a single --and singular-- people ever
influenced the lives of so many others. Without doubt the Romans were a
singular people, at once unspeakably cruel and compassionately democratic.
Barbaric and intolerant yet creative and intellectual. The epitome of contradiction.
Willing to embrace foreign cultures but underestimated only at their adversaries'
Sicily became the first Roman province in 227 BC (BCE), although it remained
essentially Greek for centuries. True, the Romans Latinized Sicilian society,
though perhaps not as much as is often believed. However, the accomodation
of local cultures was a key factor in preserving the vast Roman Empire for
a thousand years, and this experiment was first attempted (with success)
in Sicily. In many ways, Greek civilization represented the Romans' mother
culture. Though Latin was introduced, Greek (the "intellectual"
language of upper-class Romans) continued to be widely spoken throughout the Roman rule of Sicily and the regions to
the east. In most cases, bilingual societies emerged, with Latin used by
the invading Romans and in official inscriptions but the local vernacular
being preserved in everyday speech, though perhaps influenced by Latin.
Initially, Latin seems to have had a more general influence in western regions
where there was previously no widely-used written language or where there
was high illiteracy. In its final centuries the Roman Empire, divided into
East and West, continued in Byzantium (Constantinople) long after these
western regions had fallen to invaders.
To understand the Romans' role in Sicily and elsewhere, it is necessary to understand Rome, the people of Rome and the Roman world. (This very concise survey concentrates on Roman Sicily without seeking to present a detailed history of the Roman Empire, which would require volumes.)
Ancient Rome emerged around 700 BC on seven wooded hills along the River
Tiber in Latium in south-central Italy. The earliest Romans, Latins present
in settlements such as the Palatine Hill from about 1000 BC, were greatly
influenced by the more advanced Etruscans, who ruled the territories to
the north and east of Rome, with a capital at Felsina (now Bologna). Little
is known of the origins of the Etruscans, whose language, though probably
not Indo-European, made use of an alphabet influenced by Phoenician and
Greek. Present in Italy from at least 800 BC, the Etruscans knew of the
cultures to the south, including those of the Greeks (Magna Graecia) and
Carthaginians. By 275 BC, the Romans had assimilated with the Etruscans,
as well as various Italic peoples, and controlled the Italian peninsula.
This became the "home" province of Rome, and by AD (CE) 117 as
many as six million people lived there, with at least ten times that many
in the entire Empire. In time, most were granted Roman citizenship, and
among Rome's emperors were citizens born in various parts of the Empire;
in this respect overt ethnic bigotry was not a serious social problem in
Roman society, though religious and cultural differences certainly existed
among its diverse peoples. The Romans frequently left local rulers in nominal
control of conquered lands. Despite uniform standards of law and even architecture,
the far-flung provinces of the Empire often enjoyed localized (ethnic) social
practices such as the continued practice of local religions.
By 300 BC, as Rome enjoyed ever more contact with Greece, particularly
through the Sicilians, Roman society began to imitate Greek society in many
ways. Romans worshipped the Greek gods, albeit under different names and
with less devotion than the Greeks, and imitated Greek architecture and
urban planning. Greek literature and science greatly influenced Roman ideas.
The Romans built upon what they learned from the Greeks and others. (Christianity
began to make serious inroads into Roman society by AD 100, though it was
still outlawed at that time.) Roman engineering was sophisticated, but the
Romans are credited with few insights into pure science and mathematics.
Life in the cities didn't change very much, but Roman agricultural policy
differed somewhat from that of the Greeks. Under the Romans, Sicily's forests
gave way to the first large grain farms. As a source of hard wheat, Sicily
became the "granary of the Roman Empire." The Empire grew and
Sicily, near its geographical center, became a crossroads of the Mediterranean;
Saint Paul preached in Syracuse on his way to Rome. Never in its long history
has Sicily known peace for as long as it did during the Roman period. This
followed the second and third Punic Wars against the Carthaginians,
with the virtual destruction of the north-African city in 146 BC.
Administration was generally efficient and problems few. The Syrian slave
Eunus led a celebrated revolt suppressed in 131 BC, and another slave revolt
--by Trifon-- was suppressed in 99 BC. These revolts lasted for years. In
70 BC, the praetor Verres was accused of fraud by several Sicilian towns
but decided to flee when he learned that their legal case was to be argued
by Cicero, the greatest orator of his time. When Tauromenion (Taormina)
sided with Pompey against Augustus (Octavian), the latter retaliated by
seizing the town for his soldiers. In general, the influx of Romans into
Sicily was more peaceful. The Roman villa near Piazza Armerina, built around
AD 300, is an exceptional example of aristocratic architecture, but its
splendor probably was not unique in its time. Owing partly to its earlier
existence as a highly-advanced Greek region, Sicily required little additional
architectural "development" by the Romans. Yet cities which were
quite unimportant under the Greeks grew considerably under the Romans. Panormus
(Palermo) comes to mind; the large Roman city was built upon a Punic-era settlement. The Roman theatres in Catania are
still largely in tact.
It was during the Roman era that the foundation of a Sicilian vernacular
language was established. Initially, this was a blend of Latin and Greek,
both widely spoken throughout Sicily's Roman era. Sicilian is a Latin (Romance)
language, but by the end of the Middle Ages it had many French, Germanic
and Arabic characteristics.
Except for some initial revolts in Syracuse during the Punic Wars, the
Sicilians did not actively resist the Roman annexation. The island's population
grew under the Romans, but it is difficult to ascertain the number that
immigrated. There was not a mass colonization, but rather pockets of immigration
activity over the centuries. Syracuse remained the most important city,
and perhaps the most populated, but it was not always the capital.
Established in 509 BC, the Roman Republic shed the leadership of Etruscan
kings in favor of a more democratic system of government. In time, this
was modified and corrupted, but its fundamental structure remained in place
for centuries. Roman society was structured fairly rigidly, with patricians
at the top and plebians, the majority of the populace, beneath them. By
287 BC, the plebians had achieved rights almost equal to those of the patricians.
Slaves, a kind of underclass, could gain citizenship --and freedom-- under
certain conditions. In 27 BC, following two decades of civil war, the Empire
succeeded the Republic. This led to less actual democracy for many, but
the Empire was generally prosperous for several centuries to follow, supported
by an extensive network of conquered lands.
Rome defeated Carthage and began a rapid expansion both eastward and
westward. Julius Caesar brought Gaul (France), Iberia (Spain) and Egypt
under Roman influence. Eventually, these became part of the Empire. Caesar's
growing power brought about his assassination. In 27 BC, following a civil
war against Mark Antony, Caesar's nephew, Octavian, became emperor as Augustus
Caesar, though he preferred the title of "princeps" (first citizen).
The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) begun under Augustus lasted two centuries,
with the addition of various territories, such as Britain in AD 43 and Dacia
(now Romania and part of Hungary) in AD 106. At its greatest extent, the
Roman Empire encompassed lands from Scotland to the Persian Gulf.
After AD 300, despite the efforts of enlightened emperors such as Constantine
I, who relocated the capital to Byzantium in 330, the empire began to disintegrate,
especially in its western regions. Barbarian raids and localized uprisings
became more prevalent, while a stagnant, corrupt centralized government
found itself ill-prepared to meet new threats. It has been suggested that
excessive assimilation with "foreign" cultures, and assumption
of soldiers from these societies, was a key reason for Rome's fall. While
such factors cannot be ignored, the greatest shortcoming of Rome was itself.
The empire destroyed itself from within. By 400, the end was near, at least
in the west. The Roman Empire split in 395, with the eastern half preserving
its great culture and traditions.
Officially, Sicily was part of the Western Empire after AD 395, but following
the fall of centralized power in Rome (the city was sacked in 410 and Odoacer
formally assumed power in 476), a period of foreign rule by Vandals and Ostrogoths (from AD 468 until 535) ensued in Sicily. It was then annexed to the Byzantine Empire, a medieval state (ruled from Constantinople until
1453) which evolved from the Eastern Roman Empire.
About the Author: Palermo native Vincenzo Salerno has written biographies of several famous Sicilians, including Frederick II and Giuseppe di Lampedusa. | <urn:uuid:d1392bf7-2a6e-4496-abd9-dd2a623fc657> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art159.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174167.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00333-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955981 | 3,283 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Health Watch -- Kidney Stones
Health Watch is a Public Service of the Office of News and Publications and is intended to provide general information only and should not replace the advice of a medical professional. You should contact your physician if you have questions about any of these topics.
Modern lifestyles may increase your chances of developing a kidney stone. What can you do to prevent that?
While we know humans have been suffering from kidney stones for a very long time -- judging from stones found in Egyptian mummies -- the way we live now may be making matters worse. An estimated 10 to 20 percent of Americans will develop a kidney stone at some point in their lives, most often between the ages of 20 and 40. These stones, which are made up mostly of calcium and uric acid, can be anywhere from the size of a grain of sand to the size of a golf ball. Men are more likely to develop kidney stones, but the number of women with kidney stones is rising.
What can you do to prevent kidney stones from forming? The easiest thing to do is drink plenty of water. Dr. Orson Moe of UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas says that the water will help dilute or flush out substances that form kidney stones. Some studies have shown that eating too much protein may also be linked to kidney stones, so avoid a diet that's excessively high in protein, especially if you have a history of kidney stones.
Symptoms of a possible kidney stone include extreme, lingering pain in the back or side; blood in the urine; fever or chills; vomiting; cloudy or bad-smelling urine; and burning during urination. If you notice these symptoms, see a doctor as soon as possible. There are new treatments that can help get rid of kidney stones with less pain, such as using sound waves to break stones down so they pass more easily. | <urn:uuid:63d9217f-57f9-4375-abfa-e548b56d7cbf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/health-watch/year-2004/health-watch-kidney-stones.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657111354.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011151-00233-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94733 | 377 | 3 | 3 |
54 percent of the global population lives in urban areas, a number that is not only higher than at any point in human history but is also expected to grow in the years to come. In fact, the UN projects that two thirds of the people living on Earth in 2050 will reside in urban areas. When combined with projected global population growth, these trends could result in as many as 2.5 billion more people living in urban areas by 2050.
Nearly 90 percent of the projected increase is due to occur in Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and is concentrated in areas that require additional infrastructure investments in order to cope with burgeoning populations. As cities worldwide brace for population booms, many are relying on large-scale pre-planned urban development projects to provide an outlet for overpopulated areas. Designed to boost quality of life for future residents with efficient, eco-friendly and easy to navigate urban plans, these forward-thinking developments are already attracting residents looking to experience the future of sustainable living.
As cities look for new ways to promote efficiency and responsible growth in the 21st century, an increasing number of urban planners are embracing district cooling to meet their climate control requirements. District cooling places several large chillers in a single location to provide remote climate control by piping in cold water. By eliminating the need for individual, specialized on-site climate control solutions, district cooling gives urban planners and architects an unprecedented degree of freedom as they dream up the urban centers of the future. District cooling can be implemented in a variety of settings including retail centers, factories, entertainment venues, housing and much more.
The flexibility of district cooling provides urban planners with a climate control solution that is capable of meeting a variety of needs, providing exceptional energy efficiency alongside uncompromising performance. In addition to allowing for greater freedom in the design of buildings, the variety of solutions that can be used in district cooling setups means that district cooling is perfect in almost any setting.
As pre-planned developments continue to grow in popularity, it is no surprise that engineers and architects alike are constantly finding new uses for district cooling solutions. Some are even extending the reach of district cooling to include climate control for large office complexes and similar projects. The recent use of LG chillers to provide district cooling for the new Government Agencies Compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia demonstrates the power of this advanced technology to combat even the most inhospitable temperatures.
Housing some of Saudi Arabia’s most important government, the Government Agencies Compound is part of a multifaceted national campaign to create a more efficient, modern capital city. Riyadh’s population has nearly doubled over the past 20 years, from just over 3,000,000 in 1997 to nearly 6,000,000. This massive population influx has led to grand construction projects designed to transform the city from a regional business hub to global economic powerhouse.
The unparalleled versatility of LG’s Centrifugal Chiller makes it the perfect HVAC solution for the 900 thousand square meter Government Agencies Compound, with the 12 Centrifugal Chillers providing uniform climate control across the entire facility.
The optimized two stage compressor cycle of LG’s chillers gives the entire lineup world class energy efficiency ratings. In addition to COP (Coefficient of Performance) of 6.7, the LG Centrifugal Chiller boasts an IPLV (Integrated Part Load Value) rating of 8.0. The addition of a second inlet guide vane also boosts efficiency and reduces operational costs. Ideally suited to district cooling installations, LG’s advanced chiller lineup has helped the company emerge as a leader in the global air conditioning market.
The successful installation of LG chillers to provide climate control for the Government Agencies Compound in Riyadh is helping district cooling prove itself on the world stage. Already winning over urban planners with its flexibility, it is no surprise that so many are realizing the exciting benefits of district cooling technology when paired with advanced chillers. District cooling represents the future of climate control, and the latest chiller lineups from HVAC innovators like LG will help the format reach new heights in years to come.
Source: World Health Organization
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | <urn:uuid:a3dfee0c-17ef-4a35-b6ea-de4d85256e5d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.lghvacstory.com/embracing-the-power-of-district-cooling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038057476.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410181215-20210410211215-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.932528 | 861 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This activity uses a real variable star - W Cyg - in the constellation of Cygnus the swam. The html and flash versions work well; however, the pdf page with the 7 photos of W Cyg and the Finder Slide with the comparison stars do not show up well unless they are downloaded on good quality photographic paper. To help with this difficulty, a powerpoint version of the 7 slides of the close-up of W Cyg has been added to this activity to use in the classroom. Two different powerpoint slide sets have been provided. The Variable Star in Cygnus set is comprised of the 7 slides of W Cyg without the comparison star labeled. You may elect to show your students the unlabeled slide set first. The Variable Star in Cygnus with Comparison Stars set does have the comparison stars labeled. This format works best for the entire class to learn the technique together. It has the added advantage that you have control of the pace of the images, and the students do not have the option of looking back at a previous image. (After all, the night sky does not move backwards!) Use the same table and graph provided with the pdf version and the Variable Star in Cygnus with Comparison Stars if you elect to use this version of the activity.
Activity #2: A Variable Star in Cygnus | <urn:uuid:9afa9b41-01a0-41ab-865c-65baebde16df> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/variable_stars/activity2ppt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701281163/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104801-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903298 | 272 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Protect the people of Darfur
Darfur today is a place of violence and terrifying insecurity. The people are trapped in a web of armed attacks that grow ever more complex with weapons readily available. Janjaweed and Paramilitary forces, armed by the Sudanese government grow ever stronger while more and more armed opposition groups emerge.
Fighting is often between groups including ethnic groups formerly on the same side. One thing has not changed: it is still civilians who pay the price.
Hundreds of people were killed in 2007 in fighting between ethnic groups. As arms proliferated disputes that, in the past, would be resolved by traditional reconciliation processes have led to mass killings.
One of the most recent attacks took place on 31st July during a ceremony to commemorate those killed in a previous attack. The government army was warned the day before that armed men were massing in the area but took no action. At least 68 people were killed.
In May and June 2007, more than 2500 people fled from South Darfur making a painful 10-day trek to the Central African Republic. The refugees said they fled after Janjaweed and government attacked Daffaq between 12 and 18 May.
The camps to which refugees flee are constantly expanding beyond their capacity. There is increasing politicization and militarization. Displaced women and girls in camps are vulnerable and also face rising violence within camps and within their families. The camps also come under attack from outside.
"The NGOs provide food and blankets. They cannot provide security," a displaced person from Mershing camp explains.
Rape and sexual slavery continue to be carried out with complete impunity. For example, on 26 December 2006 in Deribat village, about 50 women were abducted and systematically raped by armed men. Many children watched what happened to their mothers and some were raped themselves.
For years, the internally displaced have campaigned for a UN force to protect them. Amnesty International is calling on the peacekeeping mission to help to ensure the safe, voluntary and sustainable return of the displaced to their homes and ensure the protection of women and other vulnerable groups from violence.
In order to ensure that attention to human rights abuses against the people of Darfur does not fade in the wake of a decision to send a joint UN-AU peacekeeping mission to the region, thousands of activists including many from Amnesty International, staged worldwide demonstrations in a global "Day for Darfur" on Sunday, 16 September.
Images are Copyrighted, may not be used, linked or copied without written consent . Thanks for viewing my gallery! | <urn:uuid:2becf4a8-4ac0-422c-88cf-dad466770dca> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.pbase.com/perrona/image/86057577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163050122/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131730-00050-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976033 | 517 | 2.546875 | 3 |
“The genetic code is truly digital, in exactly the same sense as computer codes. This is not some vague analogy, it is the literal truth. Moreover, unlike computer codes, the genetic code is universal. Modern computers are built around a number of mutually incompatible machine languages, determined by their processor chips. The genetic code, on the other hand, with a few very minor exceptions, is identical in every living creature on this planet, from sulphur bacteria to giant redwood trees, from mushrooms to men.” Richard Dawkins —Genetics: Why Prince Charles is So WrongCheckbiotech)
Note: The title of this piece most likely refers to a 2000 lecture series in which Britain’s Prince Charles spoke against genetic engineering. | <urn:uuid:e6f54ef0-8b85-409b-a044-b7f5c219194e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://jerz.setonhill.edu/blog/2003/02/05/898/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935954.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00053-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938659 | 150 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The black-capped chickadee may be the perfect songbird. It is vocal and approachable, inquisitive and dependable. Even the casual birdwatcher finds in the chickadee a neighbor, a friend, an entertainer, a mobster. A mobster? Well, not exactly Al Capone. But if you’re willing to join its mob, the chickadee will make you an offer you can’t refuse.
The Mob, in birder parlance, is a noisy, frenetic assembly of birds ganging up on some common enemy. Chickadees tend to be the kingpins. They begin the assault with an array of call notes. A sharp zeeet comes in response to an approaching predator – a hawk or owl in flight, for example, or a weasel or human walking into the territory. The more familiar chick-a-dee-dee calls are delivered in the presence of a stationary predator. Chickadees vary the rate or urgency of this call or add more dee notes to convey to allies in The Mob the distance or immediacy of the threat.
So a hawk or an owl minding its own business in the woods may soon find itself in a maelstrom of chickadees. The Mob swarms and swirls, darts and dives, shouts and scolds in a kind of tactical turf warfare to persuade the predator to get lost. Other birds in the woods, when they hear the chickadees going at it, dart in to join the fracas. The Mob is, after all, strength in numbers. It soon includes nuthatches issuing yank-yank calls, goldencrowned kinglets delivering short tsee notes and, particularly from southern New England southward, tufted titmice and Carolina wrens repeating raspy scold notes.
Although The Mob is the enemy of the predator, it can be a friend of the birder. A Mob is a songbird magnet, exerting its force on more elusive species deeper in the woods – thrushes, warblers, and tanagers, for example – that dart in to investigate the commotion.
You can employ Mob psychology yourself in the pursuit of birds. A birder who repeats a soft, wispy spshsh-spshsh-spshsh is imitating some of those avian scold notes. Spishing, or pishing as we also call it, is universal bird lingo for danger. When you spish, songbirds zoom in to investigate. Chickadees often lead the way.
But why would a bird approach The Mob? Why not fly away from danger? For one thing, there may be a bit of altruism going on here, synergy in birds of a feather flocking together. But self-preservation also figures in The Mob. Owls, of course, hunt by stealth. They surprise their prey, closing the deal with a silent, deadly grasp of the talons. A songbird that might otherwise become owl food would do well to know the predator’s location. So many birders add an owl call – the eerie trill of an eastern screech owl works well – to their spishing.
As with any bird-finding, employ moderation. Excessive spishing can be a form of harassment, so don’t overdo it, especially during the breeding season. Once the chickadees respond and the commotion rises, lay off the spishing and enjoy the fruits of The Mob mentality.
Bryan Pfeiffer is an author, wildlife photographer, field guide, and consulting naturalist who specializes in birds and insects. He lives in Plainfield, Vermont. | <urn:uuid:e5b5e340-0242-49f8-ad07-d72e94059e3a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://northernwoodlands.org/articles/article/calling-in-the-mob | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945497.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422061121-20180422081121-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.918035 | 766 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hydrogen will be the future
In recent years, a lot of research has been done into if Hydrogen (H2) could be a successor to fossil fuel and if it could be stored for generating electricity. With the new European green deal made by the European Commission for making Europe climate neutral in 2050, here will be more investment made in Hydrogen research to reach that target.
To enable a sustainable and clean energy supply in the future, we need to depend less on fossil fuel reserves because it is more environmentally sustainable to promote the development of automotive, stationary and consumer applications powered by fuel cells.
Hydrogen can be used as a feed stock, a fuel or an energy carrier and storage, and has many possible applications across industry, transport, power and buildings sectors. Most importantly, using hydrogen as a fuel does not cause any CO2 emission or air pollution.
Hydrogen can be produced through several methods. The most common methods today are natural gas reforming (steam reforming) and electrolysis. Other methods include solar-driven and biological processes.
Our digital area variable flow meter, the MASS-VIEW, is actual calibrated on Hydrogen H2 gas to get the best accuracy to be an excellent instrument to measure or regulate flow in application to producing Hydrogen H2 gas but also in the application to use Hydrogen gas, think of welding, storage aerospace or semiconductor manufacturing.
“‘’Cumulative investments in renewable hydrogen in Europe could be up to €180-470 billion by 2050’’ – European Commission“
In the future, hydrogen can also be uses as an important energy carrier. An energy carrier moves and delivers energy in a usable form to consumers. Renewable energy sources, like the sun and wind, can’t produce energy all the time. But they could, for example, produce electric energy and that will produce hydrogen witch electrolysis, which can be stored until it’s needed and transported to areas where it is needed.
- Multiple Space and Aviation companies for (rocket) fuel and weather balloons
- Transport industry; fuel for cars, motor bikes, trucks, ships, buses, fork trucks etc.
- Food industry for hydrogenation converts liquid vegetable oils into solid fats
- Different manufacturing companies for Atomic hydrogen welding
- Research Universities for storing hydrogen as usable energy
What we offer
Mass Flow ONLINE offers MASS-VIEW Meters, Controllers and Regulators that can assist in this production of cables and wires. To be ensured of a high quality product the production process has to be monitored closely and materials have to be measured precisely. The MASS-VIEW allows for direct measurements, regulation and control over the process with a high accuracy and rangeability that is clearly displayed on its OLED display.
- Special designed MASS-VIEW models that is suited for H2 (Hydrogen) and He (Helium).
- MASS-VIEW meters / regulators / controllers are available in wide flow ranges from 10 – 200 mln/min up to 1 – 500 ln/min.
- The compactness of the MASS-VIEW® allows to construct a portable and easy-to-use rig.
- Possibility to control a variety of gases, like Air, N2, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, Ar, CH4, C3H8 and C4H10.
Quick links to Hydrogen Mass Flow Meters/Regulators pages
PN 10 bar - Hydrogen Regulator
PN 10 bar - Hydrogen Meter
MV-391-H2 | 20 ... 200 mln/min H2
MV-191-H2 | 20 ... 200 mln/min H2
MV-392-H2 | 50 ... 2000 mln/min H2
MV-192-H2 | 50 ... 1000 mln/min H2
MV-394-H2 | 0.1 ... 20 ln/min H2
MV-194-H2 | 0.1 ... 10 ln/min H2
MV-396-H2 | 0.2 ... 100 ln/min H2
MV-196-H2 | 0.2 ... 100 ln/min H2 | <urn:uuid:78d80f05-cab1-4065-8b2c-5b4f81d795e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.massflow-online.com/fr-fr/marches-et-applications/hydrogen-will-be-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.890177 | 877 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Pakistan’s population is forecast to almost double in the next 30 years. That means we will have another 200 million mouths to feed by 2050. On top of rapid population growth, the changing climate or global warming is bringing new challenges to the nation’s food security — a total of 21m people in the country are already estimated to be acutely food insecure at present.
Being among the 10 countries affected most by climate change, Pakistan is on track to become the most water-stressed nations in the region by 2040. This will result in significant shortages of surface water availability for irrigation, industry and human consumption. According to the United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), the number of extreme climate-related disasters have more than doubled since the 1990s with an average of 213 of these events occurring every year from 1990 through 2016, affecting agricultural productivity and causing harvest losses. For example, unusual temperature and humidity during the summer of 2019 had resulted in widespread harvest losses across cotton, rice and maize crops across much of Punjab and Sindh.
Leveraging drone technology alone will enable farmers to increase their productivity through improved pest management
Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy, accounting for almost a fifth of the economy and 42 per cent of the workforce in 2019. The total cropped area amounts to 23.4m hectares and is primarily worked by smallholders averaging 6.4 acres per farm. Of all arable land, 52pc is irrigated, accounting for more than 90pc of overall agriculture productivity. However, in spite of being a substantial part of the national economy, agriculture productivity is declining, impeding economic growth and causing food security concerns. Faced with these challenges, it is critical that Pakistan starts embracing modern agriculture technology and innovation to protect and enhance the natural resource base while increasing productivity.
Globally, the agriculture sector is at the cusp of a technology revolution. Modern farms and agricultural operations work far differently than those a few decades ago owing to the use of technologies including sensors, devices, machines and information technology. Today agriculture routinely uses sophisticated technologies such as robots, drones, temperature and moisture sensors, advanced gene editing, digital agriculture, etc. These advanced devices and precision agriculture allow businesses to be more profitable, efficient, safer and environmentally friendly. These technologies are ready to fuel the next wave of innovation in agriculture around the world and help farmers meet challenges posed by climate change, water scarcity and the burgeoning population.
The FAO estimates that the Internet of Things (IoT) can help increase agricultural productivity by 70pc by 2050. The technology, when scaled across Pakistan’s smallholder geography, can help farmers optimise the use of inputs and scarce resources they have for improved yields and greater profits, says Dr Muhammad Awais, a professor from the Lahore University of Management Sciences. “Similarly, a gene-editing technique using Crispr has untapped potential for greater crop productivity, enhanced nutritional value, reduce food wastage and climate resilience. In Pakistan’s context, small farmers are significantly more affected by insufficient information, unpredictable weather changes, soil erosion, yield loss due to pests and insects, and increase in input and cultivation costs. Therefore, technology adoption is even more essential for the transformation of agriculture. The use of high-yield crops resistant to disease, pests and adverse weather conditions can potentially help alleviate poverty, conserve the environment and ensure food security.”
Pakistan, unfortunately, has dragged its feet when it comes to embracing new technologies. While other developing economies have embraced innovation in agriculture, we are still rooted in traditional farming. The recent locust attack highlights this widening gap between Pakistan and progressive economies; while the world has shifted to unmanned aerial vehicles to combat these situations, Pakistan hasn’t been able to keep up with the pace of modern technology. Even with biotechnology, despite heavy public-sector investment for research and education of the technology, formal commercialisation of biotech crops remains a distant reality due to policy disconnects at various levels of the government.
Dr Yousuf Zafar, former chairman of the Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), stresses the need for adopting a more sustainable and technologically advanced approach to agriculture. “We must adopt practices involving sustainable use of our natural resources, allowing farmers to grow more with less. Technologies such as laser land levelling, solar-powered high-efficiency irrigation systems, smart water grids and drones need to be promoted for precision agriculture and higher productivity. Leveraging drone technology in agriculture alone will enable farmers to increase their productivity through improved pest management and increased precision owing to their increasing applications, such as aerial mapping, plant health monitoring, soil analysis and weed detection.”
Experts argue that the potential of technological advancement in agriculture remains untapped owing to the absence of an overarching legislative and policy framework and an outdated regulatory regime. The changes in technology have far outpaced changes in the regulatory and legislative frameworks, and the regulatory regimes are inefficient and lack adequate resources. This has discouraged private sector investment in research and development and enhanced barriers to entry for new agriculture technologies. Public sector institutions lack financial and technical resources for research and development and are ill-equipped to keep pace with rapidly changing industry landscape, says Dr Zafar.
Moreover, the rate of technology adoption has been slow and lacks innovative approach towards local adaptation with archaic marketing systems and subsidy operations incentivising subsistence farming practices, limiting investment in commercial agriculture due to such value chain distortions. “Sadly, the importance of sustainable agriculture has not been a mainstream theme in the prevailing policy discourse, resulting in overall neglect by policymakers,” the former PARC chairman argues.
With the pace of technological advancements in agriculture reaching an unprecedented level, an enabling business environment must be created in the country for timely adoption of new and novel technologies to boost agriculture as well as encourage innovation and attracts meaningful investments in research.
A strong and stable policy, legal and regulatory framework would provide an environment to facilitate long-term investment and technology transfer by firms and other innovation actors. The government must ensure that the prevailing legal framework is evolving with new innovations and technologies.
Published in Dawn, The Business and Finance Weekly, August 10th, 2020 | <urn:uuid:9e3b873a-1492-4569-87a1-1c4f02ce559c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.dawn.com/news/1573496 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964364169.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209122503-20211209152503-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.926543 | 1,258 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Everything is an object
We will begin our journey with objects.
In Ruby, just like in real life, our world is filled with objects. Everything is an object - integers, characters, text, arrays - everything.
To make things happen using Ruby, one always puts oneself in the place of an object and then has conversations with other objects, telling them to do stuff.
Roleplaying as an object in your program is an integral part of object-oriented programming.
To know which object you are at the moment, one may use the keyword
Try it for yourself:
As you can see, if you don't specify which object you are, you automatically play the role
main object that Ruby provides us by default.
We'll delve into how one can play the role of different objects and why this is useful a little further down the line. | <urn:uuid:87dfda5c-e6a4-4623-9785-af9ba424d600> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://rubymonk.com/learning/books/1-ruby-primer/chapters/6-objects/lessons/35-introduction-to-objects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.900373 | 175 | 3.265625 | 3 |
In ltalian Days, Barbara Grizzuti Harrison has two purposes: first, to describe various places in Italy so vividly that the reader has a sense of having traveled with her; and second, to explore her own reactions to the country from which both of her parents came, in order better to understand them and herself Because she has the gift of observation, Harrison has succeeded in her first objective. It is her second purpose, however, which gives this travel book its dimension, its direction, and its unity.
Harrison’s parents came to the United States from Abruzzi and Calabria, in southern Italy. Her visits to those areas and to her relatives there were to be the climax of her trip and of her book. Deliberately, Harrison began her stay in Italy in Milan, which was as far away as possible, both geographically and culturally, from the south, where her journey would conclude. Her chapter on Milan is followed by one on Venice and another on Florence. Midway through the book, she is at Rome, the midpoint of her journey south, as well as the place where she feels most serene, perhaps because it is the focal point of her Roman Catholic faith. The four remaining chapters take her to Naples and Amalfi, to Puglia, and to her ancestral areas, before she returns to Rome for her flight back to the United States.
Harrison’s treatment of Milan illustrates the approach which she uses throughout her book. She combines facts with impressions in order to arrive at a sense of place. It is a fact that Milan, an industrial city, is highly polluted; it is also a fact that it rains every day but four during Harrison’s one-month stay. The dirty snow she sees when she enters Milan is not only visual proof of the pollution but also the kind of observation which sums up Harrison’s emotional reaction to a place.
Harrison, however, does not simply respond and move on, as a less thoughtful traveler might do. She stays long enough in each city to produce a balanced picture. For example, although she feels that Milan could be called a male city, aggressive and ambitious, dedicated primarily to making money, she does note that it is not without aesthetic qualities. Harrison admires Milan’s superb craftsmen, the shoemakers and bookbinders, for example. Above all, its people share with their compatriots in the other regions of Italy a passion for food. The author proves her point with detailed descriptions of some of her memorable meals in the city.
In addition to such observations, Harrison includes the historical references which one expects from a well-read travel writer. Her prose is liberally sprinkled with quotations from earlier travel writers, along with allusions to literary works. One would not need to see her extensive bibliography to realize how broad her interests are. As she looks at cafes and cathedrals, airports and art galleries, Harrison ranges through history and literature, commenting on the Middle Ages or World War II, referring to Saint Augustine or Benito Mussolini, quoting Italo Calvino, John Ruskin, or Henry James.
Italian Days is also rich as a collection of people. In the Ambrosiana Museum in Milan, Harrison falls into conversation with an American lady who knows no Italian and is desperate to talk to someone who knows English. In Florence, she spends a considerable amount of time with the cynical T., who despite her recent disastrous affair with an Englishman cannot conquer her natural affinity for good-looking men.
Sometimes Harrison sums up an entire society in a scene which might well have come from a novel. At the Caffe Milano, a group of journalists, artists, and publishers, all of whom are supposedly famous, strut and pose, smugly assuming that the rest of the world is paying attention to them. When Harrison is in Rome, she is invited to a far different gathering, the first communion of an American man’s nephew, followed by a six- hour meal hosted by the local baker and his wife. Each event reflects the values of the participants; it is not surprising that the second was far more enjoyable for the author.
Throughout her travels, Harrison is particularly sensitive to irony and paradox. In Rome, where her own religious faith is heightened, she meets a priest who has...
(The entire section is 1743 words.) | <urn:uuid:f66c2986-c8ca-4765-b3d9-16c11aeef4ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/italian-days | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976076 | 893 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Trachselwald (Bern, Switzerland)
Trachselwald, a village and prefecture in the Emmental, canton of Bern, Switzerland, was as early as 1534 a center of Anabaptist activity. In the fall of 1535 Moritz Rosenegger was baptized here, and in spite of the measures of the Bernese officials Anabaptism flourished. In 1551 the Anabaptists were threatened with confiscation of property and even capital punishment if they refused to renounce their faith; sheltering of Anabaptists was punishable by expulsion. In 1640 Trachselwald is named among the villages where there were many "Täufer." Even the Täuferjäger of the 1670's were unable to root out Anabaptism. Benedict Brechbühl (Brechbill), preacher of the congregation from 1699, lived at Trachselwald. Twice he was banished, fled, and returned. In early January 1709 he was arrested at home, imprisoned at Bern, and on 18 March 1710, deported. This was a severe blow for the Trachselwald group, many of whom in the following years left their homeland, immigrating to the Netherlands or the Palatinate. Yet secretly some Anabaptists remained at Trachselwald. In the second half of the 18th century the Bernese government became more tolerant; the Mennonites lived and worshiped rather freely; they were members of the Emmental (Langnau) congregation. At the census taken in 1823 the following Mennonite families were living in the prefecture of Trachselwald: Peter Kohler, Christian Kohler, Christen Bichsel, Ulrich Reist, Hans Steiner, Peter Steiner, and Peter Lanz; they numbered 25 persons. Ulrich Steiner, a strong leader of Swiss Brethren in the 19th century, lived at the Hämlismatt near Trachselwald.
Gratz, Delbert L. Bernese Anabaptists. Scottdale, 1953: passim.
|Author(s)||Nanne van der Zijpp|
Cite This Article
Zijpp, Nanne van der. "Trachselwald (Bern, Switzerland)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 20 Oct 2019. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Trachselwald_(Bern,_Switzerland)&oldid=109536.
Zijpp, Nanne van der. (1959). Trachselwald (Bern, Switzerland). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 20 October 2019, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Trachselwald_(Bern,_Switzerland)&oldid=109536.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 740. All rights reserved.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:2816b827-0c42-4206-a7ee-89018c3f3c3b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Trachselwald_(Bern,_Switzerland) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986726836.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020210506-20191020234006-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.904931 | 652 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why Eat Organic
Of the conventional non-organic food we eat, 46% contains residues of one or more pesticide, and levels are going up dramatically, in 2003 the equivalent figure was just 25%.
Here are four top reasons to choose locally grown organic produce with the guaranteed quality of a brand like Emirates Bio Farms.
Eating organically grown foods is the only way to avoid the cocktail of chemicals present in commercially grown food. More than 600 active chemicals are registered for agricultural use. These toxic and persistent pesticides accumulate in the soil, water and our bodies. By eliminating the use of these pesticides and fertilizers in the organic production system, we are not contributing any further to this pollution.
Benefit from more nutrients
Organically grown foods have more nutrients—vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and micronutrients—than commercially grown foods because the soil is managed and nourished with sustainable practices by responsible standards. A review of 41 published studies verifies that five servings of organically grown vegetables (such as lettuce, spinach, carrots, potatoes, and cabbage) provide an adequate allowance of vitamin C, whereas the same number of servings of conventionally grown vegetables do not.
Preserve our ecosystems
Organic farming supports eco-sustenance, or farming in harmony with nature. Preservation of soil and crop rotation in our dessert will create healthy soil that keeps improving and provides the much needed national food security for generations to come.
Support local farming that tastes better
Fruits & vegetables lose nutrients and flavor the longer they take to reach your dinner table. We pick our products every morning from our farm in Al Ain and deliver it to your local supermarkets daily, when you purchase from EBF you will be able to eat truly fresh fruits & vegetables, from farm to table in one day. | <urn:uuid:f9d7ab3f-3231-4c81-8d2a-19d0abd2908e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.emiratesbiofarm.com/about-us/why-eat-organic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572436.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915215643-20190916001643-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.927693 | 364 | 2.609375 | 3 |
We can easily distinguish a living animal from a living plant in our surroundings. We do not find any difficulty in identifying an animal as long as we see it moving, eating and alive. When it comes to plants, we have an image of a structure having spread out appearance with green parts like leaves in our mind. So, to keep it as simple as it was, Carolus Linnaeus classified all the organisms of the world into two Kingdoms i.e. Plantae and Animalia.
About Two Kingdom Classification System:
Our three-century old friend Carlous Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist, who introduced this system of classification. In his book “Systema Naturae”, first published in 1735, He classified all organisms into two Kingdoms i.e. Animalia for animals and Plantae for plants. His classification system was based on two features i.e. nutrition and locomotion (movement).
The animal kingdom includes all the moving multicellular organisms (animals) and the unicellular organisms called Protozoa (first animal). All other organisms such as green plants, mosses and multicellular seaweeds, moulds and mushrooms, lichens, minute-colored or colorless unicellular organism and bacteria were lumped together in the plant kingdom.
Limitations of Linnaeus Classification System:
Whether it is a worm, insect, snail, fish, bird or mammal, we can easily identify it as an animal as long as it moves or eats. Moreover, when we are shown a patch of green moss on a wet rock or a green filamentous tangle from a nearby pond, we are readily convinced that these are more plant like than animal like.
But where shall we place the colorless fungi growing out of a rotten wooden log or a decomposing heap of straw? These organisms live by decomposing and absorbing waste organic matter rather than preparing their own food like green plants. But, given the only options to choose i.e. either from plants or animals, we may still call them plants because they are fixed and have a spread out appearance.
What about lichens growing on a bare rock or on a bark of a tree? It is very hard to believe that they are even alive. But, due to their inability to move and spread out appearance may once again lead us to call them plants.
If you are not satisfied yet and want to explore more in your surroundings, then you can examine a drop of water from near by pond, lake, ditch or sea under a microscope. You are likely to find numerous living things, some moving vigorously, some slowly and others hardly at all. Some of them may be green or yellow and some may be brown or red. Some may be even colorless. Where will you place them among animals or plants?
Following the system of classification introduced by our friend Linnaeus, all organisms were placed in either one of the two large Kingdoms (Plantae & Animalia).
Need for a New System of Classification:
But the grouping of such diverse organisms into only two kingdoms was not satisfactory to many biologists of that time. They argued that this system puts together Eukaryotes (organisms with a true nucleus) and Prokaryotes (organisms without a true nucleus). It also lumps together non-photosynthetic fungi with photo synthetic green plants. Thus, there was a need for a better system of classification.
Introduction of Five Kingdoms of Life:
A new five kingdom classification system was proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969 to replace the old two kingdoms classification system. In this system, separation into five kingdoms was made on the following three criteria;
- Complexity of Cell Structure (Prokaryote or Eukaryote).
- Complexity of the Organism’s Body (Unicellular or Multicellular and Complex).
- Mode of their Nutrition (Photosynthesis, Absorption or Ingestion).
In five kingdom arrangement, the subdivisions of the old two-kingdom classification are not altered. Instead, they are redistributed among additional kingdoms. Such an arrangement reflects the phylogeny of different lifestyles better.
The Five Kingdoms under Whittaker’s system of Classification are:
- Monera (various forms of Bacteria).
- Protista (Unicellular Eukaryotes).
- Kingdom Plantae (Multicellular photosynthetic Plants).
- Fungi (Multicellular, Heterotrophic organisms).
- Animalia (Multicellular Consumers). | <urn:uuid:06970c4b-d3dc-4602-adf4-967243bf3de4> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://sciencesamhita.com/two-kingdom-classification-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213794.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818213032-20180818233032-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.932387 | 935 | 3.625 | 4 |
By: Brian Edward Malnes
The Korean War was the first major salvo of the Cold War, which lasted from 1947 to 1991. During the entirety of the Cold War, American military men and women have served the South Korean people. Under the United Nations flag flown by the United Nations Command (UNC), peaceful conditions through an armistice have been earned and maintained for nearly 70 years. Two of these Cold Warriors are father and son, and both served the South Korean people. This is the story of 1st Lt. Harold “Harry” Malnes, U.S. Air Force, and Sgt. Brian Malnes, U.S. Army.
Harry joined the service in 1951 and rose to the rank of 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. His service included direct support for the Korean War as an Air Intercept Controller. Although Harry did not serve in South Korea during the war, he received the Occupation
Medal and the National Defense Service Medal for being a part of the mobilization of men and materiel for the war effort.
After the Korean War, Harry spent the remainder of his military service in West Germany with the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. The Wing was established at the beginning of the Cold War in 1947 as a tactical reconnaissance and weather observation unit. The 10th Tac-Recon Wing evolved to include day and night, and multi- sensor capabilities. Today, the unit is designated as the 10th Air Base Wing and is the host wing for the United States Air Force Academy.
Brian was raised during the Cold War to believe in service and country. His father, Harry, instilled in him the value of giving oneself for something greater. That greater calling brought Brian to the United States Army in 1985. The Cold War was at its peak, and nowhere were the tensions higher than on the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas. Brian’s first duty assignment was with the 2nd Infantry Division, where he volunteered to serve in the Western Corridor with the 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment.
The 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment was responsible for accomplishing reconnaissance and security missions and engaging in offensive, defensive and retrograde operations on the DMZ. While assigned as the divisional cavalry squadron, the 4-7th Cavalry was the “eyes and ears” of the 2nd Infantry Division. Part of Brian’s job as an ImJin Scout was to do patrols on the DMZ and reaction force operations of which he did over 20.
Brian’s service in South Korea has had a lasting effect on his life. It was with great honor that Brian guarded the peace in the Joint Security Area, and along the 155 miles that make up the DMZ between the Koreas. After his tour in South Korea, Brian returned to finish his regular Army service at Fort Carson in Colorado. Brian reached the rank of Sergeant in the Washington National Guard.
The Cold War ignited into the Korean War, and with it the need for the UNC. And when the Cold War ended in 1991, it could be argued that the DMZ between the Koreas was the most dangerous place on earth. The end of the Cold War did not end the need of the UNC. That will only be achieved through unification. Until then, I believe in the UNC and my brothers and sisters in the ROK Army to keep the peace on the Korean Peninsula.
Today, the father and son Cold Warriors enjoy peace and harmony. They have earned that peace, along with the millions of people across the globe who would stand against the ills of humanity. Today, the Cold Warriors can take solace in the fact that their service has not been forgotten. And will never be lost to time. | <urn:uuid:63087774-6b88-495e-b317-7f644ef1576c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://kdva.vet/2021/06/10/cold-warriors-american-father-and-son-serving-the-korean-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488507640.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622033023-20210622063023-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.979223 | 776 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What is a clinical research study?
A clinical research study, also known as a clinical trial, is a carefully designed study in which participants are asked to take an investigational drug under the supervision of a doctor and other research professionals.
Clinical research studies must be reviewed by an institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee (EC). An IRB or EC is a group of people that is responsible for helping to protect the rights and welfare of study participants. In addition, every study participant is monitored with medical tests and study-related exams before, during, and sometimes even after the study.
What should I expect for my child?
Before your child participates in a study, a detailed description of the study, as well as possible risks and benefits, will be provided in writing in an “informed consent document” and discussed with you. You will be asked to review and sign the informed consent document prior to your child participating. Your child’s medical history will be reviewed, and your child will be given a study-related physical exam and laboratory tests.
If your child qualifies, he or she may be enrolled in the study. Once enrolled, feel free to discuss your child’s research care with the study doctor or research staff members at any time during the course of the study. Information collected during a clinical research study may or may not ultimately lead to the investigational drug being approved by the FDA or other regulatory health authorities, and may result in future developments of new drugs.
It is important to:
- Attend all scheduled visits with your child
- Help your child describe his or her feelings and well-being accurately and honestly to the study doctor
- Discuss any questions regarding the study with the study doctor
As a study participant, you (on behalf of your child) will have the right to contact the study’s IRB or EC representative regarding your child’s rights as a research participant. Your child will also have the right to leave the study at any time.
See If Your Child May Qualify | <urn:uuid:958707e4-7f64-439f-ac26-2d292f25c685> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://childrensasthmastudy.com/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.959114 | 419 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Power windows have an electronic motor attached to a worm gear, which is attached to several other gears, to create torque to lift the window. A long arm is attached to a bar at the bottom of the window. One end of the arm slides into a groove as the window rises up.
What controls the power windows of a car?
A typical Body Control Module ECU consists of a microprocessor to control the various functions of vehicle’s body electronics (power window, wiper, side-view mirrors and more).
How do car power windows work?
Mechanism Of Power Windows:
Power windows are controlled by switches and wires and are powered by battery or electricity. Power windows do not function if the ignition of the car is not turned on. Unlike the traditional windows, power windows do not have manual handles. They do not work manually.
What causes a car window to stop working?
If only one window stops working, the problem could be a bad relay, fuse issue, bad motor, or the power window switch has failed. The most common reason for one window to stop working is the switch, so this should be looked at by a professional mechanic to have your power window switch replaced.
Does each car window have its own motor?
Virtually every new vehicle made today contains power windows. … If there is ever an electrical problem with your vehicle or the electric motor inside the door fails, you will not be able to open and close your window until you get the problem fixed.
How do you raise a power window manually?
How to Get a Power Window Up Manually
- Stabilize the door so it doesn’t move on its hinges. …
- Grab the glass between both palms. …
- Move your palms upward gently and slowly while gripping the glass. …
- Push the window into the seal at the top of the door.
Do all cars have power windows?
Even though most automakers have done away with the old crank-style windows and manual door locks, you’re not totally out of luck. There are still a few vehicles out there, nowadays, that continue to offer them for those who just don’t want to deal with power windows or locks breaking down.
How do I know if my window motor is bad?
Symptoms of a Bad or Failing Window Motor / Regulator Assembly
- It takes multiple presses to roll the window up or down.
- Window speed is slower or faster than usual.
- Clicking from the door when the window rolls up or down.
- Power window won’t stay up or is crooked.
How can you tell if a window fuse is blown?
Look at the fuse wire. If there is a visible gap in the wire or a dark or metallic smear inside the glass then the fuse is blown and needs to be replaced. | <urn:uuid:804cf835-2ea3-4a79-a274-5a437edc1796> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://daveslamontstauto.com/car-parts/what-controls-the-window-in-a-car.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058589.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928002254-20210928032254-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.923641 | 588 | 2.671875 | 3 |
On July 30, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a law declaring “In God We Trust” the official motto of the United States. Public Law 84-851 was based upon a 90 year tradition of inscribing “In God We Trust” upon American coins and a centuries old heritage of recognizing God’s sovereignty in our nation’s affairs.
America Acknowledges God
From the very beginning, American public documents have acknowledged and given tribute to God. The first Charter of Virginia (1606) granted the king’s authority to launch a British colony in the New World. After naming the persons receiving the grant, the charter began:
We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God…”
Using similar language, the Pilgrims of Plymouth set forth the purpose of their government in the first few words of the Mayflower Compact:
In the NAME OF GOD, AMEN…Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country…
The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, looked to the “laws of nature and of nature’s God” and to the unalienable rights of men given “by their Creator” to justify the colonists break from Great Britain The signers of this historic document acknowledged their trust in God by appealing to “the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions,” and pledging to defend the Declaration “with a firm reliance on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE.”
It was Jefferson who also drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786), a forerunner of the First Amendment, which prohibited government control of religion because:
Whereas, Almighty God hath created the mind free; that all attempts to influence it by temporal punishment…are a departure from the plan of the Holy Author of our religion, who, being Lord both of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either.
Since its earliest days, the leaders of our republic have acknowledged God’s hand in America. In his first inaugural address, George Washington confessed dependence upon God and His providence in the affairs of the United States:
[I]t would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States a Government…No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token on providential agency.
The Influence of Religion in America
The substantial influence of religion in American history makes the adoption of “In God We Trust” as our national motto particularly appropriate. Americans have a rich heritage of religious faith and practice. Foreign visitors were impressed by the religious character of early Americans. Alexis de Tocqueville, a Frenchman who traveled extensively in America noted in his famous book, Democracy in America:
America is still the place where the Christian religion has kept the greatest real power over men’s souls; and nothing better demonstrates how useful and natural it is to man, since the country where it now has widest sway is both the most enlightened and the freest.
Robert Baird, an observer of religious trends in the early 1800’s, spent the years 1835-1843 in Europe studying the roots of American religious freedom. At the end of his study, he published his classic work Religion in America in which he said,
To their religion the New England colonists owed all their best qualities. Even their political freedom they owed to the contest they had waged in England for religious liberty…Religion led them to abandon their country, rather than submit to a tyranny that threatened to enslave their immortal souls, and made them seek in the New World the freedom of conscience that was denied to them in the old.
Baird observed that, “In no other part of the world, perhaps, do a larger proportion of the inhabitants attend church than in the United States,” This led Baird to conclude:
It is just because of these influences—the Sabbath, the Church, the Bible—that a vast country of now more than twenty-seven millions of people can be governed, and is governed, without the bayonet and the cannon.
Commenting on his travels in America during the 1850’s, German agnostic and foe of religion Karl Griesinger was forced to ask why church attendance in America was “more common here than anywhere else in the world?”
Even to Griesinger, the statistics would have seemed astounding. During the period of the Revolution and the drafting of the Constitution, it is estimated that 59%-77.5% of all Americans were churched. The Second Great Awakening in the early 1800’s and the expansion of Methodist and Baptist Churches in this country pushed the figures even higher. The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge estimated that in 1831 there were 12,136,953 members and adherents of various American denominations. The population of the U.S. that year was estimated at 13,321,000, indicating 91% of the population was involved in churches Robert Baird found that in 1955 there were approximately 22,762,000 members and adherents among evangelical denominations and Catholics, which was 86% of the total population of approximately 26,500,000 people in the United States. The amazing influence of the churches on American life persisted up through the Civil War, during which the phrase “In God We Trust” first appeared on United States coins.
Recognizing God on U.S. Coins
According to the U.S. Treasury Department records, the first request for recognition of God on U.S. coins was made in a letter from the Reverend Mr. M. R. Watkinson of Ridleyville, Pennsylvania to Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, dated November 13, 1861:
You are about to submit your annual report to Congress respecting the affairs of the national finances.
One fact touching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form in our coins.
You are probably a Christian. What if our Republic were now shattered beyond reconstruction? Would not the antiquaries of succeeding centuries rightly reason from our past that we were a heathen nation? What I propose is that instead of the goddess of liberty we shall have next inside the 13 stars a ring inscribed with the words ‘perpetual union’; within this ring the all seeing eye, crowned with a halo; beneath this eye the American flag, bearing in its field stars equal to the number of the States united; in the folds of the bars the words ‘God, liberty, law.’
This would make a beautiful coin, to which no possible citizen could object. This would relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism. This would place us openly under the Divine protection we have personally claimed. From my heart I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters.
To you first I address a subject that must be agitated.
Reverend Mr. Watkinson’s request was not without precedent. The colonial governments, as early as 1694 had issued coins bearing reference to God:
The Carolina cent minted in 1694 bore the inscription ‘God preserve Carolina and the Lords proprietors.’ The New England token of the same year bore the inscription ‘God preserve New England’. The Louisiana cent coined in 1721-22 and 1767 bore the inscription ‘Sit nomen Domini benedictum’—Blessed be the name of the Lord. The Virginia halfpenny of 1774 bore an inscription in Latin which translated meant “George the Third by the grace of God” Utah issued gold pieces in the denominations of $2.50, $5, $10, and $20 in 1849 bearing the inscription ‘Holiness to the Lord.’
Secretary Chase, responding within a week to Rev. Watkinson’s suggestion, wrote the Director of the Mint:
No nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except in His defense. The trust of our people in God should be declared on our national coins. You will cause a device to be prepared without unnecessary delay with a motto expressing in the fewest and tersest words possible this national recognition.
James Pollock, who in May 1861 had been appointed Director of the Mint by President Lincoln, began preparing appropriate designs for coins incorporating such mottoes as “Our country; our God,” and “God, our Trust.” On December 9, 1863, after reviewing Pollock’s proposals, Secretary Chase approved the present motto, “In God We Trust.”
On April 22, 1864, Congress passed new legislation authorizing one- and two-cent coins and granting the Director of the Mint and the Secretary of the Treasury discretion to fix “the shape, mottoes, and devices” of the new coins. Consequently, the mint issued the new two-cent bronze coin on which the motto “In God We Trust” first appeared.
On March 3, 1865, Congress expanded the mint’s authority to use the motto “In God We Trust” on still other coins. Pursuant to this law, the new motto was incorporated into the designs of the shield-type nickel, the quarter dollar, half dollar, dollar, half eagle ($5.00), eagle ($10.00) and double eagle ($20.00) coins beginning is 1866. This permissive grant of authority was restated in the Coinage Act of 1873.
Controversy Over the Motto’s Use
Use of the national motto “In God We Trust” on coins continued from 1864 up to 1907. At that time, the U.S. Mint released new eagles and double eagles designed by Augustus Saint-Gardens. President Theodore Roosevelt had commissioned Saint-Gaudens to design the new coins in a high relief style. The new eagles and double eagles did not include the motto “In God We Trust” in their design.
Public outcry for the motto’s restoration arose soon after the new coins’ release. President Roosevelt defended the motto’s removal. In a letter to the Reverend Mr. Roland C. Dryer of Nunda, New York, who along with many others had protested the omission, Roosevelt stated that public recognition of God was important and that “In God We Trust” was “indeed well to have inscribed on our great national monuments, in our temples of justice, in our legislative halls, and in buildings such as those at West Point and Annapolis-in short, wherever it will tend to arouse and inspire a lofty emotion in those who look thereon”. Roosevelt expressed fear that use of the motto on coins was “in effect irreverence which comes dangerously close to sacrilege.”
The President pointed out he had never heard anyone speak reverently of the motto on coins. He cited examples of how people had used the phrase in a jesting manner during debates over the free coinage of silver in the 1800’s. Noting the law did not require the motto, but only permitted its use. Roosevelt followed his personal conviction and chose not to use it. He did point out, however, a law could be passed mandating the use of the phrase “In God We Trust” on all coins. Roosevelt stated he would comply with such a mandate as the desire of the American people expressed through Congress.
Responding to increasing public demand, Congress did pass legislation requiring the use of the phrase “In God We Trust” on all coins which had previously borne the motto. The law stated:
That the motto “In God We Trust,” heretofore inscribed on certain denominations of the gold and silver coins of the United States of America, shall hereafter be inscribed upon all such gold and silver coins of said denominations as heretofore.
President Roosevelt signed the new law of May 18, 1908, and “In God We Trust” was restored to the coins.
Expanding References to America’s Trust in God
The new law only required that the motto be placed on coins which had previously borne the inscription. The next coin issued, however, incorporated “In God We Trust.” The Lincoln penny, released in 1909 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lincoln’s birth, was a particularly appropriate coin for the motto. President Lincoln recognized the providence of God at work in the nation’s history and in his own life. His wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, observed the President’s deep devotion and reliance upon God:
[W]hen Mr. Lincoln became elevated to Office—with the care of a great Nation, upon his shoulders—when devastating war was upon us—then indeed to my own knowledge—did his great heart go up daily, hourly, in prayer to God—for his sustaining power.
As other coins were redesigned or new coins created, “In God We Trust” was incorporated into their pattern. The Mercury Dime of 1916, the Jefferson Nickel of 1938, the Standing Liberty Quarter of 1916, the Washington Quarter of 1932 and the Roosevelt Dime of 1946 are just some of the many new coins that bore the inscription.
Expanded use of the motto was not limited to coins, however. “In God We Trust” appeared on a 1928 two-cent stamp which featured a picture of General George Washington kneeling in prayer at Valley Forge. Francis Scott Key’s poem “The Star Spangled Banner,” was penned in 1814 and was officially adopted as the national anthem on March 3, 1931. The fourth verse states:
“O, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their lov’d home and the war’s desolation!
Blest with vict’ry and peace may the heav’n rescued land
Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto—”In God is our Trust.’
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
Our nation’s reliance upon God was again acknowledged by Congress in 1954. In that year, the House and Senate voted to add the phrase “Under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance. The House Committee on the Judiciary supported passage of the bill, finding that:
Our American Government is founded on the concept of the individuality and the dignity of the human being. Underlying this concept is the belief that the human person is important because he was created by God and endowed by Him with certain inalienable rights which no civil authority may usurp. The inclusion of God in our Pledge therefore would further acknowledge the dependence of our people and our Government upon the moral directions of the Creator.
The Motto Appears on Currency
Congress further expanded the us of “In God We Trust” in 1955, passing a law calling for its inscription on all coins and on all paper money. The bill was conceived at the grass roots level by Mr. Matthew Rothert of Camden, Arkansas. Writing to Senators, Representatives, civic organizations, interest groups and individuals, Rothert initiated a groundswell of support for legislation placing the motto on United States bills. Organizations such as the American Numismatic Association and the American Legion joined Mr. Rothert in his efforts to promote the use of “In God We Trust” on all U.S. currency.
In response to the many petitions received by Congress, Representative Charles Bennett of Florida initiated a bill on January 5, 1955, calling upon the mint to place “In God We Trust” on all coins and paper money. The new law took effect when the Treasury Department instituted a new printing system requiring new dies. Presenting the bill to the House of Representatives, Congressman Bennett cited the long use of the motto and other public recognitions of God. He also noted that current world politics suggested a need for America to more clearly distinguish itself from other world superpowers.
In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continuously look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom. At the base of our freedom is our faith in God and the desire of Americans to live by His will and His guidance. As long as this country trusts in God, it will prevail.
The bill unanimously passed both the Senate and the House of Representatives and was signed into law by President Eisenhower July11, 1955.
The following year, Representative Bennett introduced additional legislation, passed and signed July 30. 1956, designating “In God We Trust” as the official motto of the United States.
Modern Challenges to the Motto’s Use
Since 1955, all the United States coins and currency have carried the motto “In God We Trust.” Not until 1970 and 1978 were the laws authorizing its use legally challenged. Responding to atheist Madalyn Murray O”Hair’s charge, the court rejected her argument that the phrase, “In God We Trust,” violated the First Amendment. The court cited remarks about the motto made by Justice William Brennan in his concurring opinion in Abingdon v. Schempp, (the case which struck down school Bible reading) stating:
It is not that the use of these four words (In God We Trust) can be dismissed as ‘de minimis’… The truth is that we have simply interwoven the motto so deeply into the fabric of our civil policy that its present use may well not present that type of involvement which the First Amendment prohibits.”
The United States Supreme Court refused to hear her appeal.
Public recognition of God and the use of our motto “In God We Trust” on our coins and currency have a long, well founded place in America’s heritage. The Supreme Court recognized this heritage when Justice William O. Douglas stated, “We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being.”
As we enter our third century as a nation we must not forget the legacy of dependence upon God as reflected in our national motto “In God We Trust.” Only by remembering this legacy can we say with Abraham Lincoln “…that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.”
© 2018 National Legal Foundation | <urn:uuid:b62313d6-6357-40c1-b95e-762d10b70524> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540565544.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216121204-20191216145204-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.958506 | 4,019 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Where does your power come from?
LAMAR WIND ENERGY PROJECT
The Lamar Wind Energy Project is located about five miles east and five miles south of Lamar, and was commissioned in February, 2004. This small “wind farm” consists of four 1.5 mega-watt turbines; three owned by the Lamar Utilities Board, and the fourth owned by the Arkansas River Power Authority, a joint action agency comprised of six members, Lamar being one.
Over its short history, production from the Lamar Wind Energy Project has produced enough electricity to serve about 14-15% of our total energy needs. It has had a respectable capacity factor range of 32-33%, and a reliability factor of over 95%.
The Lamar Wind Energy Project is proving to be an important component of our generation resources. We believe the benefits of owning our own renewable energy resource will only increase as time goes by.
Lamar Light and Power receives certain allocations of federal hydropower supplied by the Western Area Power Administration, a Federal agency operating under the Department of Energy that markets and transmits wholesale electrical power from 56 Federal hydropower plants. Our allocation comes from the Colorado River Storage Project and is effective through September 30, 2024. In 2006, approximately 8% of the electricity sold to you, our consumers, came from hydroelectric power. The Arkansas River Power Authority also has contracts effective through September 30, 2024 for purchasing certain allocations of federal hydropower. | <urn:uuid:72f208dc-7fbc-471c-a7f6-4690e3dc5561> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.lamarlightandpower.com/generation-portfolio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.947718 | 296 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Store books, documents, and photographs in clean, insect-free areas. Keep temperature and humidity moderate and stable. Avoid storing records in attics and basements, or in any area near sources of heat and water.
Protect materials from direct exposure to windows and light sources. Light--especially sunlight and fluorescent lighting--fades records and accelerates their deterioration. Consider displaying copies of documents and photographs instead of originals.
Unfold documents before you store them.
Convert your unstable records to more permanent formats. For example: copy newspaper clippings to acid-free paper; copy color photographs (which fade over time) to black and white.
Tools to Use and Tools to Avoid
Use a pencil instead of an ink pen to label and identify materials. Inks contain sulfur and dyes that can discolor, bleed through, and otherwise harm paper and photographic materials.
To ensure the long-term preservation of your materials, store them in special acid-free or buffered boxes, folders, and sleeves ("Acid-free" products contain no acid; "buffered" products contain alkaline to help neutralize any acid in items being stored.) Acids present in wood and most commercial paper products can fade, stain, and speed the deterioration of your family records.
Avoid placing tape, labels, rubber bands, metal fasteners, and liquid glues in contact with documents and photographs. These items can stain and tear your records, and speed their deterioration.
Most scrapbooks and photo albums sold commercially are not designed for the long-term preservation of materials. "Magnetic" albums, in fact, contain many elements that speed the deterioration of records. Invest in acid-free and buffered albums that can help preserve your keepsakes. (Such products are available through archival supply companies)
Use paper comers to mount items in albums and scrapbooks. Avoid applying tape, glue, or any other adhesive directly to your materials.
Interleave scrapbooks and photo albums with acid-free or alkaline-buffered paper. | <urn:uuid:a678409a-7fc7-45c7-ab5d-4d1aec740ccb> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.iowahistory.org/archives/technical-assistance/advisory-services/tip-for-preserving-family-records.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043060830.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002420-00113-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897667 | 416 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Wednesday, May 14, 2014
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is well known for its efforts to help eradicate diseases from the developing world. But achieving this goal has in the past encountered a significant problem: eradicating diseases often requires immunization, which relies on keeping vials of vaccine cold until they can be administered. The vials have to be kept at exactly the right temperature — too hot or too cold, and the vaccine could lose its effectiveness. That is a significant problem for places that do not have consistent access to electricity.
The foundation may have found a solution: the Sure Chill Company in Wales has announced receipt of a $1.4 million grant from the Gates Foundation to develop a vaccine cooler that will help advance efforts to eliminate preventable diseases worldwide.
The grant will enable the company to take the cooler from the proof-of-concept stage — which had been supported by a previous $100,000 grant from the foundation — to field trials over the next year in eastern and western Africa. The firm's technology harnesses a unique property of water to create a constantly chilled environment within the unit, enabling the cooler to operate for thirty-five days without power.
If the trials are successful, the development of these "super" coolers will represent a giant step in the eradication of diseases in the developing world. | <urn:uuid:823a544d-8ab9-4c2b-bd5b-b57f3491e207> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/nonprofit/2014/05/gates-foundation-gives-grant-to-keep-vaccines-cool.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317570.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00182-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944018 | 270 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Leukemia is a type of cancer that objectives the blood. Blood contains diverse types of cells, for example, red platelets, white platelets (WBCs), and platelets. The typical life cycle of these cells (arrangement, development, capacity and demise) is controlled to some degree by the bone marrow. In many occurrences, if the control over WBCs life cycle is aggravated, leukemia is the result. The quantity of WBCs will be higher than other platelets, they will quit biting the dust regularly and they won’t do their capacity in the body, such as battling diseases and recuperating wounds.
WBCs can be framed from various cell ancestries, lymphoid or myeloid. The cell heredity influenced by the malignancy decides the sort of leukemia and the influence can be sudden or “intense” or can create gradually or “constant”. These outcomes in 4 subtypes: intense lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) most regular in kids, intense myelogenous leukemia (AML) – most regular in grown-ups, ceaseless lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) – most a grown-up confusion, ceaseless myelogenous leukemia (CML) most basic in grown-ups.
Leukemia is the most widely recognized tumor in youngsters. In the wake of upsetting the elements of the safe framework, bringing on fevers and diseases, the growth meddles with the creation of other blood cells, bringing about frailty and draining issues. An influenced tyke may look pale, be regularly short of breath and wound and drain effectively and for a drawn out time of time. Leukemia cells can likewise collect in various organs in the body setting off an arrangement of side effects counting cerebral pains, disarray, joint or bone pain,also, excruciating swellings. | <urn:uuid:c1b2fdfb-8493-4f83-8865-73d920160fcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://blog.docopd.com/leukemia/what-is-leukemia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524522.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716095720-20190716121720-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.906702 | 381 | 3.28125 | 3 |
EXAMPLES OF TEACHING AIDS
Glimpse of a Reading/ Spelling Intervention Program.
A reading intervention program involves enhancing sub-skills that are required for proficient reading. In order to develop phonological awareness, or a sensitivity to sound segments of speech, a variety of games are played that sensitize children to appropriate linguistic boundaries. In order to develop a childıs orthographic awareness, or the ability to recognize and automatically evoke the names of spelling patterns, children are explicitly taught rules of spelling patterns.
Riding-Rs (Consonant Blends): This game introduces children to all the two-letter blends that contain an /r/ sound - br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, wr. In order to help children read and spell these sounds, they are asked to identify the picture on the board and the first two sounds in the word. For example, 'drum' begins with /dr/. The children then match the small picture cards, which also begin with /dr/, with their appropriate word endings that are printed on the 'drum.'
Babyıs Pram (Short Vowel Rimes): By placing a "baby"(card) in the appropriate pram (marked as "am", "em", "im", "om", or "um"), children learn to discriminate between these short-vowel sounds. The "baby" cards have sentences on the reverse side that serve as clues for finding the right pram printed on them. For older children (Grades 4-5), the same game is used along with cards that have words containing the specific "rime" pattern (e.g., h"AM"mer, t"EM"per, d"IM"inish etc.) There are 14 games in this set contrasting different short-vowel rime patterns.
Long-i Review (Long Vowel Sounds): This game is played after children have received instruction on different ways of forming the long "i" sound. Children group word cards that share the same long "i" pattern on a board with word and picture cues. This set covers short- and long-vowel patterns of all five vowels. | <urn:uuid:4b13903d-5cc1-4417-914f-e988d840f1c3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.prayatna.org/10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997872261.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025752-00137-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928281 | 455 | 4.25 | 4 |
Kale is packed with a range of vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, C and K, as well as phytochemicals called lutein and zeaxanthin. Eating kale - and other leafy green vegetables - has been linked to protection against cancer, heart disease, macullar degeneration, cataract and hip fracture.
Lutein + zeaxanthin
Kale is an excellent source of lutein and zeaxanthin, two phytochemicals that when consumed, make their way to the eye where they protect both the retina and lens from oxidative damage. A number of studies linked higher lutein + zeaxanthin intakes with a lower risk of cataract and macular degeneration. Scientists speculate that a daily intake of 6 to 15 milligrams of lutein + zeaxanthin is optimal for eye health. And guess what? One-half cup (125 ml) of cooked kale has 12 milligrams!
Eating kale can also help keep your mind sharp as you age, thanks to its exceptional vitamin E content. Vitamin E is thought to protect brain cells from damage caused by free radicals. The brain is especially vulnerable to free radical damage because of its high demand for oxygen, its abundance of easily oxidized cell membranes, and its weak antioxidant defenses.
If you need another reason to eat your greens, eat them for your bones, thanks to their sizeable vitamin K content. Research from the Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University revealed that compared to women who consumed the most vitamin K, those whose diets provided the least had significantly lower bone density. Scientists speculate it takes about 200 micrograms per day to protect bones from thinning. One serving of cooked kale (1/2 cup or 125 ml) delivers 531 micrograms of the nutrient!!
Nutrient information per ½ cup (125 ml) of cooked kale;
|Vitamin C||28 mg|
|Vitamin K||531 mcg|
Source: Canadian Nutrient File, 2007b
Kale belongs to the Brassica family of vegetables that also includes broccoli, cabbage collards and Brussels sprouts. It's also known as borecole, or curly cabbage.
Kale comes in many varieties and colours, although the Scotch variety is the most widely consumed, with its signature deep green leaves and ruffled leaves. Other varieties may be yellow, red or purple and have either flat or ruffled leaves. Coloured varieties of kale are often used for ornamental purposes. They are edible but have a much stronger flavour than Scotch kale.
Although it is available year round, kale is best bought from the middle of winter to the beginning of spring when it has a sweeter taste than the rest of the year.
Look for kale with firm, deeply coloured leaves and hardy stems. The leaves should have a deep green colour. Avoid kale that is yellow, brown or wilted. Choose smaller bunches of kale as they will be more tender and have a milder flavour than bunches with large, coarse leaves.
You can store unwashed kale in the crisper in your refrigerator for up to one week. To extend the shelf life of kale, wrap it in a moist towel before putting it in the fridge.
The longer you store kale, the stronger its flavour becomes, so try to use it within 7 to 10 days of purchasing.
Kale requires little preparation. It can be steamed, sautéed, braised or added to soups, stews and casseroles. Once cooked, it can be eaten hot or cold.
To prepare kale, rinse leaves under cool running water; be sure to remove any sand or grit from the leaves and stems. To remove stems, simply fold a leaf in half and pull up on the stem, which will tear off easily. Depending on the dish you are making, you can tear the leaves into bite sizes pieces once washed and stemmed.
Kale requires slightly longer cooking times than other more delicate leafy greens, such as spinach or Swiss chard. Here are some easy ways to prepare kale:
Drop prepared kale into a large pot of boiling water. Cook just until wilted. Cooking time will vary (10-15 minutes) depending on how tender or coarse the kale is. Drain thoroughly and cool before squeezing out any excess moisture. The cooling process can be hastened by running cold water over the blanched kale.
Braising is a great way to give kale a richer flavor. After sautéing, add a little chicken or vegetable broth to the pan. Cover and cook for 8-10 minutes. Remove the lid and continue cooking until the broth evaporates. It can then be seasoned with some olive oil, salt and pepper and served as a side dish or used as an ingredient in another recipe.
Kale can be sautéed after being blanched or without blanching using a good stock. If it is blanched first, all it takes is a little olive or other vegetable oil (2-3 tbsp. for a large bunch) and a quick heating in a large saucepan. For smaller amounts, cut back on the oil accordingly.
If you'd rather sauté without any added fat, broth substitutes nicely. In a non-stick saucepan, put enough low-sodium chicken or vegetable stock to generously cover the bottom. For extra seasoning, add finely chopped garlic, onions, leeks or shallots. Bring to a boil and toss in prepared kale. Lower the temperature to medium-high and simmer until kale is limp and wilted but not mushy. Cooking time will vary from 3 to 15 minutes. You may need to add more stock to the pan as it evaporates.
Tender young kale can be steamed using only the water left on the leaves after washing (or very little added water or stock). Toss into a non-stick saucepan, cover and cook over medium heat until wilted. If the pan begins to dry out, simply add ¼ cup (60 ml) water or stock to the pan. Cooking time varies between 10 and 12 minutes.
Kale has a mild peppery taste. It's delicious eaten on its own or added to soups, salads, casseroles, stir-fries and pasta dishes.
Healthy ways to enjoy
- Add chopped kale to an egg-white omelet along with sliced red bell peppers and chopped leeks.
- Add finely chopped kale to both a quiche or frittatas.
- Toss lightly sautéed tender young kale leaves into a bean salad or add to a cold pasta salad.
- Add chopped raw kale to hearty soups during the last 10 minutes of cooking.
- Use tender young kale leaves on a sandwich or in a wrap in place of lettuce or spinach.
- Sauté kale with olive oil, crushed garlic, red pepper flakes and balsamic vinegar for a tasty side dish. Season with a pinch of sea salt and freshly ground black pepper.
- Add tender young kale leaves to homemade pizza - they taste especially good when paired with tomatoes, sliced red onions and red bell peppers.
- Toss in bite-sized pieces of kale leaves to your favourite stir-fry.
- Stir cooked kale into a pot of warm, garlic-mashed potatoes.
- Forget potato chips, try kale chips! They're just as tasty, and far more nutritious. Click here for the recipe.
Did you know?
- Kale originated in the Mediterranean and was introduced to North America by the English in the 7th century.
- Researchers have identified over 45 different flavonoids (a class of phytochemicals) in kale.
- Growing your own kale? If harvested after a light frost, kale will have a sweeter flavour. | <urn:uuid:0d8d9d0f-fc09-4c72-b368-58e2b19987a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://lesliebeck.com/foods/kale | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499524.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128054815-20230128084815-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.916753 | 1,770 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Mocha is a simple yet wonderfully designed testing framework for Node.js.
In agile development, developers write tests before implementing a feature. When you are discussing a story for a feature, you should already be writing the test cases.
Here is a guide by Brian Stoner. After installing mocha and such, you can create a
MakeFile like this:
REPORTER = dot test: @NODE_ENV=test ./node_modules/.bin/mocha \ --reporter $(REPORTER) \ test-w: @NODE_ENV=test ./node_modules/.bin/mocha \ --reporter $(REPORTER) \ --growl \ --watch .PHONY: test test-w
(In case you wonder what .PHONY is..)
You can run your tests with:
$ make test
assert library with more human-like language eg.
An interesting thing to note: should.js extend object prototype!! While this is usually dangerous, should.js extend object with a should, and only that, thus safer. | <urn:uuid:5760ca2d-0f7b-478e-afcf-7f7c100f78ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://samwize.com/2014/01/29/mocha-the-most-popular-testing-framework-for-node/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.698026 | 230 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Besides keeping your body warm, winter fruits can also add vitamins and water. Winter fruits help prevent influenza, runny nose, cough, or pneumonia.
People assume fruits are rare in winter because many trees are naked from autumn. However, several toothsome varieties of fruits still thrive well in the cold season and offer nutritious and tasty fruits.
This article will give you common winter fruits that can help you enhance your resistance in the coming winter. Don’t skip this exciting and helpful information if you care about your health!
List Of Amazing Citrus Fruit For Cozy Winter Days
Do you know that winter is also the citrus fruit season? Yes, you can easily find the sweetest citrus fruits like lemons, grapefruits, and oranges this season.
Consuming citrus fruits in winter helps you add vitamin C to your body. The role of vitamin C is very crucial for your immune system. It helps prevent disease, shorten disease time and promote body recovery ability.
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Let’s take a look at some fruits and exciting information about them!
Grapefruit is the opening fruit of this list. It grows from November to June of next year. Grapefruit‘s origin in 2 ancient fruits: Jamaica sweet orange and Indonesian pomelo.
A small tip for choosing the juicy grapefruit: the larger the fruit, the juicier the pulp! When you go to the supermarket and wonder which is the best type of grapefruit, just take the heaviest one!
Unfortunately, grapefruit will react to some medication, so if you are in a period of illness or taking medicine, you should consult your general doctor.
The answer to whether grapefruit suits the keto diet!
Many confuse pomelos and grapefruits. I assure you will be the exception after reading this article.
Pomelos are the bigger than other citrus family fruits and usually planted in Southeast Asia. The shape of pomelos is like a teardrop, while the grapefruits are pretty round. Besides, the skin of pomelos is yellower, thicker, and pimplier than grapefruits’ skin.
Pomelos can play a primary role in dessert recipes and juices. Pomelo peel is one of the famous ingredients for making teas, jams, and wines.
People have found various kinds of lemons since the 1st century AD. Today, the popular lemon-planting countries include Brazil, India, Mexico, China, and Argentina.
Lemon is a familiar fruit of housewives; it is suitable for food and drink and can become a spice that enhances food taste.
A piece of notable health information is that the high citric acid content of lemons will cause discomfort for people with stomach ulcers or reflux esophagitis.
Besides health benefits, lemons also have other useful uses for your house.
Kumquat is a small, sweet-tasting orange fruit. The kumquat tree originated in Southern China in the 12th century. The English name of kumquat comes from the Cantonese name that means “golden mandarin orange”.
Kumquats contain a small amount of vitamin E, which helps increase the growth of new cells and reduce pain and discomfort in PMS. The pregnant woman should eat kumquat during pregnancy. Kumquat aids in reducing anxiety and enhancing lactating ability.
Despite being so benign, kumquats still cause allergies in children. Parents should give children small kumquat pieces to eat until they get used to it.
5. Navel Orange
The first Navel orange originated in Brazil in 1820. This strange name is because it has a slight indentation on its rind like the navel of humans. It has a sweet and slightly sour taste, especially without seeds. The shape of this fruit is round or oval and has 3 to 4 inches in diameter.
In cuisine, you can use Navel orange in all orange recipes. It creates tasty sauces for dishes, desserts, and salad dressings. However, Navel orange is not suitable for making orange juice because its juice is slightly bitter when it reacts to oxygen.
The navel orange is also a source of nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin A, fiber, and calcium. This fruit peel is an ingredient in whitening teeth and reducing bad breath in California. Eating Navel oranges helps athletes reduce pain during training.
6. Blood Orange
Blood orange, or raspberry orange, has orange skin like other familiar fruits in the orange family. Still, the flesh is dark red like blood color. The blood orange was a popular tree in the southern Mediterranean in the 18th century.
In fact, blood orange is a hybrid of pomelo and tangerine, so it also has a different taste and tougher skin from other oranges. This orange has the three most common types: Moro, Tarocco, and Sanguinello.
Blood orange tastes sweeter than other classic oranges. Decorating and making desserts, cocktails, and baked goods with this orange is an ideal idea. It helps your dishes be more colorful and attractive.
7. Cara Cara Orange
Cara Cara orange appeared in Venezuela in 1976. Cara Cara is the name of the city where this orange appeared. People believe this orange results from a spontaneous bud mutation from a Navel orange tree.
Cara Cara orange is a Navel orange with pink flesh like blood orange but lighter and seedless. The outer shape of this orange is similar to the Navel orange, so it is usually difficult to distinguish these two types from the outside.
There are more carotenoids contained in Cara Cara orange than in other types of Navel oranges. Consuming this type of orange frequently helps prevent cancer risk and skin aging and is good for the eyes and heart.
Exciting information about Cara Cara orange makes you amazed!
8. Seville Orange
Seville oranges are medium size, averaging 7-8 cm in diameter. The color skin of Seville orange is between orange and yellow. Not as sweet as its brothers, this orange is a bit bitter and sour.
This orange is native to southeastern Asia and is a wild plant. In the 10th century, these trees appeared in Europe by trade routes. In the 12th century, Spain planted the first tree and called its formal name Seville orange.
Seville oranges have a bitter taste compared to other oranges. Hence, people usually use this orange to make marmalade, essential oils, or as a sauce in savory dishes. Typically, you will hardly find them in ordinary stores and supermarkets.
Tangerines are a smaller orange and have thick and bright orange-skinned. The first tangerine trees grew in South America. The name of this fruit is after a city that imported this fruit.
The flavor of tangerines is quite sweet, often used to make cakes and juices. Tangerines are rich in vitamin A, C, and B6. These vitamins help regulate the intestines and improve absorption.
The tangerine season is longer than other citrus fruits. It is common in many countries such as China, Spain, Turkey, etc.
10. Satsuma Orange
Satsuma orange is a small and seedless orange with loose skin. In the US, California and Southeastern states are 2 places where you can find Satsuma oranges. People found this orange first in East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea.
The Satsuma juice is quite sweet, and everyone loves to eat this fruit as a snack; if not, you can try to make salad dressings or cocktails with its sweet juice.
Satsuma oranges can keep their highest quality at room temperature within 4 to 5 days. However, you can keep them in the refrigerator for a longer storage time, up to 3 weeks.
In the 19th century, Clemen Rodier – a missionary who found this orange first. In 1902, it was officially called clementine, a tribute to the founder.
Clementine is rich in vitamin C, B6, and calcium. Eating clementine orange helps prevent cancer and promotes healthy digestion and eyes. It is beneficial to add sugar by absorbing from clementine orange for people with low blood pressure.
There are three types of clementines: seedless clementines (North Africa), sweet clams (Spain and northern Africa), and Monreal (North Africa). Some popular clementine varieties are Algerian, Fina Clemenules, Clementine del Golfo di Taranto, and Clementine di Calabria.
Surprise your friend with a unique curd from clementines.
Mandarin oranges is a fruit originated in China, which is also the reason for the name of this fruit. Mandarin is a small citrus orange commonly used in fruit salads. This orange has a small oblate shape with the taste is sweeter considerably than other typical oranges.
The outer skin of mandarin is usually orange or yellow-orange. It has a thin skin that easily peels off. This type of citrus usually has few seeds, some of which are almost seedless.
There are a lot of health advantages when eating this delicious fruit. Thanks to many vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants inside mandarins, consuming them helps people prevent skin and eye diseases, adding essential nutrients to your diet.
In Winter, You Can Easily Find These Juicy Berries
Berries are small, round, colorful fruits. Besides catchy colors, berries are sweet, fleshy, and seedless. They are an essential food source for birds that live through the winter.
Can you classify which fruits are berries? I’m sure the list below will make you gasp in surprise!
They were first found in the wild in New Guinea and are grown in more than 100 countries worldwide today. Bananas are berries of many sizes and colors, and particular bananas have other colors when ripe.
This fruit contains many vitamins, fiber, magnesium, and zinc, which are beneficial for health, especially skin and hair. It is also effective in preventing stroke and high blood pressure.
Despite being a friendly, widespread, and abundant nutrient, there are cases where bananas cause allergies in humans. The most common allergies are urticaria and allergic syndromes in the mouth, such as swelling and painful throat.
14. Red Bananas
Red bananas are not ordinary. They are native to Costa Rica and are famous in Mexico and Australia. Red bananas have burgundy outer skin but cream flesh. The flavor of red banana is a blend of banana and raspberry with the smell of strawberry.
Red bananas are more petite than other famous banana kinds and have a longer shelf life. The price of red bananas is relatively high because the supply is quite rare. It is difficult to find red bananas in the local groceries.
You can eat red bananas when unripe. When ripe, it will have a deep red or chestnut color. Compared with yellow bananas, red bananas contain more vitamin C; the redder the banana, the higher the protein!
Are you curious about what red bananas taste like?
Pomegranates are native to regions from Anatolia to northern India and southern Asia. Ancient people used pomegranates to treat heart diseases, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
This fruit has a hard pink skin. The average diameter of pomegranates is around 5 – 12 cm. You can add pomegranates to your daily diet because it is low in calories and fat, high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals; they even contain protein!
Although Korea and Japan are not the birthplaces of pomegranates, you can find wide varieties of them here. In these two countries, pomegranates are not fruit trees but are also grown as bonsais.
Kiwi usually has brown skin with green flesh and tiny edible seeds inside. In the 12th century, Chinese people discovered this fruit and called it “the Chinese gooseberry”. Then, the first kiwi appeared in New Zealand in the 20th century.
The name kiwi is after the name of a famous New Zealand bird. Some main types of kiwi are Hayward, Chico, Saanichton, and golden kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit is the most outstanding because it is sweeter than green kiwifruit.
Kiwi is a healthy fruit high in vitamins, fiber, and antioxidants; these nutrients support heart health, digestive health, and immunity.
17. Star Fruits
Star fruit has another name Carambola; you can easily find this plant throughout the tropical areas. When cut crosswise, this fruit’s shape is like a star, called star fruit. In fact, star fruit has many different names, depending on the cultivated country.
Star fruit has a sweet and sour taste that many people love. The regions that consume the most star fruit in the world include South Asia, Southeast Asia, Brazil, and the South Pacific.
Starfruit is not only rich in vitamins C and B but also low in calories. In addition, star fruit also contains small amounts of essential minerals such as magnesium or zinc. Eating star fruit can improve digestion, aid in weight loss, prevent heart disease, and improve eyesight.
Another name for avocados is alligator pear because they have a pear-like appearance and rough skin like crocodile skin. Despite their strange appearance, avocados are popular all over the world. Mexico is the world’s leading avocado producer, followed by California.
Avocados contain the highest fat content of any fruit. They are the fattest fruit on the planet, with 75% of avocados’ fat being unsaturated. Therefore, avocados are the ideal fruit recommended for all types of diet.
Here are some interesting facts about this fruit. Avocados won’t ripen on trees. An avocado tree can produce 150 to 500 avocados annually, an impressive number! Avocados are the fruit that requires the least pesticides due to their thick skin, which keeps harmful insects away!
Do you know how to choose the perfect avocado?
Originally from China, persimmon fruit is a commonly found fruit in Japan. The persimmon tree is a woody plant grown in many East Asian countries like China, Japan, Korea, etc. There are more than 400 varieties of persimmon in the world, the most popular of which are Fuyu and Hachiya.
Persimmon contains a lot of vitamin C, antioxidants, and minerals, which are good for your eyes and heart, helping prevent diabetes and high blood pressure. You can easily buy this fruit at agricultural markets.
Many people wonder whether the skin of persimmon is editable. The answer is yes, but the persimmon skin is quite tough – tougher than apple skin! Therefore, everyone has a tendency to peel their skin.
Cranberries or red berries are shrubs or vines about 2 meters long, growing in cool climates. Cranberries are white, turning a deep red when ripe. Today, cranberries are good ingredients for food, medicine, and even as a dye.
Cranberries are rich in vitamin C and E, which have many health benefits, such as antioxidant effects and lowering cholesterol. They are good for the brain and prevent urinary tract infections.
These fruits have a sour taste, so making juices, sauces, jams, and cocktails with cranberries is a better choice. Dried cranberries are the most popular product of this fruit.
Keep Your Health During The Winter With These Nutritive Other Fruits
You are wondering: Isn’t this already a very long list? But I still have many delicious and nutritious fruits that are no less than the above. Keep expanding your winter fruits list!
The apple trees are native to Central Asia. European colonists brought them to North America from Asia and Europe thousands of years ago. Today, thousands of varieties of apples exist in the world!
There is a famous proverb related to apples: “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”. Indeed, adding apples to your daily diet helps supply valuable nutrients to the body. Raw apples with their peels provide up to 322% vitamin K, 142% vitamin A, and 115% vitamin C.
It is common to eat raw apples as a dessert fruit. Both flesh and skin of an apple are editable, except for the seeds and core. Juice, jams, cakes, or savory foods can be made with this healthy fruit.
Do you know all the health benefits of eating apples?
The winter is the best time to eat pears because they are rich in fiber and vitamin C. Pears are pretty diverse in types, with more than 3000 varieties of pears worldwide. Different kinds of pears will have different shapes and tastes.
Pears contain many irons and antioxidant nutrients. Hence, they have an essential effect on building the immune system. Consuming pear is helpful for people with diabetes, preventing allergies, skin diseases, and anti-alkali deficiency.
To choose the best pear, you can apply this small tip: Push slightly on the neck of the pear. If you feel the neck is soft, this pear is ripe. Pears ripen quickly at room temperature, so you should store them in the refrigerator to keep them fresh longer.
Quince is a lumpy, pear-shaped, bright golden-yellow fruit. It is a cross between an apple and a pear. Quince has a strong aroma, firm texture, and spongy flesh. The quince was a prominent part of the ancient Greeks and Romans’ diet.
Since ancient times, quince has appeared around the Mediterranean. Some old people called this fruit “golden apple”. In traditional medicine, quince is a medical ingredient to help relieve pain, prevent hepatitis bacteria, and promote heart health.
Most quince is still not edible when ripe; you must cook it if you want to eat it. Plus, because the quince’s peel is so hard, cooking makes it softer and easier to cut. There are two types of quince that you can eat raw: Aromatnaya and Kuganskaya.
You can see many dates in North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. You can find this tree grown naturally in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Besides vitamins and minerals, dates contain the three most potent antioxidants: flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids. Eating dates help you prevent the risk of diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer, and heart disease.
Dates are nutritious snacks for everyone. You can eat this fruit in two forms, fresh and dried. Fresh dates are low in calories and have shorter shelf life than dried dates, so people tend to prefer dried ones.
Originally from Southeast Asia, the rambutan is a tropical fruit. The name rambutan is from the Malay name “rambut”, which means hair, to describe the hairy appearance of this fruit. Southeast Asia’s top three rambutan-producing countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
The outer skin of the rambutan will turn green to red when it rips; both adults and children love its sweet taste. Besides beneficial vitamins, rambutans contain many calories, fats, and sugars that are unsuitable for people on a diet.
You can find fresh rambutan easily in grocery stores. Rambutan has a short shelf life. If you want to store it for a long time, you should place your fresh rambutan in the refrigerator. The cold temperature can put back the ripening of fruit.
A detailed guide about how to eat the rambutans.
Strawberries are the only fruit with seeds on the outside, with an average of 200 seeds per strawberry. Contrary to what many people mistakenly believe, the strawberry is not a berry but belongs to the rose family.
This fruit contains antioxidants that help prevent cancer cells, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological impairments. Women eat strawberries to regulate menstruation and rejuvenate the skin.
Not all strawberries are red! Strawberries have many other colors, such as yellow or white. Snow White strawberries are white and are the most precious and expensive strawberries globally!
How Many Fruits Above Can You Name?
How many fruits do you know on this list? Which fruits are your favorites?
I hope this list will be helpful to you when winter arrives. Surprise your friends and family with your knowledge of winter fruits and the health information they can bring to all of you.
If you find this helpful information, please remember to share it with your loved ones and tell them how much you care about their health! Don’t forget to leave a few comments if you want to add more winter fruits to this list! | <urn:uuid:911974a3-ebf1-40d1-9af6-54b8446b4484> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.lacademie.com/winter-fruits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.929077 | 4,551 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The movements that the mandible can make and the names of the important positions within this range of movements are following videos
Terminal hinge axis (THA) and the retruded arc of movement (or closure)
This is an axis which passes through both condyles and about which the mandible rotates in its most retruded (comfortable) position of the condyles – the retruded arc of closure. This is a clinically reproducible movement and recording it is often useful in making crowns and bridges and essential in making complete dentures. The THA can be measured in individual patients but it is sufficient for most applications to use an average THA such as that recorded by an ear-bow.
Intercuspal position (ICP)
This is the position of maximum contact and maximum intercuspation between the teeth. It is therefore the most cranial position that the mandible can reach. The term ‘centric occlusion’ has been used to describe this position, but this is confused with ‘centric relation’ (see below) and may also imply centricity of the condyles in their fossae, centricity of the midline of the mandible with the midline of the face, or centricity of the cusps within the fossae of the opposing teeth, none of which may be the case. The term ‘centric occlusion’ is therefore better not used.
Retruded contact position (RCP)
This is the most retruded position of the mandible with the teeth together. It is a clinically reproducible position in the normal conscious patient. Patients with conditioned patterns of muscle activity may not be able to manipulate the jaw into it, even with assistance by the dentist. In less than 10% of the dentate population the RCP coincides with the ICP. In the remainder the RCP is up to 2 mm or more posterior to the ICP. The term ‘centric relation’ has been used to describe this position, but it has the same disadvantages as the term ‘centric occlusion’ and will not be used. ‘Centric occlusion’ (CO) and ‘centric relation’ (CR) are terms sometimes used in complete denture construction where they mean different things to ICP and RCP.
Those patients who have a discrepancy between the RCP and ICP usually close straight into the ICP from the postural or rest position when the movement is made subconsciously. Patients sitting in dental chairs making voluntary, conscious movements when asked to do so by the dentist often make bizarre movements rather than closing into the ICP directly. These aberrant movements and contacts are the result of patients trying too hard to help and not understanding what is required. Students have been heard to ask non-dental or medical patients to bite on their ‘posterior’ teeth!
However, contact does occur in the range between the ICP and RCP during empty swallowing (particularly nocturnal swallowing), during the mastication of a tough bolus and during parafunctional activity. Thus the mandible can slide from the ICP in four main directions with the teeth in contact, or in an infinite number of directions at angles between these main pathways. The four excursions are:
• left lateral
• right lateral.
Movements between the ICP and RCP are usually guided by a limited number of opposing pairs of cusps of posterior teeth. The angle of the slide between RCP and ICP, its length and the individual pairs of teeth that produce it are important and should be examined. Of even greater importance is any unevenness of the movement producing bulges or lumps in the path of movement. These disturbances to the smooth movement of the mandible are one form of occlusal interference.
In forward movement of the mandible with the teeth together. It is usually the incisor teeth that guide the movement. This will not be the case in anterior open bites or in Class III incisor relationships. The angle and length of movements will be determined by the incisor relationship so that, for example, in a Class II Division II incisor relationship with an increased overbite and reduced overjet, the movement of the mandible has to be almost vertically downwards before it can move forwards. Anterior guidance is important when making anterior crowns or bridges. Sometimes, when the teeth are a normal shape, it is helpful to reproduce the patient’s existing guidance as accurately as possible; on other occasions, for example, with worn teeth, it is unnecessary or undesirable to do so, and in fact the purpose of the treatment may be partly to alter the incisor guidance.
Left and right lateral excursions
In lateral excursions the side that the mandible is moving to is known as the working side and the opposite side the non-working side. The term ‘balancing side’ has been used to refer to the non-working side, but since it implies a balanced occlusion, balancing or stabilizing a complete denture base, it should not be used in reference to natural teeth.
The contacts on the working side are either between the canine teeth only (canine-guided occlusion) or between groups of teeth on the working side (group function). Occasionally, individual pairs of posterior teeth will guide the occlusion in lateral excursion, but this is not regarded as ideal. The canine-guided occlusion is considered to be protective of the posterior teeth which disclude in lateral guidance.
Contact on the non-working side in lateral excursions should not normally occur. It does sometimes occur after extractions and over-eruption and occasionally following orthodontic treatment, particularly when this treatment has been carried out with removable appliances that have allowed the posterior teeth to tilt. Contact may also occur in cases of posterior crossbite where the lower teeth are placed buccally to the upper teeth. | <urn:uuid:6fd124e8-4919-491a-acae-ab392285e1a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://dentallecnotes.blogspot.com/2011/07/note-on-mandibular-movements-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056578.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918214805-20210919004805-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.940709 | 1,232 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Home > History Center > Education > Before You Go
Before And After!
- Map & Rules Print this sheet to go over rules with your students before your visit and as a handy guide for chaperones to use during the field trip.
- Prepare your students for the field trip. Help them learn museum etiquette and enrich their learning experience.
- Visit our website for current information on exhibits.
- Confirm your reservation and lunch requirements.
- Assign each student to a chaperone. It is recommended that each chaperone have no more than 10 students. Ideally small groups work best.
- Ensure that you have our museum admissions telephone number: 405-522-0765. Please call if your group runs late.
- Create a handout for parents with contact information, a timeline for the day, and any other important information.
- Confirm your plans for the museum visit with your students, staff, and chaperones.
- Remind students of museum etiquette.
- When you arrive please pull up to the front doors to unload the buses.
- Please do not unload lunches until you have contacted museum staff.
- All students and chaperones will be greeted by museum staff and brought into the building.
- During their field trip students will explore many aspects of Oklahoma's rich history. Plan activities to follow up and reinforce what they have learned.
- Check our website for post-visit activities and ideas. | <urn:uuid:87e47e91-d795-4c05-9755-7fedc0b51948> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.okhistory.org/historycenter/before?full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909032057-00144-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901376 | 302 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This is very cool! TED, the nonprofit organization devoted to “Ideas Worth Spreading,” has launched the second phase of its TED-Ed initiative: a groundbreaking website TED-Ed Lessons For Learning that enables teachers to create unique lesson plans around TED-Ed video content. First it was the TED-Ed Youtube channel. Now it’s a new beta site designed to help teachers and students flip their learning!
Each video featured on the site is mapped, via tagging, to traditional subjects taught in schools and comes accompanied with supplementary materials that aid a teacher or student in using or understanding the video lesson. Supplementary materials include multiple-choice questions, open-answer questions, and links to more information on the topic. But the most innovative feature of the site is that educators can customize these elements using a new functionality called “flipping.” When a video is flipped, the supplementary materials can be edited and the resulting lesson is rendered on a new and private web page. You can use, tweak, or completely redo any lesson featured on TED-Ed, or create lessons from scratch based on any video from YouTube. The creator of the lesson can then distribute it and track an individual student’s progress as they complete the assignment.
TED-Ed seeks to inspire curiosity by harnessing the talent of the world’s best teachers and visualizers – and by providing educators with new tools that spark and facilitate learning. Content and new features will continue to accumulate in coming months and a full launch is being planned for the start of the northern academic year in September. Take a tour now!
- Introducing TED-Ed: Lessons worth sharing (heyjude.wordpress.com)
- With A New Educational Platform, TED Gives Teachers The Keys To A Flipped Classroom (techcrunch.com) | <urn:uuid:9d922c15-70bc-4c40-9731-d61fca84a6d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://judyoconnell.com/tag/ted/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648384.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00048-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91395 | 374 | 2.6875 | 3 |
If you are in a relationship that seems to be receiving frustrating and unenjoyable, you should look at studying romantic relationship psychology. This kind of field is focused on understanding human being behaviors, and just how we can apply our patterns to improve the partnership and generate it last longer. Most importantly, it’s the only discipline that makes using of multiple Refer to This Page for More Tips methodologies, which in turn allow a therapist to examine all possible scenarios and come up with an efficient therapy system. One of the best characteristics of relationship psychology is the fact there is rarely a single trigger or resolution for the issues that occur in a romance. Most likely, you and your partner are going through a selection of different feelings that have cause your relationship’s current express.
Relationship psychology is basically just the study of our interpersonal interactions, especially the seductive and the social aspects of all of them, depending on their individual efforts to the overall interpersonal network. It encompasses a wide range of behavioral theories and approaches, which include social learning theory, social theory, spouse and children system theory, emotional brains theory, evolutionary psychology, public systems theory… Basically, this encompasses every aspect of the human kinds and is the sole science that tries to forecast and understand the future of man and romantic relationship relationships based upon patterns that have already been acknowledged and given to from decades to generations. It is additionally the only field that is convinced that changing works, regardless if it takes centuries.
There are various ideas involved in relationship psychology which can be currently undergoing testing and research. Many of these include the Social Learning Theory, which suggests that human manners are shaped by cultural factors such as education, rules, and ability structures. The Social Exchange Theory offers that issues between individuals are the result of issue within the interpersonal relationship on its own. Finally, you have the cognitive procedure perspective which assumes that emotional actions are the consequence of cognitions or perhaps thoughts that have already been formed within the specific. These unique perspectives are generally not inconsistent with one another, but many psychologists see significant differences between these three theories, leading some to trust that relationship psychology is a field with no significant difference between the three theories.
Among the most widely approved theories in relationship psychology is the attachment theory. The attachment theory states that relationships are influenced by patterns of early connection behaviors, including secure attachments that lead to reciprocity and interpersonal associations that are reciprocal and stable. According to the connection theory, persons develop parts to the issues they love or value as children, continuing to form these same attachments into adult life.
Developing an understanding of relationship mindset can be beneficial to everyone included in any romantic relationship. Relationship specialists can help lovers examine their own behaviors, that could be the cause of their particular romantic issues, and they may help children understand their own thoughts so they can turn into better at controlling their own thoughts in future relationships. Finally, psychologists who focus on romantic relationship psychology can help these in violent relationships sort out their concerns. These professionals may also help the couple get over the emotional worry associated with having an abusive marriage and can offer them the resources they have to leave the relationship and cure the pains.
Romantic relationship psychology is an extremely important field, the one which can help shape our society in more great methods than we could possibly think about. If you have any concerns or perhaps questions with regards to your own romance, a psychiatrist can be extremely helpful in resolving any kind of issues you could be experiencing. The various advantages of working together with a relationship psychiatrist make this discipline an invaluable one particular. | <urn:uuid:5fea2548-bd84-4e7d-bb93-1657a647fc55> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://dogereloaded.com/blog/2021/02/25/precisely-what-is-relationship-psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.962673 | 711 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Secrets In Ice Cores
by Daniel Grossman
part 1 2 3 4
Polar Expeditions Reveal Dramatic Change
Iglulik, an Inuit community in Nunavut, in Northern Canada - (larger version)
polar explorer Will Steger
Theo Ikummag, an Inuit hunter in Iglulik - photos by Daniel Grossman
Approximately 1200 miles below the North Pole, the town of Iglulik is among the northern-most inhabited lands on Earth. The tiny hamlet forms a crescent of pale-colored homes along one shore of a rocky island. Snowmobiles are parked in front of every house. There's plenty of snow and the sea is frozen solid - even in mid-May. Adventurer Will Steger arrived here by dog sled. With three teams of huskies to pull his baggage, he walked and skied halfway across Canada through more than two months of total Arctic darkness and months of temperatures of 30 degrees below zero or lower. Though a slight man with hunched shoulders, Steger is legendary for his polar exploits. He's walked across both the South and the North Poles and discovered first-hand the impact of global warming.
"We traveled 12 years ago across the Larson Ice Shelf in Antarctica," says Steger. "It was 300 miles long at that time. That entire ice shelf now is in the ocean. We based an expedition in the Arctic on the Ward-Hunt Ice Shelf when we went to the North Pole. That is the largest ice shelf in the Arctic, and that has slipped into the ocean."
On his travels, Steger is collecting impressions of Inuit hunters and elders about climate change in the Arctic. He makes a stop at the home of hunter Theo Ikummag. Ikummag says the weather has become more variable and harder to predict. Snowfields that previously were permanent now completely melt by late summer. Their sweet melt-water is no longer available to quench the thirst of Inuit and caribou. Ikummag says that the prevailing wind direction has also shifted. Inuit use icy ridges in snow that parallel the direction of prevailing winds to find their way even in the worst weather, and Ikummag says the change has been disorienting.
"What we are finding with this is the elders tend to loose their direction. Us younger folks, we use the GPS and whatever gadgets that are available to us. But with the elders, their whole world is changing. Now they can actually get lost. It's not fun. Following an elder and the elder is lost. Go figure !"
The 50-year old hunter says he's also noticed changes in wildlife.
"Talking to my older brother, he was 21 years older. As a child he said, the closest ground squirrel that they could find ... was 70, 75 miles south. Now they are all over the place. Even on the island itself."
Ikummag tells Steger that, like the ground squirrel, foxes, wolverines, birds, even lake trout are moving north.
"So all these animals are migrating north," Ikummag continues. "They're reaching further north every year, is what we're finding."
"Would that a good thing for your culture?" asks Steger.
"It might be good for the culture, but might be chaotic for the wildlife as well. They need a certain equilibrium in order to survive."
Next - Uncharted Territory | <urn:uuid:9c715577-792c-4418-8abd-544d8d5d045a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/climate/a2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639482.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00203-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963629 | 716 | 3 | 3 |
Scott Nolt and Caitlyn Gironda pioneered blended-learning classes in their North Carolina district, extending their reach to more students by teaching two groups of students during the same class period—when one group was in class with the teacher, the other worked online from home or in a lab, switching the next day. Despite receiving less in-class time with their teachers, students showed strong student growth, and learned other crucial skills, including independent learning and time management. Gironda and Nolt reached 40 to 100 percent more students per class period, with class sizes the same or smaller. Hear them explain how they structured their classes, learned from mistakes and made changes along the way, plus offer advice for other teachers. Learn more in the accompanying vignettes.
Can’t access YouTube? Watch this video on Vimeo instead! | <urn:uuid:ad2ad627-0389-4263-b789-89ef8f6738ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://opportunityculture.org/category/videos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00431-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964527 | 168 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This blog was also published by UIS
Almost one-third of young teens worldwide have recently experienced bullying, according to data published for the first time by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). The data are part of a major new release of 32 global and thematic indicators to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which included the updating of the UIS global education database for the school year ending in 2017.
We know that bullying in schools affects the ability of youth to learn, can contribute to feelings of worthlessness and leads to higher dropout rates. That’s why the SDG thematic indicator 4.a.2 - which tracks bullying – is so important.
Schools should be a safe zone for all young people. Quality education depends on it. Yet, health surveys show us that bullying affects children everywhere. It ranges from a low of 7% of all adolescents in Tajikistan to a whopping 74% in Samoa and is pervasive across all regions and countries of different income levels. For example, 44% of adolescents in Afghanistan experience bullying, as do 35% of adolescents in Canada, 26% in Tanzania and 24% in Argentina.
Data based on self-reporting
The data were collected from in-school surveys that track the physical and emotional health of youth. The Global School Health Survey (GSHS) focuses on children aged 13 to 17 years in low-income regions. Similarly, the Health Behavior in School-Age Children (HBSC) targets young people aged 11 to 15 years in 42 countries, primarily in Europe and North America.
Clearly, self-reporting has limitations. Some bullied children may be reluctant to reveal incidents in school or fear exposing someone in a position of authority who may be condoning (or even perpetrating) this behavior. This could mean that bullying in some communities may actually be under-reported. | <urn:uuid:72d19693-01ef-4ba6-a9fd-659c753d701e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/new-data-reveal-poor-youth-are-among-most-vulnerable-bullying | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.950136 | 382 | 3.78125 | 4 |
They’re very low in both carbs and energy, consisting principally of water. However, they include numerous vitamins in small quantities, together with vitamin K. Almonds are a popular nut loaded with vitamin E, antioxidants, magnesium, and fiber. Studies present that almonds can help you lose weight and improve metabolic health . These foods are crunchy, filling, and loaded with necessary vitamins that many people don’t get enough of, including magnesium and vitamin E.
Different Healthy Fruits
Although grains have gotten a nasty rap in recent times, some types are very healthy. Fish and other seafood are usually very healthy and nutritious. Calorie for calorie, vegetables are among the many world’s most concentrated sources of vitamins. Lambs are usually grass-fed, and their meat tends to be excessive in omega-3 fatty acids. They were beforehand demonized for being excessive in cholesterol, however new studies show that they’re completely protected and healthy .
They’re also high in vitamin B6 and fiber, as nicely as convenient and transportable. Fruits and berries are among the world’s hottest health meals. Coconut oil accommodates comparatively high amounts of MCTs, might help Alzheimer’s illness, and has been shown that will help you lose belly fat . Legumes are one other food group that has been unfairly demonized. Overall, the solely option for bread may be that which you may make yourself. Just understand that they’re relatively high in carbs, so they’re not beneficial for a low-carb diet.
Meals Which Are Super Healthy
They’re high in fiber and among the many finest sources of plant-based protein. For those attempting to undertake a healthier food regimen, it can be extraordinarily challenging to find healthy breads. Trout is one other sort of scrumptious freshwater fish, much like salmon. Carrots are also very high in carotene antioxidants, which have numerous advantages. Lean beef is among the many best sources of protein in existence and loaded with highly bioavailable iron. Choosing the fatty cuts is okay if you’re on a low-carb diet.
Avocados are different than most fruits because they are loaded with healthy fats as an alternative of carbs. Not solely are they creamy and attractive but in addition high in fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Sweet potatoes are among the most delicious starchy foods you’ll find a way to eat.
Strawberries are extremely nutritious and low in each carbs and calories. To shed weight long-term, you don’t want crash diets or boot camp. Instead, begin by merely changing processed foods with actual meals. Many of the meals above not solely make a great snack but are additionally full of vitamins and antioxidants. Whether you want to overhaul your diet or just change up your meals, it’s straightforward to add a number of these foods to your routine.
They are extremely crunchy and loaded with nutrients like fiber and vitamin K. Quinoa has become incredibly well-liked among health-conscious individuals in current times. It’s a tasty grain that’s high in nutrients, such as fiber and magnesium. Cucumbers are one of many world’s most popular vegetables. | <urn:uuid:689480ac-c78e-4af4-bea0-229b6dff04b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.worldhealthmeter.xyz/50-meals-that-are-super-healthy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.954172 | 669 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Safety is always the priority when caring for young children!
In this post we're sharing information and tips for keeping children safe this summer - around water, in the heat, and in the sun.
We want everyone to enjoy the summer safely!
“Every pool, every lake and every warm summer day holds the possibility of new, fun summer experiences. All you need to add is your undivided attention.” - National Safety Council
Did you know?
Here are some tips from the National Safety Council for keeping children safe around water:
Even when we’re not supervising young children in or around water, there are things we can all do to prevent drownings. We can find a local drowning prevention charity and take advantage of the programs they offer to keep your children safe. Or support their mission. Or better yet, do both!
Here are two Texas charities I've found. Sadly, both were formed after a young child drowned:
Together, let’s save lives!
Here are 7 sun safety tips for you from the American Academy of Pediatrics, through the website healthychildren.org:
-Keep infants under 6 months old out of the sun
-Dress children in lightweight clothes with a tight weave that cover the body
-Have kids wear wide-brim hats
-Stay out of the sun between 10am and 4pm
-Provide youth sunglasses with 99% UV protection
-Use sunscreen, reapplying every 2 hours
-Model sun safety for kids
Here are some ways to keep children safe on hot days, also from healthychildren.org:
Lastly, here’s one more important heat safety fact: “Between Memorial Day and Labor Day, about three kids die each week in hot cars,” according to the National Safety Council. “Even on mild or cloudy days, temperatures inside vehicles can reach life-threatening levels. Leaving windows slightly open doesn't help. Children should never be left unattended or be able to get inside a vehicle.”
See the page “Kids in Hot Cars: One Child is Too Many” on their website for more info. The NSC also has free resources you can share with your program’s families.
References & Resources
Healthychildren.org. (2023, July 26). Extreme heat: Tips to keep kids safe when temperatures soar. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Protecting-Children-from-Extreme-Heat-Information-for-Parents.aspx
Healthychildren.org. (2023, November 20). Sun safety: Information for parents about sunburn & sunscreen. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Sun-Safety.aspx
National Safety Council. (n.d.). Drowning can happen in an instant. https://www.nsc.org/community-safety/safety-topics/seasonal-safety/drowning
National Safety Council. (n.d.). Kids in hot cars: One child is too many. https://www.nsc.org/community-safety/safety-topics/seasonal-safety/summer-safety/heat
I'm Diane Goyette, a Child Development Specialist, Trainer, Consultant and Keynote Speaker. I'm excited to share my blog! | <urn:uuid:6f65e8dd-3b80-473a-bac0-e063fdfe9f1f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.earlychildhoodspecialties.com/blog/summer-safety-tips-for-young-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.898088 | 719 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Glossary of Terms
Complex topics & terminology explained
The Administrator is the person assigned to handle the Estate of a deceased person who does not have a Will, because no Executor(s) have been appointed. They will mainly handle financial aspects of their life, such as ensuring bills are paid, closing credit card accounts, utility, bank accounts, and distributing gifts.
These are items of value you own, such as a savings account, fine jewellery, vehicle, condominium or house. They are separate from debts and must be free of liens that are held until a loan has been paid off.
The writer of the will must validate that the Will they have written is theirs and that it is the latest version. The writer of the Will must sign it to confirm this is true.
Beneficiary / Beneficiaries
One person or a group of people who will receive money, property, or other items designated in a Will. These may involve friends, family, colleagues, an organization, or a charitable association.
A bequest is the process of gifting something in a Will to another person, organisation or charity. It may involve money, real Estate, jewellery, valuables, or even items that may only have personal worth to someone, such as photographs or trophies.
Capital is in reference to the current value of the assets. It does not pertain to any future income, such as interest or income that may be earned from them.
A codicil is a legal document that is added to a current Will. It makes alterations or additions to the Will. It must also be legally witnessed, and must be kept with your Will.
This the process where the ownership of a property, house, land, or buildings is transferred from one person to another. It is often done when a person purchases the property, or when someone dies and passes the property onto their children.
A deed differs from a Will in that it transfers an interest in property or land to another person. It is also a legal document that must be legally witnessed.
Deed of Gift
This occurs as a gift that is transferred from one person to another. It can involve property, a share of the property, land, or other buildings. There is no recompense involved.
The donor is the person who requires the services of the LPA or EPA. They are considered the owner or donor, and are authorising the other to work on their behalf.
An Epitaph is a short written description about a person, usually featuring on their tombstone or grave, describing their life. Often chosen by the family of the deceased or by the person prior to the death.
Your Estate is the total value of your assets when you die. It can involve fine art and jewellery, property, buildings, and financial assets. The total amount is minus the amount of any loans, debts, or liabilities that you may have.
This is the person or people who you will appoint in your Will to administer your Estate upon your death. They will be the ones who deal with your financial affairs, and be responsible for disposing of your assets, after they have been validated by the Probate court.
A person with a family can create a family trust in advance that will not necessitate any need for formal administration after death. It may also include generation skipping or protection measures. There are tax benefits that may be of benefit to setting up a family trust in advance.
Grant of Probate
The Court will give a Grant of Probate after a Will has been filed with the Probate Registry or Sub-Registry. The Executor(s) can then dispose of the assets and property of the deceased.
This is a person that can be designated by a Testator so that children or their dependents are property cared for in the event of their death. The Guardian will have all parental responsibilities for these children.
Inheritance tax is a tax that must be paid on an Estate before it passes on to the beneficiaries. If the Estate is valued at under £325,000 then no tax is due. There are ways of reducing the potential inheritance tax bill through things such as charitable donations and legacy gifts.
Intellectual property are real or imaginary items that you have created, and which have been protected by law. You may have done this by filing for a patent or copyright through a patent or copyright office.
This is when a person has died without having written a Will. To distribute their Estate or assets, certain laws will have to be followed. An administrator will also need to be assigned.
This occurs when a person has written a Will but it has failed to cover all aspects of their Estate. This may occur when they have purchased real Estate since writing the Will, or have had children since then. It may also occur if there is no Executor appointed.
Intestacy (Rules of)
If a person passes away without a Will, there are rules that must be followed, particularly if the person has left assets or an Estate behind. The rules may pertain to what level of relationship the survivors had to that person.
This is a process where the Will cannot be changed or cancelled. The Will is final. This is so that beneficiaries or other people cannot attempt to make changes when they may be unhappy after the reading of the Will.
This is when more than two people own a single property. Even if one of the people dies in the joint tenancy, the other person will automatically inherit their portion. Even if that person has designated another owner of the property in their own Will, the original joint tenancy agreement will hold.
Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) (Property and Financial Affairs)
An LPA can be assigned through a document by a person or their family in the event that the person can no longer manage their affairs. It may be because of mental incapacitation, illness or accident, and is permanent. A friend, relative, or lawyer may be assigned.
Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) (Health & Welfare)
This is similar to the above, but may also be designated when a person can no longer make healthcare or welfare decisions for themselves. This is also assigned by a document.
This is the actual gift that is left to a person, organisation or charity in a Will. A person can bequeath a legacy to someone in their Will. A legacy can be given to someone of their own choosing, and does not have to be a descendent.
Letter of Wishes
A letter of wishes is separate from your Will. It states your wishes for your smaller assets, but that the Executor(s) or trustees do not have to necessarily legally follow. This may include those smaller household items you may own that have little value, or photographs, or papers.
Liabilities are separate from assets. These are debts, bills, or loans that will be paid from that person’s Estate after they die. From there, the remainder of the Estate will be distributed to the beneficiaries.
A lifetime gift is given before a person passes away. It is not designated in the Will. Generally, it is given from parents to children, or at the point when a person may have a terminal illness but wishes to see their lifetime gift benefit their loved ones while they’re still living.
The literary Estate pertains to writers or authors who are the testator. It encompasses their current published works and unpublished works. It needs to be covered in the Will because there could be royalties or future royalties associated with their work.
A literary Executor may be designated by the testator who has written books or other literary works. This literary Executor will continue to manage their literary Estate into the future.
These are a set of two Wills that are extremely similar to each other. They are normally written for a married couple, with only the names reversed.
Mutual Wills involve two or more people who are a part of a contract. This means that they cannot be amended or changed, even if one of the testators has died during this time.
Next of Kin
Next of Kin usually refers to the closest blood relative of a person, but this not a legal term or one that is purely limited to a blood relative. If someone dies intestate, then the Next of Kin is often the beneficiary of the deceased’s Estate.
Often a news article documenting the life and story of someone who has recently passed away, the Obituary may also pass on details of the up coming funeral for local residents and friends who may not otherwise be informed.
A pecuniary legacy pertains to the giving of money in a Will. It’s extant from other types of legacies. The money may be given to friend, family, organisation, or charity.
Personal chattels are items that have been owned by the testator, but that exclude money, securities, investments, business assets, or property. These items may include jewellery, art, household items, etc.
Power of Attorney
An attorney is appointed to another person by a living person who can no longer manage their own finances, or make healthcare decisions. Power of Attorney is one designation. They are appointed with a Lasting Power of Attorney or Enduring Power of Attorney document.
This is the legal procedure that occurs after a person has died. It authorises the administration of an Estate according to what has been laid out in the Will. It must be done for every person upon their death.
This is a legal office, often located at the courthouse, where the Executor(s) must apply for permission to administer a deceased person’s Estate. It operates a lot like a court.
Protective Property Trust
This is done to protect a property in the event that one of the owner’s dies. Instead of the property passing to the survivor, such as in a joint trust, instead it is passed to a protective property trust rather than the surviving owner. Often it’s done for ancient or heritage properties.
These are the beneficiaries that will benefit after all other gifts have been made, all debts, taxes, probate fees, administrative fees, and court costs have been made. They will benefit from any residual property that remains.
This is the property or assets that will remain in your Estate after all gifts have been done, and all debts, taxes, and fees have been paid.
These are items that have been cancelled. They differ from items that have been altered. It means that an end may have been placed on certain items or decisions.
This is in reference to a business trust. A business trustee will administer or control a trust that contains business assets. It may also involve a resolution between two or more disputing parties.
This is the person who creates a trust. It may be so that their survivors can avoid paying Estate taxes in the future. They are doing it for the beneficiaries in a Will. Can also be known as a Trustor.
Severance of Tenancy (SOT)
When there are two or more joint tenants who own a property, they may be able to convert this form of property ownership to a tenancy in common. This means that each of the joint tenants will be able to leave their portion of the property to a designated beneficiary in their Wills.
There may be a specific legacy that is given to one particular beneficiary, rather than a generic legacy of all items. This is generally done when there are several beneficiaries in a Will, and the Testator wishes that each person gets a specific gift.
STEP is in reference to the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners. This is a provision that has a standard wording and has been approved by STEP. It is basically a guide of best practices for those who draft up Wills in England or Wales.
A survivor is the last person within a marriage or a family who survives their relative dying. It can be a spouse, child, or other type of relative. Usually this designation is made within a Will.
Tenancies in Common
This is one of two ways that two or more people can own one property. The other is a joint tenancy. In a tenancy in common, each owner has an equal share of the property. Should one of them die then it will be left to the beneficiaries that they have designated in their Will.
It is an arrangement where the legal interest in the property is owned by trustees for someone else’s benefit. For example, a parent can set up a trust for a child in the event that the parent dies. The trustee will look after the child until they are an adult.
The is the period that the Trust can be active. At the end of the Trust period it must be wound up and distributed. For example, if it’s for a child, it may be paid out when they read the age of majority. A private trust has a maximum of 125 years.
This can be one person, people, or an organisation that manages the trust. At the appropriate time they will pass the assets to the beneficiaries.
Will (Last Will and Testament)
Officially called the Last Will and Testament, it can also be shortened to just Will. This is a legal document that tells the Probate Court exactly how the deceased’s assets are to be distributed upon their death.
After the Testator has completed their Will, they must have two independent people who are required to witness and sign it. This is to confirm that they have also seen the Testator sign it. These two witnesses must be not benefit from the Will at all, nor be married or in a civil partnership with any person who will be benefiting from the Will. | <urn:uuid:4015e9ef-450a-4107-bebf-74ddd12fc494> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.lexikin.com/glossary-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.963091 | 2,982 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Along with the large demand for Tc-99m, there are significant supply side issues that jeopardize the reliable supply of Tc-99m. Supply disruptions and constraints are the key concern of radioisotope buyers and over 90% of professionals said they have suffered from recent Tc-99m shortages. Current supply constraints and disruptions are caused by the unreliability of the aging nuclear reactors that currently produce the source material of Tc-99m.
Mo-99 made in nuclear reactors is sourced from relatively few research reactors. Over 90% of Mo-99 is made in five reactors. These facilities have experienced several shutdowns over the past decade. In fact, all of the facilities are around 50 to 60 years old and experience continual unanticipated shut downs. Even worse, several of these reactors are set to be retired in the near future.
Medical isotopes come with the unique challenge of decay – the Mo-99 isotope takes 66 hours to decay into the medical isotope Tc-99m. The new isotope has a half-life of only six hours, which means much of the Tc-99m is wasted in shipment from the nuclear reactors where they are produced.
Given the short half-lives of the isotopes and resulting decay of the key ingredient, the supply chain is incredibly time critical. It is not possible to stock-pile inventory of the isotope in the event of shortages. When the National Research Universal Reactor shut down in 2009, it removed 40% of the world supply of Tc-99m. Health officials in Canada and the United States scrambled to find alternative sources, and thousands of tests and treatments were rescheduled. Given the lack of diversity in supply sources and the linear nature of the supply chain, an issue with one source or at one link in the supply chain can immediately affect medical facilities’ ability to adequately care for patients.
At CII, we use linear accelerators to produce pure Mo-99, process it and then ship it directly to radio-pharmacies and hospitals, which halves the conventional reactor supply chain distribution time and greatly reduces the distribution costs. | <urn:uuid:ac89760b-cf16-420b-bc24-a889a5f8709e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://isotopeinnovations.com/product/supply-innovation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439019.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604032435-20200604062435-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.951497 | 437 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Write a Short Note on Lok Sabha ( House Of the People )
Write a Short Note on Lok Sabha ( House Of the People ) – Hello friends here we are providing you A Short Note On LOK Sabha or We can Say house of people .
In this Post we are Providing you the Some Important Points about Lok Sabha , Its Functions, Power of Lok Sabha and Position of Lok Sabha.
Short Byte – Power Of Lok sabha, functions Of Lok Sabha, Position of Lok Sabha, Speaker of lok sabha, Power Related to Amendments of Constitution, Officers of LOk sabha , Role Of Lok Sabha In Indian Democracy .
- The Lok Sabha is the popular house of the parliament because its members are directly elected by the common electorates of India. All the members of this House are popularly elected, except not more than two from the Anglo-Indian community, who can be nominated by the President .
- In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok Sabha is provisioned under Art. 81 to be not more than 552 (530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories and 2 may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community).
- Recently again, the Govt. has extended this freeze in the Lok Sabha seats till the year 2026 by Constitution (84th Amendment Act, 2001).
Special Powers of the Lok Sabha:
- Any type of Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
- Laws in it can be framed on any subject given on the Union List & the Concurrent List.
- The Rajya sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject.
- Rajya sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance.
- After the Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha it is sent to the Rajya sabha & it can delay the Bill at the most for 6 months.
- If the Rajyasabha rejects the Bill & does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two Houses of the Parliament is called & the majority vote decides the fate of the Bill.
- As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha; larger than that of the Rajyasabha so the Lok Sabha can get the Bills passed according to its own wishes
- The Lok Sabha controls the finance of the state.
- A money Bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha & not in the Rajyasabha.
- If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular Bill is a money Bill or a non-money Bill, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final.
- After a money Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajyasabha.
- The Rajyasabha can delay the passage of a money Bill at the most for 14 days.
- The Rajyasabha may reject the Bill or may not take any action over the Bill for a period of 14 days in both these conditions the Bill will be considered as passed.
- It will be sent to the President & he gives his assent to the Bill.
- The President cannot use his veto power in case of money Bill.
Control over the Executive
- It is the Lok Sabha which controls the Executive.
- The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha is the Prime Minister of the country.
- Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha.
- The Cabinet is responsible Jo the Lok Sabha for all its action & policies.
- The members of the Lok Sabha can criticise the functioning as of the Cabinet.
- If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign.
- The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.
- The Lok Sabha can start impeachment proceedings against the President of India.
- It investigates into the charges leveled against the Vice-President and gives the decision.
- It along with the Rajyasabha passes a resolution of the removal of the judges to the High Court & the Supreme Court.
- The Lok Sabha participates in the election of the President.
- It has also the right to participate in election of the Vice-President.
- The Lok Sabha elects a Speaker & a Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.
Amendment in the Constitution
- The resolution for amending the constitution can be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
- In the field it enjoys equal powers with the Rajyasabha.
Position of the Lok Sabha
- Lok Sabha is the lower chamber of the Parliament.
- Almost all its members are elected by the people.
- This chamber is more important than the Rajyasabha because it represents the nation.
- The Lok Sabha controls the ordinary & the money Bills.
- No Bill can be passed against the wishes of the Lok Sabha.
- The Lok Sabha has also control over the Cabinet.
- The Lok Sabha can remove the Cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence or by rejecting the budget.
- The Lok Sabha is the most powerful influential & an important part of the Parliament.
- In fact, it is the Lok Sabha which exercises all the powers of the Parliament.
Tenure of the Lok Sabha:
- The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years. But the House can be dissolved by the President even before the end of the normal tenure.
- Also, the life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the parliament beyond the five-year term during the period of national emergency proclaimed under Art. 352.
Qualifications for the membership of Lok Sabha To become a member of the Lok Sabha, the person must:
- be a citizen of India.
- be not less than 25 years of age.
- be a registered voter in any of the Parliamentary constituencies in India.
- should not hold any office of profit
Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha:
- The Speaker is the chief presiding officer of the Lok Sabha.
- The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House and his rulings on the proceedings of the House are final.
- The Speaker and Deputy Speaker may be removed from their offices by a resolution passed by the House by an effective majority of the House after a prior notice of 14 days to them.
- The Speaker, to maintain impartiality of his office, votes only in case of a tie i.e to remove a deadlock and this is known as the Casting Vote.
Special powers of the Speaker
There are certain powers which belong only to the Speaker of Lok Sabha while similar powers are not available to his counterpart in tine upper house, i.e. the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. These are-
- Whether a Bill is Money Bill or not is certified only by the Speaker and his decision in this regard is final and binding.
- The Speaker, or in his absence, the Deputy Speaker, presides over the joint-sittings of the parliament.
- The committees of parliament function essentially under the Speaker and their chairpersons are also appointed or nominated by him.
- If the Speaker is a member of any committee, he is the ex-officio chairman of such a committee.
Special position of the Speaker
The Constitution has given a special position to the office of the Speaker.
- Though he is an elected member of the Lok Sabha, he continues to hold his office even after the dissolution of the
- House till a new Lok Sabha is constituted. This is because he not only presides and conducts the parliamentary proceedings but also acts as the Head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat which continues to function even after the House is dissolved.
- The Speaker presides over the joint sitting of the two Houses of the Parliament
- Speaker certifies a Bill as Money Bill and his decision is final in this regard.
- The Speaker is ex-officio President of Indian Parliamentary Group which in India functions as the national group of Inter-parliament Union. | <urn:uuid:119fe546-3a0f-4f8a-8d96-6b6d5f6c3968> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.studydhaba.com/write-a-short-note-on-lok-sabha-house-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609613.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528101305-20170528121305-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.926564 | 1,677 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Discover the various settings found in the novel on this page. Better known locations such as Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, and others are not discussed.
Artemis Water Treatment Plant
A facility on Europa responsible for pumping water up from the moon's underground ocean, purifying the water, and distributing the water to the rest
of the Jovian system.
Jupiter's eighth moon in terms of distance from the planet and second larget moon after Ganymede.
Callisto is home to multiple colonies, including New Galilei, and Base HOPE, the main U.N. military installation in the Jovian system.
Callisto was the first moon settled in the Jovian system. The moon's distance from Jupiter minimized the amount
of harmful radiation reaching the surface. As force fields became capable of radiation shielding, moons
closer to the gas giant such as Ganymede and Europa were settled.
The largest asteroid in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is home to multiple human mining settlements.
Jupiter's sixth moon in terms of distance from the planet and third larget moon after Ganymede.
Europa is home to the Artemis Water Treatment plant as well as multiple other colonies.
The sole human settlement on Titan and in the Saturnian system.
The planet Jupiter, its rings, its moons, and the elements of human civilization found there.
The Galilean moons of the Jovian system are home to several million people.
Scientifically speaking, the Jovian system extends all the way out until the gas giant's gravity becomes negligible.
The solar system's second asteroid belt. The Kuiper belt extends from the orbit of Neptune to the edge of the solar system and
is less densely packed than the belt between Mars and Jupiter. Pluto is a Kuiper belt object (a very large asteroid) and
is thus a dwarf planet, not a regular planet. The Kuiper belt is home to hundreds of dwarf planets, some bigger than Pluto (Eris, for example).
Even in the 23rd century, humans have yet to set foot on any of the Kuiper belt worlds because they're so far away.
But the phase drive promises to change that.
The proper name of Earth's moon. Centuries ago, people referred to Luna as The Moon because it was the only moon that mattered or that
humans knew. As humankind branched out into the solar system and settled many different moons, the term "the moon" became ambiguous.
Thus, the people of the 23rd century refer to Earth's moon by its actual name, Luna. Relatively speaking, Luna is heavily populated
in the 23rd century.
Neptune's eighth moon, the site of an important skirmish.
Neptune's thirteenth moon.
The first and largest colony settled on Callisto and in the Jovian system. Named after the astronomer Galileo Galilei as well as the
Galileo probe sent by NASA to study Jupiter and its moons in the late 20th century.
The New International Space Station. Built in the early 23rd century, NISS is a rotating commercial space station in Earth orbit.
The station is home to over 20,000 people.
Red Rock City
One of the larger colonies of Mars near Valles Marineris, a canyon bigger and deeper than The Grand Canyon on Earth.
Jupiter's ninth moon. The moon plays an important role when an unknown enemy force attacks Callisto.
Saturn's largest moon. The moon is home to Huygens colony, the only human settlement in the Saturnian system.
Titan's atmosphere is extremely thick, and its terrain looks similar to Earth's, although the rivers flow
with liquid methane and the mountains are made of ice.
Titan and the Saturnian system are the farthest humans have explored and settled with the exception of the
expedition to Triton that was never heard from again.
Don't confuse Titan with Triton.
Neptune's largest moon. The U.N. sent an expedition to this moon that was never heard from again.
No human has ventured out to the Neptunian system since the expedition was lost.
Don't confuse Triton with Titan.
Trojans / Trojan Asteroids
A group of asteroids that sit within Jupiter's orbit at a lagrange point and orbit the sun along with the planet.
The U.N. constructs spacecraft carriers within the Trojans by using the raw materials within the asteroids. | <urn:uuid:1590aae9-f25c-4b93-9124-3916ccf37b0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.beyondcloudnine.com/World.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.929757 | 952 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Electric motors are easy to make; remember those experiments with wire-wrapped nails? But what’s easy to make is often hard to engineer, and making a motor that’s small, light, and powerful can be difficult. [Carl Bugeja] however is not one to back down from a challenge, and his tiny “jigsaw” PCB motor is the latest result of his motor-building experiments.
We’re used to seeing brushless PCB motors from [Carl], but mainly of the axial-flux variety, wherein the stator coils are arranged so their magnetic lines of force are parallel to the motor’s shaft – his tiny PCB motors are a great example of this geometry. While those can be completely printed, they’re far from optimal. So, [Carl] started looking at ways to make a radial-flux PCB motor. His design has six six-layer PCB coils soldered perpendicular to a hexagonal end plate. The end plate has traces to connect the coils in a star configuration, and together with a matching top plate, they provide support for tiny bearings. The rotor meanwhile is a 3D-printed cube with press-fit neodymium magnets. Check out the build in the video below.
Connected to an ESC, the motor works decently, but not spectacularly. [Carl] admits that more tweaking is in order, and we have little doubt he’ll keep optimizing the design. We like the look of this, and we’re keen to see it improved. | <urn:uuid:cc832cba-c6b8-4c04-8260-a02bb96a8358> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hackaday.com/2019/07/16/jigsaw-motor-uses-pcb-coils-for-radial-flux/?replytocom=6165218 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.943694 | 322 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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