text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Floating Architecture: Finding Ways to Live With Rising Water
There is a saying that “God made the world, but the Dutch made Holland.” And for centuries, the Dutch have built different types of barriers to hold back rising water and allow for development.
But as sea levels continue to rise, instead of trying to fight the water, Dutch architects and urban planners are taking a new approach: finding ways to live with it.
The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in 2007 that global sea levels rose an average of nearly 8 inches in the past 100 years and predicted that rate will accelerate in this century. Higher water makes for more severe storm surges, floods and land loss. With many of the world’s largest cities located on coastal estuaries, high and dry urban land will become an increasingly rare commodity.
Cue a renewed look at floating architecture.
“In the last decade, floating architecture changed from a fringe niche market into a realistic opportunity for expanding the urban fabric beyond the waterfront,” said Koen Olthuis, lead architect at Waterstudio.NL, an aqua-architectural firm in the Netherlands. For Olthuis, creating floating buildings goes beyond architecture and is about a new vision for city planning.
Rather than putting entire cities on water, most of the proposals today combine water-based buildings with land-based architecture protected against water using flotation fixtures, raised platforms or anchored structures. That kind of flexible, integrated approach is crucial for the future, said Olthuis.
“Instead of buildings that are not able to cope with the changing needs of a city, urban planners will start creating floating dynamic developments that can react to new and unforeseen changes.”
And there’s a range of designs out there, including a float-in movie theater in Thailand and a massive Sea Tree, which uses the model of oil storage towers found on open seas to provide habitat for animals.
One of the most ambitious projects under development is in the Maldives, where Waterstudio.NL was tasked by the Maldives government to design a network of floating islands, including the Greenstar hotel that will feature 800 rooms, a conference center and a golf course. The $500 million project is set for completion by 2015.
Other projects in the works include Baca Architects’ amphibious house destined for the Thames River in Great Britain. During dry times, the home would rest on a fixed foundation but could rise up to 8 feet if flooding occurred.
As the industry expands, Olthuis said the biggest challenge isn’t technology but changing the public’s perception of living on water. To help encourage the transition, designers often make the structures look and feel just like those on land.
“We want to diffuse the border between land and water,” said Olthuis. “That is the first step in the general acceptance of floating cities.”
On the NewsHour this week, we’ll be looking at the impact of rising sea levels on Louisiana’s coast as part of our Coping with Climate Change series. | <urn:uuid:273d8500-2baa-4fdc-9141-07ef7fb4fa47> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/preparing-for-a-life-on-water-with-floating-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043060830.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002420-00232-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935987 | 649 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Botanical name: Ludwigia hyssopifolia Family: Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
Synonyms: Jussiaea hyssopifolia, Ludwigia micrantha
Hyssop-Leaved Water Primrose is an erect herb or undershrub, usually growing in marshy places, hairless, branches narrowly winged, quadrangular. Leaves are alternate, entire, up to 6.5-7.5 cm long, 1.2-3.0 cm wide, ovate-lanceolate, tip pointed, base narrowed, leaf-stalks up to 5 mm long. Flowers are borne singly in leaf axils, on stalks with 2 bracteoles. Sepals are 4, lanceshaped, tip pointed, equaling the petals, persistent, tube narrow, upto 5 mm long. Petals are 4, yellow, ovate, base and tip narrow, 2-5mm long. Stamens are usually 8. Ovary is 4-celled, style simple; stigma head-like. Capsules are up to 2.5 cm long, subterete, enlarged in the upper part. Seeds are multiseriate in upper half, uniseriate in lower. Hyssop-Leaved Water Primrose is a weed widespread across many continents.
Identification credit: Shivaprakash Nedle
The flower labeled Hyssop-Leaved Water Primrose is ... | <urn:uuid:177ef365-6007-468a-ab16-c24b692597cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Hyssop-Leaved%20Water%20Primrose.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.856796 | 321 | 2.59375 | 3 |
For the development of an architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT), we present the approach “Platform as a Service” in today’s article. The accompanying graphic also shows in detail how this looks like.
The IoT architecture approach “Platform as a Service” is based on the IoT platforms of the major manufacturers. Cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services (with Amazon IoT Core) offer managed IoT platforms (see No. 4). Companies can register and manage millions of devices grouped by application purpose here (see 4a). The recorded devices are anchored in a central database and can even be updated from the cloud and managed directly, depending on the functional scope of the platform. However, this is based on devices that work with a manageable number of sensors and status updates.
Status changes for a sensor can be sent to a message broker (see no. 4b) via a gateway (see no. 3). A Message Broker is a central software component that functions according to the publish/subscriber principle. It uses the open message protocol MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) for machine-to-machine communication and should have established encryption at Transport Layer Security level if possible. This should be secured with certificates that are managed via Device Management.
The respective end device takes over the publisher’s part and sends its updates to a so-called “topic”. All recipients who have subscribed to this topic then automatically receive status changes. This is exactly where the rule engine comes in (see no. 4c), in which topics can be subscribed to and then rules can be created, e.g. using a graphical editor. These rules define, for example, how incoming data are to be transformed or how and where they are to be stored, i.e. in a database or mass storage (see 5a, 5b). Also simple calculations and comparisons of data are already possible here. For example a sudden temperature rise could be identified here, that is transmitted by a sensor. As a result, the system would send an e-mail or push message or address a downstream business logic, which would then carry out further processing.
Based on the stored data, a visualization can be realized with a suitable business intelligence tool, such as a tailored portal made by Storm Reply, Splunk, Power BI or Quicksight (see No. 6). In addition to the Rule Engine, there is also the Device Shadow / Thing Shadow (see no. 4d). A Device Shadow provides a persistent view of the managed device. The current status is stored in a device shadow and synchronized between cloud and device. If, for example, a switching process was initiated from the cloud, but the addressed device has no connection at that time, the status is synchronized with the next data connection and the “Thing” can then execute the switching process. Thus, no status is lost within the network. | <urn:uuid:64abd9af-7684-4064-b0f8-ac58d5481395> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://stormreply.cloud/en/internet-of-things-platform-as-a-service-as-an-approach-for-an-iot-architecture/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=internet-of-things-platform-as-a-service-as-an-approach-for-an-iot-architecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737238.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808021257-20200808051257-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.935395 | 598 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Sport is a social phenomenon that deeply permeates societies throughout the world. Millions of people view, participate in, or discuss sporting events on a near daily basis. Further, sport has become a multibillion-dollar industry that employs thousands of people. As sport has become more pervasive and as the size and magnitude of the sport industry has grown, it has increasingly come under the scrutiny of sociological researchers. The purpose of this entry is to overview some of the major issues and insights developed from a sociological analysis of sport. This overview is categorized into two sections. First is a discussion of sociological studies of sports as an institution that has significant implications for the lives of participants, their families, and the communities in which they live. The second category of studies views sports as a microcosm of society, which provides a fertile field to test sociological theory and gain insights about society. This entry continues with an overview of both of these research agendas.
SPORT AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
Research on sports as a social institution has been guided by two very different theoretical perspectives. On the one hand, researchers using a systems model, largely derived from functional theory, tend to see sport as an institution that contributes to society by reinforcing major cultural values such as success, achievement, competition, work, and cooperation, and also increases community or school unity. Other sociologists examine sport from a conflict perspective where it is viewed as an "opiate of the masses" (Coakley 2001; Eitzen 2001).
Sport as an Inspiration: The Functional Perspective
Numerous studies have been conducted that seek to determine the consequences of sports involvement for participants. Prominent among this research are studies seeking to understand the relationship between involvement in sports during childhood and adolescence and a variety of simultaneous and adult outcomes. While a variety of possible outcomes have been explored, two representative examples of this line of research are described herein. These examples include the relationship between sports participation and adult income and sports participation and the sexual behavior of teenage females.
A number of researchers have empirically explored the relationship between sports participation and adult income. These studies have consistently found that individuals who participate in youth or high school athletics generally have adult earnings that are higher than individuals who do not participate in sports. For the most part, these relationships remain significant when factors such as race, parents’ socioeconomic status, and parents’ educational attainment are statistically controlled.
Similarly, researchers such as Tamela McNulty Eitle and David J. Eitle (2002) have determined that sports participation is strongly associated with the sexual behavior of adolescent females. This research found that adolescent females who play sports are less likely to have ever had sexual intercourse (Miller et al. 1999), have an older age of onset of sexual activity (Brown et al. 1997; Miller et al. 1998), and have higher rates of contraceptive use (Miller et al. 1999). Even after adolescence, Eitle and Eitle found that those who participated in sports were less likely to become pregnant outside of marriage and to have had fewer lifetime sex partners.
Researchers have attempted to explain why participation in athletics tends to have these positive outcomes. Explanations include physical appearance; it is argued that being stronger and healthier provides advantages in both athletic participation and the work force. Christopher Shilling’s 1992 findings maintain that the physical capital accrued through sports participation is convertible to other forms of advantage in other areas of life. Researchers James Curtis and colleagues argued in their 2003 work that athletes gain self-confidence, which leads to better choices; they learn important interpersonal skills, and athletic involvement provides visibility and social networks.
Sport as an Opiate: The Conflict Perspective Some scholars argue that sport is an institution that provides the illusion that success can be achieved by anyone with talent and who is willing to work hard. As a result, sport is one of the institutions that allows deep and persistent patterns of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality to continue. Thus, because a few minority athletes have become extremely famous and wealthy, society is lulled into thinking that prejudice, discrimination, and racism are largely problems of the past. In addition, some maintain that sport is a powerful reinforcer of a racist ideology. For example, African Americans are typically represented as being athletically superior. Unfortunately, concomitant is the belief that they are mentally inferior. Thus from an observation of sport one is given the impression that minority athletes succeed because of physical prowess, while white athletes succeed through perseverance, hard work, and intelligence. To show that this racist ideology persists into the twenty-first century, in 2004 J. R. Woodward examined the sports guides dedicated to critiquing collegiate players eligible for the annual National Football League draft. He found that African American players were more likely than white players of their same position to be described in physical rather than mental terms.
Also from the conflict perspective, sport can be viewed as a tool used by the advantaged to help them maintain their privileged positions. In his book Beer and Circus (2000), Murray Sperber discussed how modern college sports are used as an "opiate of the masses." He noted that since the mid-twentieth century the cost of college education at large state universities has increased dramatically. At the same time the quality of that education has diminished as class sizes have significantly increased and a much higher proportion of the classes are taught by graduate students or part-time faculty. Sperber argued that to distract students from the fact that they are paying more and getting less, colleges have placed greater emphasis on sports. Thus, rather than demanding academic change, students focus on the upcoming football or basketball game. Meanwhile, so-called "student-athletes" are recruited to fill the stadium and keep alumni donations flowing. The exploitation of these student-athletes is evident as the vast majority will not have the benefits of a career in professional sports and are placed in circumstances where academic success is unlikely. When their eligibility has expired, these former student-athletes leave college, often without a degree and lacking the skills necessary for success in life outside of athletics. Similarly, Douglas E. Foley’s 1994 ethnographic study of a Texas high school describes how high school football is an agent of socialization that reinforces existing patterns of race and gender inequality.
SPORT AS A MICROCOSM OF SOCIETY
Some researchers in the sociology of sport argue that sport is a microcosm of society. A 2004 book by Franklin Foer (2004) describes how soccer can explain the world. Thus sport, like society, has become increasingly bureaucratized and commercialized and continues to exhibit patterns of racism and sexism. Further, because sport tends to be open and visible, it provides an excellent lens to study these issues and test relevant theories. To follow are several examples showing how studies of sports are used to gain insight about society.
Professional sport represents the epitome of capitalism, and much can be learned about labor relations in general by watching the conflict between professional sports team owners and athletes. The actions of professional athletes closely parallel the actions of other workers as they seek higher wages and better working conditions. Like other workers, professional athletes have sought redress in the courts and they have formed unions and organized strikes. At the same time, owners attempt to keep wages low so their profits will be greater.
In addition, much can be learned about race relations in the United States from sports as circumstances in sport generally reflect circumstances in the remainder of society. While sport appears on the surface to be a very meritocratic institution, where participants are rewarded strictly on the basis of their accomplishments, a careful examination reveals extensive patterns of inequality. For example, while minority athletes are visible and numerous in sports such as basketball and football, they are underrepresented in many other sports. Further, minorities are underrepre-sented in positions of power in virtually all sports. The owner of nearly every professional sports franchise is white, minorities are rare in the upper management of sports, and most coaches are white. For example, during the 2005 college football season, only 3 of the 117 teams playing Division I football had a minority head coach. Given these circumstances, it is not surprising that minority assistant college football coaches perceived less career-related opportunity, were less satisfied with their careers, and had greater occupational turnover expectations than their white counterparts.
Among players, sociologists have detected a phenomenon called "stacking." Racial stacking is the over- or underrepresentation of players of certain races in particular positions in team sports. For example, quarterbacks in football and pitchers and catchers in baseball have traditionally been white, while running backs and defensive backs in football and outfielders in baseball are much more likely to be minority. Again, this pattern reinforces a racist ideology as white athletes dominate positions of power where mental skills and leadership are essential, while minority athletes dominate positions where pure athletic skill is more critical.
There are also extensive differences by race in the sports that individuals play. In 2003 Pat Goldsmith conducted a study of the racial patterns of school sports participation and used these differences as a forum to test economic and cultural theories to explain these differences. Economic or structural theories predict that differences by race exist because of economic differences across races. Cultural or racial theories would predict that differences would exist even when socioeconomic status was equal. He found that economic theories best predict the sports that whites play, while cultural theories best predict the sports that blacks play.
It should also be noted that similar patterns of inequality in sports are found relative to gender. In college and high school, female sports generally receive only a minority of the athletic budget and the coaches of female teams have significantly lower salaries. In sum, the sociology of sport is a new and dynamic subdiscipline with the potential for significant insights about sociological theory and about societies in general. | <urn:uuid:311523e3-9b41-4afb-851a-d716c2114132> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://what-when-how.com/social-sciences/sports-social-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701154682.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193914-00303-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966465 | 1,981 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Temporal Nutrient Dynamics in Cool-Season Pasture
Jones, Gordon B
MetadataShow full item record
Understanding the nutrient dynamics of pastures is essential to their profitable and sustainable management. Tall fescue [Schendonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub.] is the predominant forage species in Virginia pasturelands. Although tall fescue pasture is common, little research has attempted to document how soil and herbage nutrient concentrations change through time. This thesis summarizes two studies conducted within the context of a larger grazing systems project near Steele\'s Tavern, VA. The objectives were to: (1) examine temporal changes in plant available soil nutrient concentrations in four grazing systems, (2) determine how hay feeding and use of improved forages affected soil and herbage nutrient concentrations (3) examine the relationship between and variability within soil and herbage nutrient concentrations, (4) analyze the seasonal variation in herbage mineral concentration with regard to beef cattle requirements, and (5) create a statistical model to predict variation in herbage mineral concentration across the growing season. Analysis of plant and soil nutrients through 5 years of grazing produced several important findings. Soil pH, P, and Ca, Mg, and B declined through five years of grazing. Higher concentrations of herbage N and K and soil P, K, Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured in hay feeding paddocks. Herbage nutrient concentrations showed less variability in P and K than did soil test results. Fertility testing in pastures is important to monitor changing nutrient concentrations, and this study showed that herbage analysis may provide a more stable and accurate assessment of pasture fertility than soil testing. Pasture herbage, grown without fertilization, contained sufficient concentrations of macronutrients to meet the requirements of dry beef cows through the growing season and to meet the requirements of lactating beef cows in April. A model was developed using soil moisture and relative humidity that predicted (R2 = 0.75) variation in herbage mineral concentration throughout the growing season. As described in this thesis, use of modeling to predict nutrient dynamics in pasture could allow for more efficient mineral supplementation strategies that lead to improved profitability, nutrient retention, and livestock health.
- Masters Theses | <urn:uuid:ae99145e-f800-49e4-b4f9-08ecb38f8d26> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/23143 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589634.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717090227-20180717110227-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.918844 | 452 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Nawang Rigzin Jora Current Affairs, GK & News
Ladakh was granted a divisional status by the State Government on 9th February, which created three administrative units – Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh in the state. The status was granted by the J&K Governor Mr. Satya Pal Malik. What is the Divisional Status and Why Give it to Ladakh? Indian states are sometimes divided into ..
Topics: Autonomous regions of India • Geography • Jammu and Kashmir • Kargil • Kashmir • Kashmir Conflict • Ladakh • Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh • Leh • Nawang Rigzin Jora • Subdivisions of India | <urn:uuid:b0940ec0-355e-42ee-9241-4b25f0c6401d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.gktoday.in/topics/nawang-rigzin-jora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500095.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204075436-20230204105436-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.912817 | 141 | 3.09375 | 3 |
While technology and the arts may seem on opposite ends of the academic spectrum, there are distinct connections – and some experts believe those links should be made stronger to benefit students and grow interest in STEM fields. Today, schools are trying to merge the two, often with a new acronym, STEAM, which adds the arts to the familiar combination of science, technology, engineering and math.
Jacquelynne Eccles, an education professor at the University of California Irvine who has studied the issue, says that many times students have preconceived notions about both the fine arts and technology. When schools find courses or activities where the two are merged, educators and their students can bridge that gap.
“Too often young people don’t believe they can be successful with a subject or in a certain field, but that belief is based on faulty notions about that subject area or their own skills,” she says. “That is often true about fields like art and technology.”
Benefits of Integrating Tech and the Arts Together
Along with providing exposure to other fields for students who may have prematurely made up their minds about their interests or career choices, combining art and tech can get students to use their brains in different ways, Eccles says.
The creative thinking that an artistic endeavor involves might help a technology student think about a problem differently, and students interested in the arts often must rely on technology and sometimes can find ways to be more creative through it, she says.
At a time when there is a need to interest more students in STEM fields, the exposure of some students who lean toward the arts also might be helpful.
Ed Grocholski, senior vice president at Junior Achievement (JA), says that preconceived ideas about STEM keep students from exploring those fields. He says that’s part of the reason educators can’t seem to get enough students interested in STEM. A recent survey by JA indicated that the number of high school students expecting to enter careers in STEM fields had declined from 36% in 2017 to 24% now.
The same bias can apply to more creative fields such as the arts or communications, where students might believe they “can’t draw” or “can’t write”.
The National Center for Technology Innovation and Center for Implementing Technology in Education put it this way in an article about the value of art for tech students:
“Through the arts, students gain self-confidence and self-esteem by expressing and exploring their identities, as well as communicating issues and personal reflections through alternative mediums of expression.”
Tech and Art Together
At LaCreole Middle School in Dallas, OR, Principal Jamie Richardson has made combining art and technology a priority. “It is hard to get girls past that idea that being interested in one of these is not cool,” Richardson says.
LaCreole has a school-wide STEAM program and special summer offerings that deliver arts and technology integration.
The program allows all students to have courses connecting STEM and art. They revised the class schedule and rehabilitated a large, little-used space and began providing students an opportunity to try things like 3-D printing, animation, and engineering design in new ways. The program gets top priority at the school and is managed by two teachers – one from art and one from science.
There are a number of applications and online resources that provide students with artistic experiences using technology.
For music, there are programs such as JamStudio, which lets users mix and create digital audio tracks to create their own music, and Rock Our World, an online international project that connects students from all over the globe to compose music, make movies, and interact with each other in live video conferences.
For artists, there are programs like Procreate, which is an inexpensive application that has professional quality options and is easy to use. ArtRage is an easy-to-learn program for experimenting with digital art, and ArtWeaver has a number of natural media brushes and tools.
In addition, Ozobot is a robotic platform that allows students to do coding and combines it with STEAM education. And its ShapeTracer 2 allows them to work on computer science without a robot. By programming a virtual Ozobot through several levels, students in grades 2 and up are introduced to core computer science concepts like sequencing, debugging, and loops.
SketchUp Studio has tools that will allow students to draw architecture in 3-D, analyze and improve their building’s performance, and creatively document and share their work.
The familiar application Scratch allows students to program their own interactive stories, games, and animations. They can then share their work with others in an online community. “Scratch helps young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively – essential skills for life in the 21st century,” the program’s creator says. Processing is a flexible software sketchbook and a language for learning how to code within the context of the visual arts. | <urn:uuid:2e27ad10-48c1-4af0-a4c5-bb5402f5fe48> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.teachhub.com/technology-in-the-classroom/2020/07/integrating-technology-and-the-arts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703587074.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125154534-20210125184534-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.962943 | 1,032 | 3.546875 | 4 |
An Exercise to Engage Introverted ThinkingAug 2nd, 2012
Introverted Thinking is an evaluation process that names, defines, and assesses if the determined name and definition are accurate and precise. Through this naming and defining process, an understanding emerges. It is this function-attitude that we use to name and define goals and values.
To engage this Introverted Thinking exercise, start with a general description or name, then work to make that description or name as precise as possible. Think of it as continually improving how one has named or described something. Work from the perspective that the name or definition can always be more accurate. Never be satisfied that the definition is as good as it gets.
What other suggestions do you have regarding engaging Introverted Thinking? We would like to hear from you.
>>Post your comments>> | <urn:uuid:7aaa7066-15b5-448a-bdb8-86c440872376> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.type-resources.com/Group-Exercises/An-Exercise-to-Engage-Introverted-Thinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768197.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00084-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939959 | 169 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Many of us have heard of pain inside the eyes, which is often the result of a direct injury. However, ‘pain behind the eye’ is a relatively uncommon term and is used to describe some sort of pressure at the back of the eye. Often this sort of behind eye pain tends to travel to the forehead and temple as well
Some Possible Causes of Pain behind Eye
Glaucoma is the term used to refer to a group of eye disorders that affect the optical nerve. There is more than one type of glaucoma and each one can cause irreparable optic nerve damage, which can eventually lead to loss of eyesight. The optic nerve actually sends visual data from the retina to the specific part of the brain for interpretation, acting as a medium of connection between the back of the eye and the brain.
Migraines are long-lasting headaches that tend to start out causing mild discomfort and then eventually develop into throbbing pain. Some rare conditions that are sometimes associated with this type of headache are referred to as ophthalmologic or retinal migraine.
Severely Dry Eyes
Tear film is the name of the film of fluid that coats our eyes. This film keeps our eyes lubricated and moist, which prevents dryness in the eyes. If the tear film is unable to do its job properly, dry eyes are the result. This dryness can cause scratchy or burning sensations inside the eyes, but there may also be pain felt behind the eyes. | <urn:uuid:24f4a8ce-4736-49b0-b787-78f30b7aab65> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://drugsqualityuse.com/blog/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039626288.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423011010-20210423041010-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.954848 | 304 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Home from Home for Cats
Most people know that lilies are highly toxic to cats but did you know there are other more common toxic plants in your garden.
Cats will chew on plants. And, because they love to climb and explore, it is difficult to keep plants out of their reach. Therefore, if you are going to have plants in your house, or if you let your cat out in your garden, you need to be able to accurately identify the plants to which your cat will be exposed. When in doubt, however, it is best to remove the plant from your home.
If a plant is poisonous, assume all parts of the plant are poisonous -- though some parts of the plant may have higher concentrations of the toxic principle than others. Many toxic plants are irritants: they cause inflammation of the skin, mouth, stomach, etc. The toxic principle in other plants may only affect a particular organ like the kidney or heart.
The following is a listing of plants that are toxic to cats, as well as the most commonly encountered toxic plants:
- Amaryllis (Amaryllis sp.)
- Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale)
- Azaleas and Rhododendrons (Rhododendron sp.)
- Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)
- Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum sp.)
- Cyclamen (Cyclamen sp.)
- English Ivy (Hedera helix)
- Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe sp.)
- Lilies (Lilium sp.)
- Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
- Oleander (Nerium oleander)
- Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum sp.)
- Pothos (Epipremnum aureum)
- Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)
- Spanish thyme (Coleus ampoinicus)
- Tulip and Narcissus bulbs (Tulipa and Narcissus sp.)
- Yew (Taxus sp.)
Should you suspect your cat is ill after licking or ingesting a plant please do not hesitate to seek veterinary advice - some toxins are extremely quick to get into the system so the quicker treatment is given, the better. | <urn:uuid:272cca1e-d947-4255-b314-f6b029719608> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://closfleurionline.com/danger-in-the-garden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608702.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613100830-20210613130830-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.918828 | 472 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Return to Mathematics Index
Sally Hill Horatio May Community Academy
512 N. LaVergne
Chicago IL 60644
This lesson is designed for intermediate grades 4-6. The students will be able
calculate area and perimeter in inches.
* 4 Cardboard Walls (approximate size 36X50)
* Glue or glue sticks
* Wall paper or wrapping paper
* Measuring utensils (measuring tape, ruler, yard stick)
* Writing Utensil (pen/pencil)
* Play money
The teacher will supply 4 walls of identical sizes from a large cardboard box
which will represent each direction, (North, South, East and West). The walls
will have a minimum of 1 opening with a geometric shape to show a window, door,
clothes hook, wall vent, enclosed bookcase, etc. The students will be divided
into 4 groups and instructed to cover their wall. Each group will be given $50
and the materials needed to complete their wall.
A store will be set up where the students can purchase wall paper. The
students must determine the amount needed and compute tax on their purchase.
The students will determine the best buy via purchasing paper from pre-cut
rolls or by the foot.
The students will calculate the area to be covered by finding the total area
of the wall in inches and subtracting the area of the opening. Using the $50,
each group will purchase wall paper based on their calculations. After
purchasing the paper, the students will transfer the wall measurements to the
paper, cut, and cover the wall. (The student will problem solve when
determining the best way to cover the wall with the paper allowing for the
doors, windows, etc).
Each group will also be asked to determine the amount of border needed to cover
the top of the room. (They will multiply the width of their wall by 4). All
completed walls will be put together (matching directions) and wall border
will be applied in a continual piece based on the amount computed by the | <urn:uuid:4b082abb-b2e4-45ae-a17d-668fd6406c1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://mypages.iit.edu/~smile/ma9605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947654.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425001823-20180425021823-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.906645 | 440 | 3.34375 | 3 |
posted by ashley on .
an object 5 millimeters high is loacated 15 millimeters in front of a plane mirror. how far from the mirror is the image located?
Can someone check me on this please.
the formula is:
1/d1 = (1/f)-(1/d0)
d1 = image distance
f = focal length of the mirror(object height)
d0 = object distance from the mirror
1/d1 = (1/15mm) - (1/5mm)
1/d1 = -0.1333333 recurring
take the inverse of this number giving:
d1(image distance) = -0.1333333^-1
d1(image distance) = -7.5mm
If it is a plane mirror the image appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. | <urn:uuid:2c85fc98-b338-4bfb-a805-148537c3f46b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1224047379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530124450-20170530144450-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.877481 | 190 | 2.625 | 3 |
On July 9, 1896 a 36-year-old newspaper editor gave a speech before the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The next day he became the party’s candidate for President of the United States.
The economy was in bad shape in 1896. The country was arguing about how to solve the problem. Put simply, it was about Gold vs. Silver.
The Gold group wanted each dollar in paper money backed by a dollar’s worth of gold. They thought America needed a stable currency to bring back prosperity.
The Silver group wanted paper money backed by both silver and gold. That would put more money in circulation, and lead to inflation. But in the short term, the economy might rebound.
The Republicans nominated Governor William McKinley of Ohio for president. He was a Gold man. When the Democrats gathered in Chicago for their convention, none of their possible candidates seemed very exciting.
They met at the original Chicago Coliseum, at 63rd and Stony Island. On the second day, July 9th, various delegates gave speeches about the party platform. William Jennings Bryan was one of the Silver speakers. He had served in Congress, and was now editor of the Omaha World-Herald.
Bryan was young, handsome, and dynamic. He had a deep, booming voice that carried to all corners of the hall–which was important, since microphones hadn’t been invented yet. And he knew how to give a speech.
Maybe it wasn’t what he said, but how he said it. His Silver arguments were nothing new. Yet two minutes into his oration, the delegates were interrupting him with applause. As he went on, the applause came more often, and grew louder.
Then Bryan concluded, with imagery from the Bible–”You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this Crown of Thorns! You shall not crucify mankind upon a Cross of Gold!”
The convention had become a revival meeting, and the delegates went wild. They stood on chairs, shouting themselves hoarse. They threw hats, handkerchiefs, umbrellas, and anything else handy, into the air. The party had found the man to lead it into battle.
One speech had done it.
Bryan was barely a year older than the age requirement for president. He was the youngest person ever nominated by a major party–and still is. He waged a vigorous campaign through all parts of the country.
In the end, the voters chose colorless competence over charisma. McKinley was elected. | <urn:uuid:b2bc3f8b-21df-4106-9253-10e0ef1836e4> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.wbez.org/blogs/john-r-schmidt/2012-08/can-one-speech-make-man-president-102066 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705955434/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120555-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981573 | 523 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Just 18 miles southwest of Jerusalem in Khirbet Qeiyafa, archeologists from Hebrew University and Israel Antiquities Authorities believe that they have found King David’s palace, the Associated Press reports.
“Khirbet Qeiyafa is the best example exposed to date of a fortified city from the time of King David,” said Yossi Garfinkel, a Hebrew University archaeologist, suggesting that David himself would have used the site. Garfinkel led the seven-year dig with Saar Ganor of Israel’s Antiquities Authority.
The archeologists said they have “unequivocal evidence,” discovering objects historically used by Judeans on the site, and “no trace of pig remains”—pork, naturally, would not have been found in King David’s palace. Not everyone agrees with the evidence, however. Some believe that the palace could have belonged to a different ancient ruler.
In 2005, another archeologist claimed to have found King David’s palace in East Jerusalem, the New York Times reported. Those findings were met with uncertainty as well.
Other scholars are skeptical that the foundation walls discovered by the archaeologist, Eilat Mazar, are David’s palace. But they acknowledge that what she has uncovered is rare and important: a major public building from around the 10th century B.C., with pottery shards that date to the time of David and Solomon and a government seal of an official mentioned in the book of Jeremiah.
Garfinkel and Ganor found a second large structure that is said to be a storage space for the palace, the Jerusalem Post reports.
Recent excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, the first early Judean city to be dated by 14C, clearly indicate a well planned fortified city in Judah as early as the late 11th-early 10th centuries BC. This new data has far reaching implication for archaeology, history and biblical studies.
Israel Antiquities Authority and the National Parks Association have worked together to name the site a national park, forbidding the construction of a neighborhood nearby. | <urn:uuid:34d984c9-f3df-41e0-8903-b7d7642b755b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/king-davids-palace-may-have-been-discovered | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.953035 | 441 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Parents already panicky about the amount of time their teenage children spend online may now have something new to worry about: All those hours spent Web surfing, chatting, gaming, texting and posting to Facebook could be a warning sign of substance abuse, according to a new study in the March issue of the Journal of Addiction Medicine.
Greek researchers found that teenagers with "pathologic" Internet use were more likely to admit to drug abuse, and as excessive Internet use increased, so did the likelihood of substance abuse. The study also linked substance abuse and excessive Internet use to such personality traits as nonconformity, aggressiveness, recklessness and impulsiveness.
"Not only did we find that specific personality attributes were important in both substance abuse and Internet addiction, but that Internet addiction remained an important predictor of substance abuse," study co-author Georgios Floros, at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, said in an email to ABCNews.com.
Floros and colleagues surveyed 1,271 students between the ages of 14 and 19 on the Aegean island of Kos about their Internet use, substance use and personality. To determine who was "Internet addicted," the researchers administered a 20-question "Internet addiction test" that asked how often the students stayed online longer than they'd intended, how often their grades or studies slipped because of the amount of line spent online, how often they'd "yell, snap or act annoyed" if someone bothered them while they were online.
When they compared the mean values of "illicit substance abuse" among the teenage participants, the researchers found that those who reported substance abuse had "significantly" higher mean scores on the Internet addiction test, and that those scores were important predictors for substance use, either past or present.
"The predictive element showed an interesting new finding," said Floros.
"It's not a shocking result to me," David Greenfield, a Connecticut psychologist and founder of the Center for Internet and Technology Addiction, told ABCNews.com. "The study offers another set of variables to look at when doing a workup."
Dr. Megan Moreno, a pediatric and adolescent medicine specialist at UW Health in Madison, Wis., said, "I've definitely seen kids who showed signs of problematic Internet use. Some of them do go on to have other problem behaviors. Sometimes that's substance abuse, sometimes it's other addictive behaviors, like excess exercise or excess shopping."
Parents might wonder when they should start to worry about their "Internet addict" kids. At what point does mere gadget fixation morph into something more "pathologic" or "addictive"? And what is "pathologic" Internet use?
There's no agreed-upon answer. Internet addiction is not a recognized formal diagnosis, and holds no place in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - the psychiatrists' "bible" - although Internet addiction could make it into the appendix of the manual's new edition as a special disorder that requires more research, according to the American Psychiatric Association.
For now, medical practitioners turn to the symptoms of other addictive disorders, such as gambling and substance abuse - compulsiveness, lack of control, failed attempts to cut back, disregard for obvious negative consequences - to diagnose Internet addiction.
Not that they're all the same. "When somebody develops an addiction toward something, our usual recommendation is, 'don't do it,'" Moreno told ABCNews.com. "We tell the alcoholic not to drink. We tell the gambler not to go to a casino. But what can you do if someone has a problem with Internet addiction. What kind of job could they get? How are they going to function?"
Contrary to what parents might believe, the amount of time their teen spends, say, playing "World of Warcraft" or getting lost in the virtual fantasy of "Second Life" is not what's key.
"It's a factor, but it's not the only factor," said Moreno. "A lot has to do with that kid's relationship to the Internet. Do they feel the day is horrible if they can't get online? If they're offline, are they constantly thinking about going online? Are they substituting things that they can do offline and only doing them online? I worry about the kids who only make friends online."
And before parents freak too much over this latest heady headline notching up the danger in the Internet zone, they should keep in mind that while this latest study found links between drug use, Internet use and personality type - that's all they are.
"Correlation data is not causative," said Greenfield. "You can't assume because the person has one marker that they're going to have the final issue. But you do need to be aware of what your child is doing online and how much they're doing it." | <urn:uuid:b7ff2d54-7adb-4714-9c36-70b020e376c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/03/09/internet-addiction-linked-to-drug-abuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541950.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00333-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960596 | 982 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Researchers at Brown University found a molecular gas pedal for melanin production a year ago. Now they have found a brake. The findings deepens not only the basic understanding of how eyes, skin and hair get the color, but also what perhaps can be done in disorders, such as albinism, when that doesn't happen.
The study in the Nature journal Scientific Reports shows that pigmentation is reduced by the activity of "TPC2," a protein that channels the flow of positive sodium ions out of the melanosomes, compartments that produce melanin in cells. When TPC2 lets those ions out, the inside of the melanosomes become more acidic, the researchers found, and that shuts down the enzyme that drives melanin production.
‘A protein called TPC2 that channels the flow of positive sodium ions out of the melanosomes become more acidic and shuts down the enzyme that drives melanin production.’
Advertisement"We know now how TPC2 functions in these melanosome and can use this information to further understand how melanosomes function in normal conditions and how their function is perturbed by disease-causing mutations," said corresponding author Elena Oancea, an associate professor of molecular pharmacology, physiology and biotechnology at Brown.
A lack of melanin production can be associated with albinism, visual impairment and a greater susceptibility to skin and eye cancer. Melanin protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation. For years, however, scientists have had little insight into how pigmentation is governed. In late 2014, Oancea's team discovered that melanosomes employed an ion channel, "OCA2," whose activity increases melanin production by reducing their acidity. OCA2 is named for the disease caused by mutations in the protein, oculocutaneous albinism type II.
The new study, therefore, finds that TPC2 and OCA2 counterbalance.
"Having more than one ion channel regulating the pH allows for complex regulatory mechanisms that can be fine tuned to regulate the pH under diverse conditions," Oancea said.
Tracking down TPC2
Heading into the new study the team, including co-lead authors Nicholas Bellono and Illiana Escobar, only knew that the TPC2 gene had been generally associated with pigmentation. Two mutations in the gene, for instance, were linked in 2008 to fair skin and light hair color in a study of northern Europeans.
But in the lab at Brown, the team was able to prove exactly how TPC2 affects pigmentation. They worked in mouse skin cells and frog eye cells, which have larger melanosomes than human cells do. Otherwise all the same proteins and mechanisms are in place as in humans.
By making direct electrical measurements on the melanosomes, the team spotted a large inward flow of current (negative electrical charge) corresponding to positive ions flowing out. They showed that the current was independent of that regulated by OCA2 and depended on a lipid called PI(3,5)P2 being in the membrane of the melanosome.
The current was consistent with what's typically produced by TPC ion channels. When the researchers blocked TPC channels with the appropriate chemical called verapamil, the current stopped. Further testing showed that TPC2, rather than TPC1, is found all over the melanosome membrane.
Then came the smoking gun. The team deleted the TPC2 gene using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and not only found that doing so abolished the current inflow, but that adding back human TPC2 protein restored it.They observed that cells with reduced TPC2 levels have more melanin, suggesting that TPC2 is a negative regulator of pigmentation.
From there they showed that melanosomes with TPC2 were a bit more acidic than those without it and that it indeed directly competes with OCA2. Acidity matters because the main enzyme that mediates melanin synthesis, tyrosinase, is only active at around neutral acidity.
The Pigment Picture
Even after having added their new findings about TPC2 to what they had learned about OCA2, the team is not done studying how melanosomes work. There may be more ion channels or other mechanisms involved, Oancea speculated.
For people with albinism, one of the biggest questions remains how to turn the newfound knowledge into a viable drug strategy. TPC2 could be a target, but it doesn't just function in melanosomes, Oancea cautioned.
"Because TPC2 is a negative regulator of pigmentation, specific TPC2 blockers could be used to compensate for defects in pigmentation caused by acidic melanosomal pH," she said. "Unfortunately, this is not a simple task because TPC2 channels also have important cellular functions in the lysosomes of non-pigment cells, and blocking TPC2 would not only increase pigmentation, but also interfere with the other vital functions mediated by the ion channel. Local delivery of specific TPC2 blockers to melanocytes might be a way to circumvent this problem."
With each study, the pigmentation picture gets colored in a little more.
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:deff1fee-4742-493f-90d9-55ce12842a90> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.medindia.net/news/protein-that-shuts-down-melanin-production-identified-160288-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541518.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00179-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956121 | 1,077 | 3.25 | 3 |
In healthcare, there are many kinds of emergencies — but not all are medical in nature. The emergency may be the urgent need for evidence to help guide important decisions. For a medical emergency, you head to the ER or call 9-1-1. But whom do you turn to for an urgent search and assessment of the medical evidence on a drug or other health technology?
CADTH — an independent, evidence-based agency that assesses health technologies — finds and summarizes the research on drugs, medical devices, and procedures so health care decision-makers can make informed choices. In some cases, this is a lengthy, in-depth assessment taking a year or more. But for others, the need is more urgent. The CADTH Rapid Review service balances scientific rigour with relevance and real-world timelines and provides summaries and critical appraisal of the evidence to decision-makers in as little as 30 days.
Knowing what the evidence is on a health technology is helpful to decision-makers faced with tough decisions. However, in some cases, there is no evidence available or it is limited and of low-quality. But knowing this is helpful to decision-makers as well. Faced with a lack of evidence, decisions may be based on other factors, such as cost or convenience. Decisions might be deferred until more evidence is available. Or, a lack of evidence can lead to discontinuing the use of a drug, device, or procedure if its use is not supported by research.
Many of the rapid assessments that are requested of CADTH focus on trauma, emergency services, and critical care to determine whether there is evidence to support the use of a particular drug, device, or procedure in this care setting. Here is a round-up of recent Rapid Response reports from CADTH in this area.
Treat and release (T&R) protocols allow patients to be treated by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel without being transported to a hospital or referred to a health care facility. Their purpose is to increase the number of emergencies that EMS personnel can respond to without compromising the quality of medical care and to reduce emergency room overcrowding. In the US, T&R protocols have been found to reduce emergency department and inpatient admissions; however, in Canada they are not common. When CADTH reviewed the evidence on T&R protocols, not a lot was found. No evidence-based clinical practice guidelines were identified and only 1 retrospective study abstract was found that met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Based on the limited evidence found, it appears that T&R EMS protocols are safe and effective — but the study involved only patients with supraventricular tachycardia. No evidence was found on T&R protocols for other conditions. T&R protocols may be a promising practice for EMS personnel but evidence is lacking and their implementation in our complex health care system may be difficult.
When a patient has sustained a traumatic brain injury, one of the primary goals of pre-hospital care is to prevent a lack of oxygen to the brain — a major cause of secondary injury to the brain following the initial trauma. A review of the optimal oxygen saturation for traumatic brain injury was requested of CADTH to help guide decisions about oxygen saturation goals for these patients to ensure the best possible outcomes. Evidence was found from two retrospective observational studies and one evidence-based clinical practice guideline. An assessment of the evidence found that higher than normal pre-hospital oxygen levels appear to decrease the chances of surviving in hospital compared with normal oxygen saturations. Oxygen saturation levels of less than 90 per cent are not recommended; however, the maximum safe oxygen saturation level is not known.
The use of a spine board — a board placed underneath a person’s back to immobilize the spine — for suspected spinal cord injuries is a practice that is widely accepted in Canada and around the world. Spine boards for pre-hospital stabilization of trauma patients are intended to reduce the chance of any secondary injury occurring to the spinal cord due to movement during transportation. But despite their widespread use, the way in which they are used varies greatly. Although there are systematic reviews of the evidence involving healthy volunteers, CADTH found a lack of high-quality medical evidence focusing on actual trauma patients to guide how and when spine boards should be used and whether their use is associated with any harms.
Rapid reviews of the medical evidence such as CADTH’s Rapid Response reports can’t answer all the questions that arise in emergency and trauma care. But CADTH Rapid Response reports can go a long way in providing the evidence pieces to the emergency and trauma care puzzle — and can indicate where more research may be needed. Clinicians, policy-makers, patients, and others involved in making important decisions in health care in Canada can access our Rapid Response reports free of charge on our website anytime at www.cadth.ca/RapidResponse. | <urn:uuid:c14e410c-d2dd-4cce-8a8f-426fd069e8be> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://hospitalnews.com/emergency-care-need-evidence-critical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948519776.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212212152-20171212232152-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.94917 | 992 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What is theistic evolution?Question: "What is theistic evolution?"
Answer: Theistic evolution is one of three major origin-of-life worldviews, the other two being atheistic evolution (also commonly known as Darwinian evolution and naturalistic evolution) and special creation. Versions of theistic evolution come somewhere between one of two extremes. One view is close to deism, which says God allows only natural processes to influence the development of life. The other assumes that God constantly used miraculous intervention to guide evolution.
The first boundary of theistic evolution states that there is a God, but He was not directly involved in the origin of life. According to this view, God created the building blocks and natural laws with the eventual emergence of life in mind. However, early on He stepped back and let His creation take over. He let it do what it was designed to do, and life eventually emerged from non-living material. This view is similar to atheistic evolution in that it presumes a naturalistic—albiet God-designed and ordained—origin of life. Atheistic evolution also assumes that life emerged naturally from preexisting, non-living building blocks under the influence of natural laws. However, according to atheistic evolution, there is no God, and the origin of those natural laws is not explained.
The opposite pole of theistic evolution is that God performed constant miracles to bring about the origin of life as we know it. According to this view, He led life step by step down a path from primeval simplicity to contemporary complexity. This view is similar to Darwin’s evolutionary tree of life, but with God’s intervention taking the place of mutation and natural selection. In this view, where life was not able to evolve naturally, God stepped in. This view is similar to special creation in that it presumes that God acted supernaturally in some way to bring about life as we know it. Special creation says that God created life directly, either from nothing or from preexisting materials.
There are numerous differences between the perspectives of special creation and theistic evolution. One significant difference concerns their respective views on death. Theistic evolutionists typically believe that the geologic column containing the fossil record represents long epochs of time. Since man does not appear until late in the fossil record, theistic evolutionists believe many creatures lived, died, and became extinct long before man’s belated arrival. This means that physical death, at least for animals, existed before Adam and his sin.
Special creationists believe that the earth is relatively young and that the fossil record was laid down during and after Noah’s flood. The stratification of the layers is thought to have occurred due to hydrologic sorting and liquefaction, both of which are observed phenomena. This puts the fossil record and the death and carnage it describes hundreds of years after Adam’s sin.
Another significant difference between theistic evolution and special creation is how the two systems interpret the age of the earth. Theistic evolutionists tend to subscribe to either the day-age theory or the framework theory, both of which are allegorical interpretations of the length of the “days” in Genesis 1. Young earth creationists subscribe to a literal, 24-hour day as they read Genesis 1. Theistic evolution is generally incompatible with a literal reading of the first two chapters of Genesis.
Theistic evolutionists imagine a Darwinian scenario in which stars evolved, then our solar system, then earth, then plants and animals, and eventually man. The two viewpoints within theistic evolution disagree as to the role God played in the unfolding of events, but they generally agree on the Darwinian timeline. That timeline is in conflict with a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation account. For example, Genesis 1 says that the earth was created on day one, and the sun, moon, and stars were not created until day four. A common counter from theistic evolutionists is to note that the wording of Genesis suggests the sun, moon, and stars were actually created on day one but they could not be seen through earth’s atmosphere until day four, leading to their placement on day four.
A literal reading of Genesis shows that birds were created with sea creatures on day five while land animals were not created until day six. This is in direct opposition to the Darwinian view that birds evolved from land animals. The literalist account says birds preceded land animals. The theistic evolutionist view says exactly the opposite.
Regardless of how a person chooses to interpret scientific evidence or the Bible, experience has shown the Bible to be reliable. Centuries of challenges have affirmed that not only is the Bible compatible with science, but also that not a single word in the Bible has ever been disproved by confirmed facts. Interpretations of Scripture may be found lacking, but the Word of God itself is never wrong. The Bible is God’s living Word, given to us by the Creator of the universe, and His description of how He created that universe is not threatened by atheistic versions of science.
Recommended Resource: Battle for the Beginning: Creation, Evolution, and the Bible by John MacArthur
More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free!
Afrikaans, عربى, Bosanski, Български, Cesky 简体中文, 繁體中文, Dansk, Deutsch, Español, پارسی, Français, हिन्दी, Hrvatski, Indonesia, Italiano, 日本語, Kiswahili, 한국어, Latviešu, Lietuvių, Magyar, Polski, Português, Română, Русский, සිංහල, Slovenčina, Srpski, Suomi, Tagalog, ภาษาไทย, Türkçe, українська, اُردُو, Việt
What does the Bible say about Creation vs. evolution?
What is the Intelligent Design Theory?
What is Progressive Creationism and is it biblical?
What is the God of the gaps argument?
What is BioLogos?
Questions about Creation
What is theistic evolution? | <urn:uuid:4359fc03-a985-4f0f-849a-a756d467dee7> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.gotquestions.org/theistic-evolution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209755.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815004637-20180815024637-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.945586 | 1,375 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Every now and then I do a round-up of ideas relating to a specific fruit or vegetable. Kids need lots of learning language tools to help them build familiarity and vocabulary for everything, including being able to explain their food world. These sweet potato ideas will provide lots of pressure-free language stimulation. Some previous specific food posts I’ve done include pear, Brussels sprouts, pineapple and I have also done a corn activity and stepped out how I made artichoke interesting for my toddler.
Today’s round up of sweet potato recipes came about when I was gifted a book, Harry and the Super Yam. This is a book that is good for early primary schoolers. My girls were a bit young for some of the nutrition concepts in the book, however, they did love to repeat the sentence “Super yam, I am, I am” constantly after reading it and loved the idea of a super hero vegetable. The positive learning language tools in the book include embracing the fun presentation of a fruit salad, vegetable soup and smoothie. It appeals to kids’ imagination as the story takes you on a space journey during Harry’s dream.
My girls were interested to learn that a super yam is known as sweet potato in Australia.
We used sweet potatoes as a meat replacement in tacos using the recipe below as they carry flavours really well. The cumin is so delish!
We also love these sweet potato play ideas / recipes:
- Using sweet potato as a stamp for painting with (like potato stamps)
- Having sweet potato rolling races
- Shari’s recipe on GoodFoodWeek for pimped up pork – you can substitute a mix of 1 cup of orange juice, 1 cup water and a knob of very finely grated ginger for the cider.
- Mashing cooked sweet potato
- Peeling sweet potato into ribbons and baking them to make “snake chips”
- Sweet potato pancakes by the More Than Just Carrots blog
- Tracing around sweet potatoes on paper and then turning them into your own super heroes by colouring them in.
- These sweet potato and chick pea patties by My Lovely Little Lunchbox
- 1 brown onion, diced
- 1 tbsp olive oil
- 1 large sweet potato, cubed
- 1 clove of crushed garlic
- 1 tsp cumin
- ½ tsp turmeric
- ½ tsp ground coriander
- 1 cup salt reduced vegetable stock
- Optional: Fresh Coriander
- Sautee your onion until it is transluscent and starting to caramelise on the outside (depending on your child's preference for visibility of onion in their meal).
- Add the garlic, spices and cubed sweet potato. Mix in well until the spices are coating the potato.
- Add the stock, bring to boil and simmer until the liquid has mostly been absorbed. Stir regularly to prevent catching and add water if required.
- Check that the sweet potato has been cooked through.
- Serve with fresh coriander
What do you love to make from sweet potato?
If you are wanting to learn more about what to say and what not to say about food for fussy eaters (picky eaters) – have a look at this video “Positive Food Talk for Kids”. It’s designed for parents, educators and health professionals. I think that the information about food that goes into a child’s head is just as important as the food that goes into thier body. Eating isn’t a race, it’s a journey. Let them love to learn food along the way!
Disclosure: I am not affiliated with the Super Yam book. The book itself inspired the sweet potato play & recipe ideas and materials I collated in this post. I am grateful to have been gifted the book. | <urn:uuid:1d5ec17a-31bd-4d3b-9abe-32e3a3f4b17a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.playwithfood.com.au/super-sweet-potato-ideas-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363782.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302065019-20210302095019-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.948551 | 799 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is RoboBattle?
A high-energy impact filled camp! It is a camp focused on covering the basics of robotics through completing challenges and forming creative problem solving solutions. This short duration camp involves mainly problem solving and would suit kids who are interested in completing challenges and solving mazes and puzzles using robotics. This energetic and exciting camp is designed to deliver FUN and EXCITEMENT to all Robotics novices and enthusiasts.
This camp harnesses the curiosity and competitive nature of all children. Kids will learn some basic robotics in this camp aimed at completing challenges and for competing against one another or in groups. A highly social and fun camp atmosphere will surely set your child in the right mood for learning.
** Various skill levels to be completed
We have a wide selection of courses taking place on different dates. Check out our Holiday Camp Schedule to view what’s available and shortlist your preferred classes now!
Benefits of RoboBattle
Gain Social skills
Learn all about Robotics/ Engineerings
Learn Problem solving, Planning
How is Robobattle Different from RoboCamp?
Robocamp is a more methodological robotics camp where kids are provided detailed instructions on learning about the mechanics of building and the language of programming. Kids will do different projects each day which focuses on the learning of the mechanics of building + how programming can make a difference by robotizing the projects. In this camp, there are comparatively more projects building, learning objectives are focused on learning the essentials of mechanics and robotics. Unlike Robobattle where the sole purpose is solve a given problem within the short span of the camp, Robocamp challenges the child to think further into being creative and innovative. Robocamp is a excellent learning ground for children who are keen to learn all about robotics whilst RoboBattle would suit kids who are already familiar to Robotics and are looking for further challenges and /or children who are novices to robotics and would like a snapshot on how fun robotics learning can be. | <urn:uuid:80919743-986e-4536-8a0d-f8b6b0fae910> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.worklab.com.sg/holiday-camps/robobattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494694.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220085318-20190220111318-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.939816 | 397 | 2.921875 | 3 |
STEM Gender Gap Pronounced in U.S.
When the gender gap in STEM education is discussed, it usually centers on the lower proportion of women pursuing college majors and careers in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math.
But some recent data suggest STEM achievement disparities persist at the K-12 level, based on results from the Advanced Placement program as well as national and global exams.
And yet, what may be true for the United States is not necessarily so around the world. In some instances, international averages on global exams tell a different story, with either no measurable gender difference in math and science scores or girls outpacing boys.
How to interpret the U.S. data is a conundrum, some experts say.
"This is a bit of an unexplained phenomenon," said Martin Storksdieck, the director of the National Research Council's Board on Science Education. "My sense is that these differences are potentially a question of the kinds of tests we have, and the kinds of self-confidence people have, and expectations they have, rather than an innate difference or potentially stronger preparation that boys may have over girls."
The gender achievement gaps are far smaller than those seen for low-income, black, and Hispanic students. But they are evident across a number of measures.
Take the AP program. In all 10 STEM subjects currently taught and tested, including chemistry, physics, calculus, and computer science, the average scores of females lagged behind males, according to data for the class of 2011.
Trevor Packer, the senior vice president of AP and college readiness at the College Board, said his New York City-based organization is concerned about the data.
"It's significant whenever you see different populations, ... whether different by region or gender or ethnicity, perform at different levels," he said.
Against the Global Grain?
In fact, the College Board recently commissioned a study to examine one possible factor, known as "stereotype threat." This anxiety is believed to occur when individuals in a certain population group, such as racial and ethnic minorities or females, face a situation in which they may be judged by a negative stereotype. Some research suggests that can diminish performance on assessments, especially high-stakes tests.
Recent results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress indicate some gender gaps, mainly in science.
The latest science data, for 2011, show 8th grade boys outscoring girls by 5 points on NAEP's 0-300 scale for the subject. Only 8th graders were tested that year. Looked at another way, 37 percent of boys scored "proficient" or above, compared with 29 percent of females.
Science data for 2009 show average scores for girls trailed boys at all three grade levels tested. The NAEP gap widened for older students, from 2 points at 4th grade to 4 points at 8th grade and 6 points at 12th.
Going back to 1996, NAEP data show a fairly consistent pattern of girls trailing boys, though the gap size has varied.
In math, 2011 NAEP results show boys performing only slightly better on average, with a difference of just 1 point at the 4th and 8th grades on the 0-500 scale. (The difference was statistically significant.)
In looking beyond the U.S. border, the issue of STEM achievement by gender gets more complex.
Boys—on average—outperformed girls in math across the 34-member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, based on the most recent data, in 2009, from the Program for International Student Assessment. PISA gauges 15-year-olds. In science, there was no measurable gender gap on average across the OECD nations.
PISA results for American students show lower average scores for girls than boys in math and science. In fact, the U.S. gaps were among the largest of any countries tested, an OECD report says.
In science, the biggest gaps favoring boys were in the United States and Denmark. Girls outscored boys in Finland, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, and Turkey.
Data from another global assessment suggest girls generally enjoy an achievement edge in math and science when averaging results across the 58 participating nations and jurisdictions, but not in the United States. That outcome is for the latest round, in 2007, of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study.
In science, the global TIMSS average was higher for girls than boys at the 4th and 8th grades, according to an analysis by Boston College. By contrast, U.S. boys scored higher than girls at the 8th grade. At the 4th grade, U.S. boys scored higher, but the gender gap was not statistically significant.
For math, the global average for girls was higher at the 8th grade, but for U.S. students, the gender gap was not statistically significant. At the 4th grade, there was no statistical difference in the global average by gender, but American boys outscored girls on TIMSS.
The global data seem to cast doubt on the notion that innate differences between males and females help explain the U.S. situation.
A 2007 report from the National Academies plays down the significance of innate gender differences, as well as differences on achievement tests, in affecting females' ability to excel in the STEM fields.
"Research shows that the measured cognitive and performance differences between men and women are small and in many cases nonexistent," it says. "Furthermore, measurements of mathematics- and science-related skills are strongly affected by cultural factors."
Andresse St. Rose, a senior researcher at the Washington-based American Association of University Women, says not all K-12 STEM data point in the same direction.
"Girls actually take slightly more math and science credits than boys do, on average," she said, "and they actually earn slightly higher grade point averages, but when you get to the AP exams, for example, you see the boys doing a little better."
She still sees reason for concern and believes stereotype threat may be an important issue.
"All of us really need to examine our thinking and our beliefs and our behavior around different genders," she said. "Do we really encourage girls to do all the things that boys are encouraged to do?"
Vol. 31, Issue 36, Pages 8-9Published in Print: July 18, 2012, as Gender Disparities in STEM Subjects Pronounced in the United States | <urn:uuid:c3c1a766-2330-4970-8dbc-f85db04a48c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/07/18/36stem.h31.html?tkn=ZTQFrZWyQHTPEfBw7ilL1SZ3YSKtY%2FwKb%2Bdz&cmp=clp-edweek | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189462.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00000-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951382 | 1,323 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Security has never been more important. Our world is managed by software and algorithms make wide ranging decisions based on data. The reputation of large enterprises can be severely impeded if they suffer a security breach. Losing the trust of customers is a serious issue. Smaller companies can go out of business after such an incident. By following some good advice and best practices you can significantly reduce the risk of being compromised.
It's All in Your Head
Security is a mindset. If you are responsible for security you must realize that it's not all about technology. All complicated systems have human components. You should be mindful that people are very creative in poking holes at the best security policies and procedures. You must plan for human failure at each point. That implies also that you should aim to minimize the possibility of human failure by automating or automatically verifying every action and access.
Data Is Liability
Data is often considered an asset. The big data revolution puts data collection, storage and mining with machine learning on a pedestal. But, data is also a liability. You need to store, it back it up, make it available and migrate it when your storage solutions evolve. At large scale, with distributed data stores, lots of different types of users, integration of legacy systems with modern cloud native applications it is a very challenging task. Securing the data is even harder. Consider very carefully what value you actually derive from your data. Don't subscribe to the "measure everything" approach. In most cases, it is a losing proposition. In addition, data loses its value very quickly. Consider how long do you need to keep historical data. If you process your data as a stream you may enjoy the best of all worlds with processing everything, but keeping very little.
Defense in Depth
If your system is of any significance whatsoever it will be compromised. This is a fact of life. Complex systems evolve all the time. Every little change - deploying a new version of a service, upgrading a package, adding a new server, hiring a new employee, firing an existing employee is a fertile ground for problems, bugs and security breaches. You need to design your security with multiple layers of overlapping checks and balances and constantly run checkers, verifiers and auditors that monitor the system and keep it intact or detect early deviation from the desired state.
Keep it simple stupid. Defense in depth is difficult and adds overhead of complexity. It adds more moving parts to the system. If you can simplify your overall system architecture then securing it will be easier too. The same mindset applies as with data. Do you really need all that functionality? Does it provide real business value? Also, try to keep a clean house. Get rid of redundancies. Refactor the code. Avoid duplication of functionality across libraries, services and applications.
The Principle of Least Privilege
A user or a program should not have access to more than it needs to perform its job. This can be very annoying at times and cause a lot of friction, but at least in production it is a must. When the compromise happens, you will be equipped much better to contain it, track it back to source and evaluate the potential damage.
Use Sane Authentication Procedures
Users are notoriously unreliable when it comes to managing credentials. User passwords are in general laughably easy to guess. You should employ multi-factor authentication. You should log repeated login failures. You should add delay between login attempts. Don't allow easy to guess passwords. Rotate passwords frequently.
HTTPS is HTTP where all the traffic is encrypted (the "S" in the end stands for "Secure"). Today, there is no reason to use HTTP anymore. HTTPS is easy to deploy. Certificate management was never easier. It significantly reduces the attack surface and lets you focus your energy on other difficult security tasks.
Take Care of Your Infrastructure
The infrastructure is the hardware your system is running on, the networking, the operating system and other baseline services. Most complicated systems are built on top of a huge pile of those dependencies. Make sure you patch and update your operating system and other infrastructure services you use like databases, queues and frameworks.
Encrypt Data at Rest and Transit
With modern hardware encryption and decryption is very fast. You should never keep important data unencrypted regardless of how well it is protected. This is a very nice way to reduce the problem of protecting all the data to the problem of encryption key management.
Security is hard. It takes dedicated attention, knowledge and meticulous execution. It is also an ongoing process. It's important to educate stakeholders and clarify the state of security, the risks and mitigations. You need to be vigilant and on your toes. | <urn:uuid:52751653-dfb2-4846-ac5d-6a2826bf9673> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.devx.com/security/top-10-security-best-practices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00509-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942784 | 953 | 2.625 | 3 |
Old Colony BuildingEdit profile
The Old Colony Building is 17-story landmark building in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. Designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche in 1893-94, it stood at approximately 215 feet and was the tallest building in Chicago at the time it was built. The building was designated a Chicago Landmark on July 7, 1978.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is directly across the street to the west of the Harold Washington Library. The address of the Old Colony Building is 407 S. Dearborn Street and the GIS coordinates are +41.876657-87.629006. | <urn:uuid:bed41aa1-5804-4dc7-aa3c-c1dd32b93ba6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://openbuildings.com/buildings/old-colony-building-profile-10542 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00489-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967938 | 138 | 2.6875 | 3 |
THE Department of Transport is to evaluate "intelligent" road studs that warn motorists of poor driving conditions and help them keep a safe distance behind other vehicles. The new studs emit steady or flashing coloured lights in response to different conditions.
The brains of the stud are a microprocessor and a number of sensors which detect oncoming headlights, the temperature and moisture content of the air, and water on the surface of the road.
The devices are entirely self-contained, according to Martin Dicks, the Doncaster-based inventor of the system. Solar cells and a number of capacitors enable them to store energy from the Sun and from car headlights. Dicks claims that each stud can run continuously for three months without daylight and can survive more than 1000 recharging cycles. This gives them a lifetime of about three years. "Traditional Catseyes have lifetimes of between six months and ten years, depending ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:198b5ef2-8469-40a6-af9d-bfcd51f0c904> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14619723.600-smart-studs-keep-an-eye-on-road-conditions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132007.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00112-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937416 | 212 | 3.3125 | 3 |
|Operation Market-Garden: British Ground Opeartions on September 17, 1944
by Thomas Leckwold
Operation Market-Garden was the largest airborne operation ever executed that was coordinated with a simultaneous ground operation. The operation ultimately failed but it was largely not an airborne failure, but a ground force failure that was attributed to a combination of the British operational doctrine and geography. The British operational doctrine was ill suited for the operation that was envisioned because, along with the geography, it emphasized the comparative weakness of the British Army while simultaneously not denying the Wehrmacht many comparative advantages in its defensive efforts. The result was the British Army’s ground forces inability to gain momentum during the first day of the offensive and was a critical factor for the failure of the entire operation.
Operation Market-Garden was an active operation from September 17th to September 25th, 1944. The ground forces were led by an armored spearhead with the objective of breaching the Neder Rijn and seizing the Ruhr industrial region in western Germany with the intent of ending the war. The ground forces were strongly supported by 35,000 American, British, and Polish airborne troops that were to seize the bridges between Eindhoven and Arnhem along Dutch Highway 69, also known as the Hechtel-Eindhoven Road. The airborne mission was intended to allow the ground forces, led by the British XXX Corps to maintain momentum from its breakout from the Neerpelt bridgehead and rapidly cross the Neder Rijn. The operation was a failure and ended with the near destruction of the British 1st Airborne Division.
The German defenses in Normandy had collapsed by the end of July and they were in full retreat from France with the Allied forces in pursuit mode. The Allied advance decimated, but was not able to overtake and surround majority of the defending German units. The result was that the Allied pursuit was able to disrupt the German armed forces from being able to reform a new defensive front of sufficient strength that could halt the Allied advance. The Allied advance was finally stopped by supply issues and not German resistance. The supply issue led to the halting of the British offensive on September 4th after the fall of Antwerp. The timing of the British halt order was a fortunate event for the Wehrmacht.
Oberbefehlshaber West, or OB West, only had the 719th Infantry Division pre-deployed in the Netherlands to defend against the British advance. The 719th Infantry Division, a fortress division, was being shifted from its coastal positions to the frontlines facing the British advance. This division was ill prepared to effectively challenge the British offensive, but the British halted precisely when it was the only division in place and available to defend the Netherlands.
The British halt allowed OB West the time it needed to reform a new defensive line and demonstrated the institutional improvisation and effective planning of the general staff officers of the Wehrmacht. The Germans were also assisted because they were retreating closer to their borders and its supply bases that allowed it to deploy new units and supply and collect the retreating divisions from France. The Allied halt allowed the Germans to form a new defensive line but it could also reinforce quicker then the British because of the German advantage of interior lines.
The primary reinforcement from Germany was the rapidly created First Fallschirmjaeger Army under Luftwaffe Colonel General Kurt Student. The halt also allowed escaping remnants from France to be collected and reformed into a defensive line that was not under any pressure from the British. The most significant formation retreating from France was the German Fifteenth Army that was escaping using a sea route and exiting into the Netherlands via the Beveland Isthmus. Luftwaffe and various security units within the Netherlands were also scraped together and sent to face the Allied front. All these German units were cobbled together to form the main German defensive front that was to face the British ground offensive on September 17th. These defenders were to compose of units of the Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, and Waffen SS and were a demonstration of German leadership and staff work that was able to organize a retreat and chaos of late August and early September and change it into an effective defense in less than two weeks.
The British Second Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey, attempted to restart its offensive when its XXX Corps launched an operation to breach the Albert and Meuse-Escaut Canals that were the last water obstacles that separated Belgium and the Dutch border. The XXX Corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks and started its offensive on September 7th. The British offensive discovered that just in a few days the German’s were no longer retreating, but were fighting tenaciously to hold the two canals.
British were able to breach the final water barrier on September 12th with the capture of the De Groot Bridge near the city of Neerpelt on Highway 69 which led directly into the Netherlands to Nijmegen via Eindhoven. The British accomplished their objectives, but were unable to gain offensive momentum because of the increased effectiveness of the German defenses. The battle was reduced to a series of hard fought tactical battles with the Guards Armoured Division struggling against the Luftwaffe scratch force including elements of the newly created German First Fallschirmjaeger Army and Kampfgruppe Chill. The capture of the bridgehead at Neerpelt gave the British their start line for their offensive toward the Arnhem area, but also reflected that the rapid advances of the summer were going to be difficult to restart even after only a three day halt of XXX Corps operations.
The Allied supply issue that had halted the British Twenty First Army Group offensive in September 1944 along the Belgian-Dutch frontier provided an opportunity to the British army group commander. The army group commander, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, lobbied SHAEF for the priority of the limited supplies that were insufficient to continue the general broad front offensive that was preferred by the Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight Eisenhower. Montgomery intended to take advantage of the supply constraints to gain supply priority. This supply priority would allow Montgomery to restart the offensive with his army group. Montgomery intended for the offensive to seize Ruhr industrial region in western Germany which was the overall British objective of the war in northwest.
The bridges in the Arnhem area were of particular interest to the British because they straddled Neder Rijn. Breaching this river would allow Montgomery to seize the Twenty First Army Group’s primary wartime objective of the Ruhr industrial region in western Germany. The British first planned an airborne operation in the Nijmegen and Arnhem area, codenamed Operation Comet, which would land the 1st British Airborne Division and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade to seize the bridges in both cities to clear the way for the XXX Corps to advance into Germany. Stiffening German resistance eventually led to the cancellation of the operation on September 10th, but this cancellation did not end Montgomery’s interest in an operation in the Arnhem area, so Comet was replaced by a larger and more ambitious operation.
Operation Comet was superseded by Operation Market-Garden on September 10, 1944 when General Eisenhower, the Allied Supreme Commander, approved Field Marshal Montgomery’s plan to seize a crossing over the Rhine River. The 1st British Airborne Division and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were still assigned to the operation, but were now wholly dedicated to the Arnhem area and the crossings over the Neder Rijn. These forces were to be joined by two American airborne divisions from the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division was assigned the objective of capturing the crossings over the Waal River and the high ground southeast of Nijmegen. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division was assigned the southern most objective of capturing the road between Eindhoven to Grave which included canal bridge crossings to facilitate the momentum of oncoming British ground forces. The airborne component of the operation was referred to as Market, and was under the overall command of Lieutenant General F.A.M. Browning the commander of the British Airborne Corps.
The ground portion of the operation was referred to as Garden. The primary component of the ground operation was the three divisions and two brigades of Horrocks’ XXX British Corps. The corps had 20,000 vehicles and was comprised of the Guards Armoured Division, 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, 8th Armoured Brigade, and the Dutch Princess Irene Brigade. In addition, the U.S. 101st Airborne Division would fall under the command of the XXX Corps as soon as it landed in Holland.
The XXX Corps was supported by the other two corps of the British Second Army. The VIII British Corps was on the right flank and the XII British Corps on the left flank in relation to the XXX Corps. The VIII Corps was to move through Weert against Helmond. The XII Corps was to advance to an east-west line running through Turnhout and then move to exploit the Maas River. These flanking corps did not have supply priority and were short of transport, and as a result were not expected to maintain the rate of advance that was set by the XXX Corps timetable. In fact, only four of Dempsey’s nine divisions in the Second Army could deploy at full strength because of the lingering effects of supplies and motor transport shortages. As a result of this reality the VIII and XII Corps had received instructions not to press their attacks.
The XXX Corps breakout was to be launched from the Neerpelt bridgehead and led by the Irish Guards Group of the Guards Armoured Division. The Irish Guards Group was composed of the 3rd Battalion Irish Guards of the 32nd Infantry Brigade, and the 2nd Irish Guards Armoured of the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade. The 2nd Irish Guards Armoured was led by Lieutenant Colonel J.O.E. Vandeleur and had overall command of the Irish Guards Group. The 3rd Battalion of the Irish Guards was commanded by his cousin Lieutenant Colonel Giles Vandeleur. The Irish Guards breakout was to be supported by a thirty minute 350 gun artillery barrage and was to receive close air support from the 83rd R.A.F. Group. The British 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division was to provide flank support at the point of breakout for the advancing Guards Armoured Division. The remaining units of the corps were to move up with the advancing Guards Armoured and standby in reserve to facilitate the breakout.
The XXX Corps timetable required that the ground forces to reach Arnhem and the awaiting British 1st Airborne Division in forty-eight hours. The expected schedule for the Guards Armoured Division was for it to reach Eindhoven by 1715 hours and Veghel by 2400 hours on September 17th. By 1200 hours it was expected to reach Grave and 1800 Nijmegen on September 18th. The Guards were to be in Arnhem by 1500 hours on September 19th. The British ground advance and its compact timetable was further challenged by the difficult geography that it was expected to advance to reach its objectives.
The terrain that the Garden forces were to operate to accomplish their objectives stood in sharp contrast to the broad front strategy that was preferred by General Eisenhower and made the success of the operation a risky proposition. Field Marshal Montgomery promoted a narrow front strategy instead and the adoption of Market-Garden was an opportunity for Montgomery to prove his belief in the correctness of his strategy over Eisenhower’s strategy. Montgomery believed that a narrow front offensive would allow the concentration of force and would allow the Allies to launch an immediate offensive by concentrating the limited supplies to only the forces assigned to the narrow front assault.
General Eisenhower believed that a single narrow front advance would lead to a collision of forces on the narrow front with no room to maneuver and there would be little space to correctly apply armor forces. The narrow front would also allow the Germans to concentrate their defensive efforts at the point of main effort and would leave extended flanks that would be vulnerable to counter attacks. The Allies would be forced to reinforce their flanks which would reduce the forces available for the primary effort of the attack. Or the Allies would have to accept the risk of unprotected flanks that could be mitigated if the Allies had superior speed of execution in the action-decision making cycle when compared to the Wehrmacht.
The terrain that was chosen for Montgomery’s narrow front had many of the characteristics that Eisenhower feared. The British ground forces would have only Highway 69 to advance the entire XXX Corps to Nijmegen toward Arnhem. There were no other parallel roads that could be used to support the advance and cross country movement was impossible for tanks because the terrain was too soft and sandy and was intersected with steep ditches and small canals.
The narrow front strategy had another drawback because the British could not use their material advantage to full effect and could not deploy the breadth of overwhelming force against the defenders. This meant that the success of the operation required the application of surprise and speed of execution. The deployment of the airborne forces along Highway 69, and the ground forces only able to use this highway largely eliminated the element of surprise because the British advance was going to be in an obvious direction and to an obvious target. This allowed the Germans to deploy their defensive forces to the maximum advantage along the narrow front and know that they were not going to be outflanked. The Germans would have to be dislodged through frontal attacks, thus reducing the material advantage of the British because they would be operating on a narrow front.
The nature of the terrain that the XXX Corps was to advance was not ideal for armored warfare. Despite this fact, the British operational doctrine in northwest Europe gave the British ground commanders’ confidence. They firmly believed they could advance the sixty two miles over the difficult terrain and reach the airborne forces at Arnhem. The British commanders’ confidence in their doctrine originated from the fact that their doctrine in northwest Europe emphasized narrow front assaults by their armored formations. They also believed that German resistance in the Netherlands was too weak from the battles of Normandy and the subsequent Allied breakout to withstand a determined assault despite the difficulties of securing the canal crossings.
The terrain in Garden target area was better suited for infantry, which could maneuver in the soft and wooded terrain of the countryside when compared to an offensive that relied on armor to make the advance. Armor provided mobility and therefore the vital speed needed to make the advance to Arnhem. However, the absolute reliance on the single highway, and the restricted terrain, to move the entire XXX Corps was a comparative disadvantage to an armored led ground offensive and provided a defensive advantage to the Germans. The Germans would have the defensive flexibility to launch counterattacks along the British flanks as the XXX Corps advanced. German defensive efforts were facilitated by the two flanking British corps that were unable and unwilling to press their attacks to draw German forces away from and cover the XXX Corps flanks. The Germans could also focus their defense on a narrow strip of road to slow the advance to the airborne forces.
The British were not going to rely on infantry for their advance because their combat doctrine in northwest Europe was developed out of a favoritism of relying on their material advantage to avoid heavy infantry casualties. The British desire to avoid heavy infantry casualties was primarily determined by the strategic-political situation that the British had to operate in 1944. The British military and economic war effort and its casualties had created a manpower shortage that the British Army had to contend with that year. The British Army was a shrinking force and could no longer adequately replace its casualties. By 1944, to replace combat casualties, the British Army command was being forced to disband units to keep remaining divisions up to full strength, so casualty avoidance had to be considered.
Field Marshal Montgomery realized that he had to maintain a low casualty rate to preserve the British Army, so that it could play a significant role in the defeat of Germany. Military power was going to be a relevant factor in the political influence exerted in the post-war decisions of the reshaping of Europe. If the British Army was significantly reduced through casualties, prior to the defeat of Germany, it would have a reduced military capability and therefore a reduced military mission. This would translate to the British government having less political power, and which would reduce their influence on policies that shaped the post-war Continent. The United Kingdom would no longer be viewed as an equal partner because of diminished military capacity to the more powerful U.S. and Soviet militaries. The translation of military power to political influence and power required Montgomery, and other British military leaders to ensure that the British Army was not subject to undue wastage of personnel to guarantee political influence of their government. The British military doctrine attempted to address this dilemma and had to emphasize equipment and firepower to preserve manpower to achieve military objectives.
The British doctrine was also shaped by the British Army’s leadership in their belief in the fragile nature of the British Army. The leadership’s concern was that the army could not engage the Wehrmacht either structurally or in terms of morale. The leadership did not believe that the British soldier of World War II was as mentally resilient as the British soldier of World War I, and would not accept casualties at the rate that were seen in that war. If operations were executed that risked high casualties it could have a significant impact on morale, and thus must be avoided. Montgomery devoted significant attention to the British soldier’s morale because he believed that any plan, no matter how good, would fall short of the objectives if morale was flagging. So, Montgomery planned operations that provided the most amount of firepower possible and relied on mobile formations to keep operations moving and avoiding static attritional battles that relied on infantry forces.
The final consideration of influences on the formation of the British doctrine was the reliance of the army to leverage its material advantage provided by its economic power to rely on equipment rather then manpower to win battles. The British economic base, heavily supported by the United States, was able to provide abundant material resources needed to support a material based British combat doctrine of 1944. The result was that the British Army deployed in northwest Europe in 1944 was heavily equipped with armor and artillery at the expense of fewer infantry formations. Therefore the British Army was short of infantry, but possessed heavy firepower created by the predomination of artillery and armor.
The British Army doctrine dictated the leveraging of its material advantage, to save manpower, to create maximum firepower, mainly from its artillery and airpower on a narrow section of the front to inflict maximum damage on the defending German forces. Then the attack would be followed by a well planned and organized armor assault to develop and expand the breach as the battle would enter the exploitation phase. If the assault was running into difficulty, or was becoming an attritive battle, the British would shift their point of concentration to continue the assault. The geography of Market-Garden and the use of a single road and the restrictive terrain meant that the XXX Corps would not have the option of shifting the impetus its assault point once the operation was launched.
The British doctrine developed into an operational technique that planned operations emphasizing the use of firepower, firm central control of operations, attack in depth to maintain pressure, limit casualties on individual formations, and exploit opportunities created by the unfolding attack. The drawback of the execution of this doctrine was that it limited low level unit initiative which is require for the success of armored and mobile attacks. This virtually guaranteed that at the tactical and operational level the Germans would have the advantage in the action-reaction decision making cycle. This would translate to German superiority in the speed of execution of their operations versus the British. Montgomery accepted these consequences because he wanted ensure that his precepts of reducing casualties would be adhered to and that he could control the direction and tempo of the operations.
How did the British doctrine compare to precepts of modern warfare? Edward Luttwak defines attributes of modern operational warfare as two ends of a spectrum. It is important to remember that Luttwak’s attributes are valid, but that it is an academic exercise and often does not fully explain all of the complexities of modern warfare that occur in actual battles. At one end of Luttwak’s spectrum is attrition warfare and at the other end of the spectrum is relational maneuver.
Attrition warfare is waged by industrialized methods with victory attained through the destruction of the enemy through the use of superior firepower and material strength. While simultaneously be able to withstand and absorb the reciprocal attrition from the enemy. Attrition warfare cannot attain victory without an overall material superiority over the defenders who are brought into range as static targets of the enemy. The key point is that the enemy is reduced to an array of targets, and the more targets that can be targeted the more effective an attrition based offensive will be.
The other end is relational maneuver which is a style of warfare that does not seek to destroy the enemy’s physical substance as an end in itself, but to incapacitate by some form of systematic disruption. The enemy’s strength is purposefully avoided and a particular strength is directed at presumed weaknesses of the enemy. Relational maneuver requires some level of a combination of surprise and superior speed of execution when compared to the enemy. Superior speed of execution requires that a high tempo of operations be maintained that is superior when compared to the defending forces, so that the tactical vulnerability of the extended flanks is never exposed. If a defender has a superior tempo of operations; then the attacker will be reacting to the defender and his tactical vulnerabilities of extended flanks will be fully exposed. The success of relational maneuver is through the ceaseless maintaining of momentum until the goals are achieved.
Luttwak emphasizes that no nation has a style of warfare that is purely attritional or purely relational maneuver but is some combination of the two. A nation that views itself as having a material superiority over its enemy will often choose a form of warfare that is attrition based. The British Army at face value appeared to have chosen an attritional style of warfare that would leverage its material advantage; but this does not adequately describe the British method of warfare. The British wanted to avoid heavy casualties, and were not willing to absorb reciprocal damage in an attritional battle. Another consideration was that the British preferred to concentrate their attacks on a narrow front, thus reducing the number of enemy units targeted for destruction. Wider frontages are preferred in attritional warfare because it presents more targets along the linear front. The fact that the British were unwilling to accept reciprocal damage and preferred attacks on a narrow front, which is a relational maneuver attribute, means that the British doctrine has attributes that are contrary to the concept of attritional warfare.
Despite these facts that demonstrate the British doctrine was not a pure attritional doctrine, it was not a relational maneuver based doctrine, and that includes the execution of Operation Market-Garden. This operation has often been viewed as an operation of maneuver and the pinnacle of modern mobile warfare for the British Army, but this is an incorrect assumption. The British doctrine did not emphasize surprise or faster speed of execution that is required for maneuver warfare.
The Germans expected an attack out the Neerpelt bridgehead, so the British had surrendered the element surprise outside of the tactical level. The tactical surprise was lost as soon as the airborne divisions started landing along Highway 69 in occupied Netherlands. The operation with focus on a single highway with restrictive terrain and deployed airborne units that had to be relieved meant the Germans would know the direction of the attack and thus greatly reducing any future element of surprise. Surprise could still be achieved by maintaining a higher speed of execution through tactical opportunism and speed of execution that changes the impulse timing of the battle to keep the defenders off guard. However, the British doctrine reduced individual initiative at lower echelons because of the desire to maintain tight control of the unfolding operation. Individual initiative is one of the key factors required to maintain faster speed of execution when compared to the enemy, and the British practice discouraged low level initiative.
This evaluation demonstrates that the British doctrine was a clearly a more attritional based doctrine, but did not fully incorporate all of the elements of attrition spectrum. It also shows that the British commanders, and particularly Montgomery, misread the realities of what is required for a successful war of maneuver that would meet the Wehrmacht on equal terms.
The British doctrine of focusing its offensive operations on a narrow front meant that a single narrow thrust offensive through the Neerpelt bridgehead on Highway 69 was not a significant concern for British planners and commanders. Lieutenant General Horrocks’ primary concern was not the fact that it was a narrow front assault on a single highway, or the geography, but the subsequent traffic management as the operation unfolded that could hamper the maintaining of momentum to reach the airborne units. The other concern was that the Germans may blow up one of the main bridges along the way which would take time to replace. The XXX Corps had 9,000 sappers available with bridging equipment behind the lines near Bourg Leopold for this contingency. This contingency was expected to be a time consuming process to build the bridges not to mention the time needed to pass sappers and bridging equipment through advancing units along the highway.
After a preliminary air bombardment of the landing areas, the Market forces started landing in occupied Holland at 1400 hours on Sunday September 17, 1944. When Horrocks confirmed that the landings had started he ordered Zero Hour for Garden phase to start at 1435 hours with the preliminary 350 gun bombardment starting at 1415 hours. The initial bombardment targeted a box one mile wide and five miles deep along Highway 69 in front of the Neerpelt bridgehead with the intent of destroying or disrupting the German defenders. The over flight of the airborne forces, and the preliminary air bombardment surrendered the tactical element of surprise of the impending British ground operation. This allowed the defenders that were not in fixed positions, extra time to prepare for the coming ground offensive. The result was that the artillery bombardment was able to effectively diminish the capability of the German anti-tank gun defenses that were located in near fixed position because of the lack of gun tractors. The infantry anti-tank ambush teams, on the other hand, escaped relatively little damage from the bombardment and were still effectively intact to meet the British advance.
Lieutenant Keith Heathcote of the 3rd Squadron, 2nd Battalion Irish Guards, the commander of the lead troop, ordered his lead tank squadron to advance at 1435 hours which started the ground offensive of Operation Market-Garden. The 83rd R.A.F. Group was providing air cover with rocket firing Typhoon fighters that were available to provide air support at the request of Lieutenant Colonel J.O.E. Vandeleur. The tanks of the Irish Guards advanced at eight miles per hour out of the Neerpelt bridgehead as the artillery barrage creeped forward as the lead tanks advanced about 100 yards behind the rolling artillery barrage.
The lead tanks of the Irish Guards witnessed the devastation as they passed by the frontline elements of the German lead anti-tank positions. The PAK 76mm AT guns of Kampfgruppe Walther were in fixed position under the command of Captain Brockes’ that were situated along both sides of the Valkenswaard Road (part of Highway 69). These anti-tank guns were destroyed by the opening barrage. The Irish Guards continued to advance toward the surviving elements of Regiment von Hoffman’s Fallschirmjager. These elements were ready to ambush the lead tanks with panzerfausts from their foxhole positions on both sides of the road from ranges as close as ten meters from the road.
The Fallschirmjager allowed the lead tanks of the lead squadron to pass and waited to attack the rear of the lead squadron and the lead tanks of the follow on squadron. The German anti-tank ambush rapidly knocked out three tanks of the lead squadron and six tanks of the follow on squadron within two minutes. The disabled tanks covered over a half mile of the road just as the Irish Guards had crossed into the Netherlands. The German ambush had the desired effect because it halted the British advance before it made significant progress and gain momentum. The Irish Guards’ tanks could not move off the road to outflank the German infantry because of the terrain. The British were suffering the consequences of using a narrow highway. They could not advance their tanks past the disabled tanks without slowing down to move between the wreckage, which would leave those tanks dangerously vulnerable to further panzerfaust attacks. The German defenders had quickly created the first effective block to the British attempt to reach the paratroopers.
It was too early in the offensive for the British to pursue a new impetus of their attack in accordance with the guidelines of their doctrine. This was not an option the British could exercise anyway because Highway 69 was the only route to reach the paratroopers. British armor was unable to press their attack. The advance was stalled because the highway was blocked with wreckage and was still under direct fire by the German defenders. So, Vandeleur ordered his R.A.F. liaison, Flight Lieutenant Donald Love, to call in the Typhoons of the 83rd Group to attack the German positions. The British plans had already arranged for ground and air coordination with tanks firing purple marker smoke, when an air strike was ordered, at suspected German positions. The R.A.F. Typhoons would then attack those marked positions to break up the German defenses.
The British artillery also redirected their fire on identified German targets as defensive fire revealed the German positions to British spotters. The British were effectively using their air and artillery firepower, but the armor could not move either forward or backward as the Germans stubbornly continued their attacks. The British were blocked and were prevented from clearing the highway. The British firepower was not enough restart the armor advance and the Irish Guards at this point had to rely on their infantry units to dismount and start clearing both sides of the road of German defenders.
The deployment of infantry was not an example of a combined arms assault, but the necessity of deploying infantry in terrain that was clearly ill suited for armored warfare. Armor could advance up the road if there was no or limited resistance. However, from the very beginning of the advance, tanks were highly vulnerable to anti-tank attacks because they were restricted to and silhouetted on the highway. The tanks had limited ability outside of direct fire support to assist the infantry or restart the advance until the infantry had pacified both sides of the highway of German defenders, or the Germans retreated.
The Irish Guards’ infantry were able to make progress against the defenders and had the continued support of the air and artillery firepower. The British infantry attack was tenacious and paid no quarter to the German defenders and sufficiently cleared the woods but at the cost of heavy British infantry casualties. This allowed the Irish Guards to restart their advance but the infantry was not able to completely subdue German resistance. Heavy fighting continued throughout the day along the length of the highway and as a result the Irish Guards were only able to advance seven miles to the town of Valkenswaard before the 5th Guards Brigade commander Brigadier Norman Gwatkin ordered a halt for the night. The Irish Guards had planned to advance the thirteen miles to Eindhoven by nightfall but their brigade commander consciously decided to stop six miles short of their daytime objective.
By nightfall, the British had broken out of the bridgehead but had not achieved momentum. The British inability to generate momentum was a critical factor in future failure of the entire ground operation. Instead of pressing their attack through the night, Brigadier Gwatkin cited the need for maintenance for the tanks and the need to rest his troops. Gwatkin also noted a canal bridge had been blown up at Son and there was no need to push the attack because bridging equipment had to be brought up to replace the bridge.
Brigadier Gwatkin’s reasoning was questionable because the bridge being blown up was a reason to continue the advance to compensate for the delays that would be impacting the advance timeline, and showed a lack of British urgency and aggression. Pushing the Irish Guards to reach the Son Bridge without delay would allow preparations to start for the new bridge. The Irish Guards could repair their vehicles and rest once they reached the bridge and awaited the sappers. Gwatkin’s decision shows a lack of aggressiveness and no sense of urgency possibly caused by cautiousness that was a by product of reducing lower level unit initiative.
The XXX Corps precise timetable of the attack was not accomplished and the ground operation by nightfall of September 17th was significantly behind schedule. The timing of the launching of the ground assault can also be brought into question. The ground attack did not start until 1435 hours and that only gave the British ground forces about three hours of daylight to reach Eindhoven. All of this indicates the British commanders had significantly underestimated the tenacious defense that the Germans would provide in delaying their advance and achieving momentum. This British attitude was not justified or easily understood considering how stubborn the German defenders proved in resisting the British crossing of the Meuse-Escaut and Albert Canals prior to the launching of Operation Market-Garden.
Operation Market-Garden was to be considered the epitome of modern maneuver warfare, and a justification of Field Marshal Montgomery’s view of how the ground war should be fought, but the geography was ill suited for such an operation. The British doctrine shied away from infantry lead assaults, but the terrain of Highway 69 was not suited for armor and should have been an infantry and artillery led assault to create a breach for the armor. This would be the point in maneuver warfare that armor could follow through gain momentum, but infantry would continued to be needed to clear pockets of resistance in areas that were not under control of Market forces.
The final factor that prevented momentum was the German defenders themselves, and the stubborn resistance they provided against the British advance. The XXX Corps had estimated that they would encounter six battalions defending against the initial advance. Instead the Germans had ten battalions and were supported by twelve self propelled tank destroyers of the II SS Panzer Corps. The Neerpelt Bridgehead was defended by Kampfgruppe Walther astride Highway 69, Fallschirmjaeger Regiment 6 on the British left flank, and the 7th Fallschirmjaeger Division on the British right flank. This ad-hoc force was put together to seal the bridgehead had units representing the SS, Wehrmacht, and the Luftwaffe.
The German defense had weaknesses as it was an ad-hoc force and was short of properly constituted combat formations. The use of battle groups and rapidly organized Fallschirmjaeger regiments into larger combat formations was problematic. The major commands defending against the British bridgehead all had a level of independence from each other because they were part of different services. There was also a lack of communication equipment and support organizations. There are inherent parts found in properly constituted combat formations, and the lack of these further reduced the combat effectiveness of the German defenders. In addition, Highway 69 was originally established as an administrative boundary that created a situation that none of the independent commands wanted to claim responsibility for the road. This was not addressed until September 16th when the 1st Battalion of Fallschirmjaeger Regiment von Hoffman was deployed across the highway and gave responsibility of the highway to Kampfgruppe Walther and resulted in depth added to the German defenses. This was the scratch force that would stymie the British attempt to gain momentum.
The German defenders had several distinct advantages to slow the British offensive. The first advantage was geography. The woods, the sandy ground, and the single highway that were disadvantages to the British were as a result defensive advantage for the German defenders against an armored attack. The German defenders being familiar with the British doctrine as well as being familiar with the terrain realized that the highway was the main point of effort. They also realized the restrictive terrain required the British tanks to follow only one route. This allowed the German defenders in front of the British to deploy their units to maximize the effect of their limited numbers.
Another German defensive strength was the advantage granted to them by the British operational doctrine. The British were going to attack on a narrow front and attempt to leverage their material resources and firepower. This placed defending German units along the narrow front under heavy attack, but also left entire units along adjacent sections of the front untouched by the British offensive. This allowed units to shift toward the narrow point of attack, and more importantly attack the flanks as the British pressed their attack.
The German doctrine also had a distinct institutional cultural difference when compared to the British. The Germans had a tradition of decentralized doctrine of command called Auftragstaktik (rough translation as mission tactics). The higher level commanders would pass down the general mission to subordinate commanders and allowed them to decide the means and methods to achieving the mission. This stood in sharp contrast to the doctrine applied by the British that maintained tight levels of control of subordinate commanders to control the tempo and casualties of the battle and individual units.
The result of this institutional philosophy between the Wehrmacht and the British Army created a significant performance difference in the decision-action cycle between the two armies. German commanders were allowed (within reason of not violating Hitler’s orders) to make decisions independently adapt to the tactical and operational situation without consulting higher authorities. This was in contrast to the British who were not allowed such latitude in reacting to tactical and operational situations without consulting with higher authorities. This was a critical advantage to the German armed forces who were able consistently execute action quicker then the British as situations developed. This was particularly important in mobile warfare. The increased the tempo of operations required rapid decisions to be made that would be converted into faster speed of execution to the military situation at the tactical and operational levels of warfare.
Another institutional difference between the Wehrmacht and the British Army can be defined by the German warfare theory of Bewegungskrieg. This theory was instilled a belief in German officers that in a war of maneuver units were to seek and strike short, sharp, and rapid blows on unprotected flanks or the rear of the enemy. This created philosophy in the Wehrmacht that fostered an extreme level of aggressiveness on the battlefield. The result was that German commanders, at all levels, were highly aggressive and would attack the enemy, no matter what the odds.
The Germans expected to have and did have the advantage of superior speed of execution because of their institutional belief in Auftragstaktik and they could be expected to be aggressive that was instilled in the theory of Bewegungskrieg. The result was that the British should have expected an aggressive defense that would make it difficult for the British Army to maintain the initiative. The British would eventually start reacting to the German counter attacks and their superior speed of execution and lose focus on the primary mission of gaining momentum to link up with the awaiting airborne forces.
Despite the British superiority in firepower they were not able to prevent the aggressive German reaction to the British offensive. The Germans, true to their theory of warfare, were not only aggressively defending against the narrow front attack of the British they were able to launch counter attacks along the flanks of the Neerpelt Bridgehead on the 17th. The attacks were unsuccessful and were repulsed by the British 50th Infantry Division but it demonstrated that the Germans were able to quickly react to the British offensive and used counter attacks to slow down the British rate of advance and take their focus off of their goal.
The British did have success on that first day. As the Guards Armoured Division attack developed in the afternoon and evening of the 17th, most of the burden of defending the road and the narrow front fell on Kampfgruppe Walther which stubbornly gave ground and was being pushed back to Valkenswaard. Fallschirmjaeger Regiment 6 was also pressured by the Irish Guards advance and was forced to rollback its front 100 meters from the highway. The 7th Fallschirmjaeger Division also had units on their right flank of the British attack be overtaken by the advance Irish Guards. The initial point of attack seemed to have the desired results in overwhelming the German defenders, but it did not destroy or cause the Germans to lose control of the situation.
The Germans after the initial onslaught of the British started activity along both flanks and demonstrated that they had not lost control of the battle. Fallschirmjaeger Regiment 6 attacked northward to re-establish contact with Kampfgruppe Chill along the left side of the British flanks. On the right side of the flanks the mobile formations of the II SS Panzer Corps assigned to reinforce the First Fallschirmjaeger Army were attacking the extending flank. The SS assault guns of Captain Roestel, along with infantry, attacked the Guards Armoured Division tanks as they moved along the highway in the late afternoon and into the evening. SS Kampfgruppe Richter also launched probing attacks along the right flank until it was ordered to withdrawal to the west to the town of Budel. These counter attacks were made by the local commanders on the scene and not directed from upper level commands. This demonstrated the aggressiveness of the Germans in defense even when confronted with overwhelming strength of the British onslaught.
By the end of the day of September 17th the Germans, assisted by geography, were still stubbornly defending the highway despite the British overwhelming strength. The Germans were also recovering from the initial onslaught and were starting to increase their activities along the extending British flank as they showed their aggressiveness and initiative on the local level that would continue throughout the entire operation. The British halt at Valkenswaard stopped the first day’s activities and the offensive did not restart for another twelve hours. The British only launched patrols out of Valkenswaard and made no attempt to move in force which astonished the German commanders facing the British and allowed time for them to gather their strength.
The Irish Guards were supposed to be Veghel by the end of September 17th, but the destruction of the bridge at Son made reaching Veghel by the end of the 17th impossible. It also made the meeting of the intricate timetable of Operation Market-Garden a near impossibility. By the end of the day the British were nearly twenty miles behind schedule and were not moving toward Son during the night to repair the destroyed canal bridge. It also reasserted the German belief that the British Army was did not have the initiative or boldness in the attack to be effective during offensive operations. The lack of British urgency on the first day demonstrated that the German assessment of the British was correct. The German assessment was not so far off of the British Army’s own assessment of the fragile nature of its soldier of not wanting to take risk and accept casualties. The British commanders did not appear to show any sense of urgency in reaching their objectives and relieve the airborne forces north of their positions.
The failure of the Guards Armoured Division to reach its objectives on the first day did not doom the entire operation to failure. The airborne forces were expected to continue to gain strength with two more drops initially scheduled over the next two days to continue to reinforce the airborne units in achieving their mission. The Guards Armoured, however, was not able establish momentum because of the German resistance that was taking full advantage of the restrictive terrain.
The British were furthered hampered by a doctrine that focused the offensive on a narrow front and did not promote individual initiative or aggressiveness needed to create a sense urgency to reach the days objectives. These failures of making objectives the first day, immediately put them behind schedule, and would resonate through the rest of the operation and allowed the Germans time to continue to gather reinforcements for Army Group B. The lack of offensive initiative from the very beginning of the offensive would reflect throughout the entire operation and would repeat in consistent under performance of the ground advance. This is not an indictment on the bravery of the British fighting man, the bravery of the 1st Airborne Division would eliminate any question of British bravery, but the British performance during Market-Garden was a failure of doctrine, misreading the realities of modern warfare, and lack of careful planning and clear consideration.
< Previous Arnhem Article
Show Footnotes and
. Geoffrey Powell, The Devil’s Birthday: The Bridges to Arnhem 1944, (South Yorkshire, UK: Leo Cooper, 1992), 19.
. Robert J. Kershaw, ‘It Never Snows in September’: The German View of Market-Garden and The Battle of Arnhem, September 1944, (New York: Sarpedon, 2001), 21.
. Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far, (New York: Touchstone, 1994), 56-58.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 22.
. Brian Horrocks, Corps Commander, (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1977), 85.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 27.
. C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army: Volume III The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944-1945, (Ottawa, Queen’s Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1966), http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/Victory-13.html (accessed March 25, 2009), 307.
. Stacey, Official History, 307.
. Forrest C. Pogue, United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954), http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Supreme/USA-E-Supreme-16.html (Accessed on April 5, 2009), 281.
. Stacey, Official History, 312.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 98.
. Ibid, 98-99.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 72.
. Ibid, 138.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 98-99.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 139.
. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, 164 & 167.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 99.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 87.
. Stacey, Official History, 307.
. John Mosier, The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II, (New York, Perennial 2003), 254-255.
. John Buckley, British Armour In the Normandy Campaign 1944, (London, Frank Cass 2004), 50.
. Ibid, 46-47.
. Ibid, 47-48.
. Ibid, 48.
. Ibid, 48-49.
. Ibid, 49.
. Ibid, 50.
. Ibid, 50-51.
. Edward N. Luttwak, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace, (Cambridge MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001), 113-114.
. Material superiority can be augmented or offset by a technological superiority that can serve as a combat multiplier.
. Ibid, 115.
. Edward N. Luttwak, “The Operational Level of War,” International Security, vol. 5 no. 3, (Winter 1980-1981), 69.
. Ibid, 72.
. Luttwak, Logic of War, 116.
. Ibid, 117.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 32.
. Luttwak, “Operational Level of War,” 68.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 99.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 85.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 99.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 69.
. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, 245.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 79.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 102.
. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, 246.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 79.
. Ibid, 80.
. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, 246-247.
. Ibid, 247.
. Ibid, 248-249.
. Ibid, 249.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 103.
. Mosier, Blitzkrieg Myth, 255.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 45.
. Ibid, 34.
. Ibid, 84-85.
. Robert M. Citno, Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare, (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2004), 8-9.
. Ibid, 73.
. Luttwak, Strategy, 115.
. Robert M. Citno, The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years’ War to the Third Reich, (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2004), xiv.
. Horrocks, Corps Commander, 103.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 85.
. Ibid, 85-87.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 88.
. Kershaw, It Never Snows, 87.
. Powell, Devil’s Birthday, 94.
Buckley, John. British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944. London: Frank Cass,
Citino, Robert M. Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Citino, Robert M. The German Way of War: From The Thirty Years’ War to The Third Reich. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Horrocks, Brian, Eversley Belfield, and H. Essame. Corps Commander. New York:
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1977.
Kershaw, Robert J. ‘It Never Snows in September’: The German View of Market-
Garden and The Battle of Arnhem, September 1944. New York: Sarpedon, 2001.
Luttwak, Edward N. Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace. 2nd ed. Cambridge: The
Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press, 2001.
Luttwak, Edward N. “The Operational Level of War.” International Security Vol. 5 No.
3 (Winter 1980-1981).
Mosier, John. The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic
Realities of World War II. New York: Perennial, 2003.
Pogue, Forrest C. United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations:
The Supreme Command. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954.
(accessed on April 5, 2009).
Powell, Geoffrey. The Devil’s Birthday: The Bridges to Arnhem 1944. South Yorkshire,
U.K.: Leo Cooper, 1992.
Ryan, Cornelius. A Bridge Too Far. New York: Touchstone, 1994.
Stacey, C.P. Official History of the Canadian Army: Volume III The Victory Campaign:
The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944-1945. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer and
Controller of Stationery, 1966. 1966),
March 25, 2009).
Copyright © 2009 Thomas Leckwold
Written by Thomas Leckwold. If you have questions or comments on this article,
please contact Thomas Leckwold at:
About the author:
Thomas Leckwold currently lives in northwest Georgia and served in the U.S. Army from 1985-1992.
He received his B.B.A. in Economics from Kennesaw State University and his M.A. in Military History from Norwich University.
He works at the corporate headquarters of a nationwide retailer in Atlanta as a Senior Inventory Analyst.
His interests include reading both military history, political commentary, and the occasional science fiction.
He also enjoys riding his motorcycle around in the scenic mountains that are in his area.
Published online: 11/01/2009. | <urn:uuid:b81b5ff5-4fd6-4e5f-a5e2-af9ffaaca56a> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/operationmarketgarden.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682102.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00233-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969894 | 10,849 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Mysterious structures in the sky that have puzzled astronomers for decades may finally have an explanation—and it’s quite a few.
The north polar spur and fan regions, on opposite sides of the sky, may be linked by a vast system of magnetic filaments. These form a tunnel-like structure that encircles the Solar System, and in addition many nearby stars.
“If we looked up into the sky, we would see this tunnel-like structure in almost every direction – that is, if we had eyes that could see radio light,” said astronomer Jennifer West of the University of Toronto in Canada.
We’ve known about both structures for a long time—since the 1960s, in fact—but they are difficult to understand. That’s because it’s hard to know exactly how far apart they are; The distance is hundreds to thousands of light years away.
However, no analysis had ever linked the two structures together. West and his colleagues were able to show that the major radio loops in the two regions and the space between them could be connected, solving many of the complex problems associated with both.
“A few years ago, one of our co-authors, Tom Landeker, told me about a 1965 paper from the early days of radio astronomy. Based on the raw data available at this time, the authors (Matthewson and Milne), hypothesized that these polarized radio signals may originate from within, in our view of the local branch of the Milky Way,” West explained.
“That paper inspired me to develop this idea and link my model to the better data that our telescopes give us today.”
Using modeling and simulations, the researchers mapped out what the radio sky would look like if the two structures were connected by magnetic filaments, playing with parameters such as distance to determine the best fit.
From this, the team was able to determine that the most likely distance from the Solar System to the structures is about 350 light-years, which is consistent with some close estimates. This includes an estimate of the distance to the north polar spur earlier this year based on Gaia data that found almost all spurs are within 500 light-years.
The entire length of the tunnel created by West and his team is about 1,000 light years.
This model is in agreement with a wide range of observational properties of the north polar spur and fan region, including size, polarization of electromagnetic radiation (that is, how the wave is twisted), and brightness.
“It’s a very clever piece of work,” said astronomer Brian Gensler of the University of Toronto.
“When Jennifer first told me this, I thought it was too ‘out there’ for a possible explanation. But she was finally able to convince me! Now I’m excited to see how the rest of the astronomy community reacts.” Is. “
More work is needed to first confirm the findings, and then model the structure in more detail. But doing so could help solve an even bigger mystery: the formation and evolution of magnetic fields in galaxies, and how these fields are maintained. This, the researchers said, could provide context for understanding other magnetic filamentary structures found around the Milky Way.
The team plans to do more complex modeling; But, they suggest, more sensitive, higher-resolution observations will help reveal hidden details that show how the structure fits into the broader galactic context.
“Magnetic fields do not exist in isolation. They must all be interconnected. So the next step is to better understand how this local magnetic field connects to both the large-scale galactic magnetic field and the small-scale magnetic field. Ours of the Sun and the Earth,” West said.
“I think it’s awesome to imagine that these structures are everywhere, whenever we look up at the night sky.”
is due to appear in research The Astrophysical Journal, and is available on arXiv.
cover image credit: Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory/Villa Elisa Telescope/ESA/Planck Collaboration/Stellarium/J. West | <urn:uuid:13392200-a1db-4ef5-a531-4c99e6dd4606> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://nationworldnews.com/wild-new-paper-claims-earth-may-be-surrounded-by-a-giant-magnetic-tunnel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.953231 | 859 | 3.71875 | 4 |
That’s a good question. I guess the main good effect that volcanoes have on the environment is to provide nutrients to the surrounding soil. Volcanic ash often contains minerals that are beneficial to plants, and if it is very fine ash it is able to break down quickly and get mixed into the soil. Volcanoes have also done wonderful things for the Earth. They helped cool off the earth removing heat from its interior. Volcanoes make islands and add to the continents.
Perhaps the best place to look for more information about this would be to look up references about some of the countries where lots of people live in close proximity to volcanoes and make use of the rich soils on volcanic flanks. These would include Indonesia, The Philippines, Japan, Italy, etc.
I suppose another benefit might be the fact that volcanic slopes are often rather inaccessible, especially if they are steep. Thus they can provide refuges for rare plants and animals from the ravages of humans and livestock.
Finally, on a very fundamental scale, volcanic gases are the source of all the water (and most of the atmosphere) that we have today. The process of adding to the water and atmosphere is pretty slow, but if it hadn’t been going on for the past 4.5 billion years or so we’d be pretty miserable.
Volcanic deposits are also used as building materials. In the 1960’s Robert Bates published Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals. He noted that basalt and diabase are quarried in the northeastern and northwest states. Most of the basalt and diabase is used for crushed stone: concrete aggregate, road metal, railroad ballast, roofing granules, and riprap. High-denisity basalt and diabase aggregate is used in the concrete shields of nuclear reactors. Some diabase is used for dimension stone (“black granite”).
Pumice, volcanic ash, and perlite are mined in the west. Pumice and volcanic ash are used as abrasives, mostly in hand soaps and household cleaners. The finest grades are used to finish silverware, polish metal parts before electroplating, and for woodworking. Bates reports that in ancient Rome lime and volcanic ash were mixed to make cement. In modern times pumice and volcanic ash have been used to make cement for major construction projects (dams) in California and Oklahoma. Pumice and volcanic ash continue to be used as lightweight aggregate in concrete, especially precast concrete blocks. Crushed and ground pumice are also used for loose-fill insulation, filter aids, poultry litter, soil conditioner, sweeping compound, insecticide carrier, and blacktop highway dressing. Perlite is volcanic glass (made of rhyolite) that has incorporated 2-5% water. Perlite expands rapidly when heated. Perlite is used mostly as aggregate in plaster. Some perlite is used as aggregate in concrete, especially in precast walls.
Source of Information:
Bates, R.L., 1969, Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals: Dover, NY,459 p.
Pros and Cons of Volcanoes
- Create new islands and land.
- Volcanic materials form some of the most fertile soils on Earth
- Provide isolated habitat to pioneer species.
- Create economic mineral deposits.
- Create beautiful landscapes.
- Generate tourism.
- Destroy old habitat and crops.
- Destroy cities, towns, communities.
- Displace populations.
- Kill people and other animals.
- Disrupt commerce.
- Generate tsunami. | <urn:uuid:46c284a2-42a4-43c1-8385-34d8959ec643> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://volcanoworld.wordpress.com/2011/11/20/what-are-some-good-things-that-volcanoes-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00440-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931413 | 747 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The secret to living lightly is to understand that we are all part of the same ecosystem. Our actions as people impact the wilderness and its inhabitants. Find out how you can soften the urban influence and help keep animals alive and well.
Sometimes a solitary young wild animal is exploring the world on his or her own, or romping with an adult supervising nearby, or waiting, while a parent is off foraging for food. Some youngsters may be even already launched into independence on his or her own. Sea mammals often leave babies on the shore to warm up for short periods of time. In these scenarios, giving the youngster space to do his or her thing is the right move. | <urn:uuid:19e297ae-3037-46c3-a938-b1d87e46cc7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.livinglightlyguide.org/animals/wild-animals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.968229 | 138 | 2.625 | 3 |
European Commission - Press release
First EU sustainability schemes for biofuels get the go-ahead
Brussels, 19 July 2011 - Biofuels can represent an environmentally-friendly replacement of fossil fuels. However, we need to make sure that tropical forests and carbon rich peatlands are not turned into oil palm or sugarcane plantations. We also have to guarantee that compared to fossil fuels biofuels used in the EU deliver tangible greenhouse gas savings. To this end, the sustainability of biofuels needs to be checked by Member States or through voluntary schemes which have been approved by the European Commission. Today the Commission recognised seven such voluntary schemes: ISCC, Bonsucro EU, RTRS EU RED, RSB EU RED, 2BSvs, RSBA, and Greenergy. This recognition applies directly in 27 EU Member States.
Commissioner for Energy Günther Oettinger said: "We need to make sure that the entire biofuels' production and supply chain is sustainable. This is why we have set the highest sustainability standards in the world. The schemes recognised on the EU level today are a good example of a transparent and reliable system which ensures that these high standards are met."
In order to receive government support or count towards mandatory national renewable energy targets, biofuels used in the EU, whether locally produced or imported, have to comply with sustainability criteria. These criteria aim at preventing the conversion of areas of high biodiversity and high carbon stock for the production of raw materials for biofuels. In practice this means that biofuels made of crops that have been grown on land that used to be rainforest or natural grassland with a unique ecosystem cannot be considered as sustainable. In addition, the greenhouse gas emissions over the whole production chain need to be at least 35% lower compared to fossil fuels. That threshold will increase over time.
The EU has set itself an objective to achieve a minimum share of 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020. Where biofuels are used to achieve this target, these must meet a set of sustainability requirements. This means that biofuels cannot be produced from areas which have a high biodiversity value, such as protected areas, or from areas that store a high amount of carbon, such as forests or peatlands.
Companies can choose whether to demonstrate compliance with these sustainability requirements through national systems or by joining a voluntary scheme which is recognised by the Commission.
When the Commission has thoroughly checked a scheme against the sustainability requirements and is satisfied that it adequately covers the sustainability requirements of the Renewable Energy Directive1, it will give its recognition for five years. Such a scheme verifies where and how the biofuels are produced. If the rules of the voluntary scheme have been met, the scheme can issue a certificate for that product.
After a detailed assessment made by the Commission and various improvements the following schemes were recognised:
The Commission is currently discussing with other voluntary schemes how these can also improve their standard in order to meet the sustainability requirements for biofuels.
The recognised schemes and the assessment reports will be published on the Transparency Platform at:
Further details on the schemes recognised today can be found in the | <urn:uuid:5671d531-fc73-4032-9344-5925c6faf8a1> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-901_en.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982921683.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200841-00209-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946509 | 647 | 2.703125 | 3 |
(Camden, NJ) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has updated its guidance related to masks and face coverings, now suggesting that masks protect the wearer as well as those around them. In a scientific brief on masks and controlling the spread of COVID-19, the CDC says that new evidence supports the conclusion that masks reduce the inhalation of virus-laden droplets by the wearer.
“The findings cited by the CDC could prove pivotal in the fight against this pandemic,” said Freeholder Director Louis Cappelli, Jr. “Wearing a mask has largely been associated with protecting others in the event that you are unknowingly transmitting the virus, but we are increasingly learning that wearing a mask also reduces your chances of inhaling droplets in the air that carry the virus. If everyone wears a mask around others, we can reduce an extraordinary amount of the spread that’s taking place.”
In the brief, the CDC concludes that universal mask policies could help avert future lockdowns, especially if combined with social distancing, hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation in indoor spaces.
You can read the full updated guidance and findings here. | <urn:uuid:26689195-6fc9-4e40-bc83-a23fcc966a08> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.camdencounty.com/cdc-updates-mask-guidance-face-coverings-protect-wearer-too/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.951765 | 242 | 2.875 | 3 |
¬†George Gelber, Head of Policy at CAFOD, said: "We welcome the Government's commitment, outlined in today's Queen's Speech, to introduce legislation on climate change. However current plans for the Climate Change Bill are not strong enough and ignore the scientific evidence and key recommendations from all three parliamentary committees that reviewed the draft Bill. "The weakness of the current Climate Change Bill means it is the equivalent of insulating a house then leaving the windows open. "Only by introducing the strongest possible legal framework for reducing UK greenhouse emission will Gordon Brown demonstrate as Prime Minister he will ensure the UK takes an international lead on climate change. "The UK needs to commit to reducing carbon emissions by at least 80 (not 60) per cent by 2050 if we are going to move towards stabilising global temperature warming at 2įC whilst sending a clear signal to the world that the UK takes climate change seriously. "Climate change projections show that developing countries will be worst affected by climate change and within them it will be the poorest people who suffer most. They have done the least to cause the problem and have fewest resources to adapt. Slowing and ultimately halting climate change is essential if the Government's good work in fighting poverty is not to be undermined by rising global temperatures." | <urn:uuid:d0c4425d-fb57-4318-b8af-5fb096606164> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=10672 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543315.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00012-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941482 | 258 | 2.59375 | 3 |
and welcome to the epic new series Scraping the Bottom of the Barrel – the series in which we desperately look at uninteresting words because the interesting ones have already been discussed.
Okay… of course I’m being overly dramatic.
It’s not like we’re going to run out of words any time soon. But I do have to dig a little bit deeper, sometimes.
And speaking of digging, that brings us right to the word I brought back from the word mines, because today, we’ll take a look at the meaning of
It looks a lot like to grab but that’s misleading. The better match in English is actually the grave because graben means to dig.
They are all one family though, so let’s excavate the root first :).
The origin is the seductively ancient Indo-European root *ghrebh- , which expressed the idea of grabbing, seizing. That’s where grab and also grip and the German greifen come from, but we’ll look at that branch some other time.
The thing is that the root had kind of a side hustle – the notion of “working the soil”. Seems a bit random at first but just think of digging a beetroot out of the soil for dinner! Or doing garden work using hands and simple tools that you “grab”! I don’t know, to me it makes perfect sense.
Anyway, so the German graben focused entirely on this aspect of “working the soil” and became the German word for to dig.
- Der Hund gräbt ein Loch im Garten.
- The dog digs a hole in the garden.
- Wer anderen eine Grube gräbt, fällt selbst hinein. (common proverb in German)
- Who digs a hole for others, falls into it himself.
- Die Bankräuber haben einen Tunnel gegraben.
- The bank robbers dug a tunner.
I guess it’s worth nothing that grabendoes NOT work for to dig in the sense of liking something or vibing with someone.
- I really digthis song, bro.
I’m not even sure, if there’s a good translation for that in German, but it’s definitely not graben.
Graben is really about the notion of working down somewhere. And that idea is pretty visible also for the prefix versions, even though the actual translations vary a bit…
- Thomas gräbtdas Weizenfeld auf seinem Balkon um.
- Thomas digs over/breaks up the wheat field on his balcony.
(don’t ask… let’s just assume he has a big balcony)
- “Bist du Archäologe?”
“Weil du immer alte Konflikte ausgräbst.”
- “Are you an archeologist?”
“Because you always dig up/excavateold conflicts.”
- Die Ausgrabungen behindern die Bauarbeiten.
- The excavations hinder the construction work.
- Der neue Praktikant, der Germanistik studiert hat, untergräbt Emanuels Autorität.
- The new intern, who studied German Studies, undermines Emanuel’s authority.
Ugh… this intern and his Bachelor o’ Farts. Thinks he’s so smart. Like… at the last meeting he was trying to tell me that untergraben was non-separable, can you believ… oh… wait… it actually really is inseparable. Haha … I… I guess he was right this time. Gee, that’s embarrassing.
Anyway, the other two inseparable versions of graben are vergraben and begraben. And they both mean to bury. Vergraben is about the mundane act of digging a hole and putting something away in it, like a treasure or a bone. And begraben is about the more “epic” burying in context of graves or being buried under something collapsing.
- Der Hund hat vergessen, wo er seinen Knochen vergraben hat.
- The dog forgot where it buried its bone.
- Der Ritter begräbt sein Einhorn unter der alten Eiche.
- The knight burieshis unicorn under the old oak.
- Emanuel will das Kriegsbeil mit seinem Praktikanten begraben.
- Emanuel wants to bury the hatchet with his intern.
And this brings us also right to the related nouns – das Grab (die Gräber) is the German brother of grave and das Begräbnis is the German word for burial.
- Niemand weiß, wo Merlins Grab ist.
- Noone knows where Merlin’s grave is.
- Auf dem Grabstein von Marias Opa steht: “Dein Hosenstall ist offen…. nicht!“
- On the tombstone of Maria’s grandpa is written: “Your fly is open…. not!”
Oh and then there’s also the noun die Gruft, which is also a kind of grave, but it’s usually a bigger hall underground. Crypt is the best translation, I think, but Gruft sounds less fancy. It sounds moist and dark and full of spiders and bats. Check out Gruft and crypt on Google image search, if you’re curious. The difference is quite obvious.
- Der Geisterjäger öffnet die Tür zur Gruft.
- The ghost hunter opens the door to the crypt/tomb.
And there’s the somewhat derogatory word der Gruftie(s), which according to the German dictionary is used by young people for old people, but I mainly know it as a German option for a person who follows this fashion style, where they go to the gym a lot and are really tan and wax all body hair. I think you all know what I mean… Goth(ic).
- Thomas sieht nach dem Netflix-Wochenende wie ein Gruftieaus.
- Thomas looks like a goth person after the Netflix weekend.
I think Goth is the more common word by now in German for that.
First up, we die Grube. We’ve actually already seen it in one of the first examples and it is the German word for a dug hole, a pit. A Grube can be rather big, but there’s also the cute version die Grübchen, which is the German word for dimples (or foveola as the Mr. Bachelor Man suggested)…. you know, these cute little indentations in the cheeks that some people have.
- Vor meinem Haus ist eine riesige Baugrube.
- In front of my house, there’s a giant building pit.
(what’s the most idiomatic word for the big pit at a construction site?
The dictionary had several suggestions…Danke :))
- Die alte Kiesgrube ist jetzt ein See.
- The old gravel pit is now a lake.
- Thomas mag Marias Grübchen.
- Thomas likes Maria’s dimples. (the “indentations” in the cheeks some people have)
Lit: small cute “Gruben”
And then, there’s der Graben (die Gräben), which is the German word for a ditch.
Or a trench. Or a fosse. Or a moat.
Or a rift.
English has quite a bunch of words for that actually but in essence a Graben is like a looooong Grube. Mir. Bacherlor intern guy suggested line-shaped excavation as a paraphrase, if you like that better.
- Das selbstfahrende Auto fährt selbst in den Graben.
- The self driving car drives into the ditch by itself.
- Die Einhörner füllen den Burggraben mit Pferdedung.
- The unicorns fill the moat with horse droppings.
- Die Gräben in der Partei vertiefen sich.
- The rifts in the party are deepening.
And before we move on to the last word for the day, I’ll give you a nice little connection to English. Are you ready?
Die Grube and der Graben are directly related to… drumroll please… groove. Yup, the musical groove.
And while you now brood over how this connection could possibly make sense, let’s look at the last word for today…. the verb grübeln.
And grübeln is actually the German word for brooding, ruminating, thinking something over and over. Seems a bit weird at first, but it actually makes a lot of sense. Originally, grübeln was a repeated digging in the ground, maybe for finding a certain root or something, but soon people started using it in a figurative sense of digging for facts or answers and eventually, it focused on this intense thinking you do for big problems.
- Maria lag die ganze Nacht wach und hat gegrübelt.
- Maria lay awake all night ruminating. (lit.: “and ruminated”)
- Zwanghaftes Grübeln kann eine Krankheit sein.
- Compulsive ruminating can be an illness.
- Diese ganze Grübeleibringt nichts.
- All this ruminating leads to nothing.
It’s much stronger than nachdenken. Like… when I hear grübeln I think of someone who looks really serious and tense and whose forehead is full of furrows. Nachdenken is a good thing, grübeln is a bit too much.
So, that’s pretty much it for today but of course I still have to tell you about the connection between Grube and groove.
Now, when we hear groove we immediately think of music, but a little over a hundred years ago, the main meaning of the word groove was actually the same as for Grube and Graben… a ditch or pit. Then, jazz musicians came up with the expression of “standing in the groove” which meant playing well in the sense of not doing too much grandstanding. You’re not drawing too much attention, you’re “in the groove” with the band. And because rhythm plays a crucial role in jazz, groove slowly shifted toward this aspect.
And that’s it for today. This was our look at the meaning of graben and all the nice related words.
As usual, if you want to recap a little you can test yourself with the little quiz we have prepared.
And of course, if you have any questions or suggestions just leave me a comment.
I hope you dug it and see you next time :)
0 of 7 Questions completed Questions: You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again. Quiz is loading… You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz. You must first complete the following: 0 of 7 Questions answered correctly Time has elapsed You have reached 0 of 0 point(s), (0) Earned Point(s): 0 of 0, (0) What does graben mean? What’s the best translation for: Which word is about burying in the sense of graves? Which of the following words is NOT related to graben in any way? Which of the following is usually not a translation for “der Graben”? What does “grübeln”mean? And something unrelated… what should I do with about Mr. Bachelor, the intern with his German Studies degree? I know it’s weird to ask that here, but I really need your advice.
0 Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0)
Average score Your score
“I dig that song.“
0 of 7 Questions completed
You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.
Quiz is loading…
You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.
You must first complete the following:
0 of 7 Questions answered correctly
Time has elapsed
You have reached 0 of 0 point(s), (0)
Earned Point(s): 0 of 0, (0)
What does graben mean?
What’s the best translation for:
Which word is about burying in the sense of graves?
Which of the following words is NOT related to graben in any way?
Which of the following is usually not a translation for “der Graben”?
What does “grübeln”mean?
And something unrelated… what should I do with about Mr. Bachelor, the intern with his German Studies degree?
I know it’s weird to ask that here, but I really need your advice. | <urn:uuid:ce4ef76e-eb36-49d5-99ea-33f3b780ebe7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://yourdailygerman.com/graben-gruebeln-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072180.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413092418-20210413122418-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.827577 | 2,851 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dingus khan (2) archives. since you'll need to do step 2 – do research. the incidents in a biography may include milestone achievements, adverse moments, and the essay writing place main turning points. how to write a teacher biography 1 make form follow function. a bio. biography – literally ‘life writing’ – poses a variety of challenges. think how to write a biograph about what else you would like to know about the person, and what parts of the life you want to write most about. learn how to write a biography by business growth plan template following a few simple steps and barbri real property 1 essay using biographies writing tips if you’re writing the biography of a band, write about the band, not anecdotes about your reactions to that band. how to write a biography pick a subject. an effective biography will be brief but. after all, we are living in the world of wikipedia critical literature review sites to get you started. then we will testing problem solving skills recap on the layout of biographies dissertation economics by looking at a how to write a biograph modelled text about jane goodall how to write a short bio. tell us what you cut out. 2 where were software to help you write a book they business plan report sample born? Use the step-by-step instructions below how to write a biograph as a general guideline for customizing the short bio templates above, or write one from scratch. a good biography delves writing a case study analysis paper into how to write a biograph what is really interesting about a person’s life—noteworthy homework key achievements, moments of adversity, and major turning what is an argument paper points writing a biography requires care and tact, whether you want to be a published author, need to write a biography how to write a biograph essay, or need to complete a professional bio. | <urn:uuid:83bdc7fd-46ed-4179-845a-dfccb5f587cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://essaywritekd.com/2021/04/12/how-to-write-a-biograph_hb/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510204511-20210510234511-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.922765 | 385 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Ever since computers were first invented, scientists and futurists have dreamed of the day when computers might be capable of autonomous reasoning and be able to surpass human beings. In the past few decades, it has become apparent that simply throwing more processing power at the problem of true artificial intelligence isn’t enough. The human brain remains several orders more complex than the typical AI, but researchers are getting closer.
One such effort is ConceptNet 4, a semantic network being developed by MIT. This AI system contains a large store of information that is used to teach the system about various concepts. But more importantly, it is designed to process the relationship between things. Much like the Google Neural Net, it is designed to learn and grow to the point that it will be able to reason autonomously.
Recently, researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago decided to put the ConceptNet through an IQ test. To do this, they used the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Test, which is one of the common assessments used on small children. ConceptNet passed the test, scoring on par with a four-year-old in overall IQ. However, the team points out it would be worrisome to find a real child with lopsided scores like those received by the AI.
The system performed above average on parts of the test that have to do with vocabulary and recognizing the similarities between two items. However, the computer did significantly worse on the comprehension questions, which test a little one’s ability to understand practical concepts based on learned information. In short, the computer showed relational reasoning, but was lacking in common sense.
This is the missing piece of the puzzle for ConceptNet and those like it. An artificial intelligence like this one might have access to a lot of data, but it can’t draw on it to make rational judgements. ConceptNet might know that water freezes at 32 degrees, but it doesn’t know how to get from that concept to the idea that ice is cold. This is basically common sense — humans (even children) have it and computers don’t.
There’s no easy way to fabricate implicit information and common sense into an AI system and so far, no known machine has shown the ability. Even IBM’s Watson trivia computer isn’t capable of showing basic common sense, and though multiple solutions have been proposed – from neuromorphic chips to biomimetic circuitry – nothing is bearing fruit just yet.
But of course, the MIT research team is already hard at work on ConceptNet 5, a more sophisticated neural net computer that is open source and available on GitHub. But for the time being, its clear that a machine will be restricted to processing information and incapable of making basic decisions. Good thing too! The sooner they can think for themselves, the sooner they can decide we’re in their way! | <urn:uuid:4e59dfb7-db43-45f6-967c-5cf790018599> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://storiesbywilliams.com/2013/07/24/judgement-day-update-a-i-equivalent-to-four-year-old-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889542.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120083038-20180120103038-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.964527 | 589 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Seed Structure Worksheets For Kindergarten
Posted on Oct 31, 2018 by Benson Fannie
Seed Structure Worksheets For Kindergarten ~ welcome to our site, this is images about seed structure worksheets for kindergarten posted by Benson Fannie in category on Oct 31, 2018. You can also find other images like preschool worksheet, kindergarten worksheet, first grade worksheet, second grade worksheet, third grade worksheet, fourth grade worksheet, fifth grade worksheet, middle school worksheet, high school worksheet. Please scroll down to view more images...
Shop Related Product About Seed Structure Worksheets For Kindergarten
You probably already know that seed structure worksheets for kindergarten is among the top topics on the web right now. According to details we acquired from adwords, seed structure worksheets for kindergarten has very much search in google web engine. We feel that seed structure worksheets for kindergarten give fresh thoughts or references for audience.
Weve discovered numerous references about seed structure worksheets for kindergarten but we believe this is the greatest. I hope you would also agree with our opinion. This image has been uploaded by our team and is in category tags part. You may acquire this image by clicking on the save button or right click on the graphic and choose save.
We sincerely hope that whatever we share with you may be useful. If you wish, you can promote this post to your friend, family, neighborhood, or you can also book mark this page.
Note : Any content, trademark/s, or other material that may be found on the Best Free Printable Worksheets website that is not Best Free Printable Worksheets property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Best Free Printable Worksheets claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
Keywords for Seed Structure Worksheets For Kindergarten :
Related Posts of Seed Structure Worksheets For Kindergarten : | <urn:uuid:794e5727-76fe-4bdd-ae91-e2b8827f8916> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://littlesalebirdy.com/seed/seed-structure-worksheets-for-kindergarten | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744803.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119002432-20181119024432-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.916209 | 420 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Exploration is the act of searching an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. It involves the discovery of new information. Human beings explore even when they have everything they need where they are. They are the only mammal that does this.
Neanderthals existed for hundreds of thousands of years in Eurasia. But their range was limited compared to modern humans. In less than 500,000 years humans have explored and spread out to all the continents. Exploration had its most dramatic rise during the Age of Discovery. This is when European explorers sailed and charted much of the rest of the world. Humans have explored geographically even into outer space. They explore ideas, art, even the very nature of life.
Early historic explorations[change | change source]
Phoenicians[change | change source]
The Phoenicians were a culture that existed in the coastal region of the Levant as early as the 3rd millennium BC. They were not a significant culture until about 1100 bc. By the 9th century BC the Phoenicians had became the dominant culture in the Mediterranean Sea. They grew wealthy through trade. Instead of war they used trade agreements and alliances to expand their colonies. The Phoenicians developed advanced navigational skills and had the best ships in the Mediterranean. They explored over land routes and developed caravan routes to trade with distant places. Carthage got its start as a Phoenician colony on the north coast of Africa. It grew to be their largest and most successful colony.
Carthaginians[change | change source]
Gradually the western Mediterranean Phoenician colonies all came under the control of Carthage. The Carthaginians were explorers too. Two major explorations are are mentioned by early writers. Both took place around 500 BC. Pliny the Elder wrote that Carthage sent an explorer named Himilco to explore the remote parts of Europe. The report, or periplus (sailing record), has not survived but other early writers have seen it. He had as many as 60 ships in his fleet. He would have traveled along the Iberian Peninsula up the coast of Gaul. Avienus, a Roman writer of the 4th century AD, wrote about the expedition. Himilco moved north from Brittany to the British Isles. It is likely he was looking for tin, a rare metal at the time. He reached a land called Latin: insula sacra, “The Holy Island”, generally believed to be Ireland.
About the same time, Hanno the Navigator was sent to explore the western coast of Africa. His periplus has survived and is one of the earliest surviving manuscripts. The periplus records landmarks, ports and sailing distance between them. It is a guide for other ship captains to follow. Hanno's 60 ships moved south along the African coast. He may have reached as far as as an island off the coast of Sierra Leone. There is no record of any other explorations of the west Africa coast until the time of Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese explorer.
Greek explorers[change | change source]
One of the first scientific explorers was Pytheas of Massalia. He was an ancient Greek from the then Greek colony of Massalia (now Marseille). He made a voyage to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC. He circumnavigated Great Britain. Pytheas was the first person on record to describe the Midnight Sun. He is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the Arctic polar ice. His account of the tides is the earliest known to suggest the moon as their cause.
Chinese exploration[change | change source]
During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty explored much of the eastern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In 139 BC, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian traveled west in an unsuccessful attempt to secure an alliance with the Da Yuezhi. He discovered countries the Chinese did not even know existed. He had traveled as far as the Indus River in northwestern India.
Medieval explorations[change | change source]
Vikings[change | change source]
During the Viking Age Three different groups of Vikings can be identified from different parts of Scandinavia. The Danes, Swedes (also called the "Rus") and Norwegian vikings. The 'Rus', founded the settlement of Kiev. Named for themselves they called it Russland (later known as Russia). Swedish Viking explorer Garðar Svavarsson was the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 870 and establish that it was an island. About 890 CE Vikings, led by Ohthere of Norway, traveled north above the Arctic Circle to the White Sea.
About 982, the Norwegian Erik the Red explored Greenland. In 986 he returned to Iceland, from where he sailed. He convinced others to follow him and founded the first settlement there. By the year 1000 there were a thousand settlers living there. Erik's second of three sons, Leif Erikson was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He landed at a place he called "Vinland".
Marco Polo[change | change source]
Marco Polo (1254-1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer. He traveled across Asia during the height of the Mongol Empire. He was one of the first Europeans to explore Eastern Asia. He left Venice at age 17 with his father and uncle. They traveled what later became the Silk Road. They reached Cathay (China) where Marco Polo entered the court of Kublai Khan. He traveled and explored China for 24 years. He brought back ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk. He brought back many other things including noodles from China which the Italians called pasta.
Age of Discovery[change | change source]
This was a period in European history from the early 15th century to the early 17th century. During this relatively short period of time, the way Europeans saw the world was completely changed. The European powers sent ships around the world to search for new trading routes. They were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. In the process, Europeans discovered new people and lands completely unknown to them. Some of the explorers of this age are:
- Christopher Columbus was a Genoese navigator and explorer in the employ of Isabella of Castile. Under the Portuguese flag in 1492 he sailed three ships to discover a trade route to asia. Instead he discovered the Americas. It was thought he was the first European to discover America, but Norse explorers had discovered the continent centuries earlier. His discovery triggered a series of explorations by other Europeans. He made a total of four voyages. The cost was high among the native populations, many of which were wiped out completely. They had no immunities to common diseases of Europe. As many as five million native Americans died due to disease, starvation and war with Europeans.
- Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese mariner. He was the first European to sail to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. He made three voyages to India via this new trade route. In 1497 he left Lisbon with four ships plus a storage ship of unknown name. No European explorer before him had sailed further than the place that is now called South Africa. Vasco da Gama sailed around the bottom of the African continent. His voyages put Portugal in a very powerful position to trade with India. The Portuguese set up outposts along the African coast.
- Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. Flying the flag of Spain he discovered the Strait of Magellan (named for him) connecting the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific. He was the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean. He was killed in the Philippines in 1521. But his ships, under command of the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano sailed west to Spain completing a circumnavigation of the globe. This proved the earth was round.
- Giovanni da Verrazzano was a Florentine explorer of North America who sailed under the French flag. He is known for being the first European (since the Norse) to explore the East Coast of the United States. In 1524 the King of France sent Verrazzano search for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia through North America. He explored the coast between Cape Fear in North Carolina and Newfoundland. He explored what is now New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. He wrote accounts of lands and inhabitants he found. Some were accurate, but some were not. His return the same year gave France claim to all of North America. He sailed two more times to the Americas. On his last trip he was captured killed and eaten by cannibals. This is believed to be on Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.
- Samuel de Champlain was a French navigator, cartographer and explorer. In 1608 he founded Quebec City. He discovered lake Champlain (named for him). He is recognized as the father of New France. Champlain explored much of western New York and the eastern Great Lakes.
- James Cook was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer. Captain Cook made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He mapped many areas and recording several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He explored the east coast of Australia. He discovered the Hawaiian Islands. He was also the first to map parts of Newfoundland and New Zealand. In 1769 he received a gift from a Polynesian priest named Tupaia. It was a map of all the major islands of the South Pacific—the first any European had ever seen. It matched what Cook had already explored and included other parts of the Pacific he had not seen. It allowed him to bring back an accurate map of the Pacific.
Modern explorations[change | change source]
Exploring the universe[change | change source]
There are many reasons humans explore outer space. It was first explored with human eyes. Ancient men mapped the universe they could see. Then came the invention of telescopes. In the mid-twentieth century man actually began exploring space with rockets and Spacecraft. The most important reasons are scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about the universe. Space exploration has developed new technologies. It has created new products and new industries.
Scientific research[change | change source]
In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of empirical research. The other two are description and explanation. The term is commonly used metaphorically. For example, a person may speak of exploring the Internet, exploring sexuality, or concepts one cannot physically explore.
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- Maggie Koerth-Baker (20 December 2012). "How humans evolved to explore". BoingBoing. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- "Why Explore?". Maritime Museum of BC. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- Rick Gore (October 2004). "Who Were the Phoenicians?". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- "Phoenician Exploration". The Mariner's Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- "Ancient Carthage". Santorini Books. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- Christopher Jones (13 December 2011). "High North: Carthaginian Exploration of Ireland". Gates of Nineveh. Gates of Nineveh. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- "The Periplus of Hanno the Navigator". History of Information. Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), p. 22
- "Pytheas of Massalia: The First Scientific Explorer". Greek News Agenda. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), p. 24
- Jill N. Claster, The Medieval Experience, 300-1400 (New York: New York University Press, 1982), pp. 138–140
- "The History of Viking Iceland". AncientWorlds LLC. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), pp. 25–26
- "Leif Erikson (11th century)". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- "Marco Polo". History Channel. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- "The Age of Discovery, Part 1". The Map as History. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- "Christopher Columbus, Explorer". The Mariners' Museum. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- "Vasco da Gama, Explorer". The Mariners' Museum. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), p. 77
- Reader's Guide to American History, ed, Peter J. Parish (London; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997), p. 212
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), p. 106
- Kenneth Pletcher, The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services, 2010), p. 109
- David Hackett Fischer, Champlain's Dream (Toronto: Vintage Canada; New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), p. 3
- David Dobbs (January 3013). "Restless Genes". The National Geographic Society. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Check date values in:
- "Why We Explore; Human Space Exploration". NASA. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
Other websites[change | change source]
|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: explore.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exploration.| | <urn:uuid:4cef78a7-050a-488c-aee6-43be8e157fd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863463.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620050428-20180620070428-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.944687 | 2,944 | 3.828125 | 4 |
PO Box 413
Milwaukee, WI 53201
This paper presents some of the elements of microeconomics that are valuable in formulating water policy in older cities along the Great Lakes. In their heydays these cities installed capacity in anticipation of greater economic activity than they now have. Now they face decisions on water pricing, sales to suburbs, and the use of water as an economic redevelopment tool.
Not surprisingly, economists analyze water using the tools of demand and supply. Some demands for water are for essential uses; other uses are more discretionary. Demand elasticity differs for different uses but is generally far less than one, indicating that revenue increases as price rises. Non-linear marginal-cost pricing of water permits separation of the relatively more essential (low volume, low demand elasticity) uses of water from the more optional (high volume, higher demand-elasticity) uses of water. On the supply side, many sources of water are shared in "common" and therefore unregulated markets will tend to deplete and degrade sources of water at rates greater than the efficient rates. Efficient prices would cover not only infrastructure costs but also the costs of common pool externality and of depletion and degradation.
Reliable water supply serves as a comparative advantage for older cities, a major attractor for business growth as other parts of the country increasingly suffer drought. Because the demand for water is inelastic, the city can increase the revenue from water sales by raising price. The increased revenue can be used to foster a broad mix of economic activity such as a cut in city tax rates to attract or retain residential and business activity or to provide other growth policy inducements such as tax-incremental financing for start-up firms. Moreover, the greater revenue derived from higher prices provides a more flexible economic development tool than reduced prices for water.
Return to Policy Research Reports
© 2006 UW-Milwaukee - Send your comments concerning the site to firstname.lastname@example.org
Last Updated: May 18, 2010 | <urn:uuid:4f2abbf7-cacd-46eb-b98d-03bd6eb04382> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www4.uwm.edu/ced/publications/watersupply_2010.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663417.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00220-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93913 | 406 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Open-Source Biology Evolves
To push research forward, scientists need to draw from the best data and innovations in their field. Much of the work, however, is patented, leaving many academic and nonprofit researchers hamstrung. But an Australian organization advocating an open-source approach to biology hopes to free up biological data without violating intellectual property rights.
The battle lies between biotech companies like multinational Monsanto, who can grant or deny the legal use of biological information, and independent organizations like The Biological Innovation for Open Society, or BIOS, and Science Commons. The indies want to give scientists free access to the latest methods in biotechnology through the web.
BIOS will soon launch an open-source platform that promises to free up rights to patented DNA sequences and the methods needed to manipulate biological material. Users must only follow BIOS' "rules of engagement," which are similar to those used by the open-source software community.
"There are technologies you need to innovate and then there are the innovations themselves," said Richard Jefferson
Just like open-source software, open-source biology users own the patents to their creations, but cannot hinder others from using the original shared information to develop similar products. Any improvements of the shared methods of BIOS, the Science Commons or other open-source communities must be made public, as well as any health hazards that are discovered.
BIOS has called on Brian Behlendorf
Nipping at its heels is the Science Commons. The outgrowth project of Creative Commons will have a hand in all areas of science, not just the life sciences like BIOS, and is getting ready to launch its open-source community in the next two to three weeks, said John Wilbanks, executive director of Science Commons.
Wilbanks sees Science Commons and other open-source communities as a "neutral ground" for people to decide how much control over a patent they want to maintain or control. "Say you are a holder of patents and you want to make them available, you should be able to do that without having to call a lawyer," said Wilbanks.
While free access to biological information will benefit those doing research, companies who have invested millions in patents, on the other hand, won't perform expensive groundbreaking research without a guarantee that their intellectual property rights would be upheld. "Patents attract investors, providing the resources necessary to bring the product to market," said Brigid Quinn, deputy director of public affairs with the U.S. patent office. "Patents are and have always been an important part of this country's economic fabric."
On the contrary, Jefferson believes patent restrictions have compromised billions of people who should be benefiting from new diagnostic tests or improved genetically modified crops and medicines. | <urn:uuid:c7a8fd9a-fbb6-49fa-9281-94454ab6d4c6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2005/01/66289 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653106/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00034-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939852 | 548 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The 1930s were an increasingly precarious time internationally for the Soviet Union. Hostility towards the regime had been commonplace in the previous decade; but the rise of the Nazis in 1933, who were outwardly and aggressively hostile to the USSR both in its anti-communism and in its pursuit of Anschluss (expansion eastwards), intensified the uncertain… Read More What was the significance of the international situation to the unfolding of the ‘Great Terror’?
J. Arch Getty is one of the leading historians of the Great Terror. In The Road to Terror, published in 1999, one of his fundamental arguments is that the Terror was a part of the the Bolshevik Party’s own self-destruction. This is tied into Getty’s overarching ‘revisionist’ argument, in which he argues that the Soviet… Read More Did the ‘Great Terror’ reflect the ‘Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks’, as J. Arch Getty has asserted?
Before the widespread use of slavery in mainland America and the British West Indies, the predominant form of labour was that of white indentured servitude. These were mostly unskilled workers who had emigrated from Britain and Ireland who entered into a contract usually lasting between 2 and 10 years of labouring in the colonies. First… Read More An evaluation of the transition from European indentured servants to African slaves on the plantations of mainland America and the British West Indies.
To what extent has the historiography of anarchism in Spain advanced since Eric Hobsbawm advanced his thesis of ‘primitive rebels’? Anarchism made its first appearance in Spain between 1868 and 1873, during the country’s bourgeois revolutionary period ‘when pillars of the old semi-feudal regime finally collapsed’. This was concurrent with the arrival of the Italian Giuseppe Fanelli,… Read More In Defence of Hobsbawm’s ‘Primitive Rebels’ Thesis | <urn:uuid:8312f108-a239-46ea-a40b-69f354944068> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://jodebloggs.wordpress.com/2016/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647885.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322131741-20180322151741-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.958413 | 410 | 2.875 | 3 |
The word ‘ceramic’ comes from the greek word ‘keramos’ meaning pottery, it is related to an old sanskrit root meaning ‘to burn’ but was primarily used to mean ‘burnt stuff’. These are made from clay or a mixture of organic materials, ceramic tile is finished by kiln firing. They are available in many shapes and sizes and are sold in glazed or unglazed fashion. For floors, tiles are set in a cement or mortar type mixture.
Ceramic tiles are hard and brittle in nature. They are also known to be heat and corrosion resistant in the long run. These tiles come in various finishes like the anti skid and mat finish, which are used on steps and in bathrooms. Floor tiles come in squares and wall tiles are mostly rectangular.
Vitrified tile is a tile which has been processed in such a way that it has very low porosity (and water absorption) which make it stain resistant and very strong.
The tile is known for glazed look and a classic shine and is mostly being used in offices and commercial buildings.
Glass Mosaic Tiles
This type of flooring involves embedding small pieces of colored glass, stone, or ceramic tile called tessera in a background material such as plaster or mortar. The resulting finish is unique and a variety of designs can be created.
Most conventional apartments use grey or white mosaic. These are relatively inexpensive. More affluent variety of mosaic is also available in the market for the deserving people.
These tiles have multicoloured block in them with a glass finish that makes them shine and are mostly used in kitchens, swimming pools, wash rooms and pooja rooms.
Marble is metamorphosed limestone, composed of fairly pure calcite . It is extensively used for sculpture, as a building material, and in many other applications which includes flooring.
Marble has a relatively lower abrasion resistance compared to artificial floors. It is calcium carbonate which is strongly attached by Hydrochloric acid which is commonly used in toilet & floor cleaning. It yellows over extended time duration whereas man made tiles tend to retain their colour for decades.
A common igneous rock composed of quartz, orthoclase, and hornblende, often accompanied by pyroxene or mica. It is called granite because of the granular surface. Granite is frequently used for buildings and monuments. It is a popular choice for not only flooring but also for countertops in kitchen and shelves.
Compared to marble, it is relatively inexpensive.
You can purchase ready made blocks which are ready to be laid in your home or the exteriors. | <urn:uuid:c730b7d4-7db3-460e-8413-bccca10dafa9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://indiahometips.com/types-tiles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.968833 | 555 | 3 | 3 |
Why choose this subject?
Sociology is the study of how society is organised and how we experience life. This subject gives you the opportunity to look at key aspects of life such as family, peer groups, media, religion, education and work. We will explore people’s struggles with identity and the way we attempt to define ourselves by ethnicity, gender, social class, sexuality and age. Also we will examine the impact of social media on people’s identity, relationships and on social inequality. You will get the opportunity to study the development of virtual communities and digital social networks and weigh up the positives and negatives of digital forms of communication. There will be the chance to test theories of crime, deviance and social control. If you have ever wondered what causes the growth of youth subcultures such as gangs, A-Level sociology is the subject in which this will be explored, explained and questioned. If you have an interest in how the world works around you, then A-Level Sociology will provide that insight. You will develop critical thinking skills, become an independent enquirer and reflective thinker.
Entry requirements: Level 5 or B grade or above in any predominantly written subject such as history, English language, English literature or RE
Combine this course with: History, psychology, English literature, English language, a modern foreign language, economics, media studies, and religion
Essential if you go on to: Social work, charitable organisations, law, journalism, politics – national and local government, academic research, youth worker, human resources, education, the NHS, public relations
AS Level Sociology
This component introduces learners to the key themes of socialisation, culture and identity and develops these themes through the context of youth subcultures. This develops skills that enable individuals to focus on their personal identity, roles and responsibilities within society and develop a lifelong interest in social issues. Furthermore, it explores the methods of sociological enquiry and develops knowledge and understanding of contemporary social processes and social change in the context of social inequality and difference. It aims to foster the development of critical and reflective thinking and a respect for social diversity in terms of social class, gender, ethnicity and age.
Unit 1: Socialisation, Culture and Identity
Unit 2: Research Methods: Researching and Understanding Cultural Inequalities
This course is assessed through two examination papers
Each examination paper is worth 50% of the final AS grade
A Level Sociology
This option focuses on debates in contemporary society through a detailed study of crime and deviance. The social construction of crime and deviance are considered and the ways in which crime is socially distributed, explained and reduced. This option introduces a global dimension, with reference to patterns and trends. It aims to give an understanding of different theoretical approaches to the study of crime and deviance.
The content of Units 1 and 2 studied for AS are also tested for A level assessment. They make up 65% of the final A-level grade
Unit 3: Debates in Contemporary Society: Globalisation and the Digital World: Option 1: Crime and Deviance
This unit is worth 35% of the total A-level. | <urn:uuid:6b6a593c-65d2-4356-aec7-891d8adb8172> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://taboracademy.co.uk/sixth-form/curriculum/sociology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.907908 | 643 | 3.28125 | 3 |
When it comes to slicing up wafer-thin panels, knives and saws are no match for protons.
We finally found a material that can let light travel through it even while it absorbs some of the light's energy.
Utility-grade solar power fell to six cents per kilowatt-hour, according to the Dept. of Energy.
The plan involves a delicate dance between solar, hydroelectric sources, and natural gas.
It will be the size of 40 soccer fields and feature 80,000 solar panels.
The imprint reduces the solar panel’s efficiency by about 2 percent.
This is one action taken by one man...and it's powering half a town.
And the world was never the same.
Welcome to energy 2.0.
The higher the efficiency, the cheaper the energy.
Over 350,000 people subscribe to our newsletter.
Sign in to join the conversation. | <urn:uuid:55469229-d12d-4d82-97c7-b1991ab0376b> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://futurism.com/tag/solar-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864572.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521235548-20180522015548-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.907279 | 190 | 2.921875 | 3 |
When there is an appropriate oil film on the surface of the bearing, it can absorb the heavy load and shock from the rotating parts in the combustion stroke. This oil film prevents seizing and reduces output loss due to friction. There is an oil hole and oil groove in the upper half-bearing and it supplies oil to the bearing and main journal and lubricates. There is a locking lip to keep the bearing from rotating. The thrust washer absorbs the force applied to the crankshaft in the axial direction. There is an oil groove on the surface that touches the crankshaft. There is a tab on the bottom side thrust washer to keep it from turning. There are some engines that do not have the bottom side thrust washer.
1. Bearing size
There are several standard sizes for crankshaft bearings. This size code is inscribed on the back of the bearing. Use this code when selecting bearings to improve the crankshaft main journal oil clearance precision in order to prevent abnormal noise and seizing and to maintain good fuel economy. As the size code increases, the bearing thickness increases in micron units. Number of standard sizes and size coding differ according to the engine models.
2. Undersize bearing
When the crankshaft main journal is damaged or the oil clearance becomes larger, the main journal is ground and a thicker undersize bearing can be used. There are some engines that cannot accept an undersize bearing replacement. If this is the case, the crankshaft must be replaced. | <urn:uuid:4ffc0432-e2d5-44f4-a53e-62e1f45a64e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://youronlinemechanic.com/engine-crankshaft-bearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696681.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926193955-20170926213955-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.919314 | 312 | 3.28125 | 3 |
IISD Reporting Services -
KEY PUBLICATIONS AND ONLINE RESOURCES
This page was updated
Latest New Publications and Resources
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) released this report, which examines scenarios, results and policy options to promote sustainable food production in an era of climate change. The report features 15 food security scenarios through 2050 that examine potential population and income growth, alongside climate change scenarios. The report suggests that the negative impacts of climate change on food security could be mitigated by improved agricultural productivity, broad economic growth and robust international trade to counter regional food shortages. The report notes poor biophysical and social data to help improve models, but also highlights initiatives underway to address these shortfalls. The report further underscores the need to improve satellite observation data. [IFPRI publication on food security and farming]
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) released this report, which provides updated estimates on the number of rural poor people in developing countries and rural poverty rates. This 2011 edition of the report is the first since 2001. The report underscores threats to rural development posed by climate change, volatile food prices, and natural resource constraints. It also notes ecosystems and biodiversity that sustain agricultural production are changing, and highlights the challenges to boosting international agricultural productivity. In terms of opportunities, the report describes the growth of urban centers and better organized agricultural markets. It further outlines efforts to help poor rural people avoid and manage risks. [IFAD press release] [Report website]
The report estimates the emissions contribution of the waste sector at roughly 3-5%, but notes that reliability of calculation methods and data between countries vary, and concludes that the waste sector is well placed to cut its contribution to global man-made greenhouse gas emissions. [The report]
(UNEP GRID-ARENDAL, October 2010)
This report, released during the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), details solutions to the current biodiversity crisis in the Arctic, but it stresses that conservation gains are only possible if root causes for biodiversity loss are addressed outside the Arctic. It finds that existing multilateral environmental agreements that include the Arctic region, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Basel Convention on Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes, may be effective against threats caused by local, national or regional activities (mining and oil and gas exploitation, for example) if implemented adequately, because threats such as climate change, transboundary contaminants and habitat fragmentation are global in nature. Among its recommendations, the report stresses that: more global, cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary thinking by policy-makers, scientists and other stakeholders will be necessary to deal with increasing pressures on Arctic biodiversity; the Arctic Council could play a more active role in supporting the development of specific conservation efforts and further collaboration with non-Arctic states that share responsibility for migratory Arctic wildlife; strengthening existing mechanisms for the protection and conservation of biodiversity, through the implementation of existing mechanisms, is necessary; harmonization of national reporting between the Arctic nations on issues of common concern would allow for more effective national reporting to multilateral environmental agreements; Arctic nations should substantially increase the extent of protected areas, especially in coastal zones and in the marine environment; and Arctic nations should invest in co-management regimes and programmes of adaptation for societies in the Arctic, drawing on their traditional knowledge. [The report]
(World Bank, United Nations, 2010)
The report by the United Nations and World Bank, stresses the need for prevention to reduce countries' vulnerability to natural hazards in order to enable their sustainable and cost-effective development. It outlines a number of measures to prevent death and destruction from natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes and flooding and estimates annual global losses from natural disasters could triple to US$185 billion by the end of this century, without calculating the impact of climate change. One area in which the report calls for more spending is early warning systems, particularly weather forecasting. It also urges governments to ensure that new infrastructure does not introduce new risk, including by locating infrastructure out of harm’s way. [The report]
(UNCTAD, October 2010)
This report, published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), monitors global trends related to information and communication technologies (ICTs) from a development perspective. It focuses on the potential impact of ICTs in enterprises for reducing poverty and improving livelihoods. [The report]
(AU, UNOSAA, OECD, October 2010)
This study, prepared by the African Union (AU), the UN Office of the Special Advisor on Africa (UN-OSAA) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), highlights that the global financial and economic crises exposed African economies’ dependence on too few export commodities and how they can diversify their economies. The study notes that climate change negotiations are opening up new opportunities for greening African economy growth, such as the Clean Development Mechanism to provide emission reduction credits to private companies. [The report]
(UNDP, November 2010)
This report focuses on long-term development trends and indicates that, although inequalities within and between countries remain, people today are generally healthier, wealthier and better educated than they were in 1970. It indicates that major challenges to development, including climate change, need to be addressed by a global governance system and not by individual States. The report stresses that economic insecurity and climate change are major sources of vulnerability and unsustainability of development, in particular from unsustainable production and consumption patterns that rely heavily on fossil fuels. It emphasizes that climate change may be the single factor that makes the future very different, impeding continuing progress in human development. [UNDP Human Development Report 2010]
(UN-HABITAT, October 2010)
This booklet presents the work of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) in the perspective of international debate on urban planning and at the country level. Issues covered include planning for slum prevention and upgrading, addressing climate change and building environmental sustainability, urban safety and security, local economic development and infrastructure, and disaster and post-conflict reconstruction. The booklet focuses on issues related to climate change and the urban environment agenda such as the dependency of cities in fossil fuels and how to bridge the green and brown agenda through environmental management and planning. [The booklet]
(UNSTATS, October 2010)
This report, by the UN Statistics Division, highlights the differences in the status of women and men in eight areas – population and families, health, education, work, power and decision-making, violence against women, environment and poverty. The report notes that climate change may deepen environment-related gender inequality, particularly in developing regions. It also notes that women are considered to be among the most vulnerable groups, as they tend to be more dependent on natural resources threatened by climate change and have fewer assets to cope with it. The report indicates that monitoring the gendered effects of climate change may not be easily detectable at larger geographical units such as region, country, urban and rural. [The report]
(UNFPA, October 2010)
This report, a flagship publication by the UN Population Fund, emphasizes that when women have access to the same rights and opportunities as men, they are more resilient to conflict and disaster and can lead reconstruction and renewal efforts in their societies. [The report]
(UNCTAD, October 2010)
This study analyses the development implications of the agricultural provisions of the Economic Partnership Agreements between the European Union and 36 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries by quantifying the immediate monetary costs for non-signatory ACP countries; quantifying the immediate monetary benefits for signatory countries and analyzing the options for increased supply; analyzing the agricultural liberalization commitments of each region; analyzing how the actionable and non-actionable provision of agreements affect ACP agricultural production, trade and development. [The report]
(Asian Development Bank, 2010)
The report, product of a two-year collaborative study by the ADB, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the World Bank, highlights the impact of climate change on Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City and Manila under a range of climate change scenarios through 2050. The report finds that costs from major flooding events on infrastructure and the economy could run into the billions of dollars, with urban poor populations likely to be the hardest hit. It concludes that all three cities need to take targeted, city-specific and cutting edge approaches to meet these challenges. [The report]
(Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2010)
This report argues that further expansion of the global network of protected areas will be necessary, but will not be sufficient to attain a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss worldwide. Structural changes in consumption and in the efficiency of production are indispensable. Changes in agriculture, forestry, fishery and energy supply are required to slow down biodiversity loss, through reduced expansion of agricultural land, stopping overexploitation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and limiting climate change. [The report]
(UN Secretary-General, September 2010)
This strategy, launched by the UN Secretary-General, sets out a plan to save the lives of millions of women and children who may die of preventable causes, calling for coordinated efforts and building on what has been achieved so far. Among various issues, the strategy notes that dirty water and inadequate sanitation cause diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, cholera and dysentery, especially among pregnant women, so sustainable access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is critical. It also notes that community-based health efforts must educate women and children about sanitation and must improve access to safe drinking water. [The report]
(World Bank, September 2010)
This e-Atlas, developed by the World Bank, provides visual maps of the indicators that measure progress toward the eight Millennium Development Goals – covering from poverty reduction, food security to environmental sustainability – with explanations of each goal and its related targets as the context. The e-Atlas allows the user to create a world map focusing on a selected indicator, with country rankings and data expressed by tables or graphs. [The e-Atlas]
(International Energy Agency, UNDP, UNIDO, September 2010)
The International Energy Agency (IEA), the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) have released an excerpt fromtheir forthcoming World Energy Outlook, titled "Energy Poverty: How to make modern energy access universal?" The report notes that over 1.4 billion people currently lack access to electricity, and argues for the need to improve energy access and reduce energy poverty on health, environmental, and economic development grounds. It estimates the investment costs required to close the energy access gap completely to be US$36 billion per year globally until 2030. The report also introduces the Energy Development Index, a new tool to help measure progress on energy poverty. [The report]
(IISD’s Global Subsidies Initiative, September 2010)
This policy brief draws out the lessons learned from a country study estimating irrigation subsides in Spain. The country study adopted the GSI method for quantifying irrigation subsidies which encompasses the main components of the Net Cost to the Supplier approach. The study estimated subsidies to irrigated agriculture in Spain are between €906 million per year and €1.120 million per year based on conservative assumptions. The policy brief discusses a number of important issues relating to irrigation subsidies and provides recommendations on how to overcome some of the more general methodological challenges analysts face when quantifying irrigation subsidies, such as setting an appropriate price for water use, and economic principles for valuing investments of capital for irrigation infrastructure. While providing a number of general recommendation to policy makers on the need to improve the transparency of information available on irrigation subsidies, it also provides a number of specific recommendations for policy makers in Spain, to help improve the level of information made publicly available on subsidy programs. [The policy brief]
(IISD's Global Subsidies Initiative, August 2010)
This paper is published as part of the series Untold Billions: Fossil-fuel subsidies, their impacts and the path to reform. This study helps increase the body of knowledge about the data sources that hold information on subsidies to fossil-fuel producers, by reviewing available data in a series of countries, diverse in terms of their level of data transparency, governance systems, energy markets and stages of economic development. Using a detailed matrix setting out the main subsidy policies, the type of fuel, and their main data sources, pilot studies have been completed for China, Germany, Indonesia and the United States. It was found that fossil-fuel producers are supported by a multitude of policies, ranging from direct payments to preferential access to government-owned lands. While direct payments were relatively easy to identify in government budget reporting, data was not always provided at a sufficient level of disaggregation to allow proper attribution to beneficiaries. Pilot studies also found that information on these support measures was held by a variety of government ministries and non-governmental organizations. [The report]
(IISD's Global Subsidies Initiative, July 2010)
The report provides a starting point for a debate on the use of irrigation subsidies in Spain, quantified using the GSI’s Method for quantifying irrigation subsidies. The report found subsidies to irrigated agriculture are in the range of €900 to €1120 million per year. More than half of those subsidies finance the modernization and rehabilitation of water distribution infrastructures in irrigated districts to allow for water savings. The study also found the Spanish Government should consider establishing legislation requiring water authorities to publicly provide information on water costs, revenues and subsidies in a more organized and usable manner. This would include establishing the minimum level of information to be provided, the adequate level of disaggregation, the methodology used to develop it, and the formats in which information would be presented. It also highlights the need to develop sound replicable methods for measuring and quantifying subsidies. [The report]
(IISD’s Global Subsidies Initiative, January 2009)
The GSI's method for quantifying irrigation subsidies draws on the main components of the Net Cost to the Supplier approach. This focuses on measuring identifiable government expenditures as reported in budget reports and official documentation, avoiding the location-specific and time-dependant problems that arise in attempts to factor in fluctuating prices of water and the wide range of externalities, both positive and negative, that can be linked to irrigation subsidies. The long-term aim of developing the method is to move towards a consistent and internationally accepted approach for measuring irrigation subsidy intensities. The methodology is published in the form of a discussion paper, and comment on it is welcomed. [The report]
(UNEP, September 2010)
This UN Environment Programme (UNEP) publication explores the notion and the benefits of greening water law by presenting and assessing a variety of legal, procedural and policy mechanisms, for both national and international arenas, that can help to elevate the status and importance of environmental concerns in relation to other societal interests and harmonize the water needs of both people and the natural environment. It recommends that governments take environmental issues into consideration when drafting laws on the use of water to avert an impending water crisis. [The paper]
(UNCTAD, July 2010)
This report discusses the variety of institutional arrangements that are guiding and encouraging new economic relationships of Africa-South partnerships. It provides up-to-date information on African trade with other developing countries outside Africa, as well as on official financial flows and foreign direct investment into Africa from those countries. The report assesses policy issues that arise from the new relationships in each of these areas and provides recommendations to move forward such as to broaden the scope of engagement to include sectors other than the extractive industries; strengthen support for regional integration in Africa; and provide more information on development activities in the region, among others. [The report]
(UNEP, July 2010)
This UNEP report focuses on global trends in sustainable energy investment, covering the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors. It was released along with REN21's Renewables 2010 Global Status Report. The REN21 report provides a broad look at the status of renewable energy worldwide, covering power regeneration, heating and cooling and transport fuels. It describes the landscape of policies and targets introduced around the world to promote renewable energy. The reports show that countries with policies encouraging renewable energy have approximately doubled from 55, in 2005, to more than 100 today, with half of them in the developing world. [UNEP press release] [IEA press release] [Reports web site]
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has released this paper with suggestions for improving national measuring, reporting and verification (MRV). Focusing on the Copenhagen Accord’s call for national communications to be submitted every two years, the paper investigates options for easing the burden facing non-Annex I countries to fulfill this requirement. In particular, the paper suggests differentiating information that needs to be regularly updated from that which may remain constant over longer periods. [The report]
(UNDESA, June 2010)
The report indicates that many of the global crises in recent years – such as the food, fuel and financial crises – are to a large extent due to major systemic failures in the global economy and weaknesses in the mechanisms for global governance. The report suggests that a sustainable rebalancing of the global economy requires closer coordination across the trading system, the new regime for international financial regulation, the global reserve system and the mechanisms for mobilizing and channeling development finance and climate funding. The report recommends that the international community consider establishing a global economic coordination mechanism that goes well beyond the Group of 20 (G20). [The report]
(UNDP, June 2010)
This report draws lessons from two decentralized energy projects in Nepal that brought modern energy services to almost a million people in remote rural communities. The projects enabled 250,000 people to be reached by micro hydropower supplying electricity for lighting and mechanical power for agro-processing and other productive activities; and 580,000 people with access to improved cooking stoves. The report underlines the importance of upfront public investment in capacity development to deliver, manage, operate and maintain the solutions to providing energy access in rural areas. It also illustrates that improving energy access accelerates the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). [Report website]
(UNWTO, June 2010)
This report, published by the UN World Tourism Organization, indicates the UNWTO is firmly committed to fostering the tourism sector’s contribution to development. Tourism accounts for 45% of the exports of services of least developed countries and is a major job generator for many of the world’s most vulnerable populations. The report notes that, in 2009, emerging economies received 410 million international tourism arrivals, a 47% share of the global total, and US$306 billion in international tourism receipts, 36% of the global total. The report argues that the tourism industry can play a significant role in the achievement of the MDGs, in particular eradication of poverty, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and global partnerships for development. [The report]
The OECD and the IEA have produced estimates of global subsidies to fossil fuels that make the case for action on both environmental and economic grounds. But the methodologies most often used may significantly underestimate the size of the problem. This paper explains why this is so and explores ways to come to a more accurate picture. The report.
This report looks at the reform process in the context of Polish coal mining. Soon after the country’s economic transition began in 1989, demand for coal declined but controls on coal prices remained in place. The cost of the subsidies proved untenable given over-employment combined with high production costs. The report draws some general lessons from Poland's experience in achieving long-term viability of the industry. The report.
This report examines attempts to reform India's long-standing subsidy on residential kerosene. At least one-third of the subsidized kerosene is diverted to the black market for use as a transport fuel - a lucrative business for corrupt fuel distributors who, in turn, bribe government officials to obtain licenses to distribute or blend the fuel and to maintain the subsidy. India has tried to reform the subsidy but failed because of strong political pressure from the poor and black market participants. It draws lessons from this experience for the future. The report.
This report explains Brazil’s attempts to reform fuel subsidies, often frustrated by interest groups trying to maintain the use of certain consumer subsides. The report reviews the rationale for their reform and analyzes why Brazil’s previous attempts have been so difficult. The Brazilian experience is useful for understanding the rationale for subsidies in countries with large regional and social disparities. It draws lessons from this experience for the future. The report.
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), June 2010)
This sixth issue of Agriculture Outlook projects the global markets of key agricultural commodities in order to build consensus on how global agriculture may evolve in the coming decade and the key issues impacting its course. The report highlights an improved macroeconomic environment for commodity projections from 2009, with growth expected to be stronger and faster in large developing countries than in developed countries. It notes that global agricultural production is anticipated to grow more slowly in the coming decade than in the previous decade, and that production growth in the least developed countries is struggling to keep up with population growth. It describes the need for governments to create policies that increase confidence in access to food and notes the potential volatility created by uncoordinated policy actions among governments internationally. Agriculture Outlook 2010-2019 web site.
(International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), 2010)
Established in 2000, the ICRIForum was designed to streamline the delivery of information to ICRI Members and the general public regarding both the actions of the International Coral Reef Initiative and global coral reef conservation efforts more generally. ICRIForum has recently been redesigned. It offers a central location for all documents related to the work of the Initiative for the last 15 years. The website.
(UNEP, GRID-Arendal, 2010)
Edited by C. Nellemann and E. Corcoran, this report is a contribution to the International Year of Biodiversity and a complement to The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) study. It documents over 30 successful case studies referencing thousands of restoration projects ranging from deserts and rainforests to rivers and coasts. The report confirms that restoration is not only possible but can prove highly profitable in terms of public savings, returns and the broad objectives of overcoming poverty and achieving sustainability. It also provides important recommendations on how to avoid pitfalls and how to minimize risks to ensure successful restoration. The report.
(UN Secretariat, May 2010)
The report of the twelfth session of the Committee for Development Policy has been released (E/2010/33). The report covers the following issues: impact of global crises on gender equality and the empowerment of women; international support measures available for least developed countries; support by the UN system for small island developing States, and coherence of the climate change agenda in relation not only to its own financial architecture but also with respect to other development policies; and the development progress of countries graduating from the least developed country category, namely Equatorial Guinea, Maldives and Samoa. The report.
(UNDESA, May 2010)
This report notes that, although the world economy continued to improve in the first half of 2010, the pace of the recovery has not been sufficient to close the global output gap left by the financial crisis. In addition, the report indicates that the recovery has been uneven across countries. While growth prospects for a few developing countries are encouraging, economic activity is not encouraging in developed economies and even less encouraging in most of the developing world. The report highlights that macroeconomic stimulus is critical for recovery, to boost productivity and employment growth. The report.
(World Health Organization, 2010)
GLAAS is a UN-Water initiative implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO) that aims to provide policy makers at all levels with analyses of the evidence to make informed decisions in sanitation and drinking-water. Sub-titled “Targeting resources for better results,” this report finds that over 2.6 billion people live without access to improved sanitation facilities, and nearly 900 million people are not receiving their drinking-water from improved water sources. It highlights where efforts stagnate in achieving the Millennium Development Goal Target 7.C. – to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. It also outlines the post-2015 challenges that need to be addressed by the UN system to collectively support its member States. The report.
(UN-Water and UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, 2010)
This background document was prepared for the 18th and 19th sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD 18/19). It highlights water-related aspects of the current CSD thematic issues of mining, sustainable production and consumption, chemicals, transport and waste management. The document.
(World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and UNEP Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), March 2010)
This report is based on a series of UNEP FI-WBCSD workshops held in 2008 and 2009. These workshops provided a platform for companies and investors to collectively address barriers within capital market valuation processes that inhibit the proper disclosure and assessment of corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance—underpinning the materiality of ESG factors to long-term, sustainable business value and to the performance of investment portfolios. The resource.
This policy brief addresses various dimensions of the challenges and opportunities arising from the rapid increase in the number of emerging economies due to their greater involvement in development cooperation to address global challenges such as industrial development, technology transfer and climate change. It considers whether they can build a new and more inclusive paradigm that secures faster and more sustainable development, as well as more inclusive cooperation, and translates opportunities into better voice for least developed countries. The policy brief.
(UNDESA, May 2010)
This monthly newsletter of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) features an article on the role of affordable transport in achieving sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs). The article notes that over one billion people living in rural areas in developing countries lack access to adequate transportation, an essential precondition for development due to its importance for accessing markets, employment, education and basic services. It also underscores that globally increased urbanization and motorization over the past several decades have resulted in an unprecedented rise in emissions, leading to degradation in living conditions worldwide and accelerating climate change. It mentions large- and small-scale transport infrastructure success stories in India and Sri Lanka. The article.
(World Health Organization, 2010)
GLAAS is a UN-Water initiative implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO) that aims to provide policy makers at all levels with a reliable, easily accessible, comprehensive and global analysis of the evidence to make informed decisions in sanitation and drinking-water. Sub-titled “targeting resources for better results,” this report finds that over 2.6 billion people live without access to improved sanitation facilities, and nearly 900 million people are not receiving their drinking-water from improved water sources. It highlights where efforts have stagnated in achieving the Millennium Development Goal Target 7.C. – to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. It also outlines the post-2015 challenges that need to be addressed by the UN system to collectively support its member States. GLASS 2010.
(UN-Water and UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, 2010)
This background document was prepared for the 18th and 19th sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD 18/19). It highlights the water-related aspects of the current CSD thematic issues of mining, sustainable production and consumption, chemicals, transport and waste management. The document.
(UNECOSOC, April 2010)
This report (E/2010/26) of the 48th session of the Commission for Social Development, which convened in February 2010, summarizes the proceedings of the session, which focused on the priority theme of social integration and reviewed relevant United Nations plans and programmes of action pertaining to the situation of social groups. The report recognizes that the attainment of the social development objectives may be hindered by the economic and financial crisis, as well as challenges brought about by the food and energy crisis and by climate change. The report.
(WHO and UNICEF, March 2010)
This progress report, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), provides the status of safe drinking-water and sanitation standards and the significant progress made to reach the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The report focuses on equity issues and highlights that the vast majority of people without access to water and sanitation live in rural areas. The report.
(UNESCAP, March 2010)
This report, published by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), takes stock of the status of achievement of MDGs in the Asia-Pacific region and identifies key challenges, including climate-induced constraints. The report notes that environmental degradation and climate change, which can potentially increase food insecurity, lack of access to energy sources, and water scarcity disproportionately increase the burden on women and girls. The report also identifies some of the solutions to address the challenges to meet the MDGs such as social protection and regional and South-South cooperation for strengthening global partnership. The report.
(World Bank, March 2010)
This report by the World Bank focuses on how quiet corruption is affecting the most poor, endangering Africa’s development efforts and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Through an assessment of four key sectors – education, health care, agriculture, and the private sector – it indicates that the failure of public servants to deliver goods or services paid for by governments leads to an increasingly negative expectation of service delivery systems, causing families to ignore the system. In addition, the report estimates that 43 percent of the fertilizers sold in West Africa in the 1990s were ineffective due to poor controls at the producer and wholesaler levels. The report.
This report of the World Health Organization /UN Children’s Fund (WHO/UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation provides the most recent data for drinking-water and sanitation, along with the implications and trends these new data reveal for reaching the basic sanitation and safe drinking-water Millennium Development Goals. The report concludes that the world is on track to meet safe drinking-water standards, but more effort is needed to improve sanitation. It further states that water and sanitation both need to overcome challenges, notably in rural and poor areas, to ensure continued progress. The report.
Aquacrop is the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) crop-model to simulate yield response to water of several herbaceous crops. This new Aquacrop practical exercise tests users on their ability to create climate files using the Aquacrop software. The step-by-step solution is also provided. The exercise. The solution.
(UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, February 2010)
The Hashimoto Action Plan II (HAP II) focuses on two areas, namely integrated water resources management (IWRM) and water and disaster. On IWRM, the Plan aims to apply IWRM more effectively and manage the rapidly increasing need for water to adapt to climate change. The HAP II recognizes that since climate change has already begun to alter the global meteorological pattern with its effects being amplified in the water cycle, IWRM offers the best available framework for building the resilience needed to adapt to climate change. The plan.
(FAO, February 2010)
This database on gender and land rights, by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, provides information on national legal frameworks, including inheritance legal mechanisms, that regulate the access of women to regulated land ownership. It also includes information on international treaties and conventions, customary law land tenure and related institutions, and work of civil society organizations in selected countries as they focus on land rights and gender issues. The report.
(UNESCAP, UNDP, and ADB, February 2010)
This report, which would jointly prepared by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the Asian Development Bank and the UN Development Programme, illustrates the negative impacts of the global economic crisis on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific region and identifies opportunities for action showing how countries can better protect themselves from future crises. The report focuses on issues from gender parity in education, and lack of access to basic sanitation and safe water. It emphasizes that, without social protection, the poor are more vulnerable to natural disasters. The report.
(IFAD, February 2010)
This report, written by Marilyn Carr with Maria Hartl, reviews experiences in introducing labour-saving technologies and practices to rural women and persisting gender discrimination in access and control for the past three decades. It also examines the challenges involved and lessons that can be learned for more effective implementation as it relates to rural energy, transportation and farming practices. The report.
This study reviews progress in Latin America and the Caribbean in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It highlights that, despite the growth in protected areas and success in eliminating ozone depleting substances (ODS), high deforestation rates, which are double world averages, and sustained increase of carbon dioxide emissions in the region are impeding compliance with the seventh MDG on environmental sustainability. The report.
(KfW Entwicklungsbank, 2010)
The KfW Entwicklungsbank, the German Development bank of the Federal Republic and federal states, acting on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BMZ, has commissioned the development of this Excel-based tool to calculate climate protection effects of different waste disposal strategies. The objective of the Tool is to aid in understanding the effects of proper waste management on GHG emissions. The SWM-GHG calculator and a manual can be downloaded free of charge in German or English.
(UNDESA, February 2010)
This report, published by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), aims to contribute to rethinking poverty and its eradication. It asserts the urgent need for a strategic shift away from the market fundamentalist thinking, policies and practices of recent decades towards more sustainable development and equity-oriented policies appropriate to national conditions and circumstances. The report.
(UNICEF, December 2009)
This report, by the UN Children’s Fund agency (UNICEF), evaluates the results of its programmes to mitigate the impact of the tsunami in the Indian Ocean in December 2004, which left nearly 230,000 dead or missing causing social, economic and environmental devastation to already poor areas. The report emphasizes work on safe water and sanitation, the promotion of good hygiene, community-managed ecological sanitation, solid waste management, and environmental practices, particularly amongst school children. The report.
(UNDP, December 2009)
This report highlights six key interrelated challenges facing the Arab region, including: institutional reform; job creation; the promotion and financing of pro-poor growth; the reform of educational systems, economic diversification; and increased food security and self-sufficiency within existing environmental constraints. It stresses that dealing with these challenges requires the adoption of a comprehensive development model based on the human development approach which considers freedoms as the basis for development. The report.
(UNDP, December 2009)
This report analyzes the food security and food sovereignty of Arab states and the emerging challenges. It indicates that, while food security relates to the availability of nutritious food at all times, accessible to all people, food sovereignty relates to self-sufficiency of food production. It notes that the Arab region is characterized by low food sovereignty, high food insecurity, due to erratic food production, declining agriculture shares in GDP, and high levels of water scarcity.
The report also notes that climate change is expected to further exacerbate vulnerability, hunger and malnutrition levels. The report.
Energy Policy Network REN21 has launched the beta-version of its
Renewables Interactive Map. The Map contains information on renewable
energy, including support policies, expansion targets, current shares,
installed capacity, current production, future scenarios, and policy
This blog is part of a wider global initiative on Commercial Pressures on Land led by the International Land Coalition (ILC). The blog highlights press reports, research papers, case studies and other information about “commercial pressures on land.” The blog.
This Innovation Brief was authored by Howard Mann and Carin Smaller of IISD. It examines the implications for sustainable development arising from the trend of private investors and governments stepping up foreign investment in farmland through purchases or long-term leases of large tracks of arable land. The brief.
REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM PRIVATE CARS: INCENTIVE
MEASURES FOR BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
This policy brief, by the United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research and training centre on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), focuses on the long-term policy commitments that are needed to combat climate change and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. It argues that the global community should accelerate and coordinate investments on R&D that reduce marginal costs of GHG emissions control. The policy brief.
30TH ISSUE OF THE
CIRCULAR OF THE NETWORK FOR COOPERATION IN INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE
A HIDDEN RISK FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
would like to submit details of | <urn:uuid:9e616bef-730e-4d4c-9b5c-9d16f36b3b4c> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.iisd.ca/publications-resources/sust_devt.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831903.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00346-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924879 | 7,869 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What's the shortest distance between two points? This multi-page worksheet will help your child with her pencil-control skills by having her draw a straight line between two points. To complete this exercise your child will need to use her fine-motor skills to trace a line between two animals. In the first two activities she will practice her skills at drawing vertical lines. The second two activities she will practice her skills at drawing horizontal lines. This activity will help prepare your child for writing letters. | <urn:uuid:142c7055-e491-41e5-8c04-7c3cc5683f82> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/drawing-lines/?coliid=56366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862432.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00178-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965027 | 100 | 4.125 | 4 |
- Cunninghamia – Dieback of Nematolepis ovatifolia (Rutaceae), an endemic shrub in the alpine- subalpine heaths of the Snowy Mountains, is facilitated by climate change – (PDF – 2.1 MB)
The shrub Nematolepis ovatifolia (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson (family Rutaceae) is endemic to the alpine and subalpine areas of the Snowy Mountains, Australia, where it dominates large areas of heath. Mass dieback was observed in the spring/summer of 2012. Damage at first was confined to the tips of branches, a symptom that could be due to frost damage and/or pathogen-induced water stress. Subsequently, whole stems and shrubs died and new areas of chlorosis appeared on smaller shrubs. Surveys of 186 sites covering the geographical range of the shrub in the summers of 2013/14 and 2014/15 found that 59 populations were definitely dieback affected, 92 had early symptoms and 35 were healthy. Two possible causes were investigated: killing frost and pathogens, with insect attack being a further cause of defoliation.
The root rot pathogen, Phytophthora cambivora was isolated from one washed root sample and from one of five soil/root samples. In 2014/15, in five sites where symptomatic plants were monitored, most plants recovered to a condition where they were considered unaffected in March 2015. It is possible that symptomatic plants had in fact suffered frost damage. Hence populations with early symptoms were grouped with healthy populations for analysis of proximity to trails. Compared with these, dieback affected populations were significantly closer to trails. It could not be determined when the pathogen was introduced, as it could have been imported on earthmoving equipment or by subsequent users of trails. It was apparently well spread before spring of 2012 but infection of plants was not evident. Its sudden eruption in spring of 2012 may have been facilitated by two warm and wet La Nina years, with mean growing season soil temperature up to 1.5°C higher than the long term mean and growing season rainfall double the long term mean. Plant death occurred in the hottest year on record in Australia, with the average alpine treeline growing season soil temperature of 9.2°C in 2012/13 being >2.0°C above the long term mean. | <urn:uuid:d559d375-01d3-4108-be3d-d1526b554719> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://theaustralianalps.wordpress.com/the-alps-partnership/publications-and-research/research-and-reports/dieback-of-nematolepis-ovatifolia-rutaceae-an-endemic-shrub-in-the-alpine-subalpine-heaths-of-the-snowy-mountains-is-facilitated-by-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323730.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628185804-20170628205804-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.977313 | 491 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Taking precursors of the pancreas of embryonic pigs and transplanting them into rats was an effective way to get them to start producing insulin without triggering a response from the immune system, according to researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. As a result, they were able to cure not only type 1 but type 2 diabetes in the animal models. Their work points to a possible therapy for type 2 diabetes that won't require powerful immune suppressant drugs that are needed to protect transplants.
"Finding that we can cure type 2 diabetes in the same way is very significant because in humans type 2 diabetes is almost 20 times more prevalent than type 1 diabetes," says senior author Marc R. Hammerman, M.D., the Chromalloy Professor of Renal Diseases in Medicine. "There are about 200 million type 2 diabetics worldwide, and the incidence is rapidly increasing."
- read this St. Louis Post-Dispatch article on diabetes research | <urn:uuid:3484b626-ea5b-4a4e-b31b-bafb56409b73> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.fiercebiotech.com/research/transplants-offer-possible-new-cure-for-diabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371604800.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405115129-20200405145629-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.921726 | 195 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Shakespeare On The Double! Twelfth Night translated by Mary Ellen Snodgrass
The greatest English playwright in plain English at long last! Now I can understand every word written by the Bard as long as I have a copy of Shakespeare On The Double! in my hand.
Shakespeare On The Double! The unusual format of this paperback edition of Shakespeare’s plays makes him as easy to read as any current bestseller. Facing every page of the original text is another page which “translates” the text into modern English.
So on one page you have the original text:
If music be the food of love, play on…
On the facing page is the “translation”:
If love feeds on music, play more music.
I am quoting the opening words of Twelfth Night (play, synopsis) spoken by Duke Orsino and “translated by” Mary Ellen Snodgrass.
It may not sound like Shakespeare. But the translation is useful when you run into more complex passages less easy to understand.
There are passages whose meanings might have been perfectly clear to Shakespeare’s contemporaries but which have to be explained to us.
Take these words of Viola in Twelfth Night, for instance. She confesses her love for Duke Orsino to Olivia’s jester, Feste. But here is the rub. She is disguised as a young man – and neither the duke nor the jester suspects she is a woman. And yet her confession draws no response from the jester. He merely asks her to wait while he informs his mistress that she has brought a message from the duke.
It is a dramatic moment – a “young man” confessing his love for another man. But we may not catch the meaning in the original text:
CLOWN: Now, Jove, in his next commodity of hair
send thee a beard!
VIOLA: By my troth, I’ll tell thee, I’m almost sick
for one — (aside) though I would not have it grow on
my chin. Is thy lady within?
Snodgrass’ translation makes the meaning clear.
CLOWN: When God passes out hair, I hope he gives you a beard.
VIOLA: I confide to you that I am lovesick for a man. (VIOLA in private) But I don’t want hair on my chin. Is the Countess at home?
I have read Arden and other annotated editions which are useful for classroom studies, explaining words and phrases and allusions, putting Shakespeare in perspective.
But for simple enjoyment of his plays, Shakespeare On The Double! is hard to beat. The simple English translation is fun to read and makes one appreciate Shakespeare all the more. This could be a good companion to annotated editions for classroom studies as well. | <urn:uuid:38c300de-0c73-4fd3-9881-8bd5b6a35df1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://readiscovery.com/tag/twelfth-night/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.942969 | 607 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The United States has vanquished measles before. But it was a different era.
In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proclaimed victory over measles. The virus, which routinely infected millions and killed hundreds of Americans, was beaten, thanks to a vaccine and a public that understood community health was an essential foundation for personal health.
The vaccine remains - the rest is just a memory. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention just brought the total number of individuals infected with the measles virus this year to 102. Ninety-four cases resulted from exposure to one person at Disneyland.
Measles is one of the most contagious infectious diseases known to man. If 100 people are standing in a room and just one has the measles, within the next three weeks, 90 of those exposed - if not already vaccinated - will come down with the disease. And the infected person doesn't even have to be in the room for others to catch it. The virus can linger in the air for hours. So it is possible to catch it just by walking into a room where an infected person had recently spent time.
The Disneyland epidemic is only possible because of a drop in immunization rates in the United States. One in 12 children born in the United States is not being vaccinated as recommended, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Many of the anti-vaccine parents cite persistent concerns about what is now a widely discredited link between the vaccine and autism. Some of these parents are now at home caring for children who are feeling miserable because they have measles.
Though the infected children may well feel miserable, however, they are not the ones at the greatest risk from measles. The well-fed, healthy offspring of anti-vaccination middle-class or wealthy parents are at the lowest possible risk of dying or developing other complications of the disease. The centers' studies suggest that, for every 1,000 cases of measles, we can expect one to two deaths. The risk of any of these kids developing any of the other complications of the virus - pneumonia, encephalitis, hearing loss, mental retardation - is only slightly higher. When a healthy, school-age child catches the measles, most will, like me and many of my childhood friends back in the 1960s, have a week or so of feeling rotten. That's all.
Those really at risk of catching and dying from measles are the babies (like the unnamed infant in Orange County, California, too young to be vaccinated). Because of transmitted maternal immunity, the first measles vaccine won't be fully effective if given before a child is 1 year old. Also in danger are children (like 6-year-old Rhett Krawett of Marin County, California) and adults whose immune systems are compromised because of cancer or some other illness. Those are the people most at risk of getting and dying from the virus.
I'm an internist and try to practice evidence-based medicine. Let me apply those principles here: What does the evidence suggest will restore our sagging vaccination rates? How can we persuade these frightened parents of what we all knew a generation ago - that community health is essential for personal health.
We certainly know what hasn't worked. Scolding hasn't done much - though Lord knows people keep trying. No real surprise there. Has scolding ever worked?
It turns out that education doesn't do much, either. A recent study done by Brendan Nyhan, who teaches government at Dartmouth, looked at how education about a vaccine - in this case the flu vaccine - affected understanding and behavior. Educational materials about the vaccine were provided to a representative sample of 900 Americans who had concerns about its safety.
Many believed that getting the vaccine would give them the flu. After seeing the materials, the number of participants who believed that dropped dramatically. But, strangely, so did the number who intended to get the flu shot.
Strange and yet haven't we seen something similar in the natural experiment of our own current vaccine debate? Over the past decade, layer after layer of data has disproved that supposed link between autism and vaccination.
The single research study that started this whole mess was published in the Lancet, a respected medical journal, in 1998. That study has been fully discredited - and retracted by the journal. The study's findings, on a small number of children, had been falsified to give the desired result. The author was also revealed to have a financial stake in eliminating the combined vaccine - the conclusion he drew from the tampered-with data - so that people would buy his company's single vaccines.
Yet these oft-repeated findings have done nothing to slow the small but persistent anti-vaccination tide.
So what does work? Experience - the one kind of education that we know works - might be having an effect. The rising number of cases of measles, from 100 cases a year in 2000 when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared victory, to the 644 cases reported last year and the 100 plus reported last month, may have revealed some of the health benefits of vaccination.
Many of those who have opted out of vaccines for their children grew up when measles was at its historic low. Experience is an excellent teacher.
Indeed, in Marin County, the heart of the anti-vaccination movement, vaccination rates increased 20 percent from 2012 to 2014.
Rates of vaccination also seem to depend on the ease with which parents can avoid the regulations requiring the shots. Studies have shown that states that allow personal preference and easy access to exemptions from vaccine requirements have a higher rate of unvaccinated children - and a subsequent increase in vaccine-preventable diseases. Can reversing that trend make a difference?
California is betting on it. Recently, the state legislature made it more difficult for concerned caregivers to opt out of vaccination requirements. Previously, parents could have a "personal belief exemption" just by signing a form. As of January 2014, parents were required to get a signature from their doctor as well.
Did this little legislative intervention play a role in the increased vaccination rate in Marin County? Time will tell.
It is possible that we will never again hit that sweet spot of mastery over measles that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared in 2000. The United States was unique in the world in its willingness to unite in the fight against communicable childhood diseases. It was a remarkable - a historic achievement.
Nowhere else on the planet has even come close. In Western Europe, there were 31,000 cases of measles reported last year. More than 7,000 of them were in France. There were 145,000 deaths from measles worldwide, largely children under 5. Will we ever be able to eradicate measles in our country when all these other countries could not?
We did it once. But perhaps it's just another bit of American exceptionalism come to an end.© (c) Copyright Thomson Reuters 2015. | <urn:uuid:2e665b99-b683-4b48-ab97-3de65230559d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://japantoday.com/category/features/opinions/vaccines-the-best-way-to-persuade-parents-is-the-worst-for-kids?comment-order=oldest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.966955 | 1,400 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Simple Starter Recipes for Kids
Wholefoods are the foundation of a healthy diet and nourished body and are one of the best gifts we can give to our children. As we discussed in last weeks article, bringing our kids into the kitchen at an early age and teaching them about cooking with wholefoods is a great way for them to learn about different nutritious foods and to help them feel more independent and involved in their food choices.
It’s possible that kids who are involved in the cooking of meals within the home will also feel more connected to the food they eat and how it affects their body. They may also be more likely to eat a wider variety of non processed natural foods as opposed to the many packaged foods that fill our supermarkets today.
Cooking with your kids also provides a fantastic opportunity to pass down family traditions & recipes, as well as create new ones along the way. Reflecting on fond memories of our own experiences cooking with family members when we were young, can inspire us to do the same for our own kids.
For example, when I was young I remember sharing time with my grandmother in her kitchen. One of the things I recall her cooking often was Apple Muffins. She would always peel the apple, amazingly every time creating one long continuous strand, and I would be standing underneath with my mouth wide open catching and chewing the juicy fresh apple peel. She would always use produce from her garden and make use of everything she could, not much was wasted and she passed that cooking ethic onto myself and my brother.
There are so many simple recipes that can be fun for kids to get started with that requires just a little patience (and letting go of the sight of a messy kitchen to begin with) for parents and guardians. Here are a few of our favourites on the recipe blog to help you get started.
With each of these recipes they will need supervision and guidance at first and its well worth it seeing the smiles on their faces as they learn something new and see the end result.
Kids & Lunch Boxes
Encouraging kids to make and pack their own school lunch boxes offers them great independence and responsibility from a young age, and often they thrive with this. Older kids can cut fresh veggies such as lettuce, capsicum, tomato and cucumber to make a wrap with either chicken or tuna or whatever other filling they prefer, vegetarian or otherwise. Another useful skill for your kids that will save you time is showing your kids how to put leftover dinners into containers for their school lunches the next day. This helps everyone with the after dinner pack down whilst also teaching kids to be careful with food storage as well as the importance of minimising food wastage in the household.
When it comes to smaller children packing lunch boxes or just starting out making their own snacks at home, you can begin with soft fruits such as watermelon, kiwi, strawberries or banana. All these can be cut with small hands using a butter knife into pieces that can be threaded onto a wooden skewer or simply put into a patty pan or container for a lunchbox snack. Older kids can thread dried fruits such as sultanas, dried apple, raisins or dates onto the skewers along with the fresh fruit. Cutting, slicing and threading are all great practices for developing kids fine motor skills, but must always be supervised in the early stages.
There are so many ways to get your kids active in the kitchen and I hope this article has set you off to a fun and fabulous start.
Naturopath, Affordable Wholefoods
If you enjoyed this article you might also like to read Wholefoods and Kids | <urn:uuid:57157a04-54ee-4122-a106-e11faa21742d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.affordablewholefoods.com.au/blog/healthy-lifestyle/simple-starter-recipes-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211935.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817084620-20180817104620-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.969411 | 742 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The supply curve slopes upward because the volume suppliers in an industry are willing to produce increases as the price the market pays increases. Under typical circumstances, the revenue and profit derived by a supplier increases as the market price rises.Continue Reading
On a supply cover, the vertical axis shows various price points for the product or industry being depicted. The horizontal axis represents the relative quantity of goods suppliers will produce. To demonstrate the law of supply, a person must increase the supply volume while increasing the price. This requirement dictates that the slope curves upward.
Producers in a given industry must compare the opportunity cost of supplying one good against the opportunity cost of supply another. If the market price for one good is relatively small compared to the market price of another good at a similar output, the producer will opt to supply more of the first good. If the price of "widget A" goes up from $5 to $7, while "widget B" remains at $5, the producer has increased incentive to offer more of "widget A" to the market.This incentive is depicted as an upward-sloping curve.
Another reason producers supply more goods as prices increase is that margins are typically better at higher prices.Learn more about Economics | <urn:uuid:9913fff8-18d8-4a2a-9f62-fa53d4c07f39> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/supply-curve-slope-upward-17dd353efb1228b8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.944042 | 247 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Innovation is derived from play and storytelling. Imagine having a game that for a large set of players exists only for the sake of fun, with another set of players using it for scenario planning, education, and monitoring initiatives.
The outcome of this game includes both the public’s everyday awareness of our actions, with real value in simulation for research, complexity analysis, scenario planning.
Imagine an augmented reality game, a mix between something like Township or SimCity and Ingress or Pokemon Go, with a visual style similar to the Lumino City game. Imagine a building game that uses real cities and real challenges – like the current water crisis in Cape Town, where real resource limitations need to be managed. The game can start from a blank start to build your city or start with what exists in reality and modify it in certain ways (utopia or apocalypse) and play with what happens due to your decisions.
In what ways can this game be useful?
- Using data to communicate choices (particularly with the investment trade-offs the various government levels faced with the water crisis)
- Data democratisation to improve the equity of sanitation and hygiene services, for example, but also relevant to transport, densification, etc.
- A method of immersive participation to create a platform for interactions between citizens, engineers, stakeholders, and government
- A communication tool to extend participation in decision-making and increase data visibility and transparency.
- The emerging field of immersive analytics can be used to enable visualising complex data sets with overlay of layers of data.
Why a game?
We all understand that critical basic services like water and sanitation is important, but in the daily fight for our attention it doesn’t get the top position it deserves. To get there, we need to couple it with things that are both exciting and meaningful. We also want to be rewarded and need continuous encouragement. Everything is connected, and we don’t even always know if our interventions make sense in the big picture. But this is what games do.
The data we need for the complex challenges we face in the world today is too disperse, too detailed to be generated from the top down. The data we need cannot come from any other source than user driven. This game implores users to submit their data through gamification. The purely hedonistic side of the game can generate data for scenario planning and data for the research and for-good focused part of the game.
For example, during the water crisis in Cape Town, on a household level resolution, we need to show the links between what falls as rain and where stormwater goes, what happens with your toilet and wastewater, and connect, or plot every individual action to intervene in the system, while making sure it interfaces well with the bigger picture. User driven interventions can complement or frustrate the larger move towards resilience. An augmented reality game can help users understand and liaise with the decision-makers at city governance levels, resolving conflict through data-assisted conversation. | <urn:uuid:897e2d1d-4899-426c-a69a-c110296ce9c0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://aquasavvy.co.za/augmented-reality-game-for-citizen-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.928187 | 611 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Blockchain is a technology that enables information to be stored and exchanged on a peer-to-peer (P2P) basis. Fundamentally, blockchain data can be concealed or shared publicly using different forms of consensus-based algorithms. Blockchain functions mostly in a decentralized way and removes the requirement for a trusted third parties or intermediaries.
Also read: Know More About The Bitcoin Wallet
Blockchain is the underlying technology on which the world’s first cryptocurrency “Bitcoin” was built. This technology is not only growing in popularity in the financial sector but is the also driving innovations in many other sectors like legal aid, tech industry and the energy sector.
Blockchain technology was intended to solve of four issues:
- Trust during the transaction of value.
- Double spending of one entity of value.
- Arriving at a consensus on the latest correct version of a transaction history
- Corrupt tampering of value exchange record or ledger after transactions are made.
The 3 categories of blockchain are Public Blockchain, Consortium Blockchain and Private Blockchain.
Public blockchains have no single owner and are visible by anyone. Their consensus procedure is available to all the participants, and they are fully decentralized. In this blockchain type, blocks are validated one after the other and cannot be subsequently altered. The network is open to any interested participant and all the participants can be associated with validating the blocks. Blockchain participants can read data, store a copy of the data, and participate in block verifications by making their computing power available. Bitcoin and Ethereum are prime examples of a public blockchain.
Also known as Hybrid blockchain, Consortium blockchains are open to the public but not all information is accessible to all participants. It is fully open just to a privileged group. In this blockchain type, network nodes that are permitted to take part in the consensus process is controlled by known and privileged servers that use a set of rules that are consented to by all parties. Duplicate copies of the blockchain are only distributed among entitled members; hence, these network types are just partly decentralized. An example of a consortium blockchain is R3 consortium, which unites 70 of the world’s biggest financial organizations in a common innovative goal. The EOS blockchain has a consensus algorithm very similar to this blockchain; however, in the EOS network all participants retrieve a copy of the transaction ledgers, like a public blockchain.
These are also called permissioned blockchain. Private blockchains utilize benefits as a means to control who can read from and write to the blockchain. In this network, central authority manages the rights to access or change the database. Consensus algorithms and mining usually aren’t required, as a single element has proprietorship and controls the creation of blocks. An example of private blockchain is Quorum: The American venture capital bank JPMorgan Chase & Co. created this private blockchain, which is designed for the financial service industry.
Private vs Public Blockchain
Private and Public Blockchain has many similarities:
- Both networks claim to be a decentralized distributed systems, where every member keeps a copy of the shared append-only ledger of digitally marked exchanges.
- Both networks guarantee ledger security through decentralization.
- Also, both use the consensus protocol as a means of maintaining ledger synchronization .
Differences between Private and Public Blockchain:
- Public Blockchain is completely open and everyone can join and be a part of the network; while private blockchain gives some amount of authority to the firm or organization that controls the network.
- Public blockchain has low value-based speed owing from the huge pile of information that should be prepared to finish the transaction. Private networks, be that as it may, execute exchanges rapidly.
- A significant disadvantage of the public blockchain protocol is that it requires a good deal of computational power for ledger distribution and confirmation. The consensus procedure for public blockchain is more complicated than private blockchains, which makes the public blockchain’s overall processing activity more costly.
As mentioned above, at the start of this article, blockchain technology is the foundation of all cryptocurrencies. And most cryptocurrencies are built on the premise and functions of public blockchains. Private blockchains are good for a centralized world, while public blockchains empowers the masses and provide a trustless way for all to participate in a general consensus.
Today, in the crypto space, the words “private” and “public” networks are used mostly to distinguish between two types of cryptocurrencies, where a private cryptocurrency is one that allows anonymity of the sender’s profile and transactions, while a public cryptocurrency will allow for the senders profile and transactions to be publicly viewed. If it were up to governments, all cryptocurrencies would be public, as they would be able to easily track tax evasion and illegal money laundering; however, the blockchain is substantiating a new era where privacy could return to the will of the people.
Featured image source: Pixabay.
Edited my Marc Johnson.
Please leave your comments and thoughts below.
Thanks for reading! you can find more posts from me at Cryptoporridge.com. | <urn:uuid:1116c0ff-6db3-40c8-b6b3-5bcf202bbf3d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://cryptoporridge.com/2018/09/28/understand-the-difference-between-public-and-private-blockchain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371886991.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410043735-20200410074235-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.933059 | 1,031 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Bamboos are popular garden plants, grown for their fast growth and architectural stems (culms). Some bamboos are perfect for using in tropical planting schemes, while others are more suited to contemporary or urban designs. Some clump-forming species work well as natural screening. There’s a huge range of bamboo plants to choose from, ranging in colour from black to yellow.
Some bamboos grow into large clumps, making them suitable for using as screening, adding structure or using as a focal point.
However, other species can quickly outgrow their allotted space and they can look unattractive if not managed properly. If left to grow out of control they can be virtually impossible to remove.
How to grow bamboo
There are two types of bamboo: clumping and running. Clumping bamboo plants grow in clumps. Running bamboos bear long underground stems, or rhizomes, from which new growth appears, enabling them to colonise new ground.
Most bamboos thrive in moist, well-drained soil. They can be grown in most soil types, but some do better in acid soil – avoid wet, boggy or dry conditions. Most bamboos prefer sun but some species, such as Sasa bamboos, can be grown in shade. Plant your bamboo in spring to encourage it to develop good roots and canes before becoming dormant in autumn. Feed with a balanced fertiliser throughout the growing season and allow some bamboo leaves to accumulate around the base of the plants, as they return nutrients, particularly silica, to the roots, helping the plants stay strong and healthy.
Bamboo: jump links
Where to grow bamboo
Bamboos can be grown in almost any situation. Plant bamboo at the back of the border to create height, in your lawn to make a focal point, against a fence or wall to create a screen, or as a contemporary hedge. You can also grow bamboo plants in a pot – some compact varieties do well in large pots, while other ‘running bamboos’ are best grown in a container to prevent them from growing out of control.
How to plant bamboo
Running bamboos can be invasive, so it’s best to control their growth by growing them in containers or digging a trench and lining it with paving slabs or other impermeable material, so the bamboo can’t ‘run’.
To plant clumping bamboo in the ground, dig a hole twice the size of the rootball. Plant the bamboo so its rootball sits level with the ground surface. Backfill with soil and water in well.
How to care for bamboo
How to propagate bamboo
Divide bamboo clumps in spring, using a sharp spade to separate bits of root from the main rootball. Replant in the ground and water well.
Growing bamboo: problem solving
Bamboos rarely suffer from pests and disease. The main problem associated with growing bamboo is when running bamboos grow out of control. Find out how to control the spread of running bamboo, in our video, above.
How to contain running bamboos
If your heart’s set on growing a running bamboo then don’t panic, there are ways to contain its growth and stop it growing out of hand. The key is to prepare well in the first place and be vigilant.
- Dig a trench 40-60cm deep, and line it with overlapping impermeable materials, such as paving slabs, sheets of corrugated iron or a strong root barrier fabric. Ensure the barrier sits above soil level.
- Plant the bamboo so the rootball sits below the top of the trench. Back fill with soil and well-rotted manure or compost, taking care not to damage the rhizomes. Water well and mulch to hide the barrier which is proud of the soil surface.
Advice for buying bamboo
Here’s our guide to buying the right bamboo for your garden, including how to choose bamboos for screening, low-maintenance bamboos and where to buy bamboos.
- Bamboos are available from garden centres and nurseries, as well as specialist nurseries. Bear in mind that you may get more choice if you buy your bamboo from a specialist nursery.
- Research the height and spread of your bamboo, whether it’s clumping or running, and if it’s suitable for your size of garden. Bamboos suitable for screening a wall or building will be labelled ‘screening bamboo’ or similar.
- Ensure the culms have a consistent colour. Look at the new growth and make sure the circumference of each new culm is greater than that of the previous year’s – this will indicate a strong plant that’s increasing in vigour as it grows.
Where to buy bamboo online
Types of bamboo to grow
Bamboos are popular garden plants, particularly in contemporary design schemes. There’s a huge range to choose from. Here, we explain the different types of bamboo, how to grow and maintain them, and how to stop them growing out of control.
Clump-forming Chusquea bamboos are native to the mountains of Latin America. Unlike most bamboos, their culms are solid, not hollow. Varieties include Chusquea gigantea, a huge species that grows to 4m in height and bears thick green culms, and Chilean bamboo, Chusquea culeou. Chusquea bamboos are some of the best bamboos for screening and can be used as a focal point. Large gardens only.
Clump-forming Fargesia make popular garden bamboos, usually developing into small clumps. Native to the mountains and alpine forests of East Asia, they’re some of the hardiest bamboos available. Fargesia murieliae ‘Luca’ grows to only 50cm in height and is one of the best bamboos for growing in a pot.
Himalayacalamus is a genus of clumping bamboo, native to the Himalayas. It includes Himalayacalamus hookerianus (pictured). Its young culms are blue with a hint of red or purple, maturing to gold. Perfect for growing as a focal point to show off its colour.
Sibataea is a genus of short-growing bamboos, with dark green leaves. Perfect for growing as tall ground cover or a short hedge, it include ruscus-leaved bamboo, Shibataea kumasaca, a dwarf species with gold-tinged leaves.
Thamnocalamus bamboos are clump-forming and native to the Himalayas, Madagascar and South Africa. They include Thamnocalamus crassinodus, which has pale blue culms that become tinged with red as they mature, and tiny leaves.
Phyllostachys is a genus of Asian running bamboos, with most species native to China. Easily identifiable, the culms have a distinctive groove, called a sulcus, which runs along the length of each segment. Many species spread aggressively by underground rhizomes, and can cause problems in the garden. Some species grow to 30m in height. Many Phyllostachys have decorative culms and are perfect for growing as a focal point or a screen. Phyllostachys nigra (pictured) is a a popular choice for gardens, due to its black culms.
Known as broad-leaved bamboo, Sasa is a genus of running bamboos. It includes Sasa palmata f. nebulosa, a tropical Japanese bamboo with yellow culms, and Sasa kurilensis (pictured), which is the most northern bamboo in the world and is therefore extremely hardy. They’re ideal for growing in shady gardens.
The only species in this genus is Hibanobambusa tranquillans, a variegated running bamboo with big leaves and a bushy habit. Hibanobambusa tranquillans ‘Shiroshima’ retains its variegation better than the species, and is perfect for growing as a focal point.
You can also see some of our tried-and-tested gardening tools below, with a selection of great kit for planting and support. | <urn:uuid:6413579c-59ad-4e9c-a4d7-8a361ff1c3b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-grow-bamboo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.922147 | 1,791 | 3.25 | 3 |
A new study on the potential impacts of ocean iron fertilization (OIF), one of the potential “long wave” geoengineering options, has been published this week in PNAS: Trick, et al., Iron Enrichment Stimulates Toxic Diatom Production in High-Nitrate, Low Chlorophyll Areas, PNAS Early Edition (March 15, 2010) (open access).
The researchers examined the potential impact of stimulation of the growth of toxigenic diatoms, and its conclusions should give proponents of geoengineering further pause about pursuing OIF as one of the potential schemes for adoption. Among the take-aways from study:
- In most of the OIF experiments to date, large diatom blooms generated by the experiments have been predominated by Pseudonitzschia, a species that has the capacity to produce the potent neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), a toxin that has generated massive toxic harmful algal blooms in coastal waters.
- While past OIF experiments failed to find measurable quantities of DA, this may have been due to the use of laboratory cultures that may mask this potential impact;
- Bottle-type growth experiments introducing iron and copper amendments resulted in increases of DA by approximately 160% relative to unamended control bottles. Although these levels might not be high enough to generate acute toxicity, it’s unclear whether higher concentrations could result from the persistent introductions of iron that would occur with large-scale deployment of OIF. This threat might be further pronounced by the fact that whereas all mesoscale enrichment experiments to date have used expensive reagent-grade iron substrates, it’s likely that OIF would use industrial-grade iron substrates that may contain copper or other trace metals that would enhance bloom toxicity;
- Large-scale OIF could yield DA toxin levels that have been heretofore sufficient to close shellfish fisheries and cause acute toxic effects in seabirds and marine mammals in near-shore waters;
- Toxic diatom blooms could have impacts on stressed fisheries that depend on High Nutrient-Low Chlorophyll regions, the regions where OIF operations would occur.
Lots of potential discussion could flow from this article, including:
- How do we weigh potential risks of geoengineering strategies against harms that might occur under a business as usual emissions scenario?
- Is there any downside to continue to permit small-scale OIF experiments?
- Would it be possible to develop an effective compensation mechanism that would permit us to deploy OIF if we become desperate in the future in terms of potential impacts of climate change while still ensuring that those that might be injured by OIF would have redress for damages?
- Should we have more trepidation about geoengineering strategies that might be largely driven by private companies seeking carbon credits, vs other potential geoengineering strategies, e.g. sulfur injection or cloud seeding that likely would be developed by governments? | <urn:uuid:aa627597-1590-46e9-aca3-024c6ef19cb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://teachingclimatelaw.org/ocean-iron-fertilizaiton-and-potential-diatom-production/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.938711 | 607 | 3.375 | 3 |
Key words:exclamatory sentences, genre, genuine art, sarcasm, comedy, the skill of the translator, novel, literary critics.
The world literature resembles the sky full of stars. The shining of these spectacular stars leaves a person in wonder. Each of these stars has a specific world in itself. Each nation has literary views peculiar to itself. The Uzbek translators of the XXth century pay a great attention to the works of not only the Eastern writers but also the Western men of letters and poets. The translation of the literary works of the English speaking countries started in 1911 with the translation of “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe and developed rapidly. Nowadays Uzbek readers have opportunity to read the masterpieces of such great writers as Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Sir Thomas Wyatt, Robert Herrick, Thomas Hood, Daniel Defoe, Charles Dickens, Robert Luis Stevenson, Oscar Wild, Rudyard Kipling, John Galsworthy, Graham Green, James Aldridge, Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain, Edgar Poe, Henry Longfellow, Walt Whitman, Jack London, Harriet Beecher Stove, Theodore Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway, Ethel Lillian Voynich, the writers who opened new pages in the literature by their great works. But there is one prominent writer, whose life is full of adventures and interesting events. This writer is famous for his satirical wit and forthrightness. His name is William Somerset Maugham.
Somerset Maugham, who is considered to be the most readable writer after Charles Dickens created his works in various genres. He started writing in the 50th of the XXth century and continued his literary activity until the 80th of the XXth century. His literary legacy includes 20 novels and autobiographic works such as “Lisa of Lambeth” (1897), “Of human bondage”(1915), “The Moon and sixpence” (1919), “Razor’s edge”, “Mrs,Craddock”(1902), “Cakes and ale”(1930), “Theatre” (1937), “ Summing up” (1949) and more than 30 plays and comedies such as “ The Constant Wife”, “Lady Frederick” (1907), “The Unknown”, “The Circle”, “For the Services Rendered” (1932), “Sheppey” (1933), “The merry-go-round” and the collections of stories such as “The Trembling of a leaf” (1921), “Flagrant mood” (1952), “The man with a scar”, “The Rain”, “ Hairless Mexican”, “Red” and more than 100 stories, essays and many articles on literary criticism. “The Moon and sixpence” is considered to be one of the best hundred books. Maugham’s stories and novels are full of interesting adventures and marvelous characters. His life reminds a detective story at some point.
The critics who commented on the name of the novel consider that the creator of art and ordinary people are represented as opposed to each other, their existence is shown in two different measures, that is to say they are compared to the Moon and sixpence. Maugham gets inspiration from the real stories basing his novel on the life of the great French painter Paul Gauguin. Maugham travels to Tahiti, the beautiful island in the East Asia and living in the small room of the great painter he finishes writing “The Moon and Sixpence” there. But the writer did not intend to describe the life of Paul Gauguin.He wanted to reflect on the eternal problem of creativity and social life basing on the facts from Gauguin’s life. A Russian literary critic Skorodenko wrote “This novel is not about Paul Gauguin who was described under the name of Stickland, but about Charles Strickland, a fictional character. The way the Princess Bolkonskaya resembles her prototype, Strickland resembles Gauguin as well. The novel has a deep meaning and analyzing it using the old scheme will bring about wrong conclusions. [5;23]
The literary critics state that Maugham described three kinds of art in “The Moon and sixpence”. The first is the art of London literary circles and artistic workshops. This art is recognized and the representatives of it are close to recognition (among them is the narrator of the story in the novel) and they don’t go beyond the unwritten laws of “a good taste” and knowledge, they value traditions and don’t ignore the novelty.
The second type of art described in “The Moon and Sixpence” is presented through the character of Dirk Stroeve, a Dutch painter. This talentless painter is so engaged in “describing the life as it appears to be” that he does not even think that there is no trace of real life in his paintings.
The third type of art is the art of Strickland, the real and eternal art. It renounces the existing laws and merits and reveals its beauty only to those who can understand it. Maugham draws a vivid picture of an artist who rejects humanity for the sake of art. But he also describes the lives of ordinary people which go on alongside the life of a genius. The world of Strickland is eternal, time has no power over his art. Strickland leaves for Paris to devote himself to art abandoning his family and friends. After twenty years those who declared him villain understand that he was a genius. [4;16–25]
Reading the novel we can come to conclusion that in the society of selfish and arrogant people Strickland’s attempt of freedom of creation would bring about disastrous results. Maugham understands Strickland who opposed to the social rules, which deprive a human of his freedom. But when Strickland crosses the boundaries of being a human, the writer does not approve it. V. Skorodenko, the literary critic writes: “Strickland kills humanness in himself for the service of art” [4;16]
Having read “The Moon and Sixpence” a question arises which way is right, whether it is the way of Strickland who lost his human nature or the way of a kind, humble and benevolent Dirk Stroeve whose paintings are not worth a penny. The benevolence of Stroeve is devoid of beauty, it is dead benevolence. Skorodenko writes that “The tragedy of Strickland is not only in his spitefulness and viciousness, his biggest tragedy is that he did not know and did not want to know that he was creating for humanity.” [4;18] But we don’t see the conclusion both in “The Moon and Sixpence” and his other novels. While narrating the story, the writer wants the reader himself to make a conclusion. That’s why “The Moon and Sixpence” is analyzed in different ways. The best accomplishment of the novel is that everybody likes to read it in his own way.
The skill of a translator becomes evident in maintaining the balance between the free and precise translation and feeling the measure. According to the famous translator O’Brian Justin who translated from French into English, the translator must translate only the works that he likes and enjoys. [9;85] Doubtless, this has a primary importance as one of the main conditions of literary translation. But in addition to it in some cases some events, literary environment, the conditions and requirements of the period can influence on the choice of the material for translation. While translating “The Moon and Sixpence” into Uzbek Rakhmatillo Inogomov could keep the norm and chose the way of translating it into Uzbek avoiding rewriting the novel. One of the main accomplishments of the translator is in keeping the language of the writer and the style of vivid description using sarcasm.
There may occur mistakes and defects in the translation of the novel. If the novel is translated not from the original but from the translation of it there will have many flaws. Because when the translation is translated from its translation it becomes distant from the original and is influenced by the translation. As a result the translator translates the translation of the novel not the original novel itself.
We will try to analyze the Russian and Uzbek translations of exclamatory sentences in the fourth, eighth, tenth and fifteenth chapters of the novel “The Moon and Sixpence” by Somerset Maugham. In the fourth chapter a young man asks Waterford: «Is there a Mr. Strickland?"- I asked. «Oh yes; he's something in the city. I believe he's a stockbroker. He's very dull” [1;17]. In the Russian translation done by R.Mann this part is given as following: “– Скажите, а существует ли мистер Стрикленд?” — поинтересовался я. “– О, конечно; он что-то делает в Сити. Кажется, биржевой маклер. Скучнейший малый!” [3;17], in Uzbek translation it runs as following: “Айтинг-чи, жаноб Стрикленд деган одам борми ўзи?”- қизиқсиниб сўрадим мен. “О, албатта бор-да, У Cитида нимадир қилади. Биржа даллоли бўлиб ишлайди, шекилли. Жуда зерикарли одам!” [2;17].
In “The Moon and Sixpence” Rose Waterford tell the narrator about Strickland’s leaving his wife. “Isn't it dreadful? He's run away from his wife». [1;26] дейди. In Russian translation we can see this sentence as — “Ужасная история! Он бросил жену!” [3;26] — in Uzbek it is translated as — “Дахшатли қисмат! У хотинини ташлаб кетди!” [2;26].
Rose Waterford tells the narrator that Strickland left for Paris with some woman. «I'm awfully sorry” is translates as “Как это печально” in Russian and in Uzbek it goes as ‘Жуда ачинарли”.
In the tenth chapter of the novel the sentence «Oh, I never said a word to either of them” [1;37] is translated into Russian as “О, я ни ему, ни дочери ни слова не сказала” [3;37], and Uzbek translation is as following “О, мен унга ҳам, қизимга ҳам ҳеч нарса демадим” [2;37]. It would be better if it was translated as “О, мен уларни бирортасига бирор сўз айтмадим”. Because in the original of novel there is no word “daughter” and the Russian translator added the word “дочка”. This mistake is transferred to the Uzbek translation as well.
When the narrator finds Strickland in Paris, he tries to persuade him to go back to his family. There are the following statements in their dialogue: «Has it occurred to you that your wife is frightfully unhappy?" «She'll get over it». [1;45] This part is translated into Russian as following: ” — Неужели вы не понимаете, что ваша жена мучительно страдает?” “Ничего, пройдет!” [1;45]. In the Uzbek translation it runs as following: “- Наҳотки, сиз хотинингиз нақадар изтироб чекаётганини тушунмасангиз?” “ Ҳеч қиси йўқ, ўтиб кетади!” [2;45] If the sentence “«She'll get over it» is translated word by word into Uzbek it will be “У буни енгади’. But the Russian translator used “Ничего, пройдет!” in order to show how rude, heartless Strickland is towards others and towards himself. The translator managed to point at this feature of Strickland’s character. The continuation of this talk is «Damn it all, there are your children to think of”. The Russian translation is as following: “– Но, черт вас возьми, вы же обязаны подумать о детях”. In Uzbek translation we can see:` ”Жин урсин сизни, ахир болалар тўғрисида ўйлашга мажбурсиз-ку”. The phrase “damn it all” in the original language is translated as “но, черт вас возъми” into Russian, and as “жин урсин сизни” into Uzbek. If we translate this phrase word for word it will mean “жин урсин ҳаммасини”. Because the word “all” means “ҳамма”, ”ҳаммаси” in Uzbek and “cизни” means “you”. Perhaps the translator used the pronouns “вас”, “cизни” in order to lay accent on the feelings of the speaker.
The statement «What poor minds women have got! Love. It's always love» is translated into Russian as”– Убогий народ эти женщины. Любовь! Везде любовь!” and in Uzbek as: “Аёл тоифасининг эси паст — да ўзи. Севги! Ҳаммаёқда севги деяверишади”. Strickland’s words make us realize that he is controlled by merciless and undefeatable power against his will and no other power can stand against it.
In the fifteenth chapter of the novel the narrator tells Mrs. Strickland that he had met her husband. «I saw your husband. I'm afraid he's quite made up his mind not to return». I paused a little. «He wants to paint». «What do you mean?" cried Mrs. Strickland, with the utmost astonishment. «Did you never know that he was keen on that sort of thing». «He must be as mad as a hatter», exclaimed the Colonel. [1;58] The Russian translation of this extract is: “– Я видел вашего мужа. Увы, он твердо решил не возвращаться”. — Я помолчал. — “Он намерен заниматься живописью”. –“Что вы хотите этим сказать?” — вне себя от удивления крикнула миссис Стрикленд. “– Неужели вы никогда не замечали этой его страсти?” — “Он окончательно рехнулся!” — воскликнул полковник. [3;58]
The Uzbek translation of this extract is: “Мен эрингизни қидириб топдим. Афсуски, у уйга қайтмасликка қатъий қарор қилибди”.- Мен бироз жим турдим. “-У рассомчилик билан шуғулланмоқчи экан”. “- Бу билан нима демоқчисиз?” — хайронликдан ўзини йўқотар даражада қичқирди Стрикленд хоним. “- Наҳотки сиз унинг иштиёқини фахмламагансиз?”. “-У бутунлай ақлдан озибди!” — хитоб қилди полкoвник. [2;58]
In this chapter Mrs. Strickland tells to Mrs. Mac Andrew: «He'll never come back»,- she said. «Oh, my dear, remember what we've just heard. He's been used to comfort and to having someone to look after him. How long do you think it'll be before he gets tired of a scrubby room in a scrubby hotel? Besides, he hasn't any money. He must come back». [1;61] This part is translated into Russian as following:” — Он не вернется”, — объявила она. “– Ах, милочка, вспомни, что тебе о нем сказали. Он привык к комфорту и к тому, чтобы за ним ухаживали. Неужели ты думаешь, что он долго будет довольствоваться убогой комнатушкой в захудалом отеле? Вдобавок у него нет денег. Он должен вернуться’’ [3;61]. In Uzbek it is translated as: “У қайтиб келмайди” — деди у қатъий равишда. “Эх, жонгиним, у тўғрисида сенга айтиб беришган гапларни эслаб кўр. У саранжом саришталик ва қулай шароитга ўрганиб қолган, иззат ҳурмат кўрсатишларини хуш кўрган. Наҳотки сен уни овлоқдаги мехмонхонанинг ғарибгина хонасида узоқ яшай олади, деб ўйласанг. Устига устак пули хам йўқ экан. У қайтиб келиши керак”. [2;61]
If we translate the exclamatory sentence «Oh, my dear, remember what we've just heard” into Uzbek, it will mean “Эх, жонгинам, биз ҳозиргина эшитган гапларни бир эслаб кўр”. Because in the original there is no phrase “у тўғрисида сенга айтиб беришган”. The Russian translator added the words “тебе о нем сказали”. This mistake is transferred into Uzbek as well.
It is well known that both writing a novel and translating it are considered to be a paradigm of artistic creation. If writing the original novel is considered to be an independent work, the translation is a subordinate work. The idea, meaning, style, the choice of the language does not depend on the translator. His work is to express literarily the idea that the author of the original work wants to tell and to pass on to the reader the impact that the author intended to make. This dependence is more vividly expressed in recreating the novel.
It is natural that some mistakes shift while translating from the second language. But in spite of this R.Inogomov’s work is praiseworthy. Social relations peculiar to each period, the political situation, literary environment, people and the degree of the freedom of speech markedly influenced on the choice of the translation sources and the principles of translation. The development literary aesthetic thinking and the requirements of the period show the necessity to do only direct translations in the XXI century.
1. Somerset Maugham “The moon and sixpence” Progress publishers-Moscow 1969
2. Сомерсет Моэм “Ой ва сариқ чақа” Тошкент 2012 Иногомов Р таржимаси
3. Сомерсет Моэм “Луна и грош” Москва, 1960 рус тилига Наталии Ман таржимаси
4. Уильям Сомерсет Моэм. Собрание сочинение. 1-том Москва 1991
5. Скороденко В. Современный русский язык — М. Высшая школа, 1979
6. Сомерсет Моэм. Избранный произведения — Москва Радуга 1985
7. W. S. Maugham “A Writer’s notebook” перевод с англиского Л. Г. Беспалова, 1999
8. Моэм С. Чандиқли киши. Отабоев А. таржимаси. Ҳикоялар туплами. Тошкент 2006.
9. Fang Achilles and Others. On Translation. — New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.- P.85. | <urn:uuid:1820a599-7778-44e5-a91e-7fcb97b4907f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://moluch.ru/archive/67/9926/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216333.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820101554-20180820121554-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.822685 | 6,473 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Big History: The Heart of Spiritual Naturalism
As Spiritual Naturalists, we might have scriptures, sutras, myths, and so forth. These may be full of wisdom and inspiration, but we know they are not literal descriptions of the universe. For the real story, where do we look? What lies at the heart of Spiritual Naturalism?
Previously I argued that all forms of Spiritual Naturalism share the root metaphor of nature. If that’s true, the real story can only be told through the epic of nature itself: Big History. I propose the narrative core of all forms of Spiritual Naturalism is Big History.
What is a narrative core?
A narrative core* is what unleashes the power of a root metaphor, like a combustion engine unleashing the power of fuel. The narrative unlocks the potential implicit in the metaphor. It turns it into a story comprehensible and moving to human minds.
It’s not just any well-told yarn, though. A narrative core is a story by which we understand all other stories. It’s an epic within which all other stories are embedded.
Loyal Rue describes it in Religion Is Not About God:
The narrative core provides members of a culture with vital information that gives them a general orientation in nature and in history. The narrative core is the most fundamental expression of wisdom in a cultural tradition – it tells us about the kind of world we live in, what sorts of things are real and unreal, where we came from, what our true nature is, and how we fit into the larger scheme of things. These are all cosmological ideas…. But the narrative core also contains ideas about morality, about which things ultimately matter. It tells us what is good for us and how we are to fulfill our purpose. (Rue, 2005)
In short, the narrative core elaborates the power of the root metaphor to “render the real sacred, and the sacred real.” The narrative cores of Abrahamic traditions, for example, are told in the Torah, Bible, and Quran. Traditions without such explicit scriptures may relate their narrative cores implicitly through rituals, stories, histories, proverbs, and even daily interactions.
So, what is the narrative core of the many forms of Spiritual Naturalism?
Also called the Epic of Evolution, the Great Story, or the Universe Story, Big History is the story of the cosmos gradually emerging from myriad lines of research across scientific disciplines. It is a product of the consilience, or agreement, among the sciences on our common origins and nature.
It begins with the Big Bang, proceeds through the formation of stars and galaxies, and narrates the emergence of increasing complexity. Physics gives rise to chemistry as atoms combine into molecules. Then, chemistry gives rise to biology, biology to psychology, and psychology to culture. We find ourselves at the latter end of that sequence (without implying any superiority), looking back at the great enormity of events that have led to this moment. As Loyal Ruesays, “we are star-born and earth-formed.”
The tale has been eloquently told by many. Ursula Goodenough comes to grips with it in her deeply reflective The Sacred Depths of Nature (an excerpt of which is here). Loyal Rue and E. O. Wilson play bard in their book Everybody’s Story, as do Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry in The Universe Story. Michael Dowd and Connie Barlow have much to say on it, and Glenys Livingstone incorporates its themes into her PaGaian Cosmology. And don’t miss David Christian’s exciting TED Talk.
But… what does that have to do with me?
At a scale as large as the cosmos, it’s easy to lose sight of the human. What do distant galaxies have to do with our everyday lives?
Although the universe dwarfs us, we are a part of it. Notice how each system is nested within those preceding it (physics > chemistry > biology > psychology > culture), and all are ultimately nested within nature itself. That means that we humans are a part of nature. By understanding nature, we understand ourselves.
We also understand something of how to live by grasping the story of the cosmos. All of nature’s systems are interconnected. Any change can send reverberations throughout the whole. Locally, everything exists in a delicate balance; disrupting that balance may catalyze new relationships unpleasant or even hostile to us. So we ought to live in harmony with nature.
We learn, too, that nothing can be understood except by reference to everything else. Beginning our story not at our birth but at the Big Bang brings perspective, and reminds us who we are, where we come from, and where we’re going.
Finally, if Big History still seems alien, maybe it’s because the story needs to be told all the way down to the human level. After all, love, hate, and passion are no less natural than anything else. Why you lost your job, how your spouse still loves you, and what you’re going to do with your life – all that is the cosmos in microcosm. Each of our lives is a chapter in the ongoing epic of the universe.
One narrative or many?
At this point, some may be squirming at the thought of a single story informing all others – and rightly so, if that story were univocal.
Fortunately, Big History does not have one single form, like some kind of holy scripture. Rather, it is multiple and fluid by its very nature. As the sciences continue to debate and revise concepts based on new findings, Big History is always changing.
Furthermore, it can and must be told from different perspectives. Since we are human, it is usually told from a human perspective, but one could also tell the story from the perspective of a tree or galaxy.
Big History is thus truly big.
And it’s what lies at the heart of Spiritual Naturalism.
Subscribe to The Spiritual Naturalist Society
Learn about Membership in the Spiritual Naturalist Society
The Spiritual Naturalist Society works to spread awareness of spiritual naturalism as a way of life, develop its thought and practice, and help bring together like-minded practitioners in fellowship.
Rue, L. (2005). Religion Is Not About God. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
This article first appeared at Humanistic Paganism. | <urn:uuid:6f40345d-aa68-4592-b961-b8eb05918a17> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://spiritualnaturalistsociety.org/big-history-the-heart-of-spiritual-naturalism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660628.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00226-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932853 | 1,330 | 2.78125 | 3 |
We live today in a civilization that grows food in abundance, more food than has ever been produced in the history of the world. Industrial agriculture has turned our farms into factories, while plant and animal breeders have used modern science to transform our crops and our livestock for maximal efficiency. Nevertheless, hunger and malnourishment persist, even here in Los Angeles. How is this possible? To answer this baffling question, this course will introduce you to the many ways in which modern consumer capitalism shapes food today: how it’s produced, how it’s distributed, how it’s marketed, and how it’s prepared and consumed. We’ll embark on a road trip into the heart of modern industrialized corporate agriculture, California’s San Joaquin Valley, where we’ll visit farms and ranches to better understand the political and economic dimensions of food production. Across the diverse neighborhoods of Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley, we’ll experience a wide range of cuisines, visiting restaurants and markets to see how immigrant cultures have re-defined southern Californians’ culinary palates. We’ll examine the psychology of taste, how we come to believe that one way of eating is preferable to another, and we’ll look at the methods the fast food industry uses to draw in its customers. Finally, we’ll meet the activists who are tackling these challenges in creative and innovative ways; we’ll volunteer at LA Kitchen, an organization dedicated to using food waste to promote community-building, and we’ll examine unorthodox strategies for fighting hunger from crop gleaning to fallen fruit harvesting to dumpster diving. Does food have the potential to spark revolutionary social change? Or will our attempts at reform just enmesh us ever more deeply into the system of consumer capitalism?
Teddy Varno and William Perkins Tift
In the final days of the course, you will use what you’ve learned to prepare, serve, and curate a meal that expresses your views on these issues. | <urn:uuid:4712a717-0fb5-4952-bd85-c206ba01a16c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://oakwoodimmersion2016.org/consuming-capitalism-11-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825510.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023020721-20171023040721-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.923556 | 420 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Summary: Here’s a poem that goes with the theme of what we’ve been studying: "If Turnip Seed Grow Turnips" If turnip seeds grow turnips, And greens grow spinach greens; If carrot seeds grow carrots, And bean seeds bring up beans; If lettuce seeds grow lett
Here’s a poem that goes with the theme of what we’ve been studying:
"If Turnip Seed Grow Turnips"
If turnip seeds grow turnips, And greens grow spinach greens;
If carrot seeds grow carrots, And bean seeds bring up beans;
If lettuce seeds grow lettuce, And Brussel seeds grow sprouts;
If pea seeds always bring up peas – Then what goes in comes out!
So kind words bring up kindness, And bad words will grow sadness;
Forgiving words will grow forgiveness, Glad words will grow gladness!
So watch the little seeds you plant, In all you say and do;
For what you sow is what you reap! Be proud of what you grew!
A. Let Us Go On
Have you ever thought about "time travel?" Wouldn’t it be great if movies like "Time Machine" and "Back to the Future" could be a reality? Think of all we could go back and change or do differently. Why we could go all the way back to the garden of Eden and correct that original sin and poof … everything is okay. Yes those are great thoughts, but you and I know that whatever we did yesterday, last week, last month and even last year is over and it is called the "past." There are no time-machines. "We cannot do anything about last year’s harvest."
Each of these laws concentrate on the today. Of course, they remind us of yesterday and tomorrow, but they speak to us of what we are to be sowing today.
Today’s lesson: If last year we failed to produce a crop worthy of God’s praise … today … we don’t need to view ourselves as failures and be upset over the past. And if we produced a good crop last year worthy of the Lord’s praise … today … we do not need to rest, thinking the this year’s crop will come on its own.
This seventh law teaches us to "go on." Since we cannot do anything about the past we must go on. Hebrews 6:1 (quickview) READ. Their problem like many today is that they knew God’s Word, but their "use" and "applying" of God’s word in life’s situations was immature at best. The writer of Hebrews exhorts us to "go on" and reach out with God’s Word to what confronts us and to become full grown and useful Christians. Sometimes we need to go…
B. How do we go on?
1. You must “deal with your mistakes”
1 John 1:9 (quickview) “If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.” You can’t gloss over sin. You can’t whitewash it. You can’t pretend that it doesn’t exist or that it doesn’t destroy. Sin breaks the heart of God. It goes against everything he stands for and everything he wants from us. He doesn’t just turn his back and ignore it. It is an issue that must be dealt with. In Isaiah 43:21-24 (quickview) God is very specific about how his people have sinned against him. READ
This verse tells us some things. It tells that sin not only hurts us, it also hurts God. Our sins burden him, they make him weary, they hurt him. This verse also reminds us that when we sin, we are doing more than just bending the rules or breaking society’s moral code. We are offending God. Sin is, first and foremost, an act of rebellion against God.
David recognized this. After committing the sin of adultery with Bathsheba and after having her husband Uriah murdered, he repented and said to God... | <urn:uuid:d9bc817a-a4cf-4909-b02a-8ab88ec1fff2> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/7-we-cannot-do-anything-about-last-years-harvest-archie-luper-sermon-on-basics-of-christianity-109053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.93697 | 892 | 2.75 | 3 |
Enter a grandparent's name to get started.
“Between Portland and Astoria, one steamer, much smaller than the boats of today, made three trips each week and did all the job towing on the Columbia below Rainier. On the same route now two large boats ply regularly on alternate days, and over forty tugs and smaller steamers are engaged in towing and general work. ”
The valuation of property reached twelve million two hundred and ninety-one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars. Wheat and flour exports were estimated at a value of about three million dollars. The population was estimated at nineteen thousand one hundred and twenty-eight, but this was undoubtedly an over-estimate, as two years later it was found to be but a little over seventeen thousand. The statistics which we have given of population have been taken from the directories of the consecutive years, and it is probable that owing to the excess of adults, too high proportion of total population to names was assumed.
During 1879 improvements still increased, reaching a value of one million one hundred and sixty-two thousand and seven hundred dollars; consisting of two hundred and seventy-six dwellings, sixteen brick blocks, fifty-eight stores, eight hotels, six docks and warehouses, fourteen shops and stables, two schools, two planing mills, one brewery and the Mechanics’ Pavilion. The buildings of a value exceeding ten thousand dollars may be named as follows: The Union block, by Corbett & Failing, eighty-six thousand dollars; the Esmond Hotel, at the corner of Front and Morrison, by Coulter & Church, forty-five thousand dollars; a block of eight residences on Second and Mill streets by S. G. Reed, forty thousand dollars; the Park school house, on Jefferson street between East and West Park, twenty-nine thousand dollars; a brick block on the corner of Front and B streets by Klosterman Bros., at thirty-five thousand dollars; a residence by C. H. Lewis, on the corner of Nineteenth and G streets, thirty-five thousand dollars; the residence of H. D. Green at the head of B street, twenty-eight thousand dollars; the brewery of George Herrall, on Water street, near Harrison, twenty-five thousand dollars; a wharf between Taylor and Salmon streets by J. F. Jones, twenty-five thousand dollars; the three story brick building on the corner of Front and Columbia streets by Peter Manciet, eighteen thousand five hundred dollars; the new Harrison Street School house, eighteen thousand dollars; a brick block by John Shade, fifteen thousand dollars; the Mechanics’ Pavilion; on the block between Second and Third and Clay and Market, sixteen thousand five hundred dollars; a brick block by H. McKinnell, on Second street between Salmon and Main, thirteen thousand dollars; a residence by Samuel D. Smith, on Twelfth between Yamhill and Taylor, ten thousand dollars; a residence by M. W. Fechheimer on the corner of West Park and Montgomery, fourteen thousand dollars; a residence by J. W. Whalley, corner of West Park and Harrison, ten thousand dollars; a brick block by Mrs. Mark A. King, on the corner, of Third and Alder; a brick block by Dr. R. Glisan, on the corner of Second and Ash, thirteen thousand dollars; a brick block by Chinese merchants on the corner of Second and Alder, twenty thousand dollars; a brick block on the corner of Front and Ash by N. Lambert, H. L. Hoyt and J. W. Cook, twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars; a brick block by Fleischner & Hirsch, on First and B streets, sixteen thousand seven hundred; the residence of J. C. Carson, on the corner of Nineteenth and J streets, ten thousand dollars; tracks for switches and round house of the Western Oregon Railroad, ten thousand dollars; Park school house twenty-nine thousand dollars; and there was spent on the Catholic Cathedral ten thousand dollars more in completion. Many residences and minor business houses of a value of five thousand dollars to eight thousand dollars were also erected. It was during this year that the palatial residences in the northwestern portion of the city began to be erected, converting what was once a dilapidated forest overgrown with brush and wild vines, into one of the most handsome and sightly portions of the city.
The grain fleet entering the river numbered about ninety vessels; this was exclusive of the regular coasters. The steamers registering in the Portland district were sixty, with a total capacity of twenty-seven thousand five ‘hundred and ninety-seven tons. The steamers Oriflamme and John L. Stephens had now disappeared, having been broken up. There were thirteen sailing vessels with a total capacity of six thousand one hundred and four tons. The export of wheat reached upwards of two million centals, valued at over five million dollars. Shipments of wool reached seven million pounds. The catch of salmon was three hundred and twenty-five thousand cases. The gross valuation of property was thirteen million one hundred and forty-three thousand four hundred and twenty-five dollars.
The prospects of growth and business in 1880 were bright, and stimulated not only activity in real estate movements, but in business also. The uncertain and depressing railroad management of Ben Holladay had given away to the more business like and careful regime of the German Company, and plans for the O. R. & N. Railway and for the speedy completion of the Northern Pacific were taking definite and public form. Sales of real estate were considerable, although uncertainty as to the location of the terminal works of the transcontinental line, now expected to be made in North Portland, now in South Portland, and again in Fast Portland, gave a strongly speculative character to this line of trade. Improvements extended uniformly in all portions of the city from the river bank to the city limits, and even beyond them. There were erected thirteen brick blocks and stores; thirty frame blocks and stores, six docks, four manufactories, three churches, two hotels and two hundred and two dwellings at a gross valuation of eight hundred and eighty-one thousand dollars. Those costing ten thousand dollars or upwards are named as follows: Family residence of Capt. George Ainsworth, on the corner of Sixth and Yamhill, fifteen thousand dollars; a residence by the same, ten thousand dollars; improvements to the Zeta Psi block, corner Front and D, ten thousand dollars; the Chinese theater, on Second street, twelve thousand dollars; the Oregon Steam Bakery, by Liebe & Holburg, on East Park and G, fifteen thousand dollars; the building by Labbe Bros., on the corner of Second and Washington streets, eleven thousand dollars; a brick block on Washington street between First and Second, by Richardson & Mann, ten thousand dollars; the three story brick block on the corner of Second and Stark streets. thirty-six thousand dollars; the brick building on First street between Main and Yamhill, ten thousand dollars; the three story building on Third street between Yamhill and Taylor, twelve thousand dollars; the Nicolai House, at the corner of Third and D streets, thirteen thousand dollars; an addition of five hundred feet to the Ainsworth Dock by the O. R. & N. Co., fifty thousand dollars; an addition to the Steamship Dock of the same company, twenty-eight thousand dollars; an addition to the Greenwich Dock by Capt. Flanders, twenty thousand dollars; the Multnomah block, at the corner of Fifth and Morrison, by H. W. Corbett, twenty-eight thousand dollars; the furniture factory of I. F. Powers, twenty-five thousand dollars; a four story residence on Sixteenth and B streets by the Dundee Investment Company., nineteen thousand four hundred dollars; the two story business block on the corner of Second and E streets by J. C. Ainsworth, thirteen thousand dollars; the Stark street ferry boat by Knott Bros., sixteen thousand dollars.
In 1880 the hotels had increased to twenty-nine. Those on Front street were the American Exchange, The Esmond, St. Charles, Commercial, New York and Zur Rheinpfalz. On First street there were the California House, the Eureka, the Globe, the Norton House, the Clarendon, the Occidental, the Oregon, the St. George, the St. Louis, the Thompson House, the Metropolis, Portland and Phoenix. On Second street there were the DeFrance and Richmond House. On Third street there were the Burton House, Holton House and the Nicolai. There were besides these thirty boarding houses, twenty-one restaurants, nine coffee houses and three oyster saloons. There were one hundred and three liquor saloons and ten wholesale liquor houses. There were twenty-four butchers. The whole-sale grocers were seven and the retail grocers fifty-three. The physicians now numbered sixty-seven, the attorneys sixty-three, and editors thirty-four. There were seven sawmills, three flour mills, three box factories, one brass foundry, two soap works, one stove manufactory, four foundries, six iron works, four ferries plying on the river, fifty-seven contractors and builders, three wholesale and twenty retail dealers in dry goods, seven dealers in crockery and glassware, three wholesale and thirteen retail clothiers, three wholesale and ten retail dealers in boots and shoes, and thirty-four commission merchants. Commerce indicated about its previous volume. By the United States census of 1880, the population was found to be seventeen thousand five hundred and seventy-eight. By the Directory of that year it was estimated at twenty-one thousand six hundred.
During 1881 there were spent about one million one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in building. The most important of these were the following: The iron and brick building of W. S. Ladd, at the corner of First and Columbia, costing forty thousand dollars; the Portland Seaman’s Bethel, on the corner of Third and D streets, under the management of R. S. Stubbs, twelve thousand dollars; G. W. Jones’s block, on block 176 in Couch’s Addition; G. W. Weidler’s residence, on the corner of L and Eighteenth streets, costing sixteen thousand dollars; C. P. Bacon’s residence, on the same block as above, ten thousand dollars; residence of W. N. Wallace on Tenth and Salmon streets; residence of Sylvester Pennoyer on the corner of West Park and Madison streets; the three story brick of J. C. Ainsworth on Third and Oak streets, costing eighty-five thousand dollars; the Cosmopolitan block of Reed & Failing, on the corner of Second and Stark; and the residence of J. N. Dolph on Fifth and Jefferson, were the most prominent structures of the year. The Columbia Dock was built by C. H. Lewis, at the foot of N street, at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars. Commercial statistics showed an increasing volume of business. New interest in the mines of Idaho and of Southern Oregon began to be felt by the capitalists of Portland, and with the prospect of railroad connection to these points, they inaugurated the operations which have since attained such proportions. Manufacturing interests began to concentrate in and about Portland. Weidler’s immense sawmill, with capacity of one hundred and fifty thousand feet per day, led all in the volume of business. Besides lumber, the manufacture of furniture, of boots and shoes, of wagons, of iron and steel implements and machinery, and preservation of fruit assumed appreciable proportions.
In 1882, the extent of improvements rose to an astonishing degree, a total of two million nine hundred and seventy-four thousand six hundred dollars being spent in Portland, Fast Portland and Albina. The more noticeable of these buildings erected were the four-story brick structure of Dolph & Thompson on First street, between Pine and Ash, with dock in the rear, costing two hundred thousand dollars; the First National Bank building on the corner of First and Washington, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars; the three-story brick block of Allen & Lewis on North Front street, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars; the Calvary Presbyterian Church on the corner of Ninth and Clay streets, thirty-six thousand dollars; the North Pacific Manufacturing Company’s plant and improvements, fifty thousand dollars; the Couch school house on Sixteenth street, between K and L, thirty-five thousand dollars; the Failing school house on First street, between Hooker and Porter, thirty-five thousand dollars; the railroad docks, coal bunkers, etc., at Albina, one hundred and eighty thousand dollars; the residence of Bishop B. W. Morris, corner of Nineteenth and R streets, twenty thousand dollars; residence of R. B. Knapp, on Sixteenth and E streets, thirty-five thousand dollars; residence of Captain G. H. Flanders, on the corner of F and Eighteenth streets, forty thousand dollars. There were many others of elegant design and finish costing twenty thousand dollars and less.
During the year 1884 there were built. seventy-five large dwellings, thirty-six brick houses and blocks, and other buildings, bringing up the total to two hundred and eleven. For business houses there were spent six hundred and twenty-two thousand dollars; for residences, three hundred and forty-nine thousand five hundred dollars; for other improvements, seven hundred and eleven thousand seven hundred dollars, making a total of one million six hundred and eighty-three thousand six hundred dollars.
Fast Portland’s improvements footed up three hundred and forty-one thousand seven hundred dollars, and those of Sellwood and Albina, seventy-five thousand dollars. On street improvements in Portland there were spent three hundred and thirty-four thousand five hundred and fifty-five dollars and seventeen cents. Grace Church was erected at a cost of two thousand five hundred dollars, on the corner of Eleventh and Taylor streets. Pipe organs costing about three thousand dollars each, were placed in two churches.
During the year following there was some decline in improvements, but as there was also a great decrease in the cost of materials, it was a good time to build, and those sagacious and able took advantage of the opportunity to erect some very handsome and costly structures, which have given character and tone to the appearance of the city. Among these may be mentioned the Portland Savings Bank, of brick, on the southwest corner of Second and Washington streets, at a cost of seventy-five thousand dollars; Jacob Kamm’s magnificent brick block on Pine street, between Front and First, eighty thousand dollars; the High School building on Twelfth and Morrison, sixty thousand dollars; M. F. Mulkey’s brick block on the corner of Second and Morrison, forty thousand dollars; Weinhard’s brick brewery, fifteen thousand dollars. R. B. Knapp’s residence built this year, cost ninety thousand dollars; Pfunder’s unique Swiss residence on Ninth and Washington, ten thousand dollars. About two hundred dwellings were erected at a cost of three hundred and ninety thousand dollars. Improvements were made in East Portland to the value of one hundred and two thousand nine hundred dollars, and in Albina of twenty thousand dollars, making a grand total of nine hundred and sixty-four thousand four hundred dollars.
By the State census of 1885, the population of Multnomah county was placed at thirty-five thousand seven hundred and thirty-two; about three-fourths of this should be attributed to Portland. | <urn:uuid:dde5fa4e-ef30-4179-a821-a17667ac0211> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.accessgenealogy.com/oregon/value-of-portland-oregon-property.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051509/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00018-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951704 | 3,229 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The concept of Growth mindset and it’s counterpart Fixed mindset comes from Stanford Professor Carol Dweck Ph.D. in her book Mindset. In this book, she talks in detail what each mindset is and give an example after examples of people who display both sides. From Dorothy Delay the violin teacher from The Juilliard School of Music to Jack Welch, the man who saved General Electric.
Carol talks about key points that exemplifies why growth mindset is needed if you want to succeed and why the fixed mindset often causes you to have a melt down like Bobby Night on losing streak.
What is a growth mindset
A growth mindset is a mindset that you are more about the ability to get better than having something of natural talent.
It is interesting to think we are born with a growth mindset and then we slowly settle into a Fixed mindset. You see babies who keep trying to learn how to walk and we celebrate when they are able to start wobbling around. You even see a child who finally figures out that only one type of shape can fit into a certain slot. How many times have you heard kids talk about their love a challenge? The older they get the growth mindset often seems to wain and shrink.
Key points of a Growth Mindset
We accept that we are able to learn
Work and effort is better than being smart.
People who play video games can have
We can have and often do have a mixture of growth mindset and Fixed Mindset
Mia Ham used to be the only girl in the boy’s soccer teams because she wanted the challenge. Not only boys but boys at the level above her.
If you are the smartest person in the room you are in the wrong room.
How to develop a growth mindset
Accept that you are a work in progress.
Failure is only a indicator of where you need to work.
Change the words you use. If only I was smart enough to I can figure this out.
What does this make possible? | <urn:uuid:34c805c0-4df4-48ec-9019-bbd2b023e94c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.relaxedmale.com/ep-16-the-growth-mindset/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.961349 | 410 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Larson-Meyer, D. E, Woolf, K. & Burke, L. (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,28(2), 139-158. United States of America: Human Kinetics Publishers. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0338
Nutrition assessment is a necessary first step in advising athletes on dietary strategies that include dietary supplementation, and in evaluating the effectiveness of supplementation regimens. Although dietary assessment is the cornerstone component of the nutrition assessment process, it should be performed within the context of a complete assessment that includes collection/evaluation of anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and environmental data. Collection of dietary intake data can be challenging, with the potential for significant error of validity and reliability, which include inherent errors of the collection methodology, coding of data by dietitians, estimation of nutrient composition using nutrient food tables and/or dietary software programs, and expression of data relative to reference standards including eating guidance systems, macronutrient guidelines for athletes, and recommended dietary allowances. Limitations in methodologies used to complete anthropometric assessment and biochemical analysis also exist, as reference norms for the athlete are not well established and practical and reliable biomarkers are not available for all nutrients. A clinical assessment collected from history information and the nutrition-focused physical exam may help identify overt nutrient deficiencies but may be unremarkable in the well-trained athlete. Assessment of potential food-drug interactions and environmental components further helps make appropriate dietary and supplement recommendations. Overall, the assessment process can help the athlete understand that supplement intake cannot make up for poor food choices and an inadequate diet, while a healthy diet helps ensure maximal benefit from supplementation. Establishment of reference norms specifically for well-trained athletes for the nutrition assessment process is a future research priority.
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Access may be restricted. | <urn:uuid:06ab92a8-f89a-47b9-8757-2366384989ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/fhs_pub/9336/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.87386 | 399 | 2.828125 | 3 |
As epidemiologists around the world try to get a handle on COVID-19's actual prevalence and its true case fatality rate (CFR), Iceland seems to be the only country that is doing the sort of testing that is necessary to estimate those crucial variables. As of midnight, Iceland had tested more than 22,000 people for the COVID-19 virus, more than 6 percent of the country's population. Crucially, that number includes seemingly healthy, asymptomatic individuals as well as patients worried that they might have COVID-19.
Those tests, conducted by the National University Hospital of Iceland and the Reykjavík-based biopharmaceutical company deCODE Genetics, have detected 1,364 infections so far. Iceland, which is still in the early stages of its epidemic, has reported just four COVID-19 deaths, making its crude CFR (reported deaths as a share of confirmed cases) at this point 0.3 percent, much lower than the rates indicated by the official numbers from the vast majority of countries. Right now the crude CFR in the United States is 2.6 percent. It is 1.4 percent in Germany, 9.1 percent in France, 9.3 percent in Spain, 9.4 percent in the U.K., and 12.3 percent in Italy.
The epidemic is further along in all of those countries, so we should not make too much of the contrast with Iceland. The death toll in Iceland is bound to rise, and the crude CFR probably will too, as it has in Europe and the United States. But Israel, which had its first confirmed COVID-19 case around the same time as Iceland did and has implemented severe restrictions on visitors coupled with a general lockdown, currently has a crude CFR of 0.5 percent, two-thirds higher than Iceland's. In Greece, which reported its first COVID-19 case two days before Iceland did, the crude CFR is currently 3.8 percent.
As of Tuesday, deCODE Genetics, which ultimately expects to screen at least 50,000 people in Iceland, had tested about 9,000 volunteers from the general population, of whom around 1 percent tested positive. About half of the people who tested positive reported no symptoms, underlining the importance of general testing in estimating the prevalence of infection.
The deCODE sample is self-selected, so it may not be nationally representative. But assuming the sample's infection rate applies to the general population, it means that something like 3,400 Icelanders already have been infected, implying a current CFR (including mild and asymptomatic cases) of around 0.1 percent, which would make COVID-19 in Iceland about as deadly as the seasonal flu. Even assuming that Iceland in a month has as many COVID-19 deaths, as a proportion of its population, as the United States does now, the CFR would still be remarkably low.
If the CFR for COVID-19 in Iceland turns out to be only slightly higher than the CFR for the flu, it would be near the low end of the estimate range that U.S. public health officials consider reasonable. By comparison, projections by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imply a CFR of 0.8 percent, while the model used by researchers at Imperial College in London assumes it is 0.9 percent. Today Brendan Murphy, Australia's chief medical officer, said as many as 10 million people may already be infected worldwide—nearly 10 times the official tally. Based on the 58,000 deaths reported so far, that estimate implies a true global CFR of about 0.6 percent.
It would be risky to draw broad conclusions from the data for Iceland, which has a small population (about 340,000) and unusual demographics. Ninety-three percent of Icelanders are ethnically Icelandic, while 3 percent are of Polish origin. The population is also younger than those of many other developed countries, with a median age of 36.5, compared to 45.5 in Italy, 42.7 in Spain, 47.1 in Germany, 40.5 in the U.K., and 38.1 in the United States. That fact is potentially significant, since the elderly are especially susceptible to COVID-19.
Iceland's response to COVID-19—which features aggressive testing, contact tracing, and quarantines of infected people but no general lockdown—is also strikingly different from the response in the United States, where the federal government squandered the opportunity to take a more proactive and targeted approach. Iceland began testing people in early February, weeks before its first confirmed case.
"The only reason that we are doing better is that we were even more vigilant," deCODE founder Kári Stefánsson told CNN. "We took seriously the news of an epidemic starting in China. We didn't shrug our shoulders and say, 'This is not going to be anything remarkable.'"
In the United States, by contrast, a government-engineered testing fiasco left public officials scrambling to prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed by COVID-19 cases, leading to a panoply of business closure and stay-at-home orders. Even now, we have managed to test just 0.4 percent of the population, and those tests have been limited mainly to people with symptoms severe enough to seek treatment. Iceland has tested 16 times as many people as a share of its population, and it has made a deliberate effort to sample people with mild or no symptoms.
Because of the failure to conduct wide testing, we have no idea how many Americans are infected with COVID-19 or what the true CFR in the United States might be. In these circumstances, it is not much of a stretch to lay the blame for the country's ever-worsening, self-inflicted economic crisis at the feet of the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration, which obstructed access to COVID-19 tests through a combination of shortsightedness, ineptitude, and bureaucratic intransigence. | <urn:uuid:1fb9bf7e-a894-45ff-b41a-7781a5809c3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://reason.com/2020/04/03/what-we-should-have-learned-from-icelands-response-to-covid-19/?comments=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.972737 | 1,238 | 2.578125 | 3 |
+44 1803 865913
Tropical cyclones are the most impressive and best phenomenon of the tropics, and this book fills a need for a thorough detailed book on the subject, concentrating on the remote sensing results on both initial and mature forms of tropical cyclones. It provides a comprehensive description of the physical, geophysical and meteorological foundations of global tropical cyclogenesis. The author emphasises the physical aspects necessary to judge the possibilities and limitations of monitoring mitigation methods, and includes numerous applications and illustrations from up-to-date airborne and satellite experiments.
New chapters in the second edition cover the possible impact of solar activity and effects of tropical cyclones on the upper atmosphere, time series and cumulative functions of global tropical cyclogenesis over 25 years, ionosphere and tropical cyclones activity, instability genesis in compress and saturated moist air atmosphere and complex satellite and in-situ "Scenario-TC" and "Global-RT" databases. A new Appendix gives quantitative data on spatio-temporal features of global and regional tropical cyclogenesis from 1983 to 2008.
Preface to 2nd Edition,- Preface to 1st Edition,- Chapter 1 Introduction: scientific and applied rationales for study of the tropical cyclogenesis,-Chapter 2 Global tropical cyclogenesis as a stochastic process,- Chapter 3 Regional tropical cyclogenesis,- Chapter 4 Global TDropical Cyclogenesis and Global Change,- Chapter 5 The Sun and tropical cyclones activity,- Chapter 6 Ionosphere and tropical cyclones activity,- Chapter 7 Physical models and simulations of global tropical cyclogenesis,- Chapter 8 Databases of global tropical cyclogenesis,- Chapter 9 Remote sensing activity for cyclogenesis studies,- Conclusion
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!
Your orders support book donation projects
Such prompt and efficient service is rare nowadays.
Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products
Multi-currency. Secure worldwide shipping
Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:364199ad-2f06-4cf3-b491-86791ccfd10d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.nhbs.com/global-tropical-cyclogenesis-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948541253.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214055056-20171214075056-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.842121 | 398 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A. Definitions. The following definitions shall be applicable to this section:
2. “Ground water” means water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of the land or below a surface water body.
3. “Hazardous materials” means any material, including any substance, waste, or combination thereof, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to, a substantial present or potential hazard to human health, safety, property, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
4. “Hyperchlorinated” means water that contains more than 10mg/L chlorine.
5. “Illicit discharge” means any direct or indirect non-stormwater discharge to the City's storm drain system, except as expressly exempted by this chapter.
6. “Illicit connection” means any man-made conveyance that is connected to a municipal separate storm sewer without a permit, excluding roof drains and other similar type connections. Examples include sanitary sewer connections, floor drains, channels, pipelines, conduits, inlets, or outlets that are connected directly to the municipal separate storm sewer system.
7. “Municipal separate storm sewer system” (MS4) means a conveyance or system of conveyances, including roads with drainage systems, municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-made channels, or storm drains, which are:
a. Owned or operated by the City of Snohomish;
b. Designed or used for collecting or conveying stormwater;
c. Not part of a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW). (“POTW” means any device or system used in treatment of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature which is publicly owned); and
d. Not a combined sewer (“Combined sewer” means a system that collects sanitary sewage and stormwater in a single sewer system).
8. “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Discharge Permit” means a permit issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (or by the Washington Department of Ecology under authority delegated pursuant to 33 USC Section 1342(b)) that authorizes the discharge of pollutants to waters of the United States, whether the permit is applicable on an individual, group, or general area-wide basis.
9. “Non-stormwater discharge” means any discharge to the storm drain system that is not composed entirely of stormwater.
10. “Person” means any individual, association, organization, partnership, firm, corporation, or other entity recognized by law and acting as either the owner of a premises or as the owner's agent.
11. “Pollution” means any pollutants which cause or contribute to pollution. Pollutants may include, but are not limited to: paints, varnishes, and solvents; oil and other automotive fluids; nonhazardous liquid and solid wastes and yard wastes; refuse, rubbish, garbage, litter, or other discarded or abandoned objects and accumulations, so that same may cause or contribute to pollution; floatables; pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers; hazardous substances and wastes; sewage, fecal coliform, and pathogens; dissolved and particulate metals; animal wastes; wastes and residues that result from constructing a building or structure; and noxious or offensive matter of any kind.
12. “Storm” or “stormwater drainage system” means publicly owned facilities, including the City's municipal separate storm sewer system, by which stormwater is collected and/or conveyed, including but not limited to any roads with drainage systems, municipal streets, gutters, curbs, inlets, piped storm drains, pumping facilities, retention and detention basins, natural and human-made or altered drainage channels, reservoirs, and other drainage structures.
13. “Stormwater” means runoff during and following precipitation and snowmelt events, including surface runoff and drainage.
14. “Stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP)” means a document which describes the best management practices and activities to be implemented by a person to identify sources of pollution or contamination at a premises and the actions to eliminate or reduce pollutant discharges to stormwater, stormwater conveyance systems, and/or receiving waters to the maximum extent practicable.
B. Prohibited discharges.
1. No person shall throw, drain, or otherwise discharge, cause or allow others under his/her control to throw, drain or otherwise discharge into the municipal storm drain system any materials other than stormwater.
2. Examples of prohibited contaminants include but are not limited to the following:
a. Trash or debris.
b. Construction materials.
c. Petroleum products including but not limited to oil, gasoline, grease, fuel oil, and heating oil.
d. Antifreeze and other automotive products.
e. Metals in either particulate or dissolved form.
f. Flammable or explosive materials.
g. Radioactive material.
i. Acids, alkalis, or bases.
j. Paints, stains, resins, lacquers, or varnishes.
k. Degreasers and/or solvents.
l. Drain cleaners.
m. Pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers.
n. Steam cleaning wastes.
o. Soaps, detergents, or ammonia.
p. Swimming pool cleaning wastewater or filter backwash.
q. Chlorine, bromine, or other disinfectants.
r. Heated water.
s. Domestic animal wastes.
u. Recreational vehicle waste.
v. Animal carcasses.
w. Food wastes.
x. Bark and other fibrous materials.
y. Lawn clippings, leaves, or branches.
z. Silt, sediment, concrete, cement, or gravel.
aa. Dyes. Unless approved by the City.
bb. Chemicals not normally found in uncontaminated water.
cc. Any other process-associated discharge except as otherwise allowed in this section.
dd. Any hazardous material or waste not listed above.
C. Allowable discharges. The following types of discharges shall not be considered illegal discharges for the purposes of this chapter unless the City determines that the type of discharge, whether singly or in combination with others, is causing or is likely to cause pollution of surface water or ground water:
1. Diverted stream flows.
2. Rising ground waters.
4. Uncontaminated pumped ground water.
5. Foundation drains.
6. Air conditioning condensation.
7. Irrigation water from agricultural sources that is commingled with urban stormwater.
9. Water from crawl space pumps.
10. Footing drains.
11. Flows from riparian habitats and wetlands.
12. Discharges from emergency fire fighting activities.
D. Conditional Discharges. The following types of discharges shall not be considered illegal discharges for the purposes of this chapter, if they meet the stated conditions, or unless the City determines that the type of discharge, whether singly or in combination with others, is causing or is likely to cause pollution of surface water or ground water:
1. Potable water, including water from water line flushing, hyperchlorinated water line flushing, fire hydrant system flushing, and pipeline hydrostatic test water. These planned discharges shall be de-chlorinated to a concentration of 0.1 ppm or less, pH-adjusted, if necessary and in volumes and velocities controlled to prevent re-suspension of sediments in the stormwater system.
2. Lawn watering and other irrigation runoff. These types of discharges shall be permitted if the amount of runoff is minimized through water conservation efforts.
3. De-chlorinated swimming pool discharges. These discharges shall be de-chlorinated to a concentration of 0.1 ppm or less, pH-adjusted and reoxygenized if necessary, volumetrically and velocity controlled to prevent re-suspension of sediments in the stormwater system.
4. Street and sidewalk wash water, water used to control dust, and routine external building wash down that does not use detergents. These discharges shall be permitted, if the amount of street wash and dust control water used is minimized. At active construction sites, street sweeping must be performed prior to washing the street.
5. Non-stormwater discharges covered by another NPDES permit. These discharges shall be in full compliance with all requirements of the permit, waiver, or order, and other applicable laws and regulations.
6. Other non-stormwater discharges. These discharges shall be in compliance with the requirements of a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) reviewed and approved by the City, which addresses control of such discharges by applying AKART to prevent contaminants from entering surface or ground water.
E. Prohibited Connections.
1. The construction, use, maintenance, or continued existence of illicit connections to the stormwater system is prohibited.
2. This prohibition expressly includes, without limitation, illicit connections made in the past, regardless of whether the connection was permissible under law or practices applicable or prevailing at the time of connection.
3. A person is considered to be in violation of this section, if the person connects a line conveying sewage to the MS4 or allows such a connection to continue. | <urn:uuid:5b72b138-c92c-4e58-bf8f-27c4e3e91cc9> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://snohomish.municipal.codes/SMC/15.16.090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.869839 | 2,035 | 2.859375 | 3 |
If you are looking for a lower body workout, both the leg press and squat are good exercises. Although both moves work the glutes, quadriceps and hamstrings, the leg press is a better exercise for beginners because it isolates a few muscles with a limited range of motion. In contrast, the squat utilizes up to 10 muscles when performed correctly. Warm-up your muscles with light aerobic exercise and a good stretch before you begin strength training. Stretch again when you've finished to prevent muscle injury. Consult your healthcare provider before beginning any exercise regimen.
Seated Leg Press
Sit on the leg press machine with your spine and buttocks pressed firmly into the back of the chair. Place your feet on the resistance plate, approximately shoulder-width apart, and adjust the plate to bring your knees to a 90-degree angle. Make sure your knees are in line with your toes. Exhale and slowly push the plate away from your body. Keep your feet in contact with the plate and push until your legs are fully extended but not locked at the knees. Do not arch your back or lift your buttocks off the seat. Inhale and draw your thighs back toward your chest. Use your abdominal muscles to make the movement slow and controlled.
Stand with your feet a little more than hip-width apart with your toes pointed out slightly. Let your arms hang by your sides with the palms facing your legs. Retract and depress your shoulder blades and engage your core muscles. Look straight ahead and keep your spine straight and elongated. Shift your body weight onto your heels and sink your buttocks toward the floor. Keep your back flat and continue to sit back until your thighs are parallel with the floor. Do not allow your knees to travel past your big toes. Hold the down position for a moment and redistribute your body weight equally over the plantar surface of your foot. Slowly push your body up to the start position making sure to keep your back flat and your abdominal muscles engaged.
The primary muscles used for the leg press are the gluteus maximus, quadriceps and hamstrings. The secondary muscles, or those muscles used to stabilize your body, are the gluteus medius and minimus, adductors and the gastrocnemius. The primary muscles used in a squat are the same as those for the leg press with the addition of the erector spinae muscles which run vertically along the spinal column. The secondary muscles for the squat include the transverse abdominis, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius and minimus, adductors and soleus.
There are advantages and disadvantages to body weight and machine exercises. For beginners, machines are generally safer since they guide your range of motion and isolate only a few, specific muscles. The American Council on Exercise recommends that novice athletes spend their first 10 to 12 weeks using machines before they graduate to bodyweight exercises. Body weight exercises engage more stabilizing muscles. For instance, the squat uses six stabilizing muscles in addition to the four primaries. However, if you are unsure about correct form, it is easier to injure yourself with body weight moves.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:76065af2-6c12-4d7e-b2e4-a15e48435fd2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/leg-press-vs-squat-muscle-groups-worked-5837.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00323-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91443 | 648 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Address: P. O. Box 1457, Los Gatos,
Figure 1. The Elusive Glitch
So you think you have found the glitch that has been causing your system to "hang-up", reset, or otherwise not perform as expected......Now what? Often a glitch, such as shown in Figure 1 above, occurs infrequently, possibly once in tens or hundreds of thousands or more clock cycles. The result may be a malfunction that happens once in an hour or day. So when we finally catch a glitch, it is cause for celebration. Our hunt for the problem is over, or is it?
Figure 2 shows the scope setting that caught the glitch in Figure 1. Known as "runt" pulse triggering, the scope triggers on a glitch that exceeds one threshold but not another higher one. This feature has been in scopes for some years now and makes it possible to see an infrequent glitch in a repeating waveform such as a clock. But just catching a glitch does not mean it is really in the circuit, between the nodes being measured. A great deal of engineering time can be wasted trying to track down the source of a glitch that does not really exist in the circuit.
Figure 2. Scope Setup to Capture Glitch
Last month's Technical Tidbit, , Improving FET Probe Immunity to Unwanted Noise Pickup, discussed the sensitivity of an FET probe to respond to a signal different from the one being measured. The same mechanism, sensitivity to voltage across the ground lead, makes all single ended probes potentially sensitive to EMI, electromagnetic interference, in the environment of the measurement. The glitch in Figure 1 was generated by the device described in the June 2001 Technical Tidbit, A Static Field Powered EMI Source from a distance of about 1.5 meters and represents impulses that are very common in the environment.
One way to alarm a potentially false glitch is shown in Figure 3. Placing
an ESD event detector near the measurement will let you know when a transient
has happened in the neighborhood of your measurement. If the detector
alarms at the same time the scope catches a glitch, the measurement might
not be an accurate representation of the signal in the circuit and should
be checked. One way to check for externally induced glitches is to short
the probe to its ground lead while the ground lead is connected to the
circuit ground. The result should be zero, if not, the result is the externally
induced error in the measurement. Even logic signals can produce errors
of a few volts and ESD events in the same room can produce errors much
Figure 3. Setup to Detect External EMI Caused Scope Glitches
The Technical Tidbit for November, 2001 will describe a more accurate way to qualify glitches as valid or the result of external EMI.
For more information see:
More detailed information about this and other topics on this website is available from this site's new subscription service (to start this Fall) and seminars.
Top of page | <urn:uuid:353f173e-da6e-41ee-8788-37bfd41b2d57> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.emcesd.com/tt2001/tt100101.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925651 | 615 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Books & Music
Food & Wine
Health & Fitness
Hobbies & Crafts
Home & Garden
News & Politics
Religion & Spirituality
Travel & Culture
TV & Movies
How to Transplant a Wisteria Shoot
Wisteria is a beautiful vine that is hardy in USDA zones 4 through 9. It is one of my favorite vine plants. Depending on the variety you choose, some wisterias have scented purple flowers. Wisteria is a deciduous vine, meaning that the leaves drop off in the fall. There are two species of wisteria vines: The Chinese wisteria and Japanese wisteria. Often times, wisteria will send out suckers. If you want another wisteria to grow in a different part of your yard, don't go to a garden supply store or order one online. You can dig the shoots or suckers out of the ground. Simply replant them in an area of your choosing.
The best chances for a successful time to replant your wisteria vine is late in the winter or early in the spring before the buds break open. Of course, if you are adventurous, you can try to transplant them during the other months.
Prepare the Planting Hole
Prepare the planting location for your wisteria. This helps cut down on the stress of the plant. Less stress means the wisteria vine will take off and grow. The planting area should have at least 6 hours of sunlight every day.
Dig the hole or holes, depending on how many you'll want to dig up and plant. Each hole should measure 2 to 3 feet across and be 2 feet deep. When the hole is dug, take the edge of your shovel or spade to scuff up the sides and bottom of the hole.
Fill the hole with water. Wait until the water drains out before you transplant the vine.
Amend the soil removed from the hole with 3 to 4 inches of compost. Use well-rotted compost because it helps with drainage and provides nutrients to the soil for your wisteria vine to grow.
Dig Out The Wisteria Shoot
Now it is time to dig out the wisteria shoot. Choose a healthy shoot that is 1 to 2 feet in height. Try to place the edge of your space or shovel a foot away from the rootball and then push the spade into the soil going all the way around the plant.
Carefully pry the root ball out of the ground, being try not to break the root ball.
Transplant the Wisteria
If you have to travel a distance, wrap the rootball in a tarp to keep the soil around the rootball intact.
Adjust the depth of your planting hole to match the height of the root ball. Insert the root ball into your planting hole. Check to make sure that the top of the root ball is level with the soil. Wisteria must be planted to the same depth as it was originally growing.
Fill in the hole around the root ball with the amended soil. Tamp the soil in place with your hands to eliminate any air pockets.
Give the wisteria vine a good drink of water. Keep the soil moist and soon your wisteria vine will take off and grow.
| Related Articles | Editor's Picks Articles | Top Ten Articles | Previous Features | Site Map
Content copyright © 2015 by Gail Delaney. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Gail Delaney. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Gail Delaney for details.
Website copyright © 2015 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:be21a648-740e-464a-b659-4befb270b97f> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art54025.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468971.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00204-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8954 | 760 | 2.53125 | 3 |
I. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations
Chicken and duck poultry are the main pathogenic sources of avian influenza. Avian influenza virus exists in the respiratory tract, digestive tract and organ tissues of diseased birds. It survives for a long time under humid and cool conditions. It is mainly transmitted through the respiratory system, the secretion of poultry and the contact of feces. The incubation period of avian influenza is affected by virulence, viral quantity, resistance, nutritional status, stress and other factors, ranging from several hours to several days, the longest time being 21 days. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has a short incubation period, rapid onset and high mortality rate. It can occur in all seasons of the year. It occurs in winter and spring. It can infect birds. Chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys are the most common, and chickens and turkeys are the most susceptible to infection.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza has no specific clinical symptoms, which are characterized by sudden onset, high depression, sudden rise of body temperature, loss of appetite, neck contraction, lethargy, cyanosis, edema, dyspnea, sneezing, mouth opening breathing, eye swelling and tears, and neurological symptoms such as head and neck backward, convulsion, dyskinesia in some animals. Then there was death, with a mortality rate of more than 90% in a few days.
Two, prevention and control measures
1. strengthen feeding management
Strengthening feeding management is the precondition of preventing highly pathogenic avian influenza. Good feeding management can guarantee the best growth state and disease resistance of poultry. Aquaculture farms should be located far away from major traffic routes, residential areas, market and other animal production sites. It is strictly forbidden to introduce poultry and eggs from epidemic areas. Regular use of aldehydes, phenols, chlorine-containing disinfectants and alkaline oxidants disinfection, strict disinfection of the surrounding environment of the site, poultry houses, feeding utensils and other facilities, disinfectants used alternately. All-in and all-out feeding mode should be implemented. To prevent the contact between poultry and wild birds, * strictly prohibit the polyculture of chickens, waterfowls and pigs, and strengthen the monitoring of migratory birds. All poultry farms are managed in a closed way. No unrelated personnel are allowed to enter or visit the farm area. Staff members and their routine protective articles should be strictly disinfected in the entrance and exit areas.
2. regular immunization
Vaccination can effectively prevent the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Reasonable immunization procedures should be formulated for immunization in poultry farms, for example. The general immunization procedures are as follows:
(1) Immunization of breeding and laying hens. Chickens were immunized with recombinant avian influenza-Newcastle disease vaccine (rLH5-6 strains) or H5N1 subtype avian influenza inactivated vaccine at 7-14 days of age; once more at 25 days of age; once again before delivery with H5N1 subtype avian influenza inactivated vaccine and once again, and then every six months with H5N1 subtype avian influenza based on the results of immune antibody detection. The inactivated influenza vaccine was immunized once.
(2) Immunization of commercial broilers. Chickens were immunized with recombinant avian influenza-Newcastle disease (AI-ND) live vaccine or H5N1 subtype inactivated vaccine at the age of 7-14 days. After 28 days of age, the chickens were immunized with AI-ND live vaccine once more.
For ducks, geese, pigeons, quails and other poultry immunization, can be based on feeding purposes, refer to the immune process of chickens immunization. When an outbreak occurs, all poultry in the threatened area should be immunized once according to the surveillance of poultry immune antibodies in the threatened area; poultry immunized in the last month may not be immunized.
3. kill poultry with epidemic diseases.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has a high morbidity and mortality, and there is no effective treatment at present. If highly pathogenic avian influenza is diagnosed, epidemic prevention and treatment should be carried out in time, epidemic spots, epidemic areas and threatened areas should be delimited immediately, epidemic foci should be investigated, all poultry with a radius of 3000 meters around the epidemic site should be killed immediately, burned and buried deeply, pollutants should be treated harmlessly, and epidemic situation and sources of infection should be quickly extinguished. Closed disinfection should be carried out in the areas under control, circulation of poultry products should be strictly prohibited, and the spread of the epidemic situation should be strictly controlled. To minimize human contact with poultry, we should wear gloves, masks and isolation clothes to deal with sick poultry. The poultry farm should be thoroughly cleaned, cleaned and disinfected, and be vacant for more than three months.
4. strictly monitor and quarantine
Regular routine blood sampling tests were carried out on poultry, and the abnormalities were diagnosed and treated immediately. It is strictly forbidden to introduce species from areas where epidemics occur. Before introduction, poultry farms requiring introduction of poultry should be carefully investigated, and hygienic safety should be tested. After each index is qualified, introduction should be conducted. After the introduction of poultry, strict quarantine and isolation observation for more than 30 days, if no abnormalities can enter the field for mixed breeding. At the same time, reducing poultry feeding density can effectively reduce the incidence of avian influenza. | <urn:uuid:03a281dd-e1bf-4a26-9456-9bec2579e122> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.qinlechickenhome.com/info/prevention-and-control-measures-of-avian-influ-30806941.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823348.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210144632-20181210170132-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.923895 | 1,167 | 3.640625 | 4 |
For those not aware of this broadcasting service, LPFM stands for Low Power FM radio broadcasting.
In the United States, the lowest minimum wattage a licensed FM radio station may have is 100 Watts. Under the LP10 class rules, that would drop to 10 Watts.
LPFM is the common term used to define an FM broadcast station that originates its own programming, but only has the power of a translator – with some key differences. While a translator can be authorized with as much as 250 Watts at 328 feet, LPFM stations are currently limited to 100 Watts ERP, at 100 feet HAAT. Currently translators may not originate programming, but there is a proceeding underway which, if approved, would allow origination of programming.
LPFM is also undergoing some changes. There is a current proposal before the FCC to increase the maximum ERP from 100 watts to 250 watts. We expect this proposal to succeed, with rule codification around September 2012.
The FCC began issuing licenses for LPFM stations in 2000; however, the idea is not exactly a new concept.
LPFM existed for more than thirty years in the United States, known as a “Class D” station. The first Class D license was issued by the FCC in 1948. Class D stations were originally licensed at 10 Watts on the FM band, within the region of 88 to 92 Mhz (known as the “educational band”).
Class D stations were the FCC’s first attempt to bring more schools and colleges on the air – a way to give potential broadcasters an outlet for hands-on training at a much lower cost compared to say a 3,000 Watt station.
As time passed, Class D FM stations were granted higher power levels and ranged between 1 to 100 Watts. They were strictly non-commercial, and were only licensed to educational institutions. As a result of the educational institution requirement, there wasn’t a major demand for Class D stations.
It all began when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Act into law. This led the way to federal funding becoming available for non-commercial educational radio stations. It fundamentally changed the idea of what non-commercial educational stations should be.
The first goal of the Act was to establish a national “public radio” network. Shortly after, National Public Radio was born, providing programming far above the level Class D stations were able to deliver on their own.
This basically created what we know as public radio today. The designers thought public radio should provide a nationally-accessible educational service – basically a “school on the radio.” Although many Class D stations were licensed to educational institutions, because of their small coverage they were generally used as on-air radio laboratories. It was a way for students to experiment with radio. As a result, the quality of the programming didn’t measure up to the standards of National Public Radio. | <urn:uuid:5309173f-0e06-4b8d-b9e1-c8e2f1417a4a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://lpfmradio.org/lpfm-radio-stations-unraveled-what-is-lpfm-radio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00421-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980546 | 593 | 3.1875 | 3 |
High-energy subatomic particles called neutrinos from beyond our solar system have been detected on Earth for the first time ever.
The researchers involved say the discovery opens up a new area of astronomy and has the potential to answer a question that has puzzled astronomers for a century: Where do cosmic rays come from?
"It really is the dawn of a new field," said Darren Grant, a University of Alberta physicist, who was part of an international scientific collaboration called IceCube that reported the recent detection of 28 extremely high-energy neutrinos in Antarctica that are thought to have come from space.
The results were published online Thursday in the journal Science.
Astrophysicists had theorized that extremely high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos – more energetic than any produced on Earth or by the sun - would be blasted out by the same catastrophic events in deep space that are thought to generate cosmic rays.
Now, Grant says, scientists have finally detected some.
"They're the highest energy neutrino events that have ever been measured… It's proof that they came from outside the Earth."
Two of the neutrinos had energies above a whopping petaelectron volt. That's 125 times the 8 teraelectronvolt energy of the record proton collisions generated by world's biggest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, and billions of times the energy of neutrinos produced by the sun.
Cosmic ray mystery
Cosmic rays, discovered more than a century ago, are extremely high-energy radiation that travels through space and strikes the Earth. Astrophysicists have theorized that they might be produced by extreme catastrophic events in deep space, such as supernovas, black holes, pulsars, or galactic nuclei — the merger of two black holes.
But it's hard to determine the origin of cosmic rays because they are made up of charged particles and therefore are deflected by magnetic fields that send them on a circuitous path through space.
Consequently, "everything we know about the universe at the moment is from studying photons" or light, said Olga Botner, an Uppsala University researcher and the official spokesperson for IceCube, in an interview with Science.
Light generally travels in straight lines, but can be blocked matter such as intergalactic dust, or altered in certain ways - for example, its colour may be affected by certain things.
On the other hand, neutrinos have little mass, no charge and interact very weakly with matter, meaning they can theoretically journey billions of light years to the Earth without slowing, stopping or touching anything.
"It really makes them an ideal messenger particle," Grant said.
That means the space neutrinos recently detected by IceCube are almost exactly as they were when they were produced and carry "pristine" information about the event that produced them.
They also likely point directly back to their source — also a likely source of cosmic rays — even if it is millions or billions of light years away.
Creating a skymap
The IceCube researchers have started creating a sky map of the directions that the high-energy neutrinos came from.
So far, while they cluster in certain areas, they don't yet pinpoint specific locations in the sky. Grant said that will happen as IceCube gathers more data.
"Then you turn to your favourite astronomer and you say what's in the sky? What's there that could produce these high energy events?" he said.
"That will give us the first definitive identification of what's causing the production of these particles."
That may also provide clues about the origin of the high-energy cosmic rays, which likely originate from the same events.
The reason why neutrinos from space have never been found before is that they are very hard to detect, partly because they rarely interact with anything.
Researchers needed a huge detector in order to increase the chance of interaction with such rare neutrinos.
One cubic kilometre detector
IceCube is a block of extremely clear ice one cubic kilometre in size and 1.5 to two kilometres below the surface, where it is very dark and high pressures keep the ice clear and bubble-free. The ice is embedded with 5,160 sensors that detect very faint amounts of light.
Very rarely, neutrinos will interact with the ice itself as they pass through the detector. When that happens, Grant said, they produce a charged particle such as an electron. Typically, light travels fastest in a vacuum and more slowly in ice. But a particle produced by a neutrino interacting with the ice travels faster than the typical speed of light in ice.
When it does that, a burst of blue light, known as Cherenkhov radiation, is produced. Grant described it as "almost the optical equivalent of sonic boom."
The higher energy the neutrino, the more ice it lights up, and a high-energy cosmic neutrino lights up "an enormous amount of the detector." In fact, a large detector is also needed to capture all of the energy from a single neutrino of this kind.
The IceCube collaboration first looked only for neutrinos above 1 petaelectronvolt and detected the two most energetic neutrinos in April 2012. They then went back and searched through their data and found 26 of slightly lower energies, but above 30 teraelectronvolts that were detected between May 2010 and May 2012. While some of these less high-energy neutrinos may have been produced by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere, the calculations suggest that most of them likely came from space.
The data was analyzed in such a way as to exclude, as much as possible, neutrinos that didn't come from space and other types of particles that may have tripped off the detector.
Canada played a key role in the study by crunching data with a federally funded computer cluster at the University of Alberta called Westgrid.
"One hundred per cent of our reconstructions and simulations were run there, and without it, I don't think we would have been able to do all of the work that was required," said Nathan Whitehorn, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who had presented the preliminary results at a conference in May.
The IceCube collaboration includes 250 physicists and engineers from Canada, the U.S., Germany, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, the U.K. and Korea. The detector cost $279 million US ($290 million) and was completed in December 2010, but had already started collecting data before completion. | <urn:uuid:5174a450-232a-4bb2-bb6b-bcdd49fcc932> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/neutrinos-from-deep-space-detected-on-earth-1.2435289 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011237821/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092037-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966116 | 1,356 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Graphic from Metro Creative
Answers to Go
SAN MARCOS PUBLIC LIBRARY
625 E. HOPKINS ST.
Q. How did Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday become a holiday?
It took 32 years A. for MLK day to be approved and recognized by the Federal government as well as the states.
On April 8, 1968, just four days after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, U.S. Rep. John Conyers introduced the first motion to make King’s birthday a federal holiday. Still, it would take 15 years of persistence by civil rights and labor activists for the holiday to be approved by the federal government and an additional 17 years for it to be recognized in all 50 states. (NMAAHC) However, John Conyers was not deterred. He continued to introduce legislation every year with the support of the Congressional Black Caucus and labor leaders. The bill would likely have died in committee, and stayed buried, had it not been for thousands of working-class Americans — most of them Black, but also white, Asian and Latino — who risked their jobs over the next fifteen years to demand the right to honor a man they viewed as a working-class hero. Throughout the 1970s, unions repeatedly voiced — and walked — to demonstrate their desire for the holiday. Union officials demanded a paid holiday in contract negotiations, and individual members were asked to donate a “significant portion” of their holiday pay to the campaign. United Autoworkers also contributed funds and made the holiday a standard contract demand. (Jones) Heated debate in Congress held up making it a federal holiday. Representative Katie Hall of Indiana reintroduced a new MLK Day bill in 1983, but it faced opposition led by North Carolina senators Jesse Helms and John Porter East, with Helms insinuating King’s opposition to the Vietnam War made him unpatriotic and unworthy of his own holiday. In 1983, Helms presented the Senate with a lengthy document that included accusations that Kind had Communist ties, which infuriated New York Senator Pat Moynihan, who threw the document on the floor and stomped on it with his feet. Eventually, the bill managed to pass the House of Representatives in August of 1983 and the Senate that October. (Jackson) President Ronald Reagan signed the bill into law on Nov. 2, 1983 making it a federal holiday. However, it took several more years for every state to get on board.
Alabama and Mississippi technically celebrated the civil rights leader’s holiday, but they have combined it with a celebration of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. While South Carolina does have a Martin Luther King holiday, its observance is optional. State workers can choose between that day and three separate confederate holidays to take off.
In Texas, it wasn’t until 1991 that the state passed, and the governor signed legislation that officially observed MLK Day as a state holiday. Today, it is the only federal holiday designated as a National Day of Service to encourage all Americans to volunteer and improve their communities.
On Saturday, Jan. 15, from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., join the Dunbar Heritage Association at the Library (625 E. Hopkins Street) for a family-friendly event with stories and fun crafts to learn and celebrate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. We’ll have lots to do for children of all ages, with special break-out groups for children ages 3-5, 6-9 and 10-teen. The library will also have, beginning Monday Jan. 10, a “take and make” craft to celebrate MLK Day. Pick up one early in the week since supplies are limited.
• Jackson, J. (2021, January 18). The history of how Martin Luther King Jr. day became a holiday. Newsweek. Retrieved Dec. 21, 2021, from newsweek.com/ mlk-day-history-1562032
• Jones, W. P. (2015, June 29). Working-class hero. The Nation. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from thenation.com/article/archive/working-class-hero/
• NMAAHC, National Museum of African American History & Culture. The 15 Year Battle for Martin Luther King, Jr. Day | National Museum of African American History and Culture. (2021, January 13). Retrieved December 21, 2021, from nmaahc.si.edu/ explore/stories/15-year-battle-martin-luther-king-jrday
Suzanne Sanders is the new columnist for the library. She is the Community Services Manager for the San Marcos Public Library and came from the Austin Public Library in 2015 after having served there as a librarian for over 20 years. She gratefully accepts your questions for this column. | <urn:uuid:0763fb19-3736-407e-bffc-baa5d773a98b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/features/answers-go-63 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.964751 | 1,011 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Earth Day – A Few Facts About the People Behind It
Earth Day is about 4 days away. But, who really started this conservation/ecology movement. Well, in reality, it’s been going on for years. Here’s a list of just a few conservationists and environmentalists.
- Earth Day was the brainchild of Senator Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin. He came up with the idea in 1969 after witnessing the devastation of the Santa Barbara, CA oil spill. The impact on the environment, marine life, and the thousands of dolphins, sea birds and other animals due to this spill lead to Nelson’s drive to gather support for a political agenda. Along with Senator Paul “Pete” McCloskey, Nelson introduced legislation and organized a grass-roots movement to bring environmental issues to the forefront of Americans’ minds.
- John Muir was one of the very first conservationist and worked tirelessly to ensure that the wilderness would be preserved. His efforts led to the creation of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park and more. Muir was also one of the founders of the Sierra Club, one of the world’s most influential environmental groups. John Muir deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt.
- Theodore Roosevelt was an active conversationalist. He added 5 National Parks during his Presidential Term – Crater Lake National Park, Wind Cave National Park, National Game Preserve, Platt National Park, Mesa Verde National Park, and although he attempted to made the Grand Canyon a park, but lost, he did manage protect it by proclaiming the area a National Monument.
- Rachel Carson is noted by some as the founder of the modern environmental movement. She published a book in 1962 titled Silent Spring. This described the devastating effects that pesticides have on the environment. Although the chemical industry tried to indicate the claims were unfounded, they were later proved correct and DDT and other pesticides were banned in later years.
- Henry David Thoreau was one of the very first activists for the environment. He wrote a timely book entitled Walden, or A Life in the Woods. It is a must read for all environmentalist. Thoreau wrote it after spending 2 years living simply on the shore of Walden Pond. It is a meditation on nature and life.
- Ed Begly, Jr. is well known for his environmentalist ways. He is one of the first, in the 1970s, to drive an electric car. His house is powered by both wind and solar power.
So, what are you doing for Earth Day?
Tags: earth day | <urn:uuid:58583cf3-c03a-4b7d-8a5c-7e4ed362c0d6> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.parkrideflyusa.com/blog/2013/04/17/earth-day-a-few-facts-about-the-people-behind-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164989714/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134949-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970206 | 530 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is Continuing Professional Development (CPD)?
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)– It refers to the process of tracking and documenting the skills, knowledge and experience that you gain both formally and informally as you work, beyond any initial training. It’s a record of what you experience, learn and then apply. The term is generally used to mean a physical folder or portfolio documenting your development as a professional.
Why do we need continuing professional development?
The same is true for professionals with many years experience in the workplace.Continuing professional development is important because it ensures you continue to be competent in your profession. It is an ongoing process and continues throughout a professional’s career.
What are the advantages of professional development?
1. Increase Retention
2. Build confidence and credibility
3. Make succession planning easier
4. Re energize your staff
5. Improve efficiency
What is the CPD Guidelines issued by PRC?
The Continuing Professional Development Program Management Committee (CPD-PMC) of the Professional Regulation Commission clarifies that Continuing Professional Development (CPD) as mandatory requirement in the renewal of professional license under Section 10 of R.A. 10912, otherwise known as the CPD Law of 2016, shall be implemented after the effectivity of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of R.A. 10912 which will be in March 2017. Thereafter, the CPD Council for each regulated profession shall issue its Operational Guidelines to implement the general IRR for its profession.
However, for those professionals whose Professional Regulatory Laws require CPD credit units prior to the renewal of Professional Identification Cards (PICs), or the professional license, compliance with CPD remains mandatory.
How many CPD units is required for Nurses?
Section 19 of Section 5: CPD Credited Units
45 Credit Units – Nursing, Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Agriculture, Architecture, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Criminology, Customs Brokers, Dentistry, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Environmental Planning, Fisheries, Forestry, Geodetic Engineering, Geology, Guidance and Counseling, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture, Librarian, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Technology, Medicine, Metallurgical Engineering, Midwifery, Mining Engineering, Naval Architecture, Nutrition and Dietetics, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Professional Teachers, Psychology, Radiologic Technology, Real Estate Service, Respiratory Therapy, Sanitary Engineering, Social Work and Veterinary Medicine
120 Credit Units – Accountancy
30 Credit Units – Chemical Technician, Dental Technician, Dental Hygienist, Master Electrician, Electronics Technician, Master Plumbing, Certified Plant Mechanic, Medical Laboratory Technician, Metallurgical Plant Foreman, Mine/Miluquarry Foreman, Detailman, X-Ray Technician and Real Estate Sales Person
When will this be fully implemented?
The Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Program Management Committee of the Professional Regulation Commission announces that the CPD compliance as a requirement for the renewal of Professional Identification cards (PICs) is not due for implementation until the issuance of the CPD General Implementing Guidelines which shall take effect in March 2017.
How many CPD units do I need if I renew my license now?
You can renew your license without cpd units till DECEMBER 2017.
January-2018 – 15 units
2018 – 30 units
2019 onwards– 45 units
1 year before expiration you can renew through PRC website.
How can I earn my CPD units?
The following tasks or activities can be counted as CPD Units for renewal of PRC Card.
Attainment of higher academic qualifications such as master’s or doctorate Degrees
Professional chair appointment,
Additional specialty/sub-specialty programs,
Self-Directed Training offered by non-accredited CPD providers evaluated by CPD Councils; or other such activities recommended by CPD Councils and approved by the Board and the Commission.
Professional Track and Self Directed Training may be in the form of face to face interaction or done online. Accredited CPD Providers may be Local or Foreign.
Where can I acquire my CPD units in the Philippines?
What happens if I fail to comply the required CPD units?
If you did not comply, then you will not be permitted to renew your license. Practicing your profession without an updated license is punishable by law. As stated in the law, CPD is a mandatory requirement in the renewal of Professional ID Card (PIC). If a professional fail to comply with this, he/she will not be able to renew her PIC. Also, as stated in the law, RA 10912, Article 3, Section 13, “All concerned government agencies and private firms and organization employing professionals shall include the CPD as part of their human resource development plan and program”. Your employer should be able to help you comply with CPD as well. Another thing, there are a lot of ways you can earn CPD Units and it is something to be done in a span of 3 years or your next renewal.
Are OFWs or nurses working abroad exempted?
OFWs are not exempted.
OFW professionals also need to comply with the CPD units requirements. You can earn CPD units abroad provided that you have supporting documents to prove it. The CPD council for your profession will dictate the equivalency of such seminars. | <urn:uuid:8165d502-444d-4b0f-952a-cb276e852e3f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.nursingcpdunits.com/2018/01/01/what-is-continuing-professional-development-cpd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.912705 | 1,132 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Fish plays no role in the prevention of heart failure, but it can be partly beneficial for people with diabetes, according to a large prospective population study.
The study, which was started in 1990 and involved all men and women over the age of 55 living in a suburb of Rotterdam, found no difference in the risk of developing heart failure between those who did eat fish and those who didn't.
Advertisement"Scientists and health authorities are increasingly persuaded that the intake of fish - even in small amounts - will protect against the risk of fatal myocardial infarction," said study investigator Dr Marianne Geleinjse from Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
"However, there is no strong evidence that eating fish will protect against heart failure. One study has suggested that this might be so, but we could not confirm it in our cohort study of older Dutch people," added Geleinjse.
While heart failure treatments are often limited to palliative care, much rests on prevention.
The current study was aimed to investigate whether intake of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish conferred protection against heart failure as they seem to do against coronary heart disease.
The analysis comprised 5299 subjects (41 percent men, mean age 67.5 years) who were free from heart failure and for whom dietary data were available.
During 11.4 years of follow-up, 669 subjects developed heart failure.
Their habitual diet had been assessed at baseline (in a self-reported checklist and by expert interview), with subjects specifically asked to indicate the frequency, amount, and kind of fish they had eaten, either as a hot meal, on a sandwich, or between meals.
Results showed that the dietary intake of fish was not significantly related to heart failure incidence.
However, in diabetic subjects the researchers saw a slight improvement.
The study is published in the October issue of the European Journal of Heart Failure.
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:d92692a2-ce45-4419-b685-0e3f604bed49> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Eating-Fish-doesnt-Save-You-from-Heart-Failure-58795-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718987.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00041-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971073 | 407 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Pink Flannel Flower or Actinotus forsythia is a rare form of Flannel Flower found on the cliff edges in the highlands of the Southern reaches of the Great Barrier Range on the eastern coast of Australia. This plant was for many years considered a botanical fiction. After 1997 as the rate of wild fire became more common on the higher levels of the ranges, the Pink Flannel Flower began to bloom more often. It is not endangered, however is only seen above 800meters on the ridges after fire and subsequent rain. It can be one of the first sources of food for insects, small mammals and birds after the divesting fires we see here. Its presence coming up from the ashes brings a strong sense of relief and hearts joy. It is a flower the locals take joy in. Often when the news of its flowering spreads through the small communities there is a constant stream of visitors to the flowering sites.
This image was taken on the Narrowneck Plateau Rd Katoomba 2013 after a controlled burn, fire hazard reduction.
This product is no longer in stock | <urn:uuid:68466347-666b-41e4-985a-6e582fa06577> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://shop.humanifest.com/index.php?id_product=79&controller=product | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575860.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923022706-20190923044706-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.950947 | 223 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Along with the blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus) and the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus), the grey reef shark is one of the three most common sharks inhabiting Indo-Pacific reefs. They actively expel most other shark species from favored habitats, even species larger in size. In areas where this species co-exists with the blacktip reef shark, the latter species occupies the shallow flats, while the former stays in deeper water. Areas with a high abundance of grey reef sharks tend to contain few sandbar sharks (C. plumbeus), and vice versa; this may be due to their similar diets causing competitive exclusion.
Walk through an amazing tropical entryway and be transported to a Long Beach hideaway. Fresh seafood, prime cuts, and innovative fare with a subtle Polynesian twist, The Reef on the Water puts a classy and delectable spin on California’s surf and turf cuisine. Bask in the beautiful California sun by day and experience the twinkling lights of the Long Beach Harbor by night. The Reef offers an unforgettable culinary experience with unmatchable views of the Long Beach skyline that is sure to impress.
This species is taken by commercial and artisanal longline and gillnet fisheries throughout its range. It is valued for meat, leather, liver oil and fishmeal. The Caribbean reef shark is the most common shark landed in Colombia (accounting for 39% of the longline catch by occurrence), where it is utilized for its fins, oil and jaws (sold for ornamental purposes). In Belize, this species is mainly caught as bycatch on hook-and-line intended for groupers and snappers; the fins are sold to the lucrative Asian market and the meat sold in Belize, Mexico, and Guatemala to make "panades", a tortilla-like confection. A dedicated shark fishery operated in Belize from the mid-1900s to the early 1990s, until catches of all species saw dramatic declines. The flesh of this species may contain high levels of methylmercury and other heavy metals.
The Caribbean reef shark was originally described from off the coast of Cuba as Platypodon perezi by Poey in 1876. Bigelow and Schroeder later described the same species as Carcharhinus springeri in 1944 and the reef shark appears in much literature under this scientific name. The genus name Carcharhinus is derived from the Greek “karcharos” = sharpen and “rhinos” = nose. The currently accepted valid name is C. perezi (Poey 1876).
Like many sharks, the Caribbean reef shark mainly eats bony fishes. The shark uses six keen senses to locate its prey: olfactory, visual, tactile (including water vibration sensitivity through a lateralis canal system), auditory, gustatory, and electric reception. The Caribbean reef shark is especially adapted to detecting low frequency sounds (indicative of a struggling fish nearby).
Reef’s® 30-year heritage was born out of an idea by Fernando and Santiago Aguerre, entrepreneur brothers from South America with a love of surf and beach culture, to create a high-quality active lifestyle sandal. To bring their vision to life, the brothers moved to Southern California to manage the Reef brand, and they set up production in Sao Paulo Brazil in 1984, where they first produced the iconic sandal that made Reef the leader in open-toe footwear.
$eaworld biodiversity bluefin tuna Climate Change clownfish coral reefs crabs cuttlefishes deep sea dolphins endangered extinction fins fishes frogfishes ghost pipefish global warming Indonesia jellyfish mantas mantis shrimp marine biology Marine Conservation Marine Mammals Marine Protected Areas Marine Science morays nudibranchs octopuses oil spill orca overfishing Papua New Guinea phytoplankton plastics polar bears pollution scuba seafood sea horses sea level rise sea turtles sharks shrimp whales
Corals, including some major extinct groups Rugosa and Tabulata, have been important reef builders through much of the Phanerozoic since the Ordovician Period. However, other organism groups, such as calcifying algae, especially members of the red algae Rhodophyta, and molluscs (especially the rudist bivalves during the Cretaceous Period) have created massive structures at various times. During the Cambrian Period, the conical or tubular skeletons of Archaeocyatha, an extinct group of uncertain affinities (possibly sponges), built reefs. Other groups, such as the Bryozoa have been important interstitial organisms, living between the framework builders. The corals which build reefs today, the Scleractinia, arose after the Permian–Triassic extinction event that wiped out the earlier rugose corals (as well as many other groups), and became increasingly important reef builders throughout the Mesozoic Era. They may have arisen from a rugose coral ancestor. Rugose corals built their skeletons of calcite and have a different symmetry from that of the scleractinian corals, whose skeletons are aragonite. However, there are some unusual examples of well-preserved aragonitic rugose corals in the late Permian. In addition, calcite has been reported in the initial post-larval calcification in a few scleractinian corals. Nevertheless, scleractinian corals (which arose in the middle Triassic) may have arisen from a non-calcifying ancestor independent of the rugosan corals (which disappeared in the late Permian). | <urn:uuid:0c2721b0-398d-4eb6-b0ee-c4d4e9e86c77> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://thewanderersnotepad.com/reef-runner-cicada-reef-band.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256100.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520182057-20190520204057-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.929721 | 1,160 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The age of accountability is a teaching in Christianity which posits an age at which children are deemed responsible for their actions. Proponents believe that before this age where sufficient cognitive awareness of self-determined actions is reached, sins and the ensuing punishment is not charged to the unconscious child’s account.
The exact age at which one acquires sufficient cognitive awareness of their actions (which, in turn makes them accountable for their actions) is not known. Jewish tradition holds to it being around the age of 12 (bar mitzvah). Other traditions such as Methodists have confirmation at the age of 13 (a commonly accepted age).
Some passages that lend weight to this teaching are:
- Jonah 4:11 – God seems to compare innocence of the unconscious animals to the children of Nineveh.
- Deuteronomy 1:39 – This is perhaps the clearest affirmation of the doctrine of the age of accountibility as it is a clear charge to the Israelites to teach “your children who do not yet know good from bad”. This verse helps pave the way for the Deuteronomy 6:4
- Isaiah 7:14-16 – Speaks about he complete righteousness of the promised messiah. This verse is especially powerful since it also affirms that children do sin before they are consciously aware of it.
Additionally the following verses give us additional reason to think that:
- Genesis 18:25 God’s judgement are not arbitrary. They are based on conscious and willful disobedience.
- Deuteronomy 24:16, Ezekiel 18:20 God does not charge the sins of the fathers to the children (or vice versa). We are each accountable for our own sins.
- Luke 12:42-48 Our knowledge determines our degree of punishment. | <urn:uuid:0f4cdde2-5add-4190-84ff-7906807810b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://reasontostand.org/archives/2010/01/06/wordy-wednesday-age-of-accountability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023865238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305125105-00090-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954787 | 364 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Internet protocol, or IP tackle, is a novel quantity (like a cellphone number) that’s given to you by your service provider. 1 For these functions, the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets and gives an addressing system. There are a selection of various protocols to do different jobs on the network. IP addressing entails the project of IP addresses and related parameters to host interfaces.
Its successor is Internet Protocol Model 6 (IPv6). Stands for “Internet Protocol.” IP supplies a normal set of rules for sending and receiving knowledge over the Internet It allows gadgets operating on totally different platforms to speak with one another as long as they’re linked to the Internet.
BE AWARE: IP can also be quick for “IP tackle,” as in “What’s your IP?” On this case, IP refers back to the unique identifier of a system, not the protocol itself. Each IP datagram can be given a precedence value ranging from 0-7 showing the importance of the datagram.
This was one of many first Internet services developed and it permits users to maneuver files from one laptop to a different. VoIP services convert your voice into a digital sign that travels over the Web. As indicated in the Internet Protocol Stack Determine the UDP protocol is commonly used as the essential protocol in client-server software protocols such as TFTP, DNS and many others.
Before transmission of those packets, these segments are encapsulated into an IP datagram. The protocol should guarantee that a transaction is carried out at most one time and any duplicate packets obtained by the server should be discarded. Internet Protocol is connectionless and unreliable protocol. | <urn:uuid:f37fe495-f511-42fc-a3a9-d14d9fda84b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://buygeneric8cialis.com/web-protocols.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.907824 | 343 | 3.5 | 4 |
100%(1)1 out of 1 people found this document helpful
This preview shows page 1 - 5 out of 17 pages.
Contemporary Black Urban Music09/09/2014°°°*song list°Name °Record label °Year of release°Name of artist°°Journals°Half a page/song°Relate to themes°Up until the end of 1999, anything rap°Lyrical excerpts (+ top 4 ^)°Creative °10 categories, 8 songs
Class Notes09/09/2014°What is hip hop? A movement expressed through artistic forms called elementsWhat is rap? Talking in rhythm to the rhythm of a beat, “something you do” vs. Hip hop –a primarily musical culture, a way of life, “something you live” 4 Main Elements of Hip Hop1.Rapping2.DJ’ing3.Graffiti4.Break/Street Dancing °Hip hop is an attitude. Hip hop doesn‘t change for you, you adapt to it. Hip hop is music that doesn’t appeal to the mainstream. In essence, Hip hop is the voice of a generation refusing to be silenced by:°- urban poverty°- inequality°- injustice°*hip hop reflects the change in the world°°Almost everyone within the age range of 13-35 appreciates hip-hop in some form-- 80% of targeted group are Caucasian. Hip hop is a lifestyle with its own language andstyle of dress. When comparing other musical forms to Hip hop and the impacts on world trends and tastes; no music has made the same impact as Hip hop.°°In 1984, Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin founded Def Jam Records in a New York University dorm room with a simple five thousand dollar investment, and look where it has landed them today.Hip hop CD sales hit one billion in 2003 thanks to likes Eminem and 50 Cent.
*Top 2011/2012 Hits°°* hip hop began in the poor black neighborhood in NYC, The Bronx, 1979°°- Rap music was distributed through cassette recordings, sounded like the black music of the day which was heavy funk or more than often disco music°°Basic function was to serve as dance music as did the Jamaican “toasting” musicwhen it was originated °5thHip hop Element: human beat boxing, fashion, and activismHip hop is a cultural movement that began among urban African Americans and Latinos in the Bronx New York City in the early 1970s, and has since spread around the world.Some consider beatboxing the fifth element of Hip hop; others might add political activism, Hip hop fashion, Hip hop slang, double dutching (an urban form of rope skipping) or other elements as important facets of Hip hop.The term has since come to be a synonym for hip hop music (or rap music) to mainstream audiences.The origin of the term "Hip hop" itself is unclear; but, over time, the term has taken on a life of its own.The movement that later became known as "Hip hop" is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, while competing DJ Afrika Bambaataa is often credited with having invented the term "hip hop" to describe the culture.
During the hip-hop block parties of the 1970s, the sounds of James Brown dominated the soundscape. Cuts such as Say It Loud, The Payback, Get Up, Get Into It and GetInvolved, Get on the Good Foot' and the B-boy anthem and sampling favorite Funky Drummer were staples. | <urn:uuid:a0ee44fb-688f-4a28-a618-38b7f00243cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/13977868/Contemporary-Black-Music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350706.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225012257-20210225042257-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.944926 | 745 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Fear, when harnessed properly, is an incredible survival tool. When you’re scared, your senses are heightened and your adrenaline is flowing. You’re more sensitive to sights and sounds. You’re a little bit stronger and a little bit faster than you may otherwise be, and these are excellent tools to have. The key is to manage your fear in order to use these tools to your advantage.
Just like every other step to survival, managing your fear is a just a matter of being properly prepared for it. Throughout the following paragraphs, we’re going to discuss ways to defeat your fear when SHTF instead of letting your fear defeat you.
The Downside of Fear
Survival depends almost entirely upon your mental state: it doesn’t matter how much food you have or how good your weapons supply is if you let your fear paralyze you. In a true SHTF scenario, you’re going to be scared; it’s almost a guarantee. Fear is a natural survival response to a threatening situation, so expect it. The key to survival, though, isn’t going to be who isn’t frightened but rather who manages their fear well enough to think around it.
In addition to the advantages of fear that we mentioned above, unmanaged fear can also cause several undesirable side effects that can get you killed. It’s these side effects that make it imperative for you to prepare yourself to defeat your fear and use it to your advantage. Fear can cause:
- Fight or Flight Response: this is survival 101 for our brain but can be lethal if you let the impulse control you blindly. Running or fighting are going to be your brain’s immediate responses to any extreme threat so be ready to manage this response.
- Paralysis: This is another ingrained response to extreme threat that your brain uses to make you “invisible” to the threat. Freezing up, both physically and mentally, can be prevented, or at least minimized, by good preparedness.
- Automatic Response: Reacting blindly without thinking is an extension of fight or flight. You want to act, not react. Again, practicing and preparing for different situations will help re-train your brain to think before you act.
- Tunnel Vision: Your brain automatically focuses on the threat to the exclusion of everything else in an attempt to determine the best route to survival. Unfortunately, in a SHTF scenario, there will most likely be numerous threats at once. Training your brain to remain focused on the big picture will save your life.
Now that you know what instinctive responses to expect, let’s talk about some of the tactics that you should use to train your brain to manage your fear.
One of the best ways to retrain your brain to react promptly and efficiently in a SHTF situation is to have a plan and to practice it. Muscle memory can help keep you moving in the right direction even when you’re under extreme mental duress. This is the reason that military units do drills: when you’re already prepared to react in a certain way in a given situation, fear isn’t as likely to paralyze you.
- Have Specific, Varied Plans of Action. Don’t just plan a general escape route that applies to all situations because every situation is going to be different. Have different escape routes based upon some exits being blocked. Practice defensive drills in case escape is impossible.
- Practice each Plan. You can’t expect your body or your brain to react seamlessly if you don’t actually physically practice each plan. Also, if you don’t practice, you won’t find any glitches in your plans. Practice every plan until it feels automatic and natural to you.
- Include Your Family in the Drills. By doing this, your brain will be assured that they are doing what they’re supposed to be doing and you can focus on doing your part to ensure survival for all of you.
Being intimately familiar with your environment will help your brain to process information and map out a new plan should your original plans go awry. Also, knowing your environment will help you plan for weak spots and will also give you an advantage over any threat, because they likely won’t have the knowledge that you do.
- Know every entrance and exit
- Know weak spots such as creaky floor boards, broken elevators, doors that tend to stick, or windy or sun-blind spots that may affect action in the case of attack.
- Know where rivers or creeks may swell, where trees may fall, or which roads may be impassible so that you can quickly evaluate which escape route will be best based upon the SHTF situation.
Knowing your environment will help your brain to function instead of allowing panic to set in.
Practice Relaxation Techniques
Simple relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and yoga can help strengthen your control over your emotions. If you feel panic setting in, a few deep, controlled breaths may mean the difference between life and death. Make this part of your daily lifestyle and when you need them, they’ll be a natural tool that you can use to defeat your fear in a SHTF situation.
Knowledge is power. Learn survival techniques including first aid, herbal therapies, outdoor cooking, natural sources of food and water, weapons training, and local procedures so that you know how to survive in your environment. If you’re already confident that you can survive without all of the modern amenities and that you know what to do in case of any emergency, you’ll be less likely to panic and more likely to defeat your fear in a SHTF scenario.
Being prepared to either bug in or bug out in a SHTF scenario will help you manage your fear. Here are a few tips:
- Have your bug out bags packed and keep them current.
- Keep your vehicles in good repair.
- Keep your weapons clean and at the ready. Teach your family how to safely use them if that’s part of your survival plan.
- Keep your stockpile up and make sure that you’re rotating so that everything stays fresh.
- Keep your home and property in good repair so that your property remains safe and secure in case of natural disasters.
Remain Physically Fit
This is one of the most important steps that you can take to manage your fear. If you know that you’re in good physical shape and can handle the physical stress that either escape or fighting will demand, you’ll be more confident and less likely to panic. Exercise is also a great way to gain mental discipline, which will also help you to defeat your fear in a SHTF situation.
Don’t Wait – Start Now
Now that you have some tools that you can use to help you prepare your brain to remain calm in an emergency, practice them. Just like with your emergency drills, training your brain requires repetition and practice. Survival really is dependent upon remaining calm and ready to evaluate any situation, so take these tips and start using them now so that you can defeat your fear in a SHTF scenario. | <urn:uuid:9ea1a87b-625d-4cf0-a696-c0d6a81af142> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.bioprepper.com/2013/11/22/how-to-defeat-your-fear-when-shtf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898978.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00222-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937043 | 1,481 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What does an eggshell do? Protect the yolk, correct? The same can be said for the function of your tooth enamel—it protects the dentin and the inner tooth from harmful plaque bacteria. Without proper teeth cleaning practices, the teeth are vulnerable to the chemical reaction between bacteria and food debris—it can produce acid that can erode the tooth enamel.
But your child may not know about the relationship between enamel and the inner as well as the importance of good oral hygiene. While some people learn from listening, many patients are visual learners, and that’s why we suggest you try this fun scientific activity—the egg experiment.
How Does the Egg Experiment Work?
It’s a simple and fun experiment that you can do with your child, and the supplies can be found in your kitchen.
You will need:
- 1 hard boiled egg
- A clear container (cup or bowl)
And follow these directions:
Step 1: Boil an egg for 10-15 minutes (timing depends on the size of the pan and stovetops heat)
Step 2: Set boiled egg aside to cool
Step 3: Place the boiled egg in the container
Step 4: Pour vinegar into the clear container
Step 5: Cover the cup or bowl and let it sit for 48 hours
At first contact, little bubbles (carbon dioxide) will start to cling to the egg. You can compare this to plaque bacteria sticking to the teeth. After the egg soaks for 48 hours, the egg should appear soft and brittle. Please make sure to point this out to your child before and after the 48-hour time frame.
What Is the Point of This Experiment?
The lesson here is to show your child that brushing and flossing teeth keeps plaque bacteria from breaking down the enamel.
Doing this experiment may stir your child’s interest, causing them to ask more questions about teeth, enamel and how to take care of them.
Do you need more educational resources for your child? Bring them into our Elmhurst dentist office for a checkup and rundown of key oral health and hygiene facts. We also have a number of educational videos you can show your child. Education is a step in the right direction to preventing cavities! | <urn:uuid:a7625169-559e-4553-a872-3862f9efc89f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://dewittdentistry.com/making-dentistry-in-elmhurst-fun-for-your-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.909146 | 467 | 3.984375 | 4 |
While most of us will agree that financially responsible children are likely to become financially responsible adults, when it comes to teaching children about money, many parents are not sure where or when to begin.
CredAbility, a consumer counseling agency based in Atlanta, offers these tips:
- Set an example—The first step in raising financially responsible children is to assess your own money management skills. Do you have a spending plan and do you know where your money goes each month? Making changes in your own spending and savings behavior will not only help you as you talk to your children about money, but will improve your financial outlook as well.
- Start early—Elementary school might be the right time to open your child’s first savings account. Some schools offer banking programs where a local bank works with the school and kids can open their own bank accounts. Once their account is established, they can make deposits at school or at a local branch office.
- Set goals—As adults, it’s sometimes tough to distinguish between wants and needs, so imagine how difficult it must be for a nine-year old who is convinced he needs the latest video game. Talk to your kids about what you want versus need, and how you plan to save up for that purchase. Your commitment will speak volumes to your children.
- Allowance—Allowance can be a great way to help children learn how to handle money. To encourage savings, you might provide two payments—one for saving and one for spending, so it is easy for your child to know the difference.
- Let them make mistakes—You may be tempted to stop kids from spending money in a way you might think is foolish or wasteful. Resist the temptation. Some of the best lessons your children learn will be from making mistakes. And lessons learned now will stick with them for a lifetime. | <urn:uuid:e0e3e7a7-ed5d-40c7-ac0b-bb779499a83f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://knowyouroptions.com/print/news/raising-financially-responsible-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772757.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00156-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960796 | 376 | 3.609375 | 4 |
(Natural News) Regular sessions of physical exercise could keep muscles and nerves from getting further injured by the resumption of blood flow after an injury started to heal. The Virginia-based researchers who made this discovery noted that the protective effect applied to both normal wounds and injuries inflicted during surgical operations.
“Ischemia reperfusion injury” is the medical term for injuries that stem from the renewed flow of blood through injured and healing tissue. It often affects patients who received traumatic injuries or underwent surgeries, as well as soldiers who got wounded on the battlefield.
A University of Virginia (UVA) research team led by Dr. Zhen Yan were determined to come up with an effective means of reducing blood flow-related injuries for these patients. Yan specialized in the cellular benefits of physical exercise. He reported that working out before the injury-causing event made it much less likely for muscles and nerves to sustain additional physical damage.
“Exercise-trained mice had a much better recovery, evidenced by less nerve damage, less muscle damage and less reduction of contractile function [in the muscle] immediately after injury and days later,” Yan explained. (Related: 6 Months of aerobic exercise can improve neurocognition among older people, says study.)
Physical exercise protects muscles and nerves from getting injured by restored blood flow
First responders and first aid providers sometimes need to keep a victim from bleeding out. Many use a tourniquet to halt blood circulation until the patient reaches the emergency room and receives replacement blood.
|Discover how to prevent and reverse heart disease (and other cardio related events) with this free ebook: Written by popular Natural News writer Vicki Batt, this book includes everything you need to know about preventing heart disease, reversing hypertension, and nurturing your cardiac health without medication. Learn More.|
However, stopping blood flow makes ischemia reperfusion injuries all the more likely. To prevent blood flow from causing further damage to already-injured wounds, circulation should only be cut off for a maximum of 90 minutes.
In order to evaluate the effects of reperfusion injury on both muscles and nerves, the UVA researchers created a mouse model. Mice were allowed to exercise in the form of voluntary running. Then they were subjected to surgical operations.
Furthermore, the researchers evaluated the level of oxidative stress experienced by the mitochondria of the cells once blood began flowing through the area again.
They found that mice that did physical exercises before their injury displayed reduced levels of damage from ischemia reperfusion. Pre-injury workouts strengthened the muscles and nerves, which protected the cells from getting damaged by restored blood flow. However, exercise did not reduce the amount of oxidative stress experienced by the tissues.
Working out strengthens muscle and nerve cells to resist damage
An earlier study by Yan examined the activity of muscle cells during the loss and restoration of blood flow. He compared the cells to circuit boards that were normally hooked up to wires but could get disconnected.
In that experiment, he treated the mice with a compound that protected the mitochondria of muscle cells from harm. Specifically, it shielded a structure called a neuromuscular junction, where the muscle and the nerve are physically linked in order to regulate the contraction of the muscle.
The compound protected the neuromuscular junction from taking any damage. In the future, a refined version could be adapted for emergency medical use by humans.
“On the battlefield, a simple thing to do is to put a bandage around the limb to block the circulation, to block the bleeding,” Yan explained in a press release. “But at a certain point, you have to re-establish circulation, and our approach could offer a way to minimize the collateral damage and get better outcomes.”
It appeared that physical exercise achieves the same protective effect as the compound. However, exercise used a different means of protecting the neuromuscular junction from getting damaged by ischemia reperfusion. | <urn:uuid:d0eff6a8-219a-4e30-9c8c-04f4bfe50cad> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://naturalnews.com/2019-05-20-exercising-after-surgery-improve-blood-flow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314959.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819201207-20190819223207-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.96228 | 813 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Chronicling the dramatic history of the Brazilian Amazon during the Second World War, Seth Garfield provides fresh perspectives on contemporary environmental debates.
His multifaceted analysis explains how the Amazon became the object of geopolitical rivalries, state planning, media coverage, popular fascination, and social conflict.
In need of rubber, a vital war material, the United States spent millions of dollars to revive the Amazon's rubber trade.
In the name of development and national security, Brazilian officials implemented public programs to engineer the hinterland's transformation.
Migrants from Brazil's drought-stricken Northeast flocked to the Amazon in search of work.
In defense of traditional ways of life, longtime Amazon residents sought to temper outside intervention.
Garfield's environmental history offers an integrated analysis of the struggles among distinct social groups over resources and power in the Amazon, as well as the repercussions of those wartime conflicts in the decades to come. | <urn:uuid:bbbb64b4-35db-4898-a4ff-fcfe29470d4e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Seth-Garfield/In-Search-of-the-Amazon--Brazil-the-United-States-and-the/21254618 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823320.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210080704-20181210102204-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.91162 | 186 | 2.875 | 3 |
Flashcards in Quarter 3 Test 3: Quiz 3 Deck (35):
This is the moral and ethical quality of people demonstrated in the actions taken in life consistent with the mind-set they establish in their lives.
Our life is ___________ when the principles we claim to believe for our lives equal the way we actually live our lives.
Our life is ______________ when the principles we claim to believe for our lives does NOT equal the way we actually live our lives.
If the principles of our life do NOT equal the way we actually live our lives, what are our only two options to make them equal?
Change our principles or change our behavior
Which Biblical character was used in the text to illustrate how an individual’s principles (living for God) did NOT equal what was actually done in their life (following their own direction)?
Which Biblical character was used to illustrate the confusion that results when we do not live in consistency with our beliefs?
Which Biblical character was used in the text to illustrate that God will NOT give up on us despite our actions?
Which Biblical character was used to illustrate that we can have faith in God’s plan and purpose for our lives even when the circumstances don’t seem like it?
This is an exertion of energy, power, or force to accomplish a desired end.
This is a group sharing common characteristics, interests, and heritage.
This is a linking relationship and association that joins, unites, and binds us to one another.
This is a feeling of appreciative, often deferential, regard and esteem.
This is the noblest form of love carried out in life’s relationships.
___________ is the forced act of serving another person…..and it is carried out in our ______.
__________is the decided act of serving another person…..and it is carried out in our______.
______________is the attitudinal act of serving another person...and it is carried out in our ________.
Use the Mutual Influence Model and list what NEGATIVE act you are NOT communicating.
1. _________ When you love and accept others……..you are NOT __________ them.
2. _______ When you listen and learn from others……..you are NOT _____________ them.
3. __________ When you serve and partner with others………you are NOT ________them.
How did Romero feel about the way Jason included him the construction project?
Why didn’t Romero feel a special connection to the people who built his home?
They didn’t have conversations with him, nor did they try to get to know him
What caused Jason’s continual frustration during the building project?
Focus was on other issues/not the job at hand
What expectation did Jason have that resulted in him not feeling appreciated?
He gave up his time and money to be there
What Biblical character was used by God to teach Peter that favoritism was wrong?
What Biblical character is used to illustrate that it is our responsibility to bring goodness into a situation where evil is prevailing?
How did Bonhoeffer illustrate giving his life to bring goodness in the face of evil?
He was committed to opposing the Nazi’s even to his death
Stereotypes endure because people tend to overestimate the association between variables that are only slightly correlated or not correlated at all – which is known as an __________ ___________.
Stereotypes endure because people have a tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies their existing beliefs – which is known as ___________ _______.
Stereotypes endure when people believe that most other people share their stereotypes – this is known as ______ _____________ _____.
False consensus bias
Sycophants are an example of which stereotype?
False consensus bias
Someone saying “the reason why they are poor is because they are lazy” is an example of which stereotype?
Someone saying “teenagers don’t have respect for the sacrifices of older generations” is an example of which stereotype?
Known as the process of displacing aggression or projecting guilt onto a group of people.
The place where prejudices are learned through society where privileges are given to a select group.
The place in society that promotes prejudices through images using stereotypes.
The act of individuals in society choosing to socially isolate themselves. | <urn:uuid:fb3cc398-8c6f-430b-8dda-bf1fe0fbb0bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/quarter-3-test-3-quiz-3-3504960/packs/4595975 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583875448.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122223011-20190123005011-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.939843 | 911 | 3.609375 | 4 |
[Portrait of Isaac Jefferson (1775-c.1850), Tinsmith, blacksmith and nailer, Enslaved artisan at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello (Unattributed)]
Excerpt from “THE ROSEHEAD NAIL”
“But can you forge a nail?” the blond boy asks,
And the blacksmith shoves a length of iron rod
Deep in the coal fire cherished by the bellows
Until it glows volcanic.”
- A. E. Stallings (Stallings)
When they came back from their service in the Revolutionary War, you might have found Warwick Green and Newport Green in their own nailer shop along the Dedham road in Medfield, Massachusetts just south of the eastern end of today’s Vine Lake Cemetery (Callendar). They had finally been paid for their six months of service at West Point two years after the fact, in 1782 (Mass. Archives), a likely source for at least part of their financing .
Let’s take a moment to step back in time and watch Warwick at work. With iron bars fresh from the slitting mill a few days earlier, Warwick Green of Medfield grabs the unheated end of the nearly white glowing rod, now malleable, from the fire and places it on his anvil. He soon works its end to a thin point and forms a “shoulder”on it to define the length of the nail, followed by a partial cutting by pounding it on his chisel and breaking it off with his header tool. He grabs his hammer and bears down on the top, creating the telltale rosebud-like nail head (How).
Believe it or not, both Warwick and Newport would have likely made one about every thirty seconds, typical for the times, thus the largely forgotten expression, “Busy as a nailer.” Their services were in high demand as exemplified by this Boston Gazette Medfield help ad placed in the fall of 1775:
Medfield, October 3d, 1775. Wanted immediately two or three Nailers that understand that branch of Business ⸻Such persons may have present Employ by applying to Jesse Pratt of Medfield” (Advertisement Boston).
The nails that the two men produced were precious items in Medfield and elsewhere before, during and after the Revolution. It is speculated by some that derelict houses were set on fire at one time or another to recover the product. A century later when nails were much less expensive due to advances in manufacturing, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote of their continued value in her novel, Little House on the Prairie, based on her own childhood experiences (Sichel).
“Now Pa carefully took the nails …., and with ringing blows of the hammer he drove them into the slab. …. [E]very now and then a nail sprang away from the tough oak when the hammer hit it, and if Pa was not holding it firmly, it went sailing through the air. Then Mary and Laura ….searched in the grass till they found it. Sometimes it was bent. Then Pa carefully pounded it straight again. It would never do to lose or waste a nail” (Wilder).
Newport likely learned his trade from his owner, Moses Hartshorn, a Medfield blacksmith, before the War (Bill). It is believed a neighbor upon witnessing how cruelly he was being treated bought him and then released him from bondage (Morse). Another enslaved man in town, Peter Warren, had to buy his freedom in 1769 from his owner, Medway’s Joseph Lovell (Jameson). As for Warwick, he became free some time before the end of the Revolutionary War, evidenced by his receipt of pay directly for military service at West Point (Mass. Archives).
Years later, when Newport sold his nail shop, he sold his inventory along with it, which included “bellows, two hammers & one Stake” (Green to Mann). His colleague Warwick ended up moving to the neighboring town of Dover along with his family (1810 Census) but he is purported to have produced the nails used to build the First Parish Unitarian in Medfield (Crawford), a church built in 1789 that is still standing in the center of town (First). And somewhere in the archives of the Medfield Historical Society lie nails that he hand crafted, to be rediscovered by a new generation.
Newport and Warwick were advanced in age when, in 1813, a nail factory was built along the Mill Brook south of Main Street. The Industrial Revolution would lead to the total mechanization of their former trade in the years to come. According to President John Adams in a letter to the founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the real reason for the end of slavery in Massachusetts “was the multiplication of labouring White People, who, would no longer suffer the Rich to employ these Sable Rivals, so much to their Injury” (Adams) In other words, white men could not compete with the free labor of the enslaved, especially with so many men returning after the Revolution. So in a real sense, the two men would have had two strikes against them, mechanization of the industry and the color of their skin. What work or profession could Newport and Warwick have found in the first half of the nineteenth century?
If you would like to pay your respects to all three men, Warwick, and Newport, as well as Peter, head over to Baxter Park in Medfield at the intersection of Routes 109 and 27 where you will see their names listed on the Revolutionary War memorial. Ironically, the park is named after an enslaver, Reverend Joseph Baxter, the town’s second minister (Baxter), a subject for another day.
NOTE: The finding of more sources or interpretations may affect the conclusions.
1810 Census. Dover, MA. Dover, MA 1810 Federal Census. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYBD-9DY6?view=index&personArk=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AXH2W-797&action=view
Adams, President John. Letter to Jeremy Belknap on slavery in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Historical Society. https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=586&img_step=1&mode=dual#page1
“Advertisement.” Boston Gazette, or, Country Journal (Watertown, Massachusetts), no. 1065, October 16, 1775: . Readex: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.nehgs.idm.oclc.org/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&docref=image/v2%3A14F3A2FAE57307E9%40EANX-1044526B11E7B285%402369654-1044526B8994CF74%403-1044526C777DE282%40Advertisement.
Baxter, Reverend Joseph – MEDFIELD – 1745 – Suffolk County Probate, Suffolk County First Series, Record Books, 1628-1899, Docket 8263, Will 37:518. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9YT-9NMJ?cat=120561 This link will bring you to Baxter’s probated inventory that includes his enslaved worker, Nanny.
Callendar to Green. “Massachusetts Land Records, 1620-1986,” images, FamilySearch https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9Z3-QGC7?cc=2106411&wc=MCB5-YPN%3A361613401%2C362225301 : 22 May 2014, Suffolk > Deeds 1788-1789 vol 162-164 > image 462 of 904; county courthouses and offices, and offices. Transcription by Susan G. Elliott, October 31 2023.
Crawford, Alice. Personal interview, 50 Granite Street, Medfield, MA. January 1, 1991. The interview was conducted by Debbie Irwin and Lisa Quintiliani. The Green Family. Further documentation is needed to substantiate this claim. The reference to the interview is filed in the “Green” folder at the Medfield (MA) Historical Society.
First Parish UU of Medfield. “Our History.” https://www.firstparishmedfield.org/our-history/
Green, Newport. Bill of Sale. Medfield Historical Society. The bill of sale owned by and on display at the Medfield (MA) Historical Society.
Green to Mann. “Massachusetts Land Records, 1620-1986,” images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9Z3-QGC7?cc=2106411&wc=MCB5-YPN%3A361613401%2C362225301 : 22 May 2014), Suffolk > Deeds 1788-1789 vol 162-164 > image 462 of 904; county courthouses and offices, Massachusetts. Transcription by Susan G. Elliott, October 31 2023.
“How to Make a Nail in the 18th Century.” Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF6mXGrV4tM
Jameson, Ephraim Orcutt, The History of Medway, Mass., 1713-1885. Town of Medway, 1886, Medway. https://archive.org/details/historyofmedwaym00jame/page/320/mode/2up?view=theater
Massachusetts Archives. Familysearch.com. Revolutionary War Muster Rolls v 49 p 164. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSJ7-493F-P?cat=729681
Morse, Mary. “Items and Facts.” Medfield Historical Society. July 3, 1877. Handwritten
Sichel, Daniel E. “The Price of Nails Since 1695: A Window into Economic Change.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, no. 1 (2022): 125–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27099462.
Stallings, A. E. “The Rosehead Nail.” Poetry (May 2013). https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/56231/the-rosehead-nai
Tilden, William Smith. History of the Town of Medfield, Massachusetts, 1650 – 1886. H. E. Ellis, 1887, Boston. Tilden, William Smith. History of the Town of Medfield, Massachusetts, 1650 – 1886. H. E. Ellis, 1887, Boston. https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofm00tild/page/6/mode/2up
Unattributed – Tracy W. McGregor Library of American History, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21874283l
Wilder, Laura Ingalls. Little House on the Prairie. 1935. | <urn:uuid:9927e2fa-7bea-43f4-abbc-ccae3257f409> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://enslavednewengland.org/2023/11/12/busy-as-a-green-nailer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.926882 | 2,483 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Locate medical conditions by their starting letter
Medical Conditions found related to the search term: W
Granulocytes are a typeof white blood cell that help fight infection. 'A granulocytosis ' and 'neutropenia' are terms often used to describe a deficiency of these cells.
Weight loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is used to treat people who are dangerously obese.
A coated or white tongueoccurs when the surface is colonised by bacteria or fungi, and dead cells become trapped between the small nodules on the tongue.
Panniculitis is a broad term refering to inflammation of the fatty layer underneath the skin. It's usually seen in women, on the thighs and lower legs.
Cancer of the womb (uterus) is a common cancer that affects the female reproductive system. It's also called uterine cancer and endometrial cancer.
Watering eyes occur if too many tears are produced or if they cannot drain away properly.
Genital warts are small fleshy growths, bumps or skin changes that appear on or around the genital or anal area.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare disease which causes the walls of the blood vessels to become inflamed (swollen).
A herpetic whitlow, or whitlow finger,is an abscess of the end of the finger caused byinfection with the herpes simplex virus (the "cold sore virus").
Urticaria also known as hives, weals, welts or nettle rash is a raised, itchy rash that appears on the skin.It may appear on one part of the body or be spread across large areas.
Leptospirosis is a type of bacterial infection spread by animals. It's caused by a strain of bacteria called leptospira.
Norovirus, which causes diarrhoea and vomiting, is one of the most common stomach bugs in the UK. It's also called the "winter vomiting bug" because it's more common in winter, although you can catch it at any time of the year.
Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways.
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is a general term used to describe the pain felt in muscles, nerves and tendons caused by repetitive movement and overuse.
Warts are small lumps that develop on the skin. Verrucas are a type of wart that affect the bottom of the feet.
Warfarin is the main oral anticoagulant used in the UK. Oral means it's taken by mouth. An anticoagulant is a medicine that stops blood clotting.
Sudden, noticeable weight loss canhappen after astressful event, although it can also be a sign of a serious illness.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus that's found in many countries around the worldand spread by mosquitoes.
Whiplash injury is a type of neck injury caused by sudden movement of the head forwards, backwards or sideways.
The removal of wisdom teeth, or third molars, is one of the most common procedures carried out in the UK.
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition that causes the heart to beat abnormally fast for periods of time. | <urn:uuid:11aff668-f307-47db-b495-8f8009ac7d5d> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.zana.com/medical-conditions/W | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529175.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723085031-20190723111031-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.948694 | 706 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sushi is a raw fish form that has been transformed into an art form. Sushi is a popular food choice and can be found on almost every corner in certain cities.
It is super healthy and full of omega-3 fatty acid. It is fresh so it is healthier than processed food …. It’s amazing what these delicious creations can do.
Not so healthy
Sushi is high in sugar. Rice is made with rice vinegar and sugar. Each cup of rice contains one tablespoon of sugar. Rice spikes blood sugar levels so you get double the sugar. You aren’t eating a very healthy meal if you add the sugar in sauces.
Wasabi gives sushi an extra kick. It isn’t real. Many restaurants offer colored horseradish. One dye, food coloring Yellow #5, is a well-known carcinogen.
Are you irritable and forgetful about your car keys? Do you feel weak and numb after eating? You might have been poisoned by your sushi last night.
Mercury is found in many ocean fish, including tuna, yellowtail and bluefin, as well as lobster, sea bass, sea bass, and lobster. Mercury can be a side effect of industrial pollution. Mercury is absorbed by fish, and you then get it from eating fish. Mercury is more abundant the more you eat. Eating out is not a good idea. Mercury poisoning can be very unpleasant and have long-lasting effects on children and fetuses.
Avoid sushi if you’re pregnant. Mercury is harmful to your baby and listeria can make it worse. Listeria is a bacterial infection that can be contracted from eating contaminated food such as raw fish.
At risk are pregnant women, newborns and those with compromised immune systems. Headaches, stiff necks, confusion, and convulsions are all possible symptoms. A pregnant woman may have miscarriage, stillbirth or be very sick. Listeria can be contracted from eating bad fish. It can also develop up to seventy-days later.
tuna has been found to contain salmonella. Salmonella can be transmitted by freezing fish. Salmonella can be prevented by cooking, provided that the contamination did not occur after you eat. Salmonella can be contracted by stomach flu.
Scombroid Food Poisoning
Scombroid food poisoning is not something you should do unless you live near the coast. Have you ever heard of it before? Scombroid food poisonings account for roughly 38% of all seafood-related food poisoning outbreaks.
Fish can rot if they are not kept at the right temperature during transport. The muscle starts to break down and releases histamine. An allergic reaction can cause a rash, flushing, headaches, dizziness, sweating, and other symptoms such as rash, rash, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and flushing. Anaphylaxis can occur if the reaction is severe.
For millennia, we have used the oceans as garbage dumps. Fish are contaminated with pesticides and PCBs. Consuming contaminated fish can be just as harmful as eating the original toxins.
Ciguatera is another man-made poison (fertilizer). Ciguatoxins are not common, but fertilizers in the ocean cause ciguatoxin to create algae to “bloom”. Reef fish, particularly reef fish, can concentrate it through feeding. Ciguatera can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea as well as neurological symptoms such anxiety, hallucinations, and other mental disorders. The symptoms can last for years, or even a few years.
Are you feeling like you’re not the only one in your body? A tapeworm could be accompanying you on this ride. Many internal parasites can be found in animals, including you. Many parasites can be found in fish, which makes it possible for them to make the transition to humans.
Tapeworms can enter your body through the larvae or eggs that live in the muscles of fishes. The larvae won’t be killed because you’re not cooking them. Once the larvae has established itself in your stomach, the tapeworm will share everything you eat.
Herring Worm Disease
Are you experiencing abdominal pain? You might have a herringworm infestation. The cleanup crew (shrimps, crabs, and so on) will remove the infected sea mammal’s poop. The poop should be eaten. Your future sushi will eat that animal. The herringworms are then created when you eat raw fish.
Have you ever felt tingling in your mouth after eating sushi? It could be a herringworm. Vomiting? It is your body trying to rid itself of it. Stomach pain? Your new roommate has made your stomach ache better.
Is sushi too heavy for your stomach? Although it might be delicious, fashionable, and pretty to look at, each bite of sushi could have a life-altering effect. You have a good chance of becoming very sick by eating sushi. Although there aren’t any statistics showing how infections can be broken down by food type, one in six Americans suffers from food poisoning each year.
Avoid sushi for pregnant women, children and those with compromised immune systems. Although the side effects are not pleasant, they can cause serious or long-term harm. | <urn:uuid:68ac9c9d-55db-434b-a7c1-fd01161a6807> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://vanimaux.net/2021/06/30/what-can-happen-to-your-body-if-you-eat-sushi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.945219 | 1,096 | 2.9375 | 3 |
LE GRAND, Calif. — In recent years, California farms have seen a massive decline in beneficial insects, especially pollinators like bees, so nonprofit groups are stepping in to help bring them back.
Sam Earnshaw, agricultural consultant for Hedgerows Unlimited, which works with the Alliance on the Healthy Soils program, said pollinators are being wiped out for several reasons.
“The heavy use of pesticides, and then habitat degradation, and then climate change, of course, is affecting the way these organisms live,” Earnshaw outlined. “All these are a problem for pollinators, and we depend on pollinators for our food.”
He pointed out hedgerows made of native plants that flower sequentially all year long attract pollinators and beneficial insects, provide wind protection, store carbon and help with erosion control.
Christine Serrano grows almonds, corn, wheat, alfalfa and apricots at Serrano Farms in Le Grand, outside of Modesto.
“We’ve just noticed that we don’t have the bugs or the pollinators like we used to have,” Serrano observed. “They used to be prevalent, all around, and due to all the pesticides and things being sprayed, we just don’t have those anymore.”
Michael Serrano, her brother and co-manager of the ranch, said he’s trying to bring back the biodiversity that once existed, and rely less often on expensive pesticides.
“If the hedgerows can help us manage, where we don’t have to spray as much, and we get more ‘beneficials’ to our crops, that’s a win-win for everyone,” Serrano remarked.
The Serranos said they’re working to convince neighboring farms to be part of the hedgerow program, in hopes of making the entire area healthier and more productive.
Other types of landowners also can apply for grants to install native plantings through the Endangered Species Coalition’s “Pollinator Protectors” program. | <urn:uuid:6853da6b-fd00-40e3-8d66-2f3b53b6c7b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://el-observador.com/2021/03/26/farmers-team-up-with-state-nonprofits-to-protect-pollinators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.926996 | 439 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The internet has been searched for information/documentation about those who are mention as being killed in several sources. According to the memorial stone there are 16 missing victims as result of the bombing.
If anyone has some more information, please let me know.
On 3 October 1944, the dyke to the south of town was destroyed by British bombers – an event still known in Westkapelle simply as "'t Bombardement" ("the Bombardment") – to flood the German occupation troops in Walcheren and so make liberation easier. 180 inhabitants were killed in the bombing and the village was all but wiped off the face of the earth by the bombs and the incoming sea. On 1 November 1944, Allied troops performed an amphibious landing on the northern and southern edges of the gap made in the dyke. During these landings, only six people remained in the village; the rest of the survivors had been evacuated to other villages nearby. It took until 12 October 1945, more than a year later, to finally close the gap in the dyke.
A visible reminder of the Second World War is the brackish lake formed by the inrushing flood when the dike was bombed. An M4 Sherman tank was placed on the dyke as a memorial to the war and to the village's liberation. Behind the lighthouse, placed in a semicircle, are the graves of the war dead.
No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, copying of photographs, recording, scanning or any information storage, retrieval or archiving system, without the prior written permission of the author.
cellphone user, please use the triple stripes on the top left to continue on the site.
Philip Reinders, 2016 | <urn:uuid:bc2f184c-8c1f-4f7b-b9f8-241baa4bdba3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.missingsoldiersinthenetherlands40-45.com/missing-civilians-in-the-netherlands-1940-1945/bombardments-german-allied-missing-unknowns/03-10-1944-westkapelle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300810.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118092443-20220118122443-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.963315 | 436 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Global Illumination describes several algorithms used to calculate non-direct lights in game engines. In Godot, it’s implemented using the GIProbe node, which can calculate emissive lights and secondary reflections, giving you more accurate lighting in your scene at the cost of performance. In this tutorial we will go step by step through the process of setting up a GIProbe. You can learn more in the video embedded below.
The first step for setting up global illumination is to go through the scene, select each model that will participate in the calculations and select Use in Baked Lighting in the Geometry Instance section.
Once you have your models set to participate, it’s time to create a GIProbe node. Add a new Node to the Scene (doesn’t matter who it is parented to) of type GIProbe.
Now size the GIProbe box using the red/pink control handles, so that it envelops your scene. You can have multiple GIProbes per scene and having them overlap serves no purpose.
Now with at least one light source in the scene, with GIProbe selected, click Bake GI Probe in the menubar.
This will calculate the indirect lights in your scene. You can also have a GIProbe calculate the effects of emissive lights in your scene. Emissive lights are lights that are projected from textures. In a SpatialMaterial you can turn emissive on in the Emission tab by selecting Enabled. Emission is the color of the light emitted, while energy is the strength of the energy emitted.
Emissive lights will only be shown after being baked by a GIProbe. Emissive lights cannot move without baking the scene again. You can cause a GIProbe to bake lights in code using the following code:
This is an expensive operation and should not be performed lightly.
There are a couple of ways to control the quality of the lighting generated by a GIProbe. The first is by setting the Subdiv property in the GIProbe.
The higher the resolution, the better the results but more expensive the calculations. You can also change the quality of lighting in Project Settings by enabling High Quality in Voxel Cone Tracing.
Once again, this is a trade off between quality and performance. Finally I should point out that GIProbe only works with the OpenGL ES3 renderer, not in ES2. On ES2 you are instead stuck with traditional Light Baking, which takes less processing power, but produces inferior and less dynamic results.
Another thing to be aware of is dealing with the GIProbe inside the Godot Editor. The GIProbe, as shown above, is a giant green lattice, which can make viewing your scene somewhat difficulty. You may be tempted to hide the GIProbe like so:
Unfortunately this turns the GI off completely! If instead you want to hide the GIProbe in the viewport, you turn it off in the viewport menu. In the viewport, select View->Gizmoes->GIProbe.
This value is a toggle and controls ALL GIProbes in the scene.
You can learn more about Global Illumination and GI Probes in the video below. | <urn:uuid:92f99922-b9f0-4c2a-8f25-483dd901b5c6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.gamefromscratch.com/?tag=/Godot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146562.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226211749-20200227001749-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.90875 | 673 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Moisture Sources, Relative Humidity, and Mold
A little water goes a long way
We hear a lot about how moisture can be an indoor pollutant in tight houses. But just how much moisture can be a problem; how does boiling a pot of water compare to a 15-minute shower? This keeps some of us mold worrywarts up at night, so I thought it would be a good idea to run some numbers.
In the table below, look at how little water it takes to raise the relative humidity (RH) from a reasonable 50% interior RH to a mold-marginal 70%:
MOISTURE CONTENT: 800-square-foot apartment (6,400 cubic feet of interior space)
|Temperature (˚F)||Starting Relative Humidity (%)||Starting water content of apartment air (pints)||Add this much water to the apartment air (pints)||Resulting Relative Humidity (%)|
Source: Nathan Yost, 3-D Building Solutions
An interior RH of 70% will make just about everyone uncomfortable (see “Comfort Comes with Green Building"). It also means that cooler surfaces in the home can approach the dew point, a condition that mold and dust mites just love.
Moisture sources in the home
The table above tells us that adding less than a quart of water (2 pints) to this apartment’s air can be a problem; but just how much water is that? Time for table number 2:
Common Moisture Sources in the Home (family of 4)
|Source||Estimated Amount of Water (pints)|
|Indoor line-drying of clothes||4 – 6 per load|
|5 – 7 house plants||About 1 per day|
|Washing dishes (dinner, family of 4)||.7|
|Cooking (dinner, family of 4)||1.2 (1.5 with gas cooktop)|
|Respiration/perspiration||.4 per hour|
|Unvented kerosene space heater||7.6 per gallon of kerosene burned|
|Evaporation – new construction materials||10+ per day|
|1 cord green firewood stored indoors over 6-month period||400 - 800|
Source: Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota
Yikes! For a family of four, cooking dinner, eating, and then washing the dishes adds enough moisture to raise RH to levels that spell T-R-O-U-B-L-E. Turns out that there are lots of ways to dump what ends up to be quite a lot of water into the air. Admittedly, this is a rather small dwelling unit, and there is no air exchange accounted for in the first table.
But that is really the point. Every home, but especially an energy-efficient airtight one, needs dedicated air exchange, particularly in high-moisture areas like the kitchen and baths. So keep your eye on moisture sources in the home, ventilate for moisture control, and spring for a hygrometerA device that measures relative humidity of air. Mechanical hygrometers that rely on a coil of thin metal are not terribly accurate; electronic hygrometers available at most electronic or hardware stores are usually accurate to about plus or minus 2 - 3%. from Radio Shack for about $20 to keep track of interior RH.
Wed, 03/25/2009 - 14:50
Wed, 03/25/2009 - 15:51
Wed, 06/10/2009 - 17:19
Thu, 06/11/2009 - 06:11
Thu, 04/01/2010 - 14:40
Thu, 04/01/2010 - 15:05
Wed, 09/22/2010 - 16:47
Wed, 09/22/2010 - 18:35 | <urn:uuid:484160b1-c796-4006-9b27-6aec2fd76b45> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/building-science/moisture-sources-relative-humidity-and-mold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011030.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00044-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862181 | 806 | 2.609375 | 3 |
ILLINOIS STATE ARCHIVES
The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1827–1911
A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives
LETTER FROM NORTON & CO. TO THE CANAL TRUSTEES CONCERNING DEEPENING THE CANAL
May 7, 1866
Chicago in 1865 contained 178,900 inhabitants, all of whom were producing garbage and waste, most of which was deposited in the Chicago River. This virtually stagnant waterway was obnoxious to smell and a danger to public health. An act of the General Assembly approved in February of 1865 was designed to address this problem. Chicago was authorized to enter into an agreement with the canal trustees to deepen the canal's depth along the Summit Division. The new "deep cut" was to insure a steady flow of Lake Michigan water into the Chicago River, into the I and M, and from there into the Des Plaines River at Lockport. The Des Plaines connects with the Illinois River which flows into the Mississippi.
The project was to be conducted in stages and mostly while the canal normally was closed to traffic over the winter months. By the time this new cut had been completed in 1871 Chicago had invested nearly $3,000,000 in this work. But unfortunately, after only a single decade this solution no longer was viable. By 1881 an increased volume of sewage, an increasingly clogged canal, and a lower Lake Michigan level combined to pose a real health threat to Chicago residents.
Norton & Co. was a leading canal customer. It operated a major mill works at Lockport which was powered by canal water. Wheat was transported to those mills from the Chicago harbor and returned there in the form of flour, all by way of company owned and operated canal boats. The Norton company agreed to relinquish the claim it had filed in this document in return for a twenty-year lease of the additional water supply the "deep cut" promised to provide at Lockport when completed.
Points to Consider
Why was Norton & Co. submitting a claim for $24,800?
Why was the I and M being deepened in 1866?
How was this project going to impact residents along the Des Plaines, down river from Lockport?
Why would such a project not be acceptable today? | <urn:uuid:7a4baa00-297f-4dd0-a757-d459e79e36a0> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/teaching_packages/I_and_M_canal/doc46.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461132.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00315-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9753 | 468 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Archaeology in Israel Update - June 2010
Stephen Gabriel Rosenberg
W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem
Medieval aqueduct in Jerusalem
An aqueduct from the Ottoman period was uncovered at the north end of the Sultan's Pool just west of the Old City walls. It can be dated to 1320 CE and was carried on nine arches, two of which have been found, across the valley. This was part of a much earlier system that brought water from Solomon's Pool at Bethlehem to inner Jerusalem. The Ottoman rulers reused and rebuilt part of the ancient aqueduct and later converted it to a metal pipeline. The archaeologists knew of its existence from 19th century photographs but the arches did not come to light until repairs were made recently to the present water supply. The early photograph showed an inscription dating to 1320, dedicated to Sultan Nassar al-Din Muhammad Ibn Qalawun, according to Yehiel Zelinger, who led the excavation on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). The findings will be preserved in the redevelopment of the Sultan's Pool area, south-west of the Jaffa Gate.
Graves in Ashkelon
We have mentioned previously that work to the Barzilai Hospital emergency underground shelter facility was held up due to the location of graves on the site. After a lengthy period of Government indecision, the work is now going ahead, and the IAA have been authorized to excavate the bones, which are considered to be of pagan origin, although this is disputed by some orthodox protesters. The bones will be carefully collected and handed over to the Religious Ministry for safekeeping. During his work on the site, Dr. Yigal Israel, of the IAA, uncovered a drum-shaped base with carved garlands that is considered to have been a Roman altar, which further underlines the pagan nature of the cemetery, that would have served Hellenistic Ashkelon.
Middle Bronze Age cultic artifacts found in Yoqne'am
In an emergency dig by the IAA before the laying of a natural gas pipeline in the north, a cache of over 100 artifacts was uncovered in a rock hollow along the route. According to director Edwin van den Brink of the IAA, some of the small vessels, containing liquids and dated to 3,500 years ago, came from Cyprus and Mycene (Greece). The items were probably buried after going out of use, indicating that they had served a cultic function associated with a nearby shrine, and were not just to be destroyed but had to be buried. The site lies at the foot of the Tel at Yoqne'am, in the Yezri'el Valley, and the IAA has agreed to exhibit the artifacts later in the year.
MBA Tombs in Nazareth
After considerable work on a site in central Nazareth, due to be developed as an hotel and shopping mall, bones were uncovered and a halt was called to the work, for fear of demonstrations by religious groups. However the work was reorganized to be completed in just one long day, as was done recently, under the direction of Yardenna Alexandre (nee Rosenberg) of the IAA. The excavation went to a depth of 10 metres and exposed four MBA shaft tombs, one of a warrior buried with his weapons, and one that had been reused in the Iron Age. Full details are not yet available. During the work demonstrations did take place but the protestors were held back by Arab "bouncers" employed by the site's owner, and the 49 demonstrators were then taken away by the police into protective custody, for their own safety.
18th Anniversary of the Bible Lands Museum
This Museum, which stands opposite the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, has been celebrating its 18 years of existence with anniversary lectures and a special exhibition named Angels and Demons. The exhibition is devoted to Jewish magic through the ages and the catalogue contains learned articles, including one by Prof. Mark Geller of University College, London. The opening Ceremony was addressed by Sir John Boardman, of Oxford, who lectured on 'Greeks going East'. From this one can see that the Museum, which was founded by the late Dr. Elie Borowski in 1992, and is directed by his widow Batya, has now become a respectable centre of learning and excellence. In the early days, no self-respecting archaeologist and scholar would grace its doors, seeing that the exhibits were mainly bought on the market and some were of dubious origin. But with time this has changed and we have come to appreciate the wonderful range of artifacts and the scholarship that has accompanied their display. There are some excellent models and it is a great resource for teaching schoolchildren. | <urn:uuid:9b689a97-19d6-4227-a317-41b675c02e81> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://bibleinterp.com/articles/report1357923.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383263/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982052 | 975 | 2.625 | 3 |
Superclass: AGNATHA (jawless vertebrates)
No paired fins, cartilaginous skeleton, no scales, but bony dermal plates in Ostracoderms, cranium but no vertebrae
[lampreys, Ammocoetes larvae, hagfishes/ slime eels]
Lampreys are parasitic, and spawn in fresh water to Ammocoetes larvae. Hagfish are bottom scavengers.
Superclass: GNATHOSTOMATA (jawed vertebrates)
*Class: ACANTHODII (armored Paleozoic jawed fishes)
Probably the oldest jawed fish. Spiny projections, dermal armor, paired fins, operculum, ranged from a few inches up to 2 meters
*Class: PLACODERMI (placoderms; armored jawed fishes)
Plate-like armor, abundant in Devonian Period, cartilaginous skeleton, up to 10 meters long!
Class: CHONDRICHTHYES (cartilaginous fish)
Arose in Devonian period, placoid scales, great sense of smell, lateral line system, ventrally positioned mouth.
[chimeras or rat fish]
BONY FISH; OSTEICHTHYES – over 20,000 species
Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Operculum, bony skeleton, terminal mouth, swim bladder in most
Gars have ganoid scales, Amia (bowfin) has modern scales
division: Teleostei [teleost fish]
95% of all bony fish are in this division. They possess light modern cycloid or ctenoid scales.
Class: Sarcopterygii (fleshy-finned fish)
superorder: Dipnoi [lungfish]
Ancestor of amphibian, common in Devonian Period, extinct except Latimeria discovered off of South African Coast in 1938.
Class: AMPHIBIA (amphibians)
“Both Life”, Fewest numbers of species of all classes. Changes present for adaptation to terrestrial life. Land has many habitats, more oxygen than water, but is less dense for supporting body than water. The temperature fluctuates more on land.
Oldest tetrapod, from about 350 mya. Minute dermal scales, ray-fin tail, skull similar to Crossopterygian, sensory structures for aquatic environment. Gave rise to Reptiles.
“Smooth amphibians”. Origin may be monophyletic from the Labyrinthodont, or diphyletic with Anurans arising from Labyrinthodonts and Urodeles and Apodans separately from Crossopterygians. Features include moist glandular skin, no scales, keratinized skin, double circuit circulatory pattern.
order: Anura [frogs, toads]
order: Urodela [tailed amphibians, salamanders, Necturus]
order: Apoda [caecilians]
Burrow in swampy areas, many are blind
Class: REPTILIA (reptiles)
“Creeps”, originates in mid-Carboniferous Period with the Cotylosaurs and are dominant through the end of the Cretaceous Period. Originated from Labyrinthodonts. Reptiles are amniotes, have eggs with shells, keratinized skin with scales, imperfect 4-chambered heart, stronger skeleton & muscles than previous groups. Classified according to temporal arches.
subclass: Anapsida [*stem reptiles – Cotylosaurs, turtles]
Lepidosauria is the most successful group of reptiles [lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians, Sphenodon]
subclass Archosauria [crocodiles, *dinosaurs, *flying reptiles, *thecodonts]
*subclass Euryapsida – Sauropterygia, Ichthyosauria [plesiosaurs, fishlike reptiles]
*subclass: Synapsida [mammal-like reptiles – therapsids]
Single temporal fossa, size of a large dog, Permian-Jurrassic Periods, ancestor of mammals.
Class: AVES (birds)
Originated from bipedal dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx in Jurassic Period, have feathers, modern birds have no teeth, are endothermic, four-chambered heart, have great social organization and complex behaviors.
*subclass: Archaeornithes [ancestral birds – Archaeopteryx]
subclass: Neornithes [familiar birds]
Class: MAMMALIA (mammals)
Originated from Therapsids, have hair, mammary glands, 4-chambered heart, non-nucleated RBCs, endothermic, diaphragm for breathing, extensive cerebral cortex, and dentary bone is sole lower jaw bone.
subclass: Prototheria [egg-laying mammals (oviparous); monotremes are the only living order, platypus, echidnas= spiny anteater]
infraclass: Metatheria [yolk sac serves as placenta; pouched mammals; opossum, wallaby, kangaroo]
infraclass: Eutheria [true placental mammals; viviparous]
*denotes extinct taxa | <urn:uuid:e7a81dff-7e43-492b-bb5e-134e18235c3d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://sites.msudenver.edu/haysc/biology-courses/comparative-vertebrate-anatomy-bio-3220/vertebrate-classification-bio-3220/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00839.warc.gz | en | 0.740465 | 1,264 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Puppies and kittens are always adorable, no matter what the breed, and the companionship that they provide is one of the most precious things imaginable. I know that I can’t resist those puppy dog eyes or the chance to play with just about any of our furry friends.That being said, we as owners need to help control the pet population; in fact, the RSPCA shelters of Australia are often deluged with animals that are the offspring of other animals that haven’t been desexed.
Having pets desexed is very important for the health and happiness of Australia’s pet population. Not only is having your pet spayed or neutered great for controlling the number of strays that show up in Australia’s shelters, but having the procedures done for your cats and dogs can provide some lasting health benefits as well.
Health Benefits of Having Your Pet Desexed
Cats that haven’t been desexed can have problems later in life. Pyometra is a uterine infection that can threaten the lives of female cats and dogs. This condition is also very expensive to treat, especially compared to the low cost of desexing. Additionally, in male cats and dogs, prostate problems can arise when the animal is not desexed.
Additionally, as a general rule, cats and dogs that have been spayed or neutered have a tendency to live longer lives than those that have not.
Benefits for the Behaviour of Your Pet
The behaviour of puppies and kittens can also benefit from being desexed; female cats won’t yowl and go into heat, and male dogs also won’t feel the need to mark their territory with urine ALL THE TIME. Also, we all have seen a dog or two that becomes overly “affectionate,” which is why this type of procedure is so beneficial; your dog will no longer feel the need to engage in this behaviour.
Many owners also report that pets have gotten lost when they enter estrus because of a need to wander and mate. When a cat or dog has been desexed, this instinct is curbed, which reduces the chance of your cat or dog becoming lost or injured by a car or fall. This is especially true for breeds that spend a lot of time outdoors.
How it Benefits Your Community
Outside of pet health, there’s a lot of community benefit when you have your furry buddy desexed. Cats and dogs can definitely reproduce quickly; in fact, cats and dogs, if left to their own devices, can have more than 100 kittens and puppies in their lifetime. In Australia, there are 4.2 million dogs and 3.3 million cats, which make it easy to understand why the RSPCA shelters often have to take in 160,000 animals per year across Australia.
This isn’t a situation that’s tenable. During 2009 to 2010, it’s been estimated that more than 10,000 cats were euthanized in the nation. In that same period, about half of that amount of dogs were euthanized because of the fact that cats have a tendency to breed at a slightly faster rate than dogs.
This adds up to a lot of expense for the local communities that have to shelter, feed, and unfortunately, euthanize the sometimes feral animals.
Myths About Desexing Your Pet
One of the chief concerns expressed by owners is that the getting a dog or cat desexed will change their personalities. This is actually just a myth; most pets will be back to their same pleasant personalities within days of their operation, though you can expect some lethargy, general loopiness, and a need for attention for a few days as they heal from the surgery.
Another fairly persistent myth is that indoor pet owners don’t need to have the surgery because their puppy or kitten isn’t exposed to the outside world or other animals of their species. While this might mean that your cat or dog won’t have a litter, there’s always a chance of escapes or pregnancies by cats or dogs that you get in the future. Also, there are the aforementioned health benefits that can help your cat or dog become healthier and live longer.
Finally, it’s generally believed that this type of procedure will cause your pet to gain weight. This is also patently false; typically, it’s simple overfeeding that is the primary cause of this weight gain for desexed animals. To prevent weight gain, you’ll just have to regulate your furry pal’s diet.
The Best Stage of Life to Get Your Pet Desexed
Most vets will tell you that the best time for this type of procedure is when the animal is still relatively young; about four months old or older. This way, the recovery time is quick and it prevents any chance for the pet to accidentally have a litter. Additionally, early surgeries of this type are far less stressful for a younger pet and there is less of a risk of any form of complication during the procedure or during the recovery period.
So How Should I Go About Getting My Pet Desexed?
Across our great nation, there are several programs that can help you get your pet desexed. In fact, there’s even a National Desexing Month in July that can actually help bring down the cost of the procedure. Additionally, the network that runs this promotion also has applications in place that can help reduce the cost of this surgery.
As an animal lover, pet health is probably at the forefront of your thinking and helping manage the pet population should also matter a lot to you as well. Having your young cats and dogs desexed is going to make them happier and can extend their lives, so go out there, be a hero to the pets of Australia, and have your furry buddy desexed! | <urn:uuid:14c352ac-b92f-401c-b6ec-8e3f9b9fb188> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.west-coast.com.au/2017/06/the-importance-of-de-sexing-your-pet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038073437.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413152520-20210413182520-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.964398 | 1,217 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The merciless aerial battles taking place along the Western Front at the start of World War I were more than an ocean away, but many a young American dreamed of getting in on the action. Hundreds of them traveled to Britain or Canada, where they learned the art of combat flying with the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service (the two organizations would merge into the Royal Air Force in 1918).
Timed for this year’s World War I centenary, Gavin Mortimer’s new book The First Eagles: The Fearless American Aces Who Flew with the RAF in World War I brings his subjects to life by drawing from squadron diaries and from the American pilots’ letters and journals.
According to Mortimer, many of the Yanks happily took up the ways of their British hosts. “They bought English boots and leather belts from the officers’ store in Oxford, and some took to wearing British tunics with lapel collars instead of the U.S. Army-issue stand-up collars,” he writes. “They were also issued with Royal Flying Corps caps bordered with the white cadet band, and they adhered to the behavior expected of a British officer.”
In addition to profiles of the American pilots, The First Eagles includes 109 black-and-white archival photographs.
Larry Callahan was a tall, laid-back, 23-year-old from Kentucky who had cut short a career in finance to serve his country. A gifted ragtime pianist, he had a passion for liquor, women, and cards. His talents extended to the air. He and other American pilots trained with the Royal Flying Corps in England before being assigned to Allied airbases in France. As a fighter pilot with the 85th Squadron and the 148th Aero, he became an ace.
Born in Montclair, New Jersey, in 1894, Oliver LeBoutillier traveled to England in 1917 to receive combat flight training with the Royal Naval Air Service. After completing flight instruction, he was assigned as a fighter pilot to the Service’s 9th Squadron, which had been tasked to protect southern England from attack by German bombers. At the end of his first month, LeBoutillier had downed four enemy aircraft.
George Vaughn was a student at Princeton University in 1917, when he put his name down to join the fledgling Aviation Corps. He wrote his family on May 4 to explain that after undergoing an equilibrium and eye test, he was subjected to a thorough medical “that has put a good many fellows out of the Corps.” In fact, he was one of only 36 Princeton men out of more than 100 volunteers who would meet the rigorous medical requirements to become a pilot. During the war, Vaughn destroyed 13 enemy aircraft. “All you had to do was fly the plane and shoot the guns,” he said modestly, shortly before his death in 1989 at age 92.
Eliot White Springs
Shown here beaming after walking away from an accident in France, Eliot White Springs, like his friend George Vaughn, was enrolled at Princeton when he started flying. A member of the Princeton Aviation School, Springs quickly became a proficient pilot. “I can’t begin to tell you the wonderful fascination of flying and I enjoy it more every time I go up,” he wrote his father. “I had control of the plane yesterday for twenty minutes at an altitude of 4,000 feet and I don’t know when I enjoyed anything more.”
What They Flew
The Royal Aircraft Factory’s Scout Experimental 5 was a single-seat biplane with a busy-looking cockpit. Known as the S.E.5, the aircraft entered service with the Royal Flying Corps in April 1917, and quickly proved itself. It could reach 132 mph at 6,500 feet. Armament included a Vickers machine gun that fired through the propeller and a Lewis gun mounted on the top wing.
Awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross, Lloyd Hamilton was shot down and killed flying with the 17th Aero Squadron in August 1918. Hamilton’s body was identified a year later and interred in an American military cemetery in France. In 1921, at his parents’ request, he was exhumed and laid to rest in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1932, the U.S. Army Air Corps dedicated a new airfield north of San Francisco in Hamilton’s honor; Hamilton Air Force Base remained active until the 1970s.
Major John Andrews, commander of the Royal Air Force’s 209th Squadron, was a leading British ace who had dueled with both the Red Baron and Max Immelmann (the first German ace of World War I). Andrews was a patient flight instructor to the young American men assigned to his squadron.
Battling the Elements
Open-cockpit airplanes offered no protection from the cold, so pilots improvised, as this one did by wearing a leather mask. In a letter to his family, one American pilot wrote: “My ears are very sore from high altitudes and long dives and my eyes are rather sore from flying without goggles.” He added that no one wore goggles when “you’re out hunting,” since painful eyes were a small price to pay for an unobstructed view. Being exposed to the elements resulted in other afflictions: split lips, frostbite, and headaches.
Manfred von Richthofen, fourth from left, chats with fellow pilots a month before he died after being shot down on April 21, 1918. Known as the Red Baron, the legendary German ace wrote his autobiography in 1917, after which it was translated into English. Americans were transfixed by the Red Baron. On April 30, 1917, Ohio’s Lancaster Daily Eagle was one of several newspapers to laud Richthofen, describing him as “brilliant and daring.” From the newspaper’s breathless prose, one wouldn’t have guessed that the United States had declared war on Germany less than a month earlier. | <urn:uuid:35e20697-232e-4130-ada4-8f4e206aea96> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/first-responders-180952997/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.980254 | 1,291 | 2.9375 | 3 |
When the climate cools down, some pests can enter your house in search of heat and meals.
Knowledge from the U.S. Census present that about 14 million of the 124 million occupied householders in America reported seeing roaches of their houses during the last 12 months, and almost 15 million reported seeing mice or rats.
The Nationwide Pest Administration Affiliation affords these tips about learn how to forestall an infestation of sure critters in your house in the course of the winter months.
These are the pests that householders have to look out for.
Home mice, essentially the most generally encountered rodents within the U.S., often nest in darkish areas like attics and basements. They’ll trigger critical property harm by chewing by drywall and wires, and are recognized to unfold ailments like salmonella and tapeworms.
Ideas for retaining mice away:
• Seal cracks and holes on the surface of your house with caulk and metal wool.
• Preserve areas clear and retailer bins off the ground, since mice like to cover in muddle.
• Commonly examine your house for indicators of mice, like droppings, gnaw marks or compromised meals.
Much like mice, rats typically cover in basements and piles of particles. They’re recognized to eat by nearly something, together with plastic or lead pipes, to get meals and water. Rats are additionally a vector of many ailments like jaundice and rat-bite fever.
Ideas for retaining rats away:
• Verify the surface of your house for any gaps or cracks and fill them with caulk.
• Remove sources of moisture in crawl areas and basements.
• Examine the within of your house indicators of infestation, like greasy rub marks brought on by a rat’s oily fur.
Cockroaches choose to dwell in small areas near meals and moisture, making houses the proper habitat for them. Generally present in kitchens and loos, they’ll contaminate meals sources and unfold micro organism. Their allergens are additionally recognized to set off and exacerbate bronchial asthma signs, particularly in youngsters.
Ideas for retaining cockroaches away:
• Preserve your counters and flooring freed from crumbs.
• Vacuum your house regularly and eliminate rubbish correctly.
• Monitor your kitchen and toilet areas, particularly underneath home equipment and sinks.
Spiders wish to spin webs in undisturbed locations equivalent to closets, attics, crawl areas and basements. They’ll chew and inject venom if disturbed, making them harmful to people.
Ideas for retaining spiders away:
• Preserve bushes and shrubs trimmed away from your house to scale back the possibility of spiders discovering a means inside.
• Retailer clothes and sneakers inside plastic containers.
• Search medical consideration should you suspect you will have a spider chew.
Raccoons are generally present in wooded areas within the jap a part of the nation. They sometimes enter houses by attics or chimneys, and sometimes carry rabies.
Ideas for retaining them away:
• Retailer your trash cans and recycling bins in sealed areas. If they’re saved outdoors, use animal-proof lids.
• Examine the surface of your house for entry factors, like damaged vent covers or unfastened shingles.
• Set up a mesh cowl or cap over chimneys and different uncovered openings to stop entry. | <urn:uuid:a4e8b3e9-a32c-4d1e-b31d-d2beaa789ab0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://xanliinterior.com/these-5-pests-can-invade-your-house-within-the-winter-what-to-observe-for-and-learn-how-to-cease-them.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570730.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807211157-20220808001157-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.918912 | 780 | 2.59375 | 3 |
(based on the information from Google Maps, Google Earth,U.S. Department of Energy TMY climate file of Montreal)
This study presented here illustrates the annual positive and negative impacts of building geometries on the urban areas of Montreal downtown in Quebec, Canada. In the following diagrams the analysis is performed in two joined zones between Place-des-Arts and Bell Center. A better solar-climatic performance and more desirable place of this urban fabric throughout the year can be observed at Place-des-Arts as a result of being exposed to the sun during long period of cold. On the other hand certain undesirable areas could be found mostly on Maisonnevue & Kennedy streets.
It is also worth noting that here the deviation of the urban fabric from true south has a positive effect on creating better solar-climatic response as well as comfort levels for the pedestrians. Besides, it can be said that the negative impact of single narrow skyscrapers are less than those of tall rows of buildings.
This draft study which is done in 2012 also includes the annual cycle solar radiation model at buildings roofs and facades as well as the open spaces. Similar/advanced analysis can be applied in different fields of planning and design such as landscape architecture, urban design, and solar architecture towards developing more efficient, comfortable, safer and more sustainable spaces for both buildings & city dwellers.
In addition to the studies presented here, in 2013 and 2014 more studies have been done at R.M.M. Studio using comprehensive datasets provided and maintained by Environment Canada (EC). These studies highlights some of Montreal future challenges that can be connected to urban heat island effect (e.g. summer analysis), significant changes in solar patterns as well as extreme conditions, etc., as can be read from recent publications completed and presented to the Office de Consultation Publique de Montréal (OCPM).
To see advanced analysis and read more about Montreal (Canada) climate information as well as urban fabric and new developments in Montreal (Canada) please find the following links (namely the first and third documents): | <urn:uuid:7fe91cfe-4539-4663-86a4-b510e4fb3a26> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://solarchvision.com/?page_id=1999 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817999.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180226025358-20180226045358-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.946379 | 428 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.