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Paul Ruthling (1897-1972): Rare LeConte's Snake in Los Angeles
Robert Jan van de Hoek, President
Los Angeles, California 90293
İMarch 8, 2013
Robert "Roy" van de Hoek Los Angeles, California
Paul Ruthling (1897-1972) was a very special natural historian of Los Angeles County. He was a young man, only 18 years old, when he authored his first natural history article in 1915 about a rare Los Angeles snake in the scientific publication called COPEIA. The name of the snake in 1915 was LeConte Snake but today is called the Long-nosed Snake.
RHINOCHILUS LECONTEI IN LOS ANGELES by
PAUL D. R. RUTHLING Los Angeles, California August 24, 1915
In the COPEIA of February 20, 1915 (No. 15) appeared a list of fourteen snakes found in the vicinity of the city of Los Angeles. To those must now be added one more recently discovered at Belvidere, California, by Mr. Viggo Tarp. This is Rhinochilus lecontei (Baird & Girard) and was found on May 13, 1915, about two miles from the beach on a bare hill near some gopher holes. This specimen is now thriving in captivity on a diet of lizards. It is 38 1/2 inches long.
The only other traces I have found of LeConte's Snake have been in La Canada Valley, where an old bee-man named Charlie Metcalf had skins of two other specimens found in the valley where he lives. Near Los Angeles, Le Conte's Snake is considered rare.
Robert "Roy" van de Hoek Los Angeles, California 2013
In 1913, 100 years ago this year, Paul Ruthling became a charter member of the Lorquin Natural History Club. He announced himself at the first meeting as someone interested in snakes. And two years later, he published his first article in COPEIA in 1915. The hope is that Los Angeles residents will welcome the recovery of this rare snake in the uplands by the baseball fields of the Ballona Wetlands State Ecological Reserve. This geographic area already has all the required habitat and prey needed for the survival of the LeConte Snake including the Pocket Gopher and Western Fence Lizard. Several kinds of snakes already occur here including the Kingsnake, Gopher Snake, and Ring-necked Snake. | <urn:uuid:a6111e2c-f59f-4a7d-a04c-abc6d68fadc2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.naturespeace.org/Paul.Ruthling.LeConteSnake.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607813.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524112717-20170524132717-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.939166 | 512 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Communication is an important aspect of each person`s life. Therefore, investigations on this issue are up-to-date and have a great practical significance. Writing an essay for communication is the most popular way to think over the communication as a phenomenon.
What Scientific Spheres Does Communication Deal with?
As communication is actual usage of language on purpose, it is connected with practically all spheres of human activity, as well as scientific branches.
This is probably the main subject aimed on investigation of communication. It deals with the language and its structures, units, functions etc. If you are a linguist, you can complete a modern and interesting essay on communication on the following topics:
Communicative Functions of Language
Stylistic Features of Every-Day Language
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
Linguistic Norm and Its Braking
Development of Human-Machine Communication
The topics of these kinds represent the modern perspectives of communication studies and your point of view on them can be really appreciated by your professor.
Obviously, communication has its influence on people psychology. To start with, the human`s psychology is formed and developed due to communication of a person with the world around. Therefore, it will definitely be interesting to find out, how to regulate some psychological changes with the help of communication. On this purpose you can select among the following topics:
Early-Childhood Communication: Ways to Develop a Child
The Influence of Communication in Primary Schools on Child Personality`s Formation
Communicative Situations, Which Change Person`s View on Life
Expression in Communication as a Mean to Influence Your Communication Partner
Communication as a Psychological Trauma
Refusing of Communication as a Consequence of Psychological Trauma
Sociology deals with the social issue. However, the society begins, when the group of people intercommunicates. Therefore, communication is a basis of sociological studies. That is why there are a lot of interesting modern topics on Sociology, which are closely connected with communication:
Racism and Sexism in Business Communication
Social Differences as a Factor of Unsuccessful Communication
Harmonic Interpersonal Communication as Aim of Sociology
Communication as an Educative Mean
Everything is somehow expressed by literature. Although literature by itself is a communication between author and reader, it shows the scenes of communication from real life from the specific point of view. Therefore, you can analyze the text of the certain book from the point of communication presented there. Here are some possible suggestions:
The Role of Epistolary Communication in Novel by…
Miscommunication as a Cause of a Conflict
Communication as a Mean to Become a Part of the Desired Social Group on Example of …
It may sound surprising, but communication research is also important for Marketing. There are a lot of projects, which are based on the idea, that people will share their experience of using the product with their friends, what will increase the sales. Here are some more topics to be used in essay for communication on Marketing.
Usage of Communication in Advertising: Pluses and Minuses
Means to Involve the Brand Name into an Every-Day Communication
Assistance with Essay for Communication by an Expert
As you see, communication is an extra-modern and extra-interesting phenomenon to write an essay on. Knowing about the possibility to write a brilliant and extra-ordinary essay on this topic, it will be a shame to write something common. To get more ideas, hints, pieces of advice from experts feel free to contact us! | <urn:uuid:b15adf4b-a178-4609-81ed-6705d2d3a14f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://essayforme.org/blog/post/essay-for-communication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.926208 | 720 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Drawing could be the most easy activity to do at home and a good way for a child to start developing skill. Before going in the process I would like you to understand that creating is not just a ‘nice’ activity; it transforms, connects and empowers.
“Making connect the hands, eyes and brain in a very special way, it’s empowering for both maker and viewer. The act of making is optimistic; it’s an act of faith. People of all ages feel better for doing it.
Making can also be very social – conversations can meander while hands are kept busy. But it can also be very personal and gives confidence to children who listen to their own internal monologue that takes place as they make in solitude.
If we want a world full of creative, entrepreneurial thinkers, we need to enable and sustain making from a very young age. Not all of us will become sculptors or engineers or designers, but we will become more connected, rounded and creative people.”
By doing art with a child, you should always have in mind that the process of creation is in the center of the activity. It’s important for a child to be able to create without constraints, to liberate its faculty of expression through artistic activity.
Choose a spacious place : set up a space where your kid can be free to experiment (and get messy!).
Avoid giving direction : don’t tell your kid what to make or how to make it. Instead of saying, “Paint a rainbow,” encourage her/him to “experiment with mixing colors using different types of pen and paper,”
Choose material adapted to a child : always prefer natural materials. Most of the time I use beeswax crayon, or wooden pen when they are older. Run away from plastic stuff or chemical pen.
Don’t draw like an adult with your child : When parents draw something representational while a younger child is sketching, it can frustrate him. It’s better to be near him and let him know that you’re interested and supportive of his art-making.
Encourage her instead of giving rewards : Prefer to give her encouragement during the process. If you praise her for the final result, she would be seeking for this reward.
To inspire a child and set up a creative atmosphere I recommend you to read a fairy tale. Then we go from the story to make a representation (draw the princess of the tale for exemple). Next step could be to transform the tale, add new character, give them new skills. Or make him invent the suite if you didn’t finish the story. To invite him to be creative, if he can’t, we draw with him (principle of imitation).
Invite him to draw for a loved one can also be a great motivator.
You have many keys that you need, these advices, most of them, can be applied to other activities. If you have any questions let me know in the comment or send me an email. I’ll be glad to answer you. I am preparing a surprise for the coming week, stay tuned. | <urn:uuid:ffcead34-e1e3-498e-bfdb-69d841830d7a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://childhood476.wordpress.com/2017/02/27/drawing-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.956731 | 664 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Monrad-krohn Surname History
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The nationality of Monrad-krohn may be very difficult to determine because countries change over time, making the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Monrad-krohn may be in dispute based on whether the name originated organically and independently in different locales; for example, in the case of last names that come from professions, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the family name "Baker" which refers to the craft of baker).
Monrad-krohn Meaning & Etymology
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The meaning of Monrad-krohn come may come from a craft, such as the name "Gardener" which was given to people of that profession. Some of these craft-based last names may be a profession in a different language. This is why it is important to understand the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its family members. Many names like Monrad-krohn originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and so on. Often these names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as "Lamb of God".
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In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Monrad-krohn were transcribed based on how they sounded when people's names were written in official records. This could have led to misspellings of Monrad-krohn. Knowing spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Monrad-krohn last name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. Surnames like Monrad-krohn vary in how they're spelled as they travel across communities, family branches, and countries over the years.
Last names similar to Monrad-krohnMonradsdatter, Monradsen, Monradus, Monrad wright, Monrae, Monraele, Monragon, Monrague, Monrahin, Monraig, Monraigftorres, Monrail, Monraisain, Monraisin, Monraisse, Monral, Monralbano, Monran, Monrana, Monranezsua
monrad-krohn Family Tree
Here are a few of the monrad-krohn biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more monrad-krohns
- George Monrad-Krohn 1865 - ?
- Gyda Martha Chri Monrad-Krohn 1873 - ?
- Oda Wencke Monrad-Krohn 1895 - ?
- Hjalmar Monrad-Krohn 1850 - ?
- Alette Monrad-Krohn 1857 - ?
- Georg Herman Monrad-Krohn 1884 - ? | <urn:uuid:9d85cab6-5474-4964-ab30-c963f1c16253> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/monrad-krohn-family-history/2709727 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651577/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00031-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895138 | 937 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In his column, “Capitalism vs. capitalists,” Jonah Goldberg suggested that “the trouble of socialism is socialism. The trouble of capitalism is capitalists.” Actually, the trouble of both is government.
Capitalism — an economic system in which private
individuals own and control the means of producing goods and services —
did not cause the Great Depression, the 1980s savings and loan debacle, or
our present economic meltdown. Bad government regulatory, fiscal and
monetary policies created those events. In the same way, capitalism didn't
create the greatest economy and the most powerful country the world has
ever known. Good government policies did.
A Yiddish proverb: a
half-truth is a whole lie. The statement that capitalism and its free
markets gave the U.S. the greatest economy the world has ever known is a
lie. It's a classic example of a definition fallacy (overly broad). It's a
lie because it suggests that government had nothing to do with our
economy's success. As a matter of historical fact, government had
everything to do with our economy's success.
The complete truth is that
capitalism and its free markets — as defined, monitored and protected by
government — made the U.S. economy a success. Of course, even that
statement isn't complete. You also would have to include our democratic
system of government, an effective and comprehensive public school system,
a reasonably educated electorate, and a free and investigative news media
that exposed the skullduggery in both government and private
Underlying all that is the American public's respect for the
classic ethical standards of rights, justice and utility. Rights relate to
the individual: the right to the opportunity to make a decent living, for
example. Or to have full, accurate information about important social
Justice goes further and relates to relationships between
individuals, such as equal wages to every person in a work group doing the
same kind and quality of job. Or, in a negative sense, equal punishment
for equivalent crimes against society.
Utility goes still further, and involves the greatest good for the greatest number. The city council shouldn't pave a road from the center of town to the mayor's house in the country when poor neighborhoods still have unimproved roads.
all these factors to give the U.S. its great economy: underlying values, a
democracy, an educated public, an investigative press and sensibly
regulated markets. Those who claim that “government is the problem” and
that we owe our success to unrestricted markets are simply wrong.
cure for bad government isn't no-government or smaller government. The
only cure for bad government is to replace it with good government. Those
who claim otherwise are either profiting from bad government, or from
government's absence or inaction. (Actually, government failure to take
necessary actions is a sign of bad government.)
There are two basic
philosophical views about how government should manage an economy. The
first view is that a good economy is one in which individuals can rise
from any level of society and achieve unlimited wealth. Since even
individuals born into poverty can achieve unlimited wealth through hard
work, intelligence, or even luck, a government need not concern itself
with how well entire classes of citizens are faring.
subscribe to this view are those who already have a head start in the race
to the top: inheritors of great wealth, those with excellent educations,
fortunate persons with powerful mentors, people with connections and so
on. You could even include those in the dominant race, religion or
national origin in a given society, even though they don't have an
abundance of those qualities.
The second view holds that a good economy
is one in which individuals can increase their wealth through hard work
and creativity, but not so much that there isn't enough wealth left to be
shared by others who work hard and make solid contributions to society,
but are not as successful in accumulating money.
Subscribers to this
view believe that government should concern itself, not only with an
individual's right to improve his station in life, but also with the
welfare of entire classes of its citizens: investors, workers, retirees,
religious or ethnic minorities, the uneducated and unsophisticated, the
victims of capricious fate (natural disasters and accidents) and so
This second view is not only a superior moral philosophical stand, it's a prescription for the long-term health and survival of a nation.
Chuck Kelly is a retired management consultant living in Burnsville and is author of “The Destructive Achiever: Power and Ethics in the American Corporation” and “Farewell Fantasyland: Time for Political and Economic Reality.” He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:4a657a69-c996-4b71-b0f0-f0b8953ff2e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://kellysite.net/dontconfuse.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659417.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117224929-20190118010929-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.950827 | 1,027 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Good street and sidewalk design can foster healthier communities by improving public safety, enhancing mobility by fairly supporting all transportation choices, reducing environmental impacts and building community character.
To achieve improved street and sidewalk design, a municipality may choose to make capital improvements to its existing stock of streets and sidewalks. It may also choose to enact subdivision and land development regulations that require new development to provide infrastructure and conform to design standards.
The following sections address the matter of establishing appropriate types of street and sidewalk design and current trends in transportation planning. The subsequent sections address the matter of implementing the desired design, whether through direct capital investments by the municipality or as an update of its ordinances.
An important part of deciding what types of street and sidewalk design are appropriate for your municipality involves a review and assessment of the current transportation modes (automobile, pedestrian, bicycle, and transit), taking stock of the existing and expected future land uses of the community, and community needs and desires which can be ascertained through community visioning sessions or simple discussion.
The community setting should influence the chosen design as seen in the photos at right. In rural communities, wide road shoulders may be the most appropriate way to accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists. In urban areas, sidewalks at least 5 feet in width are likely appropriate. In urban settings with a mix of uses, wider sidewalks are sometimes essential for high pedestrian traffic areas. Streetscape elements can vary from a simple landscape strip in a rural setting to many elements such as street trees, pedestrian lighting with banners, and hanging baskets in areas with larger pedestrian traffic (see further discussion below).
When determining the appropriate design for streets and sidewalks, municipalities should at a minimum consider the following:
Complete Streets refers to streets that are designed to accommodate a variety of users (pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders). Complete streets policies address the accommodation of people with disabilities to those of a range of age groups. Elements of complete streets typically include either bike lanes or wide shoulders to accommodate bicycles, bus lanes, transit stops, and pedestrian accommodations such as sidewalks, traffic calming measures, and streetscape elements. The specific design of complete streets varies according to the community setting (i.e. rural, urban, suburban) and the type of road.
Context sensitive design is an approach to the development of transportation infrastructure that reflects and preserves an area’s scenic, aesthetic, historic, or environmental resources and community needs and desires. The intent of such design is to have continued public involvement throughout the development of any new transportation infrastructure with the end product addressing the needs of stakeholders. Context sensitive design improvements can be as simple as the installation of pavers or textured surfaces to a project as significant as a complete bridge rehabilitation.
ContextSensitiveSolutions.org provides a number of case studies of the use of this approach including a few examples in Pennsylvania such as the Danville-Riverside bridge replacement over the Susquehanna River. This bridge replacement included the erection of a new weathered steel bridge with a traffic alignment going beneath two blocks of the West Market Street Historic District in Danville. The photo in the right shows an example of a context sensitive bridge, lighting, and pedestrian facilities.
Additional case studies and resources can be found at PennDOT’s website. The case studies provide before and after photos, an overview of the project, and lessons learned. The Main Street Annville project, for example, began simply as a resurfacing project but through local coordination with PennDOT also included streetscape improvements including curb bump-outs, street trees, landscaping, and patterned sidewalks and crosswalks, among other improvements.
Traffic calming describes a set of design and management strategies meant to slow down motor vehicle traffic to improve public safety and improve conditions for non-auto users.. See the guide Traffic Calming (pending) for coverage of this aspect of street and sidewalk design.
A road diet reduces a street’s number of travel lanes or the width of those lanes in order to achieve systemic transportation improvements. The wider the street, the faster drivers tend to drive. Sometimes this is too fast to be safe for the location. Narrowing the road or lanes changes the driver’s perception of the safe speed to travel, thereby encouraging slower driving. Narrowing roads or lanes can also free up space for bicycle lanes or other purposes. See the guide Traffic Calming (pending) for coverage of this aspect of street and sidewalk design.
Streetscape elements help to define and provide a sense of identity for a street. Streetscape elements can be integrated as a part of capital improvements when streets and sidewalks are upgraded. In addition, design guidelines (discussed further below) typically include streetscape elements as a topic. Streetscape elements are starting to be included in municipal land use ordinances as well. Common streetscape elements include:
Updating street and sidewalk design can enhance mobility, mitigate environmental impacts, and enhance community character. Enacting sustainable street and sidewalk design is consistent with current planning practices and local, state, and federal initiatives. According to the National Complete Streets Coalition:
A Federal Highways Administration safety review found that streets designed with sidewalks, raised medians, better bus stop placement, traffic-calming measures, and treatments for disabled travelers improve pedestrian safety. Some features, such as medians, improve safety for all users: they enable pedestrians to cross busy roads in two stages, reduce left-turning motorist crashes to zero, and improve bicycle safety.
Why should a municipality update its street and sidewalk design?
Municipalities may improve existing streets and sidewalks, funding these improvements via state and/or federal grants, using tax revenue on a pay-as-you-go basis, or through borrowing (bonding). These improvements will require varying degrees of maintenance. In some communities, sidewalks and streetscape improvements may be maintained through local businesses or main street organizations/business improvement districts.
Typically, street and sidewalk design regulations are addressed in municipal subdivision and land development ordinances. However, street and sidewalk design elements may sometimes also be found in specific zoning ordinance sections that deal with design such as a Town Center District or a Traditional Neighborhood Development District. Typical subdivision ordinance content for street and sidewalk design is discussed below.
The design standards section of the subdivision and land development ordinance (SLDO) addresses design elements for new development. Should a municipality find that their street and sidewalk design is not meeting their current needs, a municipality might consider revising their street and sidewalk standards within their SLDO. Common features found in the design standards section of the SLDO relating to street and sidewalk design include:
The technical and engineering standards of the subdivision and land development ordinance deal with construction standards. Common features found in the technical and engineering standards for street and sidewalk improvements include:
An example of a subdivision and land development ordinance from Pennsylvania that addresses many of the topics discussed under the design standards and technical and engineering standards sections above is: Lancaster County’s model Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance. This model has different requirements for different settings (i.e. urban, rural, infill development). The street standards include illustrations for right-of-way and cartway width standards and cul-de-sac (single-access street) design.
Implementation of street and sidewalk design improvements can be enhanced and made more understandable to developers and the public with the enactment of design guidelines. These guidelines may be enacted as an advisory document or as a part of a municipal ordinance (either within the subdivision and land development ordinance or sections of zoning ordinances based upon community preference and the topics involved). Common elements found in design guidelines include:
Many municipalities have adopted design guidelines for street and sidewalk construction and retrofit design.
A municipality may more effectively provide for future streets and sidewalks by identifying their locations and reserving the necessary land on an “official map.” By reserving the land, the municipality expresses its intent to acquire that specific land at some future date. This reservation or expression of intent does not affect existing property ownership; landowners still own and control their land. However, the owners are constrained in building on, subdividing, or otherwise developing the reserved land until they provide written notice of intent to develop and then allow the municipality up to a year to acquire the land from them. See the guide Official Map [LINK] for more information.
Katherine Ember, AICP of Planning4Places, LLC is the primary author. PALTA staff were contributing authors. Photos provided by Planning4Places.
Nothing contained in this or any other document available at ConservationTools.org is intended to be relied upon as legal advice or to create an attorney-client relationship. The material presented is generally provided in the context of Pennsylvania law and, depending on the subject, may have more or less applicability elsewhere. There is no guarantee that it is up to date or error free.
Copyright © is held by the Pennsylvania Land Trust Association
Text may be excerpted and reproduced with acknowledgement of ConservationTools.org and the Pennsylvania Land Trust Association. | <urn:uuid:4ac93d06-421e-453e-92e9-c85d92ff55b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://conservationtools.org/guides/66-street-and-sidewalk-design | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578689448.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425054210-20190425080210-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.918913 | 1,852 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security recently estimated that President Trump’s much-discussed border wall between the U.S. and Mexico could cost as much as $21.6 billion.
As the federal government issues requests for proposals to build the wall, several economists from the University of California San Diego are publishing important findings on what’s really happening with immigration across the U.S.-Mexico border, and asking whether spending on a wall is the best way to solve any existing immigration crisis.
Their paper, published recently in the Spring 2017 edition of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, finds that weak labor-supply growth in Mexico and other Latin American countries means immigration to the U.S. of young, low-skilled workers will continue to slow until it reaches zero in 2050—even without the implementation of Trump’s border policies.
A more pressing issue for U.S. policymakers, they argue, is how to address an aging population of long-term, undocumented residents already in the U.S., many of whom will lack health insurance and, as non-citizens, could end up in emergency rooms without Medicare or Medicaid.
You can find a brief summary of their findings below. To learn more, read the full paper.
From the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, the U.S. experienced a huge wave of low-skilled immigration from Latin America.
Between 1970 and 1990, the fraction of young (age 18-33), foreign-born persons from Mexico in the U.S. with a high school degree or less rose from 11.6 percent to 34.0 percent. The fraction from elsewhere in Latin America and the Caribbean rose from 13.2 percent to 23.7 percent.
Since the Great Recession, however, overall low-skilled immigration to the U.S. has slowed drastically…
The total undocumented population declined by an annual average of 160,000 individuals between 2007 and 2014. By 2015, the share of foreign-born, low-skilled workers ages 18 to 33 in the U.S. had dropped to 27.2 percent, and 75 percent of low-skilled immigrants had resided in the U.S. for 11 years or more.
Mexico is by far the largest source country for U.S. labor inflows, accounting for nearly half of all U.S. low-skilled immigrants and nearly two thirds of those with less than 12 years of schooling.
The authors note that some of the slowdown can be attributed to the collapse in the U.S. housing market, as construction is the second largest sector of employment for undocumented labor and the third largest sector when considering employment among all low-skilled immigrants.
…and immigration of young Mexican workers to the U.S. will be practically zero by 2050, even without new policies to deter immigration.
This chart pretty much says it all:
Predicted migration rates from Mexico and Latin America through 2050
Foreign born population aged 15-40
Source: “Along the watchtower: The rise and fall of U.S. low-skilled immigration” by Gordon Hanson, Chen Liu, and Craig McIntosh, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2017.
Hours worked by immigrants in U.S. border states are also on the decline.
In U.S. border states, the share of total hours worked by immigrants with 12 or fewer years of schooling rose from 11.9 percent in 1994 to 16.2 percent in 2005, but dropped to 14.1 percent by 2015.
Those who are migrating from Mexico aren’t necessarily coming because they can make more money for their skills.
By 2010, however, working-age Mexican immigrants who reside in the U.S. weren’t overwhelming low-income workers seeking higher wages. Rather, they were almost a random sampling of working-age Mexicans, and were largely individuals who would be middle-income earners in their birth country.
“There are good reasons to believe,” the authors write, “that the Great Recession may have merely advanced forward in time an inevitable reduction in low-skilled immigration.”
An improving Mexican economy means Mexican workers have a smaller incentive to migrate to the U.S.
In Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, the 1980s and early 1990s were periods of high economic volatility. During this time, the U.S. saw a surge of low-skilled immigration.
The 2000s, however, were a period of steady if not spectacular economic growth in the region, where shrinking gaps in income between the U.S. and Latin America slowed migration.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, the gap between the 25th percentile of the income distribution in the U.S. and the 50th percentile of the income distribution in Mexico—which roughly matches expected gains in earnings for the typical Mexican migrant—was stable.
But it shrunk noticeably after 2007. In the 1990s and early 2000s, a middle-income earner in Mexico who chose to become a low-income earner in the U.S. would see her earnings increase by a factor of 2.3. Post-2007, that value has fallen to 1.75, suggesting reduced wage-driven pressure to migrate.
Increased border security and immigration enforcement efforts are responsible for some of the slowdown.
The U.S. government has also intensified immigration enforcement in the interior of the country, which has led to an increase in deportations of non-criminal undocumented immigrants from 116,000 individuals in 2001 to an average of 226,000 individuals per year over 2007 to 2015.
But new research suggests demographic changes in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America play an outsize role—and explain why immigration rates aren’t likely to pick back up.
Whereas the U.S. baby boom came to a halt in the early 1960s, Latin America’s baby boom didn’t abate until two decades later, in the late 1970s. This means there were more workers coming into working age in Latin America than there were in the U.S.
These demographic changes mean the labor market supply of workers in Latin American is shrinking, and we can expect to see far fewer young people immigrating to the U.S.
The undocumented workers that are in the US are getting older.
In 1980, Mexican-born individuals in the U.S. were most likely about 22. Today, that number is 40—and will be almost 70 by 2040. Looking ahead, the Latin American-born population over 40 will grow by 82 percent in the next 15 years, while the under 40 population is projected to shrink by 6 percent.
The authors write:
“Given our estimates of an increase of 8.5 million (81 percent) in the population of over-40 foreign-born immigrants by 2030, we should expect sizeable growth in the number and fraction of individuals relying on public safety-net programs as a result of past and future immigration. Under existing financing rules, U.S. states and localities would be the entities primarily responsible for shouldering these costs.
In light of the changing demographics of migrant-sending nations, the current emphasis of the U.S. government on further intensifying immigration enforcement is puzzling. Why build a wall to stop an immigration surge that has largely already occurred?”
To learn more about migration flows from Latin America to the U.S. today and in the years to come, read the full paper from the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. | <urn:uuid:7f62aeec-f101-4662-a9e1-f08f892f8a1c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2017/03/23/why-undocumented-immigration-from-latin-america-to-the-u-s-will-slow-to-a-crawl-even-without-a-border-wall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804102630-20200804132630-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.96086 | 1,548 | 2.671875 | 3 |
About this course
In Promotion of Healthy Ageing, we will explore key lifestyle-related factors that are modifiable and influential in our well-being in old age, such as diet, physical activity, stress and sleep. By looking closely at the different aspects of lifestyle behaviours and their impact on our health as we get older, we can take action and promote healthy habits in ourselves and those we care for.
In this course, we will learn how it is never too late to modify our lifestyle and engage in healthy behaviours, and we will address health promotion strategies for older adults. This is important to keep in mind, especially when caring for older adults who may need support in their everyday lives to reduce their risk for chronic and debilitating diseases, such as dementias, cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal conditions, and improve the quality of life.
One does not need to be a carer for an older person to benefit from this course, the principles of healthy ageing can be applied to you, your family members, your friends, or any person who wants to commit to an active lifestyle.
What you'll learn
- How modifiable lifestyle-related factors influence healthy ageing.
- How a multidomain approach is key for the prevention of diseases and disorders in old age.
- Strategies to help adults implement lifestyle habits for the promotion of healthy ageing.
Introduction to key lifestyle-related factors influencing healthy ageing, and related concepts.
Section 2: Lifestyle-related factors: first principles
Learn more about how a healthy diet, regular physical activity and proper management of vascular and lifestyle-related factors relate to well-being in old age.
Section 3: Lifestyle-related factors: cognitive and socioemotional aspects
It is essential to know that the cognitive, emotional and social aspects about a person's lifestyle are important for healthy ageing too.
Section 4: Long-term perspectives in healthy ageing
After learning about key lifestyle-related factors, get familiar with the topics of behavioural change and trends in dementia prevention for the long-term support of healthy habits.
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Both projects are unique partnerships of academic institutions, industry partners and governmental agencies, and have been supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT Health), which promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in healthy living and active ageing, and improvements in healthcare. More information on the CARE Campus courses, work and resources can be found at https://care-campus.eu. | <urn:uuid:1f3bd26f-b80c-4f52-87bb-9bf8d81eb2e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.edx.org/course/care-promotion-of-healthy-ageing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315618.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820200701-20190820222701-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.93299 | 593 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fall 2018 courses in Russian Studies
RUSS 101: Elementary Russian I
Sidney Dement, Nancy Tittler
Russian is a living language! We will concentrate primarily on oral communication, as well as listening reading and writing skills. By semester’s end, students should be able to converse on a number of everyday topics, including getting acquainted, daily activities, education, family, clothing. In addition to learning to talk about their own lives, students will gain an understanding of these areas of contemporary Russian life. Grammar elements to be mastered include the first three noun + adjective cases, past-and present-tense verbs and an introduction to verbs of motion. Class meetings will be devoted to intensive oral practice. Background grammar and vocabulary material, as well as listening exercises will be prepared at home, so that you may raise questions and reinforce in class what you have learned from your reading. Offered in the Fall only. For students with no prior knowledge of Russian.
RUSS 110: Russian Culture and Civilization
We will examine the myths, traditions and events that have shaped the Russians’ view
of themselves as a people, as well as the image of Russia on the world stage, from
earliest beginnings to the present day. Three weekly lecture-discussions will incorporate
literature, film, visual arts, music and other cultural artifacts. Students will be
encouraged to express and reexamine their own notions of culture and national identity
in general, and of Russia and the Russians in particular. By semester’s end, students
should be able to demonstrate understanding of Russians’ cultural reactions to the
political and social events that have shaped their history, from pre-Chrisrtian Slavdom
through Klevan and Muscovite civilizations, the Imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet eras,
as well as the increasing segmentation of their social structure through the centuries.
Course counts as H
RUSS 203: Intermediate Russian I
Continues from elementary Russian II and focuses on continued vocabulary acquisition, improved oral proficiency and greater grammatical accuracy. Aspects of Russian culture (film, stories, music) are incorporated, and students work on improving their ability to communicate in a broad range of situations. Emphasis divided among writing, speaking, listening and reading. Four hours per week. Grades are based on class participation and presentations, quizzes, examinations and written assignments. Prerequisites: RUSS 102 or three years of high school Russian. Not for native speakers of Russian.
RUSS 280X: The Fairy Tale
Structure and meaning of fairy tales. Oral vs. literary fairy tales. Different approaches to interpreting fairy tales: anthropological, psychological, socio-historical, structuralist. Lectures approximately once a week; discussion; take-home midterm and final exams; two 10-page papers.
Course counts as H, W
RUSS 305: Advanced Russian Reading and Composition I
Acquisition of substantial vocabulary from various aspects of daily life; description of surroundings, character traits, interpersonal relations, cops-and-robbers, etc. Intensive speaking and writing practice; focus on developing a Russian writing style. Three hours a week; grades based on participation, quizzes, exams and written work. Prerequisites: RUSS 204 or equivalent. Not for native speakers.
RUSS 321: 19th Century Russian Literature in Translation
Through close reading and detailed textual analysis, students will become familiar
with the development of Russian narrative prose in the nineteenth century, beginning
with the question, “Why the nineteenth century?” and its reflection of universal as
well as particularly Russian themes. In discussion and writing, students will display
an understanding of basic literary terms, as presented in class and posted on Bb.
Course counts as C, H
RUSS 351: Russia's Defiant Women
We will consider the experience of women as characters as well as authors of Russian literature. Patterns of behavior, as manifest in both these roles, will be traced through folklore, fiction and memoir from medieval times to the present. These patterns will be seen to reflect and challenge themes fundamental to Russian culture, including moral strength, family and community, and the traditional role of Russian literature as a socio-political forum. By semester's end, you will have gained an understanding of the evolving female role in Russian society, as chronicled in literature, as well as in the creation and production of that literature.
Course counts as H, W
RUSS 380C: Stalingrad
Sidney Dement, Harald Zils
The battle of Stalingrad, fought more than seventy years ago, is burned into the cultural memories of Germans and Russians to this day. More than 700,000 people died; it was the beginning of the end of Hitler's War. This course investigates the battle and its aftermath in German and Russian culture. In order to examine the multiple perspectives on this cultural and historical watershed more fully, GERM 380G, taught by Prof. Zils, and RUSS 380D, taught by Prof. Dement, meet together. We discuss the historical event, its consequences for WW II, the soldiers' and civilians' perspectives, the images of the war in German and Russian propaganda and its impact on German and Russian public discourse, movies, art and literature. Two 8-page papers, one group presentation. This is a course that is team-taught by faculty members of the German Studies and Russian Studies programs. Therefore, there are sections listed and cross-listed in the German Studies as well as in the Russian Studies program. All sections will meet and be taught as one.
Course counts as H, W
UNIV 101R: The Ballets of Marius Petipa
This year is the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great ballet choreographer Marius Petipa. He was born in France, but had a career of some sixty years in St. Petersburg as ballet master of the Imperial Russian Ballet. His surviving works are the foundation of the modern classical ballet repertoire. MW 2:20-3:20 FA 244 | <urn:uuid:0bcfc0fc-cd09-4770-95cf-e2fa7172e540> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.binghamton.edu/grs/russian-program/russian-courses/russian-f2018.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315544.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820133527-20190820155527-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.936815 | 1,252 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Perhaps nothing is so aptly named as the watermelon. This fruit (technically, it’s a vegetable, related to cucumbers, pumpkins, and squash) is actually 92 percent water. Once it is cut into chunks, watermelon can quickly become mushy. This presents a challenge to the fresh-cut market, which demands firm, attractive fruit. There’s a growing consumer demand for fresh-cut produce in the United States and around the world. These value-added products are found in most grocery stores, and shoppers love the ready-to-eat convenience.
Benny Bruton, a plant pathologist with the ARS South Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Lane, Oklahoma, evaluated watermelon tops grafted onto gourd and squash rootstock and confirmed them to be resistant to Fusarium wilt, a widespread and costly plant fungus. And grafting may also have solved the problem of mushy fresh-cut watermelon once and for all.
Watching Profits Wilt Away
Fusarium fungi live in the soil and attack plants at all stages of growth. If growers continually plant watermelons in the same soil, eventually they’ll wind up with a disease problem called Fusarium wilt. Until now, U.S. watermelon growers have dealt with Fusarium-infested soil in three ways: rotate the fields, treat with methyl bromide to kill the fungus, or grow resistant cultivars.
The first two solutions are becoming less workable; land is becoming less avail able for rotations, and methyl bromide is being discontinued due to environmental concerns. Watermelon cultivars are available with varying resistance to only two races of Fusarium, but grafted watermelons have resistance to all three races—and have the added benefit of firmness.
Grafting: An Old Practice With New Potential
In Japan, South Korea, and some European countries, watermelon producers haven’t had the luxury of rotating their crops from one field to another because their land resources are very limited. So, to get around the Fusarium wilt dilemma for the past 50 years, growers there have grafted their watermelon plants onto rootstock of squash, pumpkin, and gourd.
Bruton says that the U.S. watermelon industry previously did not embrace this grafting technique because it was considered too expensive, and producers had enough land that they could rotate from one plot to another.
In cooperation with Abbott & Cobb Seed Company, a national leader in the industry, Bruton and his colleagues evaluated watermelon tops grafted onto squash and gourd rootstock. Both cultivar and rootstock were carefully selected for the ideal combination, he says. Another industry partner, Speedling, Inc., performed the actual grafts at their nursery in Alamo, Texas.
Fruit Quality Increased
Bruton says that grafting watermelon plants onto other rootstock has been reported to produce inferior-quality fruit—though in other cases, no such effects were reported. What Bruton and his colleagues—Warren Roberts, a horticulturalist at Oklahoma State University’s Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center (WWAREC) in Lane, and Wayne W. Fish, an ARS biochemist in Lane—have found, however, is that the fruit that comes from certain grafted plants is at least 25 to 30 percent firmer.
“And it has the added advantage of disease resistance to many soilborne pathogens as well as Fusarium wilt,” Bruton says.
Other ARS scientists have found that watermelon contains more of the health-promoting compound lycopene per serving than any other fresh fruit or vegetable. Lycopene gives watermelon and tomatoes their red color and is thought to act as a powerful antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of age-related diseases.
Fish evaluated lycopene and sugar levels and says that the grafting technique doesn’t harm those characteristics. Firmer fruit could be a big plus for growers, because the fastest-growing niche market for watermelon (and cantaloupe) is the fresh-cut market. The fresh-cut industry is predicting that fresh-cut watermelon and cantaloupe will ultimately be an even bigger market than fresh-cut salads and vegetables. “Farmers should receive a high premium in return for a superior product,” Bruton says.
“Grafting isn’t going to be for everyone,” Bruton explains. “Producers have to evaluate their situation and see what will work best for them. Our evidence so far indicates we have a much firmer fruit, and firmness is one of the more important qualities for customer satisfaction.”
Economic Impact of Grafting
Growers recently spent as much as $350 per acre on methyl bromide treatments for Fusarium wilt control. WWAREC director and economist Merritt J. Taylor says that grafted transplants should be an affordable option for many producers once that cost is eliminated. Early results indicate that farmers may require fewer grafted plants per acre to produce the same yields and may need less fertilizer per acre, which should help control production costs.
Any new direction in agricultural production will require adjustments in practices. If grafting becomes popular in the United States, Roberts says, there will be a market for people who can perform the grafting operations under controlled environments and then ship the plants throughout the United States. He adds that there are many combinations of watermelon and squash, gourd, or pumpkin rootstock that still need to be evaluated for yield and quality.—By Jim Core, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff.
This research is part of Plant Diseases (#303) and Quality and Utilization of Agricultural Products (#306), two ARS National Programs described on the World Wide Web at www.nps.ars.usda.gov.
"Grafting Watermelon Onto Squash or Gourd Rootstock Makes Firmer, Healthier Fruit" was published in the July 2005 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. | <urn:uuid:7d93db47-9e61-497d-94c6-c5ac86c5dc63> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul05/fruit0705.htm?pf=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647884.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00302-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945275 | 1,261 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sweating is a natural process that’s actually odourless.
So why do so many people suffer from body odour?
Humans have bacteria all over their skin. The bacteria on your armpits, groin and scalp feed off of your sweat, creating a strong, pungent odour.
2 Types Of Sweat
When your body starts to get too hot, your eccrine glands secrete sweat to cool down your skin. This sweat is made of water and salt (1).
On the other hand, your apocrine glands secrete a milky sweat when you’re under emotional stress. They are also stimulated by ovulation, anger and sexual excitement. This sweat is also odourless on its own. However, it mixes with bacteria, creating a strong smell.
Certain medical conditions can affect body odours. If your sweat smells like bleach, you may be suffering from a kidney or liver disease. Likewise, if you are diabetic, you may have a fruity smell (2).
Gender also plays a role in body odour. Women’s sweat contains high levels of sulphur, which gives off an onion smell. Men’s sweat has high levels of fatty acids, which give underarms a cheese-like smell (3).
Ditch Your Antiperspirant
Antiperspirant has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (4) due to it containing aluminum. It’s also a possible carcinogen, particularly in the case of breast cancer (5).
Washing with antibacterial soap isn’t much better. Triclosan, its active ingredient, is known to cause the death of human cells as well as beneficial bacteria (6).
5 Natural Ways to Reduce Underarm Odor
1. Change your diet
Processed foods, red meat and sugar feeds bacteria and affects pH levels in the body (7). You can also try to deodorize internally by eating lots of fresh herbs.
2. Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar regulates the ph. level of your skin and kills bad bacteria (8).
To use, soak a cotton ball in apple cider vinegar and rub it softly on your underarms. Leave for a few minutes. Rinse off in the shower. This method should be used as a part of your morning and bedtime routine.
3. Coconut oil
Coconut oil contains lauric acid, which is a natural antibacterial (9). Oil can stain your clothes, so apply to clean skin and let it absorb before getting dressed. You can also use it to make natural deodorant.
4. Try Baking Soda
Before you shower, measure 1 teaspoon of baking soda and place it a small bowl. After rinsing your armpits, add a few drop of water to your baking soda until it forms a paste. Apply to each armpit and leave for a few minutes. Rinse and continue your shower routine.
5. Swap Out Deodorant For Lemon Juice
Lemons outside the body is acidic and can help stop the growth of bad bacteria. Using lemon juice can cause minor burns and redness, so make sure to dilute with water and test on your skin before applying. | <urn:uuid:e25a5cd9-1ce1-4202-8d47-4f523520c720> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dailyhealthpost.com/5-natural-ways-to-get-rid-of-underarm-odor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.872137 | 670 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The US is the world’s biggest economy and third most populous nation. China is the world’s second biggest economy and most populous nation. India is the world’s second most populous nation. Their economic, social, military and political activities have global significance, especially as each fights for its own perceived geopolitical importance.
The US, China and India have much in common in how they view and aspire to their respective national interests. How they behave internally and with each other have the potential to disrupt other nations and risk a world littered with geopolitical collateral damage.
Adding layers of complexity to the inter-actions and relationships between the US, China and India are their political constraints and political drivers (and personalities) of their respective leaders. The US and India have populist incumbent elected leaders who are very aware of, perform to and frame policy around their respective election cycles. China’s leader not only wears none of those labels but can (and does) frame long term policy without the restriction of election cycles.
In many areas of geopolitical influence, the US is in decline (not surprising given its isolationist trade policies in response to globalisation). It is resisting (or in denial of) that decline and its waning global geopolitical dominance, and fighting off its perceived challengers.
China is slowly catching up to or, in some cases overtaking, the US in its global economic, military and geopolitical influences, much to the frustration of the US.
The COVID-19 pandemic has added a layer of complexity to the direct relationships between and influences of the US, China and India. The coronavirus pandemic hurt China initially but China rebounded quickly. The US and India lag China in their efforts to contain COVID-19 and return their respective economies and global geopolitical standings to their pre-COVID positions – much of that lag and their sluggish and haphazard response to the pandemic can be laid at the feet of their populist leaders.
India has always taken a more introspective approach with international relations, compared to the US and China, but has always been assertive when it comes to its borders, especially those with Pakistan and China. Equally, China is also asserting itself with its borders, territories (currently focused on Hong Kong) and shipping lanes (currently focused on the South China Sea) while the US is shoring up its border with Mexico.
The US and China, in their battle to be the world’s number one in terms of economic, military and geopolitical influence, are seeking partners and allies. Other nations that take sides in such a battle will only increase the list of collateral casualties and further hamper the global recovery from the damaging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As difficult as it will be, not taking sides between the US and China will prove to be a nation’s strategy for survival. | <urn:uuid:d588f935-db67-4420-8943-6d45678deca3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://theeconomicbutterflyeffect.com/tag/india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304686.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124220008-20220125010008-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.964345 | 580 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Jennifer Beckerman
Over the years, researchers have studied the various effects of music on human health, intelligence, and well-being, but more recently, researchers came to fascinating conclusions regarding music’s medicinal qualities. Music’s various positive benefits reach diverse groups of people: adolescents involved with music perform better in school , music increases exercise endurance by up to 15%, music lowers stress levels, anxiety, and depression in pregnant women, and may be an inexpensive and enjoyable way to facilitate recovery in stroke patients -imagine that!
In order to fully comprehend music’s influence on stroke recovery, we must consider the mechanics. A stroke occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, which prevents the admittance of oxygen and glucose. Without oxygen, brain cells die. This blockage results most commonly from the blockage of a small artery within the brain itself, but there are several other mechanisms for a stroke as well. Some factors that lead to strokes and artery blockage include: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking. Strokes are unexpected and dangerous incidences that remain the third leading cause of death in the United States behind heart disease and cancer. A Harvard Imaging technique reveals increased brain activity when people play or listen to music because more blood and oxygen flow to the brain, healing brain damage.
Researchers find that music aides in the recovery process by improving damage to verbal memory and attention. The brain is more plastic immediately following a stroke episode, and greater plasticity- the brain’s ability to re-wire itself – increases music’s effect. So, the optimal time for music therapy is during the first weeks of stroke recovery for a couple hours per day (University of Helsinki, 2008). Music not only enhances attention and triggers verbal memory but also improves mood, heightening a pleasurable response.
Särkämö, a PhD student at the Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, at the University of Helsinki and at the Helsinki Brain Research Centre (in Finland), conducted an experiment with stroke recovery patients to test this hypothesis. Prior to treatment, patients exhibited problems with movement, cognitive processes, attention, and memory as a result of their strokes. He randomly assigned them to three different groups: a music listening group, a language group, or a control group. For six months, the music group religiously listened to a musical genre of their choice, while the language group listened to audio books. The control group did not listen to any auditory material during this time. All other conditions remained the same for the three groups. The results showed that music listeners had an improvement of 60 percent, compared to the first week after the stroke. That was more than twice the improvement in the non-listeners, and three times the improvement in the audio book listeners. Furthermore, focused attention improved by 17 percent for music listeners but not at all for the other groups (University of Helsinki, 2008). Additional improvements were noted in the music listener’s mood. This experiment applauds music’s extraordinary ability to rehabilitate the brain. More universally, this illustrates a stimulus that emotionally connects the listener with his or her environment. Music that grabs the patient’s attention and moves him or her can repair and renew previously damaged neural networks.
Music therapy can be applied in different ways depending on severity and type of brain damage. Damage to Broca’s area (left frontal lobe) inhibits speech, but a healthy right hemisphere can still process melody and rhythm. “Melodic Intonation Therapy,” cured a patient who suffered from “aphasia”-loss of the ability to produce and/or comprehend language. The patient created sentences in rhythm to melodies to facilitate coherent speech. Before, he could not string simple sentences or phrases together. Eventually, the patient detached the melody from the lyrics to form normal speaking sentences.
The basic requirement for music therapy hinges on a stimulus that sparks a connection with the listener. The listener chose the music genre most pleasurable to himself/herself. Whether it is raga, classical, pop, jazz, or rock, music stimulates a pleasurable emotional response that aids the brain in recovery from damage like a stroke.
Brunel University (2008, October 2). Jog To The Beat: Music Increases Exercise Endurance By 15%. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/10/081001093753.htm
Cromie, W. J. (1997). How Your Brain Listens to Music. The Harvard University Gazette. Retrieved from http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/11.13/HowYourBrainLis.html
DeNoon, D. J. (2008). Music Mends Minds After Stroke. WebMD Health News. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/stroke/news/20080219/music-mends-minds-after-stroke?print=true
Internet Stroke Center at Washington University in St. Louis (2009). Stroke Statistics. Retrieved February 21, 2009, from http://www.strokecenter.org/patients/stats.htm
RedOrbit News (2008, April 24). Music Therapy Helps Stroke Patients Recover. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved February 16, 2009, from http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1356635/music_therapy_helps_stroke_patients_recover/index.html
University of Helsinki (2008, Feb. 21). Listening To Music Improves Stroke Patients’ Recovery, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080219203554.htm
Wedro, B. C. (2009). What is a Stroke. Stroke. Retrieved February 16, 2009, from http://www.medicinenet.com/stroke/article.htm
Wiley-Blackwell (2008, October 14). Soothing Music Reduces Stress, Anxiety And Depression During Pregnancy. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/10/081006093020.htm
Wiley-Blackwell (2009, February 11). Adolescents Involved With Music Do Better In School. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090210110043.htm | <urn:uuid:76bb71db-1f70-4a65-9784-fc584fc829aa> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://intro2psych.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/healing-the-brain-through-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400381177.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123301-00142-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895229 | 1,356 | 3.578125 | 4 |
This Real Photograph Postcard is in Fine unused condition. The Image is Strong and vivid. Henrik Wergeland was born in Kristiansand. His father, Nicolai Wergeland, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1814. Three years later he became a Protestant minister at Eidsvoll, where the convention had been held. His mother was Alette Dorothea Thaulow, a daughter of a civil servant. Nicolai Wergeland supported Rousseau's educational ideas but was also a conservative pedagogue who crystallized his ideas in a small book entitled Henrikopædie. Kortfattede Love for Opdragelsen fra den spædeste Alder. The children in the family grew up in relative spiritual freedom. Wergeland's sister became a writer under the name Camilla Collett, and later depicted vividly in her memoir their happy childhood in the vicarage. In 1825 Wergeland entered the University of Christiania (now Oslo), where he studied theology, history and botany. He graduated in 1829 with a degree in theology and then started his career as a free-lance writer. Christiania at that time was a small bourgeois town of some 20,000 people, without much cultural activity. Wergeland entered the city like a hurricane, and already in 1827 was dominating its literary scene. He made patriotic speeches, sat drinking and discussing with his friends throughout the night, and focused on his studies erratically. "I was quite a dare-devil at that time," he later confessed. Among his acquaintances was the poet Johan S.C. Welhaven (1807-1873), supporter of the "l'art pour l'art' idea, who later became Wergeland's leading opponent. "Din Rang du sikred dig med tusind Stemmer, / Rang blandt Parnassets Daarekistelemmer!" was Welhaven's early attack on Wergelang in which he guaranteed him the place of honor among the lunatics of Parnassus. Wergeland's dramatic Creation epic, SKABELSEN, MENNESKET OG MESSIAS was published in 1830 and was intended to rival John Milton's Paradise Lost. Wergeland considered it his major work. It describes the development of humanity as a battle between light and darkness, and expresses the poet's optimistic world-view. Wergeland was on the side of light and he saw that poets have a crucial role in the struggle. During this early period Wergeland also composed his 'Stella poems', which expressed his feelings of love and joy of life. We charge $4.00 Shipping/Handling for the first card you purchase and a dollar each for additional cards and insurance is included. | <urn:uuid:30696844-562c-4a0f-9a31-2085d3661bb6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.rubylane.com/item/153293-RL-3669/RPPC-x22-Henrik-Wergeland-Norwegian-Poet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812871.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220010854-20180220030854-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.97486 | 574 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Harry Potter uses elements from magical creatures to imbue wands with magical powers. But they can have different effects.
The moment a young wizard or witch collects their first wand is the most significant. The moment the wand picks the wizard, whether it is at Ollivanders or another wand maker on mainland Europe or America will often determine their future. While the material of the wand’s construction is important, the core is what defines its magical properties. It also gives the wand the ability to cast spells.
Although these cores can be made from many materials (there are at most 20 in the Harry Potter lore), they must come from a magical creature. Some cores have a distinct advantage over their peers. Others are particularly adept at certain types of magic.
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Phoenix feather cores are capable of performing the most bizarre feats and magic, according to the appearance of things. The core of Harry Potter’s wands was provided by the same Phoenix. It is also famous for its independence of thought, which many witches and wizards find challenging and unpredictable. It is also one of the pickiest cores. They often go through many possible partners before they choose one.
The Harry Potter books are most familiar with the Dragon Heartstring Core. It forms the basis for the wands used by Minerva McGonagall, Hermione Granger, and Lucius Malfoy. Heartstring cores can cast even the most powerful spells. They are very loyal to their owners, but they can also be persuaded into changing allegiances when it is appropriate. It was also the most capable core, able to perform dark magic acts during times of conflict.
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Unicorn Hair wands, which are not surprising considering their origin, are the polar opposite of Dragon Heartstring. They aren’t particularly powerful, but they can perform more powerful magic. Remus Lupin and Quirinus Quirrell are both found in their wands. They are more likely to “wilt”, or lose the ability to cast magic entirely since they lack the potency.
Thestral Tail Hair cores, which are quite rare in the world of Harry Potter, are often considered to be dangerous materials for making wands. The Elder Wand is Antioch Peverell’s favorite. It is a powerful and difficult-to-master wand. Only those witches or wizards that have accepted the idea of death were able to do so. This is due to the fact that Thestrals are only visible to those who have experienced it first-hand.
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The Basilisk Horn cores in Harry Potter have never been used before in recorded history. Although it was the core of Salazar Slytherin’s wand, its properties remain largely unknown. Slytherin’s magic wand had the unique ability to go to bed when it was instructed. Slytherin passed the wand on to his descendants. In the 1600s, it was handed down to the Gaunt Family. It was taken away by the Slytherin family, and it ended up at Ilvermorny School in America. It eventually welted, and it was buried on the grounds of the school. This Snakewood tree is the original material it was made from.
Thunderbird Feather cores, which were made by American wizard Shikoba Wolf, were extraordinarily powerful. They were once again difficult to master but they were extraordinarily sentient and often used to cast curses to protect their users from supernatural dangers. Additionally, they proved particularly effective in the casting of transfiguration-based magic. While there are not many details about the usage of wands with this key, it is known that Holly Blackbird, in the game Harry Potter Mystery, used this wand and passed it on to her family as a valuable family heirloom.
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:0502c329-54ba-4d32-9a1b-eb4691063577> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://animesanctuary.net/2023/03/13/exploring-harry-potters-wand-cores-understanding-their-unique-characteristics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.972703 | 822 | 2.65625 | 3 |
After four months and four days of living outdoors we are all in the most robust health,” Sarah Herndon exclaimed as she and her family neared Virginia City, Nevada, after traveling overland from Missouri, in 1865. The familiar image of women on the westward journey is one of suffering and sacrifice. Of course, women did suffer and many died. Almost all had to perform hard daily chores and endure bad weather, illness, and all sorts of emergencies. But by their own testimony, some women felt rejuvenated by the trip.
Sarah Herndon was a teen-ager when she made the trip; others whose health improved were older. “Old Mrs. White, a lady of sixty-five years,” for instance, said that she felt almost young again and attributed her improved health to the “buoyancy of the climate.” Sarah Herndon wrote in her diary on August 31: “Mother’s birthday. She is fifty-three years old.… She was looking frail and delicate when we started, but seems to be in perfect health now, and looks at least ten years younger.”
Even women of extreme age could be found happily traveling west. Sarah commented on a ninety-three-year-old woman in a nearby wagon train. “She is cheerful as a lark, sings sometimes and is an incessant talker. She says she is going to Oregon, where she expects to renew her youth. She looks very old and wrinkled in the face, but is very active in her movements, and not at all stooped.”
When one considers that during the Victorian era women were encouraged to think of themselves as fragile ornaments in a masculine world, that they wore tightly laced corsets and took no regular exercise, it is easy to understand how they often felt better with fresh air, strenuous exercise, and new surroundings—at least until the latter difficult stages of the journey. Mary Rich wrote, “I had never had very good health, until I started on that trip.” Middle-aged Harriet Ward suffered at the outset from “a lame limb.” Six weeks into the trip to California in 1853, her family ran into a raging thunderstorm, and their tent blew away. When Harriet and her daughter reached the wagon, “We crept into bed with our clothes completely saturated with water and it did seem that the exposure must kill us; but the next morn when Father called us to breakfast we came out perfectly well, and my lame limb, which had been troubling me very much indeed, had received much benefit from the wet bath. I think after this I shall become a firm advocate of hydropathy.”
The majority of the women who went west during the covered-wagon era were in their twenties and thirties, and some of the healthiest among them were exhilarated by their encounters with nature. “I went into the river to bathe in the evening, but no one would go with me as such a cold wind was blowing, but I enjoyed it very much,” said Lucy Cooke, camping in Nebraska Territory in the spring of 1852. Cecilia Adams, bound for Oregon in June of the same year, recorded that her group had had to travel nearly a mile in the Platte River itself. “We feel all the better for our ducking,” was her reaction.
Something more than the benefits of a vigorous life was often involved, though. Juliet Brier, a fragile woman when she arrived in Colorado, was to survive an incredible ordeal in the California desert and live on to the age of ninety-nine. Misled into thinking they could save many miles by taking a shortcut, her family set out behind the famous Jayhawker group that headed straight into Death Valley. With incredible strength and endurance Juliet, a tiny “wisp of a woman,” saved her children’s lives by slinging two of them over the back of an ox and carrying the third herself on foot. She later explained, “I knew before starting we would have to suffer, but my husband wanted to go, and he needed me.” She added, “I couldn’t give up.”
The restraints on married women in the Victorian age must have been all the more stultifying after the freedom they enjoyed before marriage. Tocqueville pointed out that the American woman has barely passed childhood “when she already thinks for herself, speaks with freedom and acts on her own impulse.” But, he went on, her independence “is irrevocably lost in the bonds of matrimony.” The historian Arthur Calhoun agreed that “marriage reduced her to a subordinate and cramped position. She was expected to embrace her husband’s religion, to confine her activities to the home, and to make her husband’s pleasure her guiding star.” For the married woman who chafed at these restrictions, a new life in changing sur- roundings could come as a tonic.
Once the trip was over, the evidence suggests, the old patterns reasserted themselves, and the trip itself might take on the aspect of a dream, so different was it from life before and after. One observer has said that the journey was “in the end treated like an experience out of time and place, a glorious aberration and detour from ordinary real life.” Of course the trip was hardly carefree for anyone, except, perhaps, the woman who stated unequivocally, “It was the time of my life.” But for a fair number of women it was renewing and liberating.
“Oh, this is a life I would not exchange for a good deal,” exclaimed Susan Magoffin as she headed for Santa Fe with her husband in 1846. “I breathe free without that oppression … felt in the gossiping circles of a settled home.”
It is impossible to fathom all the reasons for the many healthy and happy women Harriet Ward, for instance, saw in the wagon trains camping on the Platte. But we do have Harriet’s testimony about why she herself felt rejuvenated: “There is so much variety and excitement about it, and the scenery through which we are constantly passing is so wild and magnificently grand that it elevates the soul from earth to heaven and causes such an elasticity of mind that I forget I am old. Indeed I sometimes feel as if I should take the wings of the morning and fly away.” | <urn:uuid:df32cef0-0013-476a-a261-7a7d1653826f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9C-time-my-life%E2%80%9D-women-who-loved-trek | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.986958 | 1,360 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A new Lupus Education Awareness Program (LEAP) has been designed to improve diagnoses and treatment of Blacks, according to researchers. For Black women, whose rates of diagnosis chart three to four times more often than others, LEAP has the potential to drastically improve the quality of life for both lupus sufferers and their families. The program, spearheaded by the Office of Minority Health, is funded by a grant from the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that is administrated by the National Association of State Offices of Minority Health (NASOMH).
Characterized by its ability to mimic other conditions, lupus is a chronic disease that can impact any system within the body and triggers excessive immune system activation, causing inflammation and both tissue and organ damage. Because lupus symptoms imitate many other disorders, it is a diagnostic dilemma for physicians and healthcare providers.
Currently, 73 percent of Americans between the ages of 18 and 34 have either not heard about lupus or know little about the disease beyond the name; yet as many as 1 in 537 Black women suffer from the condition. “To improve the outcomes of African-American women living with lupus and their families, the Lupus Education Awareness Program (LEAP) employs strategies to educate and increase health professionals’ ability to diagnose and treat lupus,” Dr. Steven Owens, project director, Lupus Education Awareness Program, told the AFRO. “Training African-American physicians and nurses in recognizing the signs and symptoms of lupus could contribute to improved health outcomes for women of color with lupus.”
According to Owens, one of the ways LEAP seeks to increase awareness, knowledge, and recognition of lupus signs and symptoms within Black communities is to use lupus symptom trackers forms to assist with early diagnosis and management of lupus. That early diagnosis becomes pivotal in improving healthcare for lupus sufferers, as many report going through up to six years of symptom evaluations to gain a proper diagnosis.
“Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because many of the signs and symptoms are similar to other diseases, can be interpreted as connective-tissue diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoproliferative disorders, and chronic infections like HIV, hepatitis and Lyme disease, Owens said. “Many lupus patients report being misdiagnosed and treated for diseases/conditions for years prior to a confirmatory diagnosis of lupus. This is often because primary care providers may not connect the reported signs and symptoms to lupus and, in addition, may not be as aware of the additional sub-laboratory tests they can order to diagnose lupus.”
Ward 7 resident Tonya Spanner, who has spent the last 16 years living with lupus, believes that while the LEAP platform came too late to help with her diagnosis, it could prove critical in diagnosis and treatment for Black women in the District. “So often we talk about Black women having it all, but when it comes to health diagnoses and outcomes, we are often screened late, making the severity of conditions greater,” Spanner told the AFRO. “As we continue to advance in areas of family, education and careers, we have to make our own healthcare a priority – especially with a condition as volatile as lupus.”
LEAP’s establishment comes amid growing concerns about the detection and treatment of lupus among researchers, including the Lupus Foundation of America, which announced Nov. 16 a $3.8 million funding provision over the next five years to support the first-of-its-kind clinical trials.
“Research and funding is only one half of the story, because without a clear diagnosis, Black women would still be unable to take advantage of trials and treatment protocols,” Spanner said. “LEAP gets us on an even playing field.”
The current research cycle and award will work to determine if mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy diminishes the debilitating long-term side effects of lupus, reduces the need for medications like steroids, and stops damage to vital organs. The therapy uses multipotent cells for treating a variety of immune-mediated diseases, according to the National Institutes of Health.
“Through empowering women of color and educating providers, we hope to decrease the timeframe for a lupus diagnosis and get people into treatment sooner to prevent tissue and organ damage, and even early death from lupus,” Owens told the AFRO. | <urn:uuid:861df1cd-a272-4ae6-a958-b1aff39b9dc1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://afro.com/program-aims-raise-awareness-lupus-among-blacks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541294513.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214202754-20191214230754-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.957623 | 947 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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Dr. S.M. Davis (Author)
Length: 57 minutes (1 track)
Size: 9.79 MB
How to Help Weak Children Become Strong Dr. S.M. Davis
The Apostle Peter thought he was strong when he was actually weak. Wise parents must discern about their children & their children’s friends - who is strong, who is weak, who is backslidden, & who is lost. The strong may spend time with the others, but the weak can only be with the others when someone strong is also present. Jesus had spent time with sinners with His disciples with Him. However, when Peter warmed by the fire of the enemy without a strong person present, his weakness became quickly evident. Two young people may be fine Christians, but if they are both weak, they will pull each other down. This message not only encourages the strong to support the weak, but also gives the secret to becoming strong. Also included are the 5 types of fools - Simple, Silly, Sporting, Scorning, & Committed. | <urn:uuid:7f32dc1e-7534-4656-a526-066ca576a40f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://bluebehemoth.com/album/52346/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382185/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00050-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97374 | 222 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The atrium is always full at Children’s National Health System, but yesterday kids lined tables to create art projects as a part of the Science Education Partnership Award Being Me program. It was part of our week-long celebration marking Research and Education Week.
“We’re just starting our fifth year,” said program manager Camilla Colvin. “As a part of Research Week, we just grab our patients that are between appointments or have just finished and have a few moments to spare for learning.”
Being Me is a hands-on, science-based health curriculum developed by scientists and teachers for kids in grades 3-5. The program gets kids excited about sciences by letting them interact with everything, from mucous and bubbles to salt and sugar, so that children learn a little bit about science, math, health, and medicine through play.
Three schools in Prince George’s County and Washington, DC, participate in the Being Me curriculum, which covers five core health topics: asthma, sleep, obesity, sickle cell disease, and bullying and injury prevention.
For Research Week, the kids were learning about four of the five health topics by working on different crafts at each station. Kids crafted asthma trigger bracelets, made a fitness dice for obesity, colored pictures for sickle cell, and learned about being a good friend for bullying and injury prevention.
Colvin explains the asthma trigger bracelets this way: “If a child’s asthma is triggered by sports, they can add soccer ball beads, if it’s pollen, they can make a flower bracelet.”. The science teachers and students who participate also have the opportunity to continue their learning through Dr. Bear’s Cubs Summer Science Experience and attending Dr. Bear’s Training Institute.
Colvin said the Bear’s Cubs Summer Science Experience was her favorite aspect of the program. Kids from each of the three Being Me schools are nominated to participate in one week camp at the hospital. This year, the program takes place in July and will cover sickle cell disease. “Over the course of the week, the kids learn about the topic and create a presentation at the end of the week,” said Colvin. “A lot of the time kids get here on Monday and worry it will be just like school, but by mid-week they’re having so much, they don’t want to leave.”
Being Me is a 5-year, grant-funded initiative at Children’s National. The program is a collaborative effort between Children’s National, the George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development, and the National Children’s Museum. | <urn:uuid:8a418ebe-4716-45a1-94af-221dc4889a2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://childrensnational.org/news-and-events/our-blogs/parenting-blog/2013/april/getting-kids-interested-in-research-and-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956542 | 561 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Fashion Illustration 101
- How to sketch fashion figures and poses quickly, learn shortcuts with simple lines representing body.
- Work out ideas, inspirations, concepts and detailing through sketch and illustration.
- How to convey different fabrics, textures, weights using washes and movement lines.
Design terminology and description.
- We will be referencing fabric rendering techniques taught by my teacher at Parsons School of Design, Bina Abling and her instructional fashion illustration books.
PROJECTS: Create Croquis: A Fashion Design Sketch Book
SUPPLIES: A Sketch book, Mechanical pencils, watercolor or gouache and colored pencils.
PREREQUISITES: None (Recommended Reference Book: Bina Abling – FASHION SKETCHBOOK) | <urn:uuid:6fac116e-1949-414f-b466-d431fc515b1a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://thesteelbeam.com/collections/fashion-design/products/fashion-illustration-101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.78752 | 161 | 3.234375 | 3 |
In the early stages of Judaism, the rabbis consolidated authority by establishing an apostolic succession and formulating a theology of "realistic messianism," channeling messianic expectations into a this-worldly political framework.
Schisms and Sects
As the rabbis consolidated their power, they fought against internal opponents who either supplemented the Oral Torah with gnostic teachings or replaced it with the biblical literalism of the Karaites.
Missions and Expansion
Following the period of Christian hegemony in 5th-century Palestine, Jews flourished in Babylonia, spread westward to medieval Spain, north and east to Europe, while continually adjusting their cultural bearings.
Exploration and Conquest
Medieval Jews depended upon protection from outside rulers to secure a semi-autonomous political empire, consequently walking a tightrope between persecution and coexistence with their non-Jewish neighbors in exile.
In modernity, Judaism has successfully met the challenges accompanying emancipation, assimilation, and antisemitism by redefining itself as a multiplicity of cultures based on the triad: God, Torah, and Israel. | <urn:uuid:c4ee14ea-82e2-4a43-84ae-621ab737242d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.patheos.com/Library/Judaism/Historical-Development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9288 | 223 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Since then people have learned that low water levels in dams often also means now more likelihood of
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan protozoans that can cause gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea in humans. Cryptosporidium is the organism most ...
during the summer and fall months many places which can kill people with compromised immune systems like those with HIV or worse even drinking tap water like that once or twice. This is true all over the country in cities even with enough rainfall year around. And Clorine and Fluoridation does not kill Cryptosporidium because it is immune to both now here in the U.S. and likely other places as well.
So, bottled water is the safest thing to drink even though reverse osmosis systems likely would be good for cooking still.
Yes. Brown lawns most places likely will become the norm this year along with brown shrubs and no flowers for most homes in the state as well as no vegetables grown likely much at all except for people who might still have wells that the state doesn't cap during these times.
A newsman was saying today that even if it rained every other day until May the state would still be in trouble in regard to water this year. | <urn:uuid:485d672a-0c9a-4e27-822d-4534831fed35> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://intuitivefred888.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-last-big-drought-in-california.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.975719 | 266 | 2.78125 | 3 |
by Les Woodland
Never get into an argument about the best rider in history. Charlie Murphy did that and he ended up riding behind a train at 60mph.
On June 30, 1899, Charlie persuaded a railway company to board in two miles of track and run a train so he could sit in its smoke and smut and ride a mile in a minute. It took him 57.8 seconds.
All cyclists have opinions. Murphy was just another kid in Brooklyn, New York, with a lot of talent -- enough to become a track pro and world-record holder -- and even more mouth. 'I was asked to give an opinion of the quality and relative speed of various prominent riders of the time,' Murphy recalled. 'My answer was that there is no limit to the speed of a bicycle rider, that speed depended largely upon the bicycle, gears, tracks and pacemaker. I declared there was not a locomotive built which could get away from me.' Not surprisingly declarations like this made him a laughingstock.
'The more people laughed, the more determined I became to accomplish the feat. I figured that the fast-moving locomotive would expel the air to such an extent that I could follow in the vacuum behind.' Now, a little physics here. A vacuum is not suction, Murphy insisted. A vacuum is the absence of air and therefore of resistance. Murphy had ridden a mile in 37 seconds on a home-trainer, so with a big enough shield, he said, he could go as fast as he liked.
In 1899 nothing was faster than a train. Speed records were all but unknown. For one thing only a train was fast enough to provide pacing. In 1995 Fred Rompelberg rode 166mph behind a car, but in the 1890s cars and motorbikes trundled at the speed of a horse. The magic speed was a mile in a minute -- and you couldn't even depend on trains doing it, as Murphy found out.
'By chance', he said, 'I met Hal Fullerton, special agent of the Long Island Railroad at Howes Roundhouse. I pointed out that an exhibition of that kind would prove to the world that the Long Island Railroad had just as good rolling stock, roadbeds and employees as any other road in the world.' The contract was signed within 48 hours. Journalists came from all over the country. James E. Sullivan, of the American athletics union, was referee and there were five timekeepers. The party arrived in Babylon, New Jersey, at 5pm on June 21, 1899 and mounted the train.
Murphy told Sam Booth, driver of locomotive 39, to go as fast as he could and hold it, then put on what he called his 'racing togs' before climbing on to his 104-inch gear Tribune.
Fullerton had spread a two-mile carpet of boards between the rails from Babylon to Farmingdale and built 11-foot sidewings and a small roof to the platform on the last carriage.
The train moved away faster up the slight slope than Murphy expected but he stayed in the middle of the 10-inch planks and within two inches of the beam and crossbar that was his bumper on the platform of judges, toffs and timekeepers. He clocked 16.4 seconds for the first quarter-mile, 33.6 for the half, 49.2 for the three-quarters and the mile in 1:08. Murphy dropped back 200 feet into eddies that threw him about 'as if I were a piece of paper.' Fullerton was embarrassed to find his locomotive wasn't up to the job. Six times it failed to get up to 60mph. He called for his heaviest and fastest but its weight made the wooden track sink and rise as it passed over the joints of the rails. Murphy was forced to ride a wave.
Murphy held the pacing compartment until he'd got his gear rolling. Fullerton asked if he was all right and told Booth to open the regulator. The mile-a-minute ride into history had started.
'With eyes glued upon the vertical strip of white on the back of the car I experienced an entirely different feeling compared with my previous ride,' Murphy said. 'The officials knew that there was something wrong, that I was labouring under great difficulties. I could not understand the violent vibration in the track, as though I was riding over an undulation instead of level track; feeling hot missiles striking my face and body. I learned afterwards it was burning rubber from under the car. Within five seconds the rate of speed was terrific; I was riding in a maelstrom of swirling dust, hot cinders, paper and other particles of matter. The whipsaw feeling through a veritable storm of fire became harder every second.' Then he started losing ground. An official called Fred Burns shouted through a megaphone to ask what was wrong. Murphy looked up to answer and immediately fell back 50 feet. Now he was fighting to stay in touch.
'I could feel myself getting weaker every second I saw ridicule, contempt, disgrace and a lifetime dream gone up in smoke. I saw the agonised faces, yelling, holding outstretched hands as if they would like to get hold of or assist me somehow.' The half passed in 29.4 and the ride was rescued.
'Wobbling to and fro, but still gaining, the dust, the odour of burning rubber.... The car was crowded with men who had been used to seeing any and all things that were dangerous, but the howling and screaming of sturdy officials and newspaper men from all over the United States that stood on the platform put all on edge. Suddenly, three-quarters was passed in 43 4/5 seconds.' Murphy was still 15 feet back. 'I expected to go off the track, travelling faster than the train, with the terrible storm of dust, pebbles, hot rubber and cinders. I looked up blankly. It was getting to a point where I could expect anything.'
And then, from the edge of his eye, a waving Stars and Stripes. The finish. But Murphy was riding faster than the train, still catching it. Up in the cab, Booth had also seen the flag and he shut off steam. Murphy crashed into the train. The bike tipped up and officials grabbed in desperation. Murphy let go of the bars and held an upright. Fullerton caught one arm and a man called Joseph H. Cummin the other and they pulled both bike and rider to the platform.
'I lay motionless, face down, on the platform. I was all in. I was half-carried to a cot at the end of the car; the roar of the train was challenged by hysterical yells. Grown men hugged and kissed each-other. One man fainted and another went into hysterics, while I remained speechless on my back, ashen in colour and sore all over.' Officials pulled off Murphy's jersey for Dr McMunn Holly to examine him, not realising hot rubber and cinders had burnt through it and they were taking flesh with them.
But Booth, the driver, was worried. He'd seen Murphy drop back on the first ride and had looked for him to do the same on the second. Seconds after shutting off steam he had reached the end of the wooden track and feared Murphy had piled into unprotected sleepers between the rails and crashed. Seeing him on the cot, he thought he was dead.
Sullivan, the referee, said he would never again take part in an event of that kind, even if it made cycling famous for a century. Murphy, though, did carry on racing. He was among 600 touring professionals on the Grand Circuit in the mid-1890s, won the American tandem championship in 1891 and US titles from one to five miles, setting 17 national records. In 1895 he claimed seven world, 17 American and 29 state records.
He went on tour in the
Keith Vaudeville Circuit, then joined the New York police. He was commended
four times and cited five times. He boasted of being the first policeman in
the world to fly an aeroplane, and the first in New York to ride a motorcycle
in uniform. He died on February 17, 1950, aged 79. This summer Farmingdale
held a Mile-a-Minute celebration. The Farmingdale Post described him
as 'one of the men who added a bright spot of colour to Farmingdale history'.
© Les Woodland
Cycling Plus, January 2000
other stories by L Woodland
TOP OF PAGE | <urn:uuid:a170f8d2-7b11-49b5-9ecf-650a091b36b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://notanothercyclingforum.net/bikereader/contributors/woodland/murphy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171209.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00180-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983874 | 1,765 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The longan, literally "dragon eye" in Chinese, is a tropical tree native to southern China. It is also found in Southeast Asia.
The tree can grow up to 12 metres in height, and the plant is very sensitive to frost. Longan trees require sandy soil and temperatures that do not typically go below 4.5 degrees Celsius (40 degrees Fahrenheit). Longans and lychees bear fruit at around the same time of the year.
The longan ("dragon eyes") is so named because of the fruit's resemblance to an eyeball when it is shelled (the black seed shows through the translucent flesh like a pupil/iris). The seed is small, round and hard, and of an enamel-like, lacquered black. The fully ripened, freshly harvested shell is bark-like, thin, and firm, making the fruit easy to shell by squeezing the fruit out as if one is "cracking" a sunflower seed. When the shell has more moisture content and is more tender (due to either premature harvest, variety, weather conditions, or transport/storage conditions), the fruit becomes less convenient to shell.
To express longan fruit, there is a Vietnamese riddle: Da cóc mà bọc bột lọc, bột lọc mà bọc hòn than (literally: Toad's skin covers tapioca flour, tapioca flour covers coal stone): toad's skin is the skin, tapioca flour is the clear white flesh and coal stone is the black seed.
The fruit is edible, extremely sweet, juicy and succulent in superior agricultural varieties, and apart from ingested ... | <urn:uuid:7cf9933c-4518-4bbd-aea8-63f4d635b269> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.lunch.com/reviews/food/UserReview-Longan-1397575-206585.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435465.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00032-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912384 | 359 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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Unformatted text preview: ordinates of the point (1,4) after it is:
a) reflected in the x axis.
b) reflected in the y axis.
c) rotated 180° about (0,0).
d) reflected in the line y = x.
e) reflected in the line y = -x.
f) rotated 90° clockwise about (0,0).
g) rotated 90° counterclockwise about (0,0). 2. What is the single transformation that will produce the
same result as:
a) a reflection in the x axis, followed by a reflection in
the y axis?
b) a rotation 90° clockwise about (0,0), followed by a
reflection in the y axis? Back to the initial assessment task
Tackle the original assessment task again, bearing in mind what
you have learned during the lesson. Generalizing Patterns: Table Tiles
Initial assessment task The collaborative activity Maria makes square tables, then sticks tiles to the top. She
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- Fall '13 | <urn:uuid:88e4012d-9b24-4299-b8a9-7b3e9f8e2eae> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/7914073/Show-the-new-coordinates-of-the-point-14-after-it-is-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00203-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.766726 | 242 | 3.625 | 4 |
Types of violence
Violence is the action and effect of exerting force on another, whether at a physical or moral level, acting against the natural state of things.
Currently, there is an abundance of research that helps to better understand the phenomenon of violence between human beings. Knowing this information allows, in some cases, to establish measures for personal and civic re-education, prevention or correction. In others, it will barely allow the application of penalties, commensurate with the degree of violence achieved.
Let's see below what are the main types of violence that experts have managed to identify.
Violence according to the media
Psychological violence is one that produces affective, moral and psychological damage on the person without the mediation of physical force, which reduces their self-esteem. For example: blaming, threatening, coercing, spying, ignoring the other, discrediting the other, harassing, harassing, isolating, disrespecting opinion, etc. Includes verbal aggression through insults and disqualification.
It refers to all forms of violence that is used by physical force, and that causes pain, damage, wounds and even deprivation of life: pushing, hitting, pulling hair, burning, torturing, mutilating, wounding, etc.
It is that violence that denigrates the sexual integrity of a person, whether there is genital contact or not. It is understood that integrity has been violated whenever the victim does not give their express consent. Sexual violence includes: coercion, threats, intimidation and use of force, rape, harassment, abuse, sexual exploitation, human trafficking, forced prostitution, etc.
Economic or patrimonial violence
It is the violence that is exercised against a person (especially from men to women), in which their economic rights are violated through the disturbance of the possession or ownership of their property, as well as through the theft, deliberate destruction and retention of assets, work tools, personal documents, property and securities.
It refers to the use of those symbols that denote superiority of the perpetrator over the victim, and that express dominance of force.
Violence according to the modality
Political or institutional violence
Political violence is any practice of a political actor (individual or party), which conditions the citizen's access to their rights and responsibilities to their political adherence (patronage).
Institutional violence is understood to be all acts committed by public officials who, on behalf of the State, delay, hinder and interfere with citizen rights, especially when they impede access to justice, be it due to negligence, corruption, racial prejudice and gender or patronage.
It is about violence (psychological, physical or sexual) exerted in the workplace on a person. This violence can come from any subject regardless of the hierarchy: for example, a superior or co-workers. When it comes specifically from a superior or a person with a voice of command, it is considered that there is “abuse of power” with the purpose of bending the will of the worker in the exercise of his functions.
Domestic, family or intra-family violence
It refers to violence that is inflicted within the family group, which includes de facto or legally established partners. Violence can occur from men to women, from parents to children, and it can also involve other actors such as uncles, grandparents or relatives. Although intimate partner violence is usually male to female, the opposite is also true.
See also Family Violence.
It is about that violence exerted on the person because of their gender.Most of the victims of this type of violence are women, whose mistreatment is absolutely naturalized in the culture. The victims also include members of the LGBT community. Gender-based violence can range from disqualification to femicide, in which case it qualifies as a hate crime.
- Gender violence.
Racial violence is violence that is committed against a person because of their ethnic origin. It is also related to xenophobia. This type of violence is carried out by a perpetrator who believes in the superiority of his race.
Bullying and cyberbullying
Bullying is a word that comes from the English bully, which means 'intimidation'. It is used today to refer to the psychological and physical harassment suffered by a person in the student environment by their peers.
There is talk of cyberbullying when this harassment is done through social networks, in which it reaches high levels of psychological violence enhanced by the anonymity of the internet. | <urn:uuid:97476bb6-0567-42dd-abe5-38398c957b1b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://lifestylemommy.me/tipos-de-violencia-4XH | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.95728 | 900 | 3.484375 | 3 |
It may be frigid outside, but those willing to brave the cold may be able to spot one of Arlington’s more elusive mammalian inhabitants — local wildlife watchers have some of their best chances to spot a red or gray fox in the winter time.
Foxes were a recent topic of discussion in an Arlington neighborhood email list.
“Although foxes are primarily nocturnal, it’s not unusual to see one out hunting during the day in winter,” wrote Long Branch Nature Center Natural Resources Specialist Cliff Fairweather. “Nonetheless, foxes are elusive and seeing one is an uncommon treat.”
Red foxes are all over Arlington but hard to spot, according to another county naturalist, Alonso Abugattas. They are not native to the county, but they have since “naturalized.”
“The bottom line though is that we do not know exactly how many red foxes we have in Arlington, though they are very plentiful and inhabit almost every one of our neighborhoods,” he told ARLnow.com.
Gray foxes are native to Arlington, but much less prevalent and stick mainly to the areas around the Potomac, Abugattas said.
So how does one know if a fox is in their midst if there’s no red or gray bushy tail in sight? Fairweather says foxes tend to leave their “scat,” or feces, in “obvious” places to mark their territory, and their urine can smell like a skunk. Their scat “is usually dark and often twisted to a point at the ends and the contents reflect seasonal variation in fox diets. In winter, it is usually composed of hair from small mammals,” according to Fairweather.
Although foxes are peaceful animals and tend to be afraid of humans, they are omnivores and talented scavengers, according to Abugattas.
“They get to know the trash days and routes and stake out restaurants for the leftovers, unsecured trash, and rodents they attract,” he said.
If you do spot a fox and it approaches you or “acts unusually tame” — as opposed to running away — it might be a sign of rabies and should be avoided, Fairweather cautioned.
Flickr pool photo by Kevin Wolf | <urn:uuid:44707b17-5c3e-461d-9443-2e63672ecc51> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.arlnow.com/2015/01/09/winter-is-fox-spotting-season-in-arlington/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891884.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707080206-20200707110206-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.963178 | 488 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Pectoralis Major Sternal Head
Deltoid Posterior, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, Triceps Brachii
- Place a dumbbell standing up on a flat bench.
- Ensuring that the dumbbell stays securely placed at the top of the bench, lie perpendicular to the bench (torso across it as in forming a cross) with only your shoulders lying on the surface. Hips should be below the bench and legs bent with feet firmly on the floor. The head will be off the bench as well.
- Grasp the dumbbell with both hands and hold it straight over your chest at arms length. Both palms should be pressing against the underside one of the sides of the dumbbell. This will be your starting position.
- Caution: Always ensure that the dumbbell used for this exercise is secure. Using a dumbbell with loose plates can result in the dumbbell falling apart and falling on your face.
- While keeping your arms straight, lower the weight slowly in an arc behind your head while breathing in until you feel a stretch on the chest.
- At that point, bring the dumbbell back to the starting position using the arc through which the weight was lowered and exhale as you perform this movement.
- Hold the weight on the initial position for a second and repeat the motion for the prescribed number of repetitions. | <urn:uuid:eb1a8797-fdb8-44e9-bd6a-e6bab1eafe90> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://workoutsofficial.com/exercise/dumbbell-pullover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.888117 | 314 | 2.625 | 3 |
IN THIS CHAPTER
Launching and using Illustrator
Using shortcut keys
Working with Illustrator's interface
Moving around in Illustrator
Using Outline and Preview modes
Understanding the Edit functions
Not too long ago, commercial artists and illustrators worked by hand, not on computers. You might find it hard to believe, but they spent hours and hours with T-squares, rulers, French curves, and type galleys from their local typesetters.
Now, of course, most artists and artist wannabes spend hours and hours with their computers, mice, digitizing tablets, monitors, and on-screen type that they set themselves. A few traditional artists are still out there, but more and more make the transition to the digital world every day.
After that transition, computer artists usually come face to face with Illustrator, the industry-standard, graphics-creation software for both print and the Web. The following is a typical example of how people get to know Illustrator.
Illustrator arrives, and the enthusiastic artist-to-be — I'll call him Picasso — opens the box, pops in the DVD, and installs the product. A few minutes later, Picasso launches Illustrator, opens a new file, and is faced with a clean, brand-new, empty document. A world of possibilities awaits — just a few mouse clicks away. But Picasso is a little intimidated by all that white space, just as many budding young writers wince at a new word-processing document ... | <urn:uuid:1cb56e58-d745-4281-a93c-78f161db4b1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/illustrator-cs5-bible/9780470584750/ch02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648313.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323141827-20180323161827-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.938454 | 314 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Lesson for May 13, 2012: The Good Shepherd (John 10:1-18)
This treatment of the International Sunday School Lesson is written by Sam E. Stone, former editor of CHRISTIAN STANDARD.
By Sam E. Stone
In the Old Testament, God’s relation to the Hebrew people was often compared to that of a shepherd and his sheep (Jeremiah 31:10; Ezekiel 34:31). It is not surprising to find that Jesus used the same illustration (Luke 15:3-6). Today’s lesson is taken again from John’s Gospel. The setting is Jerusalem, well into Christ’s ministry.
The Good Shepherd and the Sheep
By saying, “I tell you the truth,” Jesus clearly connects what he is saying with what has just happened—the healing of the blind man and his debate with the religious leaders. The man who does not enter the sheep pen by the gate, but climbs in by some other way is a thief and a robber. The common sheepfold in first-century Palestine consisted of a walled area uncovered at the top with only one entrance. The sheep were thus protected inside.
Any person with a legitimate reason could simply walk through the gate. Only someone who was not supposed to be there would try to enter some other way. The man who enters by the gate is the shepherd of the sheep. “Shepherd” is used here of Christ (see v. 16), as well as elsewhere in the New Testament (1 Peter 2:25; Hebrews 13:20). The watchman opens the gate for him, and the sheep listen to his voice. The picture suggests a large sheepfold where several small flocks might be kept at the same time. The fold represents the church, the sheep are the disciples, and Christ is pictured both as the door and the shepherd. Sheep recognize the voice of their shepherd. Some shepherds even had a name for each of their sheep.
When he has brought out all of his own, he goes on ahead of them, and his sheep follow him because they know his voice. While a cowboy drives his cattle, a shepherd leads his sheep. Sheep will not follow a stranger and will, in fact, run away from him because they do not recognize his voice. They will not follow the shepherd of another flock, or anyone else who might attempt to lead them astray. They know the voice of their real shepherd, and will follow only him.
Jesus used this figure of speech, but they did not understand what he was telling them. The King James Version refers to the comparison as a “parable,” but the New International Version more accurately calls it a “figure of speech.” It is technically an allegory. When he speaks of those who came before, Jesus is not referring to the Old Testament prophets, but rather to those religious leaders who were trying to steal the people away from him. They were on the scene before he came into the world and continued to that very moment as he spoke.
I am the gate; whoever enters through me will be saved. Just as there was one door into the sheep pen, so there is one way into Heaven (John 14:6; 3:16). Those who enter by the one door find security, liberty, and nurture. While the thief comes to steal, kill, and destroy, Jesus came that people may enjoy the fullness of life. The Good Shepherd makes it possible for the sheep who follow him to “keep on having” eternal life (10:28). In dying for them, the shepherd gives them abundant life.
The Good Shepherd and the Hireling
“I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.” He literally “pours out his soul unto death” (compare Isaiah 53:12; Matthew 20:28; 1 Timothy 2:6). Christ purchased the church with his own precious blood (John 1:29; Acts 20:28; Ephesians 5:25-27; 1 John 2:2).
With the hired hand, it is different. When he sees the wolf coming, he abandons the sheep and runs away. Though paid to protect and care for the sheep, the hireling sees it only as a job. The man runs away because he
. . . cares nothing for the sheep. Not all hired workers are like this, of course. Some have a true shepherd’s heart, but the hirelings Jesus described don’t care about the sheep, just their salary (compare 1 Peter 5:2).
The other sheep that Jesus mentions are the Gentiles. They will be a part of the one flock. The prophets had foretold the inclusiveness of Christ’s kingdom (see Isaiah 42:6; Joel 2:28; Malachi 1:11). “I lay down my life—only to take it up again.” Jesus willingly sacrificed himself on the cross—the Good Shepherd dying to save his sheep.
*Lesson based on International Sunday School Lesson, © 2008, by the Lesson Committee. Scripture quotations are from the New International Version ©1984, unless otherwise indicated.
|HOME DAILY BIBLE READINGS|
|May 7: 2 Chronicles 18:12-22|
|May 8: Numbers 27:12-20|
|May 9: Psalm 78:67-72|
|May 10: Psalm 28|
|May 11: Psalm 80:1-7|
|May 12: John 10:1-6|
|May 13: John 10:7-18| | <urn:uuid:1d531ca4-6165-4d88-9e15-69ccd6e5bc55> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://christianstandard.com/2012/05/lesson-for-may-13-2012-the-good-shepherd-john-101-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298684.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00208-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971568 | 1,177 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Is it possible to design learning that engages the vast majority of students in mathematics?
Unfortunately, many students come to dread math because of their experience in school. Even worse, they lose faith in themselves as learners. In many classrooms, there is a mismatch between what’s offered and what students need in order to become engaged, enthusiastic and proficient learners. This mismatch may actually be creating what’s commonly identified as mathematical learning disabilities.
Alberta Education contracted Dr. Sharon Friesen of the Galileo Educational Network to build from the findings of the other research paper in this website – Inside an Accessible Classroom – and apply observations from that study to a Grade 7 math class. Learning Mathematics in an Accessible Classroom determines how Universal Design for Learning principles increases mathematical proficiency and achievement for all students. Researchers wanted to ensure their designs for learning were flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of abilities, and that each task was carefully supported through activities that developed student understanding and mathematical proficiency. Students also had the opportunity to assess their own work in guiding their own understanding.
The result was that mathematical concepts were made accessible to all students. Even the classroom’s teacher, who struggled with the subject throughout her own schooling, found a way to break free from the traditional mathematical teaching script to engage her students with robust, connections-type problems they can identify in real-world situations. This study demonstrates how in a short period of time, even in a classroom with a relatively large amount of students with disabilities, everyone can achieve mathematical proficiency. | <urn:uuid:7018e8d3-f6f2-4433-9963-fa138a501ab8> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://galileo.org/classroom-example/an-accessible-math-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565541.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125092143-20210125122143-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.963486 | 310 | 3.921875 | 4 |
White River Junction, Vermont
|White River Junction, Vermont|
White River Junction railroad station
Location in Windsor County and the state of Vermont.
|• Total||1.7 sq mi (4.4 km2)|
|• Land||1.6 sq mi (4.3 km2)|
|• Water||0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2)|
|Elevation||361 ft (110 m)|
|• Density||1,300/sq mi (520/km2)|
|Time zone||Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)|
|• Summer (DST)||EDT (UTC-4)|
|ZIP codes||05001, 05009|
|GNIS feature ID||1460224|
White River Junction is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Hartford in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,286 at the 2010 census, making it the largest community within the town of Hartford.
The village includes the White River Junction Historic District, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and whose boundaries were increased in 2002. The historic district reflects urban architecture of the area from the late 19th century and early 20th century. The district is bounded by the Central Vermont railroad tracks, Gates Street, and South Main Street. It includes at least 29 contributing and non-contributing buildings. Notable buildings include the Coolidge Hotel, the First National Bank building, a U.S. Post Office building, and the White River Junction Fire House, showing examples of Greek Revival, Colonial Revival, Richardsonian Romanesque, Italianate and Romanesque architecture.
The village has long had a role in transportation, primarily as a railroad junction. From the arrival of the first railroads in the late 1840s until rail diminished in importance in the 1960s due to the Interstate Highway System, White River Junction was the most important railroad community in Vermont. Its original importance was due to its location at the confluence of the White River with the Connecticut River. In 1803 Elias Lyman built a bridge across the Connecticut from the north bank of the White River to West Lebanon, New Hampshire.
The local population remained quite low until the arrival of the railroad in the 1840s. Five different railroad lines were laid through the village site between 1847 and 1863 (the Vermont Central Railway and Connecticut River Railroad in 1847, the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad in 1848, the Northern New Hampshire Railroad in 1849, and the Woodstock Railroad in 1863), creating an eight-track crossing that was served by 50 passenger trains daily. In 1849, the village's first railroad depot was built, and local farmer Samuel Nutt arranged to buy and dismantle a hotel in Enfield, New Hampshire, and move it to his farm on the other side of the railroad tracks from the depot. His hotel, named the Junction House, was the first of three hotels to occupy the site, which now is home to the Coolidge Hotel, built in 1924.
White River Junction is located at (43.64888, -72.319588).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 km²), of which 1.6 square miles (4.3 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.1 km2) (2.94%) is water.
The village is only a five minute's drive from Hanover, NH which hosts Dartmouth College and nearly equidistant from major cities and towns such as Rutland, Montpelier, St. Johnsbury, Brattleboro, Keene, and Concord. All are about one hour's drive from the village.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,569 people, 1,169 households, and 648 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,557.6 per square mile (601.1/km2). There were 1,235 housing units at an average density of 748.8 per square mile (289.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.54% White, 0.58% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.
There were 1,169 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the village the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $33,667, and the median income for a family was $44,094. Males had a median income of $34,200 versus $21,591 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,221. About 8.1% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
White River Junction served as the location for the filming of director D.W. Griffith's film Way Down East, in part filmed on the ice floes of the Connecticut and White rivers, starring Lillian Gish and Richard Barthelmess. While filming, both cast and crew lodged at the Hotel Coolidge (then the Junction House). After 1950, important murals were painted on the walls of this hotel by Peter Gish. Douglas Crocker painted the murals in the nearby Post Office Building in the 1930s. One of these, saying simply "ROOM WITH BATH" and a large arrow, has become a bit of a landmark.
Hotel Coolidge, renovated in 1997, now operates as a 30-room hotel and a 26-bed youth hostel by Hostelling International USA. The 1920s structure once served as a railway hotel. The hotel is said to be haunted by the ghost of Ezra "Wrench" Magoon, a farmer and known bootlegger who died in the Hotel Coolidge in the summer of 1918.
It is also home to the Tip Top Building, a renovated 45,000-square-foot (4,200 m2) bakery that houses artists, creative businesses and a cafe. The renovation was orchestrated by Matt Bucy, a Yale-trained architect who formerly wrote software for New England Digital.
The Main Street Museum, described by the Washington Post as "quirky and avant garde", is an eclectic display space for material culture and an experiment in a new taxonomy. It makes its home in White River Junction's former fire station on Bridge Street, next to the underpass.
White River Junction is home to Northern Stage, a professional regional theatre. It is also home to The Writers' Center, which offers classes and workshops to the local writing community.
White River Junction has a vibrant music scene. Since the summer of 2007, local musicians have been playing at Elixir Restaurant and Lounge. Modeled after New York City meatpacking district clubs, this restaurant and bar features high-end martinis, tapas, and jazz music.
White River Junction, known mostly for its quirky and artistic downtown area.
Roads and highways
White River Junction is crossed by:
- Interstate 91
- Interstate 89
- US Route 4 ("Crossroad of Vermont Byway")
- US Route 5 ("Connecticut River Byway")
- Vermont Route 14
To take advantage of the village's location as one of Vermont's busiest junctions, and as the place where the state's two major Interstate highways meet, several chain hotels have been built in the area.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service through White River Junction, operating its Vermonter between Washington, D.C. and St. Albans, Vermont. White River Junction was formerly an important junction on the Boston & Maine Railroad's Connecticut River Line. White River Junction also serves as a major stop along the Green Mountain Railroad for the White River Flyer train.
Greyhound, the national intercity bus system, provides daily service to and from White River Junction from a terminal on the corner of US Route 5 and Sykes Mountain Road. Two of their lines serve this station: one between Montreal and Boston, and the other represents the northern terminus of a line to New York City. Premier Coach's Vermont Translines, as part of a partnership with Greyhound, also stops there on its route between Rutland and Lebanon, New Hampshire. Service on this route began on June 9, 2014.
- Jim Cantore, The Weather Channel meteorologist
- Cayetano Garza, comic artist, cartoonist and illustrator
- James Sturm, comics artist and founder/director of the Center for Cartoon Studies
- Sharon Underwood, LGBT rights advocate
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): South Royalton CDP, Vermont". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- White River Junction Historic District National Register Nomination Information
- National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- Preserve America Community: White River Junction, Vermont, Preserve America website, accessed July 21, 2009
- Brief History - Town of Hartford Vermont. Hartford-vt.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
- "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- Schedules, Vermont Translines. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
- New Vermont Bus Service Coming Soon, My Champlain Valley. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
- Advance Transit Home, Advance Transit. Retrieved 2014-09-20. | <urn:uuid:87e2ea63-536d-492c-b21d-806e8d9d7bc9> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00263-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951756 | 2,287 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Scenario Based Simulation Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol in MANET Using NS-2
Mobile ad-hoc networks having no fixed Infrastructure and without any physical connections of mobile devices such as laptop etc. Due to mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and path loss, MANET has no fixed topology. Hence, MANET has to need dynamic routing protocols for these networks to function properly for delivering the data packets from source node to desired destination. This property of the nodes makes the mobile ad hoc networks unpredictable from the point of view of scalability and topology. In general, routing protocols for MANETs are designed based on the assumption that all participating nodes are fully cooperative. | <urn:uuid:56fa192c-f3cf-4f34-8143-9db155ea9e07> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/scenario-based-simulation-analysis-and-performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocol-in-manet-using-ns-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170696.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00084-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889153 | 141 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Helping Insects and Other Invertebrates
The world as we know it couldn’t function without invertebrates. They pollinate plants, help break down and recycle organic material, and provide an important food source for lots of other animals.
A good wildlife garden will provide food plants but also habitat for these important creatures. Both are essential.
~Invertebrate pollinators are mainly insects, and include bumblebees, solitary bees, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps and beetles. Mainly creatures that fly.
~There are at least 1500 species of insect pollinator in the UK.
~Worryingly, insect pollinators are experiencing a worldwide decline, as the rise in habitat loss; pesticide usage and the changing climate make survival increasingly difficult.
~In addition to food crops, 90% of all wildflowers would become extinct if there were no insects left to pollinate them.
~They provide food for garden birds and mammals such as hedgehogs.
~It has been estimated that the 24 million private gardens in Britain cover more than 1,000,000 acres. This is an area larger than any one of Britain’s National Parks and it represents a hugely important, and often under utilised, resource for wildlife. (Amateur Entomological Society.)
Together, we can bring our pollinators and other wildlife back.
Food plants for pollinating insects
Provide a mix of flower types. Variety is key, and by varying your flower types you can accommodate different bugs. Open, daisy-type flowers are great for hoverflies and many solitary bees, while some other bees, butterflies and moths prefer tubular flowers. Also plant night-scented flowers for moths, such as Jasmine and Honeysuckle
Plant flowers that bloom at different times of year. That way pollinators have access to food throughout the seasons. You can even add winter flowers such as Hellebore, Erica, Mahonia and snowdrops to feed pollinators that wake up on sunny winter days (see plant list).
Plant a herb garden. Flowering herbs such as Marjoram, Rosemary and Fennel provide lots of nectar for pollinators.
Don’t buy from the RHS plants for pollinators range at garden centres. Many of these have been produced using neonicotinoid pesticides. Find ways to obtain the plants you need locally from sales, cuttings, sharing with friends.
Make your lawn a bee-lawn. These are lawns that include plants such as white clover that are hardy enough to survive mowing but perfect for pollinators. Simply over-seed your lawn with them and reduce your mowing to every few weeks, raising the blades to about three inches. You may even see an increase in drought resistance.
Leaving a third of a lawn uncut is a recognised way to help to protect insect populations.
Pack in the plants, as many different plants into your space as possible. Don’t have any gaps where soil is exposed.
Include as many native plants as you can by making friends with “weeds”.
Look at the plant list provided by rewildchew on this website and try to grow as many as possible.
How to provide a home for all garden insects and invertebrates (including pollinators)
Providing homes and food plants for pollinators like bees enables them to save energy. Most bees will not travel far from their nest unless they have to.
“Providing homes for solitary bees can be very effective. Solitary bees are in a group of about 250 different species, many with weird and wonderful names. For accuracy – they are actually not all solitary, some live in small colonies.
Some like the Tawny mining bees excavate vertical burrows in grass, some nest on bare ground, and others nest in horizontal holes above ground, using holes in dead tress or hollow stems of plants. Mason bees like to burrow into soft mortar in an old wall and some will use clay banks.
The red mason bee is happy to use horizontal manmade holes that can be drilled into logs (8mm diameter) or a fence post. Holes should be as deep as possible.
Bee hotels made of bamboo have to be drilled all the way through past the nodes to be useful, and also have smooth edges so the bees aren’t damaged when entering. Commercial ones are often not properly designed.“
The Garden Jungle by Dave Goulson
Leave an area of garden (however small) untouched, this will provide a refuge for many insects and other small creatures and enable solitary bees to build nests.
Accept that some leaves will be damaged and fruits eaten. Many insects will feed on our plants or fruit and if you want them to be regular visitors to your garden, then it’s better to accept the damage. You may even decide to plant sacrificial plants purely to provide food for insects.
Leave deadheading and clearing plants until the spring to provide overwintering sites for insects and other invertebrates.
Include evergreen shrubs and climbers (like Ivy) and other evergreen plants like Holly, Christmas box and Pittosporum. They are brilliant as leafy winter hideaways for bugs and have enormous value, providing shelter during the winter months for the ladybirds, springtails and ground beetles.
Wasps too are important pollinators and their nests should be left undisturbed wherever possible.
When pruning, stack the material in a quiet corner of the garden to make a place for wildlife to shelter. Hollow stems are particularly valuable. Chipping or burning it will kill any caterpillars or eggs of butterflies and moths, but if you leave it in the garden it can create a whole new space for wildlife.
Piles of rock, bricks or logs provide habitat for invertebrates and will probably also attract amphibians.
‘The most recent storms have blown most of the leaves off the lawn and into the flower beds or around trees and shrubs; I tend to leave them there as there may be caterpillars hiding in them, and I know that hedgehogs and other small animals feel safer when they hidden among the mounds of leaves. The leaves also feed the earthworms and other creatures in the soil, which turn the leaves into new, nutritious soil that sustains the plants. I believe that gardening this way, gratefully sharing the space with wildlife, leads to greater abundance in everything. There are more insects, more birds, more bats and other mammals; more life.’ (Butterfly Conservation newsletter Nov 20)
In short, an abundance of invertebrates of all types equates to a healthy garden ecology. (RHS) | <urn:uuid:61247ce0-d87a-45b7-bfa5-d18f4962118f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://greenchew.org/helping-insects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647409.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531182033-20230531212033-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.941376 | 1,401 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Managing dammed rivers: water governance and adaptive management in the Colorado Basin
It is our pleasure to share with you the short bilingual (English-Portuguese) video-documentary “Exploring the Colorado River Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program“. In the video, indigenous leaders, researchers, government officials and managers share their experiences and perspectives on hydroelectric dam development in the Colorado River in the US and in Amazonian rivers in South America.
The video documents the first workshop of the Amazon Dams Network/Rede Barragens Amazônicas supported by the National Science Foundation – Coupled Human-Natural Systems – Research Coordination Network, held in Flagstaff, Arizona, from May 15-18, 2017. The event was co-organized by the U.S. Geological Survey (Southwest Biological Science Center), Northern Arizona University (NAU), the University of Florida (UF), the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT) and the Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR). The event included the participation of 55 people representing a diversity of disciplinary orientations, experiences, perspectives, roles and knowledge on management of freshwater systems in Brazil, the Andean region and the US.
Adaptive management is an approach to studying and managing environmental systems which includes active experimentation, learning and adapting management actions according to the objectives defined for that given system. Some highlights and lessons learned during the event and portrayed in the video include the fact that value systems guide the objectives/goals for using a socio-ecological system, as well as research and management decisions, and that these need to be recognized and negotiated between society and decision-makers.
According to David Wegner, who has worked extensively in the establishment of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program, adaptive management, in principle, provided greater societal participation in the understanding and decision-making of the Colorado River and the post-construction transformations of the Glen Canyon dam, including ensuring a seat at the decision-making table for the indigenous peoples of the Colorado Basin. Philip Fearnside (INPA) noted that adaptive management, which includes negotiation among social actors, research and continuous monitoring, may be an interesting approach to areas already transformed by dams, but should not be used as a “solution” or justification for building more dams.
We learned that water governance has become increasingly complex in the Colorado river, given the multiple competing perspectives, objectives and interests related to the river system and the various services and benefits it provides to humans. States and countries have established agreements that need to be fulfilled, but in our current climate change scenario, compliance is challenging and uncertainty is high.
Another highlight of the event was the participation and input by indigenous peoples from the U.S. and from the Brazilian Amazon. Octavius Seowtewa, from the Zuni people, shared his knowledge of the petroglyphs and the story of Zuni’s pilgrimages to the Canyon, a sacred place of emergence for many North American groups such as the Zuni, Navajo and Hopi. He mentioned that indigenous peoples and their systems of knowledge and values have historically been neglected in the planning and management programs of river basins in Colorado. The same experiences were shared by Candido Munduruku and Eliete Juruna, indigenous participants from the Munduruku and Juruna indigenous peoples in Brazil, affected by the Teles Pires, São Manoel and Belo Monte dams in the Brazilian Amazon. Because of these dams, various indigenous groups in the region have been subjected to violation of human rights, increased conflicts (including armed conflicts), permanent impacts on sacred sites, destruction of traditional livelihoods, and food insecurity.
A collective conclusion was that events such as this transdisciplinary workshop enable learning from multiple perspectives, as well as promote and strengthen cross-sectorial dialogue towards enhanced planning and management of rivers in the Amazon and elsewhere. The network will meet again at Federal University of Tocantins in Palmas in May of 2018, to learn from the experiences in the Tocantins river and to inform adaptive management approaches and initiatives in Amazonian watersheds.
More information and access to workshop’s presentations: http://amazondamsnetwork.org/nsf-workshop-flagstaff/
Link to the Video in the You tube page: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BycM82urPDI
USGS/Southwest Biological Science Center: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sbsc/science/glen-canyon-dam-adaptive-management-gcmrc-science | <urn:uuid:d59c21b4-c30d-4140-9e66-138bc36d6155> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://amazondamsnetwork.org/managing-dammed-rivers-water-governance-and-adaptive-management-in-the-colorado-basin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822172901-20190822194901-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.935986 | 954 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity in Nano- and Mesostructured Polymer Systems
Lock-in Thermography with Infrared Camera VarioCAM® HD research 800
New materials with precisely controlled optical and thermal transport characteristics can make a large contribution to resource-saving thermal management. Scientists of the University of Bayreuth are pursuing this vision. They use infrared thermography to quantitatively determine thermal conductivity in nano- and mesostructured polymer materials.
Thermal conduction and thermal radiation are essential transport mechanisms that play a key role in various applications, from the smallest microchips to complete buildings. Their control requires a sophisticated material design that reaches into the nanometre range. Prof. Markus Retsch and his team from the Chair for Physical Chemistry 1 of the University of Bayreuth are working on the development and characterisation of such innovative materials. Modern cooling and air conditioning systems still require an external energy supply. But the cooling technology of the future should work without additional energy. To achieve this, materials are needed that selectively radiate heat. This can take place, for example, in clear weather when radiation occurs into very cold outer space through the so-called "Sky Window" in the long-wave spectral range of 8 … 13 µm, in which the atmosphere is transparent. "This process is called passive cooling," explains Prof. Retsch, "and requires materials that emit heat via thermal radiation within a selective spectral range. At the same time as little solar energy as possible should be absorbed from the sun, for instance by improving the reflection or scattering properties of the material."
Thin Samples Actively Excited by a Laser
On the path to such passive cooling materials, understanding of the thermal conductivity process is important. To do this, Prof. Retsch's group is working with free-standing samples of, for example, thin polymer foils, 3D-prints, and fibre mats with a film thickness of only a few hundred micrometres. These samples are investigated with the goal of determining their direction-dependent thermal diffusivity. With this value and including the specific heat capacity and density of the sample, the corresponding thermal conductivity is calculated.
As part of the analysis, the measurement objects are excited by an intensity-modulated laser. Depending on the characteristics of the sample, the heat flux extends differently into the material (see fig. 1). The scientists actively control the entire measurement through the thermography software IRBIS® 3. The infrared camera that they use, VarioCAM® HD research 800 from InfraTec, detects the emitted infrared radiation, whose intensity varies with the lock-in modulation frequency.
Fig. 1 Isotropic, free-standing films were measured with different excitation frequencies. The temperature distribution around the excitation source depends on the excitation frequency. It extends differently far into the material. A modulated laser was used as thermal excitation source, which was focused as a point source on the sample in the centre of the image.
Analysis Requires an Infrared Camera with High Spatial and Thermal Resolution
Of primary interest for the examinations are the position-dependent change of phase and amplitude of the emitted thermal wave. "In our case, the measurement method of lock-in thermography requires a detector format that is large enough to measure position-dependently on such small objects. Only then we are able to record the thermal wave precisely," says Prof. Markus Retsch. Therefore, he combines the detector format of the VarioCAM® HD research 800 of (1,024 × 768) IR pixels with an add-on close-up lens 0.5x for a 30 mm lens. | <urn:uuid:023cf5d8-5960-42ae-ac04-4728cfb94cbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.infratec.in/thermography/analysis-of-thermal-conductivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103573995.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628173131-20220628203131-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.903656 | 755 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It is important to keep your toddler’s gut healthy as it can help build his immune system and keep him healthy. A weak immune system can make him highly susceptible to infections. The presence of good bacteria in your toddler's gut plays a crucial role in supporting his immunity and the ability to resist infection. Therefore a balanced diet is essential for his development and maintaining a healthy immune system.
So what can you do to help support your toddler's health and help promote his gut immunity?
Provide his gut with good bacteria
Feeding your toddler with probiotic-rich foods like yogurt helps reduce the frequency of digestive discomfort. Foods such as yoghurt, green peas and sourdough bread are rich in probiotics and should be included in your toddler’s diet.1
Increase high-fibre food in his diet
Feed your toddler plenty of fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and oatmeals to increase the fiber levels in his gut for a stronger immune response. Fruits such as pear, grapes, bananas, kiwis, apples and vegetables such as green leafy vegetables, broccoli, squash, carrots3 are examples of foods rich in fibre that need to be included in your toddler’s diet.
Keep him active
Regular physical activities such as playing outdoors has a positive effect on your toddler's gut immunity, which in return will help his body combat infections.
Make sure he is getting enough sleep
Make sure your toddler is on a consistent sleep schedule, because lack of sleep lowers the production of proteins called cytokines that play a crucial role in fighting infection and reduce inflammation.
Guigoz Expert 3, designed for toddlers over 1 year of age is fortified with essential nutrients such as zinc, vitamin A and vitamin D that help your toddler develop a strong immunity along with a healthy gut. Guigoz Expert 3 contains Zinc which has a significant effect on developing your toddler’s immune system.4 It also includes vitamin A which helps lower susceptibility to digestive and respiratory infections, and vitamin D, which activates white blood cells to defend the body against diseases.4,5 Guigoz Expert 3 also contains L. Comfortis, a probiotic that helps in increasing gut immunity by protecting your toddler against infections and digestive discomfort.6-11
As a mother, you will want to protect your toddler from anything that can put him at risk of falling ill, and we all know how hard it is to always keep him away from germs, but you can help in boosting his gut immunity and make him a happy toddler.
1. Relevant J. 9 probiotic-rich foods for kids. Available at: https://www.julierevelant.com/9-probiotic-rich-foods-for-kids/. Accessed in January, 2020.
2. Bae SH. Diets for constipation. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2014;17(4):203-208.
3. Brookshier S. Fiber-Rich Fruits & Vegetables. Available at: https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/fiberrich-fruits-vegetables-7103.html. Accessed in January, 2020.
4. Thompkinson DK, Kharb S. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2007;6(4):79–102.
5. Aranow C. Vitamin D and the Immune system. J Investig Med . 2011 August ; 59(6): 881–886.
6. Prakash S, et al. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2011, Article ID 981214, 12 pages, 2011.
7. Weng M and Walker WA. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2013 Jun;4(3):203-14.
8. Indrio F, et al. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41(4):417–422.
9. Faure M, et al. R & D Report, RDLS-RD 110047. NRC 2011.
10. Vaupel P and Ewe K: Funktionen des Magen-Darm-Kanals. In: Schmidt, R. F. and Thews, G.: Physiologie des Menschen;16. Auflage, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1995; S. 806-848.
11. Kamiya T, et al. Gut 2006;55(2):191-6.
12. Only About Children (2019, December) THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GUT HEALTH IN CHILDREN. Retrieved from https://www.oac.edu.au/blog/the-importance-of-good-gut-health-in-children/.
13. Cleveland Clinic (2017, February) 5 Ways to Boost Your Child’s Immune System for Life. Retrieved from https://health.clevelandclinic.org/want-boost-childs-immune-system-5-tips/.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and continued breastfeeding for as long as possible. Growing up milks are formulated to meet nutrition needs of healthy young children older than 1 year and should not be fed to infants.
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A typical constructing materials, asbestos is the time period used to explain a variety of naturally rising minerals. Severe illnesses, together with mesothelioma and lung most cancers, can come up many years after coming into contact with asbestos.
Biomedical researchers have spent a few years attempting to grasp how asbestos causes illness, although a number of items of the puzzle stay unknown. Taking a totally totally different strategy, a world workforce led by researchers on the College of Pennsylvania, appeared as an alternative at how the interactions change the mineral itself.
“Many research have appeared on the toxicity of asbestos, and we wished to strategy this challenge from the other facet, not investigating the results on the cells, however quite exploring what occurs to the mineral as soon as contained in the cell,” says Reto Gieré, a professor in Penn’s Division of Earth and Environmental Science within the Faculty of Arts & Sciences, and senior creator on the work, revealed in Scientific Reviews.
“We used cutting-edge experimental strategies, happening to the nanoscale and even the atomic scale to see the transformation of the minerals,” says first creator Ruggero Vigliaturo, now a tenure-track assistant professor at Italy’s College of Turin who accomplished the analysis throughout a postdoctoral fellowship at Penn. “What we noticed is that the minerals are present process modifications that just about seem like they’re defending themselves from the cells.”
The analysis grew out of a bigger set of experiments on asbestos undertaken by means of Penn’s Heart of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology. Although a typical time period, the phrase “asbestos” just isn’t a scientific one, however quite is utilized in business to consult with a variety of minerals with various buildings and chemical compositions. Within the present work, Vigliaturo, Gieré, and colleagues centered on amphibole asbestos, which is hypothesized to be extra hazardous than different varieties.
Whereas a lot analysis into asbestos toxicity has centered on how the physique’s tissues reply to the mineral, right here the researchers wished to look at how the mineral responded to being taken up by human lung cells. Collaborating with researchers on the Nationwide Institute of Chemistry in Slovenia, Vigliaturo and Gieré made use of imaging expertise with an especially high-spatial decision to characterize the minerals after two days spent inside human lung cells. In distinction, most asbestos analysis has to date centered on impacts on the physique when lengthy asbestos fibers stay in areas of tissue exterior of cells.
With specialised transmission electron microscopy (TEM) strategies, the researchers documented never-before-seen modifications within the amphibole minerals, a lot of which had been taken up by compartments within the cell known as lysosomes, which generally are concerned in processing mobile waste and programmed cell loss of life.
“In these lysosomes, that are extra acidic than the remainder of the cell, we noticed that the floor of the mineral begins dissolving,” says Gieré.
A right away query about these comparatively iron-rich minerals rapidly arose: “What was the destiny of the iron?” he says.
A refined kind of TEM evaluation allowed the researchers to see that the oxidation state of iron was altering throughout this dissolution, alterations that would affect the way in which the mineral reacted with different mobile elements, comparable to organelles and cell nuclei.
The mineral surfaces additionally underwent putting modifications, which included the formation of an iron-rich, amorphous layer after being internalized by the cells. To the scientists, the layer was harking back to asbestos our bodies, however with marked structural and chemical variations. Asbestos our bodies are shaped by macrophages within the lung tissue quite than contained in the cells, and are related to prolonged publicity to asbestos.
“While you study samples of lung tissue extracted from sufferers that succumbed to asbestos-related illnesses, you may discover asbestos fibers surrounded by a brownish coating. These are asbestos our bodies,” Gieré says. “The coating is biogenically shaped, and the iron is delivered primarily from the physique by means of a protein known as ferritin.”
Of their experiments, with the asbestos contained in the cells quite than within the intercellular area, the researchers didn’t observe asbestos our bodies, however quite an iron layer on the minerals that was derived from the mineral itself. And in contrast to asbestos our bodies, these coatings didn’t include phosphorous.
“Why this occurs, we do not know,” Gieré says. “It might be the cell is making an attempt to guard itself by triggering this modification within the mineral however it’s too early to say.”
As well as, Vigliaturo notes that the extra iron-rich amphiboles unexpectedly confirmed much less pronounced dissolution and a much less in depth amorphous layer than the varieties that contained much less iron. “This was the other of what we anticipated and what was reported in abiotic experiments,” he says.
The mineralogic modifications, the researchers say, may affect how the physique responds and offers with the asbestos fibers — a course of which will have hyperlinks to how illness arises many years later. They warning, nonetheless, that their experiments had been carried out over a short while body, simply two days, and carried out in vitro with cell traces quite than inside the human physique. Extra work is important, they are saying, to grasp whether or not what they observe is mirrored in dwelling individuals uncovered to asbestos.
Gieré, Vigliaturo, and their colleagues proceed to discover the interplay of lung cells and asbestos, however with a concentrate on the biochemical modifications within the cells themselves. They’re additionally experimenting with various kinds of asbestos to raised perceive how their similarities and variations could relate to illness burden.
They hope that their findings will assist different researchers interpret the poisonous and carcinogenic results of asbestos. And for Vigliaturo, who was born in Casale Monferrato, Italy, a metropolis of 40,000 individuals with greater than 3,000 deaths attributed to asbestos toxicity from an area manufacturing facility, the will to study extra about asbestos-related illness is private.
“We took nanoscience, biology, and nanomaterials expertise and introduced it to mineralogy,” he says. “We’re utilizing our specialised backgrounds to contribute to fixing this a part of the puzzle.”
Reto Gieré is a professor within the Division of Earth and Environmental Science within the Faculty of Arts & Sciences on the College of Pennsylvania.
Ruggero Vigliaturo was a postdoctoral researcher within the Division of Earth and Environmental Science within the Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Penn and is now a tenure-track assistant professor on the College of Turin.
Vigliaturo and Gieré’s coauthors on the work had been Maja Jamnik, Goran Dražić, Marjetka Podobnik, and Simon Caserman of the Nationwide Institute of Chemistry of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Magda Tušek Žnidarič of the Nationwide Institute of Biology of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Giancarlo Della Ventura of the Roma Tre College; Günther J. Redhammer of College of Salzburg; and Nada Žnidaršič of College of Ljubljana.
The work was supported by Rotary International, the Slovenian Analysis Company, and the Nationwide Institute of Environmental Well being Sciences (grants ES013508 and ES023720). | <urn:uuid:ea328953-9fab-4a63-8b2a-fc4143a2e645> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.lagunadecontreras.net/to-better-understand-what-happens-once-asbestos-enters-a-human-body-researchers-took-a-nanoscale-look-at-the-mineral-sciencedaily/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577259.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524203438-20220524233438-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.941821 | 1,613 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Home > Soil & Solid waste > Metallurgical residues
With increasingly strict environmental legislation, shortage of raw material supply and high metal prices, the implementation of dedicated processes for treating metallurgical residues and recovering their valuable contents becomes more and more relevant. Lhoist engineers, in association with other partners, work on innovative processes to destroy hydrocarbons contained in various sludge and the recovery of certain metals, ready to be re-used in the plant.
For example, oily sludge and scales are part of metallurgical residues. Today it is possible to recover their iron content in an efficient way without impeding the main iron-steel flowsheet.
Click here in order to get more information on this innovative residue treatment process, implemented by Lhoist and Paul Wurth | <urn:uuid:16c477e6-4719-44b8-a294-4f5d1207382a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.neutralac.com/soil_metallurgicalresidues.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301720.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120035934-20220120065934-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.879536 | 168 | 2.921875 | 3 |
fever, elevation of body temperature above the normal level, which in humans is about 98°F (37°C) when measured orally. Fever is considered to be a symptom of a disorder rather than a disease in itself. Under normal conditions the heat that is generated by the burning of food by the body is dissipated through such processes as perspiration and breathing. It is believed that infectious diseases, injury to the body tissues, and other conditions that cause inflammation lead to the release of prostaglandins, a type of hormone, which bind to sites in the hypothalamus, the center of temperature control in the body. The rise in temperature that is triggered as a result acts as part of the body's defenses against infection; white blood cells become more active, and most bacteria do not thrive as well. The effects of fever on the body are weakness, exhaustion, and sometimes a depletion of body fluids through excessive perspiration. Extremely high fevers may cause convulsive reactions and eventual death. In addition to infectious diseases (such as pneumonia and tonsillitis), disorders of the brain, certain types of cancer, and severe heatstroke may cause fever. There are also cases of fever where the cause cannot be detected. Treatment includes increasing the intake of fluids and administering aspirin and other fever-reducing medications. Aspirin may be dangerous in fevers of children because of Reye's syndrome. However, primary treatment is directed at the underlying cause unless the fever is very high (above 104°F/40°C). Persons with such dangerously high fevers are sometimes sponged with cool water or immersed in cool baths. | <urn:uuid:3b35870d-20ac-4072-ba44-a66e69b4385d> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/fever.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281869.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00206-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958955 | 329 | 4.125 | 4 |
Then God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters." Thus God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. So the evening and the morning were the second day. Then God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear"; and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters He called Seas. And God saw that it was good.
There was no rain until The Flood of Noah's days.
Genesis 2:4-6 This is the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens, before any plant of the field was in the earth and before any herb of the field had grown. For the Lord God had not caused it to rain on the earth, and there was no man to till the ground; but a mist went up from the earth and watered the whole face of the ground.
God intended man to live forever but we know that Adam and Eve sinned and brought sin and death into God's perfect world. Although Adam and Eve would eventually die, people lived a LOT longer back then, especially in the days before The Flood because of the pure and lush and protected Earth. The Flood was caused by the rupture of this watery covering. The water gushed out of the sky in the first "rain". Once the protective watery covering was gone, you will notice men began to live shorter lives until we get to our normal lifetimes of 70-80 years.
Terah lives 70 yrs before he has children. Then he has 3 sons. Haran had a son named Lot but Haran died young and Terah, Lot's Grandfather, and Uncle Abram raised Lot. Since Abram and Sarai had no other children, it's possible that Abram and Sarai considered Lot their son and the one who would inherit.
Also, notice that Abram's responsibility to his father, Terah, was not negated by a call from God to move. Terah moved his family out of their homeland of Ur to Haran, but God didn't call Abram UNTIL AFTER Terah died in Haran. One of God's Ten Commandments is to "Honor thy Father and thy Mother, that thy days may be long upon the Earth." God wants us to take care of our parents and give them respect. God waited until Terah died before He called Abram on to Canaan. Once Terah died, God made a promise to Abram and called him to Canaan, the Promised Land.
Why did Terah leave Ur? We don't know but I'm sure God was leading him whether he knew it or not. God intended Abram to get to Canaan. Once they got to Haran, Nahor stayed there and Terah died there.
Gen 20:11-12 And Abraham said, Because I thought, Surely the fear of God is not in this place, and they will kill me for my wife's sake. And yet truly she is my sister. She is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother. And she became my wife.
Terah was an idol worshipper according to Joshua:
Genesis 11: 25-32
After he begot Terah, Nahor lived one hundred and nineteen years, and begot sons and daughters. Now Terah lived seventy years, and begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran. This is the genealogy of Terah: Terah begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran. Haran begot Lot. And Haran died before his father Terah in his native land, in Ur of the Chaldeans. Then Abram and Nahor took wives: the name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran the father of Milcah and the father of Iscah. But Sarai was barren; she had no child. And Terah took his son Abram and his grandson Lot, the son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram's wife, and they went out with them from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to the land of Canaan; and they came to Haran and dwelt there. So the days of Terah were two hundred and five years, and Terah died in Haran.
Acts 7: 4-8 "Then [Abraham] came out of the land of the Chaldeans and dwelt in Haran. And from there, when his father was dead, He moved him to this land in which you now dwell. "And God gave him no inheritance in it, not even enough to set his foot on. But even when Abraham had no child, He promised to give it to him for a possession, and to his descendants after him. "But God spoke in this way: that his descendants would dwell in a foreign land, and that they would bring them into bondage and oppress them four hundred years. 'And the nation to whom they will be in bondage I will judge,' said God, 'and after that they shall come out and serve Me in this place.' "Then He gave him the covenant of circumcision; and so Abraham begot Isaac and circumcised him on the eighth day; and Isaac begot Jacob, and Jacob begot the twelve patriarchs.
Genesis 12: 1-9 First Promise
Then he moved South to Bethel.
Hebrews 11 is called the Faith Hall of Fame
By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to the place which he would receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he dwelt in the land of promise as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise; for he waited for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God. By faith Sarah herself also received strength to conceive seed, and she bore a child when she was past the age, because she judged Him faithful who had promised. Therefore from one man, and him as good as dead, were born as many as the stars of the sky in multitude-innumerable as the sand which is by the seashore.
Abram was wealthy. Between Abram and Lot, their livestock didn't have enough room to graze together and it was causing hard feelings and fights among their servants. So Abram told Lot to choose and Lot chose the best for himself. It must have been a great disappointment and heart ache to Abram and Sarai when Lot did this to them. They knew Lot was choosing the best for himself. Abram and Sarai were like his parents (Sarai may have been his sister) and yet Lot showed them no respect and honor by giving them the best. He showed selfishness and greed by taking the best for himself and leaving the leftovers to the couple who had raised him. He took the areas around the 2 towns called Sodom and Gomorrah and he and his family moved into Sodom, no longer living in tents but in a house. The Bible says these two towns were horribly wicked. It must have grieved Abram and Sarai to see him do this to them and to move into such a wicked city. They knew it would end in disaster for Lot. The Bible doesn't say Abram and Sarai held this against him or hated him. In fact, if you read more in Genesis, you will see how many times Abram saved Lot's life and the life of his family. So we can assume Abram and Sarai kept the right attitude and trusted God to take care of them in their old age. Instead of trusting in Lot to take care of them as they aged, they had to trust God and their trust was well placed. God took excellent care of them.
Second Promise, and moving to Hebron (south of modern Jerusalem, back then Jerusalem was a small city called Salem)
Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold. And he went on his journey from the South as far as Bethel, to the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai, to the place of the altar which he had made there at first. And there Abram called on the name of the Lord. Lot also, who went with Abram, had flocks and herds and tents. Now the land was not able to support them, that they might dwell together, for their possessions were so great that they could not dwell together. And there was strife between the herdsmen of Abram's livestock and the herdsmen of Lot's livestock. The Canaanites and the Perizzites then dwelt in the land. So Abram said to Lot, "Please let there be no strife between you and me, and between my herdsmen and your herdsmen; for we are brethren. "Is not the whole land before you? Please separate from me. If you take the left, then I will go to the right; or, if you go to the right, then I will go to the left." And Lot lifted his eyes and saw all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere (before the Lord destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah) like the garden of the Lord, like the land of Egypt as you go toward Zoar. Then Lot chose for himself all the plain of Jordan, and Lot journeyed east. And they separated from each other. Abram dwelt in the land of Canaan, and Lot dwelt in the cities of the plain and pitched his tent even as far as Sodom.
But the men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and sinful against the Lord. And the Lord said to Abram, after Lot had separated from him: "Lift your eyes now and look from the place where you are-northward, southward, eastward, and westward; "for all the land which you see I give to you and your descendants forever.
"And I will make your descendants as the dust of the earth; so that if a man could number the dust of the earth, then your descendants also could be numbered. "Arise, walk in the land through its length and its width, for I give it to you." Then Abram moved his tent, and went and dwelt by the terebinth trees of Mamre, which are in Hebron, and built an altar there to the Lord.
Some of the surrounding kings attacked Sodom and Gomorrah and took the people and their property including Lot and his family. In Genesis 14, Abram and his men go after them to rescue Lot and the others and successfully bring them back. On the way back Abram is greeted by Melchizedek, the King of Salem (Salem is now Jerusalem and salem means peace). The Bible says he is a king and a priest of God Most High. This Canaanite crosses for a moment the path of Abram, and is urecognized as a person of higher spiritual rank than Abram. Disappearing as suddenly as he came, he is lost to the sacred writings for a thousand years. Jewish tradition pronounces Melchizedek to be a survivor of The Flood, the patriarch Shem. The way in which he is mentioned in Genesis would rather lead to the inference that Melchizedek was of one blood with the children of Ham, among whom he lived, chief (like the king of Sodom) of a settled Canaanitish tribe. He symbolizes Jesus as King of Peace and our High Priest. In Hebrews 7 he is compared to Christ. Melchizedek blessed Abram.
The first instance of a tithe is here! A tithe is 10%.
Psalm 110 (italics and bold are mine)
Jehovah saith unto my Lord (Jesus Christ), Sit thou at my right hand, Until I make thine enemies thy footstool. Jehovah will send forth the rod of thy strength out of Zion: Rule thou in the midst of thine enemies. Thy people offer themselves willingly In the day of thy power, in holy array: Out of the womb of the morning Thou hast the dew of thy youth. Jehovah hath sworn, and will not repent: Thou art a priest for ever After the order of Melchizedek. The Lord at thy right hand Will strike through kings in the day of his wrath. He will judge among the nations, He will fill [the places] with dead bodies; He will strike through the head in many countries. He will drink of the brook in the way: Therefore will he lift up the head.
It was after the rescue of Lot and the blessing by Melchizedek that God makes a formal covenant with Abraham. He prophecies that the Israelites will journey to Egypt and will become enslaved there for 400 years. But God will deliver them and bring them back to the Promised Land.
Genesis 15: 1-18
In that day Jehovah made a covenant with Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates:
Modern day Westerners don't understand the process of making a covenant so it is something worth studying. According to Matthew Henry's Commentary:
1. The smoking furnace signified the affliction of [Abram's] seed in Egypt. They were there in the iron furnace (Deu. 4:20), the furnace of affliction (Isa. 48:10), labouring in the very fire. They were there in the smoke, their eyes darkened, that they could not see to the end of their troubles, and themselves at a loss to conceive what God would do with them. Clouds and darkness were round about them. 2. The burning lamp denotes comfort in this affliction; and this God showed to Abram, at the same time that he showed him the smoking furnace. (1.) Light denotes deliverance out of the furnace; their salvation was as a lamp that burneth, Isa. 62:1. When God came down to deliver them, he appeared in a bush that burned, and was not consumed, Ex. 3:2. (2.) The lamp denotes direction in the smoke. God’s word was their lamp: this word to Abram was so, it was a light shining in a dark place. Perhaps this burning lamp prefigured the pillar of cloud and fire, which led them out of Egypt, in which God was. (3.) The burning lamp denotes the destruction of their enemies who kept them so long in the furnace. See Zec. 12:6. The same cloud that enlightened the Israelites troubled and burned the Egyptians. 3. The passing of these between the pieces was the confirming of the covenant God now made with him, that he might have strong consolation, being fully persuaded that what God promised he would certainly perform. It is probable that the furnace and lamp, which passed between the pieces, burnt and consumed them, and so completed the sacrifice, and testified God’s acceptance of it, as of Gideon’s (Jdg. 6:21), Manoah’s (Jdg. 13:19, 20), and Solomon’s, 2 Chr. 7:1. So it intimates, (1.) That God’s covenants with man are made by sacrifice (Ps. 50:5), by Christ, the great sacrifice: no agreement without atonement. (2.) God’s acceptance of our spiritual sacrifices is a token for good and an earnest of further favours. See Jdg. 13:23. And by this we may know that he accepts our sacrifices if he kindle in our souls a holy fire of pious and devout affections in them
Ishmael, The Son of Unbelief
Although Abram believed God's Promise, years continued to go by and there was still no son. Sarai especially became impatient and finally came up with a plan. She would MAKE it happen. Instead of relying on God to get her pregnant, she was obsessed. She knew her biological clock had quit ticking. If God was going to let her down, she would make it happen her own way. Taking matters into her own hands was a big mistake, one that she, Abram and their progeny would regret. She tried to do this with the arm of the flesh whereas God wanted to do it with the Arm of the Spirit. The arm of the flesh leaves us with consequences we regret. We will be sorry that we pushed our own way. The Arm of the Spirit is miraculous, God's Will and there are never regrets when we wait on God. The results of the Arm of the Spirit are blessings.
Now Sarai, Abram's wife, bare him no children: and she had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar. And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, Jehovah hath restrained me from bearing; go in, I pray thee, unto my handmaid; it may be that I shall obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai. And Sarai, Abram`s wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to Abram her husband to be his wife. And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes. And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I gave my handmaid into they bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: Jehovah judge between me and thee. But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, thy maid is in thy hand; do to her that which is good in thine eyes. And Sarai dealt hardly with her, and she fled from her face. And the angel of Jehovah found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur. And he said, Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, whence camest thou? and whither goest thou? And she said, I am fleeing from the face of my mistress Sarai. And the angel of Jehovah said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands. And the angel of Jehovah said unto her, I will greatly multiply thy seed, that it shall not be numbered for multitude. And the angel of Jehovah said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a son; and thou shalt call his name Ishmael, because Jehovah hath heard thy affliction. And he shall be [as] a wild ass among men; his hand [shall be] against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell over against all his brethren. And she called the name of Jehovah that spake unto her, Thou art a God that seeth: for she said, Have I even here looked after him that seeth me? Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered. And Hagar bare Abram a son: and Abram called the name of his son, whom Hagar bare, Ishmael. And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram.
Who is Ishmael? What is he to history? He grew up wild and wayward, a son of the desert. Like his mother, he was rude, disrespectful, insulting, mocking, More than likely he was spoiled and the typical rich man's son. He may have been indolent and arrogant. He was heading for trouble by the time he became a teenager. He was especially threatened when Abraham and Sarai had the promised Isaac.
According to Easton's Bible Dictionary:
According to Fausset's Bible Dictionary:
At 137 Ishmael "died in the presence of all his brethren" (Genesis 25:17-18); i.e., fulfilling the prediction of the angel of Jehovah to Hagar, Ishmael died, his nomad descendants stretching from Havilah S.E. and Shur S.W. toward the N.E., i.e. Assyria, in fact traversing the whole Arabian desert from the Euphrates to the Red Sea.Ishmael himself cannot have settled far from Abraham's neighbourhood, for he joined with Isaac in the burial of his father (Genesis 25:9), and burial in the East follows a few hours after death. Ishmael first went into the wilderness of Beersheba, then into that of Paran. "The East country" unto which Abraham sent away his sons by concubines, not to be in the way of Isaac, must therefore have been in those regions (Genesis 25:6; Genesis 25:18). The people of Arabia are called "children of the East," Bene Kedem (Judges 6:3; Job 1:3), in modern times Saracens, i.e. "Easterns". Ishmael's 12 sons enumerated Genesis 25:13-15 were fathers of tribes, as "their towns and their castles," or rather "hamlets," called after them, imply (Numbers 31:10). These "hamlets" were collections of rude dwellings of stones piled on one another and covered with tent cloths, often ranged in a circle...In all the northern tribes which are of Ishmaelite descent, the characteristics foretold appear, they are "wild ... their hand against every man, and every man's hand against them"; but in S. Arabia, where Joktanite and other blood exists, these characteristics are less seen. The Ishmaelite element is the chief one of the Arab nation, as the native traditions before Muhammed and the language concur with the Bible in proving. The pagan law of blood revenge necessitates every Arab's knowing the names of his ancestors for four generations, so that the race is well defined.
Tell me, those desiring to be under Law, do you not hear the Law? For it is written: Abraham had two sons, the one out of the slave-woman, and one out of the free woman. But, indeed, he out of the slave-woman has been born according to flesh, and he out of the free woman through the promise; which things are being allegorized; for these are the two covenants, one indeed from Mount Sinai bringing forth to slavery, which is Hagar. For Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia, and answers to Jerusalem which now is, and is in slavery with her children. But the Jerusalem from above is free, who is the mother of us all. For it is written, "Rejoice, barren one not bearing; break forth and shout, you not travailing; for more are the children of the desolate than she having the husband." But brothers, we, like Isaac, are children of promise. But then even as he born according to flesh persecuted him born according to the Spirit, so it is also now. But what does the Scripture say? "Cast out the slave-woman and her son; for in no way shall the son of the slave-woman inherit with the son of the free woman." Then, brothers, we are not children of a slave-woman, but of the free woman.
Isaac, the Son of Promise. Son of Faith
Genesis 17 (italics and bolding mine)
And when Abram was ninety-nine years old, Jehovah appeared to Abram and said to him, I am the Almighty God! Walk before Me and be perfect. And I will make My covenant between Me and you, and will multiply you exceedingly. And Abram fell on his face. And God talked with him, saying, As for Me, behold! My covenant is with you, and you shall be a father of many nations. Neither shall your name any more be called Abram, but your name shall be Abraham. For I have made you a father of many nations. And I will make you exceedingly fruitful, greatly so, and I will make nations of you, and kings shall come out of you. And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your seed after you in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God to you and to your seed after you. And I will give the land to you in which you are a stranger, and to your seed after you, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. And I will be their God. And God said to Abraham, And you shall keep My covenant, you and your seed after you in their generations. This is My covenant, which you shall keep, between Me and you and your seed after you. Every male child among you shall be circumcised. And you shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin. And it shall be a token of the covenant between Me and you. And a son of eight days shall be circumcised among you, every male child in your generations; he that is born in the house, or bought with silver of any stranger who is not of your seed. He that is born in your house, and he that is bought with your silver, must be circumcised. And My covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. And the uncircumcised male child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he has broken My covenant. And God said to Abraham, As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her name Sarai, but her name shall be Sarah. And I will bless her, and give you a son also of her. Yes, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations, kings of people shall be from her. And Abraham fell upon his face and laughed (a laughter of delight, not derision, not mocking, not in unbelief, not sarcasm or irony but of joy), and said in his heart, Shall a child be born to him that is a hundred years old? And shall Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear? And Abraham said to God, Oh that Ishmael might live before You! And God said, Sarah your wife shall bear you a son indeed. And you shall call his name Isaac. And I will establish My covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard you. Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly. He shall father twelve chiefs, and I will make him a great nation. But I will establish My covenant with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to you at this set time in the next year. And He left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham. And Abraham took his son Ishmael, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his silver; every male among the men of Abraham's house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskins in the same day, even as God said to him. And Abraham was ninety-nine years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. And his son Ishmael was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. In the same day Abraham and his son Ishmael were circumcised. And all the men of his house, that were born in the house, and bought with silver of the stranger, were circumcised with him.
Three men appear to Abraham but they aren't just three strange men but, rather, some think they were all created angels; others, that one of them was the Son of God, the Angel of the covenant with two angels. They were in human form.
Genesis 18:1-15 (italics and bolding mine)
And Jehovah appeared to him in the plains of Mamre, and he sat at the tent door in the heat of the day. And he lifted up his eyes and looked, and lo, three men stood by him. And when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed toward the ground. And he said, My Lord, if now I have found favor in Your sight, do not pass away, I pray, from Your servant. Let a little water, I pray, be brought, and wash Your feet, and rest under the tree. And I will bring a bite of bread, and will comfort your hearts. After that You shall pass on. For this is why You have come to Your servant. And they said, Do so, as you have said. And Abraham hastened into the tent to Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes. And Abraham ran out to the herd and brought a calf, tender and good. And he gave it to a young man. And he hurried to dress it. And he took butter and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them. And he stood by them under the tree, and they ate. And they said to him, Where is Sarah your wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent. And He said, I will certainly return to you according to the time of life, and lo, Sarah your wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard in the tent door which was behind Him. Now Abraham and Sarah were old, far gone in days, and it had ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women. Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After my being old, shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also? (not a pleasing laughter of delight and faith like Abraham, but of doubt and mistrust as shown by the reproof). And Jehovah said to Abraham, Why did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I, who am old, truly bear a child? Is anything too hard for Jehovah? At the time appointed I will return again, according to the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son. Then Sarah denied, saying, I did not laugh; for she was afraid. And He said, No, but you did laugh. (she tried to lie to hide her sin of doubt, but she was again reproved)
Between this meeting and Sarah's conception of Isaac is the story of Sodom and Gomorrah where Abraham, again, tries to help rescue Lot and his family. See Genesis 18: 16-33 and Genesis 19.
Isaac's name means laughter.
And Jehovah visited Sarah as He had said. And Jehovah did to Sarah as He had spoken. For Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him. And Abraham called the name of his son that was born to him (whom Sarah bore to him) Isaac. And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him. And Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him. And Sarah said, God has made me laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me. And she said, Who could have said to Abraham, will Sarah suckle children? For I have borne a son to him in his old age. And the child grew and was weaned, and Abraham made a great feast the day that Isaac was weaned. And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian (whom she had borne to Abraham) mocking. And she said to Abraham, Cast out this slave woman and her son. For the son of this slave woman shall not be heir with my son, with Isaac. And the thing was very evil in Abraham's sight, because of his son. And God said to Abraham, Let it not be grievous in your sight because of the boy and because of your slave woman. In all that Sarah has said to you, listen to her voice. For in Isaac your Seed shall be called. And also, I will make a nation of the son of the slave woman, because he is your seed. And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder. And he gave her the boy, and sent her away. And she departed and wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba. And the water was gone in the bottle, and she cast the boy under one of the shrubs. And she went and sat down across from him, a good way off, about a bowshot. For she said, Let me not see the death of the boy. And she sat across from him, and lifted up her voice, and cried. And God heard the voice of the boy, and the angel of God called to Hagar out of the heavens, and said to her, What ails you, Hagar? Do not fear, for God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. Rise up, lift up the boy and hold him up with your hand, for I will make him a great nation. And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went and filled the bottle with water, and gave drink to the boy. And God was with the boy, and he grew, and lived in the wilderness, and became an archer. And he lived in the wilderness of Paran, and his mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt.
God asks Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. Despite the long wait to have the promised son, despite the love for his son, despite the bizarre request...Abraham puts God first knowing God promised this son and God is fully able to resurrect Isaac from the dead. So Abraham trusts God and is willing to put God first even before his beloved son. This scene is also reminiscent of God's willingness to sacrifice His Son, Jesus, for us. And how God provides the lamb on our behalf. God withheld nothing from us.
And it happened after these things that God tested Abraham, and said to him, Abraham! And he said, Behold me. And He said, Take now your son, your only one, Isaac, whom you love. And go into the land of Moriah, and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will name to you. And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son. And he split the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up and went to the place of which God had told him. Then on the third day, Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place afar off. And Abraham said to his young men, You stay here with the ass. And I and the boy will go on to this way and worship, and come again to you. And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac his son. And he took the fire in his hand, and a knife. And they both went together. And Isaac spoke to Abraham his father and said, My father. And he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood. But where is the lamb for a burnt offering? And Abraham said, My son, God will provide Himself a lamb for a burnt offering. So they both went together. And they came to the place which God had told him of. And Abraham built an altar there and laid the wood in order. And he bound his son Isaac and laid him on the altar, on the wood. And Abraham stretched out his hand and took the knife to slay his son. And the Angel of Jehovah called to him from the heavens and said, Abraham! Abraham! And he said, Here am I. And He said, Do not lay your hand on the lad, nor do anything to him. For now I know that you fear God, since you have not withheld your son, your only one, from Me. And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked. And, behold, a ram behind him was entangled in a thicket by its horns. And Abraham went and took the ram and offered it up for a burnt offering instead of his son. And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah Will See; so that it is said until this day, In the mount of Jehovah it will be seen. And the Angel of Jehovah called to Abraham out of the heavens the second time, and said, I have sworn by Myself, says Jehovah; because you have done this thing, and have not withheld your son, your only one; that in blessing I will bless you, and in multiplying I will multiply your seed like the stars of the heavens, and as the sand which is upon the seashore. And your Seed shall possess the gate of His enemies. And in your Seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because you have obeyed My voice. Abraham returned to his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beer-sheba. And Abraham lived at Beer-sheba.
By faith Abraham, being tested, offered up Isaac. And he who had received the promises offered up his only-begotten son, of whom it was said that in Isaac your Seed shall be called, concluding that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead, from where he even received him, in a figure.
Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? Do you see how faith worked with his works, and from the works faith was made complete? And the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "Abraham believed God, and it was imputed to him for righteousness, and he was called the friend of God."
From Easton's Bible Dictionary:
When he was forty years of age Rebekah was chosen for his wife (Genesis 24). After the death and burial of his father he took up his residence at Beer-lahai-roi (Genesis 25:7-11), where his two sons, Esau and Jacob, were born (Genesis 25:21-26), the former of whom seems to have been his favourite son (Genesis 25:27, Genesis 25:28).
In consequence of a famine (Genesis 26:1) Isaac went to Gerar, where he practiced deception as to his relation to Rebekah, imitating the conduct of his father in Egypt (Genesis 12:12-20) and in Gerar (Genesis 20:2). The Philistine king rebuked him for his prevarication.
After sojourning for some time in the land of the Philistines, he returned to Beersheba, where God gave him fresh assurance of covenant blessing, and where Abimelech entered into a covenant of peace with him.
The next chief event in his life was the blessing of his sons (Genesis 27:1). He died at Mamre, "being old and full of days" (Genesis 35:27-29), one hundred and eighty years old, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah.
In the New Testament reference is made to his having been "offered up" by his father (Hebrews 11:17; James 2:21), and to his blessing his sons (Hebrews 11:20). As the child of promise, he is contrasted with Ishmael (Romans 9:7, Romans 9:10; Galatians 4:28; Hebrews 11:18).
Isaac is "at once a counterpart of his father in simple devoutness and purity of life, and a contrast in his passive weakness of character, which in part, at least, may have sprung from his relations to his mother and wife. After the expulsion of Ishmael and Hagar, Isaac had no competitor, and grew up in the shade of Sarah's tent, moulded into feminine softness by habitual submission to her strong, loving will." His life was so quiet and uneventful that it was spent "within the circle of a few miles; so guileless that he let Jacob overreach him rather than disbelieve his assurance; so tender that his mother's death was the poignant sorrow of years; so patient and gentle that peace with his neighbours was dearer than even such a coveted possession as a well of living water dug by his own men; so grandly obedient that he put his life at his father's disposal; so firm in his reliance on God that his greatest concern through life was to honour the divine promise given to his race."
Abraham, Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah were all buried at the family cemetery at Machpelah. | <urn:uuid:78c4d260-687a-443a-aefe-a0996e4c6a02> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://sharonscrapbook.blogspot.com/2008/01/start-of-jews-and-arabs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00419-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986734 | 8,446 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Equality under the law includes gay marriage
In response to a recent letter concerning gay marriage, the United States is not a true democracy, but a representative democracy.
Our judicial branch interprets the law based on the Constitution. If the U.S. had true majority rule, we would've never had Brown v. Board of Education, the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act or Loving v. Virginia.
The courts are meant to step in to prevent mob rule or "the will of the people," when it is clearly in the best interest of the people.
The writer's contention that marriage has always been a union of one man and one woman is historically inaccurate.
In two different books in the King James Bible, marriage is defined as a union of one man and at least one woman; polygamy is rampant throughout the Bible. In human history, the definition of marriage has evolved.
This is not a religious issue, but a civil rights issue. No religion or church has been mandated to sanction any union it feels is counter to its beliefs.
The government has found itself involved in defining marriage, given the fact that only the state can issue marriage licenses.
Many couples who marry may or may not follow any particular religious doctrine, decide to procreate, be of the same race or religion or have any other common traits.
The Supreme Court building is inscribed with "equal justice under the law" and the 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law for all.
Friendlier use of coal
When I was a young boy, my dad lost his job because his company closed. The company creosoted railroad ties.
The trucking industry was growing and railroads were not, so there was no demand for railroad ties. This was the only job my dad had ever had, and he had a limited education. At 55 years of age, he had to look for work.
Tobacco put food on the table for many Kentuckians. It was determined that tobacco wasn't good for our health.
Now, this crop that was so vital to the economy of Kentucky was being phased out and all who depended on it had to look for some other way to make a living.
Coal is being looked at to see what kind of impact it may have on the environment. Studies show coal might have a negative impact on the weather, our health and the environment. We have a senator who says we should go full steam ahead and keep producing coal.
To me the sensible thing to say would be, "Let's see if we can find a better way to use coal and make it more environmentally friendly. If this is not possible, what kind of industry could be brought to the area that would provide new jobs?"
Don't say that we will keep producing coal no matter what, like our elected officials are saying. Let's pull our heads out of the sand.
Grateful for experience
As a World War II Navy veteran and a recipient of the Honor Flight to Washington, D.C. on June 6 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of D-Day, I want to thank everyone who made this trip possible for me and the 80 veterans from Louisville and Lexington.
A special thank you goes to the Honor Flight organizers, the attendees, the donors and all who made this and all the other Honor Flights possible.
This was the highlight of my life and I am sure that all the other veterans would say the same thing.
One of the emotional times for me was the welcome we received at the Lexington airport when we returned — the water salute by the Lexington fire department, the great number of people, the Boy Scouts, the ROTC, the service personnel, the children and the bagpipes.
We say thank you from the depths of our hearts.
When we returned from the war, we received no welcome and were only given our mustering-out pay and a bus ticket home and told to get out of our uniforms in two weeks.
This reception was overwhelming and so unsuspected that words cannot express how we felt.
To everyone who made this trip an experience of our lives, we say thank you for showing that we Americans do not forget and appreciate our freedom and the cost it entails.
E. Owen Edwards, U.S. Navy, retired
President Barack Obama is long overdue to be impeached. There are more than 10 to 12 reasons why. He is an embarrassment and disgrace to our society and to the Constitution. Our senators and representatives need to take charge and act.
If the president's actions continue, the American voters are going to have to vote to replace these representatives and elect someone who will take the necessary action to impeach him.
If Obama worked in the corporate or small-business world, with his record of leadership he would have been fired years ago.
Please contact your senators and representatives and let them know your feelings on this matter. They will respond to you. God bless America and you.
Recognition for Hall
As a Wildcat fan, I hope that during any Rupp Arena renovation there will be an area designated as "Hall's Hall," in recognition of Joe B. Hall's contribution to the extension of the University of Kentucky's reputation as a winning program.
Infant trauma is real
National Attachment Trauma Awareness Day, celebrated June 19, is to bring awareness of childhood trauma. Many who experienced early neglect or abuse end up in foster care — some are eventually adopted by a new family.
Some are orphans, others may have needed painful medical procedures or were separated from their parents for health reasons.
They are misunderstood by those outside the home and struggle with the impact of this early trauma throughout their lives.
The first years of life are important to all children. Babies attach to their caregivers in a healthy way. They grow close and learn to trust the world around them, with their brains continually stimulated and emotionally healthy.
But when that crucial beginning is full of uncertainty, babies are stressed and fail to develop a secure attachment.
Instead, they learn the world isn't a safe place. Anti-social behavior takes root and swells unless a parent focuses on healing and breaks the cycle.
Neuroscience confirms that early life trauma often leaves behind a disconnected brain, underdeveloped in key cognitive and psychological ways and over-connected in harmful behavioral ways.
With the need for treatment through post-adoptive services, families must have access. The day of awareness shines light on the need for comprehensive treatment-of complex trauma and attachment disorders.
More information is available at www.attachu.org/events/nata-day.
Let us spread the word that early life trauma is not for a day, but for a lifetime.
Jane Durkin Samuel
Board member, Attachment Trauma Network | <urn:uuid:698f65cb-4dfd-42f7-b69e-a28cc24052ff> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.kentucky.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/article44494983.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864940.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623035301-20180623055301-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.967957 | 1,393 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common brain disorders faced by people in their old age. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that causes loss of memory, loss of cognitive and mental abilities and also loss of memory. This is an irreversible brain disorder that destroys memory and eventually destroys the person’s ability to perform even the simplest of the tasks. Today, Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. The reasons or causes of Alzheimer’s are unknown and therefore its prevention and cure is also difficult. When a person suffers from Alzheimer’s, several changes take place in the brain. The brain develops plaques and tangles and the connections between nerve cells are also lost. Thus, the brain is unable to function normally and thereby is unable to transfer messages to various organs of the body and thus prevents the body to perform normal tasks.
A cure for Alzheimer’s has not yet been found but it can be prevented using natural remedies. The following are natural foods that can help to prevent Alzheimer’s and improve the functioning of brain.
For more information on prevention of Alzheimer’s, click here.
All blog comments are checked prior to publishing | <urn:uuid:9b0c8438-c6a0-41e1-b05c-523aa2469038> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.joybynature.com/blogs/healthy-happy/90080903-switch-to-organic-foods-and-supplements-to-prevent-alzheimer-s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330913.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826000512-20190826022512-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.939518 | 267 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A market trend analysis is an analysis of past and current market behavior and dominant patterns of the market and consumers. An important aspect of conducting a trend analysis for an organization is to obtain insights on the market scenario, consumer preferences, and the macroeconomic environment.
Marketing research methods, such as surveys, interviews, and observations of consumer behavior, help in understanding the trends and behavior in the market.
Trend analysis is a subset of the PESTEL Analysis—an examination of the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal implications of the market as they relate to consumer trends. This analysis provides an all-round perspective of the external factors that impact the business.
While determining future objectives for a product or service, trend analysis is used as a basis on which future market projections are made. Market trend analysis involves analyzing the following areas:
- Trends in Consumer Needs and Behavior—A business that is able to identify a specific trend in changing consumer needs and behavior may be able to cater to these needs and project higher growth rates.
- Shifts in Consumer Perception of Value—Trend analysis involves timely analysis of consumer needs and positioning of the product or service in the consumer’s mind. An aspect of a product or service, which would at one point in time have contributed to the consumer’s perception, may later lose value if the competition replicates it. For example, if Shop A in a particular town was the only department store providing free home delivery for customer orders, it may hold a better perception in the consumer’s mind due to this additional service. However, if competitors start providing the same service, the value perception for Shop A would likely decrease.
- Trends in Industry Cost Drivers—Businesses need to be aware of changes in composition of the cost drivers and also innovations that lead to lower cost alternatives. Companies that are able to find better alternatives, which are more economical or offer additional features, can gain a competitive advantage and achieve higher objectives.
- Change and Evolution of the Industry—Companies continuously analyze trends in terms of product innovations, competitor product features, and new operation and delivery methods. Such analysis helps the business stay ahead of the curve to understand changing market trends and project objectives accordingly.
Trend analysis is a very common strategic tool for understanding the market maturity (i.e., whether the market is in a growth or decline stage) to gauge future market potential and the overall position of a business in the market.
Since market trend analysis involves understanding past market behavior and expected future market innovations, a major effort in conducting trend analysis is dedicated toward collecting relevant data. The authenticity of this data determines the accuracy of the projections, which subsequently impacts the objectives set for a particular product or service.
To read more articles about sales and marketing, visit www.smstudy.com/articles | <urn:uuid:07550688-93c2-490c-a760-efcada2ec1c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://studywithsite.wordpress.com/2016/05/23/how-to-perform-market-trend-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862248.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619095641-20180619115641-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.933254 | 573 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The current work presents a comprehensive checklist of the Omani fish species. The different fish samples have been collected since the establishment of the Department of Marine Science and Fisheries (MSAF) in 1986. The fish samples identified by the MSAF were compared with the most recent published book on the Coastal Fishes of Oman. The number of Omani fishes (from both fresh water and sea water) totalled 1179, distributed in 527 genera, 165 families and 37 orders. Under the Chondrichtyes, the most diverse family was Carcharhinidae with a total of 25 species and 8 genera. The Carcharhinidae species comprised 27% of the total species identified under the Chondriichtyes. The second most diverse family was the dasyatidae with 10 species (11%) and 5 genera. Under the Ostiecthyes, the most diverse three families were the gobiidea with 37 genera and 69 species, the labridae with 26 genera and 63 species, and finally the carangidea with 20 genera and 54 species. The family and English names for the most popular families are provided as well.
|Number of pages||49|
|Journal||Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Marine Science|
|Publication status||Published - 2010|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Environmental Chemistry
- Aquatic Science
- Water Science and Technology | <urn:uuid:e12636f2-e812-47b6-8eae-6de47eba9a8b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/oman-fish-biodiversity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057347.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922102402-20210922132402-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.881877 | 297 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Biodiversity–environment form (BEF) experiments routinely apply common backyard patterns, drawing trials from a region biota. The latest groups from which taxa is actually tested may well not, but not, getting during the equilibrium. To test getting temporal changes in BEF relationships, We put together the latest swimming pools from aquatic bacterial strains separated on other date items off departs into pitcher plant Darlingtonia californica into the acquisition to test the latest fuel, guidelines and you can motorists of BEF dating all over an organic servers-related successional gradient. We developed fresh organizations playing with microbial isolates out-of each time area and you will counted their breathing pricing and you may aggressive interactionsmunities put together from middle-successional variety pools displayed the best confident relationships anywhere between people fullness and you will breathing costs, determined priong isolates. Diffuse competition are common amongst the teams however, better in this middle-successional isolates. These types of show show the fresh new dependency of your own BEF dating toward temporal character of the local species pond, implying one to ecosystems can get respond in different ways towards the inclusion or treatment out-of taxa in the various other things as time passes while in the succession.
step one. Introduction
The new rates from which ecosystems cycle nutrition is actually predict as place predominantly of the actions of its component bacteria [1–3]. For the past two decades, this abstract unification out-of teams and you can ecosystems has been empirically evaluated utilising the biodiversity–environment mode (BEF) design [4–6]. This study commonly account an optimistic covariance between varieties fullness and people biomass production which can be hypothesized are as one determined from the community members’ differential contributions to help you environment attributes (choice outcomes) and their degree of specific niche overlap (complementarity consequences) .
The cousin need for these types of consequences is within highest area a intent behind investment competition certainly community players . Of many ecosystem characteristics are enabled of the an individual guild of competitors. When the taxa within this an excellent guild are different within their benefits so you’re able to environment mode, next return resulting from interspecific race is result in progressing BEF relationshipsmunities, although not, are without a doubt active and certainly will sense both steady successional return and you may rapid state transitions [nine,10]. For example turnover try predict so you can effect, to some daf extent, regarding temporary variation for the varieties interactions-such as for example competition-since the the taxa come and you will altering regional criteria end in exercise variations among competitors . Once the power out of funding battle among area members try forecast to alter throughout no. 1 succession [step one,several,13] and get dictate the latest magnitude and you will vehicle operators of BEF relationship, they really stands that BEF matchmaking would be to are different collectively good successional gradient. Hence, a comprehensive principle connecting biodiversity to help you environment setting need clearly membership to the effects of community turnover because of go out [fourteen,15].
The majority of BEF tests tune the returns away from monocultures and you may polycultures built out-of taxa at random taken from a natural biota or off ad hoc combos away from tractable bacteria like algae otherwise protists. On these fresh organizations, brand new magnitude and you will vehicle operators of BEF relationship are receive to alter throughout the years [16–26]. When you’re these types of experiments possess shared practical insights to the temporary figure from BEF relationships, they don’t really account fully for an energetic species pond. This means, new groups of kinds regularly vegetables these types of teams show either a picture out of a natural area within a specific reason for big date (shape 1a) otherwise a collection of species that is certainly differentially marketed across the day in a way that a couple of variety added into the a residential area do not fundamentally co-occur around pure settings (profile 1b)munities put together off an active varieties pool, although not, can get tell you additional BEF relationship over time compliment of brand new progressing identities and you can connections of constituent taxa (figure 1c).
Time-version types swimming pools contour aggressive dynamics and you may biodiversity–ecosystem mode relationships
Contour step 1. Kinds swimming pools to own BEF studies are usually chosen often by sampling a community from the just one day and age (a) or away from several taxa that may maybe not co-can be found within a particular time point (b). Fewer studies have drawn the fresh new method away from measuring BEF matchmaking over a great temporally dynamic variety pond (c). | <urn:uuid:252ead9f-b442-4bc7-ad8b-d71dbcc2cc71> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.guardiancircleweb.com/daf-visitors/time-version-varieties-swimming-pools-contour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.932811 | 968 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Watch These Tiny Robots Move a 2 Ton Car
Researchers at Stanford University have taken inspiration from ants and geckos to create tiny robots that can move thousands of times their weight. Through the modification of micro-robots currently on the market, the team was able to do some pretty incredible research into how tiny things move huge objects first reported on by the New York Times. The micro-robots can move 2000 times their own weight, but through the use of teamwork, this ability is increased. Check out the video below to see just what the robots are capable of!
A unique adhesive was developed to resemble the functionality of gecko’s feet which was then applied to the varying bases of each robot. | <urn:uuid:3f9f5966-8bb0-4bd0-8ca0-0ccbebc655e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.entportal.ir/9507 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.962213 | 144 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What is a seer stone?
How is a seer stone different from the Urim and Thummim?
A seer stone is just a single stone, whereas the Urim and Thummim (also referred to as "Nephite interpreters") are described as being two transparent stones set in a "silver bow" and were referred to as "spectacles."
Where did Joseph Smith find the seer stone?
So are they just regular rocks?
Yes, probably. Joseph used his seer stones to give blessings and to find missing people and objects, so they seemed to have some religious significance to them. The Church has at least one seer stone that it has photographed for public display and it appears to be just a rock.
Wasn't the "seer stone" really a type of "peep stone" which was something that was used in folk magic at the time?
Yes. Seer stones, peep stones, seeing glasses, divining rods, etc., were relatively common in Joseph Smith's day. People used these objects to hunt for treasure or lost items and to divine hidden knowledge. At the time, many people thought this kind of folk magic was compatible with Christianity.
What did Joseph Smith use seer stones for?
Various sources report that Joseph used seer stones to receive revelation, translate the Book of Mormon, uncover hidden objects and/or people, and possibly even translate the Book of Abraham.
Aren't seer stones weird magic things that prophets shouldn't be using?
Yes, but not really. God spoke to Biblical prophets using weird objects like a burning bush, lot casting, aprons, as well as the Urim Thummim.
Joseph (and others) considered the use of seer stones, prophesying, and receiving revelations as spiritual gifts.
Did other people have seer stones?
Yes. For example, Joseph reportedly found one of his stones by looking through another person’s seer stone (possibly Sally Chase).[BIO] Doctrine & Covenants 28 is about a seer stone that Hiram Page[BIO] used. Brigham Young’s daughter reportedly had one. Edwin Rushton,[BIO] the source of the so-called "White Horse Prophecy," also had one.
Why don't people in the Church use seer stones now?
Does the Church have Joseph's original seer stone in storage somewhere?
Have they ever done any scientific testing on it?
No, probably not.
- Nathan C
“The Savior would often use a catalyst to help one's faith. He healed one blind man with mud—one the eyes and the next without. Likely the mud helps strengthen faith and the other did not need it. The seer stones likely helped focus Joseph’s faith and spiritual power.” | <urn:uuid:c325ebea-a260-4af0-b754-b35f0d92a895> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://mormonr.org/qnas/Gzjcc/seer_stones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.960897 | 646 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Unable to reach other 6to4 sites or the 6bone by using the 6to4 router.
Cause: Your firewall or Internet router is dropping IPv4 traffic that has the IP Protocol field value set to 41.
Solution: All IPv6 traffic that is encapsulated (tunneled) inside of an IPv4 header has the IPv4 Protocol field in the header set to 41. IPv6 tunneled traffic includes traffic that uses IPv4-compatible addresses, 6over4 addresses, and 6to4 addresses. To allow IPv6 tunneled traffic to be forwarded, configure your firewall or Internet router to pass IPv4 traffic that has the Protocol field set to 41.
Cause: You are unable to resolve the DNS name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com.
Solution: By default, the 6to4 service attempts to first resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com to its IPv4 addresses and then choose a relay router. If you cannot resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com, a relay router is not configured and you cannot reach any locations on the 6bone. Type ping 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com to determine whether you can resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com.
Cause: You do not have the correct route.
Solution: View the display of the ipv6 rt command. You should see a 2002::/16 -> 3 route. This route causes all 6to4 traffic to be sent by using the 6to4 tunneling interface.
Cause: You do not have the correct address.
Solution: Verify that you have a 6to4 address assigned before attempting to reach a destination. For example, without a 6to4 address, you might be using a link-local address to reach a 6to4 global address. Use the display of the ipv6 if command to determine your address configuration. | <urn:uuid:07ffee56-488a-4681-9be9-535e83f8caf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/sag_ip_v6_tro_topnode.mspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159031.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00053-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867092 | 402 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Chronic pain is pain that persists beyond injury healing time. This persistent pain is less about the damage to your body and more about the sensitivity of your nervous system.
Research has shown that exercise helps to manage persistent pain. Exercise can reverse the negative cycle of muscle wastage and more pain. Individuals with persistent pain can learn to enjoy physical activities again and this helps them to manage their pain better physiologically.
To change your mind-set about your pain, you need to understand several things:
- Exercise is medicine and daily exercise will assist you to manage your pain better
- Use your stretches to cool down and do short steady amounts of exercise
- Start slowly and don’t expect too much from yourself
- Monitor your pain with a rating system from 0 to 10 with 10 being the strongest amounts of pain possible
- Score your pain when doing your exercise and don’t push yourself into the stronger pain range
- If your pain increases by more than 2 points during an exercise, stop doing the exercise
Different exercises can be undertaken to manage your pain. These exercises include:
- Stretching exercises – Stretch at least once per day to keep your body supple and used to movement
- Strengthening exercises – For building strong muscles which includes squats, wall push ups and bicep curls
- Cardiovascular exercises – Walking, swimming and riding are light aerobic exercises which is less likely to impact on your joints
Most of all, keep it fun! | <urn:uuid:673d51aa-52c7-4d01-a1f6-072469238d86> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.beatpain.app/reduce-your-pain-with-functional-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390755.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526081547-20200526111547-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.953476 | 301 | 2.890625 | 3 |
More than just the winter blahs?
During the winter months, people can start to feel down. Between the shorter days, the colder weather and the rush of the holidays, it can be a difficult time for many—particularly if you are living with a disability.
It is important to remember, however, that you are not alone. Whether you feel depressed or anxious because of bad news, a new diagnosis, the effects of winter—or if you live with those feelings every day—there are people who can help you through it.
In her article “Transcending Fear and Anxiety” in Quest magazine, Kristal Hardin describes how people living with neuromuscular disorders can feel depressed or anxious:
Muscular dystrophy chips away at our physical abilities sometimes so slowly that we don’t even know what we were physically capable of until it’s gone. This can be a challenge to both our mental and emotional stability. We may find ourselves distressed, despondent and dependent on any available helping hand.
As this disease ravages our muscular skeleton, we strive to know our own limitations, and this uncertainty can lead to fear and anxiety. But an inner desire for independence compels us to test what is physically possible.
As Donna Shryer suggests in “New View,” another article in Quest, these feelings are not symptoms of your disorder—they are a byproduct of living with it:
Few would dispute that living with a physical disability—whether it’s from a form of muscular dystrophy or cardiovascular disease—can trigger anxiety or depression. But it’s essential to remember that these feelings are not physiological symptoms of such diseases; they’re byproducts of living with those diseases and any associated physical disability.
Take muscle disease: repercussions of losing muscle tissue and gaining muscle weakness can include feelings of loneliness brought on by social isolation, fear of the future and mourning the loss of what you pictured the future might look like. In addition, some people are predisposed to mood disorders regardless of physical health. “Depression relates to a host of factors, and you should never assume that anxiety or depression is a natural part of the disability,” stresses Danielle Sheypuk, PhD, a New York-based clinical psychologist who also has spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
So what can you do if you are experiencing anxiety or depression? Shryer’s article offers some strategies that can help, such as keeping things in perspective, staying connected with others or living in the moment. Check out the full article to learn more about these strategies.
If these feeling persist, consider seeking professional advice. The Muscular Dystrophy Campaign in the UK created an FAQ about counselling and what you can expect from the process. Canadian resources on mental health include the Canadian Mental Health Association and the Resources page at Healthy Minds Canada. Finally, if you would like to be connected to local professionals, contact Muscular Dystrophy Canada’s Services Teams .
The most important thing to remember is that you are not alone. Anxiety and depression are not inevitable or insurmountable—and there are people who can help. | <urn:uuid:1c784ade-ab47-43e6-ae31-301a01eaf0d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.muscle.ca/more-than-just-the-winter-blahs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.942089 | 654 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Less meat in your diet can change your body. Being meat-free or meatless for even one day can positively impact health. Summer is a bountiful time of year when gardens and farmers’ markets are filled with vegetables, so going with less meat is cheaper and easier.
Learn what food agrees with you
There are so many guidelines about eating the right food, the best food or the newest diet. What kind of food is better than others or different than others is often brought into question. Empowered Selfhealing suggests experimenting to find what works well for you. Less meat could work for you. If when you eat something you do not feel well, stop eating it. Fatigue, diarrhea or constipation after eating are clues that something is not working.
What is really important is to find the best food for you. Many people are attracted to comfort food with a lot of meat or cheese or quick to prepare processed food. Follow a regimen and see how you feel. If you need to lose some weight and you are, without being tired or fatigued then you have found a good healthy eating habit for you.
Proteins, vitamins, minerals, fats, and soluble elements are all important and part of human nutrition. Nutrition guides typically divide foods into food groups and recommend daily servings of each group for a healthy diet. Food can be grouped into 4, 5, 6, or 7 food groups but the usual are four main food groups that often you see health experts or nutritionists mention when they are talking about balanced diet. For each of the groups of food, there are then serving amounts suggested for adult and for children. Remember that the amount you eat makes a big difference.
For meat, fish, poultry and beans 2-3 servings a day is recommended. These foods are under the group of Protein and are great sources for that. Cooked beans are especially good for your health because they are low in fat. Some other protein-rich foods include; hamburger, eggs, beans, chicken, fish and peanut butter. Consider less meat or meat alternatives.
Dairy is important for calcium and protein for those who can digest it. You can choose the low-fat dairy option as well but it is not as necessary as the media would have you believe. It is recommended to have 2-4 servings of dairy a day. It should include, cheese, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese or anything that contains milk.
Fruits and Vegetables are so important and they are low in fat and calories. They are not only a great source of vitamins, potassium, fiber and carbohydrate energy, but they are also very nutritious. Orange or yellow vegetables contain Vitamin A. All citrus fruits, including lemon, contain Vitamin C. It is vital to have 2-4 servings of each every day. These include juices and all the vegetables and fruits either cooked or raw.
Grains are known as complex carbohydrates. They provide vitamin B and fiber, which are a great source of energy. For some people carbohydrates are easy to digest; for others not so much. This group includes; pancakes, pasta, bread, rice, and cereal.
Fats and oils in the diet include; oils, butter, sour cream, soda, candy and anything that has lots of calories. Fats and oils have to be really balanced to give you a healthy diet. Most people enjoy fat and oils rather than the other food groups which are equally important for the diet.
The Meatless Mondays campaign started back in 2011 started as a response to the Healthy People 2010 report which suggested that people reduce their intake of saturated fat by 15%.
But to change a daily diet from meats and processed food to fasting and vegan eating is difficult. However, going meat-free one day per week assists in lowering fats, improves overall health, and reduces the resources used to produce that meat.
The health benefits of a plant-based approach to nutrition are not insignificant. Research has been performed for decades trying to figure out how what we eat affects us. This has led to no small number of important global studies showing that eating vegetables, fruits and other plants can make you healthier than if you choose a diet lacking in plant-based nutrition.
Some stats to consider
- When it comes to meat, USA has the highest average consumption per person per year, at 120kg. New Zealanders eat 106.4kg, Canadians 94.3kg and Britons 84.2kg, all more than double the world average. The world average is 41.9kg.
- Replacing saturated fat-rich foods such as meat with polyunsaturated fats like nuts and seeds may reduce the risk of heart disease by 19%.
- Reducing overall meat consumption can also prevent long-term weight gain.
- Eating fruits and vegetables that are in season boosts gut health and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and bowel cancer.
- For those who choose to eat red meat, the World Cancer Research Fund recommends limiting the amount to no more than 500 grams cooked red meat per week and suggests consuming very little, if any processed meat.
- The World Health Organization has classified red meat – including, beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton, horse, and goat – as “probably carcinogenic to humans”.
- Eating vegetarian 1/7th of the time can help you lose weight, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, along with reducing the risk of heart disease, colorectal cancer and Type 2 diabetes. According to a study from Harvard of 440,000 participants, eating 3.5 ounce (100 gram) serving of red meat increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes by 19%; a 1.8 ounce (50 gram) serving of processed meat increases that risk by 51% in addition to increasing the risk of heart disease by 42%.
The Protein Myth
There is an unfortunately widely believed protein myth. HINT: Beef, chicken and other meats are not the only way to get protein into your body, and they may not be the healthiest protein providers either. But many people making the transition to vegan or vegetarian say that they are lacking energy and feeling generally unwell, and I say moderation. Try less meat. Don’t suddenly start a long fruit fast or only eat kale.
A few plant-based protein sources are complete. One example is quinoa; others include buckwheat, chia and soy. To show the advantage of plant protein, let’s compare a 1-cup serving of shredded beef and the same of quinoa. The beef has 348 calories, 23 grams of fat of which 9 grams are saturated and 105 mg of cholesterol. Making the same comparison of quinoa, it has 625 calories, 31 grams of protein, 10 grams of fat of which 1.2 grams is saturated and 0 mg of cholesterol.
Protein is definitely the key. Below are some of the best foods with which to replace meat:
Nuts (Brazil – 14g, peanut – 38g, cashew – 18g, almond – 20g, pistachio – 20g and walnut – 15g)
Lentils, 18 grams of protein per cup
Tempeh, 41 grams per cup
Black beans, 15 grams per cup
Chickpeas, 12 grams per cup
Tofu, 11 grams per 4 ounces
Green vegetables (kale, broccoli, seaweed, and peas) have varied amounts of protein
At first glance, the above foods might not appeal to you, particularly if you’ve been used to a regular diet of meat and two vegetables for many years. However, there are thousands of delicious combinations and creative ways to prepare plant-based foods.
What can you expect if you start predominantly plant-eating plans?
“Well-balanced vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and competitive athletes. In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis.”
- Healthy, strong, beautiful skin and hair
- Diabetes prevention
- Controlling and lowering high blood pressure
- Significant weight loss, and healthy body weight management
- Improved eyesight and a reduced risk of vision-related problems like macular degeneration and cataracts
- Cancer prevention, and incredibly, even the ability to reverse cancer
- A strengthened immune system that fights off chronic disease, infection and sickness
- A significantly reduced risk of contracting heart disease, and neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
- All-day energy
Those are some pretty great benefits. Simply by making plants the focus of your eating, you can enjoy the above health advantages and more. As a wonderful side-benefit, in most cases, plant-based meals are a lot cheaper per serving than meals that have meat as their focus.
The good news is that eating a healthy, plant-based diet does not mean missing out on the foods, the flavors and textures that you love. Simply replace the following healthy, plant-based ingredients and food products for their less healthier counterparts you are currently enjoying, and your health gets a boost without your taste buds becoming upset.
Try vegetables in new ways
Natural, organic cauliflower can be ground down into a powdered form using a food processor or food chopper. It can then be used as a base for bread and wraps. It is also the perfect alternative to unhealthy, processed, preservative-filled and dairy-based pizza crusts. Cauliflower additionally makes the perfect alternative to rice or couscous. Use a food chopper, and stop when the cauliflower has been ground down to the size of rice grains. Sauté in a little coconut oil in a pan for a tasty and super-healthy rice alternative. But the versatile cauliflower is not done yet! You can also swap it into a multitude of dishes where potatoes are traditionally used. The first time you taste mashed cauliflower instead of mashed potatoes, you will likely be shocked by the similarity in texture and taste.
A bun, the condiments and toppings of your choice, and at least one patty of ground meat, usually beef. Yummy, versatile, and full of protein, the hamburger can be pan-fried, flame-broiled or barbecued. Since immigrants from Hamburg, Germany introduced a broiled beef and onion beef burger patty to Ohio in the early 1800’s, the hamburger has been a commonplace and inexpensive item at American dinner tables. Worldwide as well, the hamburger is a popular meat-based protein source. Unfortunately, studies in recent years have pointed to animal-based proteins as directly linked to higher than average cancer rates. Try less meat.
The good news? That elevated cancer risk can be prevented, and cancer even reversed, with a more plant-based diet. Thanks to veggie-loving burger worshippers, you can still get that beefy burger taste … with a plant patty. Or make the following veggie-for-beef swaps for some surprisingly great tasting plant burgers.
Mixed beans or Black beans or Kidney beans
Wheat Gluten works for some people
One other that I like much more than soy burgers is wheat gluten. In fact, something I have loved for years in Chinese restaurants is wheat gluten. In the size of a modest slice of cake, it contains as much as 25 grams of protein and tastes like meat, has a delightfully chewy texture, can pick up any flavor, and is versatile in dishes. Wheat gluten is completely underappreciated.
Another possible plant substitute is the fast-growing zucchini, which is in season in the summer. Little known fact, a zucchini comes from a flower, which means it’s a fruit! This versatile fruit, often confused for a vegetable, is a great source of folate, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C and filled with fiber. The zucchini is the subject of countless recipes.
Going with less meat Reduces Resource Use
It takes a lot of resources to raise farm animals used for meat. For example, it takes 1,800 to 2,500 gallons of water to raise one pound of beef. It only takes 39 gallons to produce a pound of vegetables. A simpler example is that reducing our consumption of meat by 20% would have the same effect as switching from a gas-powered vehicle to a hybrid.
We just don’t need to eat meat daily. Good, sustainably sourced meat is expensive. Meat needs to be a treat instead because the intensive animal farming methods which produce cheap meat is a health issue. Regardless if you decide to go meatless on Monday (or any other day of the week for that matter) for health or environmental reasons, you can help out both by doing so. And who knows? You might decide to eat less or no meat on other days of the week, too
For more info | <urn:uuid:ba4b88d2-03b2-404a-b0a0-c21d3c1a2fbb> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://empoweredselfhealing.com/less-meat-in-your-diet-empowers-healing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619142022-20210619172022-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.953968 | 2,686 | 3.03125 | 3 |
He opened his eyes. A scarlet steam engine was waiting next to a platform packed with people. A sign overhead said Hogwarts’ Express, eleven o’clock. Harry looked behind him and saw a wrought-iron archway where the barrier had been, with the words Platform Nine and Three-Quarters on it, He had done it. Smoke from the engine drifted over the heads of the chattering crowd, while cats of every colour wound here and there between their legs. Owls hooted to one another in a disgruntled sort of way over the babble and the scraping of heavy trunks. Today we are adventuring into the world of Harry Potter and the Hogwarts Express.
When Pottermore the Harry Potter online database opened in 2012 we were able to learn more about the history of the locomotive and a few rather interesting facts came to light. “The Hogwarts Express was originally built by the Muggle engineers at Crewe, in Cheshire, England, as a Hall Class steam locomotive, in the early-to-mid 19th century” (Pottermore, 2012). The locomotive is now said to be converted to run purely on magic rather than steam. Pottermore goes into get length about the history of the train itself. Sometime in 1827, Ottaline Gambol rose to the office of Minister for Magic, and she made a daring and controversial suggestion to solve the ages-old problem of how to transport hundreds of students to and from Hogwarts Castle every school year without attracting the Muggles’ attention: intrigued by the Muggle technology, the Minister saw the potential of using a train as a secure and comfortable alternative to Portkeys or to unregulated means of travel. The Ministry of Magic conducted a a large-scale operation involving one hundred and sixty-seven Memory Charms, as well as the biggest Concealment Charm ever performed in Britain, in order to acquire the locomotive. The morning after this operation, the residents of Hogsmeade awoke to find the gleaming red Hogwarts Express and a railway station that had not been there previously, and the Muggle railway employees in Crewe had the feeling they had misplaced something, which stayed with them for the rest of the year. There was initial resistance from pure-blood families against using a Muggle-built device for wizard transportation (which, they claimed, was “unsafe, insanitary and demeaning”), until the Ministry decreed that students would arrive to school on the train or not attend at all.
Anyway its time we actually look at the locomotive that starred in the Harry Potter film series ex GWR 5972 Olton Hall or how it will forever be known in the hearts of Harry Potter fans Hogwarts Castle or the Hogwarts Express. I wrote a piece last year about the news that Harry Potter World in Watford will be unveiling a 20,000ft² expansion, including the original Hogwarts Express steam engine and a recreation of Platform 9 ¾ and this new extension opened earlier this year. The views that I made were controversial and caused some debate on various social media platforms.
Many enthusiasts are upset about the possible fate of this locomotive and you can understand why – it was not something envisioned by those who saved it from the scrapyard after all. However I am an enthusiast who returned to the hobby after purchasing the Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone train set which starred Hogwarts Express. I believe that there are certain locomotives such as Hogwarts Castle/Olton Hall, Mallard and Flying Scotsman that are so famous they inspire and stir the enthusiasm of the younger generations when they see them. I would rather see her placed in this museum where she can seen, photographed and loved by her fans (most of who aren’t steam enthusiasts) than living in Carnforth where no one can see her, making the occasional mainline trip or the National Railway museum which already has the likes of Flying Scotsman and Mallard. Railway preservation is entering an unknown future where the ranks of the volunteers are starting to thin out and need replacing with young blood. If this one locomotive can help inspire people to get involved on the railways, then it has done its job for the greater railway good.
After my experiences at the studio and seeing the general publics reaction to the locomotive it seems I have been proved half right as the locomotive was being loved, photographed and wowing the Harry Potter fans on the tour. Wither this turns and inspires people to get involved in the railway heritage scene is another matter and only time will tell but in the mean time she is flying the flag for the British heritage scene. I spent about 20 minutes trying to get a decent shot of the locomotive without any crowds or people in the shot but it was near impossible and goes to show the popularity of the locomotive. I did get a few chuckles listening to some of the converisons of my fellow visitors who were talking about the locomotive. Some were wondering if it was a real steam locomotive or an electric one like at the Harry Potter theme park in the States and one gentleman was certain that it was the Flying Scotsman painted red.
I do hope Hogwarts Castle or Olton Hall depending how you view her stays at the Studio tours and inspires people about our railway heritage. I would love to hear your views about the 5972 so feel free to comment below.
Thanks for reading. | <urn:uuid:b50046b3-5fd0-4e53-9997-ae76f3b2adcc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://locoyard.com/2015/06/02/5972-hogwarts-castleolton-hall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.973407 | 1,100 | 2.703125 | 3 |
While all tubers are root crops, not all root crops are tubers. Tubers share some traits with root crops, but they differ physiologically. Nutritionists and governments consider both groups vegetables and important components of a balanced diet. Root crops and tubers provide carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.
Similarites between Root Crops and Tubers
Roots perform two primary functions. They absorb minerals and water from the soil to sustain plant growth. They also anchor the plant in place by providing a structural foundation. Root crops and tubers accomplish both these functions.
Differences Between Tubers and Root Crops
Tubers differ from root crops in three ways. Tubers are enlarged stems rather than enlarged roots. Cut up a tuber, and each section will grow a plant; root crops cannot do this. Tubers contain more starch than root crops.
Tubers and root crops form from different types of plant tissues. Even though a tuber grows underground, it is a type of specialised stem tissue that stores nutrients for the plant. A potato is actually an enlarged stem. Root crops derive from root tissue. Carrots are an enlarged tap root.
Root crops and tubers have a different kind of root structure. Root crops are tap roots. They are a single root that bores down into the soil like a carrot or parsnip. They can be a single rounded modified root like a beet. The key point being, root crops form one vegetable per stem. With tubers, a single plant can produce several tubers. A carrot plant will have one carrot, while a potato plant can produce several potatoes.
Root crops and tubers vary in their carbohydrate composition. Root crops contain more simple carbohydrates such as glucose. Tubers contain long chains of glucose called starch. Potatoes are an important food crop around the world because they contain large amounts of starch, a good source of energy for people's metabolisms.
Plants store the energy in tubers for propagation. A cut up radish provides a snack; a cut up potato can grow more plants. Many ornamental plants can be propagated by cutting a portion of stem and sticking it in water. The stem will eventually grow roots. Potatoes are the same way. Slice a potato into several sections containing an eye. A new plant will grow from each section. Root crops cannot do this.
Both root crops and tubers offer abundant nutrition. Tubers offer loads of energy and vitamins. Root crops offer vitamins, minerals and micronutrients. Carrots contain beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A which, according to the Mayo Clinic, is good for the eyes. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention lists the tubers yucca and jicama, as well as root crops horseradish and rutabaga, as high in vitamin C. | <urn:uuid:48f9f733-95c5-4245-9216-e8336d637fb2> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8589599_difference-between-tubers-root-crops.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204077.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325153323-20190325175323-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.92338 | 584 | 4 | 4 |
Poverty really is Sexist.
Why? Because, no matter how you cut it – socially, economically, legally – girls and women who live in extreme poverty are being denied the opportunities that they deserve.
Right now, women and girls living in the world’s poorest countries are less likely to bank the money they earn, own the land they work or get the education they need to thrive.
None of us are equal until all of us are equal and we won’t stop campaigning until there’s justice for women and girls everywhere.
Here are 25 stats that show why #PovertyisSexist:
1. Women aged 15+ make up 57% of new HIV/AIDS infections amongst adults in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. 3 in 4 adolescents (15-19 years old) newly infected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa are girls.
3. Nearly 750 million girls and women alive today around the world were married before the age of 18. Rates of child marriage have declined in wealthier populations, but high levels of child marriage persist amongst the world’s poorest populations.
4. Over 1 in 4 young women aged 20-24 have had a live birth in the world’s least developed countries.
5. In sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, half of births to adolescent mothers are not attended by skilled health personnel.
6. “Globally, girls aged 5–14 spend 550 million hours every day on household chores, 160 million more hours than boys their age spend.”
7. In sub-Saharan Africa, women make up only 23.6% of parliamentarians.
8. There is a 7% gender gap in access to bank accounts, which widens to 9% in developing countries.
9. In most countries, women earn 60-75% of men’s wages on average.
10. “In South Asia, over 80% of women in non-agricultural jobs are in informal employment, in sub-Saharan Africa, 74%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean, 54%.”
11. 79 of the economies studied in this report have laws that restrict the types of work women can do.
12. In most sub-Saharan countries, women spend at least 16 million hours a day collecting drinking water. Men spend around 6 million hours a day collecting drinking water.
13. During elections in fragile and transitional states, female voters are 4 times as likely to be targeted for intimation than male voters.
14. In Yemen, women make up 60% of the crop farming labour force. Less than 1% of landholders in Yemen are women.
15. Gender inequality costs the region of Asia and the Pacific nearly USD $80 billion a year. This is mostly due to gender gaps in employment and education.
16. In 18 economies covered by this report, wives can be legally prevented from working by their husbands.
17. In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls spend roughly 40 billion hours a year collecting water—the equivalent of a year’s worth of labour by the entire workforce in France.
18. Of all maternal deaths, 99 percent occur in developing countries.
19. In sub-Saharan Africa, 45 percent fewer women than men have access to the Internet.
20. Of all still-births that happen in the world, 98 percent happen in low- and middle-income countries.
21. At current rates of progress, women in sub-Saharan Africa will have to wait more than 160 years before they have the same chances as women in rich countries of their babies being born alive.
22. In 155 of the 173 economies covered in this report have at least one law impeding women’s economic opportunities.
23. If current trends continue, by 2020 over 75% of women in developing countries still won’t be connected to the internet, compared to 63% of men
24. There are over 130 million girls out of school worldwide. In the world’s poorest countries, girls are out of school at a higher rate than boys.
25. Half a billion women couldn’t read this list. | <urn:uuid:bc60daa3-13c3-4651-b9c1-99a743dcde04> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.one.org/international/blog/25-facts-poverty-sexist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668594.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115065903-20191115093903-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.943055 | 860 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Of Ailech Surname History
The family history of the Of Ailech last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Of Ailech:
- Of Ailech family history
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Of Ailech Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
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No content has been submitted about the Of Ailech country of origin. The following is speculative information about Of Ailech. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Of Ailech can be complicated to determine in cases which country boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Of Ailech may be in dispute depending on whether the surname came in to being naturally and independently in multiple locales; e.g. in the case of names that come from professions, which can appear in multiple regions independently (such as the surname "Carpenter" which was given to woodworkers).
Of Ailech Meaning & Etymology
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The meaning of Of Ailech come may come from a profession, such as the name "Fisher" which was given to fishermen. Some of these trade-based surnames might be a profession in another language. This is why it is useful to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its family members. Many names like Of Ailech are inspired by religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and other related texts. Commonly these names relate to a religious expression such as "From the ash tree".
Of Ailech Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
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In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Of Ailech were transliterated based on how they sounded when people's names were recorded in public records. This could have led to misspellings of Of Ailech. Understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the Of Ailech surname are important to understanding the etymology of the name. Family names like Of Ailech change in how they're written as they travel across villages, family lines, and languages over generations.
Last names similar to Of AilechOfair, Ofaire, O'Fairenn, Of Airlie Ogilvy, Ofairrell, O'Fairy, Ofaisen, Ofak, Ofakaja, Ofakineiafu, Ofakl, Ofalahee, Of Alania, Of Alasdair of the, Ofalb, Of Alba, Of Alba Longa, Of Albania, Of Albany, Of Albemarle
of Ailech Family Tree
Here are a few of the of Ailech biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more of Aileches
- Indorb Finn Of Ailech Dght. Of Laorn
- Máel Fithrich Macaedo Uaridnaig O'néill* King Of Ailech, King
- Máel Dúin - Dun Mac Máele Fithrich King Of Ailech, King Of Ailech | <urn:uuid:1b50c353-bf92-4d29-aa0b-11f399c526e0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/of-ailech-family-history/162980 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010623118/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091023-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908774 | 857 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Computers have become an important part of our life and an essential part of the culture. As new technologies are introduced frequently, it is the job of our educational system to make sure students become efficient members of society after they finish their schooling.
The National Council of Teachers of English and The International Reading Association in 2000 stated that middle school students should use various technologies and information resources for conducting their researches. Technology is part of the education system and teachers should include technologies in classrooms.
As schools incorporate different technologies into classrooms, students should adopt “new literacies” for preparing in an increasingly digital society. Students should be proficient in new literacies, in today’s world which is full of new technologies.
The Start of New Literacies
Corio, Cammack, Leu, and Kinzer in 2004 termed the new literacies and divided its function into the following categories.
• Identify the important question.
• Locate the information.
• Estimate the usefulness of the information.
• Combine the information to answer the questions.
• Communicate the answer to others.
What the Experts Say
In 2002 Nachmias and Gilad stated that among these five categories, the efficiency to locate information is the toughest to do on the Internet, along with a search for specific information. As the size of the Internet increases, the accessibility becomes more difficult.
A single search task can create an overload of information. Hence you require a certain strategy to curtail the numerous possibilities that can overwhelm the searcher and a virtual block which forbid access to the information.
New Text Formats and Methods
Eagleton, Guinee and Langlais in 2003 said that surfing the Internet is important and a requirement for literacy skill for today’s school students. They use the Internet for word processing.
The Internet gives chance to work together with new text formats (e.g., hypertext and interactive multiple media that need new thought procedure); new reader elements (e.g., new purposes or motivations, high-level skills, new types of background knowledge,); and new activities (e.g., publishing multimedia projects, supply in online synchronous exchanges confirm reliability of images.)
Teachers should guide the students with different methods of successful online research by enhancing their knowledge of the inquiry as it applies to the Internet (Eagleton and Guinee, 2002.) But in that case the teacher should have all the required skills and strategies to explore the Internet while upcoming the challenges inherent within complex and abundant online surroundings.
Likewise, the Internet expands and manages the socio cultural context where the reader learns to read by providing collaborative chance to share and react to information across continents, languages and cultures.
Online Readers Learn to Comprehend a New Language
Prepare for the Arrival of Digital Textbooks
How To Hold 3,500 Books In Your Hands Without Lifting A Finger
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Food or War, Julian Cribb, Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 336, ISBN 978-1-108-71290-3
Paul R. Ehrlich claims to have understood overpopulation intellectually for a long time before the publications of his The Population Bomb in 1968. In the first chapter of the bestseller, Ehrlich recounts how he came to understand it “emotionally one stinking hot night in Delhi,” while in an “ancient taxi” with his wife and daughter. “As we crawled through the city, we entered a crowded slum area. The temperature was well over 100, and the air was a haze of dust and smoke. The streets seemed alive with people. People eating, people washing, people sleeping. People visiting, arguing, and screaming. People thrusting their hands through the taxi window, begging. People defecating and urinating. People clinging to buses. People herding animals. People, people, people.” This “hellish” scene led Ehrlich to predict worldwide famines in the ‘70s and ‘80s, to be followed by social upheaval, violence and war. Ehrlich’s prediction that hundreds of millions will die in these decades and that no crash programs will prevent the death toll was, of course, proven false. Nonetheless, he advocated numerous conscious ways to achieve population control, one of them being to add sterilants to people’s staple food or water supply. He also suggested that the US adopt a foreign policy which would see it cut off all food aid to countries whose population outstripped its ability to feed itself, leaving the population to die.
And yet, Julian Cribb dedicates his newest alarmist tome to Paul R. Ehrlich.
In Food or War, Cribb warns us that our unsustainable food systems will not be able to feed an ever-growing population if it continues unchanged. As he states, the biggest threat humanity faces come from the human jawbone. In the course of producing enough food to feed the current population, we inevitably destroy the source of that food. The current food production system, Cribb reminds us, depletes 75 billion tonnes of topsoil, consumes 7 billion tonnes of freshwater, while injecting 5 million tonnes of biocide and emitting 30% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. The combined effect of climate change and the unsustainable food system will plunge the world into conflict. However, Cribb does not name or explain the economic imperative behind the food production system that generates incredible amounts of waste, while some go hungry.
Cribb presents a brief historical survey from the ancient times up to the present to conclude that wars have been fought over food access, and that food has been weaponized by belligerents to starve their opponents in order to win wars. Food, therefore, poses a mounting threat to world peace, and Cribb presents us with a brief description of ‘powderkeg regions,’ that is, locations where future conflicts over food are possible. Following in Ehrlich’s footsteps, the highest risk is placed on South Asia, not least because India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons. According to Cribb, climate change will affect the crop yield, leading to population upheaval and potential nuclear winter, which would affect “two billion people in India and China [who] would starve within months.”
While Cribb does note throughout the book that people in richer countries tend to consume more and produce more waste than people in poor countries, it does not seem to affect his analysis. Yet, it is obvious that sustaining food consumption patterns in the West, where, for example, in 2018, an average American ate 222.2 pounds of red meat and poultry, is what causes problems for other populations globally. In Bangladesh, on the other hand, an average person would consume 8.8 pounds per year. Cattle ranching is responsible for 80% of the deforestation of the Amazon, which is required in order to supply the meat market globally. It is not necessarily the production of the meat itself that leads to climate change, nor is it the monolithic West, rather, it is the economic system that requires continuous expansion and environmental degradation for its continued existence while also generating growing inequality. Profit is generated by producing an ever-greater quantity of goods which are consumed in exchange for money, or otherwise, thrown out. Production for profit, not for sustenance, is what leads to corporations using pesticides and biocides, clearing land, depleting topsoil and freshwater resources. For Cribb, though, “at the heart of the transition to a renewable food revolution taking place in green cities and on eco-farms around the world” are we. Our wallets have the power to change the world, by signalling to the producers how we wish our food to be produced. This could hardly be seen as the planetary effort needed to affect change.
Cribb offers other recommendations in the book to solve the conundrum of food or war. Some center on better stewardship of the Earth achieved through ecological and regenerative farming, aquaculture and rewilding. Others focus on political aspects aimed to prevent societal breakdowns, such as redirecting 20% of military budgets to a ‘peace through food’ program, to be used for rewilding, education, and sustainability programs. While theoretically a sound idea, Cribb fails to outline how we get there, given that annual military budgets increase every year. How do our wallets make the politicians decrease military spending?
Food or War parrots old ideas and synthesizes the newest research into our climate-changed world. The threat of food system collapse is real, and the effect it may have on large swathes of the impoverished is devastating. However, Cribb has failed to pinpoint the cause of this failure and to provide solutions to them. Just like Paul R. Ehrlich. | <urn:uuid:882b2ebf-d24f-49cc-a8d8-a6e14872c515> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.vukasinpotic.com/2019/11/29/food-or-war-julian-cribb/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103943339.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701155803-20220701185803-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.952424 | 1,227 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The alleyway in Saint-Henri between Saint-Ambroise and Sainte-Marie streets, and between Côte Saint-Paul and de Courcelle, is somwhat of an anomaly: nearly 4-lanes wide, it is one of the only clues that the Saint-Pierre river once wound it’s way through south-west Montreal.
At the turn of the century, the river was canalised and the properties around it began to be developed. Since raw sewage was dumped directly into the river, it became a public health hazard and was partially covered. Then in the 1930s, it was completely buried in a large concrete collector, which still serves as a combined sewer collecting both rain water and household waste-water in the neighbourhood.
The Sud-Ouest borough recently received a grant from the Institut national de santé publique to transform this vast and dull expanse of concrete into Montreal’s first woonerf.
The borough describes a woonerf as a convivial street where one can safely walk, bicycle, play, and relax, while still being accessible to cars, adding that the woonerf aims animate residential streets by giving them a soul. But the project also has more tangible goals: the subsidy requires the woonerf to have permeable surfaces over at least 85% of the site, to introduce vegetation in order to reduce the heat-island effect, and to incorporate a space for urban agriculture.
New tools for public participation
Perhaps most interestingly, part of the philosophy of the woonerf is it’s participatory nature. With this in mind, the borough hosted a second consultation session with local residents and organizations last Thursday. They presented a design in which nearly the entire 550 x 20m alley would be transformed into a greenspace.
At an earlier meeting, residents of the adjacent properties had stressed the importance of being able to access their backyard parking spots, so the woonerf would be bordered by two 5-m strips of “reinforced grass”, which can withstand being driven upon without necessily inviting motorized traffic. In the centre of the woonerf, a hundred trees would be planted alongside a sinuous path for pedestrians and cyclists, evoking the winding St-Pierre river. A second phase in 2013 would incorporate street furniture such as benches, picnic tables, a water fountain and possibly sports facilities, and a third phrase would add a community garden in 2014.
The borough recruited the Urban Ecology Centre to animate last thursday’s workshop, and they developed innovative tools that took the dialogue beyond the confrontational format that is all too familiar at public consultations. Citizens were asked to vote on things like the width, shape and materials used in the project, and to express their preferences of ambiance and activities offered in the site. They were also asked to indicate their interest in contributing, for instance by planting a tree or a vertical garden on their property, and to write their wildest dreams for their neighbourhood on colourful post-its.
But this alleyway is anomalous in more than it’s width: while it is usually illegal to park in Montreal alleyways, which are generally not cleared of snow during the winter, this alley has become an informal parking lot for local residents and businesses.
By far the most pressing issue for locals was the loss of these parking spots. A study by the borough found that there are enough empty parking spots on the adjacent streets to accommodate the displaced vehicles (not to mention that many denser neighbourhoods manage with no back-alley parking). Yet some residents described the proposal as “extremist” or even “dangerous” for it’s conversion of concrete into greenspace.
A place for youth in the process?
Readers of this blog may have noted that I am rather preoccupied with youth participation – specifically how teenagers can participate in defining and designing the urban environment (see this post and this post).
Since the woonerf’s target audience includes young people, and the alley is a stone’s throw from James Lyng high school, I thought it was an excellent occasion for the borough to consult youth about what they wanted for their neighbourhood.
Through my work with Youth Fusion, I was able to involve a group of sec 1 students in a design process: we visited the site, brainstormed ideas, and create proposals for the woonerf, which I was able to present during the meeting last Thursday. I was thrilled when borough mayor Benoit Dorais agreed to have someone come to the school and further the dialogue with the students. | <urn:uuid:74c08a0c-61fc-4380-8f45-26d51ea9d110> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://spacing.ca/montreal/2011/05/01/saint-pierre-river-site-to-become-montreals-first-woonerf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775656.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00076-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966884 | 960 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Adams, Charles Francis
1807 - Charles Francis Adams, born on the 18th of August in Boston, Massachusetts U.S. An American diplomat who played an important role in keeping Britain neutral during the U.S. Civil War and in promoting the arbitration of the important “Alabama” claims. The son of Pres. John Quincy Adams and the grandson of Pres. John Adams, Charles.
1825 - He graduated from Harvard.
1840 - He served for six years as a member of the Massachusetts legislature and as the editor of a party journal, the Boston Whig.
1848 - He felt that the Whigs should take a more forthright position against the extension of slavery into the territories, and when, the so-called Conscience Whigs broke with the party to form the antislavery Free-Soil Party, he received the vice-presidential nomination of the new coalition.
1856 - The emergence of the Republican Party offered him the permanent political affiliation he was seeking.
1858 - He was elected to the U.S. Congress from his father's old district. When the Republicans won at the polls two years later, he was named ambassador to Great Britain by his close friend William H. Seward, the new secretary of state.
1861 - Civil war broke out in April, when he arrived in London the following month, he found that Great Britain had already recognized Confederate belligerency.
1863 - His main mission was to prevent the British from abandoning neutrality, and, with the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, the immediate danger of diplomatic recognition of the South was over.
1871 - 1872 - He served as U.S. arbiter on the international commission that met at Geneva to settle the “Alabama” claims. His name is inseparable from this seminal work in forwarding the concept of world law through arbitration.
1886 - Died on the 21st of November in Boston.
Page last updated: 6:09am, 05th Apr '07 | <urn:uuid:2d47f74d-4464-40e5-a667-a16b41c2ded6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.s9.com/Biography/Print/Adams-Charles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063881.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00224-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968961 | 418 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Fons Trompenaars once said »A fish only discovers its need for water when it is no longer in it. Our own culture is like water for the fish. It sustains us. We live and breathe through it.”
How do you live? How do you see the world? How do you communicate? Are you able to stand back from yourself, your culture and become aware of different cultural values and beliefs?
Culture is a part of us. Sometimes we do not even realize that. But importance of cultural differences arise when we have to live, communicate, and interact with people from other cultures. World becomes more and more global, also a lot of people emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Such a move is often necessary and can be quite very challenging, sometimes also traumatic. It is very important that we treat people with such experiences with kindness and respect. Integration is a very important process, especially when we talk about the children and their healthy development.
The beginning of November brought us our new Erasmus+ course: Multiculturalism – teacher’s role in the integration process of immigrant children. 21 participants from Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Spain and Greece spend the week with different trainers, each working in different fields and areas of expertise. Participants exchanged their experiences and opinions and gained new ideas for teaching and integrating immigrant children. Participants discussed the importance of understanding our different cultural backpacks and becoming more aware of different cultural patterns.
One of the trainers also emphasized the importance of providing emotional and psychological support to immigrant children in the process of their integration. It is very important that we respond correctly to the needs of immigrant children and provide help and support also to their families.
This week we visited one primary and one secondary Slovenian schools that are an example of good practice in the field of integration of immigrant children into Slovenian educational system.
Part of the course was devoted also to learning Slovene language and methods for inclusive pedagogy. Participants tried to understand obstacles and benefits of different didactical methods, especially for learning foreign language.
As always we haven’t forgotten about more relaxed and fun parts of the mobility experience. Together we explored Ljubljana and visited mysterious Postojna cave and Predjama castle. Participants also had the chance to experience multiculturalism through the culinary world and they haven’t tasted only typical Slovenian dishes. One of the participants described the experience in Slovenia with these words:
»Great experience in the Multiculturalism course held in City Hotel in Liublijana. A fantastic opportunity to share our ways of teaching people from different countries and cultures. A challenging way to know how teachers from Sweeden, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Germany and Spain deal with this new situation in schools all over the world nowadays. Learning from one another has been restorative. The organization has been really good. Everything flew as scheduled. Any suggestion or problem we could have with food or whatever was sorted out in a minute. Kindness and respect were the key for success.«
At the end we would like to stress out that this was our first session for Multiculturalism course. On one hand we are of course truly happy to receive such positive and encouraging feedback, but on the other hand we would also like to warmly thank participants for their constructive criticism and suggestions how we can improve this course in the future. We look forward to new challenges just as teachers look forward to teaching children how to be more open, tolerant and multicultural.
We empower teachers so they can do their job best.
Erasmus+ by Primera for teachers
Erasmus+ courses by Primera are dedicated to teachers who value evidence-based and practice-driven training in highly interactive international atmosphere.
PIC: 949416601, OID: E10091479
T: +386 1 320 28 43 | <urn:uuid:38bfd19e-94cf-4865-bfb0-5e7e9990714f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.erasmuspluscourses.com/blog/new-course-new-experience-multiculturalism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.95512 | 801 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This section is from the book "An Illustrated Flora Of The Northern United States, Canada And The British Possessions Vol1", by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Addison Brown. Also available from Amazon: An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 Volume Set..
Most of the drawings for the first edition were executed by Mr. F. Emil; he made all the figures of the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and nearly all of the Monocotyledones, with the exception of those of Gramineae, Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also nearly all of the apetalous Choripetalae, and a considerable portion of the Sympetalae. Miss Millie Timmerman (now Mrs. Heinrich Ries) drew the bulk of the polypetalous Choripetalae, the enlarged parts being mostly inserted by Dr. Arthur Hollick; she also did some work on several of the sympetalous families. Mr. Joseph Bridgham drew the Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also the Ericaceae, Primulaceae and several related families. Mr. Theodore Holm drew most of the Gramineae. Dr. Hollick has made some drawings and numerous enlargements of special parts throughout the work. Miss Mary Knight and Mr. Rudolph Weber have also contributed drawings.
April 15, 1913. | <urn:uuid:eaf04649-c697-47cd-b95c-f1e4f84e74f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Illustrated-Flora-1/Draughtsmen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315222.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820024110-20190820050110-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.906947 | 306 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When is your baby due?
There are around 266 days between fertilisation and the birth of your baby. The first day of your last period is used to calculate your due date because the time that sexual intercourse took place does not have to coincide with fertilisation.
Important to know: A normal, 'on-schedule' full-term birth can deviate up to 2 weeks from the calculated due date. And deviations are the norm here: Only 5% of all pregnant women give birth on the calculated due date. | <urn:uuid:5e2c3a0c-0b7c-41fa-aa9c-384d1628b3b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.hirslanden.ch/en/corporate/topics-of-focus/hirslanden-baby/schwangerschaft/geburtsterminrechner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620024754-20190620050754-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.943609 | 106 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Most people don’t know this, but Thanksgiving wasn’t actually a “real” holiday until 1863 when President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed “Thanksgiving Day”. People believe that in 1621 when the pilgrims came over that they celebrated the first Thanksgiving, which is not true. Yes, the pilgrims had a gathering and gave thanks for their three-day feast, but it wasn’t called Thanksgiving yet.
The pilgrims came over on the Mayflower and settled on Plymouth Rock December 11, 1620. Their first winter was a harsh one. There were 102 who sailed over on the Mayflower, but the following fall there were only 46 left. In 1621 the remaining colonists celebrated their new beginning in America, with a feast, along with the 91 natives that helped the Pilgrims through their first year. After that the “Thanksgiving” feast was not celebrated again until many years later.
Edward Rawson a clerk, proclaimed June 29 as a day of thanksgiving. In 1789, when George Washington proclaimed “National Day of Thanksgiving”, people were opposed to it. Later President Thomas Jefferson opposed the idea of having a day of thanksgiving, because he felt like there was a discord among colonies. President Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November as a national day of Thanksgiving. Every president after Lincoln proclaimed the holiday.
No matter how you celebrate Thanksgiving, it means something different to everyone. The term “turkey” was used by the Pilgrims to mean any sort of wild fowl. Pumpkin pie is something that is a tradition we have now days, but something they had back then. There was no flour, so there was no bread or pastries. The Pilgrims did boil pumpkin and they produced a type of bread from their corn crops. Another example is the cornucopia. The cornucopia is a basket that food is held in as a decoration or where food is placed. The one major constant is the feast that goes back many years ago to the Pilgrims’ first year in America. | <urn:uuid:b059ce6b-8e2f-4248-8655-22101a1ca08e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.ripleyvikingpress.com/2011/11/how-thanksgiving-came-to-be.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.982332 | 424 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Junior School is the beginning of a grand educational journey. The program is based on thinking and creativity. The thinking elements are emphasized through the Philosophy program in which children are taught how to question and analyze.
Beyond these skills the students learn how to effectively communicate, develop their curiosity and gain an understanding of the concept of a ‘community of inquiry’. The second theme of creativity is emphasized through English, Mathematics and the visual and performing arts. Students have many opportunities to develop their confidence and their imagination.
As students leave this campus they should be bold in their inquiries, respectful of all, supportive of their peers, creative in their thinking and have a firm foundation for future learning. | <urn:uuid:f2ca0504-1df7-4d8e-b98d-b57303a44349> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.kds.vic.edu.au/teaching-and-learning/junior-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573735.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919204548-20190919230548-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.971788 | 139 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Boron family of elements contains five elements namely boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium. Except boron which is classified as a non metal all other elements of this group are metals. The general electronic configuration of these elements is ns2np1. These elements belong to p block of the periodic table.
The p-block is the most typical amongst all the blocks of the periodic table. It consist of nonmetals, metals and metalloids which exist under normal temperature conditions in all three states of matter, solid or liquid or gas.
Boron Family ElementsBack to Top
These elements do not occur free in nature, rather they are generally found as oxides in many locations around the earth.
Boron Family NameBack to Top
- Increase in atomic size
- Increase in density
- Increase in ionic character
- Decrease in polarity
Among all the members of this family boron is a nonmetal while the rest are metals whose metallic characteristic increases down the group. The non metallic character of boron is due to its small size and high ionization energy.
Atomic Weight of BoronBack to Top
||Atomic weight (amu)
Boron CompoundsBack to Top
The compounds that boron forms are held together by covalent bonds. In covalent bonding valence electrons are shared between atoms. The attraction of each atom on the shared electrons is what binds the atoms together.
Fluoroboric acid is a strong acid and [BF4-] ion is tetrahedral.
Boric AcidBack to Top
By acidifying an aqueous solution of borax with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid boric acid is prepared.
Boric Acid Uses
Boric acid is used in
- The manufacture of enamels and glazes for pottery.
- Making heat resisting and shock resisting glass.
- Washing eyes.
Boron NitrideBack to Top
It is prepared by the action of nitrogen or ammonia on boron at 1000oC
Boron Family Periodic TableBack to Top
The members of this family are collectively known as boron family and some times as aluminum family.
Boron Family 3 Valence Electrons
Boron Family FactsBack to Top
- Homburg in 1702 first isolated Boron by distilling borax with green vitriol.
- Boron exist in amorphous and crystalline allotropic forms. The amorphous form is reactive while crystalline form is inert.
- Boron never forms cation and coverts to anion only.
- Boron salicylic acid is an optically active compound.
- Boron is used in making light composite materials for the aircraft.
- Boron is a semiconductor and used in electronic devices.
Boron Family PropertiesBack to Top
The boron family characteristics are discussed below in physical and chemical properties of boron family.
Physical Properties of Boron
- Electronic configuration configuration -There are three electrons in the outer most orbit of each element of this group and that is why their orbit general electronic configuration is ns2np1.
- Atomic and ionic radii -Atomic and ionic radii and atomic volume increase from top to bottom in the group.
- Density -In general on moving down the group the density decreases from B to Tl because increase in size of the atom.
- Melting and boiling point -Melting point do not show a regular trend. Boron has high melting point and it decrease from B to Ga and then increases.
- Oxidation state -A common oxidation state of all these elements is +3 and they exist as M3+ ions.
- Ionization energy and electropositive nature -The ionization energy values of these elements are low as compared to s-block elements of comparable atomic number. These elements are electropositive in nature but less compared to s-block elements. Down the group electropositive character increases.
- Hydration of ions - Only ions of metallic elements get hydrated with six molecules of water and form as octahedral structure.
Chemical Properties of BoronBack to Top
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O $\rightarrow$ 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
Boron Family UsesBack to Top
- As a catalyst for polymerization process
- As a reducing agent in organic reactions
- For welding torches
- In high energy fuels and propellants an their combustion leads to a strongly exothermic reaction.
- Boric acid is used as preservative in making potteries, earthen pots and glasses.
- In dying leather and as cleansing and stiffening agent in laundry.
- It is used in borax bead test.
- As a flux in soldering welding and metallurgical processes. | <urn:uuid:ef22bbc6-b456-4d8f-893f-178febb5941a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://chemistry.tutorcircle.com/inorganic-chemistry/boron-family.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00277-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854999 | 1,034 | 3.375 | 3 |
Declare climate change health emergency, say charities
Last updated on 29 August 2014, 12:55 pm
Health charities say climate change is a health emergency, and health organisations should divest from fossil fuels
By Megan Darby
Charities are calling on the health sector to divest from fossil fuels and declare climate change a public health emergency.
On the back of the WHO’s first ever global climate and health conference this week, fifteen organisations have signed a letter urging the financial shift.
Just as health organisations withdrew finance from tobacco companies, the letter argues they should avoid investing in coal, oil and gas.
Climate change and air pollution from burning fossil fuels have been linked to a range of public health problems, from dengue fever to depression.
See below for the letter in full.
We congratulate the World Health Organization on their vision and leadership in convening this week’s Health and Climate Summit, an historic event which has brought together policy makers, health professionals, academics and civil society representatives from around the world.
Climate change poses an urgent threat to human health, and the impacts are already being felt around the world. Without transformative system change, they will become dramatically worse, particularly in the poorest regions – which have contributed least to the causes of climate change.
The health sector everywhere needs to play a central role in addressing climate change—the greatest health threat of the 21st century. We must reduce healthcare’s climate footprint, make our health systems more resilient, and most importantly advocate for a fundamental shift in energy, transport and agriculture policies. Our task is to end our dependency on fossil fuels, a move that can help tackle both climate change and the rise in non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and asthma.
As Christiana Figueres, Chair of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, said during this meeting, “climate change is not the equivalent of a disease: it is a symptom. The cause is our unbridled dependence on fossil fuels”. We know that we cannot safely burn the majority of the world’s proven fossil fuel reserves; if we do, the health impacts will be immense. A transition to renewable energy both reduces greenhouse gas emissions and offers substantial short-term health benefits, saving billions of dollars in healthcare costs, particularly by reducing air pollution.
Just as the health sector has divested from tobacco, it now needs to act on this even greater threat. We consider the transfer of financial resources away from fossil fuels and towards clean, healthy, renewable energy through a “divest-invest” framework to be one of the most important steps we need to take. This entails the phasing out of investments in, and subsidies for, fossil fuels, which harm health, alongside a dramatic increase in investment in healthy and sustainablealternatives. The health sector can make an important contribution to this profound shift.
The health sector – the WHO, health ministries, local authorities, health care providers, professional bodies, and non-governmental organizations – must mobilize to lead the transformation to a low-carbon, healthy and climate-resilient society. We call on all health leaders to:
- Declare climate change a global public health emergency, and take urgent measures to address it.
- Advocate for all governments to adopt an international climate agreement in 2015 which is both fair and sufficiently ambitious to protect health, and for developed countries to fulfill their obligations under the UNFCCC to provide the most vulnerable countries with the resources to respond to climate change.
- Lead by example, making sustainability core business for the health sector, including by implementing low-carbon healthcare and public health policies.
- Support broad, transformative societal change to transition from fossil fuels to clean, renewable healthy energy through a divest-invest approach, and by ending subsidies for fossil fuels.
In the words of WHO Director General, Dr. Margaret Chan, “climate change is the defining issue of the 21st Century.” As representatives of the health sector, we share a responsibility to confront this, the greatest health threat we face, and to transform it into a health opportunity for all.
Signatory organisations, present at the WHO Conference on Health and Climate:
Global Climate and Health Alliance
Arnhold Global Health Institute of Mount Sinai, New York USA
Centre for Frugal Medical Technology? for Developing Countries
Climate and Health Alliance, Australia
Climate and Health Council, UK
Health and Environment Alliance
Health Care Without Harm
H-Earth – Health-EARTH
Healthy Planet UK
International Federation of Medical Students’ Association (IFMSA)
OraTaiao, New Zealand’s Climate and Health Council
Public Health Institute
Sustainable Development Unit for the NHS, Public Health and Social Care in England
The Mobilizing Action Toward Climate Change and Health (MATCCH) Initiative
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- How people are be warned if there was a fire.
- What staff should do if they discover a fire.
- How the evacuation of the premises needs be implemented
- Where people should assemble following leaving the property and procedures for checking whether the premises have been evacuated.
- Identification of key escape routes, how people can gain access to them and escape from them to a place of total safety.
- Arrangements for fire-fighting.
- The duties and identity of staff who have specific responsibilities if there is a fire.
- Arrangements for the safe evacuation of persons identified as being especially at risk, such as those with disabilities, lone workers and young persons.
- Any processes that need to be stopped or isolated if there is a fire.
- special arrangements, if required for high-fire-risk areas.
- Contingency plans for when life safety systems such as evacuation lifts, fire-detection and warning systems, sprinklers or smoke control systems are out of order.
- How the fire and rescue service and any other necessary services will be called and who will be responsible for doing this. Procedures for greeting the fire and rescue service on their arrival and notifying them of any special risks, e.g. the location of highly flammable materials.
- What training employees need and the arrangements for ensuring that this training is given.
- Phased evacuation plans (where some areas are evacuated while others are alerted but not evacuated until later).
- Plans to deal with people once they have left the premises.
- Unaccompanied children.
- People with personal belongings (especially valuables) still in the building.
- Getting people away from the building (e.g. to transport).
- Inclement weather.
You should therefore prepare contingency plans to determine specific actions and/or the mobilisation of specialist resources.
Information, Instruction, Co-operation and Co-ordination
You must provide easily understandable information to employees, the parents of children you may employ, and to employers of other persons working in your premises about the measures in place to ensure a safe escape from the building and how they will operate, for example;
- Any significant risks to staff and other relevant persons that have been identified in your Risk Assessment or any similar assessment carried out by another user and responsible person in the building;
- The fire prevention and protection measures and procedures in your premises and where they impact on staff and other relevant persons in the building.
- The procedures for fighting a fire in the premises.
- The identity of people who have been nominated with specific responsibilities in the building.
Even if you do not have to record the fire risk assessment, it would be helpful to keep a record of any co-operation and exchange of information made between employers and other responsible people for future reference.
You need to ensure that all staff and, where necessary, other relevant persons in the building, receive appropriate information in a way that can be easily understood. This might include any special instructions to particular people who have been allocated a specific task, such as shutting down equipment or guiding people to the nearest exit.
Duties of employees to give information
Employees also have a duty to take reasonable care for their own safety and that of other people who may be affected by their activities. This includes the need for them to inform their employer of any activity that they consider would present a serious and immediate danger to their own safety and that of others.
HSE publishes guidance about specific substances where appropriate information may need to be provided. If any of these, or any other substance that is not included but nevertheless presents more than a slight risk, is present in your premises, then you must provide such information to staff and others, specifically you must;
- Name the substance and the risks associated with it, e.g. how to safely use or store the product to avoid creating highly flammable vapours or explosive atmospheres.
- Identify any legislative provisions that may be associated with the substance.
- Allow employees access to the hazardous substances safety data sheet;
- Inform the local fire and rescue service where dangerous substances are present on the premises. | <urn:uuid:c67606f9-4866-4691-a32d-20e9ea0332e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cherwellfiresafety.co.uk/firesafetyrecords-page2.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944837 | 854 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1(of clothes, suitcase) forro masculine(of brakes) forro masculine(of brakes) guarnición feminineTechnology revestimiento masculine
- An invading virus can damage the lining of the small intestine, disrupting fluid and nutrient absorption.
- The acceleration strips the lining of the artery away faster than it can be replenished.
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the covering or lining around the spinal cord and brain.
- He was wearing a blue duffel coat with fur around the hood and an orange lining.
- In recent articles, two terrific writers whose work has graced this paper have seen silver linings in the recall movement that just plain aren't there.
- He has more than 30 years experience in the industry and offers customers a lot more than just curtain linings.
- He can come to your home, do a measure and quote, and help you decide on the best curtains and linings to suit your home.
- The designs have all kinds of sweet details, like patterned linings, brightly colored frills, mohair trims, and satin ribbons.
- Lipid surface linings have also a key role of preventing contact formation, thus sustaining the membrane integrity by virtue of repulsive interactions between hydrated headgroups.
- The blastocyst forms into a hollow ball that implants itself in the uterine lining.
- The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium.
- As the egg develops it produces estrogen which causes the lining of the uterus to grow.
- I have an 1880's silk pieced quilt top with a beautiful graphical tumbling blocks pattern in a lot of dark and jewel colors (probably bits of suit linings and ties originally).
- Outer fabric, interfacings, linings, shoulder pads, and finishes all react differently when washed.
- Several trimming companies recently became members, offering goods such as linings, interlinings, buttons, zippers and lace, etc.
- Another factor that can contribute to comfort is the ergonomically formed linings.
- This method is also utilized in a tandoor and in old-fashioned bread ovens, whose linings take up heat from fires lit inside, and radiate it back to the food being cooked.
- This page sells the suits in a choice of fabrics and linings, but they're pretty expensive.
- But they were flat, waterproof, lightweight and, since you could pad them out with all manner of foot-beds and linings, very, very warm.
- The intestinal epithelial lining serves as a physical barrier that separates and maintains distinctive luminal and subepithelial compartments.
- The uranium tailings damage the lining of the lung and increase the risk of developing cancer when breathed in.
- Jackets in felt and printed denim have unfinished and reversed seams with bright red linings for men.
- A symptom of this cardiovascular disease is the formation of plaques on the internal linings of blood vessels.
- Nicotine is absorbed through the skin and mucosal lining of the mouth and nose or by inhalation in the lungs.
- Laxatives irritate the lining of the intestines, thus causing muscular contractions.
- Endometrial cancer is related to overgrowth of the endometrium, or uterine lining.
- Most stomach cancers form a tumour or an ulcer in the inner lining of the stomach.
- Materials like silver kid and alligator with velvet or crushed velvet linings add luxury touches to grown up footwear.
- He helped to design this holster by asking for a hammer extension to protect the inside lining of his coat.
- Normally single layers are used; however, for certain applications such as pump linings and wear areas a second layer of surfacing is applied.
- The barium temporarily coats the lining of your colon.
- The denims were cut so short that the pocket linings were hanging out in the open and gently wafting on the breeze.
- All her life her mother had kept the front door key of their house tucked inside the lining of her dress.
- It is a specialist cotton and polycotton weaving firm which makes shirts, coat linings and raincoats for major fashion labels.
- Colourful patchwork elements will be a feature of many bags that also have contrast linings.
- And she has to take anticonvulsants to control her seizures and antacids because her stomach lining is damaged.
- The firm, one of Europe's leading suppliers of curtain linings, has 3,000 customers and 20 agents worldwide.
- These could include coat trimmings, linings in boots and gloves, soft toys and pom poms.
- Those that arise from surface linings of organs are the commonest group and are called carcinomas.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:683def3d-e145-4858-8cca-6a0b5d62d11b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/lining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860041.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618031628-20180618051628-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.939622 | 1,122 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Written By Rod Oram, Rod’s Rio Blog # 1, Friday 15th June:
The last 20 years…and the task ahead
In some ways, at least for people over say 40, 1992 seems like yesterday. Yet the world, and human fortunes, have changed dramatically since that year when Rio de Janeiro hosted the first Earth Summit, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
It was a defining moment. At last all the pressures humankind was putting on the planet came into sharp focus. At the summit, world leaders set some bold goals for their countries to do better.
In essence, economic life has improved for many people, lifting 100s of millions of them from poverty and hunger. But it has come at a high price – the rapid rise of resource use and accelerating environmental degradation
As people gather in Rio at the next Earth Summit to try to agree ways to make human development sustainable, this is an abridged version of the UN’s assessment of the progress – and not – that we’ve made in the 20 years since the first Earth Summit:
At the 1992 Earth Summit representatives from 178 countries, including 108 world leaders, forged a bold new vision for development — sustainable development. The vision, embodied in Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, marked a major shift, calling for the full integration of environmental, social and economic dimensions into development planning.
There has been significant progress since the Earth Summit, but the track record for implementing Agenda 21 and sustainable development is decidedly mixed. In many ways, the idea of sustainability has gained acceptance across broad swathes of the public.
But sustainability has often been associated with the environment, without proper consideration for economic or social development.
According to the 2012 Human Development Report, people today are healthier, live longer, are more educated and have more access to goods and services.
But there are major regional differences, and also stark inequalities within countries. And while more people are living better since the Earth Summit, the natural world that underpins this prosperity has continued to be degraded.
At Rio+20, government, business and civil society leaders will seek ways to ensure a sustainable future.
The following are some of the major developments since the Earth Summit — some positive, some not.
In the 1992 Rio Declaration, developed countries acknowledged their responsibility in the global pursuit of sustainable development. At the 1992 Earth Summit, it was estimated that over US$600bn a year, through the year 2000, would be needed in developing countries to carry out activities listed in Agenda 21 to achieve sustainable development.
Out of the US$600bn, it was noted in the Agenda 21 text, “about US$125bn in grant or concessional terms from the international community” was needed. At the time, US$125bn was roughly equal to 0.7% of the combined gross national income (GNI) of donor countries.
At the UN in 1970, countries agreed to the 0.7% target to be dedicated to official development assistance (ODA), or foreign aid, which has been met by only a handful of developed countries.
– Major efforts have been undertaken through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) — eight targeted development goals designed to advance progress in reducing extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease by 2015.
– In every region of the developing world, the percentage of people living on less than $1.25 a day declined, but over a billion people still live in poverty.
– Since 1992, average life expectancy has increased by three and a half years.
– Today, 27% of the world’s population lives in absolute poverty, down from 46% in 1990.
– Progress on meeting the MDGs has been very uneven across regions, with large areas in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia unlikely to achieve the Goals.
– Biodiversity has declined by 12% at the global level.
– Environmentally protected areas have increased worldwide by 42%, yet only 13% of the world’s land surface, 7% of its coastal waters and 1.4% of its oceans are protected.
– Some 20 to 30% of species assessed may be at risk of extinction from climate change impacts before 2100 if increases in global mean temperatures exceed 2-3 °C.
– Urban population has grown by 45% since 1992, and in the coming decades, 95% of the world’s urban population growth will take place in developing countries.
– About one third of the world urban population lives in slum conditions.
– There were 23 megacities with at least 10 million people in 2011; up from 10 in 1992, and by 2025, the number is expected to reach 37.
– The MDG target of significantly improving the lives of at least 100m slum dwellers has been achieved
Water and sanitation:
– There has been progress in improving and expanding access to freshwater. But due to poor infrastructure and mismanagement, every year about 2m people, mostly children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
– 89% of the world’s population now uses improved drinking water sources, and the MDG target for 2015 has been met—but 783m people are still without access to safe drinking water.
– Only 63% of people worldwide now have access to improved sanitation, a figure projected to increase to only 67% by 2015.
– Food production has continued to rise steadily at a pace exceeding population growth, yet 925m people remain hungry.
– More than 12m hectares of productive land are lost due to desertification every year, the equivalent of losing an area the size of South Africa every decade. Over the next 25 years land degradation could reduce global food production by as much as 12% leading to a 30% increase in world food prices.
– Primary forest area decreased by 300m ha since 1990.
– About 85% of all fish stocks in the oceans are now overexploited, depleted, recovering or fully depleted.
– Sea levels have risen at an average rate of about 2.5 mm per year since 1992.
– Around 25% of the world’s C02 emissions are being absorbed into the seas and oceans, where they are converted to carbonic acid, threatening coral reefs and other marine life.
– The global use of natural resources rose by over 40% from 1992 to 2005. Demand for cement rose by more than 170%, for plastics by 130% and for steel by more than 100%.
– One in five people—1.4bn people—still lack access to modern electricity; 3bn people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal wastes for cooking and heating.
– Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.
– Renewable energy sources (including biomass) currently account for only 13% of the global energy supply.
– Carbon dioxide emissions have increased by 38% since 1990.
– The 10 hottest years ever measured have all occurred since 1998.
New Zealand’s performance since 1992:
In May, World Wildlife Fund NZ published a report on NZ’s environmental performance since the 1992 Earth Summit. Its main findings included:
– Increased pollution in our lakes and rivers, including 43% of monitored lakes in NZ now classed as polluted and an estimated 18,000-34,000 people annually catching waterborne diseases.
– More than 60% of native freshwater fish as well as the only freshwater crayfish and mussel species are now threatened with extinction.
– Seven of New Zealand’s ten official ‘indicator species’ for measuring biodiversity status are threatened. The Kokako, for example, has suffered a 90% contraction in its range since the 1970s.
– Iconic species such as Maui’s dolphins and NZ sea lions are listed as ‘nationally critical’. Only an estimated 55 Maui’s over the age of one year remain and NZ sea lion pup numbers have halved over the past 12 years at their main breeding area in the Auckland Islands.
– Almost two-thirds of New Zealand’s seabird species are listed as threatened with extinction. The main threats to seabirds are predation by introduced mammals, fishing methods and human disturbance.
– New Zealand’s gross greenhouse gas emissions have risen by 20% since 1992, due to increased pollution from energy, transport, agriculture and industry sectors. Even with our weakened Emissions Trading Scheme, emissions are projected to continue to rise. | <urn:uuid:6a953f6a-6d87-4af8-ae68-040fa2ae7485> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://pureadvantage.org/rod-orams-rio-blog-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037649.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626071255-20220626101255-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.946237 | 1,800 | 2.875 | 3 |
In BriefAccording to astrobiologist and planetary scientist David Grinspoon, humanity may need to turn to geoengineering to save our species from the effects of climate change. However, such efforts should be viewed as a last resort.
Engineering the Planet
While every small effort to combat the pressing problem of climate change helps, the situation may progress to the point that humanity has no choice but to take bold action in the form of geoengineering.
This branch of engineering focuses on large-scale technological interventions designed to physically manipulate our environment and planet in ways that will hopefully, at the very least, slow the advancement of climate change.
With experts predicting that the Earth will be at least 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the end of the century, these measures might be the key to saving life on our planet. To put that in perspective, the global average temperature during the Ice Age was only about 6.6 degrees Celsius (12 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than it is today.
As our climate changes and temperatures increase, every aspect of life on our planet will change along with it, so it is important that we figure out how to keep life on Earth, well, alive, even if it means taking risks.
In a recent interview, astrobiologist, planetary scientist, and senior scientist of the Planetary Science Institute David Grinspoon shared his thoughts on geoengineering and the future of planet Earth with Futurism.
Part of Grinspoon’s work focuses on looking at how the climates of planets like Mars and Venus have changed in the past in the hopes of using that knowledge to predict how Earth’s climate might change. “That gives me a little bit of a different kind of perspective on our climate evolution,” says Grinspoon. “It also leads into the possibility that we may want to manipulate the climate on this planet in the future to prevent it from going in a direction that is dangerous for everybody.”
By studying planets other than Earth, Grinspoon has garnered a better idea of not only how naturally changing climates might affect life, but how the specific changes we’re seeing on Earth might affect us and other creatures.
“Left to their own devices, planetary climates do change in ways that would be dangerous to our civilization,” says Grinspoon. “We will eventually have to learn how to handle that and assume this role of sort of caretaker.”
The climate will continue to change with or without our intervention, and most of us would probably like it to remain a habitable location. While Grinspoon is quick to note that geoengineering should be seen as a last resort — “We could make a cure worse than the disease” — he is confident that changes to our individual habits could go a long way toward combating the changing climate.
“I see the twenty-first century as a pivotal time. A lot of problems are coming to a head now, but there’s also a lot of potential for solving those problems,” Grinspoon asserts. “I do think there’s momentum for a widespread acceptance that we need to move beyond the fossil fuel economy, and I think 30 years from now, that transition is going to be really accelerated.”
Ultimately, geoengineering and our efforts toward sustainability are two sides of the same coin. If necessary, the former could allow us to make major changes to ensure Earth remains habitable, while the latter are comparatively easier, less risky ways for us to evolve along with our planet. It is important that we consider both as we move forward. As Grinspoon notes, “We cannot stop being planet changers. We just have to figure out how to do a better job — how to be smart planet changers.”
This interview has been slightly edited for clarity and brevity. | <urn:uuid:72dc1b21-be5a-4362-9284-60d3a13e7bcb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://futurism.com/geoengineering-may-be-our-only-hope-for-surviving-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822513.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.950229 | 796 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages CEFR (in Polish ESOKJ) provides three levels of language proficiency:
Basic (A1-A2). A person can talk about itself, understand and use the most frequently used expressions.
Independent (B1-B2). A person can communicate with a native speaker without difficulty. Understands complex texts on any topic at least at the level of the main idea.
Proficient (C1-C2). A person fluently expresses it’s thoughts in oral speech, can write a text on a complex topic based on several sources.
Language proficiency assessment criteria
➔ A0. Communication situations
The level has not been included into the CEFR system yet, but sometimes courses are marked by courses to indicate the very initial stage of language learning. The program of such courses includes simple communication situations from everyday life. At this level of training, a person only gets acquainted with the rules of pronunciation and the simplest sentence structures. The average vocabulary is 300-500 words.
➔ A1. Beginner
If you speak a language at this level, you can have a simple conversation, provided that the other person speaks clearly and slowly. Understands and can use expressions related to everyday life. Able to ask and answer simple questions. A person can briefly tell about itself and present itself to the others. To achieve this level, 80-120 training hours are required.
➔ A2. Elementary
A person is able to maintain a simple conversation on topics related to important needs and everyday life (for example, family, work, hobbies, environment). It takes 180-200 training hours to complete the level.
➔ B1. Intermediate
Having mastered this level, a person can express itself in most situations that may arise when traveling in Poland. Understands the main meaning of books, texts, and messages on various topics related to school, work or everyday life. It can describe it’s impressions, events, dreams, plans and hopes in simple meaningful sentences (both orally and in writing). It will take 350-400 hours of study to reach this level.
➔ B2. Upper-intermediate
A person who has achieved the B2 level understands the main motives of complex texts on various subjects, including technical topics (if this is related to the specialization). Easily and fluently communicates with native speakers. Can convey their opinion during the discussion, clearly and in detail conveys the idea (both orally and in writing). It will take 500-600 training hours to reach the level.
➔ C1. Advanced
A person understands difficult texts, including the ability to recognize hidden meanings. It speaks fluently, can easily find the appropriate expression for the situation. A person is fluent in English in both the educational and professional fields. Clearly articulates thoughts (written and oral) about complex problems. Reaching the level will take 700-800 training hours.
➔ C2. Proficient
A person can easily understand the spoken and written language of the language being studied. Can process and analyze information from various sources, clearly state the main theses. It expresses it’s thoughts fluently and spontaneously, understands the nuances of even complex utterances, and recognizes the hidden meaning. To complete the level, you will need 1000-1200 training hours.
On this site Testy.propolski.com you will find Polish language tests for all the levels mentioned above. | <urn:uuid:d72ffb67-b184-41b8-8ed1-ecb20935fcf5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://testy.propolski.com/en/polish-language-levels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.93235 | 714 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In the Book of Roger (Kitab Ruyar) or “Nuzhat al-mustaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq”, compiled AD1153 for King Roger 2nd of Sicily by Mohammad al-Idrisi, (which is an Arabic script text and it is doubtful that it was read by many Normans), he chooses to subdivide the Oikoumene into seven climates, taking the number, but not the latitudinal spacing from the text of “Geographia” by Claudius Ptolemy. Each climate, which is made an equal latitudinal division, is then subdivided into ten divisions of equal longitudinal length. Then one diagram or map was drawn for each of the subdivisions of the world map, 70 in total plus one extra map representing the Oikoumene. But how were these 70 maps constructed?
L’Angleterre is described in Climate 7, Sections 1 and 2 although in the text al-Idrisi comments that Section 1 has not been drawn as it is purely Ocean, the text actually indicates that it contained islands. Thus there is one short text and a single diagram to be analysed and the conflict resolved.
It is written in Arabic and has only been wholly translated into German, Latin and French. The French text is available on line and although dating from 1860 and being somewhat criticised for its notation regarding place name translations, in fact it is the only text available and capable of normal usage. It is from the Bibliotheque Nationale’s text reference “arabe 2221” and includes all 70 (69) sectional diagrams and one World Map. The Bodleian Library, Oxford, has a complete copy, reference “MS Pococke 375” and a partial copy reference “Greaves 32”. Other copies exist in Cairo, Istanbul, Leningrad and Sofia. Included in the appendices is a reference to these by A F L Beeston which explains the inter-relationship of these copies. It also indicates that there are possible transcription errors within them, that is, normal scribal errors to be found in many manuscripts by miscopy and misplacement of text.
S Maqbul Ahmad in chapter 7 of “The History of Cartography” also includes a list of known copies and their situation vis a vis maps and completeness of texts (see bibliography).
For our purposes there are four papers to be utilized;
- The French translation of the complete text of Al-Idrisi by Jaubert.
- Text by A F L Beeston entitled, “Idrisi’ Account of the British Isles” (1950)
- Text by D M Dunlop entitled, “Scotland According to al-Idrisi” ( 1947)
- Text by W B Stevenson entitled, “Idrisi’ Map of Scotland”, (1948)
The fact that there are no later papers speaks volumes for the lack of research into so great a Geography.
As stated, it should be noted that the description as found in the original text and the maps which accompany the text are at variance regarding what is contained in a single section of a Climate. This variance is discussed fully in the third text of this investigative series, referenced cgId3.
The Norman (Viking) homeland was basically the southern portion of Scandinavia and the Danish Peninsula. From there they travelled, and by attack and conquest they founded three kingdoms and commenced a fourth, The Rus. We are here-in concerned with Britannia, Anglo-Saxon England which from the Roman period for centuries was a stable country. Then to the invasion of the Jutes, Angles and Saxons when it fragmented into a Danish/Norwegian/Anglo-Saxon territory and finally pre 1066 when there was a semblance of autonomy as ‘England’, which culminated in the House of Godwin.
Then came a climactic time in England’s history: the final battle between the Anglo-Saxons or English and the Norwegians at Stamfordbridge in early 1066, which was followed by a defining battle, the Norman invasion on the 14th October 1066, and the Battle of Hastings.
Thus as we arrive at this climactic in English history we may reduce the historical background as it affects this paper and the text of al-Idrisi to a simple resume.
The King of Sicily, Roger 2nd was a Norman and thus in contact with the homeland, Normandy France, as well as the newly acquired Kingdom of L’Angleterre of Duke William.
L’Angleterre prior to 1066 was an Anglo-Saxon country and comprised a Kingdom from Cornwall to Northumbria. It was a Christian country with Archbishops of Canterbury and York and established counties with Burgs. Certainly it was prosperous, but with many small villages and towns that were hardly larger than villages, it was basically a rural population as the Domesday Book of 1086 illustrates. There were exceptions, London, York and Winchester among them. It also had no major fortifications which would accord with the Roman Fort system or the later Norman Motte and Bailey system. Hill forts, ditched enclosures and the like were still de rigueur. They had trading ports or wics, namely Hamwic/Southampton; Gipeswic/Ipswich; Lundenwic/London and Eoforwic/York.
Thus the arrival of the Normans in 1066 and the immediate establishment of Motte and Bailey fortifications had an overwhelming impact upon the populace. It is those fortifications which gave rise to new towns and it is those fortifications that the Norman Landscape of L’Angleterre was to be known by.
These were built in unprecedented numbers to put down and prevent further rebellions. Initially mostly on the Motte and Bailey pattern but later as stone castles and it is these which also changed the urban landscapes of towns such as Norwich, Durham and Lincoln.
The problems for the Normans were however just beginning. With the Norman invasion came the possibility of all the previous invaders gaining ground and certainly they exploited the situation. The overall campaigns can be expressed in a single diagram. However when the text of al-Idrisi is read the situation in England is painted as a tranquil prosperous country. That is far from the truth. It was a country in turmoil, widespread rebellions and incursions by the Danes, Norwegians and Scots were prevalent. But the military machine of the Normans prevailed and England, L’Angleterre sank into a century or more of strife. Thus we must see the text of al-Idrisi as a biased document, but, as he was fed the information perhaps the bias was not of his doing and he knew no better.
THE TEXT OF AL-IDRISI
As stated for our purposes the translation by Jaubert commencing with the 7th Climate, 1st Section, “Irlande et Ecosse”, comprising 17 lines and 2 notations and the 2nd Section entitled “Angleterre”, comprising 106 lines with 6 notations is being used.
The translation by A F L Beeston of those sections comprises 84 lines, but he has also produced a commentary (and the Arabic text,) comprising some 62 items.
Unfortunately there is conflict between the two texts as one would expect with translations.
The simplest method of illustrating the French and English texts is to allow them equal exposure in a two section format. But it must be recognised that they are not to be taken line by line as equivalent.
THE JAUBERT TRANSLATION
IRLANDE ET ECOSSE
Tout cette section comprend une partie de l’océan Ténébreux et diverses îles désertes et inhabitées qui s’y trouvent. La plus considérable de ces îles est l’île de Berlanda (Arabic) L’Irlande, don’t nous avons déjà fait mention. De l’une des extrémites de cette grande île à la partie supérieure de la terre de Bretagne, on compte 3 journées et demie de navigation:
Et de l’autre à l’île déserte de Scosia (Arabic) d’Ecosse, 2 journées.
Cedependant l’auteur du Livre des Merveilles rapporte qu’il existait autrefois, dans cette dernière île, (en Ecosse) trois villes; que l’île était habitée; que des navires y abordaient et y jetaient l’ancre pour y acheter de l’ambre et des pierres de couleur; que quelques-uns d’entre sers habitants ayant voulu subjuguer les autres et régner sur eux, il s’ensuivit des guerres civiles, des inimitiés, des ravages à la suite desquels une partie des habitants émigra sur le continent, en sorte que leurs villes restérent désertes et ruinées.
THE BEESTON TRANSLATION
IRELAND AND SCOTLAND
The first section of the 7th climate is altogether Ocean, and islands which are desert and uninhabited. The largest of its islands is that of Ireland, which has been mentioned before. This large island, of which the topmost point is three and a half days’ sailing from the land of Brittany, while its lower extremity is two days sailing from the deserted peninsula of Scotia. The author of “the Book of Marvels” states that in it are three towns which used to be inhabited, and ships used to put in there and visit there, buying from the inhabitants amber and coloured stones: but one of them sought to make himself ruler over the rest, and waged war on them with his folk. And they fought in defence against him; thus enmity arose among them and they fought each other to extinction; some of them migrated to the opposite shore of the continent, and not a single inhabitant was left in the towns.
(Here ends this section.)
JAUBERT SECOND SECTION L’ANGLETERRE
La présente section comprend la partie de l’ocean Ténébreux où se trouve L’Angleterre (Arabic), île considérable, dont la forme est celle d’une tête d’autruche et où l’on remarque des villes florissantes, de hautes montagnes, de grandes rivières et des plaines. Ce pays est fertile, ses habitants sont braves, actifs, entreprenants; mais il y règne un hiver perpétual. La ville la plus prochaine du continent est Wadi-Sant (Arabic) [Wissant?], qui appartient à la France (Arabic); et la distance qui sépare l’île du continent est de 12 milles.
Au nombre des villes d’Angleterre situées a l’extrémité occidentale et dans la partie la plus étroite de cette île, il faut compter Sansahnar (Arabic) [Chichester?], a 12 milles de la mer. Elle est jolie, florissante et sur les bords d’une grande rivière qui vient du côté du nord et qui se jette dans la mer à l’orient de la ville. De là à Gharham (Arabic) [Wareham], en suivant le rivage, on compte 60 milles.
Et au cap le plus occidental de l’île, 380 milles.
A Djartmouda (Arabic) [Nordmuth, aujourd’hui the Nore], 80 milles.
Au denier cap de l’île (ou de la presqu’île) dite Cornwalia (Arabic) [Lands End], 300 milles;
La partie la plus étroite (littéral. La plus mince) de ce cap ressemble à un bec d’oiseau.
De Sansahnar (Arabic) à Salaberis (Arabic) [Salisbury?], dans les terres, du côté du nord, 60 milles.
Salisbury est une jolie ville, située sur la rive orientale de la rivière qui se jette dans la mer auprès de Sahsenar.
De la ville de Gharham (Arabic) [Wareham] au cap Haïouna (Arabic) [Corfe-Castle] qui s’avance dans la mer, 25 milles.
Sur ce cap, du côté de l’orient, est Haïouna, ville florissante, auprès de laquelle, du côté de l’orient, se jette la rivière de Ghounester (Arabic) [Winchester].
Ghounester est une ville située dans l’intérieur des terres, à 80 milles de Haïouna et à 40 milles de Salaboures (Arabic) [Salisbury?], en se dirigeant du côté de l’occident. La rivière de Ghounester prend sa source dans des montagnes qui s’étendent au centre de l’île(de l’Angleterre).
BEESTON SECOND SECTION ANGLETERRE
Here-in is the second section of the seventh climate, containing a portion of the Ocean where-in lies the island of L’Angleterre. This is an island resembling the head of an Ostrich, and contains flourishing cities, lofty mountains, flowing rivers and level ground. There is abundant fertility in it. Its inhabitants are hardy, resolute and prudent. The winter there is of long duration. The nearest land to it is Wadi-Sant [Wissant] in the country of Flanders. Between this island and the main continent is a strait 12 miles wide. Among its towns which are in the extreme west of this island and towards its narrowest part is the town of Ceastre [Dorchester?]; between this and the sea is 12 miles. It is a handsome flourishing town situated on a large river which comes to it from the north and debouches into the sea eastwards of it. From this town to the town of Wareham along the coast is 60 miles. Moreover from the town of Ceastre [Dorchester?] to the western extremity of the island is 380 miles, and also from it to the port of Dartmouth is 80 miles, and thence to the extremity of the island, which is called Cornwall is 300 miles; this narrow portion of it resembles a bird’s beak. From the town of Ceastre [Dorchester?] also to the town of Salisbury, which lies inland northwards, is 60 miles; the latter is a fine town lying on the east bank of the river which debouches by the town of Ceastre [Dorchester?]. From Wareham also to the point of Hantune, which is a promontory jutting out into the sea, is 25 miles. Beside this on the east lies the town of Hantune [Southampton]; this is a flourishing town and on its eastern side debouches the river of <Win>tuncaestir [Winchester]. This is an inland town and between it and Hantune [Southampton] is 80 miles. From <Win>tuncaestir [Winchester] to Salisbury is 40 miles westwards. The river of <Win>caestir [Winchester] issues from a mountain lying crosswise in the midst of the island.
De Haïouna (Arabic) a Chorham (Arabic), 60 milles.
Cette dernière ville, située sur les bords de la mer, est belle et bien peuplée. Il y a des chantiers de construction et des édifices (publics).
De là à Hastings (Arabic), ville considérable, très-peuplée, avec nombreux édifices, des marchés, de l;industrie et un riche commerce, en suivant la côté, 50 milles.
De là, en suivant la côté et en se dirigeant vers l’orient, à Dobres (Arabic) [Douvres], ville également importante, située a l’entrée du détroit qui sépare (L’Angleterre) du grand continent, 70 Milles.
De Douvres à Londres (Arabic), ville de l’intérieur des terres, située sur les bords d’un fleuve qui se jette dans la mer entre Douvres et Djartmouda (Arabic), jolie ville du littoral, 40 milles.
De Douvres à l’embouchure du fleuve de Londres, 20 milles.
De cette embouchure à Djartmouda, dont il vient d’etre question, 40 milles.
Et par mer, de Douvres à Djartmouda, 60 milles.
Le fleuve de Londres porte le nom de Rothaïda (Arabic) ou Rothanda (Arabic) [La Tamise]. Il est considérable et rapide. Il prend sa source vers le centre de l’île, coule près de Gharcafort (Arabic) [Wallingford] à 50 milles de sa source, passé au midi de cette ville, se dirige durant l’espace de 40 milles vers Londres, puis va se perdre dans la mer.
De Djartmouda (Nordmuth) à Barghik (Arabic) [Ipswich?], ville distant de 10 milles de la mer, 90 milles.
Et de Barghik à Aghrimes (Arabic) [Lynn-Regis] sur mer, 80 milles.
En sorte que la distance totale de Djartmouda à Aghrimes, par mer est de 150 milles.
A partir de Djartmouda la mer forme un golfe de forme circulaire don’t la direction est vers le nord.
D’Aghrimes, ville ci-dessus mentionnée, à Afardik (Arabic) [Berwick], autre ville située à une certaine distance de l’océan Ténébreux, et vers l’extrémitée de l’île d’Ecosse qui est contiguë (Arabic) a l’île d’Angleterre, 80 milles.
L’Ecosse s’étend en longueur au nord de la grands île. Il n’y a ni habitations, ni villes, ni villages. Sa longueur est de 150 milles.
D’Afardik (Berwick) à l’embouchure de la Beska (Arabic) [de l’Esk], 140 milles. Beska est aussi le nom d’une place forte, bâtie sur les bords de la rivière de ce nom, a 12 milles de la mer.
D’Aghrimes à Nicola (Arabic) [Lincoln], dans l’intérieur des terres, 100 milles. La fleuve traverse cette dernière ville par le milieu, se dirige ensuite vers Aghrimes, et décharge ses eaux dans la mer, au midi d’Aghrimes.
De Nicolas (Arabic) [Lincoln] l’interieure à Afardik (Arabic), 90 milles.
Puis, en se dirigeant vers le nord, à Durhalma (Arabic) [Durham], ville située à une certaine distance de la mer, vers le nord 80 milles.
From Hantune [Southampton] to the town of Shoreham is 60 miles. The latter lies on the edge of the sea and is a fine and cultivated city containing buildings and flourishing activity. From there along the coast to the town of Hastings is 50 miles. This is a town of large extent and many inhabitants, flourishing and handsome, having markets, workpeople and rich merchants. From there along the coast eastwards to the town of Dover is 60 miles. This is also a large town, and is situated on the edge of the strait whereby one crosses over to the neighbouring Continent. From the town of Dover to the town of Londres inland is 40 miles; this is situated on a river which flows into the sea between Dover and Gernemutha (Yarmouth). The latter is a handsome town beside the sea. From Dover to the estuary of the river of Londres is 20 miles by sea, and from the estuary of this river to the said town of Gernemutha is 40 miles; so that from the town of Dover to Gernemutha by sea is 60 miles. The river of Londres is named [Thames]; this is a well-flowing river with much water. Its course is from the middle of the island, whence it reaches the town of [Oxford] at a distance of 50 miles, and it then passes south of [Oxford] and flows on to the city of Londres, another 40 miles, and then it flows on from Londres to empty into the sea as we have mentioned. From the town of Gernemutha to the town of Norwicca (Norwich) is 90 miles. The town of Norwicca is distant10 miles from the sea, and from there to Grimsby is 80 miles by sea, so that from the town of Gernemutha to Grimsby is 150 miles by sea. From the said town of Gernemutha the sea(-coast) curves round in a circle, but still trending northwards. From the said town of Grimsby to the town of Evrvic (York) is 80 miles. The latter lies at a distance from the Ocean, and on the border of the peninsula of Scotia, which is contiguous with the island of L’Angleterre. It is a long peninsula stretching northwards of the larger island; it has no flourishing cities, towns or villages; its length is 150 miles. From the town of Evrvic to the estuary of the river of (Boston) is a 140 miles, and (Boston) is a fortress situated on this river 12 miles distant from the sea. From the aforementioned town of Grimsby to the town of Nicolas (Lincoln) inland is 100 miles; the river flows through the midst of it and flows out of it towards the town of Grimsby, but flows into the sea south of the latter, as we have mentioned before. From the inland Nicolas to the town of Evrvic is moreover 90 miles, and from there to the town of Donelme (Durham) 80 miles northwards. The latter is at a distance from the sea.
Entrée l’extrémité de l’Ecosse, île déserte, et l’extrémité de la Hirlanda (Arabic) [de l’irlande], on compte 2 journées de navigation, en se dirigeant vers l’occident.
L’Irlande (Arabic) est une île très-considérable. Entre son extrémité supérieure et la Bretagne on compte 3 journées et demie de navigation.
De l’extrémité de l’Angleterre (Arabic) a l’île de Danes (Arabic) 1 journée.
De l’extrémité septentrionale de l’Ecosse a l’île de Reslanda ( Arabic) (L’Islande), 3 journées
De l’extrémité de l’Islande a celle de l’Irlande la Grande, 1 journée.
De l’extrémité de l’Islande, en se dirigeant vers l’orient, a l’île de Norbagha (Arabic) [Norwége], 12 milles.
L’Islande s’étend sur un espace de 400 milles de long sur 150 milles de large.
(End of Section)
From the extremity of the deserted peninsula of Scotia to the extremity of the island of Ireland is two days’ sailing westwards; of the latter we have already spoken. From the extremity of the island of Angleterre to the island of DNS is one days’ sailing. From the extremity of Scotia northwards to the island of RSLANDA is two thirds of a days’ sailing. Between the extremity of the island of RSLANDA and the extremity of the large island of Ireland is one days’ sailing. Moreover from the extremity of the island of RSLANDA eastwards to the island of [Orkney] is 12 miles. The length of the island of RSLanda is 400 miles and its breadth is 150 miles. We will mention these islands later.
(End of Section)
This is the total text concerning L’Angleterre, L’Ecosse et L’Irlande.
Jaubert in his translation does not attempt to comment, it is purely a translation. But Beeston does add a large commentary which precedes his translation and uses knowledge for those comments which was not available to al-Idrisi. That is he is obviously looking at a geographical map to write his text and comments is easily illustrated.
My example to indicate that is as follows; Beeston Note 50 states, “The circular recess of the sea to the north of Yarmouth evidently refers to the Wash, though Jaubert failed to understand this”.
But the actual translation of Al-Idrisi’ text given by Beeston states, “From the said town of Gernemutha (Yarmouth) the sea (-coast) curves round in a circle, but still trending northwards”.
Jaubert has the following, “A partir de Djartmouda la mer forme un golfe de forme circulaire don’t la direction ets vers le nord”.
Surely that French text states quite clearly there is a Gulf, that is The Wash to the north of Yarmouth, and thus Jaubert has perhaps appreciated the geographical situation better than Beeston.
Thus we can consider that Beeston is observing a map of Britannia and not solely translating the text of al-Idrisi to follow its instructions. It is as if Beeston is trying to fit al-Idrisi’ text to geographical fact and not portray what the text actually states.
Perhaps the most important description of L’Angleterre by al-Idrisi is that”This is an island resembling the head of an Ostrich”. This has been totally ignored by Beeston, but it is the answer to the strange coastline which is derived from the text. If the translation by Beeston is used as a set of instructions to draw a map of L’Angleterre, then surely al-Idrisi’ comparative description must be the basis of that map, or why would al-Idrisi make the comparison in the first place.
However the first hurdle to overcome is to remember that al-Idrisi has drawn his map with South to the top of the page, contrary to our normal methodology and thus the Head of the Ostrich must be inverted if we are to draw a map of L’Angleterre to our normal methodology.
There is another significant section within the text of al-Idrisi which impacts upon the shape of L’Angleterre and must fit to the shape of the Ostrich head and that is the section mentioned above as being a contrast of the two translations, the curve of the coastline.
I repeat, “From the said town of Gernemutha (Yarmouth) the sea(-coast) curves round in a circle, still trending northwards”
This is the first appearance of a notation that the coastline of L’Angleterre is anything but an east/west alignment. Even at Dover there is no notification that the coast turns northwards towards both the Forelands and then the Thames Estuary.
But if the map described by al-Idrisi is drawn as if it was the outline of an inverted Ostrich head, it becomes a reasonable explanation of the profile.
However, to describe a physical object by likening it to an animal requires that the object, in this case a map, was already available for comparison. This point is discussed at the end of this text.
Thus the coastal description from Dartmouth to Grimsby and the Unknown site, with the internal sites can be evaluated, and the Unknown site, its sea journey and river can be determined.
I would also draw your attention to the appendix, and part 4 of the D M Dunlop resume of “The British Isles according to medieval Arabic authors”, which have been highlighted for convenience.
THE NORMAN MOTTE AND BAILEY FORTIFICATIONS
As the conquest of L’Angleterre proceeded Duke William instigated the construction of Motte and Bailey fortifications and as his henchmen were given new lands they built their own, with his agreement! Thus the progress of the Norman Conquest can be illustrated by these fortifications and their dates. We must also remember that these were not the Anglo-Saxon method of defence, but became a potent symbol of naked power and authority. The number of decent towns and large villages was pitiful in Anglo-Saxon England, and by the time Duke William had finished “harrying the North” it was a waste land.
Thus we can immediately dismiss the P R text of al-Idrisi with his handsome and flourishing towns all over the country. He was writing for a Norman King, Roger 2nd of Sicily and the picture to be painted was one of a wonderful L’Angleterre under Duke William and his Norman followers. The Domesday Book is there for all to read and understand just what L’Angleterre was really like.
But we can use the data transmitted to Roger 2nd in Sicily and placed within the text of al-Idrisi to evaluate the concerns of the Normans. There are 18 sites with distance measures in the text and each one of these sites bar one, Dartmouth (which is a special case), are in fact Motte and Bailey or Castle fortifications built soon after the invasion of 1066.
If we compare the map of al-Idrisi to a geographical England we can see that the data transmitted to Roger 2nd was purely a military schedule of the island. It is doubtful that the Domesday Book or a part of it was included in that data, as the timing and transfer time of documents would be quite lengthy.
GAZETTEER, TEXT DISCUSSION AND COMMENTARY ON THE SITES
DARTMOUTH, Derfamuthan, 11th C, mouth of river Dart. As a town it did not exist before 1066 but was only a village called Townstal, (Dunestal) at the top of a hill; Domesday Book 1086. Between 1086 and 1147 it grew from two small settlements on either side of a tidal creek to become a safe harbour for the Normans sailing to Normandy and the Channel islands. By 1147 it was well enough known to be the assembly point for a European Fleet setting out for the 2nd crusade.
DORCHESTER TO WINCHESTER
DORCHESTER,Roman Durnovaria, Dornwaraceaster 864, Dorecestre 1086 (DB). By 1086 it was only a town of several hundred persons and not exactly a handsome and flourishing town as described. The large river, The Frome although coming from the north is also north of the town centre and could be a misinterpretation as it is swollen by the Rivers Cerne and Sydling, but it is hardly large.
However it does debouch into the sea eastwards of Dorchester, but, that exit is at none other than at the next named site, Wareham, due east of Dorchester on the huge inlet which is Poole Harbour. The river debouches at the end of the Wareham Channel. Could there have been a conflation of the data and a certain misunderstanding.
COMMENT; The port of Weymouth, Waimouthe c934, is 6 miles south of Dorchester and the logical landing point for access from the sea. It is also a large natural port. Has this been missed from the text as it is strange to commence such an undertaking with a minor inland town?
WAREHAM; It is built on a strategic dry spit between the Rivers Frome and Piddle at the head of Wareham Channel. There was a small Roman Settlement of unknown name, but, the town was founded by the Saxons and is WERHAM in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. There is a Norman Motte and Bailey fortification on the banks of the Frome. South of Wareham is Corfe Castle another of Duke William’s fortifications which was constructed soon after the invasion.
SALISBURY; Searobyrg, c900 and Sarisberie, 1086 (DB). The stronghold was at Sorvio.
In fact it is on the banks of the River Avon at the junction of 3 rivers. But Old Sarum, Sorvio, the Iron Age defensive structure has the Castle of Duke William built within the earthworks of the Hill fort, and it was here in 1070 that Duke William paid off his invading army. But the River Avon debouches at Christchurch and not at Dorchester as al-Idrisi states. Thus the information is confused. But at Christchurch a Motte and Bailey fortification was raised in1110 by Richard de Redvers, cousin of Henry 1st. This mistake should be borne in mind when later comments regarding places and forts are discussed.
SOUTHAMPTON/HANTUNE; It is correct that the river of Winchester, The Itchen, flows into Southampton Water on the East side of Hantune. But, Southampton Castle is an 11th century fortification.
However it should be noted that in Portsmouth Harbour, at Porchester there is an earlier Keep and Bailey of the 11th century built within the walls of the Roman Fort of the Saxon Shore.
The determinate for Southampton/Hantune is a spit of land, probably what is now Hurst Castle at the entrance to the Solent and not The Isle of Wight as Beeston infers (note 26). The distances preclude any such inference. But the spit of Portland Bill has already been ignored as was Weymouth.
WINCHESTER; Ouenta c150, Uintancaestir c750 and Wincestre 1086 (DB). A Roman town called Venta with a suffix for the local tribe. It is one of the most important towns of Anglo-Saxon L’Angleterre, pre 1066 and King Alfred’s capital. It is set on a grid pattern settlement of streets which entailed the laying of some 15000 tons of flints to pave them. The Norman castle was built in 1067 immediately following the conquest.
SHOREHAM; Sorham 1073 and Soreham 1086(DB). This is a port on the estuary of the River Adur. Coasting from Southampton Water after Portsmouth harbour there are several harbours, Pagham, Littlehampton and then Shoreham. It is as stated a sea voyage of 60 miles. But inland from Shoreham, 4 miles, is Bramber Castle an 11th century Keep and Bailey fortification.
HASTINGS AND DOVER
HASTINGS; Hastingas 1086 (DB) but earlier Haestingacaester c915 and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 1011 Haestingas. The route from Shoreham passes Newhaven estuary on the River Oure, rounds Beachy Head and then passes Pevensey, Roman Anderida, and the first castle built by Duke William in 1067 inside the walls of the Roman Fort. Pevensey Bay and its stretch of sandy beach affront the Pevensey levels was chosen as the landing site for the Norman Army. But Duke William quickly moved onto Hastings where he built Hastings Castle, a Keep and Bailey. But, Hastings does not have a harbour and even today the small fishing fleet is launched from the beach under the cliffs.
ROMNEY MARSH AND THE WANTSUM CHANNEL
DOVER; Dubris, 4th C, Dofras c700 and Dovere 1086 (DB). It is named from the stream now called the Dour, but the celtic river name “Dubras” simply means the waters.
From Hastings by sea it is c40 miles and passes excellent harbours such as Rye on the River Rother. After rounding Dungeness Point a landscape which has changed significantly in the 1000 years since the Norman invasion is seen, The Romney Marsh. Then passing Hythe and Folkestone; Hythe a landing place or harbour, Hede in 1086 (DB) and Folkestone, Folcanston in c657 or Fulchestan in 1086 (DB), Dover is next. Dover itself has a Motte and Bailey fortification built by Duke William just after the invasion of 1066. It is obviously correctly noted as being at the crossing point to the continent.
LONDRES AND OXFORD
LONDRES [and its River]; Londinium, c115 (Roman), Londres is Norman and French. Lundenbyrig 457; Lundonia c730; Lundenne 839; Lundenceaster c890; Lundres c1175.
Londres is described as being on the (Thames) and c90 miles from its source. Then Oxford (?) is 40 miles from London and 50 miles from the source. London is also described as being 40 miles from Dover.
In fact Oxford to London along the Thames is 68 miles and Dover from London is also 68 miles along the Roman Road, Watling Street, which is now the A2. Thus there could be an error in transcription. The fact that London and Oxford are mentioned is no doubt from the fact that Robert d’Oilly built a castle at Oxford shortly after the conquest and the Tower of London is of course Duke William’s piece de resistance. The fact that London is actually ignored in the text indicates that this was a coastal description of the castles available to defend the Saxon Shore, but as I also comment the other inland towns have river access to the sea, and have a fortification, thus it is surprising that it is missing.
YARMOUTH, NORWICH AND LINCOLN
YARMOUTH; Gernemwa, 1086(DB), ‘The place at the mouth of the River Yare’.
Named Gernemwa or Gernemutha in the Domesday Book it is situated at the mouth of the River Yare which wends its way to Norwich. But the important site is actually Burgh Castle, a Motte and Bailey structure built in the walls of a Roman Fort of the Saxon Shore. It is 4 miles inland (now) upon the edge of the marshland broads and what is a river lake formed by the junction of two large rivers the Yare and the Waveney from the south.
Al-Idrisi states that to sail from Dover to Yarmouth is 60 miles. This is incorrect.
The route is from Dover northwards around the South Foreland passing Pegwell Bay and the ancient entrance to the Wansum Channel and the River Stour which formed the water barrier to the Isle of Thanet. This is c20 miles from Dover and as a rather large inlet could have been mistaken for the Thames Estuary. Why? When the route progresses you sail around the North Foreland and then westerly towards the Isle of Sheppey [Scepeig, 696-716 and Scape 1086(DB)] to cross the actual Thames Estuary northwards to Shoebury Ness [Sceobyrig 10thC and Soberia 1086(DB)]. This is the tidal route taking advantage of currents but it would be quite easy to think you had crossed a length of ocean and not been in an estuary. But from the Wansum Channel to Shoebury Ness is 40 miles. Thus we can postulate that the sailing distances given by al-Idrisi have been compromised or miscopied. Unfortunately there are a series of 40 mile distances along this coast which could be a cause of the miscopy.
From Shoebury Ness it is a further 40 miles by sea to the safe harbour of what is now Harwich at the junction of the Stour and Orwell estuaries. Harwich was probably a Danish Military Camp. But we should not forget that inland 8 miles along the Orwell estuary is Ipswich which was noted as Gipeswic in the 10th and 11th centuries and there is Castle Hill, the site of a Roman Villa, although the name is evocative. That is because in the late 11th early 12th century there was a wooden castle built there but in 1176 it was demolished. But the other possible landfall is 15 miles further at Orford with its Norman fortification (Oreford c1164). But this coast has changed considerably as here at Orford land has been added to the coastline whilst another 12 miles northwards at Dunwich, villages have been lost to the sea. In 731 Dunwich was Domnoe and in 1086(DB) Dunevvic. It was an old Celtic name probably meaning “deep water” to which OE wic, ‘harbour, village’ was later added.
The next harbour, 3 miles along the coast is Southwold, Sodwolda 1086(DB).
Lowestoft follows after 11miles, Lothu Wistoft 1086(DB), and Yarmouth is a further 9 miles.
Thus Dover to Yarmouth is in fact not 20+40 miles but 150 miles, and it is here that al-Idrisi states, “from the said town of Gernemutha the sea curves round in a circle, but still trending northwards”.
That statement is correct if we ignore The Wash and sail from Blakeney Point, a protruding Spit, to Gibraltar Point, c30 miles across open sea. The shortest crossing of The Wash is made by travelling west along the North Norfolk coast and it is then 13 miles from Brancaster Spit to Gibraltar Point. But the conclusion to this small investigation must wait until we discuss Grimsby.
NORWICH. The ‘North port or harbour town’ from North (OE) and wic (OE), ‘specialised place’, in this case ‘harbour town’. At the confluence of the Are and Wensum rivers it was an important tidal port. It was regarded as the northern counterpart of the harbour town of Ipswich, which lies 40 miles south. It was documented c930 as Northwic and in 1086(DB), Noruic.
Al-Idrisi states that Yarmouth to Norwich is 90 miles; the actual distance is 20 miles. Norwich has a fine Norman Castle built 1095/1110 and it is thus one of the earliest of the more northern castles. But al –Idrisi also states Norwich is only 10 miles from the sea. There is probably a miscopy there-in.
COMMENT, could the names Wansum and Wensum have been read as one and the same and thus the Dover to Yarmouth distances totally miscopied? The Wensum is the river of Norwich. As the Arabic text translation is phonetic this is a real possibility to account for the previous miss-statements.
GRIMSBY, YORK, DURHAM AND NEW CASTLE
GRIMSBY. Grimesbi, 1086(DB), possibly referring to a farmstead and not a harbour or port. Here I refer you to the final sentences of the Yarmouth text and continue as al-Idrisi states “Yarmouth to Grimsby is 150 miles by sea”. Coasting it is 45 miles to Blakeney point or 60 miles to Brancaster Spit; the sea crossing to Gibraltar point is either 30 or 13 miles providing for a total sailing journey of either 75 or 73 miles to Gibraltar Point. From here to Grimsby is 40 miles by sea and thus 135 miles total. But the journey would have been broken and could be lengthened by a stop-over in the confines of The Wash at either Hunstanton, known as Hunstanestuna 1086(DB), with the Norman Castle of Castle Rising to its south, or the port of Lynn, Lun 1086(DB).
Grimsby in 1086(DB) Grimesbi is at the mouth of the Humber Estuary, and is situated on the River Haven, although al-Idrisi indicates it is on the River Witham which actually flows from Lincoln via Boston to The Wash. There is obviously a complete breakdown in the order of the text, or, the original data from this point on including the singular statement that Grimsby to York is 80 miles when 50 miles would be correct.
YORK. Eborakon c150; Eboracum, Eurvic 1086(DB). From being a Roman Legionary Fortress, Capital of the Empire for a while, it became a thriving Danish town, held the Archbishopric of England and was a city of 10000 persons at the Domesday Survey. It was thus second to London in size and stature. There were two Norman Castles erected here, the first by the Castellan of York, Robert fitzRichard in c1069 who was killed when it was besieged. Duke William defeated the besiegers and built a second castle, also a wooden structure which burned down.
DURHAM. Dunholme c1000, but influenced by the Normans to evolve into its current form thus; Dunhelme 1122; Durealme c1170; Duram 1297. The Norman presence is a Motte and Bailey fortress (and Cathedral) dating to 1072, built by Walfheof, Earl of Northumberland. It is the most spectacular site atop a hill on a large horseshoe bend in the River Wear. It is 70 miles north of York and thus the distance given by al-Idrisi at 80 miles is very acceptable as is his statement “that it is a distance from the sea”, which at 12 miles is correct.
LINCOLN. Lindum or Lindo c150; Lindum Colonia c650; Lincolia 1086(DB). As already stated there appears to be a complete breakdown in the text order and descriptions regarding Lincoln. Firstly though it is a Norman fortified site founded by Duke William who had built within the walls of the Roman Fort atop the hill of Lincoln a Norman Castle. It is unusual in that it has a double Motte to the Bailey.
However Grimsby to Lincoln is only 30 miles and not the 100 miles given by al-Idrisi, unless the route is by River and sea. That is south from Lincoln along the River Witham passing Boston to The Wash and then around the coast to Grimsby.
But al-Idrisi states that; ” the river flows through the midst of it (Lincoln) and flows out towards the town of Grimsby”. This is a major error and is no doubt part of the complete jumble of data hereabouts in his text. Al-Idrisi also states that from Lincoln to York is 90 miles, noting that both towns are inland, but the direct route can be measured as 50 miles. Thus it cannot be a sea route as the Lincoln to Grimsby distance is further.
“From the town of York, to the estuary of the River [??] is 140 miles, and [??] is a fortress situated on this River 12 miles upstream from the sea”.
The information used by al-Idrisi reads as if it is a periplus of the south and east coasts of L’Angleterre, noting all of the Castles capable of defending the shoreline from marauders. The fact that the inter-distances are so detailed would enable a Norman Fleet to gauge the timescale for each section of the sailing route to enable a rapid response. The fact that each point is a harbour and the “added” town to this list at the beginning of the text, Dartmouth proves to be a Norman Port of some importance would appear to aid this theory.
Therefore where would a periplus continue to but possibly the last point along the coast in Norman hands at that period, and for some time after this texts date is relevant.
The last shoreline fort, that of New Castle was built by Duke William’s son in c1080 to protect against Scots invading the north of the new domain. But we do not know the name of this New Castle as used by the Normans and thus a translation of the Arabic Script of a name hither-to unknown is fraught with difficulty.
But from York to New Castle is 125 miles by land and sea and the fort is situated some 12 miles upstream on the River Tyne. The river mouth was known as Tinanmuthe c792 with the river as the Tinan this could account for Beeston’s idea of it being Boston i.e. phonetic translation. But that is speculation on my part as before, when I commented upon the Wansum/Wensum problem.
From the foregoing we can evaluate the data which al-Idrisi used as coming from a sailing manual for the coastline of L’Angleterre with the added information of towns with Castles which could be accessed easily and directly from the sea via their rivers. These are mainly major defensive fortifications built at the behest of Duke William from 1066 to 1086AD. Thus there would be adequate timescale for that knowledge to be compiled and transmitted to the other Norman Monarchs, such as King Roger 2nd of Sicily. This is the data which enabled al-Idrisi in 1133 or 1134 to draw his map of the Oikoumene and write The Book of Roger.
The Normans had not entered and conquered Wales and thus it was not part of the description available, nor was it included in the Domesday Book of 1086AD. Scotland was unknown territory for the Normans and a distance measure given of 150 miles from York for the end of the Scottish Peninsula is probably a guess. That Scotland was thought of as separated and therefore two islands contiguous with L’Angleterre comes from the belief that the deep Firths and Great Glen were continuous waterways and similar to the Wansum Channel in the south dividing the Isle of Thanet from Kent.
King Roger 2nd of Sicily as part of the Norman family communicated with his Kinsfolk in Normandy France and those in L’Angleterre. This was so very necessary when the dates of the Christian Crusades against the Arabs in Jerusalem are taken into account. The first was 1096-99 and the second 1147-49 just after the text of al-Idrisi is written.
Thus King Roger received information of the conquest of L’Angleterre and then the disposition of the Norman Fortifications built by Duke William.
Then al-Idrisi used this information, which may have included a sketch, to formulate his description of L’Angleterre as “the Head of an Ostrich” and the western peninsula as “the beak of a bird”. If we remove Wales from a sketch of Britain the comparison is quite effective.
Unfortunately it appears that the text has been miscopied and there is now confusion regarding the north-eastern littoral of L’Angleterre. But the deliberate usage of sites which are Norman strongholds is quite clear. Each appears to be a river site with a Castle just upstream. The rest is a PR exercise carried out by al-Idrisi in stating that the towns were so wonderful. It is doubted that he would have known the true state of England under the Norman yoke and even if some knowledge was available to him it is doubtful it could ever have been expressed.
What is completely obscure is why King Roger 2nd of Sicily chose a Muslim Scholar to draw this great map and write the treatise on the Oikoumene. Did Roger read Arabic, he is considered a well educated person but would he have fully translated the map text let alone the actual geographical text, or was this an exercise in largesse, the portrayal of an educated and all encompassing court? His death soon after its completion probably hints at the negative. The resultant text and maps is far from that portrayed by Claudius Ptolemy and even as described 400BCE by Herodotus, and thus the data available to al-Idrisi some of which would appear to be based upon Roman Route descriptions is perhaps a strange melange. For that he cannot be blamed, but it does leave us to question the overall usefulness of the text and maps.
A discussion of the shape and form of the Iberian Peninsula and its likely antecedents’ is my text cgId2. A discussion regarding the great map of the oikoumene is in my third paper, cgId3.
THE HEAD OF AN OSTRICH
It has already been stated that to compare the form of a country on a map to the shape of an animal requires that the map has been drawn and thus the comparison can be made. L’Angleterre has been compared to an inverted Ostrich head, which is quite the most accurate description for the shape of the Isle of Britain on the Cottoniana or Anglo-Saxon Map. The following is a description of the map.
The map itself occurs in a copy of Priscians Periegesis, a 5th century manual of geography based upon an earlier treatise. The manuscript which contains the map (Cotton MSS, Tib. B. V.) is made up of various pieces, collected by Sir Robert Cotton in 1598. The map is on folio 56, and is immediately followed by a copy of Priscians latin version of the Periegesis of Dionysius, De situ terrae Prisciani Grammatici, quem di priscorum dictis exerpsit Ormistarum, written in the same hand as appears on the map. However, the map stands in no special relationship to the work that it professedly illustrates.
In its presentation of the world as a whole, this map adopts a roughly square form measuring 21 x 17cm, and in this one respect it recalls some of the less desirable aspects of examples of the Beatus derivatives (slide #207, Ashburnham). See http://www.henry-davis.com, slide 210.
The map is dated to around 1000AD and is thought to be a copy of a Roman World map, with perhaps a lost Roman Province map being the source of the divisions so clearly marked thereon. It was therefore drawn just prior to the Norman invasion of L’Angleterre and is evidence that the form of that land in the shape of an Ostrich Head existed to enable Al-Idrisi to quote the example in his text.
Thus we can conclude that it is highly likely one of the maps acquired by Roger 2nd of Sicily was of Roman origin and that a copy of that map or one very similar was collected by peripatetic monks and transferred to L’Angleterre.
The shape of L’Angleterre as described by Al-Idrisi and as discussed above probably existed before he commenced his “Geography”. But, perhaps the shape lingered on for longer than it should have, bearing in mind the maps which followed quite quickly after Al-Idrisi. Therefore I offer as an example of that probability the 1325 map by Giovanni Mauro di Carignano where the shape of L’Angleterre or Britannia is decidedly still influenced by the Ostrich Head.
In his text Beeston notes the texts he has used for his translation as follows;
- Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Fonds arabe 2221
- Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, fonds arabe 2222
- Loth, Catalogue of the Arabic manuscipts of the India Office Library, No 722 (a manuscript of Shaizari’s compendium of the Kitab al-buldan, containing at the end of it sections 2-10 of Al-Idrisi’s seventh climate).
- Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Pococke 375.
- Leningrad, publ.bibl. cod. Arab. 4, 1, 64 (n.s. 176)
- Istanbul, Koprulu 955 ( described by Hoenerbach as very close to No 2)
Beeston then continues with a complete discussion of the inter-linking of the various manuscripts, their family tree, and scribal changes which appear to have occurred.
APPENDIX 2: Dr KONRAD MILLER
In his 1927 book, Dr Miller explained how he would re-assemble the 70 tableaux contained within the text of Al-Idrisi. This was to be a single map of the 7 climates and the 10 sections cojoined. The section for L’Angleterre, pages 145 and146 are appended as diagrams cgId1D15 and cgId1D16. The tableaux redrawn by Dr Miller have latitudes appended and tableaux numbers in their corners such that the sheets can be identified. The tableaux of L’Angleterre with the Island shaped like an “Ostrich Head” are on sheets 61 and 62 with parts on sheets 51 and 52. Caution should be observed with regard to the reconstruction as the latitudes cannot be considered parallels and the manipulation to provide such does not infact come from the text of Al-Idrisi.
Geographie D’Edrisi, traduit de L’Arabe en Francais d’apres 2 manuscits de la Bibliotheque du Roi et accompagnee de notes. Par, P. Amedee Jaubert. Paris MDCCCXC. Tomes 1 et 2.
The complete text of both Tomes is available as a Google download as well as the 4th Climate which is available at Lacus Curtius/Thayer, which is a copy of the French text by Reinhart P A Dozy and Michael J de Goeje.
Beeston A F L, 1950, Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles. Bulletin of the School of African Studies, University of London, Vol 13, No 2 pp265-280.
Dunlop D M, 1947, Scotland According to al-Idrisi, AD1154. The Scottish Historical Review, Vol 26, No 102, Part 2, pp 114-118.
Stevenson W B, 1948, Idrisi’s Map of Scotland, The Scottish Historical Review, Vol 27, No 104, Part 2, pp202-204.
Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Departement des Manuscits, Division Orientale, Cote:Arabe 2221, Auteur Titre Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mustaq fi ihtiraq-al-afaq.
Images 1-69 et planche contact 1-8. Available for download.
The Penguin Atlas of British and Irish History, 2001. Penguin Books, London.
The Penguin Atlas of World History, Volume 1, 1974. Penguin Books, London.
There are numerous histories that have been consulted for the background research into this part of the text of al-Idrisi particularly concerning the Norman Invasion and their forebears. To denote each is not practical as it concerns the whole of European History from 1000AD to the First Crusade and beyond.
Thus it will be necessary for researchers to consider just how much knowledge is necessary to establish the reasoning behind the al-Idrisi text if this highly researched though simplistic presentation is not accepted.
The following text is available on line at; http://idrisi.narod.ru/salam.htm.
It is included as it pertains to my texts cgId1 and cgId2. That is the British Isles and then Iberia.
*The British Isles According To Medieval Arabic Authors – Part One*_ *D. M. DUNLOP*
THAT the Atlantic coast of Spain was well known to the Arabs in the Middle Ages goes almost without saying, and requires no elaborate proof. There was indeed a formidable crop of legends about the outlandish character of the Ocean which lay beyond the Strait (az-Zuqaq, Strait of Gibraltar). The most familiar of these (given by al-Mas’udi and others) speaks of the talismanic warning to traveler at the ‘Pillars of Hercules’: ‘Beyond me is no route nor way for those who would enter your sea from the Sea of the Greeks (Mediterranean). Another legend names the Atlantic west and north of Spain the Sea of Darkness, and says that its colour is black like ink, yet, when you take it in a vessel, the blackness cannot be seen. Such stories doubtless arose in the East, or at a very early date in the West, before the facts were known. They are not likely to mislead anyone. It is certain that Muslim towns lay on the Atlantic seaboard, doubtless with sea-borne connexions between themselves. Muslim fleets at least upon occasion cruised in Atlantic waters.The amber, or rather ambergris, of the Atlantic, gathered on the beaches of Portugal and marketed at Santarem and Sidona (Jerez), was a regular article of export to foreign countries (Egypt, etc.) as well as to Cordova. The existence of the traffic points to the reality of the Arab hold on the Atlantic Provinces. But when it comes to evidence for Arab voyaging at large in the Atlantic, especially northwards to the Channel and to the British Isles, with which we are here especially concerned, the situation is quite different. Reliable evidence for this is extremely difficult to come by. On the other hand, the Arabs from an early date (not later than the ninth century A.D.) knew about Britain and other parts of north-west Europe from Greek geographers, especially Ptolemy. In the present inquiry material of both these kinds, so far as it is available, will have to be adduced. It has seemed best to present it more or less chronologically, according to the authors, together with some other notices which do not come under either head, referring to movements of the Umayyad Atlantic fleet, in its home waters. Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi in his Surat al-Ard, written according to Nallino shortly after 201 /817, mentions a number of places in Britain. This work was intended, it seems, to illustrate a series of maps based on Ptolemy’s, which had been prepared by a group of savants, presumably including al-Khwarizmi himself, for the Caliph Ma’mun, as mentioned by al-Mas’udi: as-surah al-Ma’muniyah allati ‘umilat li’l-Ma’mun tama’a ‘ald san’atihd ‘iddah hukamd’ ahl asrihi suwwira fihd al-‘clam bi-afldkihi wa-nujumihi zva-barrihi zva-bahrihi wa-‘dmirihi wa-ghdmirihi wa-masdkin al-umam wa’l-mudun wa-ghair dhdlika wa-hiya ahsan mimmd taqadda-mahd min jaghrdfiyd Ibtulamayus wa jaghrdfyd Mdrinds wa-ghairihimd.A number of places mentioned in the Surat al-Ard were identified by Nallino: thus Britain (Greek AAovlwv, Albion), Arabic Aluya; Ireland (Greek ‘IouEpvt’a, Hibernia), Arabic Tubarniya; London (Greek AoAlMov), Arabic Lundinun; York (Greek ‘EpdpaKOV), Arabic Iburaqun, or strictly perhaps Iburiqi.In the edition of the work published by H. von Mzik from the Strassburg MS, it is possible to identify these and other places in the British Isles mentioned by Ptolemy. The coordinates for latitude and longitude as given by al-Khwarizmi differ more or less from Ptolemy’s. This Nallino explained as owing to his working from maps based on Ptolemy and not Ptolemy directly. Nallino assumed that the Greek text of Ptolemy was used for al-Ma’mun’s maps. No Arabic translation of Ptolemy’s Geography appears indeed to be recorded thus early. See 4. *2.* In 229/844 the Norsemen made a dangerous descent on the Atlantic coast of Spain. For a moment they occupied Cadiz, and sacked Seville before being defeated by Umayyad forces. Following upon this, according to an apparently contemporary document preserved by Ibn Dihyah (7th/13th century), the Umayyad ruler of Spain ‘Abd ar-Rahman II sent Yahya b. Hakam al-Bakri, known as al-Ghazal, accompanied by a certain Yahya b. Habib, to arrange terms of peace with the anonymous ‘King of the Norsemen’ in his own country. These ambassadors sailed from Silves, then the chief town and port of the province of Algarve (south-west Spain) in a ship specially built for them, and were accompanied by the ambassador of the ‘King of the Norsemen’ in a ship of his own. Unfortunately neither the route followed by the expedition nor its destination is clear. According to the narrative, ‘When they came opposite the great promontory which enters the sea, the boundary of Spain in the extreme west, i.e. the mountain known as Aluwiyah, the sea swelled up against them and a violent storm descended upon them.’ Yahya al-Ghazal recited verses appropriate to their situation. After the storm abated, they reached their goal, the land of the Norsemen, but how or where is not mentioned. First, they put in at an unnamed island, to refit and refresh themselves. Then they were summoned by the king, who lived elsewhere, on what is described as ‘a great island in the Encircling Ocean, in which are flowing waters and gardens, three days’ sailing, or 300 miles, from the mainland’. In this island was a great number of Norsemen, and nearby were many other islands, large and small, inhabited by Norsemen. A considerable part of the mainland for several days’ journey also belonged to them. ‘These Norsemen are today (tempore Yahya al-Ghazal) Christians, having abandoned their old religion.’ Only the inhabitants of certain isolated islands were still pagan, worshipping fire and practising heathen abominations. The other Norsemen were at war with them, and made prisoners of them. It is inviting to take this as the account of a journey to Ireland, where in the ninth century A.D. there were certainly Norse settlements. If Ireland is the destination, the absence of place-names in the narrative after Aluwiyah, presumably Cape Finisterre, is understandable. Though the poetry ascribed to Yahya al-Ghazal at this juncture refers to the fury of the winds from the west and north, it could be supposed that the two ships ran for Ireland after the storm was over. *1)* Al-Mas’udi, Muruj, i. 257. Cf. also Tanbih, ed. De Goeje (B.G.A. viii), pp. 68-69; al-Qazwini, ed. Wustenfeld, i. 124 l’Abrege des merueilles, transl. Carra de Vaux (Paris, 1898), p. 32; etc. *2)* Al-Qazwini, i. 123. *3)* See 3, 6, 15, 17. *4)* Al-Mas’udi, Muruj, i. 366. Cf. E. Levi-Provencal, ‘La “Description de l’Espagne” de Razi’, Al-Andalus, vol. xviii (1953), pp. 91, 97. *5)* Cf. 9 (Marinus of Tyre). *6)* Sections marked with an asterisk contain the evidence for direct contacts, viz. 2, 11, 18, 19, 20. *7)* These are the sections already listed in n. 3, p. 11 (marked with a dagger). *8)* C. A. Nallino, ‘Al-Huwarizmi e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolomeo’ R. Accad. d. Lincei, Ser. quint., vol. II. i (Rome, 1896), p. 22. Barthold, however, thought the work was more recent by at least twenty years (Huddd al-‘Alam, transl. V. Minorsky, G.M.S., N.s. Xi. i t). *9)* Nallino, ibid., p. 21. *10)* Tanbih, p. 33. *11)* OP. Cit., pp. 45 ff. *12)* Ed. Von Mzik, p. 35. *13)* Bibliothek arabischer Histoiker u. Geographen, iii (Leipzig 1926). *14)* Cf. n. 3. *15)* Op. Cit., pp. 21-22. *16)* E. Levi-Provencal, Hist. de l’Espagne musulmane, ed. I (Cairo, 1944), pp. 1,52 ff. *17)* In his anthology Mutrib min ash’ar ahl al-Maghrib (British Museum Ar. MS. 1631 = Or. 77), quoting Tamim b. ‘Alqamah (Pons Boigues, No. 5; d. 283/896). Arabic text and translation by Dozy, Recherches sur l’histoire et la littirature de l’Espagne pendant le Moyen age, ed. 3 (Leiden, 1881), T. 2, xxxi ff. and 269 fl: Other references in Brockelmann, G.A.L., Supp. i. 148. See also Husain Munis, ‘Contribution a l’etude des invasions des Normands. *18)* The indication is that some little time has elapsed since the descent of the Norsemen. *19)* Text: bilad al-Majus. See below for a discussion of where this may have been. It is well known that the term al-Majus is standard for the Vikings in Western Arabic sources. (The confusion with ‘Magians’, strictly the priestly caste among the Zorastrians, but in general for Zoroastrians, arises from the fact that the pagan Vikings also burned their dead.) Al-Mas’udi conjectured that they were same as the Rus, i.e. the Vikings, mainly Swedish who followed the ‘Eastern route’ [G. M. Trevelyan] and were well known to the Arabs. See 3. *20)* So Allen Mawer, Cambridge Med. Hist. iii. 317. *21)* According to the Spanish ar-Razi (cf. 14) the north-west corner of Spain was a mountain, like Aluwiyah here (al-Maqqari, Nafh at-Tib, i. 84; cf. E. Levi-Provencal, La “Description de l’Espagne” de Razi’, Al-Andalus, vol. xviii (1953), p. 6o. On the other hand, Dozy’s identification of Aluwiyah with Cape St. Vincent is perhaps confirmed by the passage cited from the 1st Section of the 4th Clime of al-Idrisi in 19. At all events the ‘promontory in the extreme west’ there unnamed should be Aluwiyah. The Islamic Quarterly, London April- July1957 _
*The British Isles According To Medieval Arabic Authors – Part Two*_ D. M. DUNLOP Several critics have placed the court of the ‘King of the Norsemen’ in Jutland (Denmark). The late Professor Levi-Provencal, a high authority in all matters connected with Muslim Spain, expressed the opinion in more than one place that the narrative was unhistorical, in fact ‘imagined in the 12th or 13th century’ i.e. in the time of Ibn Dihyah (544/1149-633/1235). The rest of the narrative gives an account of the reception of the ambassadors. Yahya al-Ghazal, speaking through an interpreter, informed the ‘King of the Norsemen’ of the contents of a letter from ‘Abd ar-Rahman. Then bales from Spain were opened, and the ‘King of the Norsemen’ is represented as well satisfied with the presents (rich garments and vessels), which they contained. Much of the narrative purports to recount conversations between Yahya al-Ghazal and the consort of the ‘King of the Norsemen’, called in the text Nud, perhaps for Thud, Theuda, who is represented as taking a sympathetic interest in the stranger. Finally, his mission (very indistinctly indicated) accomplished or not, Yahya al-Ghazal left his hosts and sailed back to St. James of Compostella in the Asturias (north-west Spain). After travelling overland through Christian Spain, he reached Cordova, according to the account, after an absence of twenty months. There appears to be nothing here decisive for or against the authenticity. Two further points may be made. A poem attributed to Yahya al-Ghazal, incorporated in the narrative like the verses on the storm already mentioned, speaks of shining buttons (azrar) as part of the dress of the queen. It is somewhat remarkable that a few decades later the traveller Ibn Fadlan also speaks of the gold buttons (azrur dhahab) on the khaftan of a Germanic chief, whose funeral he had witnessed on the Volga. If, on the other hand, ‘the mountain known as Aluwiyah’ – not apparently mentioned elsewhere, and nowhere explained – is the same name as Aluya above (1), then ‘mount Albion’ would evidently be imaginary, and we should have a strong argument against the authenticity. In any case, this narrative clearly cannot be regarded as an unexceptionable account of a visit to the British Isles by Arabs from Spain in the ninth century, but it has not yet been proved not to be such. *3.* Measures taken after the descent of the Norsemen in 229/844 (see 2), which was scarcely the first of its kind, appear to have included the patrolling of the Atlantic coast of Spain by Umayyad squadrons, as far even as the Bay of Biscay. The Norsemen appeared again in 245/859, first in Galicia, then farther south, also in Africa and on the east coast of Spain. It is apparently to this raid that al-Mas’udi refers in the following passage. Before the year 300 A.H. there came to Spain certain ships by sea in which were thousands of people, and they raided their coasts. The people of Spain supposed that they were a nation of Norsemen, who appear against them every two hundred years, and that they come to their land from a gulf of the Ocean, which is not that on which is the watch-tower of brass (sc. Strait of Cadiz or Gibraltar). I think, and God knows better, that the strait from which they came is connected with the Sea of Maeotis and Nitas (i.e. modern Sea of Azov and Black Sea, or Pontus), and that this nation are the Rus, whom we previously mentioned (as having recently descended the Volga to the Caspian) in an earlier part of this book, since none but they traverse these seas which are connected with the Ocean.’ Al-Mas’udi was wrong about direct communication between the Atlantic and the Black Sea, but he has grasped the general connexion between Viking raids in the extreme west and the extreme east of Europe. One of the commanders of the Muslim fleet which operated in the Atlantic against the invaders was a certain Khashkash, a name which will meet us later. *4.* Al-Kindi, who died c. A.D. 870, knew Ptolemy’s Geography in a translation specially made for him, as mentioned in the Fihrist, which characterizes the translation as a poor one. Al-Mas’udi says that he had seen in the books ascribed to al-Kindi and his pupil as-Sarakhsi the statement that at the extremity of the inhabited land in the north is a great lake under the North Pole (taht qutb ash-shimal), and that in its vicinity is city beyond which is no habitation, called Tuliyah (Thule, usually taken = the Shetlands). He had seen also that the Banu-Munajjim, i.e. the Banu Musa b. Shakir in one of their treatises, had mentioned this lake. *5.* Another reference to Thule about the same time is in the Ta’rikh al-ya’qubi, who analyses the Kitab fi ahat al-halaq (On the Armillary Sphere) attributed to Ptolemy, chapter by chapter. Chapter 25 deals with the shortest day and longest day – four hours and twenty hours respectively – at 63 degrees north. This is the farthest habitable point. It is an island called Tuli (Thule) in the land of Europe (Uriba), and is north of the land of the Greeks. The Ta’rikh is dated to about 260/873-4. 1. So Dozy, G. Jacob (Arabische Berichte von Gesandten an germanische Furstenhofe aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert, Berlin and Leipzig, 1927, p. 38), and H. Munis. 2. Hist. de l’Espagne, p. 178; ‘Une echange d’ambassades entre Cordoue et Byzance au ix’ siecle’ Byzantion, xii (1937), p. 16. 3. In the passage first named in the previous note Levi-Provenral gives nine months. 4. A. Zeki Validi Togan, Ibn Fadldn’s Reisebericht, A.K.M., xxiv. 3 (Leipzig, 1939), 89, Arabic text, , p. 40. 5. Levi-Provencal, Hist. de l’Espagne, pp. 157, 218, 224 H. Munis, ‘Contribution’, pp. 66-67, cites Ibn-Idhari, Bayan, ii. 99 for the year A.H. 245. 6. Levi-Provencal, op. cit., pp. 218-19; H. Munis, Op. cit., pp. 64-73. (The date 238/853 of the section-heading on p.64 there is confusing.) 7. Muruj, i. 364-5. 8. Cf. ibid. i.257. 9. The reference here is to Muruj, i. 273-4. A full account is in Muruj, ii. 18-23. See D. M. Dunlop. Hist. of the Jewish Khazars (Princeton, 1954), PP. 209-12. 10. Cf. 13, 20. 11. Ed. Flugel, p. 268. 12. Muruj, i. 275. Cf. also Yaqut, Buldan, i. 500. 13. For them see Fihrist, p. 271. 14. Ed. Houtsma, i. 156. The Islamic Quarterly, London April- July1957 _
*The British Isles According To Medieval Arabic Authors – Part Three*_ *D. M. DUNLOP * *6.* In 266/879 an augmented Atlantic fleet received orders to sail to Galicia (north-west Spain), where the enemies of the Umayyad Muhammad I were causing him trouble, but was almost annihilated by a storm. Ibn Rustah has the following on Britain, with Harun b. Yahya (fl. A.D. 890-900) as source. Harun b. Yahya was a prisoner of war in Constantinople, and may have travelled to Rome later. ‘From this city (sc. Rome) you sail the sea and journey for three months, till you reach the land of the king of the Burjan (here Burgundians). You journey hence through mountains and ravines for a month, till you reach the land of the Franks. From here you go forth and journey for four months, till you reach the city (capital) of Bartiniyah (Britain). It is a great city on the shore of the Western Ocean, ruled by seven kings. At the gate of its city (capital) is an idol (sanam). When the stranger wishes to enter it, he sleeps and cannot enter it, until the people of the city take him, to examine his intention and purpose in entering the city. They are Christians. They are the last of the lands of the Greeks, and there is no civilization beyond them.’ Here at least we appear to have London and the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (till A.D. 827), the latter already an anachronism. In the opinion of Harun b. Yahya the capital is guarded by a talisman, which has a magical effect on those who would enter without authorization. It is quite clear from this detail and the fantastic distances that Harun b. Yahya got his information about Britain at second- or third-hand, perhaps as far away as Byzantium, as the last sentence of his notice might suggest. *8.* Thabit b. Qurrah (died 288/901) made an improved translation of Ptolemy’s Geography, which is usually considered to have been lost (cf. 25). Al-Mas’udi had evidently seen a copy of Ptolemy’s Geography, which Nallino considered to have been Thabit’s translation. Al-Mas’udi indeed says that the names in this book were difficult to understand, because they were in Greek. *9.* Al-Battani in his astronomical work Ilm al falak, published according to the editor, Nallino, some time before 289/902, has an important geographical expose, recognized as such by Reinaud, as well as by the numerous medieval Muslim authors who made use of it, as we shall see. This expose includes the following passage bearing on our subject:’As for the Western Ocean which is called the Encircling, nothing is known of it but the region west and north of the farthest point of the land of the Abyssinians towards Britain. It is a sea in which ships do not sail. The six islands in it opposite the land of the Abyssinians are the Fortunate Islands, and they are also called the Islands of the Blest. Another island opposite Spain is called Ghadirah (haSapa = Cadiz) in the Strait. This strait goes out from (the Western Ocean). The breadth of the place where it goes out is seven miles, between Spain and Tangier, called Sabta (Ceuta). It goes out into the Sea of the Greeks. In (the Western Ocean) also to the northward are the islands of Bartaniyah (Britain), twelve in number. Then it extends far away from the inhabited land, and no one knows its character, nor what is in it.’ For our purpose the most important observation here is doubtless that Britain consists of twelve islands. What is the source of this detail? It will meet us again where other authors have borrowed from al-Battani. The source is unlikely to be other than classical, given al-Battani’s scant appreciation of his Muslim predecessors. Yet it is not in Ptolemy, and in all probability not to be regarded as a crude simplification of Ptolemy’s map. We see in fact from Ghadirah for Cadiz that it must be Greek. The suggestion may be advanced hypothetically that the source of the statement that Britain consists of twelve islands, as mentioned, for example, by Ibn Rustah (10) and al-Mas’udi (13) as well as al-Battani, is the Geography of Marinus of Tyre (middle of the 2nd century B.C.), whose work, lost in Greek, appears to have been translated into Arabic. At all events, as already noted by De Sacy and others, al-Mas’udi claims to have seen a copy of the Jaghrafiya of Marinus, which work we assume as the source of al-Battani’s statement. It is not to be thought of as deriving from some traveller of approximately al-Battani’s time, any more than his other statements that in the island of Thule, which is in Britain, the length of the longest day is twenty hours (cf.5). *10.* Ibn Rustah’s account of the British Isles follows al-Battani’s almost verbatim and is doubtless derived from it. The date is between 290/903 and 300/913. *11.* Abd ar-Rahman b. Harun al-Maghribi, speaking in the majlis of al jumani of his adventures in the Western Sea (which is here said to take its rise in the Encircling Ocean and to extend eastwards, passing the north of Spain and the land of the Franks) related, according to a citation in al-Qazwini, ‘I sailed the sea in the year 288/900, I mean the Western Sea, and we came to a place called al-Bartun. With us was a lad from Sicily, who cast a fish-hook into the sea, and brought out a fish, the size of a span. We looked, and saw behind one ear in writing “There is no god but God”, on its head “Muhammad”, and behind the other ear “the Apostle of God”.’ Unfortunately no information seems to be available about either ‘Abd ar-Rahman b. Harun al-Maghribi or al jumani. Al-Bartun could be Britain or Brittany. (One notes that the possibility of confusion between the two arises only in accounts emanating from later informants. In classical times Brittany was not yet so called.) It appears possible that ‘Abd ar-Rahman b. Harun al-Maghribi was one of those whose adventures in the Atlantic were recounted by al-Mas’udi (cf. 13). *12.* The author of a Kitab al-Kharaj, Qudamah (died 310/922), followed al-Battani’s account (see 9) and mentions the twelve islands of Britain. Al-Mas’udi in the Muruj al-Dhahab (a work begun in 332/943) cites al-Battani in one place verbatim, speaking of ‘the island of Thule, which is in Britain’. In the Tanbih (345/956) he has a reminiscence of the longer al-Battani passage: ‘In this sea (sc. the Encircling Ocean) near its western part are the so-called Eternal Isles, and near its northern part are the so-called Isles of Britain, twelve in number.’ More important is another passage in the Muruj al-Dhahab: ‘No ship sails therein (Atlantic), nor is any habitable land there, nor any reasonable creature dwelling therein. Neither its extent nor end is known. It is the Sea of Darkness, the Green Sea, the Encircling Ocean …. Marvellous things are told concerning it, which we have reported in our Chronicle (Akhbar az-Zaman) and in the accounts of those who ventured forth and risked their lives, including both those who escaped and those who perished. One of them was a Spaniard called Khashkhash (cf. 3), a young man of Cordova, who collected a company of other young men of the same place, and embarked with them upon this Encircling Ocean in ships which they had equipped. He was absent for a time, then returned with rich booty. His story is well known among the Spaniards.’ Nothing is here said of Britain, but clearly some remarkable voyage into the Atlantic at a date earlier than 332/943 is to be understood. *14.* About the same time the celebrated Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ~.l;s. ar-Razi (died 344/955) wrote his Description of Spain. From al-Nlaqqari (22) we have a long quotation from this work which mentions, that the northwest angle of Spain looks towards the land of Birtaniyah. This is presumably Brittany, perhaps first mentioned here in Arabic. *15.* In 355/966 there was an attack of Danish vikings on the Atlantic coast of Muslim Spain, at Lisbon and at Qasr Abi Danis farther to the south. The invaders were attacked and defeated at Silves by the Umayyad fleet. Another Danish expedition in 360/971 was even less successful. We are concerned here with medieval Arabic writers, but it may be noticed that in the Hudud al-‘Alam, an anonymous Persian geography,composed in 372/982-983 and based to a great extent on earlier Arabic works, Britain is mentioned more than once. ‘In the northern direction of the same sea there are twelve islands called Britaniya, of which some are cultivated and some desolate. On them are numerous mountains, rivers, villages, and different mines. North of the islands of ‘Britaniya’ is another island called Tuwas or Tus, for Tuliyah, Thule. In another passage we read that Britain is the last land of the Greeks on the shore of the Ocean. It is an emporium (bdrgdh) of the Greeks and Spain. As Barthold noted, this information is apparently not found in any other source. *17.* In 387/997 the fleet brought al-Mansur’s infantry from the Atlantic port of Qasr Abi Danis already mentioned (now Alcacer do Sal) to Burtuqal (Oporto) by sea. The Spanish geographer al-‘Udhri was the author of a Nizam al-marjan fi’l-masalik wa’l-mamalik, written about 450/1058. It is quoted by al-Qazwini (d. 682/1283) as Al-masalik wa’l-mamalik al-Andalusyah. From this book doubtless the following remarkable account of whaling in the vicinity of Ireland was taken. ‘Al-‘Udhri said: ‘The Norsemen have no capital (qd’idah) save this island in all the world. Its circumference is a thousand miles. Its people have the customs and dress of the Norsemen. They wear rich mantles, one of which is worth 100 dinars. Their nobles wear mantles ornamented with pearls. He related that on their coasts they hunt the young of the whale (ablanah), which is an exceeding great fish. They hunt its calves, regarding them as a delicacy. They have mentioned that these calves are born in the month of September, and are hunted in the four months October to January. After this their flesh is hard and no longer good for eating. As to the manner of hunting them, al-‘Udhri mentioned that the hunters assemble in ships, having with them a great iron blade with sharp spikes. In the blade is a great strong ring, and in the ring a strong cable. When they find a calf, they clap their hands and shout. The calf is delighted by the clapping and approaches the ships, wanting to be friendly with them. A sailor specially appointed for the task rubs the calf’s forehead briskly, and the calf finds pleasure therein. Then he places the blade in the middle of its head and, taking a powerful iron mallet, he strikes with it upon the blade with all his force three times. It does not feel the first blow, but at the second and third it struggles violently. Sometimes it hits part of the ships with its tail, and destroys them. It does not cease struggling till weariness overtakes it. Then the crews of the ships take turns to drag it, till it is brought to the shore. Sometimes the mother of tile whale-calf sees the struggle and follows them. They prepare much powdered garlic, which they scatter on the water. When the whale smells the garlic, she lets (the calf) go, and turns backwards in her tracks. Then they cut up the meat of the calf and salt it. Its meat is white like snow, and its skin black as ink.’ Here al-‘Udhri specifically mentions the Norsemen in Ireland, though it cannot be shown that he is dependent on the narrative of Yahya al-Ghazal (Cf. 2). The account here reads almost as if it were some whale-boat-man’s humorous version of how to catch a whale. It is very unlikely that Jacob’s suggestion (Irlandah for Izlandah = Iceland) is right. , Iceland would appear to be effectively out of the range of Muslim geographers (and sailors presumably). This conclusion is supported by the word here used for ‘whale’, ablinah, clearly a Romance form, cf. Latin balaena, from Greek OaAatva; hence Italian balena, Spanish ballena, French baleine. It is from one of these, and not from a northern language such as Danish, English, etc., that this word for ‘whale’ has passed into Arabic. It is of interest, however, to note that another Arabic word for ‘whale’, uwdl, evidently of northern origin, occurs elsewhere for the animal as existing in the Indian Ocean. Ash-Sharif al-Idrisi in his geographical work Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, written for the Norman King Roger of Sicily c. 1154, has a substantial account of the British Isles, which represents on the descriptive side an entirely original departure, and is undoubtedly the best account of Britain afforded by any medieval Arabic author. This has recently been the object of some special investigations, and to avoid repetition, we shall not discuss it here. There is general agreement that al-ldrisi’s information was gathered from a variety of sources, oral as well as written, while he was in Sicily, and does not correspond to what he had himself seen. Where the British Isles are concerned, he appears to have had some French or Flemish informant. Levi-Provencal, Hist. de l’Espagne, p.224. 2. Ed. De Goeje (B.G.A. vii), p. 130. 3. V. Minorsky, Hudud al-Alam, pp. 419, 424. 4. Rather than Winchester, the official capital. 5. Fihrist, p. 268. 6. Muruj, i 183-5. 7. Op. cit., p. 20, n.2. 8. Al-Battani sive Albatenii opus Astronomicum, i (Milan, 1993), p. xxxii.. 9. J. T. Reinaud, Geographie d’Aboulfeda, i, (Paris, 1848), p. cclxxxii. 10. Nallino, text, p. 26; Reinaud, p. cdlxii.. 11. As already noted by Barthold, Hudud, p.8. 12. Tanbih, p.33. 13. Nallino, text, p.25. 14. Ed. De Goeje, p. 85 (but with al-Bartiniyah, cf. 7). 15. Op. cit., i-125, cf.123 16. Ed. De Goeje (B.G.A), p. 231. 17. Muruj, i. 180 Cf. the whole passage with the Battani passage mentioned at the end of 9. 18. Tanbih, p. 68. Cf. the original passage 9. 19. i.258 20. Elsewhere this term (al-Bahr al-Akhdar) is applied to the Pacific (cf. Hudud, pp. 32, 51). 21. Nafh at-Tib (Leiden ed., i. 84); cf. Levi-Provencal, Description, p. 60. 22. Levi-Provencal, Histoire, p. 393. 23. Ibid., pp. 393-4 24. Hudud, p. 59 25. So Minorsky, Hudud, p. 191. 26. Hudud, p. 158, cf. p. 425. 27. Levi-Provencal, Histoire, p. 441. 28. Pons Boigues, No. 120, cf. al-Qazwini, ii. 373. 29. Al-Qazwini, ii. 388 30. Arabishe Berichte, p. 26, n.2. 31. Muruj, i. 234. 32. Cf. D.M. Dunlop, Scotland according to al-Idrisi, Scotish Historical Review, vol. xxvi (1947), pp. 114-18, WB. Stevenson, Idrisi’s Map of Scotland, ibid, vol xxvii (1948), pp. 202-4, A.F.L. Beeston, ‘Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles, B.S.O.A.S., vol xiii (1950), pp. 265-80 33. An English translation of al-Idrisi’s main account of the British Isles will be found in Professor Beeston’s article, mentioned in the previous note. 34. Professor Muhammad al-Fasi is surely in error when he says that al-Idrisi visited England. See his article ‘Ash-Sharif al-Idrisi akbar ulama l-jaghrafiyah inda’l-Arab, Al-Adwatane, vol. i (Tangier, 1952), p.9. The Islamic Quarterly, London April – July1957 _
*The British Isles According To Medieval Arabic Authors – Part Four *_ *D. M. DUNLOP* Apart from his main account, there are a few other passages bearing on Britain scattered through al-Idrisi’s great work. Such, for example, is a short passage at the end of the 2nd Section of the 6th Clime, where he rehearses the information about England, especially its towns, which he is going to give in the 7th Clime (the main account). A new detail is the statement that the passage from the Continent to England was made from Sanqulah, i.e. apparently St. Nicholas. The place is described elsewhere in the same section as a town near the sea, on the banks of a river and at the head of the gulf of Sanqulah, i.e. apparently St. Nicholas on the Escaut. Again, at the end of the 1st Section of the 6th Clime, after describing Brittany, al-ldrisi continues: ‘These countries being bathed on the west by the Sea of Darkness, there come continually from that direction mists and rain, and the sky is always overcast, particularly on the coast. The waters of this sea are covered with cloud and dark in colour. The waves are enormous, and the sea is deep. Darkness reigns continually, and navigation is difficult. The winds are violent and towards the west its limits are unknown. In this sea are a number of inhabited islands, but few sailors dare to risk their lives therein. Those who do, though they have knowledge and bravery, sail only along the coast without going far from land. The time for these expeditions is restricted to the months of August and September. The principal sailors of this sea are those who are called the English (al-Inklisn), or inhabitants of England (Inkirtarah), a large island, which contains many towns and inhabited places, fertile fields and rivers, and which we shall treat of in more detail later, if God will. In spite of all that is terrifying in this sea and in spite of its cloud-covered waves, it contains many excellent fish, and fishing goes on in various places. There are also sea-animals of such size that the inhabitants of the inner isles employ their bones and vertebrae instead of wood for building houses. They also make from them clubs, lances, spears, daggers, seats, ladders, and other things which elsewhere are made of wood. Al-Idrisi has another passage on similar lines at the beginning of the 1st Section of the 4th Clime, where he is less explicit about the English sailors and the extensive use of whalebone, apparently, in the ‘inner isles’. ‘The greatest width of (Spain) is about 17 days’ journey, starting from a promontory in the extreme west, ‘where ends the inhabited portion of the land surrounded by the Ocean. No one knows what exists beyond this sea, no one has been able to learn anything for certain, because of the difficulty of crossing it, its profound darkness, the height of its waves, the frequency of its storms, the prevalence of its animals (? whales) and the violence of its winds. There is, however, in this Ocean a large number of islands, inhabited or desert, but no ship’s captain ventures to cross it or to travel under full sail. They are limited to coasting, without losing sight of land. The waves of this sea are as high as mountains, and although they are in violent commotion, remain nonetheless whole, not breaking in pieces. If it were otherwise, to cross them would be impossible.’ Elsewhere al-Idrisi actually identifies the Sea of Darkness and the Sea of the English (here bahr al-Inqlishin). Relevant also to our subject, it would seem, is al-Idrisi’s account of the so-called Adventurers (al-Mugharrirun), who sailed from Lisbon into the Atlantic at an unspecified date on a voyage of discovery. There were eight of them belonging to one family (literally ‘cousins’), and they built a transport ship, on which they put aboard water and provisions for several months. Setting sail ‘when the East wind begins to blow’, they reached, after ‘about eleven days’, ‘a sea with huge waves and thick clouds, with numerous reefs scarcely illumined by a feeble light’. Realizing their peril, they changed direction and ran with the sea towards the south. The older translation of Jaubert,^/*”10″*/ retained by Dozy and De Goeje, conceals the fact that this is evidently a description, real or imaginary, of some northern shore. More than this one would not care to say, but it could be that the Adventurers reached some dangerous point on the Irish or English coast. Their voyage southwards, which does not concern us here, is represented as more rewarding. Whatever the details amount the fact of this expedition seems vouched for. Al-ldrisi states the existence at Lisbon of a street called after the Adventurers Darb al-Mugharririn. As to dating, the expedition must have taken place before 543/1148, when Lisbon was captured by the Christians. For Khashkhash (3, 13) as the leader of the Adventurers see next parag. *20*. Ibn ‘Abd al- Mun’im al-Himyari in ar-Raud al-Mi’tar, a work which in its final form was completed as late as 866/1461, but which was drafted in a version already in the seventh or beginning of the eighth century A.H., has a passage on the Ocean, as follows: ‘Ocean is the name of the Sea of Darkness, and it is called the Green Sea and the Encircling Ocean, whose end and extent are not known. There is no creature therein . . . . There risked his life Khashkhash of Spain, who was a young man of Cordova, with a company of other young men of the same place. They embarked in ships which they had equipped and entered this Ocean. They were absent in it for a time, then came back with rich booty and well-known stories [sic]. ‘All that is sailed of this sea is near the west and the north (cf. n. 6, Z~. 2 I), and that is from the farthest point of the land of the Blacks to Britain, which is the great island in the farthest north. And in (the Ocean) are six islands opposite the land of the Blacks, called the Eternal Islands. Then no one knows what is after that. Hereafter, if God will, another story will be given concerning those who entered this sea, longer than This, at its place in the notice of Lisbon.’ This presents a cento, in which the first part is evidently al-Mas’udi (cf. the long passage cited 13) and the second al-Battani (cf 9). The story of Khashkhash is from al-Mas’udi, as the wording shows, unless we are to assume a common source. The ‘other story’ is that of the Adventurers, given by Ibn ‘Abd al-Mun’im in al-Idrisi’s words, practically verbatim. The last sentence of course is Ibn ‘Abd al-Mun’im speaking sua persona. Levi-Provencal believed that this Khashkllash, said to be of Cordova, could be identified not only with Khashkhash b. Said b. Aswad of Pechina (southeast Spain) who formed part of a deputation of sailors in 276/889-90 and Khashkhash who shared the command of the Umayyad fleet against the Norsemen in 245/859 (see 3), but also with the anonymous leader of the Adventurers mentioned by al-Idrisi. This construction seems very difficult, though perhaps possible. It makes a man who had held part command of a fleet, act with his father on an embassy thirty years later. Another difficulty seems to be to connect Khashkhash with Lisbon. It is not very likely that a street in Lisbon should commemorate the Adventurers, unless they were natives of that city. But if so, they had nothing to do with Khashkhash, allegedly of Cordova, but perhaps really of Pechina. Ibn ‘Abd-al-Mun’im appears not to connect the two stories. Perhaps we should reckon the voyages of Khashkhash and the Adventurers, with that of ‘Abd ar-Rahman b. Harun already mentioned (11), as having been related separately in one of the lost works of al-Mas’udi (cf. 13). *21.* Abu’1-Fida’ in his Geography (finished 721 / 1321) has the following: ‘In the Sea of Burdil (Bordeaux) is the island of Britain.’ Elsewhere he gives a longer account: Of the islands of the seas which branch off from the Encircling Ocean is the island of Britain (Bartaniyah) in the Sea of Burdil (Bordeaux), which is a sea going out in the north of Spain. In this island there is no water except from the rains, and depending upon this they sow their seed.’ It would appear that the ‘island of Britain’ is here Brittany, distinguished rather insufficiently, since the proper name is the same, from the ‘islands of Britain’ (also Bartanyah), which are now eleven in number, i.e. evidently twelve as before less Brittany. The passage continues: ‘And the islands of Britain are eleven islands. Of the famous islands is the island of England (Inkiltarah). Ibn Said said: And the ruler of this island is called al-Inkitar in the History of Salah ad-Din (Saladin) in the wars of ‘Akka (Acre). His capital in this island is the city of Lundras (London). He continued: And the length of this island from south to north, with a slight inclination, is 430 miles. Its width in the middle is about 200 miles. He continued: And in this island are mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin. There are no vines because of the sharpness of the frost. Its inhabitants bring the precious metals of these mines to the France, and exchange them for wine. The ruler of France has plentiful gold and silver from that source. In their country (sc. England) is made the fine scarlet cloth from the wool of their sheep, which is fine like silk. They place coverings over the animals, to protect them from rain, sun, and dust. In spite of the wealth of al-Inkita r and the extent of his kingdom, he admits the sovereignty of al-Faransis (the French king), and when there is an assembly, he performs his service by presenting before (the ruler of France) a vessel of food, by ancient custom. In the north of island of England and somewhat north of Britain is the island of Ireland (Irlandah). The extent of its length is about twelve days, and its breadth in the middle is about four days. It is well known for its numerous disturbances (fitan). Its people were Norsemen before they became Christians, following their neighbours. From it is exported much copper and tin. . . . And among the islands of the Encircling Ocean is the Island of Tuli (Thule), which is in the North Encircling Ocean. It is the extremity of habitation in the North.’ Another passage confirms what has been here said about the export petals to France. ‘Ibn Said said: And to the east of Bordeaux is the city of Toulouse…. The river (sc. Garonne) is south of it, and ships from the Encircling Ocean ascend it, with tin and copper, which they bring from the island of England and the island of Ireland. It is carried on pack-animals to Narbonne, and taken from there on the ships of the Franks to Alexandria.’ Abu’l-Fidd’ is clearly under heavy obligations here to Ibn Said al-‘Maghribi (c. 610/1214-673/1274), who evidently had new and somewhat accurate information about the British Isles. Al-Inkitar (parallel, apparently, to al-Faransis for the king of France) may be due to a mistake. The historian Baha’ ad-Din b. Shaddad, whose work is here quoted, spoke of malik al-Inkitar, so that al-Inkitar is simply ‘England’ (though indeed the form may have been current as Ibn Said used it). The account of Ireland is curious. The statement of Ireland’s late conversion to Christianity is of course the reverse of true. *22.* Having admitted the notices of Britain in the Persian Hudud al-‘Allam (16), we may also include here a notice from the Jami’ at-tawarikh of the celebrated Persian historian Rashid ad-Din especially since it qualifies for admission as having appeared in Arabic as well as Persian. The passage has been taken over practically as it stands by Banakati, whose Raudat uli’L-albab, usually simply Ta’rikh-i Banakati, appeared in 717/1317, i.e. a few years after the Jami’ at-tawarikh itself (completed by Rashid ad-Din in 710/1310-11). It runs as follows: ‘Opposite this land (Spain) in the midst of the Encircling Ocean are two islands, of which one is Ireland (Ibarniya). From the special nature of the earth of that country poisonous reptiles die, and mice are not born there (tawallud na-mikunad). The men there are long-lived, red-complexioned, of tall stature and powerful frame, and brave. In this country is a spring of water, in which if one places a piece of wood, in a week its surface becomes petrified. The name of the larger island is Anglater (England). In this country are many remarkable mountains, innumerable mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, and iron, and different kinds of fruit. Among the marvels of that land is a tree which produces a bird as fruit, in the following manner. In the time of blossom a bag like an apple forms, within which is a thing shaped like a bird. When it grows big, it becomes alive and comes out. They keep it and eat the fruit, till it is the size of a large duck. The meat of the people of that land is mostly from that bird. They relate that among the Christians, who at the time of the fast eat no animals, there is a disagreement in regard to eating it. Some consider it as one of the plants, since it is the fruit of a tree, while others regard it as an animal, since blood comes from it. In those two islands there are sheep from whose fleece come “Jerusalem wool” (suf Q,udsi ) and exceedingly fine scarlet cloth. The ruler of both islands has the name Squtlandyah (Scotland) [sic], and they pay tribute to Anglater. The ruler of that land (France) they call Riddfrans (Rol de France) and Anglater, the ruler of the isles, is tributary to him.’ There is not much that is new here (Cf. 21). But Rashid ad-Din had access, presumably not directly, to Medieval Latin legends. Thus we find here the old story that there are no snakes in Ireland, alongside of the barnacle goose in a disguised form. It is yet more remarkable that Rashid ad-Din knew about Merlin, if not by name. Ibn Khaldun (732/1332-808/1406), who, as is well known, took over an extensive amount of al-Idrisi into his Muqaddimat, mentions England once or twice, but does not reproduce al-Idrisi’s full text. *24.*. Al-Maqqari in his celebrated work Nafh at-lib (completed 1039/1638) has a passage as follows. ‘And in the Encircling (Ocean) are the Eternal Isles, seven islands west of the city of Sala. They appear to the observer on a clear day, when the air is free from thick vapours. On them are seven idols of the likeness of men, which point out that there is no passage and no way beyond them. In (the Ocean) in a northerly direction the Islands of the Blest, where are cities and villages uncountable. From them come forth (in the 17th century!) a nation called Norsemen, who are Christians. The first of them (sc. the islands in question) is the island of Britain (sc. Brittany, Cf. 21). It is in the midst of the Encircling Ocean, far to the north of Spain. No mountains or springs are there. They drink rain-water, and sow their seed depending upon it.’ This presents a farrago of ancient and modern lore. The basis in al-Battani is not hard to discern (cf. 9). The Eternal Isles, which are mentioned here with talismans strongly reminiscent of the ‘Pillars of Hercules’ (cf. above, ad init.), are distinguished from the Isles of the Blest. The Norsemen appear from these last. At the end is an echo of Abu’l-Fida’, rather Ibn Said (cf. 21). It is somewhat remarkable that al-Maqqari quotes this from the Egyptian author Ibn Iyas who on his own subject, the history of Egypt, is a very respectable author. A passage from the Spaniard ar-Razi with a brief mention of Brittany (see 14) is also quoted by al-Maqqari. *25.* Reserved to the last place in this survey because its date is uncertain is an Arabic translation of the Geography of Ptolemy which was published in facsimile by Prince Youssouf Kamal in 1929 . The manuscript from which the facsimile was taken is Aya Sofya 2610, but the origin of the translation remains something of a mystery. It is presumably of a copy of the translation of Ptolemy’s Geography made by Thabit b. Qurrah in the 3rd/9th century. Prince Youssouf Kamal tentatively advanced his opinion that the Arabic is a translation of a Greek manuscript of Ptolemy’s Geography, which is believed to date from the end of the fourteenth or the beginning of the fifteenth century A.D., and was actually the work of the person who had previously copied the Greek manuscripts. The Arabic manuscript bears the seal of the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II (1481-1512), according to Prince Youssouf Kamal. A longish preamble to the translation mentions no names, but the recipient was perhaps an Ottoman ruler (al-malik al-a’la wa’s-sultan al-jalil), so called by some client of his who had been specially selected for the task (‘abduhu al-maghrus bi-aidi al jud wa’l-karam li-hadhihi l-khidmah). The translation appears to be a good one, e.g. the passage about the famous ‘Caledonian wood’ in Britain (o KaAqBovcos Epuuos) comes out distinctly: zoa-min al-khalij al-Lamanun yus [sic] Q,aladhun yun wa fauquhum ghab Qaladhuni ilkh. The suggestion of the work having been specially made for an Ottoman Sultan is probably confirmed by the statement of Hajji Khalifah (died 1068/ 1658) that no copy of the Arabic translation of Ptolemy’s Geography was now known to exist. This completes our survey of passages in the medieval Arabic authors bearing on the British Isles. It will have been seen that Ptolemy’s ‘Albion’ and ‘Hibernia’ are soon replaced by Britain and Ireland, and ultimately England and even Scotland (both in al-Idrisi for the first time) have distinct identities. The best accounts in Arabic which we have of the British Isles – apart from Ptolemy in translation – are given by al-Idrisi and Ibn Said al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Fida’ (19 and 21) . As the middle Ages proceed, the tendency to garble the older data is on the increase. This is very obvious in the passage from Ibn Iyas (24), and more extreme cases could be cited. At the end of the middle Ages less was known, it would seem, at least theoretically, about the British Isles than at the beginning. This result, however, is incidental. The purpose of the inquiry has been to establish, if possible, the existence of records in Arabic of direct contact with Britain. The result, as will have been seen, is almost entirely negative. Possible contacts with the south or west coast of Ireland are as much as can be affirmed (2, 11, 18, 19). A similar contact with the coast of England is not excluded (19). It may be asked, Is there anything in English or Irish historical notices which would support the view that such contacts may occasionally have occurred? What there is amounts to very little. We find indeed an unconfirmed mention of the Moors in Domesday Book, as sojourners or settlers in London, i.e. in 478/1085. It has also been claimed that Arabic characters were to be seen on tombstones at Peel in the Isle of Man in the eighteenth century. Since the stones in question appear now to have been cleared away, it is no longer possible to examine the evidence on which this statement was based. But it would certainly seem that until some evidence is produced, the claim can safely be neglected. 1. A. Jaubert, Geographie, d’Edrisi, ii, Recueil de voyages et memoires, t. 6 (Paris, 1840), p. 374, cf.p.366 2. Ibid, pp. 355-6. The passage is lacking in the so-called Geographia Nubiensis (Rome, 1592) and in Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimat, ed. Bulaq-Beirut, p. 77. 3. Apart from al-Idrisi here and below (n.3, p.22), a similar expression is found once only, so far as I know, viz. in Levi-Provencal, La Peninsule iberique au Moyen age d’apres le Kitab al-Rawd al-mitar, etc.,p.36,… on ne parcourt couramment de l’Ocean que la partie qui longe la terre, a l’Occident et au Nord, c’est-a-dire, depuis les confins extremes du pays des Noirs jusqu’a la Bretagne, la grande ile qui se trouve a l’extreme Nord. But it is there a question of translation. The Arabic text (p.28) has simply: /wa-innama yurkabu min hadha ‘l-bahr mimma yali ‘l-maghrib wa’sh-shimal, wa-dhalika min aqasi bilad as-Sudan ilka./ 4. For whaling in British waters cf. 18. 5. Jaubert, op. cite, p. 2; text in Geographia Nubiensis (unpaginated). 6. Al-Idrisi appears to say the same thing as before (cf. n. p.21). 7. Jaubert op. cit. p. 231. 8. Apparently the correct form and not al-Maghrurun (=the Deluded). Cf. al-Mas’udi, Muruj, i. 258: /qad ataina ala dhikriha fi kitabina fi akhbar az-zaman wa-fi akhbar man gharrara wa-khatara binafsihi ilkh./ 9. Jaubert op. cit. pp. 26-27, cf. i.200. 10. Instead of a sea with huge waves, etc. Levi-Provencal’s translation, Peninsule iberique, p. 23, cf. 20 – Jaubert gave une mer dont les ondes epaisses exhalaient une odeur fetide, cachaient de nombreux recifs, et n’etaient eclairees que faiblement, op. cit. p. 27; cf. Description de l’Afrique et l’Espagne par Edrisi (Leiden, 1866), p.223. 11. Al-Qazwini, ii. 373. 12. E. Levi-Provencal, La Peninsule iberique au Moyen age d’apres le Kitab al-Rawd al-mitar d’Ibn Abd al-Mun’im al-Himayari, Publication de la Fondation de Goeje, No. XII (Leiden, 1938), p. xv. 13. Op. cit, text, pp. 28-29, transl., p.36. 14. Peninsule, text, p. 16; cf. 19. 15. Levi-Provencal, Peninsule, transl., p.36, n.3 quoting Ibn Haiyan, Muqtabis, ed. Antuna, p. 88; cf. Histoire de l’Espagne (1944), p. 249, n.I. 16. Levi-Provencal, Histoire de l’Espagne, iii (Paris, 1953), p. 342, n. I, quoting an unpublished part of Ibn Haiyan’s Muqtabis. 17. This was suggested by Levi-Provencal in 1953 (see previous note). 18. There are some minor inaccuracies in the various passages where Levi-Provencal discusses Khashkhash. The deputation of which Khashkhash b. Sa’id b. Aswad of Pechina formed a member was not sent by Sawwar b. Hamdun (Peninsule, p.36, n.3), but to him. The story of Khashkhash, as is clear from the Mas’udi passage in which he is mentioned, is older than al-Bakri, twice mentioned (in Histoire de l’Espagne, ed. I, p. 249, n. I, and again in vol. iii, p. 342, n. I) as the source. (Al-Bakri is 5th/11th century). 19. Cf. 19, end. 20. Reinaud, Geographie d’Aboulfeda, text, p. 35. 21. Ibid, text, p. 187 22. 9, 13, etc. 23. Cf. Recueil des historiens des Croisades, Historiens Orientaux, vol. iii (Paris, 1884), an-Nawadir as-Sullaniyah by Baha ad-Din b. Shaddad, pp. 214, 220. 24. Reinaud, op. cit., text, p. 219. 25. Cf. another possible example in 22. 26. After and not before Abu ‘l-Fida, as might seem more correct. But Rashid ad-Din was apparently dependent on Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, cited by Abu’l-Fida. 27. Recently edited by K. Jahn, Histoire universelle de Rasid al-Din, etc. i, Histoire des Francs (Leiden, 1951), pp. 4-5. Professor A.J. Arberry of Cambridge University kindly drew my attention to the account of Rashid ad-Din, which is referred to briefly in E.G. Browne’s Literary History of Persia, iii. 43-44. 28. It is well known that Rashid ad-Din took measures within his lifetime to have his Persian works put into Arabic and vice versa (Browne, op. cit., p. 77). 29. See a French translation of the passage from Banakati in D’Ohsson, Des peuples du Caucase (Paris, 1828), pp. 262-75 (not mentioned in C. A. Storey, Persian Literature, ii. i. 80). 30. i.e. the king of England, cf. immediately below Anglater, the ruler of the isles’, and similarly Squtlandiyah for the king of Scotland. It is somewhat striking that the usage is the same apparently in Abu’1-Fida’ (Ibn Said al-Maghribi) (see 21), though there al-inkitar, cf. also al-Faransis. 31. Jahn, txt, p. 25; transl., p. 41 and n. I. 32. Muqaddimat, ed. Bulaq-Beirut, pp. 77, 80. 33. Ed. Leiden, i. 104. 34. Cf. Gayangos, op. cit. i. 378, n. 4. The work in question is Nashq al-azhar fi aja’ib al-aqtar (Brockelmann, G.A.L. ii. 295), which doubtless made use of Ibn Said al-Maghribi. 35. As a special supplement to the series Monumenta Cartographica Africae et Aegypti. 36. Cf. 8. 37. Youssouf Kamal, Quelques eclaircissements epars, etc. (Leiden, 1935), p.30. 38. The effective part of Hajji Khalifah’s notice (Kashf az-zunun, ed. Flugel, ii. 602) is wa-qad arrabuhu fi ahd al-Ma’mun wa-lam yujad alana ta ribuhu. 39. A note to chapter iv of Lord Lytton’s Harold. 40. So Waldron’s Description of the Isle of Man, fol. 1731 (reprinted by the Manx Society, vol. xi (1865), p.11).
I AM DELIGHTED TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE HELP GIVEN BY ALASDAIR WATSON, SENIOR ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS AT THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY OXFORD, WHO RE-TRANSLATED SECTIONS OF THE ORIGINAL ARABIC TEXT AND THEN TRANSLATED AN ARABIC TEXT EMAIL WITH GREAT COURTESY AND VERY SPEEDILY. SINCERE THANKS. | <urn:uuid:029fbc53-372b-466a-bbc1-29e0d96781bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cartographyunchained.com/cgid1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.924218 | 28,505 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Creation of Potholes
Potholes - no one likes them! They seem to pop up over night. In reality, potholes are created in a number of ways. When water seeps into cracks on the road's surface and is combined with the vibration of traffic it causes the asphalt to fail. This is why there are more potholes after it rains. Potholes are also created when trucks and buses stress the roadway causing a movement of the subsurface. Once there is a weak spot, every car that travels over it worsens the problem, and eventually a section of the material will fail. The most common cause is the freeze/thaw cycle. The ice/snow melts during the day filling cracks with water. At night the water freezes and expands, popping out the asphalt.
Potholes and other roadway failures are repaired by the Street Division in order of priority. The goal is to respond to all potholes within 24 hours of being notified. The problem is corrected initially by installing a temporary patching material. Then areas needing repair are prioritized by size, number and street traffic volume to see if more extensive roadway repairs are warranted. More information regarding larger projects such as reconstruction, mill and overlay or the annual Seal Coat Project may be found under Engineering Projects.
Report a Pothole
To report potholes, please call the Public Works Department at 507-444-4350 or send an email to Kyle Skov. | <urn:uuid:c1a1c8d5-6b32-485a-9f2e-1da63683765f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://owatonnaairport.com/520/Potholes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213080138-20181213101638-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.946342 | 301 | 2.984375 | 3 |
None of his girls were raised in church, because he assumed that his wife would do it. The reader can infer that Bruton was not a very engaged father to his daughters because of the way that they each turned out. Realization has set in and Bruton sees that he can’t get back the precious time that he wasted with his own daughters. Trying to avoid making the same mistake with his grandchildren as he did with his own children, Bruton reaches out to someone for advice, Mr. Fordlyson. When Bruton approaches Fordlyson, he is sitting under the town’s famous tree of knowledge, and that is exactly what he bestows on Bruton.
No one was known to dislike kids more than Ebenezer Scrooge. In A Christmas Carol, Scrooge was always negative. Around Christmas time, especially, Scrooge disliked children. Then, Scrooge was visited by three spirits: past, present, and future. As these spirits showed Scrooge events, Scrooge started seeing life in a different perspective.
In doing this he thought Christmas would not come and all of the Whos would be upset. This, however, is disproved by the singing in Christmas spirit that the Whos performed. Perplexing the Grinch, “he puzzled three hours, till his puzzler was sore… “Maybe Christmas… doesn’t come from a store… perhaps… (Christmas) means a little bit more!””(39). This revelation alters the Grinch’s perception of Christmas vastly. By allowing himself to make an effort to understand Christmas he embraced the Who culture.
The reader may also infer that the mother she may think the father is a bad influence on her son. I think this because of how different the father and son act. The father is a rule-breaker and does not plan ahead well while the son does not like to break rules and always plans ahead. Although not much information is told about the mother, you can predict that she would have been very angry if her son had been brought home any later than Christmas eve. You can predict this because when the father wasn’t allowed to drive through the snow he stated, “Your mother will never forgive me for this,” (Wolff 34).
Scrooge used to be a grumpy old man who didn’t know the definition of happiness. After the shadows he was shown he realized the error of his ways and planned to change back in his reality. Therefore Scrooge’s reality was changed and made him be more appreciative of his family, made him care more for the poor, and made him want to spread Christmas cheer and happiness. Scrooge’s past experience with with his sister coming to pick him up from his school affected who he became in the present by making him realize he should spend more time with his nephew. “‘Always a delicate creature, whom a breath might have withered,’ said the Ghost.
On Show Choir When people hear the words “show choir” their minds may automatically think of the TV show “Glee”, but that isn’t exactly a great representation of what we do. Many people are ignorant about what show choir is because they haven’t had experience with it or no one has told them. I don’t blame them because I know how confusing it can be but I’ve learned through my own experiences in show choir and through my sister’s experiences. It has taken me a lot of time to fully understand what we do but I want other people to know just what it is as well. What is it?
Print. “A Modest Proposal to Destroy Western Civilization as We Know It” a paper by Bill McKibben to give us insight about the lost holiday spirit. Christmas has always been a time for family and friends to come together to celebrate one and other but that has all changed due to the shopping and decorating. Mckibben believes that we need to return to our roots and agrees with his church that we should not spend more than a hundred dollars on Christmas, this includes food gifts, and decorations. The gifts themselves are home maid with love and the food is caught and cooked themselves not by the grocery store
Then comes the spirit of Christmas Future or yet to come. The point of Christmas past was to show how Ebenezer wasn’t rude then. He actually liked Christmas. He stopped liking Christmas because his father stopped liking him. ( Dickens)The only reason he stopped liking him.
The British used India’s abundance of resources to their advantage. Britain’s trade with India in 1860 was six times more than British trade was with Egypt and it was twelve times more than British trade with Brazil. By 1866, India's trade with Britain escalated. Britain gained an abundance of resources, while India received little in return (Doc 1). Britain bought India's natural resources, such as cotton, cheaply, and would then use their Industrial machines to make exceptional goods, which they sold back to the Indian people at a higher price (Doc 2).This was extremely profitable for the British (Imperialism in India).
December has always been a religiously diverse month, containing many holidays, including Christmas, Hanukkah, and Bodhi Day. Despite Canada’s cultural mosaic, though, one of these holidays is much more prominent: Christmas. Though celebrated by many people of all different religions, Christmas is still undeniably a Christian holiday, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ. Just because Christmas is easily the most celebrated December holiday doesn’t mean it’s the only one, though. As most people are unwrapping presents with dozens of family members around them, minorities who do not celebrate this are forced to feel left out of this time of the year This is an example of Christian privilege, which is the idea that people who are Christian have
What Drove the Sugar Trade? The sugar trade began in 1655 and became a big deal to Britain. Wealthy men would buy property, produce sugar, and sell it to their home country for a low price. (Document 7) Sugar was a product that could be bought and sold easily, since it was in high demand. (Document 3) This meant that England gained money.
This is because it breaks the holiday tradition and people overspend on these Christmas “deals”. However, if you love Christmas time, so much, why only celebrate it in the month of December when you could celebrate all year long? Stay tuned for more information on this argument! First off, when we start signalizing Christmas by putting up garnishes before Thanksgiving, we forget what the concept of what Thanksgiving really is about. Thanksgiving is a time to give gratitude for our family and celebrate all the blessings we have.
Rich businessmen wanted to become more wealthy by increasing profits. Employees and workers wanted improved working conditions and salaries. Economic or Type of Economy- The Northeastern area stayed the most industrial region in the United States during the time period of the second industrial revolution. To put it into perspective between Pennsylvania, Massachusetts,
Christmas is a jolly, time for everyone to visit family, eat, and give presents as well as receive them. In A Christmas Carol, it’s Christmastime and everyone is jolly, spreading Christmas cheer, except Mr. Scrooge. Mr. Scrooge is avoided by everyone and often frightens people, not to mention he’s mean. He also he also doesn’t like Christmas, so every year, his family has to spread the joy without him. Later Scrooge is visited by three spirits who try to help him change his ways.
As our country reached the late 1800’s, Americans found themselves face to face with era known as the ‘Gilded Age’. Companies were created and grew rapidly during this time period. Some of the most famous entrepreneurs were John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, who seemed to be the perfect models for the ‘rags to riches’ story. Many people debate which entrepreneur was a better role-model. Due to his low prices, the high demand for his products, and the way he sought to eliminate any possible competition, John D. Rockefeller is clearly the better role-model for today’s entrepreneurs. | <urn:uuid:29595ed4-2645-463d-83aa-4cbd7b7a73b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Economic-Condition-Film-Analysis-PC7VYTUYV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057796.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926022920-20210926052920-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.981104 | 1,729 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Oct 21, 2019
Information Management: What exactly is dark data, where can it be found, and what should data management professionals know about it?
Kon Leong: By definition, dark data is the unmanaged enterprise content lurking in the shadows. Content that goes unmanaged, likewise, is difficult to monitor and the inability to monitor usually amounts to the inability to notice when information has been replicated, leaked, tampered with, lost or stolen. These potentially fatal outcomes for enterprises reveal why data management professionals must find ways to understand, and ultimately manage, dark data.
IM: What are the security risks associated with dark data?
Leong: In looking at our biggest security risks, it is not as much what is outside the firewall – which we valiantly protect and invest in securing – but it’s really the risk of insider threats that can cost companies. It’s the data that is sitting unsecured within the organization that poses the number one risk.
Please visit Information Management to read the rest of the article. | <urn:uuid:68bb7777-3701-45f5-b755-c06d8a544034> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.zlti.com/news/dark-data-under-the-spotlight-how-organizations-can-turn-liability-into-asset/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710974.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204140455-20221204170455-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.939887 | 213 | 2.578125 | 3 |
María Cristina De Habsburgo-Lorena, in full María Cristina Deseada Enriqueta Felicidad Raniera (born July 21, 1858, Gross Seelowitz, Austria—died February 6, 1929, Madrid, Spain), queen consort (1879–85) of Alfonso XII of Spain whose tact and wisdom as queen regent (1885–1902) for her son Alfonso XIII were instrumental in giving Spain a degree of peace and political stability.
María Cristina began her regency, the longest in Spain’s history, by entrusting the government to the liberal leader Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and by granting freedom of the press and a generous amnesty to political prisoners. Under her regency the exercise of power was rotated between the conservative Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and the liberal Sagasta. She witnessed the end of the Spanish empire with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the disastrous Spanish-American War (1898). On May 17, 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age, and María Cristina resigned the regency and devoted the rest of her life to social and charitable work. | <urn:uuid:2d1c7769-6604-4c93-9f5e-6ccd2c2c3203> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/364868 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447550704.115/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185910-00078-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942584 | 255 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Among the many things we take for granted is the ability to see. This is especially true in the developed world, where access to vision care is both easily available and, at its most basic form, not prohibitively expensive. This is good news for the 60% of Western adults who need corrective eyewear to perform the tasks of mundanity—reading, watching TV, working on a computer, driving. Sight is a basic, fundamental human need, yet, according to the World Health Organization, there are nearly a billion people in the world today in need of corrective eyewear. In the developing world, where the need for vision care is comparable but access to it limited and expensive, the disconnect is an obstacle for everything from basic safety to education. It's preventing large—and growing—numbers of people from being able to read, operate vehicles or machinery, which many of the highest-paid service jobs may require, or even, in the most severe of cases, take basic care of themselves.
The solution, it seems, would need to be two things: inexpensive but not cheaply made, so that it's affordable but also durable enough to withstand more physically demanding lifestyles and environments, and so simple to use that it doesn't necessitate aid by a medical professional, which may often present a whole obstacle of access and cost. And never is design more potent a solution than when addressing a problem of both form and function such as this.
Over the past couple of years, a number of promising designs have made strides to revolutionize corrective eyewear. In 2008, British NGO Adaptive Eyecare Limited introduced AdSpecs (short for "adaptive spectacles"), a line of inexpensive, self-correcting glasses that cost around $19. Prototyped in 1985, there are now 13,000 pairs in use. When creator Josh Silver of the Center for Vision in the Developing World demoed the glasses at last summer's TEDGlobal conference (ironically, at a session titled "Seeing Is Believing"), he asked the audience – Westerners of above-average privilege, who can stomach a $6,000 conference ticket and roundtrip airfare – for a show of hands to see how many people wore glasses or contacts. Almost all hands were raised, demonstrating with all the greater urgency the need for affordable vision health in populations living on $1 a day.
Just last week, industrial design prodigy Yves Behar—perhaps most famous for designing the XO laptop for Nicholas Negroponte's One Laptop Per Child project—unveiled Collección Escolar 2010—a line of corrective eyewear developed under the See Better to Learn Better program in partnership with the Mexican government aiming to provide glasses for Mexican children for whom vision problems lead to education problems. According to government statistics, 11% of students in Mexican classrooms need corrective eyewear and in some states, this number is as high as 70%. Yet standard eye exams and eyewear are prohibitively expensive for many Mexican families, and a sociocultural stigma about wearing glasses adds to the complexity of the problem as many kids who do have glasses refuse to wear them to avoid ridicule.
To combat all sides of the issue, Behar's studio created a pair of eyeglasses inspired by the philosophy and design principles behind the xo laptop—customization, durability, and a fun design that makes kids who need to use them want to use them. Two-part frames that come in different colors allow kids to mix-and-match different tops and bottoms for a total of 49 possible color combinations. Adjustable and interchangeable nose pads make the glasses equally comfortable for children with different-sized noses and remain comfortable as kids grow. An innovative Gilamid plastic polymer makes the frames practically indestructible.
The glasses are distributed within schools, where the program administers free eye exams and gives kids a "look book" catalog to inspire them to play with the glasses and experiment with the different possible design combinations.
Of course, the most holistic design solutions today approach health in its broadest, most inclusive sense—not just human, but also environmental. While using design as a problem-solver for a human need is great, it's even better if this isn't at the expense of the environment. That's where the Ming bamboo glasses come in. Developed by Chinese designer Chen Chun-Hao and bamboo artist Huang To-En for Yii Collection, these frames are not necessarily designed with the developing world in mind, but they do offer a glimpse of what sustainable eyeglass design could look like. Made entirely from bamboo with a patented hinge developed by Huang To-En, the glasses are inspired by the silhouettes of furniture from the Ming dynasty and offer a case study in the potency of aesthetic and materials minimalism.
A perfect design solution to for vision health in the developing world would borrow elements of all three of these approaches: It would combine the DIY prescription appeal of AdSpecs, the durability and enjoyable-to-use aesthetic of Behar's frames, and the sustainable minimalism of the Ming bamboo glasses—a fitting testament to the age of collaboration. Because in order for design to live up to its highest ideals as a force of social good, it has to—must—foster a cross-pollination of ideas between designers and scientists, a dissolution of silos and a desire to replace the proprietary with the pro-social.
Maria Popova is the editor of Brain Pickings, a curated inventory of miscellaneous interestingness. She writes for Wired UK, GOOD Magazine and Huffington Post, and spends a shameful amount of time on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:2dec4f45-0a0b-4191-8090-3776bd785c8f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://bigthink.com/design-for-good/a-design-vision-for-sight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011032.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00091-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95065 | 1,153 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Athenian White-Ground Lekythos
3711, Athenian White-Ground Lekythos, Classical Period; c. 420-400 B.C.
Artist: Photographer: Ardon Bar Hama
Dimensions: h. 11 in / 28.3 cm
White-Ground lekythoi, such as the one in Freud’s collection, were intended to hold perfumed oil given as gifts to the deceased. The ground, done in a white slip, allows for more colour and detail. However, white-ground painting is also very fragile and wears easily since much of the colouring was applied after firing. Because they were meant to be grave offerings, white-ground lekythoi were often decorated with funerary scenes.
This particular lekythos depicts grave stele flanked by a youth and a woman. Although it can be difficult to distinguish mourner from deceased, the woman, holding a basket of fillets, is most likely bringing offerings to the grave of the youth. This work is attributed to the Reed Painter based on the woman’s head, the way the stele is depicted, and the manner of the youth. | <urn:uuid:0712de4f-1d76-4637-bad9-62b95aa57ed7> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.freud.org.uk/about/collections/detail/10136/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398454553.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205414-00024-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966872 | 243 | 2.6875 | 3 |
An Exchange Rate is 'the rate at which one nation's currency can be exchanged for that of another.' This is mainly determined by the supply and demand for the currency.
What creates a demand for a currency? Currency is needed to fund foreign trade or to pay for investments overseas. If Australian customers want to buy goods or services from Japan, they will need to buy Yen first. This will increase the demand for Yen.
What influences the supply of a currency? Those wanting to buy products from, or invest in, another country will need to buy the currency of that country in order to do this. For example, if US residents want to buy German goods, they will need to buy Euros with their dollars to find the purchase. This will increase the supply of dollars on the foreign exchange markets.
Both demand and supply of currencies may be influenced by Speculation. Speculators buy currencies whose value they expect to increase and sell currencies whose value they expect to decrease. Speculation can have significant effects on the value of a currency. In September 1992, George Soros a Hungarian-American currency speculator, sold US$10 billion of British pounds in a bet against the success of Bank of England's effort to maintain the pound's value. In doing so, he was credited with a major role in forcing a devaluation of the pound that contributed to breaking up the system of fixed exchange rates that governments were trying to put into place in the European Union. Soros earned an estimated US$ 1.1 billion in the process.
What determines an exchange rate?
- Monetary Policy (Interest rates): Capital can flow freely and quickly between countries chasing the highest relative interest rate. To invest in a US bank, a foreigner will have to buy dollars increasing the demand and the value of the dollar.
- Political factors and stabilities of economies.
- Economic Growth: Countries experiencing prolonged recession will find exchange rates weaken. Countries with strong 'export led growth e.g. China and Asia will see their currencies rise - unless they try to maintain lower rates by interfering in the market by selling currency reserves to increase supply. The USA accuses China of this practice causing the major US balance of payments deficit with China.
- Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory of exchange rates. This states that in the long run exchange rates are determined by the relative inflation rates in different countries
- International Trade: The desire of overseas customers to buy a country's goods (and services (exports) or the desire of domestic customers to buy foreign goods and services (imports).
- Speculation: Investors buy and sell currencies if they believe they are about to rise or fall in value.
Exchange rate and import and export price changes
Floating Exchange Rate
A floating exchange rate system is where the external value of the currency is allowed to find its own value against other currencies without government interference. The value will be determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market (forex market).
A downward adjustment of a currency in a floating exchange rate system is called a depreciation of the currency. An upward adjustment is called an appreciation of the currency. When the exchange rate changes, this also leads to a change in the level of export and import prices.
These can be summarised as:
Appreciation in the exchange rate - export prices rise, import prices fall
Depreciation in the exchange rate - export prices fall, import prices rise.
If you have problem remembering this then simply try a simple example in your head. For example, if the exchange rate between UK sterling and the US dollar is £1=$2, then a £5 export from the UK will sell in the US for $10. If the exchange rate falls to £1=$1 then the export price falls to $5 (though the firm still gets £5). So, depreciation in exchange rate = decrease in export prices. All the rest follows from there.
Inevitably changes in the value of a currency will lead to changes in demand patterns for imports and exports and to the value of any surplus or deficit on the Balance of Payments.
What happens when export prices rise?
Much will depend on the price elasticity of demand for the exported product. If it's inelastic then sales may not drop significantly, whilst if it's price elastic sales will fall and serious decisions will have to be made about pricing policy. Exporting firms may take the decision to lower prices and accept a lower profit margin.
What happens if import prices fall?
This might reduce national prices (i.e. lower inflation), especially if the imports are components of other products (in which case costs have fallen). However, if imports become cheaper, then local equivalents might struggle - especially if price is important in consumer's decisions. Always remember that goods need to be competitive both on price and non-price factors.
So, exchange rates and their fluctuations can influence business. Movements in rates mean:
- Uncertainty and difficulty in planning, such as setting accurate budgets
- Problems in overseas markets
- The need to buy on spot or future markets to reduce the risk of price fluctuations
- Costs of changing catalogues and price lists ('menu costs')
The European Central Bank (ECB) has data on trends in exchange rates between currencies for a range of currencies and a range of time periods. The economic uncertainties in the USA and Euro area between 2007 and 2010 led to some significant fluctuations in exchange rate between the Euro and the US dollar over that period.
An interactive version of this can be seen in the window below:
A fascinating visual representation of the fluctuations of the Euro against the Dollar, the Pound and the Yen from 2002 to 2010 can be found here
Business often attempt to minimise the effects of exchange rate increases by buying a range of currencies (hedging) or dealing in options, where the firm enters into an agreement to buy products in the future, but at today's prices.
What is the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on firms, especially those involved in exporting and importing? | <urn:uuid:71dc852f-0773-4f3a-b620-f267527ee219> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://textbook.stpauls.br/Business_Organization/page_75.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527135.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419041415-20190419063415-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.939049 | 1,230 | 3.75 | 4 |
President Trump’s $1 trillion infrastructure plan is still in the nascent stages, but it’s a key part of his promise to create millions of jobs. Once upon a time, infrastructure was this country’s job. Think the Great Depression, public works and the New Deal, when the government employed millions of Americans building airports, bridges, schools, you name it. Between 1933 and 1939, more than two-thirds of federal emergency expenditures went toward public works.
The Public Works Administration alone helped build infrastructure in all but three American counties. Its initial appropriation of $3.3 billion amounted to nearly 6 percent of U.S. gross domestic product in 1933. Other agencies, like the Works Progress Administration, the Civil Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, also made building (and repairing) things the nation’s business during that era.
New Deal historian Jason Scott Smith, University of New Mexico, said these were public works programs designed to put people back to work.
“Roosevelt and his advisers saw that building what they called ‘socially useful’ infrastructure would be a central part of how they could drive unemployment down, put the nation back to work and get something tangible and long lasting out of this investment,” he said.
Smith, author of “Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956,” said it’s hard for people today to imagine the depths of economic despair during the Depression.
Up to 2 million Americans “became transients who simply drifted from place to place, wandering across the nation in search of opportunity,” Smith said. The nation’s gross national product had dropped almost a third between 1929 and 1933.
- RELATED: Mega-dams, like Hoover, probably wouldn’t be built today
- Let’s build infrastructure, but we better make it smart
- How one infrastructure project impacts the economy
Enter mega-projects like Shasta Dam on California’s Sacramento River, built from 1938 to 1945. It’s a key part of California’s complex plumbing system and helped make the state an agricultural powerhouse.
When California couldn’t afford to fund the project during the Depression, the federal government stepped in. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation oversaw construction. Funding came through the Public Works Administration.
Today, Shasta Dam prevents floods, channels water to cities and farms, and generates hydropower to more than half a million homes.
“It’s integral to the whole economy of California,” said Don Bader, manager for the Northern California Area Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
Hoover Dam had just been completed and the federal government awarded the Shasta construction bid to a conglomerate called Pacific Constructors Inc. for just under $36 million. That’s about $600 million today. Pacific Constructors and the Reclamation Service, which oversaw construction, started hiring like gangbusters.
On Shasta Dam, “peak workforce was 4,500 folks, 24 hours a day, seven days a week,” Bader said. “The overall numbers were about 13,000 to 15,000 different workers over the course of a seven-year period.” Wages for ordinary laborers were a dollar an hour, more or less.
That was much higher than minimum wage, which took effect in the first year of dam construction, at 25 cents an hour. More skilled workers got higher pay, including the men who performed the most risky jobs, like high-scaling steep walls of rock, seen below.
Among those workers was Barbara Cross’s father. Cross, 83, was a little girl when her dad piled the family into an old Chevy truck with all their belongings. They drove to California from Chickasha, Oklahoma, a small college town, because her dad needed a job. They camped along the 1,800 mile route to the construction site. Cross said the first month, she, her two siblings and her parents lived in a tent. Her mother was appalled.
“Most of the women were not impressed,” Cross recalled, laughing at the memory. “It was hard living. They didn’t have running water. It was pretty primitive for them.”
Cross and others like her are known locally as the “dam kids.” Their parents either built the dam or ran businesses in the boomtowns that sprouted up. Despite the “hard living,” most of the dam kids remember the experience fondly. Cross’s husband, Donald, said parents didn’t worry about their children’s safety because “everybody knew everybody.”
Eighty-seven-year-old Del Hiebert’s family moved from Montana, where his dad had owned a grocery store at another federal dam site, Fort Peck. His father ran a store and post office in the boomtown of Central Valley, near the Shasta construction site. Hiebert said the project employed a lot of skilled construction workers, but there were plenty of jobs for the unskilled as well, like excavating rock and hauling brush in triple-digit heat.
“All they wanted was people that were willing to work. And nobody asked, ‘How much do I get an hour?’” Hiebert said. “They just says, ‘I want a job, gimme a job.’”
Shasta and other federal dam projects also produced numerous jobs because they were built in remote places. Crews needed to build or move existing infrastructure in order to build the dam. At Shasta, workers built a conveyor belt almost 10 miles long to transport materials to the construction site. They moved 30 miles of railroad track. Henry Kaiser, the famous industrialist, built the world’s largest cement plant just so he could supply all the cement Shasta Dam required.
An estimated 14 workers died building Shasta Dam. That was a vast improvement over Hoover, where some 100 men died amid workplace conditions that would never pass the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s standards today.
Ruth Ann Kobe’s father worked at both dams. At Hoover Dam, he ran a jack hammer and high-scaled, hanging from ropes high on the canyon walls. Kobe said there were many men willing to do the dangerous work.
“If you got sick and you said, ‘Oh, I can’t go to work today,’ they didn’t come back because the job was taken up,” she said.
Much has changed since the 1930s, of course. Harvard economist Edward Glaeser warns against drawing too many lessons from that era for today.
“I think it’s fundamentally a mistake to think of infrastructure as a job creation program,” Glaeser said.
New Deal public works didn’t fix the Great Depression, he said, but they created a lot of jobs, and, by and large, “good employment.” The New Deal also created infrastructure still in use today.
But today’s employment situation doesn’t begin to compare. And not only because the unemployment rate is much lower today. Glaeser said modern infrastructure builds don’t need as many unskilled workers. We’re not literally moving mountains anymore. And even if we did, we’ve got more technology to do it, the kind that calls for skilled labor.
“Much of infrastructure today is quite technologically intensive,” Glaeser said. “It involves a lot of machines relative to the level of unskilled labor, and thinking that you’re just going to hop readily from one industry to another seems like a mistake.”
Skilled construction workers are in short supply right now.
Richard Walker, director of The Living New Deal, a University of California, Berkeley-based project aimed at documenting the New Deal’s legacy, would still like to see the Trump administration fund a national infrastructure campaign aimed at helping the underemployed that feel left behind by the modern economy.
“Why don’t we insulate every house and apartment in America? Think of the people we could put to work upgrading houses in every city, every town, every rural area to help with energy conservation,” Walker said. “Those are not exotic, sophisticated projects.”
The American Society of Civil Engineers gave the nation’s transit infrastructure a D- in its 2017 report. It’s widely agreed the infrastructure most needed are repairs and upgrades, not glistening new monuments or fundamentally new connections, like the interstate highway system.
“The benefits of connecting America were huge,” Harvard’s Glaeser said. “Today we have relatively good connections as long as we maintain them. And so it’s not that you can’t do anything around the margins, but the benefits are always going to be much smaller.”
Smaller but necessary. Take California’s Oroville Dam. It made national headlines in February when its main spillway started crumbling under historic rains. Fixing the dam won’t take tens of thousands of workers over multiple years, and it won’t solve underemployment. But to the people near the dam who fled their homes in fear of massive flooding, the benefits of the Oroville infrastructure job are priceless.
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Your investment in Marketplace helps us remain paywall-free and ensures everyone has access to trustworthy, unbiased news and information, regardless of their ability to pay.
Donate today — in any amount — to become a Marketplace Investor. Now more than ever, your commitment makes a difference. | <urn:uuid:31183ad6-7983-43ba-9985-ebe9bcac30b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.marketplace.org/2017/04/03/new-deal-shasta-and-jobs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735939.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805094821-20200805124821-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.964685 | 2,077 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Australian town confronts hidden costs of mining boom
The Australian mining boom has put food on the table for many communities like Mount Isa. But residents there are now suing the local mine’s owner and the government after tests showed their children had high levels of lead in their blood.
Mount Isa, Australia — Daphne Hare moved to a small Queensland mining community, Mount Isa, in 2002, hoping for a share of the town’s prosperity. She found a job in a busy hotel, made friends, and settled down. But her infant daughter, Stella, frequently fell ill.
In 2008, after concerns were raised about the nearby lead mine, health officials offered a free blood-screening program for under-fives. Ms. Hare was horrified to discover that Stella had a blood lead reading well above World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. And she was not alone: more than 1 in 10 children had potentially unsafe levels of the heavy metal in their systems.
Now Mount Isa is grappling with a dilemma facing many Australian communities: how to weigh the economic benefits of mining against possible adverse health effects. One of the world’s leading minerals exporters, the country is enjoying a prolonged mining boom that has underpinned the national economy. But some locals, subjected to lead, mercury, and other toxic emissions, believe they may be paying the price.
In Mount Isa, a mine and smelter that are Australia’s largest emitters of lead are situated next to a population of 23,000. The mine’s owner, the Anglo-Swiss giant Xstrata, suggests that exposed outcrops of naturally mineralized bedrock – rather than its operations – are the problem. That stance is backed by the Queensland government.
Hare was “in shock” following Stella’s blood test. “I would wake up crying in the night,” she says. The little girl’s reading then rose. Hare quit Mount Isa, but not before announcing plans to sue. Four other families have since joined her.
Extending blame to the government
The lawsuit names not only Xstrata, but also the city council and state government. The families’ lawyers allege that authorities knew about the risks for years but failed to protect the community.
Those risks – particularly to young children, in whom lead exposure can cause brain damage – have long been recognized. As a result, lead has been eliminated from paint and gasoline, at least in developed countries. But global demand for the metal, now used largely in lead-acid car batteries, remains high.
In Australia, major decontamination efforts have been undertaken in several of the half-dozen communities where lead is mined and smelted. That has yet to happen in Mount Isa, although alarm bells were rung by environmental health officers as far back as the 1980s. The council played down the dangers, according to internal documents seen by the Monitor, because it feared “the matter may … cause a panic.”
The current scare was triggered by Tim Powe, a senior manager with Queensland’s Environmental Protection Agency, who resigned after accusing the state government of neglecting public health. Special legislation exempts the Mount Isa mine from federal and state emissions limits, and Mr. Powe believes authorities were “scared to take on the company because it was one of the largest employers in the state.”
While his resignation led to the blood lead study, the source of the lead remains a controversy. Betty Kiernan, the local state representative, declared: “The reality is that lead is literally part of the foundations of our community.” John Piispanen, Queensland’s environmental health director, suggested that children might be ingesting lead from homemade fishing sinkers.
‘Don’t bite the hand that feeds you’
In other lead-reliant towns, such as Port Pirie in South Australia, the highlighting of health problems has divided residents. A similar schism has split Mount Isa, where many people – fiercely protective of their jobs – condemn those taking legal action. One mother, Louise Armstrong, says: “I didn’t get my kids tested, but I know they’re OK. I grew up here, and I haven’t got two heads.”
The litigants include Sharlene Body, whose four-year-old son, Sidney, had the highest blood lead reading of all, 31.5 mcg/dl. Mount Isa born and bred, Ms. Body observes: “They say, ‘Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.’ But what if that hand is poisoning you too?”
Sharnelle Seeto moved to Mount Isa in 2007. Her daughter, Bethany, recorded a sharply elevated blood lead reading; dust from the air-conditioning unit in her bedroom was found to contain 30 times the maximum safe limit set by the WHO for lead. “She was breathing that in,” says Ms. Seeto, incredulous.
Among those supporting the families is an eminent American professor of environmental toxicology, Russell Flegal. He has found higher concentrations of lead in Mount Isa’s soils than in notoriously polluted mining towns in China and Romania.
Xstrata defends its environmental record, calling its 15 air quality monitors around Mount Isa “the most intensive monitoring system in Australia.” The company’s environmental manager, Ed Turley, says fumes from the mine’s smokestacks are carried away by prevailing winds for much of the year, and at other times the smelters are shut down, to protect public health – which can happen during periods totaling about one tenth of the year.
But the families’ lawyer, Damian Scattini, brandishes photographs of dust clouds blowing from the mine site toward the town. Scattini is critical of official advice to minimize children’s lead exposure by washing their hands regularly. “If it was asbestos that was pouring into houses, what would people say?” he asks. | <urn:uuid:5dbf4b54-7a87-4ea3-85aa-9d531a03197a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2010/0304/Australian-town-confronts-hidden-costs-of-mining-boom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00179-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971176 | 1,258 | 2.78125 | 3 |
2. Student Oral Presentations
Students present their projects
While the Case Study in Part 3 provides a model of the type of problem, strategies, and analysis that students should consider when producing their final project, students should not choose a sustainability problem that is significantly similar to the Part 3 Case. Rather, students should produce ways to address current, pressing, and locally relevant sustainability problems. Students should understand that the problems and proposed strategies in each of their projects will vary. However, all of their projects’ strategies should attempt to address social, economic, and environmental considerations. Projects should also address practical issues such as costs, feasibility, and implementation in both their written and oral presentations.
- Prepare to briefly train the guest reviewers on how to fill out the Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet and, if possible, arrange to do this before class
- Have available copies of the Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet for all reviewers
- Have available copies of the Directions for Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet and Sample Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet for guest reviewers
- All presentations will be assessed using the Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet.
- Welcome any guests to the classroom.
- If you have guests, such as those from communities of concern or local government, industry, or civil society members, attending the presentations, they, along with students, should be asked to fill out the Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheets for each presentation they watch. Training the outside reviewers on how to fill in the Sustainability Strategy Analysis Sheet will be needed. This can be done before the start of class or after welcoming the guest reviewers. Use the Sample Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheet and the Directions for Sustainability Strategies Analysis and Application Sheet to guide them through what is required. Having guest reviewers partner with class students as they fill out the Sheets may be a way to assist those who are unfamiliar with the Sheets and make the guests feel more comfortable.
- The five to seven page written version of the project should be handed in to you at the time the student project is presented.
- Inviting attending community members to the suggested class celebration, which we propose to be on the final class day, is encouraged. It is a nice way to thank them for the help they provided the students as the students researched their projects and for their participation in the project reviews. It can strengthen relationships and open the door to discussing implementation of the student projects in the communities. Inviting them provides community members with the opportunity to follow-up with students who presented sustainability strategies that they found potentially promising. Who knows, it may provide a student with a job opportunity while increasing your visibility in the community as someone they can turn to for ideas! It can also be used to encourage them to become more active in the course, possibly by working with you on the development of local Part 3 Case Studies or providing support for developing community sustainability strategies with university researchers.
You determine how you will grade the final student project. You may choose to place more weight on student performance during the oral presentation or on the written submission.
We very strongly recommend that the oral presentations be made to local community members as well as classmates because we are trying to encourage active learning that leads to active citizenship. More importantly, we hope that some of the projects proposed will be worth serious consideration and possible implementation in the communities!
Oral presentations should designed to facilitate the reviewers’ being able to assess the presentations using the Sustainability Strategy Analysis and Application Sheets filled out by presentation reviewers.
We suggest that out of 100 points you allocate maximum possible points for the oral presentation as follows:
- Section A 20
- Section B 30
- Section C 30
- Section D 20
The written submission should provide the necessary information for a community to give serious consideration to the proposed project. The oral presentation should present the project just as if it were being presented at a public community meeting.
We recommend that evaluation of written submissions should be based on the students’ inclusion of the following:
- Description of the problem
- Description of the issues and issue interrelationships involved in the problem
- Explanation of why the strategy (action) is warranted
- An integrated strategy that addresses the problem
- A minimum of five strategy components that address the social, economic, and environmental issues present in the problem
- An explanation of the strategy components and how they will address the issues
- Definition of the social, economic, and environmental costs and benefits of the strategy
- An implementation plan (should be long term, with a minimum duration of 5 years) defining how the strategy is to be accomplished – what skills, physical and financial inputs, and stakeholder involvement will be needed to succeed
- Proposed timeframe required
- Demonstrated understanding of the proposed strategy’s consequences
- Discussion of why adoption of the strategy makes sense to the community
- Definition of how results should be measured and evaluated
For the written submission we suggest that the maximum number of points possible per item is ten (10). | <urn:uuid:8ce1850a-d4c9-459d-97b9-1e431378d86c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.unep.org/training/programmes/Instructor%20Version/Part_4/To_the_Instructor/Activity_Two/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462202.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00282-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937595 | 1,037 | 3.046875 | 3 |
By mattfiske on
For those of you who are really interested in Oil Spots, there’s an article from 2014 that I think is worth a long look. This particular article was what got me interested in SEM microscopy when I was in Grad School:
Ancient Jian wares are famous for their lustrous black glaze that exhibits unique colored patterns. Some striking examples include the brownish colored “Hare’s Fur” (HF) strips and the silvery “Oil Spot” (OS) patterns. Herein, we investigated the glaze surface of HF and OS samples using a variety of characterization methods. Contrary to the commonly accepted theory, we identified the presence of ε-Fe2O3, a rare metastable polymorph of Fe2O3 with unique magnetic properties, in both HF and OS samples. We found that surface crystals of OS samples are up to several micrometers in size and exclusively made of ε-Fe2O3. Interestingly, these ε-Fe2O3 crystals on the OS sample surface are organized in a periodic two dimensional fashion. These results shed new lights on the actual mechanisms and kinetics of polymorphous transitions of Fe2O3. Deciphering technologies behind the fabrication of ancient Jian wares can thus potentially help researchers improve the ε-Fe2O3 synthesis.
Here are a couple of sets I made using concrete as a glaze material. It was pretty simple to make. The project began after finding two concrete paving tiles in a construction rubble dump. The larger one I kept for the bases, and the other I busted with a sledge hammer into gravel sized chunks. The gravel went into a bisque kiln, and the remaining slab went into the brick saw to get cut in half. Once the calcined concrete came out of the bisque, the friable powder went into the ball mill and ran for a relatively short 8 hours. After sieving out the remaining sand and large pebbles, I had myself a pretty nice looking glaze slurry. Overnight I noticed a lot of settling, I added a small bit of epsom salt, and what I guessed to be about 1-5% by weight of bentonite. It still settled a bit, but not so much that you couldn’t use it. The application of the glaze was dipping, with a bit of spraying to build a thicker layer of glaze on the top half of each piece.
I never get tired of watching this video. The skill and rhythm in which this guy worked is something I’ve been chasing since I got into this game. Enjoy! | <urn:uuid:7c0bec1b-7275-4c3d-b52b-8448c60ce592> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://ceramicaction.org/category/pottery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735395.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204071014-20201204101014-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.954355 | 545 | 2.6875 | 3 |
School Video Production
With the low cost of equipment and low-cost (or free) software and hosting options, many schools are now getting into video production. Get started with these resources.
Here's an example created by Foothill High School in Pleasanton, Calif where they used a Vimeo channel to showcase their student's work. Your school can do something similar at low or no cost, creating your own web site or using a YouTube or Vimeo channel.
Video production on the cheap
In this entertaining video, Phillip Kerman illustrates the cheap and easy way to produce video content. A good starting point for any school video project.
- YouTube URL
All the free downloadable mp3 music files on Royalty-Free-Music-Room.com is public domain music. Everyone is free to use these mp3 music files for personal, commercial and non-commercial use.
Ubuntu Studio is a version of Ubuntu Linux combined with a suite of the best open-source applications available for multimedia creation -- audio, video and graphics -- in a ready-to-go package. The entire package is completely free to use, modify and redistribute.
U.S. History helps students comprehend the wide range of video manipulation.
Check out the rest of this section for more ideas and tools. Then just "go do it"! | <urn:uuid:46f4ab42-f487-47ad-9070-9de5c1ad3a3e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.k12irc.org/tools/creating/school.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816094.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225031153-20180225051153-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.861333 | 272 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|• Total||800 sq mi (2,060 km2)|
|Time zone||EST (UTC+2)|
|• Summer (DST)||+3 (UTC)|
Bir Tawil or Bi'r Tawīl (بيرطويل in Arabic; Bi'r or بير, meaning water well), is a small, 2,060 km2 (795 sq mi), area. It is along the border between Egypt and Sudan. It is claimed by neither country right now. It is sometimes given the name the Bir Tawil Triangle, because even though it's not an exact triangle, it's made out of two triangles that share a border. The longer side is in the north of the area. It runs along the 22° north circle of latitude.
The administrative boundary of Sudan and Egypt was made in 1902. Their political boundary was set in 1899. It was set as the 22° north circle of latitude. This area lies south of the 22° parallel. East-to-west, the area is between 46 kilometres (29 mi) long in the south. It is 95 kilometres (59 mi) long in the north. It is between 26 kilometres (16 mi) and 31 kilometres (19 mi) wide north-to-south. It is also 2,060 km2 (800 sq mi) in size.
The Bir Tawil area came under Egyptian administration in 1902. This was because it was grazing land of the Ababda tribe based near Aswan, Egypt. At the same time, the Hala'ib Triangle north of latitude 22° north, and northeast of the area, came under Sudanese administration. This was because the tribes of this area were based in Sudan. The two "triangles" border at one point, a quadripoint.
History[change | change source]
In 1899, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel. At that time, the United Kingdom ruled the area. In 1902 the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary". Using this boundary, a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under Sudanese administration. It was because its inhabitants were closer to Khartoum than Cairo, both geographically and culturally. The area was ruled by the British Governor in Khartoum.
Egypt claims the original border from 1899, the 22° north circle of latitude. This would place the Hala'ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan. Sudan claims the administrative border of 1902. This would put Hala'ib within Sudan, and Bir Tawil within Egypt. As a result, both states claim the Hala'ib Triangle. Neither state claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area, which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked. There is no basis in international law for Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories. It would also be difficult for any other state to claim the area. This is because only Sudan or Egypt border the land. As a result, Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state. | <urn:uuid:0aa1afff-60c5-412c-a585-990589e966c9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928729.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00218-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956147 | 658 | 3 | 3 |
MaterBi ® Biodgradeable plastic
The company Novamont was founded in 1990. It appears that the biodegradable plastic Mater Bi ® was first used in 1992. Mater-Bi® is an innovative group of biopolymers that are derived both from natural renewable substances (vegetal starch) and from fossil materials.
Several types of MaterBi ® exist for different applications. The material is famous for being used in shoppers, packaging, disposable tableware, bags for collection of the "humid" fraction of household waste. It can be used in common processes for production of plastic products and the mechanical characteristics of chosen products have been reported to be comparable to fossil plastic materials.Determinants:
- Barriers are acceptance of alternative materials instead of consolidated materials in production (melting and extrusion) and in private use (e.g., shoppers, tableware).
- Effective collection of organic matter from household waste and factual recycling vs. incineration of household waste
- Drivers are effective waste recycling instead of energy recovery as per European legislation.
- Savings on importation of fossil fuels.
- Ban on production and commerce of plastic shoppers as of January 2011.
The effects of using biodegradable plastic are:
- reduction of fossil fuel consumption for production of fossil polymers and thus reduced carbon emissions for transportation, refining etc. of fossil materials.
- use of local vegetal starch (corn, etc.) for production of bioplastic.
- decrease in waste production, due to full biodegradability of the plastic.
- easy collection of organic waste with bioplastic bags, no further need for separation of waste from bag | <urn:uuid:e55da760-dcc5-43e8-b285-bcc5451338ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.eco-innovation.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96:materbi-r-biodgradeable-plastic-&catid=63:italy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00518-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905072 | 345 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Is temperament determined by genetics?
Temperament includes behavioral traits such as sociability (outgoing or shy), emotionality (easy-going or quick to react), activity level (high or low energy), attention level (focused or easily distracted), and persistence (determined or easily discouraged). These examples represent a spectrum of common characteristics, each of which may be advantageous in certain circumstances. Temperament remains fairly consistent, particularly throughout adulthood.
Similar temperaments within a family may be attributable to shared genetics and to the environment in which an individual is raised. Studies of identical twins (who share 100 percent of their DNA) and their non-twin siblings (who share about 50 percent of their DNA) show that genetics play a large role. Identical twins typically have very similar temperaments when compared with their other siblings. Even identical twins who were raised apart from one another in separate households share such traits.
Scientists estimate that 20 to 60 percent of temperament is determined by genetics. Temperament, however, does not have a clear pattern of inheritance and there are not specific genes that confer specific temperamental traits. Instead, many (perhaps thousands) of common gene variations (polymorphisms) combine to influence individual characteristics of temperament. Other DNA modifications that do not alter DNA sequences (epigenetic changes) also likely contribute to temperament.
Large studies have identified several genes that play a role in temperament. Many of these genes are involved in communication between cells in the brain. Certain gene variations may contribute to particular traits related to temperament. For example, variants in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes have been linked to a desire to seek out new experiences, and KATNAL2 gene variants are associated with self-discipline and carefulness. Variants affecting the PCDH15 and WSCD2 genes are associated with sociability, while some MAOA gene variants may be linked to introversion, particularly in certain environments. Variants in several genes, such as SLC6A4, AGBL2, BAIAP2, CELF4, L3MBTL2, LINGO2, XKR6, ZC3H7B, OLFM4, MEF2C, and TMEM161B contribute to anxiousness or depression.
Environmental factors also play a role in temperament by influencing gene activity. In children raised in an adverse environment (such as one of child abuse and violence), genes that increase the risk of impulsive temperamental characteristics may be turned on (activated). However, a child who grows up in a positive environment (for example a safe and loving home) may have a calmer temperament, in part because a different set of genes is activated
Scientific journal articles for further reading
Bratko D, Butković A, Vukasović T. Heritability of personality. Psychological Topics, 26 (2017), 1, 1-24.
Manuck SB, McCaffery JM. Gene-environment interaction. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:41-70. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115100. PubMed: 24405358
Power RA, Pluess M. Heritability estimates of the big five personality traits based on common genetic variants. Translational Psychiatry (2015) 5, e604; doi:10.1038/tp.2015.96; published online 14 July 2015. PubMed: 26171985 PubMed Central: PMC5068715 | <urn:uuid:1441ac32-4ba3-40a4-93c0-cdb609031bd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/traits/temperament | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748315.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121112832-20181121134832-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.910681 | 715 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Elected to the state House of Representatives in 1888, Alfred Fairfax was the first African American to serve in the Kansas legislature. A farmer and pastor, Fairfax represented the 58th District. During his single term in office (1889-1890), he served as chairman of the House Committee on Immigration and spoke out in favor of an end to segregated schools as well as a prohibition of discrimination more generally.
Born a slave in Loudon County, Virginia, Fairfax reportedly attempted to escape shortly before the Civil War, an action which may have contributed to his sale and removal to Louisiana. In 1862, a subsequent escape attempt proved successful, with Fairfax joining the Union Army soon thereafter. During the Reconstruction period, Fairfax actively participated in Louisiana politics, including earning a Republican congressional nomination.
In 1880, following the end of Reconstruction, Fairfax joined thousands of other African Americans in moving north and west in search of social and economic opportunity. One popular destination was Kansas. The men and women who arrived in the state during this period were collectively known as “Exodusters,” in reference to the biblical Exodus from Egypt and the migrants search for a better life outside the south. They founded numerous communities throughout the state, including the town of Nicodemus. Indeed, by the end of the decade, more than 40,000 African Americans called Kansas home.
Upon arriving in Kansas as leader of a group of several hundred families, Fairfax settled in Chautauqua County near the town of Peru. He managed a farm of several hundred acres, raising cotton and operating his own gin, the Fairfax Ginning Company. He also became pastor of the New Hope Baptist Church in Parsons.
The late 1870’s and 1880’s marked an early highpoint in African American political participation in Kansas. In addition to Fairfax’s 1888 electoral victory, Edwin P.McCabe won election six years earlier in 1882 to the position of State Auditor and L.W. Winn, a resident of Cherokee County, received an appointment to an unexpired State Senate term in 1879, though he never assumed the seat as the original incumbent returned to take the office.
“Alfred Fairfax.” Kansas Historical Society, Kansapedia. http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/alfred-fairfax/11733; Thomas C. Cox, Blacks in Topeka, Kansas: 1865-1915, A Social History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1982).
BlackPast.org is an independent non-profit corporation 501(c)(3). It has no affiliation with the University of Washington. BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. | <urn:uuid:1e455cdc-b4d7-4cd4-87e0-e8a46682337e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.blackpast.org/aah/fairfax-alfred-c-1843-c-1916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171043.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00440-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958435 | 583 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Dewdney’s newest Llama Llama picture book delivers a lesson in social skills to its camelid protagonist and its young readers, too.
When the brand-new (gnu) neighbors come to visit, Llama Llama’s mother prompts him to befriend Nelly Gnu while she serves up tea for Mrs. Gnu and her babe in arms. Seeming rather leery about his mother’s admonition, “…don’t forget to share,” Llama Llama leads his playmate over to his toys. All goes well enough until she starts playing with his prized Fuzzy Llama doll—without his permission. A tug of war ensues, and the doll ends up with a ripped-off appendage. Luckily, Mama Llama is not only a good hostess, she’s also handy with a needle and thread. Both mothers prompt their young ones to apologize to one another, and Fuzzy Llama is left on the step until they are ready to share. All’s well that ends well, and after playing happily with other toys, they do end up sharing Fuzzy Llama, and the visit ends with them as fast friends looking forward to their next play date. While the rhyming text comes across as rather forced or twee in places, bright, cheery illustrations match the positive, easy tone of the story with its easily resolved conflict.
A solid addition to the popular series for toddlers and preschoolers. (Picture book. 2-4) | <urn:uuid:06e3f2cf-fb2e-44fd-9ca7-8e47de59dab4> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/anna-dewdney/llama-llama-time-share/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00056-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958976 | 318 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- a small mouthlike aperture, as of a sponge.
Origin of osculum
1605–15; < New Latin, Latin ōsculum, equivalent to ōs mouth + -culum -cule1
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for osculum
Osculum twice as broad as the central chamber, surrounded by a coronal of strong conical teeth, twice as long as its diameter.
Osculum is a friendly; suavium, a tender; basium, an ardent kiss.Dderlein's Hand-book of Latin Synonymes
The osculum was a sort of "donation on account of marriage" made on the day of the formal engagement.A Short History of Women's Rights
Eugene A. Hecker
Note the spicules covering the surface of the body, and the longer ones surrounding the osculum.Elementary Zoology, Second Edition
Vernon L. Kellogg
He introduced in his church the primitive custom of the “osculum pacis” and the “agape” celebrated as a common meal with broth.
- zoology a mouthlike aperture, esp the opening in a sponge out of which water passes
C17: from Latin: a kiss, little mouth, diminutive of ōs mouth
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
- A pore or minute opening.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. | <urn:uuid:c41561af-e98c-448c-a58c-89164627b004> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/osculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.846775 | 393 | 3.09375 | 3 |
It is common for a front tire to outlast a rear tire by as much as three to one. Rear tires have more weight on them, and also have to deal with drive forces.|
This disparity in tread life is exacerbated in the case cyclists who rely on their rear brake (you shouldn't!).
Well-meaning cyclists, even some mechanics who don't know any better, sometimes try to deal with this by swapping tires, putting the less worn front tire on the back wheel, and moving the worn-but-usable rear tire to the front. The idea is to equalize the wear on the two tires, but this is a serious mistake, don't do it!
|The only time tire rotation is appropriate on a bicycle is when you are replacing the rear tire. If you feel like taking the trouble, and use the same type of tire front and rear, you should move the front tire to the rear wheel, and install the new tire in front. The reason for this is that the front tire is much more critical for safety than the rear, so you should have the more reliable tire on the front. If you have a blowout, if it is on the rear tire, you have a very good chance of bringing the bike to a controlled stop. If your front tire blows, you can lose steering control, and a crash is a real possibility.|
|Articles by Sheldon Brown and others| | <urn:uuid:4676105d-766e-4146-a1f5-0a417f60d105> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://sheldonbrown.com/org/tire_rotation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685912.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919164651-20170919184651-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.936495 | 289 | 2.9375 | 3 |
ModelBuilder is a simple visual model used to generate the sequencing of different tools. If you follow a series of equal steps with different layers, with this model you can create one tool for doing so in one step.
With ModelBuilder you will sequence the different tools so that you only need to change the option of the layer to be used and therefore you do not repeat the whole process all the time.
You can access to it by ArcCatalog or Arcmap. The fastest way to open it is from the taskbar clicking Geoprocessing > ModelBuilder.
To generate the activity flow, you must select a tool from ArcTool and drag it to the ModelBuilder window. A square indicating the tool connected by an arrow to a circle, that indicates the result variable that will appear after its use, will be added.
Initially, the tool and the result variable boxes will be empty (in blank).
There are two ways to add the variables:
- Right click inside the tool square and choose `Open´ (it appears as a similar screen as when the tool is used usually).
- Right click inside the tool square and choose `Make variable > from parameter´ and the list of variables will appear. With this method, you will take out those variables outside the square to a circle.
Once configured, the images will be colored automatically, being the variables blue circles, the tools squares yellow orange, and the results, green circles.
The importance of this activity is that it allows to chain different tools. Therefore, once the previous step is done, the next tool is added and it can be connected after its configuration.
Choose the Connect tool that appears on the toolbar to select the result of the previous step with the following tool.
Finally, to execute the sequence of activities you must select the option `Run´ on Toolbar > Model > Run or directly on the toolbar.
In this way, the new layer will be generated where you specified in the options.
Quality training taught by professionals | <urn:uuid:b27248b1-8010-4396-9b20-ee56b3c0cdd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.giscourse.com/building-tools-in-arcgis-with-modelbuilder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.868511 | 410 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The United States $50 Bill is currently the second largest denomination of United States Paper Currency. The eighteenth president of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant is shown on the front of the bill and the U.S. Capitol is pictured on the back of it. All $50 bills printed today are Federal Reserve Notes. About 5% of all U.S. paper currency printed today are $50 bills, and According to Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the life span of a $50 bill being circulated is 55 months before it has gotten too worn out and is replaced.
The first $50 bill was placed into circulation in 1862 and it was a large-sized bill. In 1869, a new $50 United States Note featuring Henry Clay and a mythical figure grasping a laurel branch on the face. This was replaced in 1874 with another $50 United States Note with Benjamin Franklin and Lady Liberty on the front of it. In 1878, Edward Everett starred on obverse of the first $50 Silver Certificate while the reverse of the bill was in black ink. This bill was revised and redesigned in both 1880 and 1891. Containing a portrait of American democratic politician, Silas Wright, on the face and a Bald Eagle sitting on top of an American flag, the first $50 Gold Certificate was released in 1882. This bill was revised in 1913 when Ulysses S. Grant’ s picture appeared on the front. In 1914, the first $50 Federal Reserve Note featured Ulysses S. Grant on the front and a mythical design of Panama between an armored warship and a merchant on the back.
The design of the $50 Federal Reserve Note contained a portrait of Ulysses S. Grant on the obverse and a picture of the U.S. Capitol on the reverse, when all U.S. money was switched to its smaller, current size. The $50 Federal Reserve Note had a green seal and serial numbers, while the $50 Gold Certificate had a golden-color seal and serial numbers. As the years went by, the lay out of the $50 bill changed slightly but it kept the same basic design. In 1991, new security features such as microprinting and a plastic security strip were added. Then in later years, more security features such as a watermark and glow-in-the-dark security thread included.
[phpbay]US $50 note,3, “”, “” “”,”" “”, “” “”,”" “”, “” “”,”" “”, “” “”,”" “”, “” “”,”" “”, “” 0,[/phpbay] | <urn:uuid:2fe04d09-8a62-4cfb-9757-7307abbab25f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.dghfb.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961395 | 597 | 3.4375 | 3 |
rsync is a network protocol developed in 1996 by Andrew Tridgell and Paul Mackerras and a program for the synchronization of data, which is usually transmitted over a computer network. Synchronization of the data is unidirectional with rsync, which predestines the tool predisposed for backup and adjustment processes. Tridgell described the functionality in an article entitled “Efficient Algorithms for Sorting and Synchronization.” Because of the flexibility and speed, rsync has been deployed on multiple platforms. But especially on OpenBSD, the implementation came under criticism for safety concerns.
As the team announced, “openrsync” provides an alternative implementation of rsync that is fully tailored to the security requirements of OpenBSD. The new software was created as part of the rpki client and is under the liberal OpenBSD license. Furthermore, the implementation uses the security mechanisms of the system, which according to the developers makes them particularly robust against attacks. A disadvantage of the binding is that openrsync is quite portable, but loses one of its strengths on other systems. For example, under FreeBSD using Capsicum, the security aspects of OpenBSD’s pledge and unveil can be largely reproduced, but according to the developers, there is no adequate replacement under Linux.
The functionality of openrsync does not yet cover all the parameters of the original implementation and is limited to the most important options. According to the author, the software was tested against rsync 3.1.3 and supports protocol version 27. openrsync can now be found in the repository of the OpenBSD project.
Submitted by: Arnfried Walbrecht | <urn:uuid:f8de12ad-eb65-4f5c-9b14-d3218bbbf571> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fullcirclemagazine.org/2019/02/14/openbsd-introduces-its-own-rsync/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.91604 | 381 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Modern Tukutuku panels are constructed using 'peg board' as the base, with thin slats of wood to give the impression of depth. The weaving material is flax and/or Kiekie which is stripped, boiled and dyed, traditionally using natural dyes found in the bush. In these panels ordinary commercial dye was used with pīngao the main source for yellow strands.
Whanganui-mumu - Stylised draught pattern with Māori motifs, symbolising the coming together of two races - Māori and Pākehā - each complimenting the other. Raukumara - Two top patterns in Whanganui-mumu, leaves of the kūmara. The black represents the dying leaves - white the new - regeneration or renewal.
The main weaver stands in front of the board with an assistant behind passing the strands to form the required pattern. It takes many hours of concentrated work to complete. Pine Taiapa famed for his skill and knowledge in carving and decoration, stated that it would take two skilled women 60 hours for our panels which, traditionally, took 18 months to create.
The patterns are not just decoration but have a deep spiritual meaning, which sometimes only the weaver can explain.
Kōwhaiwhai is used to surround and complete the tukutuku work. These are painted boards acting like a picture frame to set off the woven panel. On these surrounds the basic patterns represents the "koru", or New Zealand fern, and depicts the unrolling of the frond as asymbol of new life or new beginnings.
These panels were painted at the Opotiki College by the art teacher, Josie Mortensen, assisted by a student, Jacob Shelford and both tukutuku panels and kōwhaiwhai surrounds installed by Mr. Tom Parkinson. | <urn:uuid:c3572cff-2453-49d1-a975-a2e5826ef4fb> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.hiona.org.nz/tukutuku-panels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649035.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014025508-20191014052508-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.948258 | 388 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Too many people still press the Enter key at the end of every row. It should
be reserved for the end of a paragraph. It will be easier when you need to make
changes to your text.
Before we begin
This is to warn you that there is a type of virus that is very popular at the
moment called "macro-viruses". You will find them in Word documents because
these file are often passed from one person to another.
It's possible to have a Word documents with macro-commands. These were created
to accelerate the execution of repetitive instructions. Regrettably, " hackers
" found a way to turn this productive tool in a very dangerous tool for your
documents on a disk or a hard drive. These viruses could potentially
erase all the contents of your hard drive or your disks.
The designers of Word recognized this threat and offer you a way to easily
protect you against the "macro-viruses". Be very careful if you see this window
while opening a document.
If you know that you have macro commands in your document, you can continue
by pressing on the " Activate the macro " button. If you have never used a macro
command, press the "Do not open " button. Use an antivirus program that's up
to date to remove the virus of the document. You will then be able to continue.
Even with this warning, you must take some precautions. Always verify
your documents with an antivirus program that is updated at least every two
to three days and to make several copies of the document. | <urn:uuid:bd201881-38d4-4ba4-904e-791640045bd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://www.ulearnoffice.com/word/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00835.warc.gz | en | 0.937272 | 338 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Does separating boys and girls boost achievement? Not so fast.
Thousands of American schools have opted to separate boys and girls, hoping to improve achievement and avoid the perceived social pitfalls of having them in the same classroom.
But does it make a difference?
Janet Hyde, a UW psychology professor, tackled that question in the largest and most thorough effort to examine the issue to date. Analyzing 184 studies from 21 countries — representing the testing of 1.6 million students — she found scant evidence that single-sex classrooms offer educational or social benefits.
“The claim that boys do better verbally in single-sex schooling, because they get squelched in a coed setting, did not hold up. And the claim has been made that girls will develop a better self-concept, but again, there is no evidence for that,” Hyde says.
Many existing studies used unreliable methods, she says. Families choosing single-sex classrooms tend to have more money and education, traits that are typically associated with better school performance, yet studies that show better student performance fail to account for those advantages. Hyde found that the best studies debunked claims for single-sex education: math and science performance did not improve among girls who were not integrated with boys, and, similarly, boys did not do better on verbal measures in single-sex classes.
Data were too scarce to draw conclusions in one disputed area: possible benefits for minority boys. “We urgently need high-quality study of these programs that make careful comparisons with coed schooling, comparing students with equal resources, to see if the single-sex configuration really makes a difference,” Hyde says.
Even if the benefits of single-sex schooling are uncertain, Hyde says the hazards are real. “There is a mountain of research in social psychology showing that segregation by race or gender feeds stereotypes,” she says. “The adult world is an integrated world, in the workplace and in the family, and the best thing we can do is provide that environment for children in school.” | <urn:uuid:a49b660e-7bc5-4e32-9046-56c40cb7e727> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://onwisconsin.uwalumni.com/departments/news_notes/gender-divide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930995.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00110-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961894 | 418 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Snakes in Decline: Not as Good as You May Think
Snakes are essential parts of their ecosystem. Even if they are not well-liked, they can indicate what is happening for other species. Amphibian declines have led to a collapse of the ecosystem, using snakes as a model animal. The loss of snakes from nature is far worse for the environment than anticipated and may even encourage people to conserve them.
Snakes are incredibly crucial in each ecosystem to which they are native, despite the fact humans often dislike them. Additionally, when conducting community-level studies, snakes can serve as a conservation model for more secretive or rare animals, like some birds and mammals.
In the past couple of decades, amphibians globally have declined from disease, habitat destruction, pollution, introduced species, and combinations of such. Many types of snakes feed on amphibians, and it's expected that they would be affected by the loss of their prey. However, long-term studies with the foresight to collect pre-catastrophic data are incredibly rare and nearly impossible to come by. Furthermore, it may be challenging to isolate the reason for losing a particular species or group of species in complex ecosystems. Therefore, advances in statistical computation can assist a scientist greatly to form and support their ideas.
We conducted our study at a mid-elevation cloud forest protected area of central Panama. Between 1997 and 2012 data, we were collected data on amphibians and snakes at the site. In late 2004, amphibians declined rapidly at the site because of chytridiomycosis. This disease occurs when a fungus coats amphibians' skin like frogs and toads and results in the quick death of large numbers of individuals and species. In 2006, it was suspected that the snakes were affected negatively by the rapid decline in their available food. However, tropical snakes are rare and elusive, making any type of biological inference difficult. For this reason, we utilized a class of models that accounts for imperfect species detection, and we focused our analysis on estimating trends rather than absolute values. We also examined structural changes in snake community composition and body condition changes for the most common snake species.
Our results were as expected and matched what was observed in the field. In short, many snakes declined, but there was no clear link between diet and decline. Using the literature, we found that most snakes fed on amphibians. Still, it is unclear to what extent their diets are comprised of amphibians. It might be that snakes that declined may have had difficulty switching their diets as amphibians declined, and prey availability shifted. However, there is one clear example where the loss of amphibians led to the decline of a species. Sibon argus has been documented feeding on amphibian eggs more than the three other Sibon species encountered at this site, which are primarily molluscivores. Sibon argus experienced the most severe declines of its genus despite otherwise similar habitat requirements and behaviors to the other Sibon species. Although most snake species declined following the loss of amphibians, a few increased in their occurrence and/or body condition. Therefore, the loss of amphibians indirectly produced many "loser" snake species and a few "winners," an ecological phenomenon frequently observed after a disturbance.
Ecosystems are very interconnected. One level of a food chain cannot be lost without affecting all of the other species. It is well documented that humans do not like snakes in general. However, snakes are essential predators in any ecosystem. In this case, their dependence on frogs for food led to their decline in a tropical ecosystem. However, snakes are also critical prey for birds and mammals. Additionally, these higher vertebrates also may feed on frogs. Although birds and mammals are more difficult to study, snakes can provide a model. This model suggests that decline impacts will be even more significant for their predators, including animals within humans traditionally associate and appreciate more.
Our study emphasizes the importance of long-term studies. Without persistence in data collection, a complete understanding of what is going on in nature cannot be seen. Premature decisions that do not consider the conservation of the species and habitat are detrimental to our planet's biodiversity.
Additionally, snakes are essential members of their native ecosystem, and the conservation of them as a group is vital. Given their role as both a significant predator and prey, their removal is detrimental to the system. Given the collapse of frog communities worldwide and the dependency of snakes on frogs, a new outlook must aim to protect snakes instead of intentionally removing them.
Zipkin E, DiRenzo G, Ray J, Rossman S, Lips K. Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science (2020). 2020;367(6479):814-816.
Massimo Caine , Founder and Director
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When it comes to the giant bacterium Achromatium, everything is everywhereJan 28, 2022 in Evolution & Behaviour | 4 min read by Danny Ionescu , Luca Zoccarato , Sina Schorn | <urn:uuid:bb3e3b5a-aac2-436a-9bfd-91e5eb81408b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://thesciencebreaker.org/breaks/evolution-behaviour/snakes-in-decline-not-as-good-as-you-may-think | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531762.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520061824-20220520091824-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.951095 | 1,153 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Follow President Harding
Creating Federal Reserve Accounting Unit Dollars (FRAUDs) out of nothing, manipulating interest rates and deficit spending were instrumental to the present economic situation. How could anyone believe more of the same would get us out? They have never worked in the past and in 1929-’30 these policies turned a recession into the Great Depression.
For a change, let’s do something that has worked. The depression of 1920-’21 was every bit as bad as the 2007 downturn, but recovery was much faster. In 1920, unemployment went from 4 percent to nearly 12 percent and GDP dropped 17 percent. The solution? President Harding cut the government’s budget in half by 1922, cut tax rates for all income groups and ran a budget surplus.
Recovery started in 1921. In 1922, unemployment was down to 6.7 percent and in 1923 only 2.4 percent. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York raised the discount rate to 7 percent, a new all-time high, which helped decrease the number of FRAUDs issued.
The actions taken by Bush, Obama and Bernanke are exactly the opposite of what worked, and are copies of the failed FDR policies, so is it any wonder their actions are deepening and lengthening the current economic crises? | <urn:uuid:df43e952-fb4f-4640-ba5e-90a23580be81> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2011/sep/11/follow-president-harding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990112.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00125-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969644 | 264 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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