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Bullying, whether it's physical aggression or spreading rumors, boosts the social status and popularity of middle school students, according to a new UCLA psychology study that has implications for programs aimed at combatting school bullying. In addition, students already considered popular engage in these forms of bullying, the researchers found.
The psychologists studied 1,895 ethnically diverse students from 99 classes at 11 Los Angeles middle schools. They conducted surveys at three points: during the spring of seventh grade, the fall of eighth grade and the spring of eighth grade. Each time, students were asked to name the students who were considered the "coolest," the students who "start fights or push other kids around" and the ones who "spread nasty rumors about other kids."
Those students who were named the coolest at one time were largely named the most aggressive the next time, and those considered the most aggressive were significantly more likely to be named the coolest the next time. The results indicate that both physical aggression and spreading rumors are rewarded by middle school peers.
"The ones who are cool bully more, and the ones who bully more are seen as cool," said Jaana Juvonen, a UCLA professor of psychology and lead author of the study. "What was particularly interesting was that the form of aggression, whether highly visible and clearly confrontational or not, did not matter. Pushing or shoving and gossiping worked the same for boys and girls.
"The impetus for the study was to figure out whether aggression promotes social status, or whether those who are perceived as popular abuse their social power and prestige by putting other kids down," she said. "We found it works both ways for both 'male-typed' and 'female-typed' forms of aggression."
The research is published online in the prominent Journal of Youth and Adolescence and will be appear in an upcoming print edition of the journal.
The study implies that anti-bullying programs have to be sophisticated and subtle to succeed.
"A simple message, such as 'Bullying is not tolerated,' is not likely to be very effective," Juvonen said, when bullying often increases social status and respect.
Effective anti-bullying programs need to focus on the bystanders, who play a critical role and can either encourage or discourage bullying, said Juvonen, who has conducted research on bullying since the mid-1990s and serves as a consultant to schools on anti-bullying programs. Bystanders should be made aware of the consequences of spreading rumors and encouraging aggression and the damage bullying creates, she said.
Juvonen's current research is federally supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Juvonen and her colleagues reported in 2003 that bullies are popular and respected and are considered the "cool" kids.
The rumors middle school students spread often involve sexuality (saying a student is gay or sexually promiscuous) and family insults, she said.
Like middle school students, Juvonen noted, non-human primates also use aggression to promote social rank (although gossiping is obviously limited to humans).
Co-authors of the new study are former UCLA psychology graduate student Yueyan Wang and UCLA psychology doctoral student Guadalupe Espinoza.
In previous research, Juvonen and her colleagues have reported that nearly three in four teenagers say they were bullied online at least once during a recent 12-month period, and only one in 10 reported such cyber-bullying to parents or other adults; that nearly half of the sixth graders at two Los Angeles–area public schools said they were bullied by classmates during a five-day period; that middle school students who are bullied in school are likely to feel depressed, lonely and miserable, which in turn makes them more vulnerable to further bullying incidents; and that bullying is pervasive.
"Bullying is a problem that large numbers of kids confront on a daily basis at school; it's not just an issue for the few unfortunate ones," Juvonen has said. "Students reported feeling humiliated, anxious or disliking school on days when they reported incidents, which shows there is no such thing as 'harmless' name-calling or an 'innocent' punch.'"
Juvonen advises parents to talk with their children about bullying before it ever happens, to pay attention to changes in their children's behavior and to take their concerns seriously.
Students who get bullied often have headaches, colds and other physical illnesses, as well as psychological problems.
UCLA is California's largest university, with an enrollment of more than 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 337 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and six faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:92e2a974-4d87-4795-8d6c-85bf92887c88> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/474110 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.975668 | 1,029 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Bats are protected and important, so it’s our job to take care of them! If you’re ready to learn more about the various bats species we have in Michigan, Bat Removal & Prevention is here to keep you informed! Check out these 9 species below.
Little Brown Bat
These little guys are known for their tiny size, small ears, and big feet. Their roosts are very large. It is also not uncommon for them to target warm attics to settle down in for hibernation and raising young. Keep an eye out for their brown coat and approximately 10 inch wingspan!
Northern Long-Eared Bat
As you can probably guess, these bats are easy to distinguish due to their big, round ears. They aren’t quite as social as other species and, while they commonly roost in trees and forested areas, many find them getting cozy in their attics.
Finding these guys anywhere in the state is rare as their numbers have decreased significantly… but that doesn’t mean they aren’t there! While their snout, wings, and tail are hairless, the rest of their body is covered in dark brown fur and their ears are completely black – very unique!
These critters get their name from their frosty appearance. They love moths and have been known to make appearances in Michigan homes from time to time. The good news is that they are typically solitary, so you should only have to deal with one at a time!
Big Brown Bat
Big brown bats are larger in size and maternal colonies can get pretty big! If you have a bat in your home, there’s a good chance that it’s one of these guys settling in and trying to stay warm.
These solitary bats are very small and can be hard to spot! They hunt at night and are not typically found in homes throughout the state, as they tend to hang out by the water or in caves.
Don’t let the name fool you… these bats are known for setting up camp in homes all throughout Michigan! They look similar to the little brown bat, but are much softer and have some extra cartilage in their foot that helps with wing stability.
These bats are completely black, except for their silvery tips. Their rounded ears and upturned snouts also help set them apart. It’s not super common to see these bats in the state, but they make appearances from time to time. They’re a solitary species, so if you spot one, they’re most likely alone!
These little guys come in all shades of red, from light to dark, but what really makes them distinct is their “frosted” appearance. They like to hang out in trees, where they are well-camouflaged, so finding them in your home would be a rare occurrence.
If you’re interested in learning more about the various species of bats in Michigan, visit us online or give us a call today. We’re here to help with any of your bat and wildlife removal needs! | <urn:uuid:5ebfb3b2-e62e-4a26-9f85-e988fbed78ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.batremovalandprevention.com/different-bat-species-found-in-michigan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.974383 | 638 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The West: "I'll Wrangle In The Mornin', Boys": The Wrangler, The Warbler, And The Women Of The Rodeo
The herding of steers, more often than not the"long-horns," from as far south as the Rio Grande, the river separating Texas from Mexico, to a number of northern markets, which came to include those in Kansas, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, and the Dakotas, became known to history as the Long Drive.
It is not my intention, however, to provide even a" capsule" account of the cattle drives and the cowboys on the trails, chief amomg them being the Goodnight-Loving to Colorado or the Chisholm to Kansas. That story has been told and re-told often, if not too often, already. Rather, I want to focus on"less-traveled paths," namely the myth of the cowboy, the rise and development of the rodeo, and women in the West, especially the last-named topic, especially from the 1880s, with a continuance to the present, during which times women have capitalized (and still are) on what has become the myth of the wrangler.
With the bringing of barbed wire to the West, along with the greater and greater influx of farmers, who fenced in the open range for cash crops (much more than for the raising of livestock), to which must be added the devastating impact of the severe winter of 1886-1887, the life of the American cowboy had to change, and it did! With that in mind, it is no wonder that the decade of the 1880s saw the origins of the rodeo. The priority, so far as the first such event is concerned, would have to go to Prescott, Arizona, in 1882, where with its Frontier Days Rodeo (sanctioned even in recent years among the top 25 by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association or PRCA for short), it featured the three essentials of the modern event, to wit: a prize purse; an organizing committee; and gate admission.
From the begiinning, women took active roles in rodeo life. Building as they could (and did) on their upbringing (for the most part), as members of ranching families, where they had acquired skills such as shoeing horses and breaking broncos, those same women were able to adapt readily to the new sport. In fact, the women excelled in rodeo events, including saddle-bronc riding and steer (or calf) roping. They were so good as competitors against the men, the latter were often irritated, even angered, by their success.
Let me give but two examples regarding the superlative talents of the women in the early rodeo era (through about 1920). But before doing that, it should be pointed out, women, while they never constituted a majority of the rodeo performers, still they numbered more than 450 of the total"stars" from 1890 to 1942. Now though for an account of two extraordinary feats by women, demonstrative of their consummate abilities. Bertha Kapernick came within a dozen points of winning the Pendleton Round-Up Rodeo's prestigious all-around title (open to men and women both) in 1914. That fact is all the more noteworthy, when one considers that the Pendleton Round-Up (in Oregon), along with the Cheyenne Frontier Days Rodeo (first held 23 September 1897),"the daddy of 'em all" (in Wyoming) and the Calgary Stampede of Alberta Province, Canada, were in Kapernick's day the premier events.
The other exceptional exploit by a women concerned one Mabel Strickland, without much doubt, the best bronc rider among the women of the 1920s, who roped steers as well, a contest that included the women, pioneered for them by Lucille Mulhall. Anyway, at the Pendleton Round-Up, Strickland roped and then tied a steer in 18 seconds, seldom equalled by the men themselves in those times!
From about 1929, when a popular woman bronc rider (Bonnie McCarroll by name) died in the arena of the Pendleton Round-Up, thrown from her mount and trampled, until 1948, when the women established the Girls Rodeo Association (GRA), the cowboys almost eclipsed completely the once ascendant star of women. For, in 1936 the men formed the Cowboys' Turtle Association, which excluded all women. At much the same time, Gene Autry (with Roy Rogers, being the so-called"singing cowboys"), having become (but not so encouraged by Rogers) a major promoter of rodeos, he had a very negative attitude toward performances by women.
As intimated above though, with the creation of the Woman's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) in 1982, there began a renaissance for women in the sport. That resurgence benefited from the GRA's successful lobbying (but after much"haggling" with the cowboys) for the inclusion of barrel racing, finally brought about at the PRCA's National Finals Rodeo in 1967. Spurred on by that greatest of all victories for women in recent decades, as well as by Charmayne Rodman's ten consecutive world titles (the first at age 14 as a rookie) at barrel racing between 1984 to 1993, inclusive, the membership of the WPRA reached 1,850 as of 1995 with a headquarters at Colorado Springs (having been transferred from Oklahoma City). Yet, it would appear, as expressed in Wayne S. Wooden & Gavin Ehringer's Rodeo in America: Wranglers, Roughstock, & Paydirt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996) that:"all-women rodeos [while] beginning to gain popularity [are] unlikely [to] ever receive the recognition enjoyed by the pioneering cowgirls of rodeo's earliest days" (p. 15).
By the same token, while it is true that women played (and still often do) a role(s) subordinate to men, especially in the"world" of the cowboy (that of ranch and rodeo life, as good examples), too much can be made of the fact. Women, while they were exploited too for sex, as prostitutes, in cattle towns of the Old West, they often though had a dignity and freedom of expression equal to the men. And here, the developing image of the cowboy (myth, if you will) played into their hands for the late nineteenth century (and beyond) into the twenteith century and the new millennium of today.
How did that come about? It happened in two ways--(1) with the 1880s, and the rise of the rodeo, that entity, intended to"showcase" the cowboy and his skills as bronc rider, calf and/or steer roper, and horseman in general, also provided women, some of whom became major rodeo"stars," with chances to"shine" as well, as cowgirls (the counterparts of the men); (2) in a related development, the image of the cowgirl was taken over by some fine performers of the feminine gender in old-time country music.
With women rodeo"stars" in mind let me make an important point, derived from Glenda Riley's Introduction to By Grit and Grace: Eleven Women Who Shaped the American West (Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1997), a work she edited with Richard W. Etulain. Ms. Riley observed (p. ix):"strong, clever women did live in the real West." One of them was none other than the remarkable"wing-shot" and sharpshooter, Annie Oakley, of humble birth (Darke county, Ohio) in 1860, but destined to gain a national, even an international reputation, with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, one of the precursor's, what might argue, of the rodeo. Not only was Oakley a" crack-shot," given a never to be forgotten nickname"Little Sure Shot," by the Sioux chief Sitting Bull, who was also for a time in Buffalo Bill's extravaganza, but Annie also epitomized"strong, clever women." Oakley was more than that really--she lived a life of character and dignity, and was revered by all. Her homespun philosophy, as encapsulated in just a few lines, could well be emulated by us all. Riley gave Oakley's homily in chapter 5 (pp. 93-114) of By Grit & Grace, headed"Annie Oakley: The Peerless Lady Wing-Shot":
Aim at a high mark and you will hit it.Before concluding this article, however, it is my wish to make a plea as well for the worth of women, known to the cowboys, and other misguided men of the times, as"'sporting women,' 'calico queens,' 'girls of the night,' 'painted cats,' 'sports,' ' nymphes du prairie,' and 'soiled doves'"--the prostitutes. In sympathy for such women, I am reminded of the scene from Luke 7:36-50 of the New Testament, where it is related how Jesus had compassion, even more, love for a"fallen" woman, a sinner, who wept at his feet, poured a perfumed ointment from an alabaster jar on them, and dried them with her hair.
No, not the first time, nor the second and maybe not the third.
But keep on aiming and keep on shooting for only practice will make you perfect.
Finally, you will hit the bull's-eye of success" (p. 94).
It is my belief that such women, like unto the tax collectors (also despised in Bible times, though being males), will be in"our immortal home" long before those self-righteous hypocrites (who all know the"letter of the law," but not the"spirit") will ever get in!
With that thought in mind, let me share with you, the reader, what I saw in David Dary's Seeking Pleasure in the Old West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995). It was a picture (p. 132) of a young, very attractive prostitute, known as Squirrel Tooth Alice. She lived in Dodge City, Kansas (as the caption to the picture states)"during cattle-town days." Now, what I want to highlight about this woman may not appear to matter much in the"balance sheet" of life, but it will, I fervently believe, matter to God. The woman had a pet squirrel, which she must have loved dearly. For, in the photograph, she is seated with the rodent in her lap, cuddled there by her left hand!
"If you have one doubt, well, I guess, my friends, you're on the wrong route," to quote from"God's Country," written by Loretta Lynn, to which I would quickly add, from an another gospel song, composed by W. B. Stevens, and sung so magnificently by Ralph Stanley, the"dean" of bluegrass music, and Lucinda Williams, on a compact disc (CD) Clinch Mountain Sweethearts (Charlottesville: Rebel Records, 2001):"Farther along we'll know all about it; Farther along we'll understand why."
Why we are indeed instructed by Jesus, as told in the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30-37) to have mercy on one another, and also, as he constrained, then warned, in Luke 11:36 and followed up in verse 42 with:
If the whole body therefore be full of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of a candle doth give thee light.With those evocative passages from the New Testament, meant to instruct and guide us alike, should we not then endeavor, so to live and have our being, that we can"see" the worth of all people, including the prostitutes of the Old West, not forgetting the one with the pet squirrel?"No charge," the debt paid in full, she has"gone home" a long time since.
. . . But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not leave the other undone.
A good many years ago, I added to my fine collection of record albums (I purchase compact discs these days) on old-time country and bluegrass one, Banjo Pickin' Girl (Somerville, Massachusetts: Rounder Records, n. d.), label number 1029. This album is the first of two devoted to women in early country music, many of whom adopted a cowgirl persona. That helped them to gain acceptance in the performing world of the first half of the twentieth century or thereabouts, when many people looked askance at women in counrty music, if they were not part of either a family act, or the wife of a male artist, thus playing and/or singing together.
Perhaps the three women of early country music, who made the most of the cowgirl image were the Good sisters (Millie and Dolly) from Mt. Carmel, Illinois, and Rubye Blevins (known to the music business as Patsy Montana). As Charles Wolfe and Patricia A. Hall made clear in a highlt informative booklet, enclosed with the record album (cited above), as well as on the back cover, old-time country music, and even the more recent" crop" of country-western female performers right up to the present, all owe a debt to the likes of Eva Davis, Samantha Bumgarner, Roba Stanley, Lily May Ledford, Billie Maxwell, and"Moonshine Kate" (being Rosa Lee, a daughter to Fiddlin' John Carson), which can never be repaid. For, as Wolfe and Hall remarked on the back cover:"to anyone who looks closely at the entire spectrum of recorded old time music, it is obvious that women played significant pioneering roles." And, to amplify that observation:"women brought new vocal harmonies and styles into the music; women were among the first to utilize western material [especially pertinent to this article]; and songs by women dealt in new realistic ways with male-female relationships [an excellent example here being Billie Maxwell's controversial, at least for the times,"Cowboy's Wife"]."
Another song, sung so well by many women (at least probably much more often by them than by men) in old-time country circles was"Single Girl, Married Girl." As the title suggests, the lyrics juxtapose the conditions of a single with a married life, the advantages of remaining single made quite evident. For instance,"Single girl, single girl, she's going where she please . . . ; married girl, a married girl, a baby on her knees."
Considering Patsy Montana briefly, she made music history, if but for one reason--her song"I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart," became the first record by a woman to sell a million copies. And, wonder of wonders, that was during the Great Depression, a time obviously not conducive to sales.
Within recent years, and before the show was finally cancelled, but, for all that, one of the longest-running programs in television history, I saw and heard on Hee Haw on a few occasions the Girls of the Rodeo, an all-female group. What better example could be offered for the resilency of the image (myth) of the cowboy, and in this case as well, the rodeo, in furthering the careers of women in country/western music?
And, let me tell you, women have long since arrived in such music. Without them, the CD Clinch Mountain Sweethearts, referred to above, could not exist. What a loss that would be to us all, for the 15 women, singing with Ralph Stanley (still in good"voice" at 80 or so), who with Iris DeMent on Ridin' That Midnight Train," make it talk, make it sing! To borrow a phrase from that hard-driving rendition, along with the colorful idiom of the mountain men, beginning with an exclamation, they would"holler" upon seeing or hearing something exceptional, let it be said:"Wagh! If this child don't have rifle with hindsights, and she shoots center, don't speak to me again of old-time or bluegrass music. I'm leaving now, good-bye."
Note: The title for this article comes from"Little Joe the Wrangler's Sister Nell," in Teresa Jordan's Cowgirls: Women of the American West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), pp, 53-54. Other works consulted have been cited in the text. But, to"round out" the whole, let me recommend Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann, Finding Here Voice: The Saga of Women in Country Music (New York: Crown Publishers, 1993).
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The broom hare typically shelters among scrub or trees during the day, moving into pastures and clearings at night to feed. However, it rarely ventures far from shelter in case of attack by predators (2) (3). Unlike rabbits, hare species rarely dig burrows, instead typically resting in depressions in the ground or vegetation, known as ‘forms’, and relying on their camouflage and strong running abilities to escape danger (7) (8).
The diet of the broom hare consists mainly of grasses and other herbaceous vegetation typical of mountain grasslands, and it often moves into recently burned areas of scrub to feed on tender new shoots (2) (3). Like other hares and rabbits, the broom hare is likely to maximise the nutrients gained from its food by re-ingesting its faeces, so that food passes through the digestive tract twice (7) (8).
There is little information available on reproduction in the broom hare, but it has been observed mating in April and May (2). The breeding season of this species is likely to be shorter than that of the brown hare (L. europaeus) and Iberian hare (L. granatensis) due to the limitations of its high altitude habitat, but in other respects its reproductive behaviour is likely to be similar to that of other hare species (2) (3).
Most hare species are largely solitary outside of the mating season. Female hares usually give birth to between one and nine young at a time, with species in temperate areas typically having one or two large litters each year, while those nearer the equator can have up to eight litters of one to two young each year (4) (7) (8). Overall, this gives a fairly standard value of about ten young per female per year for most hare species (4) (7).
Young hares are born after a gestation period of around 40 to 50 days and are well developed at birth, being fully furred, with open eyes, and able to move about shortly after birth (4) (5) (7) (8). The young are typically born in an open place or in a shallow depression on the ground, and soon separate from each other and from the female, hiding in vegetation and only coming back together for very brief periods of suckling by the female (5) (7) (8). The female hare’s milk is highly nutritious, and the young are usually weaned after around 17 to 23 days (7).
In general, young hares do not usually breed in their first year of life (8). Most hares do not survive beyond their first year, but those that do can sometimes reach up to five years of age (7). | <urn:uuid:bedc9166-a55e-4eff-9aee-47e6b68adb38> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.arkive.org/broom-hare/lepus-castroviejoi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824319.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00226-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961863 | 574 | 3.9375 | 4 |
The strongest chemical bond is the covalent bond. In such a bond, a chemical link forms between two atoms with shared electrons. A common example of a covalent bond is water, in which both the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom share electrons.
Many organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, result from covalent bonding. Compounds formed from covalent bonding share similar characteristics. For example, most have melting and boiling points that are comparatively low, and the compounds are also usually flexible. Another type of strong bond, though not as strong as a covalent bond, is the ionic bond. In an ionic bond, ions with opposite charges hold the atoms together. A common example of an ionic bond is table salt. | <urn:uuid:129ee3ce-6ff9-46b3-866b-99acb2f6cf7d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.reference.com/science/strongest-chemical-bond-ea93340aa8706af1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.941103 | 152 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Graviola is a small, upright evergreen tree with large, glossy, dark green leaves. It produces a large, edible fruit that is yellow-green in color, and has white flesh inside. Graviola is indigenous to most of the warmest tropical areas in South and North America, including the Amazon.
Graviola has a long, rich history of indigenous use. Each part, including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit, and fruit seeds hold different therapeutic properties. The chemical components of Graviola have been a focus of research for the last 75 years. Most of the research focuses on a component called Annonaceous acetogenins, which is only found in the Annonaceae family (to which Graviola belongs).
We prepare our Graviola Extract from the dried leaf of the Graviola plant-sourced directly from Peru. | <urn:uuid:df1060bc-270f-4fb7-99a2-5881845cdea7> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://herbs-america.com/shop/graviola-extract-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.940206 | 172 | 2.921875 | 3 |
― 1 ―
November 24, 1942-
Los Angeles, California
The impact of a world-wide war upon long-standing social conditions in the Los Angeles area — plus the exploitation by Axis
propaganda of the deeds of American youths of Mexican extraction who have been running in packs and raiding each others' parties
in a manner not greatly different from the way students of local universities have recently been raiding each others' strongholds
— have served to focus local, national and international attention upon the condition of Americans of Mexican extraction in
The Axis is proclaiming to the world and particularly to Latin America that young Americans of Mexican extraction in Southern
California are in open rebellion against violent Anglo-Saxon persecution. Local jails are overflowing with thousands upon
thousands of members of this persecuted minority, according to Rome, Berlin and Tokyo.
Many Americans feel that while these statements are exaggerated, there may be some real shreds of truth somewhere behind them.
Yet recent statistics prepared by the Los Angeles County Probation Department indicate that there has been no increase in
juvenile delinquency among American youths of Mexican extraction despite the fact that there has been a considerable increase
in the total for all racial groups. The total number of boys of Mexican extraction brought into juvenile court during the
first six months of 1942 showed no increase over the number in court over the corresponding period of last year. An analysis
of these cases shows that auto thefts committed by boys of Mexican extraction decreased more than the total rate decreased
and that other types of theft
― 2 ―
committed by boys of Mexican extraction increased only 6 percent — as compared with 21.8 percent increase in the total for
all racial groups.
Thus today the juvenile delinquency situation is acute only insofar as attention to it is acute. However, the situation of
the general population of Mexican extraction, young and old together, is in the process of becoming acute. The dimout and
consequent closing of many evening recreational places, the lack of sufficient training schools in neighborhoods heavily populated
by people of Mexican heritage, the lack of sufficient Spanish-speaking officials, such as school and vocational teachers,
recreational directors, probation officers and law enforcement officers in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods, the non-enforcement
of anti-discrimination ordinances governing public places, poor housing conditions, the inability of all ablebodied workers
of Mexican extraction readily to find war jobs, and so forth, together with incomplete recognition by the community as a whole
of the part Spanish-speaking citizens are playing and want to play in the war effort, all combine with the work of the enemy
to create a situation that may become very dangerous if remedies are not immediately sought and put into effect.
To quote the opinion of the Los Angeles County Grand Jury as expressed in a letter to Nelson D. Rockefeller, Jr., Coordinator
of Inter-American Affairs in Washington:
"Raising the social and economic levels and promoting the full community integration of this minority is no longer a reformist
or humanitarian movement, but a war-imposed necessity."
Therefore, we recommend that the following steps be taken by the appropriate authority, whether it be the City of Los Angeles,
― 3 ―
of Los Angeles, the State of California or the Federal Government, as necessary contributions to national unity and the winning
of the war, and as sound measures for the social betterment of the total population of this area:
- We request the Mayor of Los Angeles to appoint a coordinating committee within the city administration charged with the responsibility
of seeing that the local population of Mexican extraction is given its rightful and full place and attention in all city activities
and particularly in such specific programs as education, recreation, and so forth.
- We request the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to appoint a coordinating committee within the county administration
charged with the responsibility of seeing that the local population of Mexican extraction is given its rightful and full place
and attention in all city activities and particularly in such specific programs as education, recreation, and so forth.
- We request the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to see that the two coordinating committees
mentioned above in paragraphs one and two hold joint meetings from time to time for the purpose of achieving maximum effectiveness
in their work.
- We request the Mayor of Los Angeles to appoint to the City of Los Angeles Defense Council a coordinating committee charged
with the task of seeing that the local population of Mexican extraction participates fully in all city defense projects.
― 4 ―
- We request the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors similarly to appoint to the Los Angeles County Defense Council a coordinating
committee charged with the task of seeing that the local population of Mexican extraction participates fully in all county
- For the sake of strong defense and general unity, we request the Mayor of Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to appoint
a joint committee to effect the dual defense role requested above in paragraphs two and three.
- We request the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to appoint to the committees mentioned
above in paragraphs one, two, four and five a preponderance of Americans of Mexican extraction.
- We request the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to work together where possible and individually
where necessary to achieve the following objectives:
- Increased training school facilities for war work in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods.
- Special transportation facilities for Spanish-speaking people to existing training schools until better located schools are
- Additional Spanish-speaking personnel in present and future training schools.
- Night use of indoor school facilities for recreational purposes in Spanish-speaking communities,
― 5 ―
- Use of these recreational facilities on week-ends.
- Additional athletic equipment, lockers, and other facilities for recreation centers.
- Additional Spanish-speaking supervisors for recreation projects.
- Spanish-speaking attorneys as public defenders in local courts.
- Enforcement of anti-discrimination ordinances governing public places, and the erection of suitable signs indicating equal
access without discrimination for all persons.
- Establishment of more forestry camps for juveniles between the ages of 13 and 15 on probation.
- Release of boys on probation to enrollment in vocational National Youth Administration and similar training programs.
- Use of Spanish-speaking law enforcement officers on cases involving Spanish-speaking juveniles.
- More Spanish-speaking law enforcement officers in Spanish speaking communities.
- Provision in the regular training curricula of law enforcement officers for education in minority groups problems as is already
done in New York, Chicago, and other major American communities.
- Execution of police powers of law enforcement agencies equally and without undue emphasis against persons of Mexican extraction.
- A general agreement with the press to cut to a minimum the publication of names of juvenile delinquents.
― 6 ―
- Establishment of nurseries in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods for mothers employed in war work.
- Establishment of special training classes to provide Spanish-speaking personnel for jobs mentioned above in cases where competent
personnel is now unavailable.
- Establishment of a procedure whereby competent Spanish-speaking personnel can be certified for temporary civil service jobs
for the duration of the war in cases where present civil service regulations make it impossible to employ competent Spanish-speaking
- We request the State Youth Correction Authority to use current funds for the establishment of additional recreation facilities.
- We request the president of the United States to issue executive orders relaxing restrictions on friendly and allied aliens
who are now denied full participation in and enjoyment of:
- Federal housing projects.
- National Youth Administration.
- Civil service.
- Restricted war contracts.
- Civilian defense.
- Privilege of enlistment in armed forces.
- We request the War Manpower Commission and the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice to increase their efforts
to open war industry jobs to workers of Mexican extraction and to provide more Spanish-speaking personnel in local offices
of the United States Employment Service and to open a branch of the United States Employment Service in Belvedere and other
communities where need is indicated.
― 7 ―
- We request the Office of War Information:
- To intensify its Spanish-speaking language information work among Spanish-speaking peoples in this area in order to increase
their understanding of and participation in the war effort,
- To assist in an information campaign designed to inform the local English-speaking population of the part played by the local
Spanish-speaking population in the war, and
- To assist in an information campaign designed to publicize the progress of the local program for better understanding between
Americans and between the Americas.
- We request the United States Treasury Department to conduct a vigorous war bond drive in the Spanish language in this area.
- We request the American Red Cross to establish training centers and blood donor centers in Spanish-speaking communities under
the supervision of Spanish-speaking personnel.
- We request the United Service Organization to establish centers in Spanish-speaking communities under the supervision of Spanish-speaking
- We request the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs:
- To open a regional office in Los Angeles to coordinate our internal policy toward Latin Americans and our foreign policy toward
Latin America, and
- To publicize the progress of the local program for better understanding between Americans and between the Americas. | <urn:uuid:94f76318-c25b-44a0-9d15-0fae58caadfc> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb0d5nb31c;NAAN=13030&doc.view=content&chunk.id=0&toc.depth=1&brand=oac4&anchor.id=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166739.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00039-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922507 | 1,899 | 2.875 | 3 |
In today's medical environment, diagnostic X-Ray is a crucial method with the help of which patients can be treated properly. In case of emergencies, doctors always advise patients to have a diagnostic x-Ray done in order to see the actual conditions of the internal organs. Most of the southern radiology clinics are located close to the hospitals so that patients can come up to them for any kind of test and at any time in case of emergency.
Some of the hospitals have their own emergency X-Ray radiology wards where the radiologists perform the tests and generate images of the human body which help doctors to treat patients fast and accurately. Some of the digital imaging techniques provide very quick images with a higher resolution so that the images are clearer. With the help of another diagnostic imaging technique, known as fluoroscopy, doctors can inject patients in the right vein and can also see as to what amount of medicine is being injected. As a result, the percentage of human errors committed is reduced. With the help of fluoroscopy, fractures can viewed perfectly and thus help doctors during operation.
CT Angiogram is a better technique of digital imaging. It does not require X-Ray or any magnetic field. So it can be termed as safe. CT Angiogram uses a contrasting agent which is injected in the patient's body either orally or by injecting via the rectum. Mostly, patients feel uneasy with the contrasting agents as they have to drink it. But these agents are not harmful. At first, patients may have a vomiting tendency, but later it passes away.
CT Angiogram is performed on different parts of the body. Heart is one of the most vital organs of the human body. Today many people experience blockage in heart and other complications as well. With the help of CT Angiogram, doctors can treat patients accurately and perform operations depending on the complications. Angioplasty can be done if the patient has blockage in the narrow coronary arteries. If the patient has further complications and they are critical, then bypass surgery is a better option.
With the advent of cloud computing, e-labs and e-diagnostics have come up which can help patients take diagnostic x-ray and other tests online, thus reducing the cost. In these tests, light weight and simplified instruments are used so that it becomes easy for radiologists to maintain these equipments. The equipments are portable and can be accessed from anywhere in the world at any time. Some of the southern radiology clinics have these online techniques to make patients more convenient. These techniques are also user friendly. But these online services must be protected with the highest security solutions as hackers might tamper with the records of the patients. Doctors observe the X-Ray Radiology and CT Angiogram reports closely and make changes in them so as to help them treat the patients. In most of the emergency cases, doctors might need to refer to the reports multiple times. So it should be entirely the responsibility of a radiologist to store the data properly and securely. | <urn:uuid:0a7a8073-56a9-4ad2-8b69-02751ee2d964> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.remington-nursing.info/2021/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.953862 | 613 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Let Your Work Be Good
Every inventor, artist, wordsmith, craft maker, author, poet, song writer, et cetera, can relate to this sensation. Even in our limited capacity, as those living outside of Eden, we know the satisfaction of a job well done. We know the thrill of a job worth doing.
A False Dichotomy
In his essay “Good Work and Good Works” C.S. Lewis celebrates work that is worth doing well and work that is well done. In keeping with the title Lewis deconstructs a false dichotomy, an unfortunate separation between good works, works of charity for example, verses good work, what might be called a noble trade.
Lewis gives the example of Jesus’ first miracle when he turned water into wine at a wedding party. It was a good work because Jesus met a real need of the wedding planners. It was good work because what Jesus produced was of such excellence as to be described as the best wine yet offered at the wedding. His miracle was good works and good work.
Sacred & Secular
Lewis, as usual, brings a subtle and beautiful brilliance to bare on the topic. Nancy Pearcey, in her book Total Truth, similarly illustrates the false separation between the sacred and the secular — between good work and good works. Percy’s point, not unlike Lewis’s, is that all of life is sacred. We cannot create an arbitrary wall that frames off selected work for which God is irrelevant.
That’s why Christians should rejoice in good work and good works. We should see quality craftsmanship not as the end goal, but as a means to glorify God and minister to our neighbors. That’s why Christians cannot see art, for example, as an end unto itself. It should be excellent, of course, but it should be more than that: it should be done for the glory of God and the good of our fellowman.
King Solomon once asked, “Do you see those skilled at their work?” to which he connects the outcome, “They will stand in the presence of kings, but not in the presence of the obscure.” The principle is that someone gifted and devoted in a particular craft will generally end up rising, like cream, to the top of their field.
It’s possible that Solomon’s original audience immediately thought of people like Bezalel and Oholiab. Scripture describes them as filled with “divine spirit, with skill, intelligence, and knowledge in every kind of craft, to devise artistic designs, to work in gold, silver, and bronze, in cutting stones for setting, and in carving wood, in every kind of craft.”
If you’ve not heard their names don’t be too embarrassed. There’s not much said of them in the Bible. But, just so you know, they are the artists and engineers of the Old Testament Tabernacle. The fact that their names are provided in Scripture illustrates Solomon’s point. Gifted and devoted people leave a legacy.
I reflected on this truth this last week after learning of the death Nelson Chu, popularly known as DJ Official. Nelson Chu (September 16, 1976 – August 14, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning producer who worked with artists like Flame, Ambassador, Lecrae, Da TRUTH, Trip Lee, and others. After a long battle with a rare form of cancer, he finally entered the presence of the One for whom he had produced art throughout his life.
When I learned of his death I immediately thought of Proverbs 22:29. Do you see a man skilled in his work? He won’t stand before common men. He will perform before kings. Now DJ Official is indeed in the presence of the King.
In response to this I want to evaluate my own view of good work and good works. I hope you’ll do the same. As Christians, may we be committed to work worth doing and to work that is done well. This is worship. From this perspective, all of life is, properly understood.
So, sometime in the near future, if you complete a job and you step back, cross your arms, and through a smile with a contented sigh say, “It is good,” I hope you hear a faint echo of Eden. If God has given you a gift, no matter how small it might seem, use it for his glory and the benefit of others. That might transform the way you see your work and your works. It might even transform you. | <urn:uuid:e3dcbea1-e11d-48a4-bc16-51f4770515d6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.theolatte.com/2016/08/let-your-work-be-good/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.969381 | 956 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Basics of Owning a Bulldog
Bringing a bulldog puppy into your home can be a really momentous occasion for your family.
A bulldog is loyal and a great companion for you to enjoy for many years. But before you bring this puppy into your home, it is important to know some basics about the puppy so you can give them the best care possible while raising them.
We’ll take some time to talk about the basics of owning a bulldog so you can be as prepared as possible.
Where Did the Bulldogs Originally Come From?
The very name ‘bulldog’ conjures up images of a large dog with a grumpy face and a tough persona. However, it is not so, for the bulldog is a big ‘softy’ and behind all those wrinkles and gruff appearance is a gentle dog waiting to shower its love on its humans.
But bulldogs weren’t always “softies” and their rich history shows them as stocky, sturdy dogs with a solid, foursquare stance and a face that says: Bring it On!
Let us find out how this breed transitioned from bull-baiting to the sweet, household companion that it is known for today.
Old English Bulldog History
English bulldogs were developed for the sport of bull baiting in England. As its name indicates: bull-baiting means fighting a bull in the ring.
The early English dogs were bred to have a certain height, weight, and even a specific temperament to help them fight aggressively and breeders carefully selected the dogs to fit this mold.
Bulldog breeders wanted these fighter dogs to have a short height so it would be difficult for the bull to spot them in the ring. After all, the bull could easily lift and toss the bulldog in the ring. As a result, the Old English bulldogs were shorter than the ones we see today.
Bullies (as their breeders called them) were made to have a certain weight and build so they could withstand the occasional toss.
Fighter bullies also had shorter noses compared to the modern bulldogs. This could help them get a convenient grip on the bull’s face without their nose getting in the way. Often, the nose had to be set back from the muzzle and also turned up so the dog could breathe while it maintained a grip on the bull.
The wrinkles were also a distinctly necessary feature for the bull-baiters; they directed the flow of the bull’s blood away from the dog’s nose and eyes.
Thankfully, this cruel sport was put to an end when breeders started maiming their bull-baiting dogs to earn more money from the bets.
This did not result in the breed’s demise as people still wanted bulldogs as pets for their temperament. So, breeders and bulldog fanciers started developing them while keeping out the viciousness and tenaciousness out of their personality.
The result is the sweet bulldog of today that we all love and admire. This is a tough-on-the-outside, but a marshmallow-on-the-inside dog that makes a great house pet!
Naturally, the modern bulldog has retained some of its spiritedness and determination – you simply cannot argue with your bulldog! But most bully parents will tell you that their pet is far cry from the English bulldog origin!
French Bulldog History
The history of the French Bulldog breed is a little convoluted because there are several different stages of breed development spanning across three countries – England, France, and the United States.
The foundation for the modern breed, the Bulldog, comes from England but the smaller bulldog that came to be known as the French type was, of course, developed in France.
French bulldog origin can be traced back some 175 to 200 years.
After bull-baiting was brought to an end, some breeders started aiming for smaller or toy versions of the breed. The French bulldog original look was a dog weighing less than 25 pounds.
This smaller version started gaining popularity among the French. By the 19th Century, French bulldog breeders began to develop a near-uniform looking ‘Frenchie’ with a compact body, short legs, and without the extreme undershot jaw seen in larger bulldogs. Some of these small dogs had erect ‘bat-like’ ears while others had rose ears.
When American travelers saw the cute Frenchies, they started taking them back to their continent. Soon selective French bulldog breeding started taking place in the United States.
In the USA, the breed’s population declined severely during the Great Depression mainly because births were rather difficult for bulldog bitches due to their short statures. By the 1980s, revival efforts took place and by 2005, nearly 5000 bulldogs were registered.
French bulldog’s original purpose was that of a companion and show dog. Today, the breed continues to gain popularity as a house pet and is even included in the top 15 popular dog breed list in the United States.
You have learned about the illustrious history of the French and English bulldogs. The American bulldog and English bulldog were both developed from the bull-baiting Old English bulldog breed – the same one that contributed to the French bulldog origin. Having an understanding of this rich history will help you get an insight into some facts about your pet’s temperament and personality. These are important aspects to consider when you train your bully!
The Difference Between an English and a French Bulldog
A common question that a lot of people have about the bulldog is what the difference is between the English and the French bulldog.
Here is a brief overview to help you show what significant changes the two breeds have and how can you tell the differences.
Here are some bulldog facts about this bulldog, they are short, thick, and really strong dogs.
Most of them will come in around 50 to 60 pounds, although some of the larger ones can be around 70.
Their faces are usually flat shaped, but some that underwent poor breading usually have small muzzles. Most of the English bulldogs don’t have a full-length tail and have stayed short since they were born.
Some have longer tails compared to the usual ones, but if they do, it usually looks like a corkscrew.
They can come in different colors, but most purebreds don’t come with a red-colored nose unless they have a rare genetic disorder which is uncommon.
French bulldogs are a smaller type of English bulldogs. They usually weigh around 28 pounds, but most of them weigh less.
Some are bigger because of poor breeding. Some are small as a pug and are mistaken as one at times, especially if they had in-born deficiencies.
French bulldogs come in a variety of colors, and some of them have small muzzles.
Often, the best way to distinguish them from English bulldogs is by their smaller size and pointy ears like a bat.
Bulldog Facts: 9 Exciting Facts You Need to Know
Bulldogs may look like the simplest dog breed out there. Yet, each type of bulldog has its own extensive history with various other secrets you may be unaware of!
So, if you’re one of those people who absolutely adore bulldogs, then unravel the secrets about one of the most popular dog breeds.
If not, well these fun facts about bulldogs will make you love them.
#1 French Bulldogs Have Got Their Roots In England
This definitely comes as a surprise, doesn’t it?
Now, there’s no hardcore evidence to track back their origin. However, it is said that lacemakers in England loved to have English bulldogs.
So, here’s the whole story.
When the lace-making industry moved to France, they took their bulldogs with them.
Later on, these English bulldogs mated with the terrier breed and gave rise to French bulldogs!
Check out this article blue French bulldog if you want to learn more about some interesting facts about them.
#2 English Bulldogs Were Used For Fighting Bulls
Bulldogs may seem like the most innocent breed of dogs. Yet, the reason and history of why they were bred is more than appalling!
During the earlier centuries, bull baiting was a common sport in the United Kingdom. The people then used dogs, such as bulldogs for this purpose.
Bulldogs had to bend low to try to bite the nose of a bull. Sometimes, they succeeded.
However, the problem was that certain bulldogs got injured severely during the play, which is why the rulers soon banned this cruel sport.
Well, now you know why we call these dogs bulldogs!
#3 French Bulldogs Have Difficulty In Flying
Are you planning to fly overseas with your French bulldog?
Hold up! Here’s something you may want to know.
Unlike other dogs, some breeds such as pugs and French bulldogs have shorter snouts which cause difficulty in breathing.
Additionally, their pushed-in faces may also become a cause of concern. Due to these reasons, it is unhealthy for your French bulldog to fly.
In fact, some airlines have also banned these dogs from flying.
So now, what can you do? Well, there are special pet airlines such as Pet Jets. They can take care of your dog properly and fly to you!
#4 American Bulldogs Were Used To Guard Farms
If you have an American bulldog, here are some American bulldog facts.
American bulldogs were actually farming animals.
Do you know why?
It is because the farmers used American bulldogs to hunt wild animals, pull wagons, and also protect the livestock.
Wait, there is more you need to know!
American bulldogs are also used to preying on certain animals like cows or horses. The reason is their natural instinct was to drive these animals away from the fields.
So, if you have any of these cattle animals, make sure you train your bulldog to socialize with them.
#5 French Bulldogs Aren’t Used to Criticism
Sometimes, dogs resemble humans. So do French bulldogs.
Just like many of us, French bulldogs are not used to harsh criticism, especially when it is coming from their beloved ones.
Due to this particular reason, many people advise that while training a French bulldog, you should not get too harsh on them.
For example, scolding them or shouting at them if they end up peeing or pooping on the carpet.
So, the trick is to encourage them positively to help them train and grow better!
#6 English Bulldogs Were Almost Extinct
Yes, you read it right! Your favorite breed wouldn’t have existed if not for a few people.
Do you want to know the full story? Read on!
As mentioned above, English bulldogs were used for bull-baiting. However, when the sport was banned, people didn’t go for the breed anymore.
English bulldogs weren’t bred as they used to.
Luckily, there were a few people who took up the task of loving and caring for these bulldogs.
In fact, plenty of people even took English bulldogs to other countries such as the United States and Germany. Here, these dogs were used for herding related activities.
#7 French Bulldogs Experience Difficulty In Swimming
Another thing to keep in mind is, french bulldogs experience difficulty in swimming.
The reason is similar to the third point! French bulldogs have small snouts. So, during swimming, they’ll have to push their head way above the water, which can potentially cause shortness of breath.
The bottom line is that it is always better to not take your French bulldog to the beach or the pool as swimming is just not their thing!
#8 American Bulldogs Are Friendly
This may come as a shocker but American bulldogs can get pretty friendly!
There are many people who think of American bulldogs as aggressive due to their size and natural instinct.
Yet, once you get acquainted with them, they’re the friendliest of the lot!
#9 English Bulldogs Are Self-Sufficient
One of the best things about English bulldogs is how self-sufficient they are.
Unlike other dog breeds, English bulldogs can come out of any problem without their owners’ help. This definitely makes it easy to take care of them.
You may discover various new things when it comes to bulldogs. The above fun facts about bulldogs were just a few of them! So, keep on reading more every day if you are willing to know more bulldog facts. We hope you enjoyed reading these interesting facts about bulldogs. If you did, do write your comments below or share the post!
The Bulldog Temperament
When it comes to the English bulldog, you are going to get a loyal friend for life.
These dogs are very friendly and docile and can even do well with young children if you have some around the home.
They are often willful and a bit stubborn, but if you get started on the training right away, this usually isn’t much of a problem.
When it comes to the French bulldog, you are going to get a puppy who is really affectionate and playful.
These dogs have a lot of energy and like to be social, but they do have the patience to deal with younger children when around.
You need to be ready to play a lot and be active often to keep up with this puppy.
Now that you know some of the basics that come with the bulldog, it is time to learn some of the specifics of how to keep up with and care for your new furry addition.
Ways to Get My Stubborn Bulldog to Calm Down
Sometimes a bulldog can be really hyper and it is hard to get them to calm down. And since the bulldog is a pretty stubborn type of dog and this can make it even more difficult for you to get them to listen and do what you would like them to.
Often, your puppy will outgrow this kind of behavior, but you should start working on the proper training early on so they learn how to behave before they drive you crazy.
To avoid this hyper puppy behavior, you should make sure that you start training the puppy as soon as you bring them home.
If they are hyper just when other guests come over, put the puppy in their cage, or where their bulldog bed is placed, and then once the people are sitting down and comfortable, slowly bring them out and help them to get comfortable.
You should also teach them how to lay down or stay as soon as possible so that they remain calm. Plenty of exercise and playtime will help to keep the puppy calm as well. We also recommend using calming treats for dogs if your pup prefers treats!
Are Bulldogs Good Pets?
Bulldogs are wonderful pets to bring into your family.
While some of them can be a bit stubborn at times, they are really loyal pets that love to be around families.
The bulldog loves to play and is really loyal to their family.
They are great with young children as they like to bounce around and play a lot of the time, but they have the patience to not get angry when children get a bit wild.
Whether you are on your own and want a loyal companion to be by your side or you are interested in finding a great addition to your growing family, the bulldog, both the French and English variety, is a great choice.
Getting Started with Bulldog Tips
Ready to bring your bulldog home and get a great start on your new relationship with your furry new friend? Here are some great tips to help you to get ready for the bulldog and to ensure they are going to fit in well with your family and home life.
Proper Bulldog Training Tips
Training your bulldog is similar to how you will train any other puppy.
If you have brought other puppies into your home in the past, you will be able to employ the same kind of training techniques that you used in the past.
For those who have never brought home a puppy before, here are some basic tips that you can use in order to properly how to train a puppy and get them to be great in your new home:
- Become the boss—if you aren’t the boss, the puppy will assume they are, and then you have trouble. Ensure that the puppy listens to you and never gets the run of the house.
- Use positive reinforcement—positive reinforcement, such as treats, praise, playtime, and walks will help your puppy to learn what they are supposed to do with you. It is much more effective than using options like hitting.
- Never hit—hitting a dog at any age can lead to aggressive behavior and is not going to get the desired results that you are looking for.
- Have the puppy eat when you do—but make sure that you are the first one to eat. Never leave the food on the floor for the puppy to eat whenever they want.
- Walk with the puppy in front or behind you—the puppy should never be the one leading on a walk and you should never have a tight leash.
- Start training early—you should start out with the training right when you bring the puppy home. The sooner the better to ensure they know who is boss and how they should act.
- Consider crate training—crate training allows your puppy to have their own special corner in the home to call their own. Whenever they get scared, they can go to this location. It is also a great way to keep them in one spot if you have to be gone all day for work.
- Treats are great for trick training—offering up treats and a lot of praise when you are teaching your puppy easy commands can make it easier. You will be able to slowly go off the treats and use just the praise after giving a one-word command and your puppy will still obey.
- Establish rules early—as the owner of the puppy, you get to decide on the rules. But make sure that you establish the rules early on and stick with them. This avoids confusion with your puppy and ensures they behave the way that you want.
Bulldog Training: Everything You Need to Know About Some Basic Commands
You can easily train your bulldog to follow certain dog commands by giving them your time, staying patient, and encouraging them at every step. You can also offer your dog some tasty treats and other rewards for obeying your commands. Trust us, once they learn how to listen to you, it is an easy play.
Bulldog training is one of the essentials of having a healthy and good relationship with your dog.
Do you know why?
Let’s take an example of teaching some basic commands to your bulldog. Knowing some commands can make it easier for both of you to understand each other.
So, if you apply some of the tips given below, you can definitely train your bulldog to follow commands!
Things You Require for Teaching Your Dog Some Basic Commands
When it comes to teaching your bulldog some basic commands, there isn’t a lot that you need except:
Wait, there are just a few important things to note though!
Stay Patient and Firm!
Firstly, be extremely patient and consistent while dealing with your bulldog.
Make sure you don’t scold or shout at them!
The reason is that they may stop listening to you or even get anxious which isn’t healthy.
But…stay firm and don’t spoil them.
Set Goals and Schedule
We recommend setting some goals and schedule to have an effective session.
Get Some Rewards
Another thing you can get your dog is some nice dog treats. These treats can act as a reward whenever your dog listens to your commands well.
Easy Guide on How to Teach Your Bulldog Some Basic Commands
There are some of the basic commands that you can teach your bulldog without putting in a lot of effort.
So, let’s get into it, shall we?
1. Make Your Dog Sit
You can easily make your dog sit when they get too excited, by using the ‘sit’ command.
So, here’s the big trick – keep a dog treat handy and follow either of the two methods!
- First, kneel to the level of your bulldog.
- Take a treat and place it near your bulldog’s nose.
- Then, gently take the treat over their head, and say ‘sit’.
- This way your dog will learn to sit when you command them.
- Again, sit in front of your dog.
- Keep a hand on their chest and one on their back legs
- When you say ‘sit’, gently pat or squeeze their chest to make them sit down.
Keep following this routine and giving your dog treats to encourage them!
2. Make Your Dog Lay Down
The next basic command that can come in handy is ‘lay down’.
Do you want to know how to do it?
Well, the below-mentioned methods work magic!
- Firstly, kneel and keep your left hand on your bulldog’s shoulder.
- Then, place the other hand behind their front legs.
- Say ‘lay down’ and slowly press on their shoulders.
- Slide down your dog’s front legs gently till your bulldog is lying down.
- Slowly stroke their back and encourage them to stay this way.
- To get them up, again use a command.
- Then, reward your dog after every repetition
- Place your hand on the shoulders of your dog.
- In your right hand, keep a treat handy.
- Keep the treat between your dog’s legs and pull it away slowly.
- Once your dog is lying down properly, give the treat to them.
Continue doing this repeatedly until your bulldog gets used to following the command properly.
3. Make Your Dog Stay In The Same Position
You’re probably thinking what’s the use of the ‘stay’ command.
The answer is – the ‘stay’ command is quite helpful when you’re training or exercising your dog. It will help your dog stay put rather than getting back in the original position.
Wait, there’s a catch!
There is no particular method to keep your dog in position. The main requirement is to have both starting and ending commands so your dog will know when to stop.
Unlike other approaches, make sure you don’t keep giving treats to your dog to make them stay in the same position.
Well, your dog will not work for their own self but rather for the treats. We don’t want that now, do we?
4. Make Your Dog Come to You
Another important command your dog needs to know is the ‘come’ command.
This command can get extremely useful if your dog runs away somewhere or is hiding from you. It also comes to use when you want to start their potty/house training.
So, instead of just shouting your dog’s name, you can command them to come to you.
Here’s how it works:
- Consider putting a collar or a leash on your bulldog.
- Then, gently pull the leash while getting down to your dog.
- Tell them to come to you by commanding ‘come’.
- Once your dog does, offer them a treat or reward.
You can try removing the leash or collar once you’ve practiced it enough times. If it is successful, then remove the leash permanently.
For every bulldog owner, teaching their dog some great commands can come in handy in plenty of situations. So, what are you waiting for? Set a schedule and get going!
French and English Bulldog Potty Training: Do’s and Don’ts You Need to Know
You may wonder how many efforts you may have to put in for bulldog potty training.
Wait, there’s something you need to know!
Potty training an English or French bulldog can take about 4-6 months.
If you follow certain effective tips and avoid a few things, bulldog potty training won’t even take a month!
Read on to save up on your time and efforts by following the below do’s and don’ts for bulldog potty training.
Do’s for Bulldog Potty Training Practice
The key to potty train a bulldog lies in patience and consistency. However, there are a few more things to keep in mind.
So, now that you’re here, given below are the big secrets for French or English bulldog potty training.
Let’s begin, shall we?
#1 Set a Fixed Routine For Bulldog Potty Training
The best way to potty train a puppy is by having a potty training schedule.
Here’s how it works:
Firstly, you need to take your bulldog out just after they’ve woken up in the morning. Similarly, you’ve to do so after they’ve woken up from their naps.
Well, this will help your bulldog to know that they need to do their business whenever they wake up.
There’s more to it.
Even before you put your dog to bed or go out for an extended period of time, you should consider taking your dog out for potty business.
But, what’s the point? The point is that your dog will not end up creating a huge mess when you’re out unless you wish to clean their poop!
#2 Take Your Dog Out at Regular Intervals
Did you know that when you house or potty train a puppy, you need to take them out after every hour or so?
The same stands for a bulldog potty training session.
Here, the bottom line is that when you take your bulldog out after every half or an hour, they will slowly start developing the habit of going out and doing their business.
#3 Fix Up Their Diet
Now, you may think about what diet has got to do with potty training.
It does scientifically!
Bulldogs, especially English or French bulldog puppy, have a small digestive system. When you give them plenty of food, it can disturb their systems and cause inconvenience in your potty training.
So, what’s the solution?
Instead of giving your bulldog puppy two meals twice a day, make it three smaller meals thrice a day.
Oh, and there’s more to it!
For french bulldog potty training, take your puppy out after fifteen minutes of eating for urination. When it comes to pooping, taking out your dog after half an hour seems like the perfect idea!
#4 Give Your Dog Rewards During Bulldog Potty Training
Dogs love to get rewards, just like us. So, for English bulldog potty training or French, consider giving your dogs some nice doggy treats.
But here’s a catch…
As dog treats contain many food colorings and unhealthy ingredients, they may harm your dog. However, a quick solution is to only go for those treats that offer healthy yet tasty composition.
The bottom line is your dog will love the encouragement and will cooperate with you.
#5 Consider Getting Extra Helpful Items
For bulldog potty training, there are some amazing helpful items available everywhere.
Let’s say, for example, a crate. A crate allows you to potty train your dog inside your house before you take them outside. You can also keep a good eye on them.
You can also consider getting puppy training pads or pet stain odor remover spray.
You know why? These items will help in reducing the hassle of cleaning up if your bulldog makes a giant mess!
Don’ts for a Bulldog Potty Training Practice
Your bulldog potty training sessions may become extremely difficult if you do certain things.
#1 Don’t Punish Your French or English Bulldog
Did you know that just like us, dogs also experience feelings of anxiety and fear?
Now, this is where you need to become cautious.
If you scold or even worse, hit your dog if they make a mess while potty training, they can develop such feelings.
So, here’s what you can do instead. Try again and when your dog gets it right, reward them. This way they’ll love you more rather than fearing you.
#2 Don’t Over Spoil Them
Yes, while potty training your dog, you may end up over spoiling them.
This usually happens when you give your dog a lot of rewards and treats. Now, I know you adore your dog but try to limit the treats.
The issue with this is that your dog’s expectation will keep on rising and they’ll always want more.
The trick is to encourage them rather than making them greedy!
#3 Don’t Lose Your Attention or Consistency
Depending on your dog, it may take some time for you to potty train them. So, never ever stop being consistent.
Stay attentive and don’t forget to check for signs like sniffing, circling, and anxiety in your dog. These signs are proof that your dog is looking for a spot to poop!
In the end, it all boils down to staying patient and consistent.
Trust me, once you bulldog potty training sessions are over, you will have no stress! You can go anywhere without worrying about your dog or coming home to a messed up house.
So, I hope you enjoyed the list!
You may also write down your views below and share the article if you liked it.
Do Bulldogs Need Special Collars?
It is a good idea to purchase a special collar for your bulldog.
For both English and French bulldogs, using a harness instead of just the collar that goes around the neck is usually the best option.
Regular collars are not that effective for bulldogs considering their body build. It is all fun and games until the collar gets tight resulting in physical harm.
On the other hand, a harness can let you take full control over your pet when walking. It is safe, and causing bodily harm is unlikely as it goes around their chest.
Make sure that you pick out the best dog harness that is thick enough for your breed.
12 to 16 inches small harness is ideal for French bulldogs, while a bigger harness fits best for English bulldogs as they can grow even more.
Can My Bulldog Swim?
A common question that people ask is can bulldogs swim? Some want to take their puppy to a lake and are worried if it can swim or might overheat for too much sun exposure.
Bulldogs are not designed to swim.
Know that swimming is not for bulldogs, but you can let them move around wading in a little a shallow water where they can stay cool on a hot temperature day.
They can’t swim in big pools, lakes, or other large bodies of water. Bulldogs find it difficult to swim, and most of them will slowly sink like a rock.
Taking them out for swimming is still possible by making sure you keep an eye on them all the time. The safest way to do is to put a life vest for dogs on them.
The alternative would be to use a bulldog life jacket, which can help your bulldog puppy to easily swim.
Getting To Know The Bulldog Health
Lots of different factors that you should keep in mind when it comes to a bulldog’s health.
Making sure to check each of these things as you go through your grooming process to ensure you don’t miss a job to keep your bulldog in good health.
Are English Bulldogs Unhealthy?
One of the common concerns about English bulldogs is their health problems.
While they may be more susceptible to have health issues, it often has to do with the kind of care you provide to them.
One of the examples is they easily overheat compared to other dog breeds.
However, keeping them inside when it’s hot, limiting the time exposed under the sun, and visiting the Vet regularly will help to keep them healthy.
But make sure to keep an eye on them, and if you think they are not feeling well and has been acting odd, take them to the nearby Vet right away.
Most of the health concerns that come about English bulldogs are caused by improper handling of owners. Many owners are not ready for the responsibilities to take well care of this kind of dog.
This is how a simple problem can quickly get out of hand. If you provide the right kind of care to your English bulldog, they can stay as healthy as any other dog breed.
What is the Average Lifespan for a Bulldog?
Bulldogs don’t have a long lifespan compared to some other breeds. Their average lifespan is between 8 to 10 years.
Oftentimes, the breed’s shorter lifespan can be attributed to poor and complicated health issues such as having difficulties breathing because of their body build, or acquired genetic and physiological diseases.
Common Health Concerns With Bulldogs
Bulldogs are susceptible to many health issues if you don’t give them the proper help they need. Some of the most common health concerns that you should keep an eye on include:
Vomiting is a reason for an upset stomach. For this, you can give them Pepto Bismol, an antacid medication, with a dosage based on their weight. This is ONLY to treat TEMPORARY discomfort. It is always best to leave the dosage and formats to a veterinarian.
On an important note, determine first the reason why your puppy is vomiting. It could be a natural body response from its first car ride, or it has simply eaten something unfamiliar.
If the vomiting continues for over 24 hours, it is best to take to a nearby vet clinic. Giving Kaopectate can also help temporarily for diarrhea.
Hot Spots are itchy spots that are red and irritated. Flea allergies, insect bites, and allergies are a few of the several reasons why dogs get hot spots.
Cleaning the area using shampoo–make sure to rinse it well, applying aloe and lanolin can help to clear out the area.
Interdigital Cysts appear read and swelling in between a dog’s toes. Taking a thorough check on their paws will help you a lot.
If you find foreign objects such as a thorn, make sure to clean the area out.
There are a few home remedies you can do. Use a warm bath with some Epsom salt on the paw and make sure to keep it dry afterward.
Apply Preparation H is also recommended.
Fungus Spots are like dry hot spots. It would be best to clean the scabs away and wash the area. Applying anti-fungal ointment will help. This usually happens around their wrinkles, most dogs with winkles have this problem and can be helped with dog wrinkle wipes.
Like humans, dogs can get pimples and acne, too! This is because excess oily sebum and dead skin cells mixing together.
Dog acne looks like a little red bump usually around the muzzle. Using benzoyl peroxide can help, but consulting a veterinarian is best to avoid complications.
Bulldogs are susceptible to getting insect bites. If they are stung by an insect, using Benadryl often works out well.
It would be best to check on them every 30 minutes. Using an ice pack on the area can keep it from swelling, and make sure to remove the stinger if stung by a bee.
One of the things you should need to keep an eye on a bulldog is their heat sensitivity as getting heatstroke is common for them.
Please make sure not to overexpose them under the sun as the weather could get hot for them any time of the day without us knowing.
Taking them for an early morning walk or after sunset is advisable. Always remember to keep them hydrated.
If you notice that their tongue starts to turn blue, are panting heavily and aren’t moving much, taking them indoors right away and give them water to drink. Be vigilant to notice any signs of vomiting; it could become a choking hazard.
Limiting their sun exposure, especially in summer is advisable.
Common Bulldog Eye Problems and How to Avoid Them
Bulldog eye problems can occur anytime so it is your responsibility to check your pet’s eyes from time to time. Watch out for injuries or infections and if you notice a problem, have it treated right away.
If you are wondering how to spot French bulldog eye problems, then check out the common bulldog eye issues and their solutions:
Common Bulldog Eye Issues
Cherry eye in bulldog is a common issue. It can begin as early as 4 months old.
In addition to upper and lower eyelids, dogs have a third eyelid. In cherry eyes, a swollen gland pops out from under the third eyelid. It looks like a cherry, hence the name.
Thankfully, this condition is completely treatable, and if you catch it early on, your vet can administer medicines to lower the swelling.
Check out bulldog cherry eye treatment here.
Please note that, if left untreated (or if not properly treated) bulldog cherry eye can lead to dry eyes or KCS.
Dry Eye/Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
Dry eye/KCS is a bulldog eye infection that occurs due to abnormal tear production.
Your bully needs tears (just like all of us do) to lubricate and clean out the eyes. Without tears, your pet could suffer from constant eye irritation.
Over time, dry eyes could lead to corneal bulldog eye ulcers, corneal scarring, and eventually, blindness.
Bulldog dry eye treatment includes the administration of eye medicines and artificial tears.
A corneal ulcer (also sometimes called a “scratch on the cornea”) is an injury to the surface of the cornea that may be superficial or deep. There are many potential causes of corneal ulcers in bulldogs – the most common being direct trauma.
KCS/dry eye, entropion, and distichia (when eyelashes rub against the cornea) can also cause bulldog eye ulcers.
Superficial ulcers usually heal with time and with proper treatment.
If deeper ulceration is present, a bully will need longer treatment with frequent vet visits.
Bulldog eye ulcer treatment includes topical antibiotics, and, in some cases, a small surgical procedure to create a conjunctival flap.
Entropion/Inward Turning of Lower Eyelid
This is one of the common bulldog eyelid problems.
It causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornea leading to scarring, ulceration, and severe corneal irritation.
If you notice your pet with an unusual squint, redness, and pain (bully will try to scratch or rub the eye often), then it could be entropion.
Do not ignore this condition, for, if left untreated, a bully could develop more severe eye problems, including blindness.
Entropion treatment includes antibiotic medicines and surgery.
Ectropion/Loose Lower Eyelids
Ectropion is also one of the common French bulldog eyesight problems. It causes the lower eyelids to loosen and turn outward. This exposes the inner eyelid which can then become inflamed.
Do not ignore this condition, for, if left untreated, it can lead to reduced tear formation which, in turn, causes dry eye/KCS.
As the eyelid continues to sag, it becomes susceptible to exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, etc.
This can cause bulldog eye stains and bulldog eye allergies. To clear the irritation, your pet might constantly scratch the eye which can lead to infections, scarring, and even blindness.
The treatment goals for ectropion are to restore normal lid using a lid-shortening corrective procedure.
Eyelash abnormalities are common bulldog eye problems. They can include extra eyelashes or misdirected eyelashes on the edge of the eyelid.
A bully with abnormal eyelashes might show symptoms like watering eyes, corneal scarring, and slow-healing sores. Eyelids sticking out in an unusual position can cause severe pain to your pet.
The good news is that this condition is completely treatable. Your vet can surgically cut out or freeze the abnormal eyelash follicles to give your pet much-needed relief.
As in humans, glaucoma in dogs causes increased pressure within the eye. If left untreated, it can lead to blindness. Glaucoma can occur in older bulldogs although disease and injury can cause the condition in younger dogs as well.
Glaucoma needs pressure-reducing treatment for life. If the pain is too intense, then your pet might need some drastic surgical procedures.
In bulldogs with cataracts, the eye lens becomes cloudy and foggy. An older pet could develop this eye condition which leads to vision loss. You might see your pet bumping into things.
Cataracts need surgical intervention. The good news is that this is a standard procedure and your dog’s vision will improve with the surgery.
How Soon Do I Need to get my Bulldog in if I Notice an Eye Problem?
Your intelligent bulldog will usually find a way to communicate with you about problems it may be experiencing.
Common bulldog eye problems like allergies and discharge usually heal on their own.
However, if you notice your pet pawing its eyes too often, it can cause serious infections and injuries.
More difficult to notice are changes inside the eye. Some bulldog eye issues are inherited. Others can be an indication of problems elsewhere in the body.
It is best to consult a vet right away, especially if your bulldog eye problems seem to worsen.
How to Clear Up Dog Tear Stains
Tear stains can leave some bad looking marks right below the eyes of your puppy.
As a dog owner, you are probably interested in getting these taken care of as soon as possible.
One method that you can use to get rid of this is a probiotic that you can get from the vet. These will usually clear the issue right up as long as you give your puppy the right dosage.
There are also a few home remedies that you can choose that will help to combat the issue and prevent it from occurring again.
Take some cotton balls and soak them in some contact lens solution, picking some that are meant for sensitive eyes.
You can also check out this awesome article to find the best dog tear stains remover.
Bulldog Paw Problems
Just like any other dog, your bulldog can get some issues with their paws.
They put a lot of pressure on their paws to support their weight most of the time, especially when running around and being active.
It is essential to take them time keeping their paws in good working condition.
Here are some common issues that can happen in a bulldog’s paws:
- Yeast on the paw—this is a common thing if your puppy likes to lick, bite, or chew on their paws. They are more likely to develop this yeast during the humid and hot months and it can become really itchy for the dog. Make sure to bathe the dog each week in an anti-fungal shampoo and use this same shampoo to wash the paws each day. Add in some probiotics to your puppy’s diet as well.
- Cuts on pads—this can also happen by walking around your home. Considering a bulldog’s weight, and the pressure from walking will likely cause to open the wounds on their pad. When this happens, it is advisable to clean the area around, apply some antiseptic cream, wrap it in surgical gauze to keep the wound close.
- Grass seeds in the pad—getting a barley seed stuck in their paws is usually one of the biggest problems. It would be best to keep your dog’s fur reasonably short to see and remove the small objects easily.
- Other issues—whenever you see a cut, dry paws, bruise, any oozing, or other things that don’t look normal on a dog’s body, it would be best to take care of it right away to avoid complications, especially to a puppy.
Checking your dog’s paws often can avoid worsening the condition and doing a thorough check on their paws when grooming every time a good habit.
Always take time to provide proper care whenever they hurt their paws.
The Bulldog Tail
A bulldog’s tail is usually short tail bobs that hang low and follow the spine’s curvature towards their bottoms.
Some have small corkscrew tails that make them stiff and hard to move. Cleaning this is advisable to avoid infections and other problems.
It would be best to take some time to clean around the tail whenever you are bathing your bulldog.
Giving it a gentle rub and a bit of extra time is helpful, but it can be done quickly.
Cleaning the Bulldog Ear
A bulldog’s ear needs some special attention too.
This is an area that is often missed when groomed, which can lead to an ear infection.
When giving a bath and regular grooming procedures, make sure not to miss cleaning the ears.
It is essential to get an excellent cleanser for the ears. A veterinarian can help and show you how to clean the ear without harming it properly.
Rubbing the ears gives comfort to your dogs; it makes them happy! It also helps to get them used to the motions.
On a paper towel, add some cleanser liquid, start massaging slowly from the base of the ear, and move towards the other parts.
Some dogs may be uneasy when their ears are touched, but they will get used to it later on.
How to Treat Bulldog Ear Infection Naturally
Did you know that some bulldog owners glue their pet’s ears?
This is because bulldog ears are highly susceptible to ear infections. The natural structure of a bully’s ears makes them a breeding ground for fungi, yeast, and dirt, as well as moisture. These conditions can lead to bulldog ear infections which, needless to say, are very painful for your pet.
In this guide, we will tell you all the signs and symptoms of a bulldog ear infection. We will also cover some natural remedies for eliminating the infection and a few tips for their prevention.
Bulldog Ear Infection Symptoms
Here are the signs of ear infection in dogs:
- Waxy discharge
- Constant scratching of ears
- Red and inflamed ear canal
- General discomfort, crying, whining, whimpering
Thankfully, a dog ear infection need not always warrant a trip to the vet’s clinic.
There are some things you can do at home to naturally eliminate a bulldog ear infection.
Here they are:
Bulldog Ear Infection Home Remedies
Witch Hazel and Apple Cider Vinegar
Mix together an organic apple cider vinegar and a witch hazel in 1:1 ratio. Shake well to combine.
Dip a sterile cotton ball into the mixture and squeeze out the excess.
Gently wipe down your pet’s ear with this cotton ball.
The witch hazel will eliminate the infection and apple cider vinegar will restore balance to the ear.
You may want to repeat this dog ear infection treatment 2-3 times a day for a couple of days or until your bulldog no longer displays ear infection symptoms.
Aloe Vera is another one of the highly effective bulldog ear infection home remedies. It eliminates yeast, bacteria, and fungi and is free from any side effects.
Gently dab some pure aloe vera gel inside your pet’s ears. Let your pet lay down on the other ear so that the aloe penetrates into the ear canal. This way, the gel can work on the pathogens.
You may want to treat both the ears in order to completely eliminate the bacterial or dog ear yeast infection.
Make sure you only use high-quality, organic aloe vera gel free from parabens, preservatives, and colors or fragrances.
At the first signs of ear infection in dogs, apply some warm olive oil into the ear canal. Olive oil soothes the inflamed ear and also brings out the bacteria, viruses, and other gunk inside the ear.
Warm the olive oil gently using a hot-water bath. Use a dropper to add the oil directly into the painful ear. Allow your pet to rest while the oil works. Repeat 2-3 times a day to see results.
Tea Tree Oil
Tea tree oil is one of the best natural remedies for cleaning bulldog ears. It has antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Make sure you use this remedy diluted since tea tree oil, when concentrated, is very strong.
Mix some tea tree oil with warm olive oil or coconut oil. Soak a sterile cotton ball with the mixture and use it to gently wipe your pet’s inner ear canal.
Repeat the remedy 2-3 times a day until you eliminate all the ear infection symptoms in your fur-baby.
Cut open a vitamin E caplet and add a few drops of the vitamin E oil to a teaspoon of warm olive oil. Add in this mixture directly into your bully’s ears using a dropper.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that clears away the bulldog ear infection quickly and also helps you maintain your pet’s ear health.
Repeat this dog ear infection treatment once a day for 2-3 days or until the infection clears away completely.
Tips for Preventing Bulldog Ear Infections
These tips can help you prevent ear infections in your Bully:
- Inspect your dog’s ears twice weekly. This way, you can catch and eliminate any infection as soon as its signs manifest. Use the above home remedies to quickly eliminate the infection and prevent it from worsening.
- Clean out your pet’s ears regularly. You can use vet-approved drops or canine ear cleaners to maintain your pet’s ear health.
- Dry your bulldogs’ ears thoroughly after bath or swimming. Moisture inside the ears becomes a breeding ground for yeast and bacteria.
- Feed your pet a healthy diet. Often, food allergies can be responsible for recurrent ear infections in dogs. Speak to your vet to work out a balanced and optimal diet for your bully.
Visit a Vet Immediately if these Remedies Didn’t Work
If your bulldog gets an ear infection, we hope that the above remedies help you eliminate it right away.
In case the above remedies do not show results after 2-3 days of use, take your pet to the vet right away. A dog ear infection is a serious matter. If left untreated, it can spread to the middle or inner ear causing damaging high fever.
In most cases though, the above natural dog ear infection treatment will surely work.
Let us know in the comments below which natural remedy worked best for your pet.
Bulldog Cropped Ears: What You Need to Know
Bulldogs’ ears come in different shapes and sizes, much like other dogs. Even so, instead of treasuring their dog, many owners of special breeds desire to preserve their bulldog’s historic functional role by clipping their dog’s ears.
Cropping is the process of cutting one or more of the external flaps of the ear of the animal. Almost entirely done on dogs, this is an ancient procedure that was once conducted for supposed health, functional or aesthetic purposes. Bulldogs with cropped ears were formerly done as an “amusement” in dog fights and bull-baiting
Although those unfamiliar with the breeds claim that this is merely cosmetic, these techniques improve the dog’s ability to execute the duties.
Cropping Dog Ears: the Procedure
If anyone has decided to clip their bulldog’s ears, take note that it should only be accomplished by a trained and certified veterinarian. Here’s what you need to know:
- Bulldogs typically undergo ear cropping as early as 6 to 12 weeks old when the cartilage of their ear has not yet completely developed.
- Dogs are given an anesthetic and set to sleep.
- Dogs will have the external flap (half or full) of their ear cut off (along the nerve ends)
- The dogs will have to wear bandages for a few weeks.
- Dog’s bandages have to be examined and changed regularly
- It takes eight weeks for a dog to recover from surgery.
Bulldog Cropped Ears Aftercare Guidelines for Fast Recovery
The period of healing from the ear-cropping operation is likely to be unpleasant. Some veterinarians say that the ears would be particularly pain-sensitive for a couple of weeks, with certain dogs possibly having to experience intense ear pain. Problems that may arise from ear cropping include:
- Ear infections
- The ears might not rise as wished.
- Excessive bleeding
- Vulnerability to infection
After an ear-cropping procedure, the veterinarian gives a series of guidelines on how to clean and take care of the Bully during the healing period. In most situations, veterinarians recommend antibiotics for at least ten days after surgery. It’s important to obey these directions regularly and to monitor your pet’s ears to ensure that they are healing well.
It is also important to always use the cone. This ensures that your bully won’t rip his stitches.
When you notice some scabs, remove them. Although it is not advisable to remove scabs on humans, like what you mommy instructed you to do when you were younger, it is different for bulldogs who had to undergo ear cropping. Scabs could interfere with the final shape of your dog’s ears if you do not get rid of them.
Cleaning is performed twice a day with Peroxide or Neosporin spray to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and avoid infections. Apply the triple-antibiotic cream to the stitches and wounds. This treatment should be continued until the stitches have been removed and the wounds are completely healed.
Are There Any Healthy Advantages to Cropping a Dog’s Ears?
Contrary to what people say, ear-cropping does not reduce the dog’s risk of having ear infections. About 80% of dogs never experience an ear infection, and this number covers all dogs, whether their ears are clipped or not.
Cropping the ears will not affect a dog’s hearing capacity. It’s a cosmetic operation for people trying to change the natural look of their pets.
Bulldog Cropped Ears FAQs
How much does it cost to have your dog’s ears clipped?
On average, you should expect to pay $150 to more than $600. Bear in mind that a more costly vet doesn’t always mean you’re going to get a good crop.
What are the most popular cropped ear styles for American Bulldog?
The most famous types for American clipped ears are:
- Show Crop – this style is the most common ear crop on American Bulldogs.
- Short Crop – It is ideally suitable for both American bulldog and Pitbull. It’s a mix of the Show and the Fight Crop.
- Battle Crop – Combat Crop style is the shortest of the three ear-cropping style It’s trendy among Bully fans, but wearing such kind of style leaves your pet’s ear more vulnerable to infections.
Ear cropping is primarily a reflection of American Bully and Pit bulls, as they have done in their ancestors. If you are considering getting your Bully’s ears cropped, you should get in touch with a licensed and skilled veterinarian to ensure protection and proper surgery. We do not recommend ear cropping. This debate is for educational purposes only.
Have you ever seen any ear cropping? Do you have your dog’s ears cropped? If you were to adopt a bulldog, would you prefer to get their ears cropped? Let us know in the comments.
Do Bulldogs Shed Much?
Both kinds of bulldogs come from short hair breeds. This means that they don’t shed as much, mostly because they don’t have a lot of hair to lose.
You will need to maintain their hair, giving them regular grooming and keeping it short to avoid the hair coming off all over the place.
There will be a bit of shedding, but it won’t be as noticeable as you will find with some of the longer hair breeds.
7 Most Common Bulldog Skin Problems
Bulldogs are very susceptible to skin problems owing to their deep wrinkles and skin folds, so if you notice your dog scratching or licking, or if you observe any hair loss, redness of the skin, or a rash, get your veterinarian to check your pet.
Thankfully, most bulldog skin problems can be cured or kept under control with simple treatments. Let us study common bulldog skin disease issues and their possible treatment options.
Common French and English Bulldog Skin Problems and Possible Solutions
1. Hot Spots
At first glance, hot spots may not seem very serious or warrant a trip to the vet. Hot sports are raw, oozy patches of skin and are created when your dog bites or licks an itchy spot or a bug bite.
You must treat hotspots on bulldog skin right away as failure to do so could lead to secondary skin infections. These are harder to treat and may even need antibiotics.
To treat hotpots, apply a dab of antibiotic cream on the hotspots. If your pet still continues to lick or bite the spots after 3-4 days of treating, you might need a prescription oral/topical antibiotic to treat it.
2. Chronic Facial Fold Pyoderma
Among the chronic English and French Bulldog skin problems, this one is very common.
French and English bulldogs often develop Pyoderma in the many folds of their skin near the tail or on their face. Dark and warm areas in the wrinkled skin give rise to bacterial or yeast growth causing itchiness, redness, and skin lesions.
You must carefully wipe down the wrinkles and skin folds regularly with a cloth to prevent this skin issue. If you notice lesions, apply a topical gel, antibiotic cream, or antifungal cream to prevent the infection from spreading.
Yes! Bulldogs can suffer from acne as well. If you notice zits popping up on your bulldog’s chin or abdomen, wipe the affected area with a moist, clean cloth.
Apply some benzoyl peroxide to the zits to prevent them from worsening.
4. Interdigital Cysts
If you’ve had a cyst, you know how painful that can be. Imagine how your pet feels when he has a cyst between the toes.
Bulldogs are prone to developing interdigital cysts. These pus-filled growths occur when the hair between the toes grows back into the skin causing severe pain and infection.
Place your buddy in a tub of warm water and add some Epsom salts to the water. Leave the paws soaking in this solution for 5-10 minutes. Wipe your pet dry and apply some antibiotic cream on the cysts.
Do not ignore this condition: it can worsen and cause severe pain to your pet.
5. Lick Granuloma
When a bulldog constantly licks a spot on the front or rear paws, it can become sore, raw, and painful and is known as a lick granuloma. The underlying conditions behind lick granuloma can range from allergies to fungal infections, to arthritis pain, to even cancer. It can also occur due to psychological issues like separation anxiety, boredom, etc.
Treat the licking process by using a lick-deterrent spray, or restraint collars, or even through veterinary acupuncture. In extreme cases, you might need a corticosteroid to stop the licking. Provide more exercise and human bonding to your buddy.
6. Demodectic Mange
The demodex canis mites are present on all dogs but if a dog has a weakened immune system, it can cause a severe allergic reaction. In bulldogs, demodectic mange can lead to scaly reddened skin, hair loss, pustules, plugged hair follicles, and intense pain and itching. In worse cases, Demodex can cause inflamed skin, enlarged lymph nodes, and secondary bacterial infections.
With early treatment, you can completely cure this bulldog skin issue. Use Goodwinol Ointment to treat mild cases.
7. Canine Scabies
Canine scabies is a common bulldog skin problem. This is a contagious skin disease that is passed from one infected dog to another.
Scabies mites burrow into the dog’s skin and lay eggs there. Symptoms include crusty pustules, hair loss, and severe scratching and biting which can lead to secondary skin infections.
Treatment for this painful bulldog skin problem includes medicated shampoos, miticidal dips, and an oral course of ivermectin. Your vet might also prescribe some anti-inflammatory medicines to make your pup more comfortable.
Keep Your Bulldogs Safe from Skin Problems
Bulldogs have a lot of love and joy trapped inside them but they also have a lot of skin. This excess amount of skin folds on all parts of the body and especially on the face, mouth, and near the tail.
This excess skin also rubs around and traps dirt and moisture creating the perfect condition for bacterial and fungal growth. This leads to bulldog skin problems like pyoderma, allergies, and dermatitis. The red and itchy skin can also smell really bad.
The best way to prevent bulldog skin problems like allergies, acne, eczema, and pyoderma is to clean the folds of the skin frequently.
Since most bulldog skin problems appear rather similar, make sure to get your pet checked to be diagnosed appropriately.
How to Clean Bulldog Folds and Wrinkles
Bulldogs are wrinkly creatures and the older they get, the more the wrinkles are going to appear all over them.
When you are providing cleaning for your puppy, you need to make sure that you are also cleaning out the wrinkles.
It is easy for these areas to get a lot of food, dirt, and grime over just a few days, and ignoring this important area can make your dog get a bad infection.
So make sure that you work on just the wrinkles at least a few times each week, although if the issue gets really bad, you may need to do it each day.
The process of cleaning does not have to be difficult.
Take a damp cloth that is soft and wipe it through each of the wrinkles to get rid of the grime.
You can also do this when you are giving the puppy a bath, using some quality shampoo, just make sure that you completely rinse out the chemical so this doesn’t get stuck in the wrinkles as well.
For a quick wash when you are on the go, using Baby wipes that have aloe and lanolin can work well.
Or in these 3 tricks of cleaning bulldog wrinkles, we will show you helpful tricks to clean bulldog folds and wrinkles.
Ways to Help the Bulldog Breathe Easier
Trouble breathing is one of the common issues to occur to bulldogs.
They are anatomical, through years of breeding and genetic manipulation meant to inhale less air than typical dogs due to their brachycephalic muzzle.
There are ways you can do to help your dog avoid breathing problems. Making sure to know if they have allergy problems a must thing to do.
They could be allergic to perfumes you use, scented products used around the house, or an air spray.
Observe your pup if they still get difficulty breathing after you have slowly eliminated any of the scented products. If the problem still occurs even without the scents, it is time to inform the veterinarian.
Illness can sometimes be a factor as to why your puppy is having trouble breathing. Some of these include:
- Heart disease—your vet will need to do a test in order to tell if there is a heart murmur that could be causing the breathing issue. Look for changes in behavior or loss of appetite in your puppy if this is an issue.
- Parainfluenza—this is like the flu in humans and can make breathing just as difficult for your puppy. Check for sneezing and a dry cough.
- Kennel cough—before boarding your dog, make sure that you get them vaccinated. This will help to avoid breathing issues from kennel cough.
Medical disorders are one of the reasons why they have breathing problems.
The always best treatment is to visit a veterinarian as they will do a thorough examination of the cause and how to diagnose it accurately.
It is essential to give your pet the best and right care to keep their health in good shape.
This chapter focused on the best ways on how to properly take care of your pup to live a healthy life.
Feeding Your Bulldog Puppy
Proper feeding of your puppy is necessary if you want them to grow big and strong.
Feeding the bulldog the wrong kinds of food can make them feel sick and not grow and develop the way that they would like.
Here are some important things to keep in mind when you are figuring out what to feed your bulldog to give them the best health possible.
What Should Bulldogs Eat
One bad thing to do when picking the food for your bulldog is by randomly selecting dog food and choosing the cheapest one rather than the ones at average prices.
Most of this kind of food uses fillers a lot; adding grains that could be harmful to your pet, rather than putting meats, fruits, and vegetables.
It would be best to choose a dog food that has whole meat as its main ingredient.
The ingredients are often listed by the most massive grams. If you find that its first ingredient is meat, most of the food is composed of meat.
There may be several different types of meat listed on the label, make sure that they are whole meat and not a meat byproduct or filler.
Next is to look for fruits and vegetables for dogs. These provide a lot of vitamins and nutrients that your puppy needs to grow strong and stay healthy.
These should be pretty high up on the ingredient list to help your puppy get all the nutrition they need. It would be best to avoid any grains or wheat if possible.
Several brands are gluten-free, which can be perfect for your bulldog. It would be best to avoid dog food containing wheat and gluten, as some have allergies with this kind of ingredient.
When choosing a brand, pick the puppy variety for your puppy and switch to the adult version when they get older.
These have different concentrations of nutrients and other ingredients that are best suited for certain stages.
How Much Should a Bulldog Eat Each Day
The amount that you feed your bulldog depends on their current stage.
Younger puppies and the ones in growing stages will need more food to keep up as their body changes. Older dogs will need enough for their body needs.
If you are breeding dogs, you will have to start feeding them more during the pregnancy once they get to this point.
Feeding them should be twice a day, usually once in the morning when they wake up and then around the time that you eat at night; always keep in mind that you should be the first to eat to assert your dominance.
You can also give dog treats throughout the day as a reward for good behavior or to help with your training sessions.
If you are giving many treats, make sure that you pick the ones with low fat and high vitamins. It helps them not to lose appetite for dinner and not gain much weight.
Most bulldogs weigh around 28 pounds or lower. If your dog is tipping the scales above this weight, you may need to cut back on the treats and try physical exercise to keep their health in good shape.
The Best Dog Food for My Bulldog Puppy
Choosing the right kind of dog food for your bulldog puppy is critical right from the beginning. This is going to ensure that the puppy is getting the proper nutrition right away and that you aren’t feeding them a bunch of junk that can add unwanted pounds and health problems to your puppy.
The top five dog foods that you should choose for your English bulldog include:
- Fromm Family Foods—these include formulas that are grain-free with lots of other quality ingredients. They have never been any recalls on the food and they add in probiotics to give your puppy some added help with their digestive tracts. Try the Pork and Peas or the Beef Frittata with your puppy.
- Nature’s Logic Pet Foods—this is another option that is gluten-free so you won’t have to worry about any stomach allergies from this. None of the vitamins are synthesized in this food so it all comes naturally from the ingredients.
- Nature’s Variety Instinct—this is a great brand to keep your puppy healthy, especially if they have yeast issues. There are also options that are great if your bulldog has a lot of allergies and needs to be on a limited ingredient diet.
- Go!—this company provides food that is human grade so you are getting nothing that is bad for the puppy. They include pre and probiotics to help with your puppy’s digestive health and some great omega oils to keep their coat and skin healthy.
- Acana Regionals—this food is high in protein but low in carbs, consisting of at least 60 percent meat and the rest comes from fruits and vegetables to keep your puppy healthy.
The top dog foods to feed your French bulldog include:
- Merrick—this food comes in a can and is often recommended by vets who like to take a more holistic approach to your dog’s health. There are plenty of vitamins and other great nutrients that come naturally in this kind of dog food.
- California Natural—this food is great for your French bulldog if they have skin or food sensitivity and need to be really careful about the foods they are eating.
- Acana—this food is really high in protein and fruits and vegetables, making it good for both the English and French bulldog.
- The Honest Kitchen—this is a good brand if your dog has a sensitive stomach to some foods or you feel that they are getting a bit gassy or have an upset stomach often.
Feeding your puppy the right kinds of food, from the moment you bring them home, can make a big difference in their overall health.
Consider these tips to ensure that your puppy is getting all the great food and nutrition that they need.
Watch What Your Bulldog Eats: Dangerous Foods Bulldogs Don’t Love
What your bulldog eats should be your highest priority if you wish to maintain their optimum health and happiness.
There are many human foods that can be downright dangerous to your bulldog.
And while we love our pets and want them to have the best, it does not mean that we can feed them anything.
In this guide, we will go over a list of foods that should never make it to the bulldog diet list. It is definitely a good idea to keep these foods out of your bully’s reach.
What Not to Include in the List if Dog Food for Bulldog
Chocolate is the biggest contender in the list of dangerous foods for bulldogs. If your French bulldog ate chocolate, he could get poisoned and suffer from vomiting, diarrhea, and even seizures. In large quantities, chocolate can be fatal to your bully.
If your pet has eaten a large amount of chocolate, take him to the vet right away. They will give your pet something to make him vomit it out.
Worry not: if your pet has eaten a tiny bit of chocolate, then it is alright. The toxins buildup over time and so a small amount should be OK.
Just make sure that you do not repeat the mistake. Keep all chocolates out of reach. (Better still, stop buying chocolate if you have a bulldog at home.) And please warn your kids about the consequences of feeding chocolates to bulldogs.
Raw feeding French bulldog isn’t as cool as it was once thought to be. Some experts believe that raw chicken, eggs, fish, and meat can give dogs a healthier and shinier coat.
However, raw foods also increase the risk of salmonella poisoning. So, it is best to steer clear of raw foods.
Symptoms of salmonella in dogs are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Have these looked at by the vet right away!
Beverages Bad for Bullies – Milk, Coffee, Tea and Alcohol
Certain beverages should never make it to your French bulldog nutrition list as they can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and, in extreme cases, even death.
In fact, caffeine in tea and coffee is as bad as chocolate is to your bulldog.
As far as milk goes, most dogs are lactose intolerant and bullies are no different. Milk can cause bloating, flatulence, and foul-smelling farts in this breed. It is the leading cause of bulldogs and allergies which many novice pet parents may be unaware of. So, avoid feeding milk and cheese in large quantities.
Alcohol is one of the worst beverages to feed a bulldog. It can impact your bully’s heart and central nervous system, and in extreme cases, has even killed dogs. Thus, keep the drinks away from your pet.
Sultanas, Raisins, and Grapes
Even a single raisin and a few grapes have the power to kill a dog.
It is but natural that these foods are high up in the list of worst human food for French bulldogs.
If your bulldog eats these, he could suffer renal failure. Take him to the vet right away.
Onions can cause breathing trouble in bulldogs. Raw and cooked onions are both harmful for your Frenchie as they could trigger anemia in this breed.
So, never include onions in your bulldog food.
If your dog has any of the above foods, especially in large quantities, keep him under observation. If he shows any sign of discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, or pain; take him to the vet right away.
It is a good idea to keep 3% hydrogen peroxide in the house to make your pet vomit out anything he isn’t supposed to eat. Carry the food along to the vet-whatever your pet has ingested. This will help your vet administer the right medicines. Even if your pet looks fine, it is important to have him looked at by the vet if he has had any of the above items.
Why Are Bulldogs So Expensive?
Compared to some of the other dogs that you can choose, the bulldog is usually expensive.
This is because it costs the breeder more to get the puppies ready to get to your home.
For example, bulldogs are not able to give birth naturally; they have to undergo C-sections. This is a costly procedure that requires a vet, rather than just having the puppies at home, and can add to your total cost of getting the puppy.
In addition, since the mommy dog had to go through this procedure, they are likely not capable of feeding the babies for a bit, meaning that the breeder will have to take over this job. This is a lot of time, effort, and formula to keep up with the puppies.
Add to this all the costs for raising the puppies, advertising them, and all the vaccines and other necessary vet work in your area, and the costs can add up quickly.
Usually, the breeder will have to pay at least $2000 just to have the puppies be born. This is why it can get so expensive to purchase the bulldogs from a breeder.
Should I Get a Bulldog?
There are so many great reasons to get a bulldog. This is a great dog that is going to be loyal and can stay around to grow with your family. Some of the best reasons to get a bulldog to include:
- Great with children—they are gentle and can play nicely with your kids, no matter what age.
- They enjoy playing—these are great dogs if you want someone who is full of energy and will play with them.
- They know how to take a break—while some dogs will play around all day long and never stop, bulldogs are fine sitting by you and taking a nap if you choose to lounge for the day.
- Stubborn—they never give up, which can go well when protecting you or your children.
- Love to be around people—they want to get your attention and they love to cuddle with you.
- Big softies—while these dogs may look scary to those not familiar with the breed, they are big softies who just want your love and to have fun with you.
Bringing a new puppy, especially a bulldog, into your home is a big commitment and you are sure to have a ton of questions on whether you are doing it right or not.
Bulldogs are special dogs and won’t be able to abide by all the same rules as other dogs; i.e. they will not do the best with a traditional collar and they are a bit more stubborn compared to some other dogs.
But with the right information to all your questions and some dedication that begins right when you bring them home, you will find that you and the bulldog can quickly build a bond that can never be broken.
Looking for more Bulldog tips, guides, and reviews? | <urn:uuid:62000e3f-2e22-48e0-810c-5ffc7f191af3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.bulldogology.net/the-bulldog-temperament-ultimate-bulldog-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072366.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413122252-20210413152252-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.953963 | 16,442 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A timeline of the appearances of Abstract Photography We see instances of abstract photography through most of the movements. However, abstract photography is best known as a strong a reaction to World War II.
What is Abstract Photography? “Relating to or denoting art that does not attempt to represent external realities, but rather seeks to achieve its effect using shapes, colours, and textures.” -- Oxford English Dictionary
Strong emphasis on form: Shapes Textures Colours Line
Subject matter and/or meaning is often not clear or hidden Forms are abstracted through exaggeration or simplification Might also use close-ups, silhouettes, mirrors, distortions, etc. Emphasis on form and colour.
Other Art Movements happening at the time: The Abstract Expressionists. 1940’s and 1950’s. New York City – The New York School Heavily influences by the spontaneity of Surrealism First authentically American avant-garde movement (new and experimental ideas and methods in art, music, or literature) Struggle between self-expression and chaos of the subconscious Believed art is non-representational and improvisational
The Beginnings of Abstract Photography Paul Strand and Abstract Photography One of the earliest experimenters in abstract photography. Heavily focused on form and unique perspective. Not always showing entire subject. “The decision as to when to photograph, the actual click of the shutter, is partly controlled from the outside by the flow of life, but it also comes from the mind and the heart of the artist. The photograph is the vision of the world and expresses, however subtly, his values and convictions.” “Your photography is a record of your living, for anyone who really sees.” -- Paul Strand
Alvin Coburn 1882 – 1966, American-born British Photographer Firstly a Pictorialist Photographer who belonged to: The New School of American Pictorial Photography Photo-Secession Linked Ring – (European version of the Photo-Secession) In 1917 – he began to produce subjective photographs - called vortographs which associated his work with Vorticists – a group of English writers and painters who had been influenced by Cubism and Futurism. Vortographs were a deliberate attempt to prove that photographers could fracture space into abstract compositions as Cubist painters and sculptures had done.
Vortographs: kaleidoscope images made by photographing through triangular arrangements of three mirrors.
Vorticism 1914 • Offshoot of Cubism and Futurism based in London • Rejected landscapes and nudes for geometric form leading to abstraction • Published Blast magazine, which featured Vorticists and writers such as Ezra Pound and T.S.Eliot • Featured painters, sculptures, printmakers, drawing and writing.
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy and Abstract Photography Beginning in 1930’s, Moholy-Nagy began an abstract approach to photography, condensed to its fundamentals – line, shape, texture and color.
“The organization of light and shadow effects produce a new enrichment of vision.” “The enemy of photography is the convention, the fixed rules of ‘how to do’. The salvation of photograph comes from the experiment.” -- Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Otto Steinert and the Fotoform Fotoform 1949 – 1958 Avant-garde West German Photographers Experimental Photography focusing on creative possibilities. Work was in response to suppression of art by Nazi party. Inspired by the Bauhaus aesthetic and theories.
Otto Steinert 1915 – 1978 German – Founder of Fotoform – Movement of Post-War German Photographers Fotoform: Nazi party forced art underground. Fotoform represented the first attempt to bring art back to the surface after the Nazi regime collapsed. Included Photographers: Peter Keetman, Siegfried Lauterwasser, Wolfgang Reisewitz, Toni Schneiders, and Ludwig Windstosser Continued Bauhaus’ photographic exploration – (the most advanced school of design in Germany between WWI – WWII) focusing on abstract form.
Studied medicine originally, but became a photographer in 1947 first working in portraiture. Founder and intellectual mentor of Fotoform, started in 1949 His work focused on abstraction, close-up views of patterns from nature or from manipulating negatives and prints.
“Photograph gives us for the first time a feeling of the structure of things with an intensity which the eye, limited by its accommodation, had hitherto been quite unable to perceive.” “As the most widely-spread vehicle of expression up to the present day, photography is called upon to mould the visual consciousness of our age. And as the pictorial technique most generally comprehensible and most easily accessible to lay hands on, it is particularly fitted to promote the mutual understanding of the nations.” -- Otto Steinert
Abstract photography began in 1917 but continues even today. 1940 - 1960 Harry Callahan also worked heavily in abstract photography
“I wish more people felt that photography was an adventure the same as life itself and felt that their individual feels were worth expressing. To me, that makes photography more exciting.” “I do believe strongly in photography and hope by following it intuitively that when the photographs are looked at they will touch the spirit in people.” -- Harry Callahan
Aaron Siskind 1903 – 1991 American Arguably the most famous abstract photographer Travelled with abstract expressionists Wanted to mimic abstract paintings Peeling paint, posters, graffiti, texture on walls, tar on asphalt Leaves the viewer open to interpret the images themselves, without the photographer forcing meaning on the viewer
Images feature subjects not easily identifiable. Not purely an abstract photographer – he worked in many photographic genres through his career. He worked to communicate ideas, feelings, and perspectives on life and history. His abstract phase was between 1940 - 1986
“When I make a photograph, I want it to be an altogether new object, complete and self-contained, whose basic condition is order.” “The only nature I’m interested in is my own nature.” -- Aaron Siskind
Minor White Spiritualist, Buddist 1908 – 1976 American His photographic work extended photography’s range of expression and greatly influenced creative photography in mid-20th century. Worked with Ansel Adams, Alfred Stieglitz, and Edward Steichen. Editor of both Image and Aperture Magazines.
Spiritualism Simplicity Peace
“Be still with yourself until the object of your attention affirms your presence.” “Vision without association – pristine vision.” “No matter how slow the film, Spirit always stands long enough for the photographer it has chosen.” -- Minor White | <urn:uuid:4bb9710f-4efc-447e-97f5-faea60253760> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://fr.slideserve.com/liz/abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.945815 | 1,398 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What is an Undertaking
Undertakings are a common part of the Court process, and are defined as a legal promise to do, or not do, something. It is a promise to the Court, and if you break it there are ways that it can be enforced. If broken, you could be at risk of being fined, or put in prison for a short period of time, but these are the most extreme consequences.
Undertakings are commonly given in family law cases, either in financial matters or in respect of children.
If undertakings are given in children matters, it is normally to prevent one parent from doing something or to ensure another parent does do something. Restrictive undertakings may be things such as one parent promising not to leave the country for a specific period or agreeing to certain requirements relevant to their case.
In financial matters, an undertaking can be given where it is not always possible for one party to complete a financial action straight away. For example, if one party is given the former matrimonial home but still requires their ex-partner to stay on the mortgage, it is not unusual for the receiving party to undertake to try and obtain a mortgage and release the other party. This can also be applied to releasing one party from the liability of loans. In most situations, it is best to clarify that the party making the promise will do so to their “best endeavours”. This avoids the possibility of placing the promising party in an impossible position whereby they cannot release the other party despite their best efforts.
Case Study - Birch V Birch
A case was heard recently which shows the dangers of entering into an undertaking without comprehending the full implication of doing so. In Birch v Birch, the parties entered into a consent order which detailed how the couple had decided to divide all of their joint assets. This order is sealed by the court, and it is very rare that these can be varied. The court encourages that they be seen as “final” and not something people can keep coming back to, to change.
Within this consent order, Mrs Birch made an undertaking to try and release her ex-husband from their joint mortgage. This is very common in consent orders, as it provides sufficient flexibility for the receiving party, as well as reassurance for the other. However, in this case, Mrs Birch was given until 30 September 2012 to release her ex-husband, and if she failed then the property was to be sold. This would be two years on from the consent order.
On 18 November 2011, Mrs Birch made an application to vary the consent order to extend the time she had to release Mr Birch from the mortgage to until their youngest child turned 18 or until either of their children completed full time education (commonly 18). This was an attempt by Mrs Birch to change her undertaking.
Unfortunately for Mrs Birch, they denied her application. It was argued that her undertaking was part of the true nature of the consent order, and to change it would be to change the whole order which could not be justified.
What this case shows is that you must be very sure when you agree to make an undertaking in Court, as it is very difficult to alter them in the future. It is also important that you consider how they will affect you in the near future, and to be aware of your circumstances going forward.
For further legal advice and information, please visit our website, Watson Thomas Solicitors or call us on 01252 622422. | <urn:uuid:49d7bbe9-8060-416f-aec8-04dd6a86d2b3> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.watson-thomas.co.uk/help-and-advice/32-help-and-advice-financial-provision/104-what-is-an-undertaking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986702077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020024805-20191020052305-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.978381 | 710 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Electricians are significantly sought right after these days. To achieve an gain over other electricians, looking into enrolling in a single of the numerous electrician trade schools all around the place could be the beginning of a rewarding and fulfilling profession.
As of the latest estimates, about 403,000 fireplace accidents arise in the US for every yr. two,995 life are claimed due to the fact of property hearth incidents. And fourteen,600 people suffer grotesque injuries due to residential fireplace.
Household fires can happen due to numerous motives, but the most common explanation is faulty electrical wiring. It is approximated that fifty three,000 property hearth mishaps per yr happen because of electrical wiring troubles.
It is not sufficient to spend in smoke alarms and other fire detecting systems. Those units only support to permit people know that a fireplace has previously took place. What is far more important is to make sure that electrical wiring all through a residence is appropriately set up. And that is a job that need to be carried out by qualified electricians.
Since of the continual need to keep suitable electrical wiring in residential or enterprise complexes, electricians are currently, and in any economy, in demand from customers all through the US. A career as an electrician is certainly a secure, long-phrase, and satisfying career.
These who are planning to have lengthy professions as skilled electricians would benefit properly by likely to one particular of the electrician trade schools. It is estimated that an electrician, doing work for a business, will generate from $18 to $27 for every hour. And that charge could improve depending on the individual’s capabilities and the credentials of that electrician. When qualifications are worried, electricians who have been skilled and have graduated from electrician trade educational institutions are arguably far better rated than non-accredited electricians. In house hit by lightning electrical problems , individuals certifications will translate into considerably increased wages.
In contrast to carpentry and welding, crucial expertise for electricians are a little bit far more complicated. Some gifted men and women may possibly learn the trade by simply hanging out in their electrician fathers’ retailers, but these are unusual situations. It is nevertheless greatest for those who are preparing to become electricians to hone their skills by attending trade educational institutions.
Electric power is very harmful. These trade faculties supply programs that will let pupils acquire a lot more comprehending of electric power. Classes incorporate theoretical elements of electrical power as nicely as fingers-on applications.
Such mix of idea and exercise is the best strategy to allow pupils obtain more knowledge of electric power. Electrician trade colleges may include plans that will train learners how to set up, link, test, and sustain electrical programs for a vast range of purposes. With a extensive comprehension of electrical power, learners will be ready to operate properly and confidently correct after they occur out of electrician college. And having excellent theoretical knowledge and guide abilities will aid them simply land entry-degree positions.
There are a lot of new electricians that enter the task industry each 12 months. Aside from getting helping them polish their capabilities, electrician trade faculties will support the pupil make the believe in of likely businesses. It is a identified truth among companies that electrician trade educational institutions have arduous courses that only decided folks can go. So earning a certification from a single of these university implies that you have the correct expertise and the appropriate attitude to perform as an electrician.
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Generally when a star is born with a mass of 8 times that of our sun, it will end its life with a type II supernova explosion.
It is at the core of such a star where the fusion of hydrogen to make
helium takes place, this relatively small region releases enough energy to stop the star collapsing under it's own gravity. Eventually the fuel runs out and gravity collapses the star. If the star is massive enough, gravity can compact the core to such an extent, that enough energy is available to continue the fusion process, fusing progressively heavier elements than hydrogen towards the core. (Shown below, outmost layers to innermost)
H => He
He => C,O
C => Ne, Mg
O => Si, S
Si, S => Fe
When sulphur fuses with silicon to make iron the process stops, as to fuse iron, you have to put more energy in than
you can get out. (Please see Wrinkly's write up 'Transferric element' for more.) Gradually a core of iron 'ash' will build up....
When the iron core exceeds 1.4 solar masses gravity overcomes electron degeneracy pressure and the core collapses from perhaps 5000 miles to perhaps only 10 miles, in seconds. Enough energy is released at this point to power 50 stars like our own for 20 billion
years, longer than the current age of the universe.
Most of this energy is carried away by neutrinos, only a small percentage of the energy is absorbed by the outer layers of the star, and this is what powers the actual supernova explosion. The enormous shockwave created slams into the outer layers of the star, ejecting the material at up to 10 million miles per hour, this provides enough energy to fuse together much heavier elements than iron. Within a day or two the shockwave has reached the outer surface of the star, and it's brightened by a billion times or more, sometimes outshining the galaxy the star is in.
The core, however has become a very compact massive object, a neutron star, or if massive enough a black hole
The envelope continues to expand, glowing brightly in x-ray light. The glowing cloud of gas left makes for some of the most beautiful astronomical photographs, indeed it's supernova that make the photograph possible; the silver and other chemicals used to make the negative, and photographer, can only be made in a supernova explosion. | <urn:uuid:a922fb86-31ec-410f-a79a-c09e6a63ff51> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://everything2.com/user/CapnTrippy/writeups/supernova | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.940506 | 501 | 3.8125 | 4 |
It is an old wives tale that you cannot get pregnant so long as you are breastfeeding, or is there some factual and scientific basis for this claim?
Well, breast feeding is somewhat effective as a form of birth control and the lactational amenorrhea method or LAM (relying on the absence of periods while you are breastfeeding as a form of contraception) has been seen to be up to 98% effective but only if certain criteria are met with:
- If a woman has not started menstruation after child birth, that would indicate an absence of ovulation, and therefore there is less of a chance of getting pregnant at this time. However, this is not a foolproof method and experts warn that there is still a 10% chance of getting pregnant if one is relying only on this indicator or fertility. Other indicators such as mucous production and basal temperature also have to be monitored for an accurate reading of ovulation.
- The mother should be breastfeeding on demand, night and day, without using bottle supplements. This would mean between 6 and 10 feeds a day.
- The baby should be less than 6 months of age. After this time, babies are usually started off on solids and their dependence on mother’s milk is not as high. The number of feeds per day may also go down by this time if you have started to supplement with a bottle. | <urn:uuid:63a0d356-5b48-4336-a6e3-6a9a06c696d3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.thepregnancyzone.com/pregnancy-issues/pregnancy-prevention/is-breastfeeding-an-effective-form-of-birth-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039604430.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422191215-20210422221215-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.969221 | 279 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Did You Know- 25 Fun & Interesting Facts About Stockholm and Sweden
- Stockholm is often known as the ‘World’s Smallest Big City’ or the ‘World’s Biggest Small Town’.
- Stockholm’s oldest surviving building is The Riddarholmen Church, a Franciscan monastery built in 1270.
Stockholm Panorama with Riddarholmen Church
3. In 1710, a catastrophic plague obliterated about one third of Stockholm’s population.
4. The city became the venue for the award of the first Nobel Prizes, in the year 1901.
City Hall, Venue of Nobel Prize Ceremony in Stockholm
5. Stockholm Globe Arena is currently the largest hemispherical building in the world.
6. The city’s subway is also known as the world’s longest art gallery, with the majority of its stations being adorned with paintings, sculptures and mosaics.
7. Stockholm is the second most visited city in the Nordic countries.
8. The city is sometimes referred to as ‘Venice of the North’, thanks to its beautiful buildings and exquisite architecture, abundant open water and numerous parks.
9. The total absence of heavy industry makes Stockholm one of the world’s cleanest metropolises.
10. The people of Stockholm are dependent on the service industry for their daily bread, which accounts for 85% of the jobs in the city.
11.Stockholm houses two UNESCO World Heritage sites – the Royal Palace Drottningholm and the The Woodland Cemetery.
12. During the second half of June it barely ever gets dark in Stockholm during some weeks due to the midnight sun.
13. A traditional and famous dish of Sweden is Swedish meatballs, served with gravy, boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam.
14. Did you know what a Swedish crayfish party is? A traditional summer eating and drinking celebration in August involving boiled crayfish served with boiled potatoes and dill.
15. Ice hockey and soccer are Sweden’s main sports, other popular sports include handball, golf, gymnastics, athletics and cross country skiing.
16. Sweden has given the world some of the greatest pop bands and singers, including Abba, The Cardigans and Roxette.
17. Pippi Longstocking is also Swedish.
18. The astronomical lens is a Swedish invention.
19. The world-famous discount furniture chain IKEA was founded in Sweden in 1943.
20. Happy Hour in Sweden is called “After Work.”
21. Swedes have the longest life expectancy in Europe.
22. At the height of its empire, Sweden built a large warship The Vasa to symbolize its power. It was so big and heavy that on its maiden voyage in 1628, it sank less than a mile out of dock.
23. On Easter, children dress up as witches and go trick-or-treating.
24. The first ice hotel of the world was built near the village of Jukkasjärvi, Sweden.
25. Sweden has a long and interesting history, magnificent architecture, friendly people, and stunning landscape make it one of the countries in the world one can never tire of returning to.
Come and see if all of the above is actually true or not on our Stockholm City Tours & Shore Excursions.
Book & ask for more info:
Call us: +372 5346 4060 | <urn:uuid:678c325f-0483-464f-840e-4c71520105df> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.nordicexperience.com/know-25-fun-interesting-facts-stockholm-sweden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745015.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119023120-20181119045120-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.939672 | 731 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Japan, desperate for new domestic energy sources, is where we now look for research and development that no one else has the patience for—like last week’s news of a Japanese construction company’s plans to build a massive belt of solar panels around the moon’s equator, or this week’s revival of talk about “fire ice”, otherwise known as methane hydrates.
Methane hydrates represent the frozen form of natural gas trapped in crystal lattices underwater—and the news this week is that Tokyo has now discovered another source of fire ice in the Sea of Japan.
Elsewhere, particularly in North America, the shale boom means that no one is paying too much attention to fire ice, though it is being researched, but in Japan, where there is no shale to speak of—fire ice could be at least a longer-term answer to domestic energy problems. After all, methane hydrates—if we are to believe the experts—could be more plentiful than all known reserves of natural gas, while one cubic foot of solid methane hydrate yields about 164 cubic feet of gas. However, there is some disagreement over the actual volume of commercially viable methane hydrate deposits.
In March, Japan Oil, Gas & Metals National Corp successfully extracted the first gas from deposits of methane hydrate from the ocean, producing 120,000 cubic meters of gas in six days of testing in the Pacific Ocean, off central Japan.
Last week, Japan stumbled upon another source of fire ice in the Sea of Japan, and now the game is on to predict when Japan will start producing commercial quantities of gas from methane hydrates. Those estimations range from two years to 15 years, so we don’t have much to go on.
In a November report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) noted that the viability of methane hydrates as a source of gas will depend largely on technological advancements and climate change regulations—the latter because methane is a potent greenhouse gas when leaked into the atmosphere so extracting it requires great care.
So, while there is talk of fire ice eventually sidelining shale gas due to the enormity of the resources, there are also some cautionary notes, both technologically and economically.
In terms of technology, it exists, but is prohibitively expensive to use in most cases.
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The existing technology being used, as we detailed in an earlier report in Oil & Energy Insider, is depressurization—which is what has been used in Canada and is currently being used in Japan. The process is to drill a well bore into the hydrate and remove the water from the formation to reduce the pressure on the methane hydrate. Typically this requires destabilizing the hydrate using a chemical mixture, which breaks the hydrate down into water and gas that is pumped out of the formation. The intention is to spark a chain reaction with the low pressure causing adjacent hydrates to decompose into water and gas and thus cause a “flow” throughout the formation.
The future technology everyone seems to be eyeing is CO2 injection, which involves injecting warm, pressurized CO2 into the methane hydrate formation in an exchange that would form a stable lattice and liberate the methane to pump it to the surface. What makes this technology more promising is that it sequesters unwanted industrial CO2 while at the same time maintaining the integrity of the methane hydrate formations during the extraction process. We’re not there yet, however: the technology is still being tested.
For those of you interested in Oilprice.com premium, we have a great letter lined up for subscribers. Dan Dicker our expert trader and legend in the oil markets gives premium subscribers a roadmap to follow in 2014. His report: The Most Important Energy Trend in 2014 – is something all Oilprice subscribers should take a look at. (click here to read the report for free.)
The executive report updates readers on a potential new oil and gas venue in the Balkans and the latest on the continuing crisis in Egypt and the oil skirmish between the Kurds and the Iraqi central authorities.
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That’s it from us this week. | <urn:uuid:7ac359fd-9a83-4f3c-b507-c858dfc62f31> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/This-Week-in-Energy-Japan-Burns-with-Fire-Ice-Momentum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.946231 | 1,041 | 3.09375 | 3 |
International Law and Indigenous Peoples
Edited by Joshua Castellino and Niamh Walsh
This volume, a collection of essays by a variety of scholars in the field of indigenous rights, originates from the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland in Galway. It highlights those instances in the work of international organizations where advances have been made concerning indigenous rights. It also devotes attention to the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and to a number of thematic issues in the field. The human rights situations facing indigenous peoples in Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria and South Africa are dealt with in separate chapters. These surveys show a range of reactions to the multiple problems of discrimination, or lack of proper responses, as far as domestic legislation, national implementation of the laws, and national compliance with the applicable international standards are concerned. | <urn:uuid:989823fe-34e5-41fc-90bc-1b052afd05a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.brill.com/international-law-and-indigenous-peoples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146241.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00212-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918929 | 187 | 2.640625 | 3 |
People with diabetes can experience mental-health issues like depression, anxiety and eating disorders etc.
Diabetes can be challenging for the individual with diabetes and their families. It can have an impact on lives. There can be an increase of mental health issues that are quite different from mental health disorders. Depression anxiety and eating disorders are just some of the issues these individuals can experience.
A person with diabetes can also experience different levels of feelings. Like for example, distractions, feeling listless, sometimes sad, or uneasy. These feelings could be long lasting, and they could possibly lead to a form of clinical depression.
Sometimes a person diagnosed with diabetes worries about things for example, Is your blood glucose at the right level; are there or will there be complications and the list of concerns might grow? It has been found that people with diabetes might begin to feel powerless at times or might just want to give up. Here are some of the signs to watch for:
- lapses in blood glucose monitoring,
- reducing or stopping insulin injections,
- not caring about nutrition,
- no longer exercising and
- ignoring or trying to forget about the diabetes.
You can find out more in this article by Valérie S. Legendre M.A
The same issues and topic above were also discussed in details by the Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee at the following website: Psychological Effects of Diabetes in Adults
What About Children?
According to the Children’s Diabetes Foundation Depression is seen in 15-20% of youth with type 1 diabetes, It is not rare that some depression might occur after a diagnosis of diabetes but it is also important that the depression should be treated through a screening process.
The article continues to describe the other mental health risks associated with diabetes management which include, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, glucose level anxieties, fear of needles, which all can be helped with proper screening and referrals.
MediSure – We want to help you live a less stressful and healthiest life possible. As a Canadian medical device company dedicated to making diabetic care more affordable, MediSure’s products are designed both to be durable and to provide a user-friendly experience and an overall improved approach to diabetes management. Whether you need a blood glucose monitor or blood glucose test kit, our products can make testing less painful and less cumbersome. Try out our diabetic meters and test strips to see and feel the MediSure difference.
Here is a list of articles etc. that speak on the topic: | <urn:uuid:01a7ed7c-b677-4968-9e29-f6417a8a73b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medisure.ca/mental-health-problems-that-could-occur-in-a-person-diagnosed-with-diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.943052 | 512 | 2.90625 | 3 |
As we conducted our way through the symphony of 2020, music was our compass and our map, always there to guide us to the next note as we played the instruments of our lives. The art of good music can be a comfort during difficult times, and music in 2020 was no different — in fact, music in 2020 was, indeed, very important to us!
What is music? Some say that from folk ballads to major songs, from hip-hop to country, music often gives voice to our feelings. That’s one of the defining characteristics of this art form … an art form just as important as any other mode of cultural expression. Perhaps one could say that music is the best of all art forms? (I know many musicians who would agree with this sentiment!) Think about the sayings “there’s a song in my heart,” or “I love that ol’ time rock ‘n’ roll,” or “music makes me feel like dancing” — such expressions are a reflection of the significance of music to the human spirit, and a testament to its enduring power. A world without music would be a very quiet world indeed.
Spaghetti’s importance in our culture is, of course, is self-evident. I will not debase this legendary pasta by trying to explain it.
Here, then, is the BEST MUSIC AND SPAGHETTI OF 2020:
10. Chart toppers and delicious spaghetti
9. Songs that healed us as we ate … SPAGHETTI
8. Music we listened to in our kitchens as pasta aromas provided a full sensory experience
7. Loud music! Yeah, turn it up!!! Let’s hear more notes of the music! SPAGHETTI AND COCAINE FOR BREAKFAST, I’M IN COLLEGE!!!
6. (TIE) Hard-rockin’ music or spaghetti / Meaningful music, the soundtrack to our spaghetti lives
5. Music in our headphones, spaghetti in our mouths, it’s all love
4. “Hennnry!” “Yes, dear?” “Have you heard the latest music?” “I think so and I’m eating the spaghetti.”
3. Quiet, reflective music … a way to hear the softer side of music, as soft as cooked noodles of spaghetti
2. Pretty good music (spaghetti)
1. When the spaghetti is perfectly cooked and the music is perfectly chosen and all is well in 2020 | <urn:uuid:635768cc-2f29-4f5f-9189-6f14f5fdb19a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://www.mnftiu.cc/2020/12/31/best-of-2020-music-and-spaghetti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202215443-20221203005443-00854.warc.gz | en | 0.949419 | 540 | 2.5625 | 3 |
[Editors’ note: This essay is one in a series—the Good Governance Papers—organized by Just Security. In these essays, leading experts explore actionable legislative and administrative proposals to promote non-partisan principles of good government, public integrity, and the rule of law. For more information, you can read the Introduction by the series’ editors.]
Good Government Requires Good Oversight
Legislative oversight is fundamental to a sustainable democracy. Good government requires good oversight to ensure effective programs, intelligent spending of taxpayer dollars, and a government that can respond to the country’s evolving conditions, needs, and values.
When done well, fact-based, bipartisan congressional oversight can identify problems, build a shared understanding of complex issues, bridge political divides, and provide a factual foundation for reforms. It can advance the American system of checks and balances envisioned in the Constitution. It can play a vital role in curbing abuses that limit or undermine individual liberty and opportunity. Because oversight hearings also provide a key lens through which the public views Congress, by modeling responsible, competent governance, congressional oversight hearings can help increase public confidence in the institution.
But today multiple problems impede effective congressional oversight. They include the absence of Congress-wide oversight standards and norms, which leads to confusion, fragmentation, and disagreements among committees and Members. Partisan investigative topics often sour committee relationships, and Executive Branch defiance of congressional information requests breeds conflict. Also problematic are inexperienced and untrained investigative staff, and five-minute time limits on questions during hearings that not only make it hard for Members to obtain meaningful information but also may lead to disenchantment with oversight efforts.
When poorly done, oversight investigations can become a partisan brawl that deepens divisions, confuses the facts, and stymies reforms. Too often, highly partisan, fact-free oversight has damaged public faith in our democratic institutions while deepening public cynicism about elected officials. To strengthen government performance as well as increase its public standing, Congress needs to improve its oversight function.
We offer here six proposals – some easier, some harder to achieve – that hold promise for improving the state of oversight in Congress. Some require new House or Senate rules, others necessitate changes in practice, but none require a new statute.
Congressional legal opinions on oversight matters. One key reform involves Congress developing a process for issuing bipartisan legal opinions on oversight issues. For decades, the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) has been issuing official legal opinions that provide guidance to Executive Branch agencies on how to respond to information requests from Congress and offer principles to courts on how to adjudicate interbranch conflicts. It is no surprise that those OLC opinions invariably favor the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, one stark example being OLC opinions that claim senior presidential advisors are immune to congressional subpoenas, the exact opposite of the conclusion reached by courts that have ruled on the issue. Criticisms related to excessive secrecy, bias, and overreach in OLC opinions on congressional oversight issues have also been growing.
DOJ has nevertheless continued to use its OLC opinions not only to unify how federal agencies respond to Congress, but also to try to persuade courts to favor the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch when disputes arise. For too long, Congress has allowed those OLC opinions to remain unanswered. Neither the House nor Senate has an equivalent process or set of official legal opinions to provide guidance to congressional committees, federal agencies, or the courts on matters related to oversight. If Congress were to establish such a process and use it to issue thoughtful, well-supported, and bipartisan legal opinions on oversight matters, Congress could help establish its own oversight norms, educate Members and staff, increase uniformity among congressional committees, inform the Executive Branch of its oversight expectations, and advance oversight effectiveness. The opinions would also strengthen the hand of Congress in court.
The House Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress recently issued a set of bipartisan recommendations that, among other matters, advocate (in Recommendations 81-82) increasing “legal resources” to “help strengthen the role of the legislative branch” and facilitate a “true system of checks and balances by ensuring the legislative branch is sufficiently represented in the courts.” Those recommendations provide a foundation for Congress finally establishing a process to issue bipartisan, bicameral legal opinions on oversight matters suitable for citation in court. A good first step would be for the 117th Congress to establish a bipartisan, bicameral task force to design and propose what that process should look like.
More time to question witnesses. A second, much easier reform proposal focuses on how Members of Congress question witnesses during investigative hearings. Right now, the five-minute limit routinely placed on Member questions during oversight hearings too often diminishes the gravity and coherence of the sessions, leaves Members of Congress struggling to get answers to their questions, and gives the impression that legislators are rude or insensitive to witnesses. Short-duration questioning also produces abrupt topic changes that can make an oversight hearing seem confusing or even chaotic. The resulting exchanges are not conducive to producing a useful hearing record or promoting public respect for the institution.
House and Senate rules could be amended to encourage committees, at the beginning of an investigative hearing and the start of each witness panel, to approve question periods that extend beyond the five-minute segments typical of most House hearings. For example, House rule XI, clause 2(j)(2)(A), could be amended to allow committees holding an oversight hearing to permit the chair and ranking member, at the beginning of each witness panel, to each question the panel for an equal time period of not less than 15 minutes. After the initial round of questioning, the rule could require the committee to apply the five-minute rule until every committee member seeking to question the witness has an opportunity to do so. The rule could also be amended to explicitly permit any committee member to delegate their five minutes to another committee member.
The 116th Congress has already shown, on an ad hoc basis, how longer questioning periods can contribute to more coherent and decorous hearing exchanges. During the recent Senate hearings to consider a Supreme Court nomination, for example, each Senator was given a 30-minute period to question the nominee. The resulting respectful exchanges would have been difficult under a five-minute rule. On the House side, during the Intelligence Committee impeachment hearings, the majority and minority were each given a 45-minute block of time at the beginning of each session to question the witnesses. The longer periods enabled committee leadership to ask a series of questions to clarify the testimony provided and follow through on the points they wanted to make. The longer periods also made it easier to establish facts, explore important details, and prevent witnesses from engaging in evasive tactics. While the impeachment proceedings were marred by other problems, the longer questioning periods appear to have elicited better information and fewer uncomfortable moments than would have been possible using five-minute segments.
This relatively easy procedural change has the potential to deliver better outcomes for both committee members and observers of congressional oversight hearings.
Joint compensation of committee clerks. A third reform is more mundane, though no less valuable. Each House and Senate committee employs administrative staff, such as clerks, who provide support for congressional investigations. They are the unsung staff who send out the subpoenas, log in the documents, type up reports, compile hearing records, and archive investigative materials.
Currently, on some House committees and subcommittees, the majority and minority staffs each hire their own administrative personnel, meaning there are often two clerks, each hired on a partisan basis, to handle similar administrative duties. These House administrative personnel know they answer to only one party. In contrast, in the Senate, the committee and subcommittee majority and minority staffs jointly hire their administrative personnel and typically split their compensation on a 50-50 basis. Senate administrative personnel know they are paid by both parties and thus answer to both sides. The Senate approach has strengthened its committees by saving them money (through hiring fewer clerks) and encouraging a more bipartisan, even-handed administration of oversight activities.
To discourage partisanship within its committees, the House should consider adopting the Senate practice. The House Modernization Committee has already paved the way for this reform by advocating (in Recommendation 74) that committees “hire bipartisan staff approved by both the Chair and Ranking Member to promote strong institutional knowledge … and a less partisan oversight agenda.” The resulting salary savings would be an added benefit.
Investigative techniques that build bipartisanship. A softer set of reforms focuses on investigative techniques that foster bipartisanship in congressional oversight inquiries. They begin with a committee chair and ranking member making a public commitment to a bipartisan investigation and instructing their staffs to work together in good faith to reach consensus on the facts. Investigative techniques that encourage bipartisan factfinding should follow. Examples include both sides of the aisle issuing only joint document requests; jointly attending key briefings and interviews to ensure everyone hears the same information at the same time; producing joint post-interview summaries to ensure a common understanding of what was said; and drafting joint investigative reports to cement consensus on the facts or at least narrow differences. Still another tactic is to issue only joint press releases, with at least one quote from each side of the aisle, again to uncover and resolve differences.
These techniques are not pie-in-the-sky wishful thinking. For years, the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) has used them to conduct some of the best investigations in Congress. PSI leaders like Senators Carl Levin (D-MI), Tom Coburn (R-OK), Bill Roth (R-DE), Sam Nunn (D-GA), Susan Collins (R-ME), Rob Portman (R-OH), and Tom Carper (D-DE) routinely committed their staffs to joint investigations, because PSI’s track record and traditions had proven that bipartisan investigations were superior. The inquiries had shown that staffers who held fundamentally different views but investigated together asked more questions, examined more issues, and engaged in more challenging conversations with each other about what really happened and why. Using that bipartisan process to reach consensus on the facts is neither quick nor easy, but when motivated by leaders who insist on their staffs working together, it can produce fact-finding that is more accurate, thorough, thoughtful, and credible.
Enshrining bipartisan investigative techniques in House and Senate rules may not be practical, though the House Modernization Committee (in Recommendations 75-76) has called for “bipartisan pre-hearing committee meetings” and the piloting of “rules changes that could have a positive effect committee-wide.” Perhaps one initial step in this area would be to ban partisan committee websites and to require joint press releases prior to an oversight hearing. In the meantime, committee leaders don’t have to wait for a rule change to adopt investigative techniques that produce the gold standard of congressional oversight – fact-based, bipartisan inquiries.
More training for Members of Congress and staff. The bipartisan investigative techniques advocated here often do not come naturally to congressional staff or Members of Congress; they benefit from training and support.
An expanded Congressional Staff Academy, supported by the House Modernization Committee, as well as the Senate Office of Education and Training could provide the needed staff training opportunities. The Levin Center, together with the Lugar Center and the Project on Government Oversight, already holds regular bipartisan training sessions called “boot camps” to hone the skills needed to conduct fact-based, high-quality inquiries. Those two-day boot camps combine staff from the House and Senate, and from both parties, in investigative exercises that have trained more than 250 staffers to date. In recent years, would-be participants have submitted over 100 applications for the 25 spots available in each boot camp, demonstrating the strong demand for oversight training. The House Modernization Committee has already called for (in Recommendations 32, 33, & 63) an increase in “bipartisan learning opportunities for staff,” “bipartisan committee staff briefings,” and staff certifications in congressional skills. The 117th Congress should consider taking concrete steps to create those bipartisan training and certification opportunities.
Similar considerations apply to Members of Congress assigned to oversight committees. While some may have conducted oversight on the state or local level, or can draw on prosecutorial or other legal expertise, for many Members oversight investigations require a new skill set. Even a short oversight seminar at a new Members orientation session or Congressional Research Service retreat could help – especially if that seminar were bipartisan.
Committee budgets that better reflect House composition. This final reform suggestion – which enjoys bipartisan support – is a big one. It stems from the reality that the country is politically divided, and voters are producing narrow majorities in both the House and Senate in the range of 55, 52, or 51 percent. At the same time, the House has chosen to continue to allocate two-thirds of committee funding to the majority party and only one-third to the minority. Today, that means a House majority of 53% gets 67% of the available committee funding. While that funding split may look good to the majority party today, that perception will change if a small political shift leads to a different House majority tomorrow. Under the current approach, a change in party control threatens dramatic funding changes and abrupt staffing shifts, including the loss of staff with oversight expertise.
The Senate, in contrast, long ago replaced the one third-two thirds funding split between the parties with a committee allocation process that more closely reflects the actual composition of the majority and minority parties in the Senate. The resulting division of committee funds is not only fairer, it is generally less disruptive to committees when majorities shift, including committees exercising oversight authority. To reap the same benefits, the House should consider a similar committee funding allocation process.
* * *
This list of ways to strengthen Congress’ capacity to conduct effective oversight is far from exhaustive. For example, another vital reform already addressed in this series involves strengthening Congress’ ability to enforce its subpoenas. But all investigative improvements first require that Congress acknowledge the urgency and promise of better oversight. As Senator Levin once put it: “You can’t get good government without good oversight.” | <urn:uuid:565d709b-2be2-43c1-be9d-bdb40dcd90e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.justsecurity.org/72990/good-governance-paper-no-8-how-to-strengthen-oversight-by-congress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.94056 | 2,916 | 2.75 | 3 |
Water snakes of oklahoma are a diverse group of reptiles found throughout the state, with various species adapted to different habitats and environments in the region. We will explore the fascinating characteristics and behaviors of these snakes, shedding light on their role in the ecosystem and their interactions with other wildlife.
From the venomous cottonmouth to the non-venomous yellow-bellied water snake, each species has unique traits that allow them to thrive in their respective habitats. Understanding these snakes is not only important for their conservation but also for our own safety when encountering them in oklahoma’s waters.
So, let’s dive into the world of water snakes in oklahoma and discover the wonders they bring to our natural surroundings.
Table of Contents
1. The Diversity Of Water Snakes In Oklahoma
The water snakes of oklahoma exhibit a remarkable diversity in their species composition. Oklahoma’s water snakes form a significant component of the state’s rich biodiversity. They are found in various habitat types, including rivers, streams, ponds, and wetlands. These snakes have specific preferences for certain habitats, such as slow-moving water bodies with abundant vegetation.
Their distinct features contribute to their identification and classification within the state. With their streamlined bodies and ability to swim, these water snakes have adapted to their aquatic lifestyle. They play essential roles in the ecosystem as both predator and prey.
Their presence also indicates the health of the water bodies they inhabit. The water snakes of oklahoma truly exemplify the marvels of nature’s adaptation and the intricate relationships within an ecosystem.
2. Characteristics And Behavior Of Water Snakes In Oklahoma
Water snakes in oklahoma display unique characteristics that set them apart. Their feeding habits and prey preference play a crucial role in their survival. These snakes have a diverse diet, including fish, frogs, and crayfish. Reproduction and mating behavior are also fascinating aspects of their lives.
Water snakes engage in courtship rituals and mate during warmer months. They give birth to live young, a characteristic shared by many snake species. In oklahoma, these snakes are known for their adaptability to aquatic environments and their ability to thrive in various habitats.
Understanding the characteristics and behavior of water snakes in oklahoma helps us appreciate the diversity of wildlife in the state.
3. Identification And Conservation Of Water Snakes In Oklahoma
Water snakes in oklahoma can be identified based on their distinct species traits. Conservation efforts are crucial for protecting these snakes and preserving their habitats. Water snakes play a vital role in the ecosystem, highlighting the importance of their conservation.
Efforts to conserve these snakes include creating awareness among the public and implementing measures to safeguard their natural habitats. By understanding the different species of water snakes in oklahoma, conservationists can effectively plan and execute initiatives to protect these reptiles.
Preserving the ecological balance is paramount, and ensuring the survival of water snakes is a significant part of that effort. By recognizing their unique characteristics and advocating for their conservation, we contribute to the overall health and diversity of oklahoma’s ecosystem.
Frequently Asked Questions Of Water Snakes Of Oklahoma
What Types Of Water Snakes Are Found In Oklahoma?
Water snakes commonly found in oklahoma include the diamondback water snake, the northern water snake, and the plain-bellied water snake. These non-venomous snakes thrive in various aquatic habitats across the state, adapting to both freshwater and brackish water environments.
Are Water Snakes Dangerous?
Water snakes are generally not dangerous to humans. They are non-venomous and tend to avoid human contact. However, like any wild animal, they may become defensive if threatened or cornered. It is important to respect their space and observe them from a safe distance without attempting to handle or provoke them.
How Can I Distinguish Between Water Snakes And Venomous Snakes?
To distinguish between water snakes and venomous snakes in oklahoma, look for the following key differences: water snakes have round pupils while venomous snakes have elliptical pupils; water snakes have scale patterns that continue across their belly, while venomous snakes have belly scales that are different from the rest of their body; and water snakes have a harmless, slender head shape in comparison to the triangular-shaped heads of venomous snakes.
Water snakes play a vital role in oklahoma’s ecosystem, serving as a fascinating and essential part of the state’s biodiversity. While they can be misunderstood or feared by some due to their appearance or reputation, it is important to recognize their significance.
From the stunning diamondback water snake to the majestic blotched water snake, these creatures are uniquely adapted to thrive in aquatic environments. By maintaining healthy water systems and protecting their habitats, we can ensure the survival of these remarkable species.
So, the next time you encounter a water snake in oklahoma, remember the important role they play in our environment. Appreciate their beauty and contribution to our rich natural heritage. | <urn:uuid:3a792f10-77f5-47b3-8309-435b94f31317> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://allresultbd.org/water-snakes-of-oklahoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.9376 | 1,016 | 3.734375 | 4 |
There are three types of snakes on Menorca.
They are "invaders" and have probably been brought by ship during the Roman era.
All three species are harmless for the human being!
The most comon snake is the ladder snake ("serp blanc" in Menorquin).
This is the largest one of the three species and you may come across it in the Southern part of Menorca, in the fields and between stones.
Its diet consists of fair sized vertebrates such as rats or mice.
The viperine water snake has its habitat in humid areas such as in the Ravine of Algendar in the municipality of Ferrerias.
It feeds on small amphibious.
When attacking, it contracts its neck mussles and makes the head more triangular. Although it may jump at you quite aggessively, it does not bite; it will only give you a slight hit.
The false smooth snake ("serp de garriga") is the least common of the three species of snakes on the island of Menorca.
It is originally from Africa.
You may recognise it by a dark line that crosses its eyes.
This is the only poisenous species (yet not for humans). The snake uses the poison to paralyse its victims and then to swallow them it their entirety as it cannot masticate.
With the introduction of ornamental olive trees, more and more montpellier snakes are being introduced on the island of Menorca as these species hide inside those trees. | <urn:uuid:913659e4-ce11-4961-9b06-e3b59306f846> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.menorca-tips.com/EN-Snakes-on-Menorca.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.9548 | 319 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Nearly 9 out of 10 people are allergic to one substance or the other; however the one commonality
that affects most of them happen to be inhalants since they are more pervasive than other forms of
allergies. Inhalant allergy often consists of developing allergic reactions to air borne inhalants such as
dust, mites, dander, pollen, mold, cockroach droppings, pet urine, and much more. These usually
result in you developing the following symptoms, such as
Difficulty in breathing
It is important that you check in with your physician right away, once you start developing the above
symptoms so that you can seek immediate relief.
Your doctor would first evaluate your current condition as well as review your medical profile and history; at this point, you need to inform your doctor regarding any OTC medications that you may be taking at the moment to help alleviate some of your current symptoms or for that matter, for any other health condition as it can have a bearing on your test results. Your doctor, after evaluating your condition would order a Allergy-Inhalants test, to check and see if you are indeed intolerant to the same.
You would be required to abstain from food for a period of six hours leading up to the test; this is usually done to avoid you developing any food related allergies and to enable your body to digest your last meal before heading into the test. Your doctor would require you to relax so that he can perform a venipuncture and draw a small sample of your blood for running the RAST (radioallergosorbent) test.
This test is quite effective in determining the presence of IgE antibodies of the various allergens that it is being tested for currently. The results should be available right away and should enable your doctor to correctly diagnose your current condition and prescribe effective treatment, including antihistamines to help alleviate your current symptoms
Allergy - Inhalants
All age groups | <urn:uuid:0e2ad3aa-8b0e-4b11-a464-beb089c2900a> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.lybrate.com/lab-test/allergy-inhalants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861163.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618203134-20180618223134-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.937435 | 399 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Author: Paul McFedries
With Microsoft Excel, you can, well, excel at data analysis. And Excel Data Analysis For Dummies can help, with clear and easy explanations of the mountain of features for creating, visualizing, and analyzing data. PivotTables, charts, what-if analysis, statistical functions—it's all in here, with examples and ideas for Excel users of all skill levels.
This latest edition covers the most recent updates to Excel and Microsoft 365. You'll beef up your data skills and learn powerful techniques for turning numbers into knowledge. For students, researchers, and business professionals, Excel is the spreadsheet and data application of choice—and Dummies is the best choice for learning how to make those numbers sing. | <urn:uuid:e80acd08-2e2b-4b17-ba52-bbfcec158eed> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://epubonlinereader.com/326385553-5th-Edition-ebook.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520936.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517225809-20220518015809-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.813168 | 161 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I’m at the stage in my writing where I’m pitching agents, so I’m still obsessing over my first chapters and this idea of how to “hook” your reader.
Given that, on Saturday I attended a workshop at The Writer’s Center in Bethesda, MD called “Mastering the Hook.” There, I learned from Kathryn Johnson—a historical fiction novelist who has published over forty books—seven tools for drawing in a reader.
First and foremost, something needs to be different in your story if you want to hook your reader. What’s the twist?
Kathryn pointed out that the brain uses emotion to gauge what’s important to us. In fiction, this means your character’s reactions to adversity will show the reader what’s important to them.
Put your protagonist in a difficult situation and show his reaction. What are your character’s fears? Needs? What do you want your reader to feel?
3. Protagonist Goal
We’ve all heard this before, but only because it’s important. Your protagonist needs a goal. An agenda. And we need to know what it is early in the story.
What does she desperately want or need to achieve before the story concludes? What internal and/or external issues are preventing her from getting it?
4. Need-to-Know Information
Discern what information the reader needs to know at the beginning. The tricky thing is figuring exactly what that is. Kathryn pointed out that while we believe readers need to know everything, in reality they require very little.
One way to avoid the temptation of an information dump is to start the manuscript with the character doing or reacting to something.
5. Specific Details
Specific details enable the reader to visualize your story, which is necessary if you’re going to hook your reader. Consider how can you make your scenes as real as possible by using precise descriptions.
As I mentioned in # 2, your characters must face their demons and react. And eventually they must resolve the problem. Figure out the central conflict in your story and make sure it’s clear at the beginning.
Tom Clancy and Mark Twain said it- fiction has to make sense. There needs to be a cause and effect in your story. Would your character do XYZ in light of who they are?
Kathryn used the example of one of her students who had his main character, who was a “desk jockey” who did nothing but type all day, suddenly able to climb a treacherous mountain. It simply didn’t make sense that he had those skills. Thankfully, this was easily resolved by giving the character training.
Still Need Help Hooking Your Reader?
As with a lot of writing advice, most of these things are easier said than done—thankfully there are places you can turn for even more advice!
Kathryn was heavily influenced by a book by Lisa Cron called Wired for Story: The Writer’s Guide to Using Brain Science to Hook Readers from the First Sentence.
I read the opening chapters in Barnes & Noble, and it states that while technical writing ability is important, to get the reader to turn the page, you have to tell a good story. Her example? The Da Vinci Code—didn’t really have great writing yet sold millions of copies because it told a good story. May be worth checking out.
Who do you think is the best story teller?
Take fifteen minutes to write a story, keeping these tools in mind. Share with us below! | <urn:uuid:a8b9a745-7d86-4bd2-a179-35936e086c2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=%2Bhow+to+hook+the+reader&d=4692535419806103&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=5awf_M7hfu5V61CgMFwWG5eejTaCWWCj | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.954235 | 749 | 2.625 | 3 |
At Zaniac, we believe that all children can learn and become excited about math in the right environment. We build on the great work teachers do in the classroom to support your child where she or he needs it most. With Zane Math, your student will experience a world-class curriculum coordinated with what she or he is studying in school. This makes it easy to extend the lessons learned at Zaniac to the classroom. In fact, the backbone of Zane Math is custom software that allows Zaniac to create a program to best fit your child’s needs.
Students begin with an assessment to identify the concepts they already know and determine where your child’s learning will begin. We customize your child’s curriculum with our 12,000 problem database. Each concept ends with a milestone demonstrating concept mastery and showing weekly improvement.
Working with a trained Zaniac instructor, students use an online, interactive science-based reading program called Readorium. This award-winning program provides a deep and personalized learning experience for each child. Highly motivating and engaging, this program is automatic and intuitive, based on a child’s reading comprehension level. A digital librarian explains the program, and kids are taught how to think strategically as they read science books with text and support systems that continually adjust to their individual levels. Readorium students earn dollars, medals, and tokens to view cool science-based digital magazines and videos, and to play comprehension and reading strategy games. Students gain subject-matter expertise, improved reading skills, and an expanded vocabulary. Readorium gets kids to interact with the whole book.
A love for STEAM begins with Science!
Let’s explore and discover like a scientist. Our robust Science curriculum at Zaniac
is full of team-building challenges, experiments, fun projects and technology
activities. Choose your child’s first adventure—Earth Science or Space! Each is a
separate six-week program.
Understand water cycles and the impact of the weather. Surviving the fury of mother nature can be a challenge. Learn what a meteorologist looks at to determine our weather. Explore our twisting, shaking, moving Earth as we understand the power tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes.
Can you construct a home that will withstand the fury of mother nature? Let’s look at the effects our actions have on our changing climate.
Do you have what it takes to be an astronaut? Join us as we explore space through the eyes of an astronaut. Let’s learn more about the planets, moods, stars and space technology. Journey with us as we travel through our solar system and participate in real astronaut-training activities, including living in space. Explore the technologies that space scientists and astronauts use, including lunar rovers and
robotic arms. Using what you have learned in this class, will you be able to survive in space?
At Zaniac, we understand what a difference a little bit of extra attention can make in children’s confidence in school. Our talented and trained instructors are available each day after school and Saturdays to help your student with homework. Zaniac offers a safe and fun environment for your child to receive extra attention and guidance on subjects he or she is studying in school. Help is available in all K-8 subjects. Reserve your Homework Help hours by calling us. Watch your child gain confidence in the classroom!
Chess Instruction helps your child develop skills in strategic thinking which are critical to success. Studies have long shown the benefits of playing chess include developing higher order thinking skills, enhancing creativity, and improving memory, all giving your child a leg up at school. Chess is also designed to be self-motivating and teach consequences to develop individual responsibility.
Children today need to be able to type effectively to succeed in doing schoolwork, taking tests, and engaging in just about every aspect of today’s technology driven world. Zaniac’s Touch Typing classes help your child increase typing proficiency so she or he can more easily achieve success in school. | <urn:uuid:9f723865-b907-41af-a08e-7a88812057a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.zaniaclearning.com/programs/academic-enrichment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347434137.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603112831-20200603142831-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.935316 | 842 | 2.625 | 3 |
The vast expanse of marshland in the south of the country is home to species such as water buffalo, the Basra reed warbler and the Iraq babbler.
Its wetland ecosystem, the largest in the Middle East, was thought to be lost forever after Saddam Hussein cut off the country's two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, in an attempt to expel the Ma’dan tribes following the first Gulf War in 1991. Ninety-three percent of the ecosystem was destroyed.
After Saddam’s downfall in 2003 the dams were destroyed and the water returned, restoring the reed beds and the wildlife.
To the surprise of conservationists, all 278 recorded bird species survived, reports the New Scientist. "It shows how resilient nature can be, and gives hope that other lost wetlands can be restored,” said Richard Porter of Birdlife International.
Azzam Alwash is the founder and president of Nature Iraq, the charity that campaigned for the park’s creation. “For Iraq, the fact that we are willing to dedicate a portion of our land to nature is a wonderful step,” he said.
He described the Mesopotamian marshes that will be protected as “the cradle of civilisation”. Iraq is believed to be the birthplace of, among other things, agriculture, writing, monotheism and the wheel.
However, the future may not be easy for the park. Iraq’s neighbours upstream, Syria, Turkey and Iran, are increasingly restricting the water of the two rivers. To counter this, Nature Iraq has arranged the construction of a system of banks to divert water into the wetlands every spring.
"Declaring a park isn't just a bit of paper. It will mean we can reserve a percentage of the water from the rivers for the marshes,” says Alwash. Nature Iraq hopes that a stable water supply could boost wildlife to the levels found in the 1970s.
Ultimately, the idea is to attract paying visitors to help sustain the park, although there is unlikely to be a steady stream of tourists in the short term. | <urn:uuid:69c582ac-a372-4c2f-994d-1a815fc2fe77> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/iraq/articles/Garden-of-Eden-to-become-Iraqi-national-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104660626.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706030209-20220706060209-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.942395 | 437 | 3.484375 | 3 |
100 Ways to Save Energy
Homeowners know that saving energy is a sure way to save money.
An easy way to find out how to save energy is to perform a self-audit of your home using an app like HomeSelfe. HomeSelfe takes less than 5 minutes and presents you with an analysis of your home’s current energy use, as well as clear ways to both increase your home’s efficiency and lower your utility bills.
Once you’ve begun to make energy improvements—and seen lower bills—you can continue to increase your energy efficiency with the following energy savings tips: smart ways to save from floor to ceiling, from inside to out—all year round.
Air Conditioning & Heating
1. Make sure your air conditioning and heating units are ENERGY STAR models.
2. Set a non-ENERGY STAR air conditioning unit to “Quiet Guard” or “Power Save” mode.
3. Get a programmable thermostat that will automatically turn your AC and heater on or off to save on energy.
4. Always keep windows and doors tightly shut when running the AC or heater.
5. If you have central AC, close the air vents in unused rooms to avoid cooling or heating unused spaces.
6. Turn off kitchen or bath exhaust fans as soon as possible.
7. Use ceiling fans to cool a room instead of turning on the AC.
8. You can set your thermostat to slightly higher temperatures if you have ceiling fans installed!
9. Reverse your ceiling fan’s direction to run clockwise and at low speed so that the room air is being pulled up, and warm air is distributed from the ceiling down into the room.
10. Keep your thermostat settings at around 68-70 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and between 65 and 68 degrees Fahrenheit at night to save on heating costs.
11. Remember to reduce the temperature setting on your thermostat whenever you leave the house.
12.Turn your ceiling fan’s blades so that it runs in counter-clockwise direction. This will direct the air downward into the room and create a cooling wind chill effect.
13.Try to keep the difference between the temperature of your thermostat setting and outside temperatures to a minimum. The bigger the difference, the more energy you will lose.
14.Increase temperature settings on your thermostat when you leave the house – there is no need to keep cooling excessively when no one is home.
15.Consider turning your AC off entirely every time you leave your house or apartment, especially when you are traveling for business or leisure.
16.Cleaning your air conditioner and heater’s air filters at least once a month.
17.Check if any ducts to your heating or cooling equipment are leaking and fix them to increase efficiency levels.
18.To keep your central air conditioner unit working efficiently, clean the outside compressor on a regular basis.
19.Keep plants at least one foot away from an outdoor AC unit to provide sufficient airflow.
20.Plan to have your entire heating system inspected by a professional on a regular basis, especially if it’s natural gas.
21.Invest into an energy-efficient heat pump to save on heating costs.
22.Electric baseboard heating can be very effective. To keep it that way, you should leave a clearance of at least three inches under the heating unit and avoid placing furniture or draperies too close to it.
23.While portable heaters are very convenient, they also waste a lot of energy. Limit your use of the same and opt for the regular heaters instead.
Insulation & Ventilation
24.Check your roof and basement for water leaks. Insulation that gets wet is ineffective!
25.Seal any cracks in the attic, basement, or crawl spaces with materials like caulk and spray foam.
26.A mixture of more than 2 layers of glass is called the insulated glass, and each layer of glass is air tightend sealed like upside down upon each other. Which is best for insulation and ventilation system. You can buy insulated glass here.
27.Beware: air vents blocked by drapes, curtains, and furniture can increase heating costs.
28.Make sure your walls are insulated properly to prevent energy loss and shield your home from outside temperatures.
29.Cover bare floors with carpeting or rugs to help insulate your home.
30.Shut the damper in your fireplace when it is not in use to keep warm arm from escaping.
31.Keep the doors inside your home open to allow conditioned air to circulate freely.
32.Most homes come equipped with about 3 inches of insulation in the attic. You can easily upgrade this to 12 inches to reduce both heating and cooling energy usage.
Lighting Your Home
33.Replace incandescent light bulbs with LED or CFL models, which are slightly more expensive to purchase, but will last longer and save you significant amounts of energy and money in the long run.
34.If you have halogen light bulbs installed, you should consider replacing them with CFLs, which don’t emit as much heat and use much less energy.
35.When purchasing new light bulbs, double-check that you are purchasing the correct bulb size and brightness for your light fixture to avoid losing energy by installing light bulbs that are too big or too bright for your actual needs.
36.Check all of your light fixtures to see if they have an “Energy Star” label. If not, it might be a good idea to invest into “Energy Star” certified lighting.
37.Manual timer controls are a great way to set certain times during which you want lights or electronics to be switched on. Once that time period ends, all of the connected devices will switch off automatically.
38.Install dimmer switches to control your lights can be a great and simple way to save on energy. By dimming a light, you reduce its wattage and energy output.
39.Install motion sensors in your exterior, which turn your lights on only when something or someone is moving.
40.Similar to thermostats, which control temperature, there are now digital systems you can install that control lights throughout your home. Some even offer remote control features through a connected mobile app. These digital systems can help you determine the most efficient use of light and automate the turning on and off process.
41.Reduce the overall amount of free standing, redundant lights throughout your home to avoid turning them on out of habit.
42.If you want to increase the efficiency of your free standing lights, try installing light-colored lamp shades and placing them in corners, because from there they will reflect light from two walls instead of just one (especially in front of bright wallpaper).
Harnessing the Sun
43.When purchasing a new home or installing new windows, keep an eye out for the “National Fenestration Rating Council” label, which certifies energy-efficient windows.
44.Installing light-colored curtains is a great way to allow sunlight to enter and brighten the room without inviting too much heat.
45.A natural way to shield your home from sunlight is to plant trees on the sunny side of the house.
46.Make use of your shades by blocking sunlight from entering your home during the day in the summer. This will help keep it cool inside.
47.During the winter, leave the shades wide open during the day, which will allow the sun to heat your interior with natural, free energy.
48.Use shades to block warm air from escaping your home in the winter by keeping them shut on the north side of your home during the day
49.At night, keep shades shut all around the house to keep warm air in.
Combatting the Sun
50.Upgrade to reflective roofs to reduce heat buildup.
51.You can also applying reflective coating to your existing roof to slow down deterioration.
52.Consider placing screens and films on your windows to reduce the impact of UV rays.
53.Apply reflective coating on window glass to reduce the amount of heat entering your home.
54.Invest in high-performance windows that will help your AC system run more efficiently.
55.Use the power-save mode on your refrigerator (if available).
56.Set the temperature to somewhere between 30 and 42°F.
57.Refrigerators purchased in or before the 1990s are “energy vampires.” Replace them with ENERGY STAR units as soon as possible!
58.Did you know that an empty fridge uses more energy than a fully loaded one? Probably not. So make sure to keep it stocked and consider filling the freezer with large containers of water.
59.A slightly inconvenient yet simple way to increase your refrigerator’s efficiency levels is to dust its coils, which are located on the back.
60.Check if moisture is collecting or if you can feel cold air around the closed door of your refrigerator. If yes, it might be time to repair the door seals to avoid wasting energy.
66.Do you really need that second fridge in the garage or basement? Probably not. Get rid of it and save energy.
62.When your meal is almost finished, try turning off your oven or stove burners early. The remaining heat, in most cases, is enough to finish the cooking.
63.When heating up leftovers, considering using the microwave and toaster oven, as they will use less energy than your conventional oven.
64.Opening and closing the oven causes temperature changes of up to 25 degrees. So keep the oven door closed while cooking to avoid making it “work harder” to maintain high temperatures.
65.Immediately clean your oven after cooking or baking, because a clean oven has much shorter warm-up times than a dirty one.
66.When preparing a meal with many ingredients, take as many as possible out of the refrigerator at once to avoid opening and closing its door; every time warm air enters the unit, it ends up having to use more energy to cool down again.
67.Some stove models provide burners with different sizes. If that’s the case with yours, try to find a pot that perfectly fits the burner on your stove, because small pots don’t need all the heat of a big burner.
68.Copper-bottomed pots and pans are a great investment if you would like to use heat more efficiently when preparing food on the stove.
69.Pay attention to stove reflector pans and keep them clean so they can reflect more heat upward.
70.Not every pot has a lid, but if it does you should definitely use it because it can contribute to building up heat much faster and shorten your overall cooking time.
71.If you have a door separating your from the rest of the house, try keeping it open during winter months to let the warm air around the oven and stove help heat your home’s interior.
72.While it’s nice to feel some of the oven heat when baking or cooktops with downdraft during colder months, it can unnecessarily heat up your home during the summer. So consider preparing meals on the grill outside to avoid AC overuse.
73.Use the “economy mode” setting on your dishwasher as much as possible.
74.Start your dishwasher only once it’s full, to avoid washing a smaller amount of dishes over the course of several washing cycles.
75.Turn off your dishwasher as soon as the wash cycle finishes, then air-dry the dishes.
Washer & Dryer
76.Only do laundry when you can use the machine at capacity, otherwise you’ll end up doing more frequent washing cycles with smaller loads and waste energy that way.
77.What many don’t know is that laundry detergents work just as well with cold as they do with warm water. So keep your washer’s temperature setting on cold to avoid wasting energy for no reason.
78.If you do not have enough laundry to wash a full load, change the settings so the washer uses less water.
79.When doing laundry, try to wash and dry more than one load at once, so that you can take advantage of the dryer’s leftover heat and put in the second load when it is still warm.
80.Consider air-drying your light fabrics and only using the dryer for heavy fabrics
81.In order to keep your dryer’s efficiency at the highest level, clean the lint filter before every load.
82.Check on your clothes earlier than usual when they are in the dryer. They might already be dry. Over-drying not only wastes energy, but also causes static and sometimes wrinkling.
83.Make sure that your dryer is venting to the outside – especially during summer – so that your AC unit does not have to work extra hard to keep it cool inside.
84. Always turn off all your electronic devices when you are not using them.
85. Unplug electronics that are not in use to prevent them from using energy.
86. Unplug a device AND it’s charger as soon as the battery has is recharged! Even if your device is unplugged, chargers will continue to use energy.
87. Adjust your TV and computer screen settings to lower contrast and brightness levels, but make sure that you are not damaging your eyes as a result. Find more tips at The Tool Report.
88. When purchasing a new TV, make sure to get a model that is “Energy Star” certified.
89. Change or turn off its factory settings, because newer models are mostly set to “showroom” mode, which uses much more energy.
90. Instead of getting a desktop computer, invest your money into a laptop. It will be more convenient and energy-efficient.
91. Computer screen savers can be fun, but they also use up energy. Instead, adjust your computer settings to sleep or hibernate mode for longer periods of inactivity.
92. Fix any leaky faucet or showerhead immediately!
93. Also frequently check your hot water pipes, especially older ones, for leaks.
94. Shorten your hot showers, or use lukewarm water instead.
95. You can install low-flow faucets and showerheads to reduce your use of hot water.
96. Consider reducing the temperature settings of your water heater to about 120 degrees Fahrenheit. This is plenty to keep your water hot enough for everyday use.
97. Some water heaters come with built-in timers, but if they don’t, you might want to connect it to a manual timer. Either way, it is a good idea to set it to be turned off when no one is home.
98. When you are going on vacation or leaving your home for a short business trip, make sure to turn off your water heater while you are gone. Otherwise it will keep heating the water in a sort of “standby mode.”
99. A small and cheap trick to save on energy when it comes to your is to insulate the first six feet of the water pipes connected to the unit.
100. Save energy by insulating your old unit with insulation wrap. Make sure to keep any vents uncovered.
Want even more tips to save energy and lower your bills?
Check out HomeSelfe’s newest guide 100 Ways to Improve the Energy Efficiency Your Home here. | <urn:uuid:9b6529ae-5b70-4349-afda-f35f86fd431e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.benefyd.com/100-ways-to-save-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652116.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605121635-20230605151635-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.922353 | 3,291 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Reduced water flowing from Georgia and Alabama in the Apalachicola River in Florida could have wider effects than have been traditionally studied, according to Florida State University researchers.
Alabama, Florida and Georgia have been fighting in federal court over water from the river system since 1990. Alabama and Georgia want water for cities, farms and recreation on upstream reservoirs while Florida for fish and wildlife in the Apalachicola River and the seafood industry at Apalachicola Bay.
The FSU researchers found that low flows in the river coincided with reduced concentrations of microscopic plant-like organisms — called phytoplankton — in an area extending 125 miles offshore into the Gulf of Mexico, said Steven Morey, a research scientist at FSU’s Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies. FSU announced the publication of the study in a news release today.
Scientists suspect that annual changes in phytoplankton, the base of the marine food chain, can affect the availabilty of food for young fish along the continental shelf. They include reef fish such as grouper that spawn on the outer shelf edge and use areas closer to shore for nursery habitat.
“We expanded our understanding of the area of significant influence of the river,” Morey said. “Most of the (research) work in the past was within the bay or river itself. Now we have expanded the horizon we need to be concerned about to offshore habitat hundreds of kilometers offshore.”
The political fight over water has subsided somewhat this year because of heavy rains across the southeast. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which operates federal dams on the river, ended drought operations on June 1. Florida Gov. Charlie Crist in May asked Interior Secretary Ken Salazar to lead a study of water needs within the river system.
The FSU researchers examined the seasonal and year-to-year changes in river flow caused by changes in precipitation. They also used satellite data and computer models of ocean circulation to identify a region 125 miles offshore in which changes in ocean color indicated changes in phytoplankton concentrations related to the river flow.
The researchers published their findings in the journal “Continental Shelf Research.”
DISCLOSURE: FloridaEnvironments.com Editor Bruce Ritchie worked under a contract with FSU that ended May 31. He wrote an article for FSU’s Coastal and Marine Laboratory Web site about grouper research conducted by the lab staff. The Marine Lab did not participate in the research featured in this article. | <urn:uuid:f9f2556f-9395-4fd0-94a4-7e9c2424d117> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://floridaenvironments.com/misc/study-apalachicola-river-flow-could-affect-gulf-fisheries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.949413 | 523 | 3.234375 | 3 |
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FAO’s move to shore up the rights of small-scale fishers is making waves in Costa Rica.
In August 2015, the government of Costa Rica received a letter from a tiny fishing community on the northern Caribbean coast.
Nestled between Tortuguero National Park and the Nicaragua border, the community of Barra del Colorado — some 2,000 people — have been quietly making a living out of shrimp fishing for generations.
The letter took issue with a 2013 constitutional vote to a ban trawling — a fishing method that can damage marine environments by pulling along undesired fish species and destroying habitats at the ocean bottom.
The vote targeted industrial and semi-industrial trawling operations. But it made no exception for fishers operating at a smaller scale, to catch fish for food or to sell locally for a basic income. For Barra del Colorado and similar communities, it meant losing the legal right to their only livelihood, and a way of life.
“In this place this is the only work we can do,” says Ligia Mejia Guzman as she deftly cleans the day’s catch, shrimp by shrimp. The work, which occupies most women in the community, is without social security, leaves fingers bleeding as acid wears off the skin, and earns her about 20,000 colones (US$35) each day — on a good day — for two short fishing seasons a year. She learned it as a child and, like the rest, she is thankful for it.
The letter marked the beginning of a fight for the licence to fish, which continues today. One of the community’s allies is CoopeSoliDar R.L, a local development NGO that facilitated a consensus-building policy process — the National Dialogue for the sustainable use of shrimp — involving government institutions, NGOs, and all productive fishing sectors.
“We have been dealing with conflicts at the grassroots level, very serious conflicts, trying to get an equilibrium between marine conservation and the sustainable use of these resources that bring development to a lot of people,” says Vivienne Solis Rivera, a biologist with CoopeSoliDar.
The NGO is working in Barra del Colorado to build the community’s capacity to reclaim their licence. That means research, workshops, getting organised to have a voice in policy discussions — work that Solis Rivera says in recent years has had a boost from a new addition to the toolbox: a set of International Guidelines on Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries adopted by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in June 2014.
The product of a long consultation with over 4,000 stakeholders from over 120 countries, the guidelines are “the first international instrument dedicated entirely to the immensely important — but until now often neglected — small-scale fisheries sector”, according to FAO. They emphasise the rights of artisanal fishers and offer guiding principles for governance and development of the sector.
Costa Rica is by no means unique in overlooking small-scale fisheries. But FAO believes it is the only country to make the guidelines, which are voluntary, a part of its national development plan. This makes it a case the UN agency is keen to watch.
The effort has been controversial, going head-to-head with the country’s strong drive for conservation that has seen over a quarter of its territory designated as protected land.
“There is a real conflict with the environmental agenda,” Solis Rivera says, pointing out that high-profile campaigns have tipped the scales considerably. She believes the guidelines have added a crucial counterweight to that: for CoopeSoliDar and the national fisheries management body, INCOPESCA, having them in hand has meant the community’s concerns get more weight in policy. They give small fishers a presence; and this, she says, makes them disruptive.
According to Nicole Franz, a fishery planning analyst who leads FAO’s work on the guidelines, such conflicts aren’t unusual. “We do see that at times there are tensions”, she says, citing a lack of dialogue between the agencies and NGOs leading the different agendas. Her hope is that the guidelines offer a “basis for constructive collaboration”.
At a meeting convened by FAO last year at the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center in Italy, delegates from around the world agreed to work towards indicators to monitor implementation of the guidelines through pilot projects.
Solis Rivera, who took part in the meeting, believes the guidelines can make a difference by “concretizing” a range of issues relevant to policy that affects small fishers. “When the guidelines were approved [in Costa Rica], we were able to really get a tool that could be used to provide more inputs of the need of this approach that considers human rights as the main backbone of conservation,” she says.
The fishermen who take their boats out a few kilometres away from Barra del Colorado, just where the mouth of Rio Colorado meets the Caribbean sea, catch only the amount of shrimp they can sell to middlemen in the area, plus a small percentage each for their families.
They ‘know’ that their nets don’t drag along as much fauna as other trawlers. Yet it takes studies to persuade Costa Rica’s government — and that’s what the community has set out to do, with help from CoopeSoliDar.
Solis Rivera says the guidelines have helped secure the time and money needed to do the research. Since February, through a temporary ‘research licence’, the men have continued to fish legally while gathering information about the sustainability of their practices.
That licence is due to expire soon. At a meeting last week, the community heard that early results of a study commissioned by CoopeSoliDar are promising.
Hanging in the balance
When it comes to the evidence on trawling, Solis Rivera says the devil is in the detail: in some cases semi-industrial fishing is less damaging than a fleet of small trawlers. She argues that the answer isn’t to ban trawling outright, but to manage it and look at the specifics of each case.
“Trawling by small boats along the coast is indeed different from trawling by large industrial boats,” says Tony Charles, a professor and research fellow at Saint Mary's University in Canada, and Director of the Community Conservation Research Network. He agrees that the right approach is a mix of measures depending on the fisheries, species and what works in a particular area.
Jesús Chavez, president of the fishermen’s association and lead signatory on the letter that protested the ban, says “the conditions in the Caribbean are very different [from elsewhere in the country], and the productive activity is very different”.
Jorge Jiménez is director of MarViva, one of the local conservation NGOs that favours the trawling ban. “There is no evidence that grants an exception,” he says, adding that research clearly shows the technique harms the environment as well as the resource that artisanal fishers depend on.
Jiménez says conservation should be focused on the long-term well-being of communities, but argues this cannot be built on destruction of marine resources. “A revision of existing fishing practices … providing better prices for [fishers’] products … and ensuring the well-being of the ecosystem is the balance we need to achieve.”
Charles says fishers can be trained to switch to new methods – but if trawling is the only way, it’s important to compromise and work with them to reduce its impact. “Conservation cannot be achieved through one action” like a trawl ban, he says. “Should a government be so rigid in a trawl ban that it hurts those who most understand the coastal marine habitat and who are most likely to care about conserving fish and ocean? That does not seem the best path.”
Information and power
Other communities are also struggling to get an official licence to fish. A group of women mollusc gatherers in Chomes, a fishing community of some 3,000 people on the country’s Pacific coast, have secured a licence for just one of the four species they can harvest.
With the help of CoopeSoliDar, they’re now organised, routinely recording data on the mollusc species in their mangroves.
The docking area in Chomes, a fishing community of 3000 people near Puntarenas, on Costa Rica’s Pacific coast. The coast has a mix of developed areas where tourism thrives, and underdeveloped areas where poverty persists.
Fishing nets rest in piles along the riverbank. The men of the community have a licence to fish and sell their catch locally. But there is no formal recognition of the women who gather molluscs from the mangrove.
Clams pulled fresh from the mangrove. According to the local NGO CoopeSoliDar, the environment ministry, which has jurisdiction over the area, needs research on the species being collected to grant the women a permit. They can now legally extract just one species.
Women members of a cooperative association formed with help from the NGO: Sophia Jimenez, Karmen Perez, Rosa Bustos, and Arelis Jimenes (left to right). Empowered about their right to claim this livelihood, they are actively involved in reforestation and research on mollusc species in the area.
A board with mollusc species identified. Information gathered by the women goes into a database that now contains data for over 17,000 individuals. “The culture of the research really is based on their work,” says Marvin Fonseca of CoopeSoliDar. “Here they control the process.”
Aracelly Jimenes Mora, the leader of the association, with member Arelis Jimenes. “This is a joint effort between traditional and scientific knowledge,” says Jimenes Mora. The women told scientists what species to look for, before the scientists could help them single out males and females of the same species.
The site of a failed reforestation effort. Jimenes says scientists didn’t listen when the women said the nursery was too close to the sea. Now, the site is further inland. They also insisted on a mix of mangrove soil and sand, not the 100 per cent soil experts suggested. “Through trial and error we knew it was better,” she says.
Mangrove littered with plastic. The trash is picked up twice a month, says Sophia Jimenez, and the women are committed to protecting the area because different species of mangrove support different species of mollusc.
A privately owned shrimp aquaculture operation separated by their women’s fishing area by a thin stretch of mangrove. “They don’t give us access [to fishing areas],” says Rosa Bustos. The women say the outfit pollutes the waters, and removing the mangrove has reduced their fishing area.
A kitchen space set up by the women’s cooperative. The plan was to open a restaurant for local fishers. It is ready – “but we have a big problem”, says Jimenes Mora: there is no electricity. They say other enterprises have access, but their connection was refused on the grounds of the mangrove being a protected area.
A photo, part of an exhibition, at the entrance to the kitchen. Gathering molluscs means getting steeped in mud for hours in a day. But it’s the only work available, and CoopeSoliDar says it needs to be dignified. A good day’s harvest is about 400 molluscs, which can fetch 14,000 colones (US$25).
The idea is to capture knowledge that then feeds into policy discussions. “We really need to generate information that is clear to them [the community], that is simple, that is in their own language, and that they can manage to improve their resources,” says Marvin Fonseca-Borrás, a geographer with CoopeSoliDar.
Back in Barra del Colorado, Fonseca-Borrás is leading a discussion with fishermen and an environment ministry official over a map that captures the community’s knowledge of marine areas and fish species.
“Marine spatial planning techniques are probably the most powerful tool that we have to communicate with fishers,” he says. “It provides information on the biological diversity of the marine ecosystems, but it also gets us to reduce differences between the different actors. And it allows us to find viable solutions to the challenge of combining conservation and development.” | <urn:uuid:151e08df-8190-4421-8e71-8e7cc9f609a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.scidev.net/global/supported-content/a-fight-to-put-artisanal-fishers-on-the-map/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488538041.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623103524-20210623133524-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.95169 | 2,699 | 2.875 | 3 |
BIOSAgentPlus safely checks to see if a newer BIOS is available for your computer and provides instant access to your detailed BIOS and driver report.
Pronounced "bye-ose," BIOS is an acronym for basic input/output system. The BIOS is built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions.
The BIOS is typically placed on a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself.
Because RAM is faster than ROM, many computer manufacturers design systems so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is booted. This is known as shadowing, and should be disabled in the BIOS setup before flashing.
Most modern PCs have a flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS has been recorded on a rewriteable memory chip, which can be updated if necessary.
The PC BIOS is standardized, so all PCs are alike at this level (although there are different BIOS versions). Additional DOS functions are usually added through software modules. This means you can upgrade to a newer version of DOS without changing the BIOS.
PC BIOSes that can handle Plug-and-Play (PnP) devices are known as PnP BIOSes, or PnP-aware BIOSes. These BIOSes are always implemented with flash memory rather than ROM.
Go back to our BIOS FAQ.
(Examples: how to update your BIOS, how to identify your motherboard) | <urn:uuid:f10930e0-691e-4541-bff7-049a63012d94> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.wimsbios.com/faq/whatisaflashbios.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.935404 | 357 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Sectors: The Solar Street Light
The solar street light project is a road lighting system powered by a solar light source, which is environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and sustainable. In terms of project scale, the number of solar street lights to be installed and their distribution can be determined according to actual needs. This may involve consideration of factors such as road length, traffic density and lighting requirements.
In the design of solar streetlights, the BST cells use a calcium titanite structure which is capable of efficiently converting solar light sources into electrical energy and has the following characteristics:
BST cells are designed and manufactured under rigorous quality control and testing to ensure their performance and reliability. They are able to operate properly in a wide range of climatic conditions, including environments such as high temperatures, low temperatures and humidity.
BST cells maintain high electrical energy conversion efficiency over their lifetime and are able to withstand long-term use and frequent light changes. They have a fast response time to changes in light intensity and are able to output power consistently.
The choice of high quality BST cells for PV modules in solar street lighting projects ensures reliability and stability. These cells usually have a long service life and are able to work effectively even with limited solar resources. Also, for the size and needs of the project, the overall performance and reliability of the solar street lighting system can be ensured by proper layout and design. | <urn:uuid:da358a9d-5f13-4681-a702-f18974bf36fc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bstess.com/bst-solar-street-light-project-in-france/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.941721 | 282 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A worker excavating the planned site of a bridge and new interstate connection on the northwest side has unearthed an archaeological find that is believed to date back more than 2,500 years.
Dan Arnit of Innovative Excavating was working at the site of the planned Sunset Road connection to Silverbell Road just west of Interstate 10 when he came across something startling — prehistoric human footprints, possibly the oldest set found north of Mexico in the Southwest.
“I saw what looked like a heel,” he said.
Arnit found the footprints stamped into the mud of an ancient irrigated field, dried solid and covered with sediment some 2,500 to 3,000 years ago.
He started to gently scratch away at the sand and dirt, slowly revealing the impression of a heel, then toes and finally a complete set of human footprints. “The closer I came to the toe I started shaking,” he said.
Further excavation has revealed several sets of footprints, both of adults and children, and even of what researchers believe are those of a domesticated canine.
The discovery of footprints represents a first for archaeology in the region.
It was certainly a first for Arnit in his 30 years of archaeological excavation.
For Pima County Department of Transportation project manager Jason Bahe, the find represents a personal link to the past for him and his family.
Bahe, a Native American of Navajo descent, said he brought his daughter to see the area and to view the footprints.
“She made the connection with her ancestors,” Bahe said. “It helped her connect to her past.”
The existence of Native American settlements along the Santa Cruz River, dating back as far or even farther than the recent discovery, has been known for some time.
A major excavation was done in 2009 at the site of the Ina Road Wastewater Treatment Plant, where a network of hand-dug canals were found along with remnants of pit houses and cooking pits.
The recent discovery differs from the Ina Road find, however, because the fields were actually fed by the Rillito River and not the Santa Cruz.
“This is a perfect place for irrigation agriculture,” said Ian Milliken, an archaeologist and program coordinator with Pima County.
Workers at the site have exposed two field cells and a pair of parallel channels that fed the fields with water. There are also signs of what Milliken called a “mud plug” or earthen barrier used to stop or redirect the flows coming from the river.
Milliken said past research has established that the Rillito’s course has shifted over the centuries, varying as much as a mile. So it’s likely the riverbank, today more than a half-mile away, was much closer to the field at the time.
The ancient civilization that lived here represents what archaeologists call the early agricultural period, a time even before people in the region had developed ceramics.
“It’s a transition era from a lifestyle defined by hunter-gatherers to a settling down,” said Jerome Hesse, with SWCA Environmental Consultants.
Exactly how the people here lived their lives or organized their society is unknown, but Hesse said they likely lived at least part of the year at this and other sites in the region, cultivating crops in irrigated fields.
The discoveries made at the site also show further evidence of a level of technological sophistication often thought not to have existed among Native American populations of this era.
The canals and channels evident at the site and others along the riverbanks show the people living here more than 2,000 years ago knew how to survive in their environment as they moved away from nomadic hunting into an era of large-scale, agricultural-focused settlement.
“They were brilliant engineers,” Milliken said.
While the entire area won’t be excavated, research could reveal seasonal variations in plantings, crop-rotation techniques and other irrigation schemes.
The work at the site is being done in accord with county regulations that require archaeological, environmental and historical analyses to be done.
Priscilla Cornelio, county transportation director, said the work would not delay the planned construction of the road and bridge over the Santa Cruz. | <urn:uuid:9c4314cc-5e58-4d63-9602-06f22e2c33a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://tucson.com/news/science/ancient-footprints-found-at-tucson-road-construction-site/article_031cae8e-ab3b-5dd7-952b-96892390e4e4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693866.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925235144-20170926015144-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.970714 | 891 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As a future science educator there are key tenets that define the Nature of Science, which should be incorporated into the classroom. By making students aware of the Nature of Science and engaging them in these main features, they are able to build upon both their knowledge and understanding of science. Our most recent Methods class focused on bringing the Nature of Science to the classroom. We were asked if in the past week we brought to the students’ attention a moment that reflected the Nature of Science. We were then asked if it was planned. Since we didn’t get to share out to the whole group, I would like to hear some of your experiences and I will share mine.
In my placement last week, I built upon an original lab that would be implemented to the students. I added my own twist to the Post- Lab Questions by having students provide evidence from their lab that supported their answers. In a particular class a couple of students were hesitant about having to provide evidence. They wondered why I had added “extra work” to their lab. I saw the opportunity and embraced it. I gave the class a scenario. I asked them this: If you were really sick with the flu and had two options on medicine to buy, which one would you choose? Would you buy something that simply says “this will make you feel better?” Or, would you buy something that states, “in a study of 100 people, 80 people were relieved from flu symptoms within 24 hours, and all showed improvement within 48 hours?” When nods started occurring and understanding swept across the students’ faces, I told the class “Statements are more powerful with evidence.” They all agreed. I then brought in the Nature of Science and discussed how explanations in science need to be supported by evidence to be accepted. After that unexpected side lesson on a component of the Nature of Science, the students didn’t bring up having to do the “extra work” again. | <urn:uuid:c25ab346-f336-47bf-9235-378be7bc2e1b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://getrealscience.org/tiarraw/2015/02/21/bringing-n-o-s-to-the-class/?replytocom=62 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488870.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206145958-20191206173958-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.984968 | 404 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Total Number of words made out of Zeroes = 32
Zeroes is an acceptable word in Scrabble
with 15 points.
Zeroes is an accepted word in Word with Friends
having 15 points. Zeroes
is a 6
letter medium Word starting with Z and ending with S. Below are Total 32 words made out of this word.
5 letter Words made out of zeroes
1). zeros 2). erose
4 letter Words made out of zeroes
1). roes 2). rose 3). seer 4). sere 5). sore 6). zees 7). zero 8). rees 9). eros 10). ores
3 letter Words made out of zeroes
1). ors 2). ere 3). ers 4). zee 5). ser 6). oes 7). see 8). ore 9). roe 10). res 11). ose 12). ree
2 letter Words made out of zeroes
1). or 2). os 3). re 4). es 5). so 6). oe 7). er
Zeroes Meaning :- of Zero
: . Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word.
Search More words for viewing how many words can be made out of them
There are 3 vowel letters and 3 consonant letters in the word zeroes. Z is 26th, E is 5th, R is 18th, O is 15th, S is 19th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Wordmaker is a website which tells you how many words you can make out of any given word in english. we have tried our best to include every possible word combination of a given word. Its a good website for those who are looking for anagrams of a particular word. Anagrams are words made using each and every letter of the word and is of the same legth as original english word. Most of the words meaning have also being provided to have a better understanding of the word. A cool tool for scrabble fans and english users, word maker is fastly becoming one of the most sought after english reference across the web. | <urn:uuid:7cbbf012-5eb5-434b-993c-8ee01765bfb5> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://wordmaker.info/how-many/zeroes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867094.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525141236-20180525161236-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.841498 | 452 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Mathematics Through Play (page 3)
Everyday routines and play events offer rich opportunities for teaching your children about mathematics. Integrating math into all parts of the day multiplies the learning and gives your young children an understanding that math is part of everyday life.
During the early years of life, children play with concepts of size, number, shape, and quantity. They discover that objects exist, can be moved, and can be fitted together. As they acquire language, children begin to make statements indicating their knowledge of mathematical concepts. Their play and language form the basis for learning about math in natural ways, and one great way to integrate math involves hands-on activities and problem-solving situations that pique your children's curiosity.
For example, try constructing a math puzzle with three empty glasses. In the first glass, pour the milk up to the brim. Fill the second glass halfway, and leave the third glass empty. Then ask your children to identify which glass is empty, which is full, and which is one-half full.
Most preschool-aged children will understand the meaning of full, and will be able to identify the full glass of milk. Many young children will also understand the concepts of empty and more, but several may have trouble with half and less.
You can explore these same concepts through a grocery shopping game. Give your children plastic cups and containers of dried beans. Ask them to take three cups and to fill one cup full of beans, leave one cup empty, and fill the third cup with fewer beans than the full cup but more than the empty one. Through these repeated interactions and dialogue, your young children can learn some of the vocabulary and concepts that underlie mathematics such as equations, fractions and the notion of zero.
Measuring tapes or other measuring tools, whether in standard or nonstandard units, also create enjoyable learning activities. For example, your children can use them to measure blocks. They may also measure blocks using smaller blocks and then compare the results to see which block is longer or which is thicker.
Math concepts also make an appearance in many children's books, such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle. Young children love to count the apples or pears the caterpillar eats before getting an upset stomach.
You can also consider computers and software programs that facilitate math learning. Encourage your children to work on the computers individually or together, but an adult should always be nearby to help them if they have any questions.
You can also involve math in cooking activities. With your help, your children can measure the number of spoons and the number of cups of ingredients indicated in the recipe.
Young children who learn number concepts and other mathematical knowledge through hands-on play activities and discussions gain a broad understanding of math skills. When you think of activities for your children, focus not just on having fun but also on creating a learning environment that stimulates and nurtures their inquisitive minds. These daily routines and play activities can give them a great start on thinking about and using mathematics.
Excerpted from "Integrating Mathematicians for Young Children Through Play" by Smita Guha - an article in the NAEYC journal, Young Children.
Early Years Are Learning Years™ is a regular series from NAEYC providing tips to help parents and early childhood educators give young children a great start on learning.
Reprinted with the permission of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. © 2008 NAEYC
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- Problems With Standardized Testing | <urn:uuid:8845245a-ccfb-4ca7-9eae-cbee4ad66784> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Mathematics_Through/?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164888618/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134808-00056-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934053 | 818 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Polish Pianist Builds Da Vinci’s Bizarre Instrument For First Time
[ Watch The Video: Leonardo da Vinci's Weird Piano Heard For The First Time ]
Brett Smith for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
What do you get when you cross a harpsichord, an organ and a viola da gamba? A 500-year-old Leonardo da Vinci invention that had never been played – until now.
On Monday, Polish concert pianist Slawomir Zubrzycki staged the first-ever public performance of the viola organista – an instrument conceived by da Vinci during the Renaissance and painstakingly constructed by Zubrzycki.
Similar in appearance to a baby grand piano, 61 shiny steel strings run across the instrument’s golden spruce-lined interior. In a layout similar to that of a piano, each is string is connected to a separate key, with large white keys and smaller black keys, for sharp and flat notes.
Unlike a piano the novel instrument does not use hammered dulcimers to generate tones from the tuned strings. Instead, it employs four spinning wheels outfitted with horse-tail hair that act like violin bows. To activate the wheels, the player has to pump a pedal positioned under the keyboard, which is connected to a crankshaft.
In the debut performance, Zubrzycki pressed the piano-like keys, sending the strings down onto the spinning wheels and resulting in dulcet tones highly reminiscent of a cello, but with the subtle feel and accenting of a keyed instrument.
“It’s a keyboard instrument but it sounds like someone is playing it with a bow like a violin or a cello – a very warm sound, very velvety, very beautiful,” award-winning Hungarian concert pianist Gabor Farkas told the Daily Mail.
“One thing the piano is missing is that as soon as you hit one note, it dies,” he added. “Here you can make a crescendo. It’s the dream of all pianists!”
“I’ve fallen in love with this sound,” Polish concert pianist Marian Sobula agreed. “All pianists and string players yearn for it, for these long, never-ending notes which you can’t play on the piano. It just gives you goose bumps.”
The sounds are probably similar to those that da Vinci imagined but never heard. There is no record of the instrument ever being built in his lifetime.
“Leonardo da Vinci invented it around 1470-80. I have no idea what Leonardo da Vinci might think of the instrument I’ve made, but I’d hope he’d be pleased,” Zubrzycki told reporters.
The Polish pianist decoded da Vinci’s designs and notes for the instrument that were found in the famed inventor’s Codex Atlanticus, a 12-volume compilation of his ideas on everything from weapons to flight.
Da Vinci’s design is somewhat similar to the hurdy gurdy – which is thought to have its origins in either western European or Middle Eastern fiddles. The hurdy gurdy also uses a spinning wheel to elicit tones from tuned strings. However, these strings are constantly in contact with the wheel while it spins – resulting in droning tones underlying any melody that might be played.
The viola organista is not the first instrument to be constructed based on da Vinci’s designs. In 1575 the German Hans Haiden built the geigenwerk – a similar keyboard-based instrument with bowed strings and spinning wheels. According to experts at the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) in Brussels, Haiden’s geigenwerk is the first known instrument to be made from da Vinci designs. | <urn:uuid:99bc8ea3-1dec-456f-b3f0-f2d09ad6a2dd> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1113008698/polish-pianist-builds-bizarre-da-vinci-instrument-112013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00102-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937961 | 821 | 2.578125 | 3 |
15% of breastmilk samples from mothers who carry the malaria parasite, but who are not symptomatic of the disease, contain antigens. Researchers propose these mothers may be able to naturally vaccinate their children against malaria via breastfeeding.
Researchers report lumbar puncture procedures are safe to treat malaria in children.
According to researchers, young mice exposed to malaria while in the uterus had memory impairments and expressed depressive behaviors.
A new study found adults in sub-Saharan Africa who had been exposed to parasitic disease were 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have epilepsy. | <urn:uuid:8124da4a-34d0-4f32-b8a8-30209fdd43a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://neurosciencenews.com/neuroscience-terms/malaria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00826.warc.gz | en | 0.960795 | 119 | 2.984375 | 3 |
From the killings of teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; to the suspicious death of activist Sandra Bland in Waller Texas; to the choke-hold death of Eric Garner in New York, to the killing of 17 year old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida and 7 year old Aiyana Stanley-Jones in Detroit, Michigan—-#blacklivesmatter has emerged in recent years as a movement committed to resisting, unveiling, and undoing histories of state sanctioned violence against black and brown bodies.
This Gallatin seminar links the #blacklivesmatter” movement to four broader phenomena: 1) the rise of the U.S. prison industrial complex and its relationship to the increasing militarization of inner city communities 2) the role of the media industry in influencing national conversations about race and racism and 3) the state of racial justice activism in the context of a neoliberal Obama Presidency and 4) the increasingly populist nature of decentralized protest movements in the contemporary United States. In this course we will be mindful of an important distinction between #blacklivesmatter (as an emergent movement that has come into existence within roughly the past three years) vs. a much older and broader U.S. movement for black lives that has been in existence for several centuries (which can be traced back to at least the first slave uprisings in the antebellum south). Part of our goal then, we be to think about how the former has been influenced by the latter and to what ends. Among the many topics of discussion that we will debate and engage this semester will include: the moral ethics of black rage and riotous forms of protest; violent vs. nonviolent civil disobedience; the hyberbolic media myth of “black on black” crime; coalitional politics and the black feminist and LGBTQ underpinnings of the #blacklivesmatter movement; the similarities and differences between the blacklivesmatter movement and the U.S. civil rights movement; and the dynamics of political protest among the millennial and post-millennial generations.
Our reading material will often be supplemented with live, in-person dialogues with contemporary grassroots activists who are currently involved in the movement. Through our readings and direct engagements with activists on the frontlines, we will ask: How, when, and in what ways is it possible for us to stand in formation against the treacherous legacies of capitalist patriarchal white supremacy?
Prof. Frank Leon
New York University | <urn:uuid:345713ac-3043-4ad7-9ce0-119ca5cb6678> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.kzoo.edu/praxis/the-black-lives-matter-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815843.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224152306-20180224172306-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.92841 | 494 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Pierre de Ronsard was born on 11 September 1524 at the Manoir de la Possonnière, in the village of Couture-sur-Loir, Loir-et-Cher and died in December 1585. Pierre de Ronsard was a French poet and “prince of poets” (as his own generation in France called him).
Pierre de Ronsard’s family is said to have come from the predominantly Romanian provinces to the north of the Danube (provinces with which the Crusades had given France much intercourse) in the first half of the 16th century. Baudouin de Ronsard or Rossart was the founder of the French branch of the house, and made his mark in the early stages of the Hundred Years’ War. The poet’s father was named Louys de Ronsard, and his mother was Jeanne de Chaudrier, of a family not only noble in itself but well connected. Pierre de Ronsard was the youngest son. Loys de Ronsard was maître d’hôtel du roi to Francis I, whose captivity after Pavia had just been softened by treaty, and he had to quit his home shortly after Pierre’s birth.
The future Prince of Poets was educated at home for some years and sent to the Collège de Navarre in Paris when he was 9 years old. When Madeleine of France was married to James V of Scotland, Pierre de Ronsard was attached to the king’s service, and he spent 3 years in Britain. The latter part of this time seems to have been passed in England, though he had, strictly speaking, no business there. On returning to France in 1540, he was again taken into the service of the Duke of Orléans.
In this service he had other opportunities of travel, being sent to Flanders and again to Scotland. After a time a more important employment fell to his lot, and he was attached as secretary to the suite of Lazare de Baïf, the father of his future colleague in the Pléiade and his companion on this occasion, Antoine de Baïf, at the diet of Speyer. Afterwards he was attached in the same way to the suite of the cardinal du Bellay-Langey, and his mythical quarrel with François Rabelais dates from this period.
Pierre De Ronsard’s apparently promising diplomatic career was, however, cut short by an attack of deafness which no physician could cure, and he determined to devote himself to study. The institution which he chose for the purpose among the numerous schools and colleges of Paris was the Collège Coqueret, the principal of which was Jean Daurat — afterwards the “dark star” (as he has been called from his silence in French) of the Pléiade, and already an acquaintance of Pierre de Ronsard’s from his having held the office of tutor in the Baïf household. Antoine de Baïf, Daurat’s pupil, accompanied Pierre de Ronsard; Belleau shortly followed; Joachim du Bellay, the 2nd of the 7, joined not much later. Muretus (Marc Antoine de Muret), a great scholar and by means of his Latin plays a great influence in the creation of French tragedy, was also a student here.
Pierre de Ronsard’s period of study occupied 7 years, and the 1st manifesto of the new literary movement, which was to apply to the vernacular the principles of criticism and scholarship learnt from the classics, came not from him but from Du Bellay. The Défense et illustration de la langue française of the latter appeared in 1549, and the Pléiade (or Brigade, as it was first called) may be said to have been then launched. It consisted, as its name implies, of 7 writers whose names are sometimes differently enumerated, though the orthodox canon is beyond doubt composed of Ronsard, Du Bellay, Baïf, Remy Belleau, Pontus de Tyard (a man of rank and position who had exemplified the principles of the friends earlier), Jodelle the dramatist, and Daurat. Pierre de Ronsard’s own work came a little later, and a rather idle story is told of a trick of Du Bellay’s which at last determined him to publish. Some single and minor pieces, an epithalamium on Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne de Navarre (1550), a “Hymne de la France” (1549), an “Ode a la Paix,” preceded the publication in 1550 of the 4 1st books (“first” is characteristic and noteworthy) of the Odes of Pierre de Ronsard.
This was followed in 1552 by the publication of his Amours de Cassandre with the fifth book of Odes, dedicated to the 15-year-old Cassandre Salviati, whom he had met at Blois and followed to her father’s Château de Talcy. These books excited a violent literary quarrel. Marot was dead, but he left numerous followers, some of whom saw in the stricter literary critique of the Pléiade, in its outspoken contempt of merely vernacular and medieval forms, in its strenuous advice to French poetry to “follow the ancients,” and so forth, an insult to the author of the Adolescence Clémentine and his school.
Pierre de Ronsard’s popularity in his own time was overwhelming and immediate, and his prosperity was unbroken. Pierre de Ronsard published his Hymns, dedicated to Margaret de Valois, in 1555; the conclusion of the Amours, addressed to another heroine, in 1556; and then a collection of Œuvres completes, said to be due to the invitation of Mary Stuart, queen of Francis II, in 1560; with Elégies, mascarades et bergeries in 1565. To this same year belongs his most important and interesting Abrégé de l’art poétique français.
The rapid change of sovereigns did Pierre de Ronsard no harm. Charles IX, King of France, who succeeded his brother after a very short time, was even better inclined to him than Henry and Francis. Pierre de Ronsard gave him rooms in the palace; he bestowed upon him divers abbacies and priories; and he called him and regarded him constantly as his master in poetry. Neither was Charles IX a bad poet. This royal patronage, however, had its disagreeable side. It excited violent dislike to Pierre de Ronsard on the part of the Huguenots, who wrote constant pasquinades against him, strove (by a ridiculous exaggeration of the Dionysiac festival at Arcueil, in which the friends had indulged to celebrate the success of the first French tragedy, Jodelle’s Cleopatre) to represent him as a libertine and an atheist, and (which seems to have annoyed him more than anything else) set up his follower Du Bartas as his rival.
According to some words of his own, which are quite credible considering the ways of the time, they were not contented with this variety of argument, but attempted to have him assassinated. During this period Pierre de Ronsard’s work was considerable but mostly occasional, and the one work of magnitude upon which Charles put him, the Franciade (1572), has never been ranked, even by his most devoted admirers, as a chief title to fame. The metre (the decasyllable) which the king chose could not but contrast unfavourably with the magnificent alexandrines which Du Bartas and Agrippa d’Aubigné were shortly to produce; the general plan is feebly classical, and the very language has little or nothing of that racy mixture of scholarliness and love of natural beauty which distinguishes the best work of the Pléiade. The poem could never have had an abiding success, but at its appearance it had the singular bad luck almost to coincide with the massacre of St Bartholomew, which had occurred about a fortnight before its publication. One party in the state were certain to look coldly on the work of a minion of the court at such a juncture, the other had something else to think of.
The death of Charles made, indeed, little difference in the court favour which Pierre de Ronsard enjoyed, but, combined with his increasing infirmities, it seems to have determined him to quit court life. During his last days he lived chiefly at a house which he possessed in Vendôme, the capital of his native province, at his abbey at Croix-Val in the same neighbourhood, or else at Paris, where he was usually the guest of Jean Galland, well known as a scholar, at the College de Boncourt. It seems also that he had a town house of his own in the Fauhourg Saint-Marcel. At any rate his preferments made him in perfectly easy circumstances, and he seems neither to have derived nor wished for any profit from his books. A half-jocular suggestion that his publishes should give him money to buy “du bois pour se chauffer” in return for his last revision of his Œuvres complètes is the only trace of any desire of the kind. On the other hand, he received not merely gifts and endowments from his own sovereign but presents from many others, including Elizabeth I of England. Mary, queen of Scots, who had known him earlier, addressed him from her prison; and Tasso consulted him on the Gerusalemme.
Pierre de Ronsard’s last years were, however, saddened not merely by the death of many of his most intimate friends, but by constant and increasing ill-health. This did not interfere with his literary work in point of quality, for he was rarely idle, and some of his latest work is among his best. But he indulged (what few poets have wisely indulged) the temptation of constantly altering his work, and many of his later alterations are by no means for the better. Towards the end of 1585 his condition of health grew worse and worse, and he seems to have moved restlessly from one of his houses to another for some months. When the end came, which, though in great pain, he met in a resolute and religious manner, he was at his priory of Saint-Cosme at Tours, and he was buried in the church of that name on Friday 27, December.
The character and fortunes of Pierre de Ronsard’s works are among the most remarkable in literary history, and supply in themselves a kind of illustration of the progress of French literature during the last 3 centuries. It was long his fortune to be almost always extravagantly admired or violently attacked. At first, as has been said, the enmity, not altogether unprovoked, of the friends and followers of Marot fell to his lot, then the still fiercer antagonism of the Huguenot faction, who, happening to possess a poet of great merit in Du Bartas, were able to attack Pierre de Ronsard in his tenderest point. But fate had by no means done its worst with him in his lifetime. After his death the classical reaction set in under the auspices of Malherbe, who seems to have been animated with a sort of personal hatred of Pierre de Ronsard, though it is not clear that they ever met. After Malherbe, the rising glory of Corneille and his contemporaries obscured the tentative and unequal work of the Pléiade, which was, moreover, directly attacked by Boileau himself, the dictator of French criticism in the last half of the 17th century.
Then Pierre de Ronsard was, except by a few men of taste, such as Jean de La Bruyère and Fénelon, forgotten when he was not sneered at. In this condition he remained during the whole 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th. The Romantic revival, seeing in him a victim of its special bête noire Boileau, and attracted by his splendid diction, rich metrical faculty, and combination of classical and medieval peculiarities, adopted his name as a kind of battle-cry, and for the moment exaggerated his merits somewhat. The critical work, however, first of Sainte-Beuve in his Tableau de la littérature francaise au 16ème siècle, and since of others, has established Pierre de Ronsard pretty securely in his right place, a place which may be defined in a few sentences.
Pierre de Ronsard was the acknowledged chief of the Pléiade and its most voluminous poet. Pierre de Ronsard was probably also its best, though a few isolated pieces of Belleau excel him in airy lightness of touch. Several sonnets of Du Bellay exhibit what may be called the intense and voluptuous melancholy of the Renaissance more perfectly than anything of his, and the finest passages of the Tragiques and the Divine Sep’maine surpass his work in command of the alexandrine and in power of turning it to the purposes of satirical invective and descriptive narration. But that work is, as has been said, very extensive (we possess at a rough guess not much short of a 100,000 lines of his), and it is extraordinarily varied in form. Pierre de Ronsard did not introduce the sonnet into France, but he practised it very soon after its introduction and with admirable skill – the famous “Quand vous serez bien vieille” being one of the acknowledged gems of French literature.
Pierre de Ronsard’s odes, which are very numerous, are also very interesting and in their best shape very perfect compositions. Pierre de Ronsard began by imitating the strophic arrangement of the ancients, but very soon had the wisdom to desert this for a kind of adjustment of the Horatian ode to rhyme, instead of exact quantitative metre. In this latter kind he devised some exquisitely melodious rhythms of which, till our own day, the secret died with the 17th century. Pierre de Ronsard’s more sustained work sometimes displays a bad selection of measure; and his occasional poetry–epistles, eclogues, elegies, etc.–is injured by its vast volume. But the preface to the Franciade is a very fine piece of verse, far superior (it is in alexandrines) to the poem itself. Generally speaking, Pierre de Ronsard is best in his amatory verse (the long series of sonnets and odes to Cassandre, Pikles, Marie, Genévre, Héléne–Héléne de Surgeres, a later and mainly “literary” love–etc.), and in his descriptions of the country (the famous “Mignonne allons voir si la rose,” the “Fontaine Bellerie,” the “Forêt de Gastine,” and so forth), which have an extraordinary grace and freshness. No one used with more art than he the graceful diminutives which his school set in fashion. Pierre de Ronsard knew well too how to manage the gorgeous adjectives (“marbrine,” “cinabrine,” “ivoirine” and the like) which were another fancy of the Pléiade, and in his hands they rarely become stiff or cumbrous. In short, Pierre de Ronsard shows eminently the 2 great attractions of French 16th-century poetry as compared with that of the 2 following ages – magnificence of language and imagery and graceful variety of metre.
Keep visiting: www.lifechums.com more celebrities featuring shortly ……………. | <urn:uuid:c0e19676-7b4c-4e8f-a778-86f80c68f3de> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lifechums.wordpress.com/tag/hearing-aid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.98111 | 3,383 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Robert Bauval, Author of the Month for February 2008
The Egypt Code (cont.)
By Robert Bauval
To be fair, not all academics were prone to dismiss The Orion Mystery. Some very eminent Egyptologists such as Dr. Jaromir Malek of the Griffith Institute and the American Egyptologist Dr. Ed Meltzer, kept an open mind in the same fashion as the late Sir I.E.S. Edwards had done. More refreshingly, the theory received cautious support from the astronomical community, particularly from Professor Archie Roy of Glasgow University, Professor Mary Brück of Edinburgh University, Professor Giulo Magli of Milan Politecnico, Professor Percy Seymour of Plymouth University and Professor Chandra Wikramasingh of Cardiff University. And even though these high ranking astronomers maintained a healthy scepticism, they nonetheless found the theory intriguing and deserving of careful consideration and further research.
Also in the course of the years a crack began to appear in the Egyptological academic armour when Dr. Joromir Malek (who had reviewed my theory in 1994 in the Oxford journal Discussions in Egyptology) declared himself favourable to the possibility that the apparent illogical scattering of pyramids in the Memphite necropolis (a 40 kilometres long desert strip west of the Nile near Cairo) may, after all, have had more to do with "religious, astronomical or similar" considerations than with purely practical considerations such as the topography and geology of the land. Similar views began to be heard in Egyptology, especially from the American Egyptologist Mark Lehner, the Czech Egyptologist Miroslav Verner and the British Egyptologist David Jeffreys. It was, however, the archaeoastronomer Anthony Aveni, a professor of astronomy and anthropology at Colgate University, who, in my view, would come the closest in providing an overall picture of what may have been in the minds of the ancient architects who designed and planned such mysterious monuments (not only in Egypt but in other parts of the ancient world) when he wrote that,
"In order to understand what ancient people thought about the world around them, we must begin by witnessing phenomena through their eyes. A knowledge of each particular culture is necessary, but learning what the sky contains and how each entity moves is also indispensable… strange but true: whole cities, kingdom and empires were founded based on observations and interpretations of natural events that pass undetected under our noses and above our heads."
Dr. Aveni was referring to the Mayan and Inca civilisations when he made the above statement. But may as well have been talking about the Egypt's Old Kingdom, for I am now even more convinced that such a statement holds truer for the sacred cities, pyramids and temples built by the ancient Egyptians all along the 1000 kilometres of the Nile Valley during their three-thousand years of civilisation. And this, in a nutshell, is what I set out to prove in The Egypt Code. | <urn:uuid:9aca17c6-9d40-4956-8910-8f1332bdaa91> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.grahamhancock.com/forum/BauvalR5.php?p=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928715.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00294-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954046 | 601 | 2.65625 | 3 |
An estimated 5.8 million Americans of all ages have Alzheimer's disease. Of the estimated 5.8 million Americans living with Alzheimer's dementia in 2019, an estimated 5.6 million are age 65 and older, and approximately 200,000 individuals are under age 65 and have younger-onset Alzheimer's.
The percentage of people with Alzheimer's dementia increases dramatically with age:
Three percent of people age 65-74, 17 percent of people age 75-84, and 32 percent of people aged 85 or older.
Few Families are Prepared
Many people inflicted with Alzheimer's, or dementia did not have any advanced plans like Long-Term Care Insurance. The impact is tremendous on the person's family and assets. An older spouse or adult child or in-law, by default, become caregivers. This crisis management places a burden on the caregiver and impacts the lifestyle of the spouse if still living.
One of the most significant consequences of having no advance plan for the financial costs and burdens of aging is family members are often placed into the role of a caregiver. Generally, one becomes the primary caregiver. This role of a caregiver places physical, emotional, and financial stress on them and their family. The result is often resentment.
If you are finding yourself in a situation of being a caregiver, or have a spouse who already is a caregiver, their first responsibility should be to their health and family. The role of a family caregiver is often consuming and changes the dynamic between within the family.
Caregivers Face Health and Family Challenges
Taking care of yourself—physically and mentally—is one of the most important things you can do as a caregiver. This could mean asking family members and friends to help out, doing something you enjoy or getting help from a home health care service if the resources are available.
Taking these actions can bring you some relief. It also may help keep you from getting ill or depressed.
Once the responsibility of caregiving becomes too high, paid care takes over. The cost of care services are not cheap and drains savings and changes lifestyle and legacy. Because of the cost, many families continue in the caregiving role despite the difficulty, burden, and stress.
Memory Care is Hard
Alzheimer's disease caregivers are faced with a multitude of responsibilities when caring for a loved one suffering from the disease. The impact on caregivers leads to a variety of emotions, from guilt to anger, as well as have an effect on their own physical and financial well-being.
Remember, a caregiver's family responsibilities don't end when they become a caregiver. Many caregivers still have a career, spouse, children, and other obligations.
The pressure on the caregiver's family should also be considered. Often a primary family caregiver leaves their career since they are unable to find other family members to help. If money is short is can be a significant concern.
If a spouse is taking care of the other spouse, generally, they are older, and the impact on the caregiver spouse is even more significant. While you can get angry that no advance plan was put in place, if you find yourself in the situation, you must take action to reduce stress and maintain your own health.
Tips for Caregivers
The National Institute on Aging suggests the following ways to take better care of yourself:
- Ask for help when you need it.
- Eat healthy foods.
- Join a caregiver's support group.
- Take breaks each day.
- Spend time with friends.
- Keep up with your hobbies and interests.
- Get exercise as often as you can.
- See your doctor regularly.
- Keep your health, legal, and financial information up-to-date.
Cynthia Steel, RN, MPH encourages a caregiver to first take care of themselves and then to "share the care." See her comments: https://youtu.be/7icv-hpIjd0
Many caregivers fail to ask for help. They either feel guilty about asking others to do things they think are their responsibility, or they think others will not be willing to help.
In some cases, there is nobody else available to be a caregiver. Money or Long-Term Care Insurance are not in place. Remember, health insurance, Medicare, and supplements do not pay for these services. Unless the person has Long-Term Care Insurance the cost may be an issue.
If a Long-Term Care Policy is in Force - Use It!
Sometimes a person who has Alzheimer's or dementia has a Long-Term Care policy, but they fail to seek benefits from the policy since they feel they need to save it for "a rainy day."
In 2019, over $11 Billion in Long-Term Care Insurance benefits were paid to American families easing the stress on family members and providing quality care for the individual.
If the person with Alzheimer's or dementia has a Long-Term Care policy, make sure they make a claim and get the help they deserve. There is no legitimate reason to save benefits for the future if the need is now. Sometimes a policyholder dies with unused benefit since the family decided to "save it for later." Get the benefits and file a claim. Be sure the proper care is provided, and the burden on other family members is reduced.
If no policy exists, don't be afraid to ask for the needed help from other family members.
National Institute on Aging shares these tips about asking for help:
- Remind yourself that it's okay to ask for help from family, friends, and others. You don't have to do everything yourself.
- Ask people to help out in specific ways, like making a meal, visiting the person, or taking the person out for a short time.
- Call for help from home health care or adult day care services when needed. To find providers in your area, contact Eldercare Locator: http://www.eldercare.gov/
- Use national and local resources to find out how to pay for some of this help, or get respite care services if they qualify for these programs.
You can also join a support group of Alzheimer's disease caregivers. These groups meet in person or online to share experiences and tips and give each other support. Ask your doctor, check online, or contact the local chapter of the Alzheimer's Association:
Now think about what your plan is for addressing the financial costs and burdens of aging? What have you done differently than your elder parent or family member? The time to plan is before you retire as part of your overall retirement planning.
Address Long-Term Care Before Retirement.
Here are some hints:
- Consult a lawyer about setting up a living trust, durable power of attorney for health care and finances, and other estate planning tools. Keep in mind trusts won't protect your assets from the spend-down requirements for Medicaid. If you have assets, then you should consider ways to protect those savings. Learn about costs of care, Medicaid spend-down requirements and other state specific information in your state by clicking here
- Consult a Long-Term Care Insurance Specialist and see if you qualify for an LTC Policy. You will need to discuss your health, your family health history, your retirement plans, and assets with this individual so they can make the appropriate recommendations. If you are in your 40's and 50's premiums are very affordable. Be sure to ask if a Partnership LTC policy is available. These plans provide additional dollar-for-dollar asset protection.
- Speak with family and close friends to decide who will take responsibility for you if you have Alzheimer's or dementia or any other need for long-term healthcare. Even if you obtain a Long-Term Care Insurance policy plan on which family member or friend will work with the agent and insurance company when the time comes to make a claim. If no policy exists, decide which family member will be responsible. Keep in mind, often people will say they will take on this responsibility not understanding exactly what this responsibility is and how it will impact their own health and family.
- Put together a record of your bank accounts and investments, property, and other vital information, so make sure the family knows where it is located. Keep this up-to-date.
- Always take care of your health by having regular check-ups, including required lab work. Some people say they feel fine, so they don't think it is necessary. If you are over age 40, it is essential.
Women should make sure they have Mammograms and their bone density tests. Men should address prostate issues. Both men and women should not forget regular colonoscopies.
Being a caregiver is hard for both them and their own family. Cost of paid long-term care services are expensive, and unless you have a Long-Term Care policy, the costs of paid care come out of income and savings and will impact lifestyle. An advance plan will reduce the stress and the burdens being a caregiver will have on an older spouse or adult child or in-law.
Avoid crisis management in the first place by planning in advance. If you are a caregiver, take the time to take care of yourself and your family.
When is the best time to plan for the financial costs and burdens of aging? Generally, experts suggest before your retirement, ideally in your 40s or 50s, when premiums are low, and you have the most available options to choose.
Be careful. While Long-Term Care Insurance is affordable, premiums can vary dramatically between companies for the same coverage. Not all insurance agents or financial advisors work with more than one or two companies, nor do they usually understand underwriting, policy features, partnership programs, case management, and claims.\
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LTC NEWS also offers many tools to help you in your research, click here. | <urn:uuid:9d1ccaee-c627-4510-a6ac-e32f907c3459> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ltcnews.com/articles/news/caring-for-alzheimers-requires-self-care-first | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402101163.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930013009-20200930043009-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.955288 | 2,084 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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This is an ambitious study. The introductory chapter - 'Towards defining cities' - proposes to treat 'juridical status, city size and function as three windows on the cities of Roman Asia Minor'. Chapter 2, after a nod to prehistory, charts the emergence of the Roman urban pattern from its classical and Hellenistic origins. Chapter 3 takes juridical status as the main criterion for identifying 'self-governing cities' and presents ancient evidence and modern estimates for how many there were in each province and for their distribution density. Chapter 4, which places the emphasis on their function rather than formal status, deals mainly with 'secondary agglomerations', substantial settlements with city-like features which operated as locations of regional economic exchange. Chapter 5 applies techniques of mathematical modelling to identify a size hierarchy for cities. Chapter 6 is less abstract and concentrates on the significance of monumental building in cities, combining evidence from both archaeological and textual evidence. A short epilogue raises further issues, including climate change as an explanatory factor for changing patterns of settlement. The book's title gives pride of place to geography, but strictly geographical factors are heavily emphasized only in chapter 4 which deals with cities and their territories, with a focus on land-use, climate, agricultural productivity and settlement distribution. Although the underlying arguments are based on a high level of generalization, the narrative is packed with specific information extracted from inscriptions and texts, sometimes simply anecdotes, and very detailed observations from individual archaeological surveys. There are many tables and carefully prepared maps, reproduced at too small a scale for comfortable use. A mass of primary information is squeezed into an appendix on settlement data arranged alphabetically by place names within the various regions. The detail and the diversity of the information in this appendix is a measure of the challenge facing the researcher aiming to produce a digestible and persuasive historical and geographical analysis.
Many of the themes explored in the book can be found in a classic but now little read paper written more than fifty years ago by Norman Pounds, "The urbanization of the classical world" and it is no coincidence that Pounds precisely excluded Asia Minor and the rest of the Roman East from his study with the observation that 'too little is known of the cities of the eastern provinces for estimates of their size and interrelationships to be possible.' Willet steps into the breach with heroic attempts to supply these deficiencies. However, despite the progress made by classical archaeologists, the satellite observations of Google Earth, and the application of statistical formulae to extract sense from large data sets, there are still enormous uncertainties regarding the basic information with which Willet works: settlement size and chronology; the actual nature of each urban settlement; the extent of similarities and differences between each city or settlement and its peers. Intensive research over the last thirty years in some parts of Asia Minor, including the densely settled and comparatively well-documented western parts of the province of Asia, and the south-west regions of Lycia, Pisidia and Pamphylia, has begun to fill important gaps in our knowledge, but other regions including Phrygia, Bithynia, Pontus and Cappadocia are so thinly urbanized and archaeologically under-explored, that inter-regional comparison becomes heuristically hazardous.
In the concluding pages, Willet, wisely enough, does not offer conclusions to his comprehensive synthesis, or attempt to supply overarching hypotheses to explain Roman urbanization. The approach of this book is welcome, but it is still work in progress. The scope of Pounds' article challenges scholars to come up with explanations of Roman urbanization on a vast regional or empire-wide scale. In the case of Asia Minor, the doctrine of 'less is more' may be good counsel, and some of the methods of quantification and comparison used in this study are likely to yield securer results when applied to a more homogeneous body of data on a more restricted regional basis, e.g. to Pisidia, Ionia or the Maeander valley, than across the entire historical and geographical landscape from the Aegean to the Euphrates.
In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (1969), 135-57. | <urn:uuid:8b1df531-3896-486e-bdc6-ffad4a535dd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.sehepunkte.de/2020/06/34031.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141718314.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203031111-20201203061111-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.922229 | 897 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The federal government supports some private activities—such as home ownership, postsecondary education, and certain commercial ventures—by making or guaranteeing loans. At the end of fiscal year 2011, about $2.7 trillion was outstanding in federal direct loans and loan guarantees.
The cost of providing credit assistance is an important consideration for policymakers as they allocate spending among programs and choose between credit assistance and other forms of aid such as federal grants. However, it is difficult to measure the cost of credit assistance because that measurement must account for future cash flows of uncertain amounts that can continue for many years.
The costs of the government’s credit programs are recorded in the federal budget in accordance with rules prescribed in the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). Under those rules, the estimated lifetime cost of a new loan or loan guarantee is recorded in the budget in the year in which the loan is disbursed, with that lifetime cost measured in a particular way described below. In a brief released today, CBO examines an alternative method for measuring that lifetime cost called fair-value accounting.
Under the rules specified in FCRA, the costs of loans and loan guarantees are measured by discounting all of the government’s expected future cash flows—including the amounts disbursed, principal repaid, interest received, fees charged, and net losses that accrue from defaults—to a present value at the date the loan is disbursed. (A present value is a single number that expresses a flow of current and future income, or payments, in terms of a lump sum received, or paid, today; the present value depends on the rate of interest, known as the discount rate, that is used to translate future cash flows into current dollars.) Under FCRA’s rules, the interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities are used for discounting.
The fair-value approach to budgeting for federal credit programs would measure the costs of federal loans and loan guarantees at market prices, meaning that the discount rate applied to expected future cash flows would be the same as what private financial institutions would use. Such rates are higher than the interest rates on Treasury securities. As a result, the discounted value of expected loan repayments would be smaller under the fair-value approach than under FCRA procedures, and therefore the cost of issuing a loan would be greater. (Similar reasoning implies that the private cost of a loan guarantee would be higher than its cost as estimated under FCRA.)
In CBO’s view, a fair-value approach would provide a more comprehensive measure of the costs of federal credit programs to the government than what is currently reported because it would fully incorporate the cost of market risk. (Market risk is the component of financial risk that remains even after investors have diversified their portfolios as much as possible; it arises from shifts in macroeconomic conditions, such as productivity and employment, and from changes in expectations about future macroeconomic conditions.) Treasury rates, which are used for FCRA calculations, are lower than market-based rates primarily because Treasury debt is viewed as having no default risk. But if payments received from borrowers with federal loans fall short of what is owed, the shortfall must ultimately be made up either by raising taxes or by cutting other spending. (Additional federal borrowing can postpone but not avert the need to raise taxes or cut spending.)So, even though the government can fund its loans by issuing Treasury debt and thus does not seem to pay a price for market risk, taxpayers ultimately bear that risk through its potential impact on the federal budget.
Using FCRA procedures instead of market values can obscure the costs of credit assistance that are presented to policymakers:
Several other considerations would be relevant in judging whether to adopt a fair-value approach to federal budgeting. In addition to the practical matters of how to implement and apply a fair-value approach, there are others:
The government already uses fair-value estimates in budgeting for a few types of programs or transactions, including some of the government’s commitments to the International Monetary Fund and the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In addition, CBO uses a fair-value approach to incorporate the budgetary costs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into its budget projections, and the agency has provided supplementary information to the Congress about fair-value estimates for the costs of other federal credit programs.
In some cases, fair-value estimates of budgetary costs as a percentage of loan amounts are considerably higher than FCRA estimates: CBO has estimated that, for example, the average subsidy for direct student loans made between 2010 and 2020 would be a negative 9 percent under FCRA accounting but a positive 12 percent on a fair-value basis. (A negative subsidy indicates that, for budgetary purposes, the transactions are recorded as generating net income for the government.)
In other cases, however, the difference is more modest: For example, CBO has estimated that the cost of the Federal Housing Administration’s guarantees of single-family home mortgages to be extended in 2012 would be -1.9 percent on a FCRA basis and 1.5 percent on a fair-value basis. | <urn:uuid:5fab828c-9762-435c-ac34-1cec5f018b37> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.cbo.gov/publication/43035 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682102.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00178-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967569 | 1,034 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Seal oil is a superior source of Omega - 3 compared to fish in many ways.
DPA is present at very low levels in fish oils relative to EPA or DHA.
Seal oil is a superior source of Omega-3 compared to fish in many ways. First, seal oil contains a chain of omega 3 essential fatty acids called docosapentanoic acid, or DPA. DPA is present at very low levels in fish oils and the latest research is showing that DPA is as, if not more important, than EPA or DHA. Harp Seal oil can supply up to 10 times more DPA than fish oils. About a third of the long chain Omega-3 fatty acids circulating in human blood is attributable to DPA. Because of this, DPA has become of interest to medical researchers in both France and Japan. It seems that in the blood vessel walls, EPA may actually be converted to DPA as the effective agent.
Deficiencies in Omega-3 PUFA’s such as DPA may result in impaired development of visual acuity and motor skills, according to several studies.
Japanese researchers at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University in Tokyo have shown that the one stimulating effect of EPA is the key in producing prostaglandin that keeps the artery wall soft and free of plaque, this study indicates that DPA may be 10 – 20 times more powerful than EPA in this effect. Harp Seal Oil is the ONLY supplement rich in natural DPA. With the exception of seal oil, the highest incidence of DPA is in human breast milk.
Harp Seal Oil is free of chemicals and toxins such as mercury, PCBs and heavy metals. Also, the oil is a residual product of a chartered harp seal hunt in Newfoundland that is humane and does not affect the seal population. In fact, the hunt is chartered for population control and is done in a proper manner. The harp seal population is the largest in the world, 5.7 million, with more than 700,000 pups born each year. The total allowable catch of ADULT harp seals is only 275,000 per year. That is a far cry from the detrimental effect of over fishing on the fish population.
What can Omega-3’s do for Your Health?
1. Omega-3 helps maintain/support cardiovascular health (500-3,000 mg EPA + DHA, per day).
2. Omega-3 lowers serum triglyceride levels (1,000-3,000 mg EPA + DHA, per day). Some people who suffer from non-insulin dependent diabetes have elevated triglyceride levels.
3. Omega-3 helps support the development of the brain, eyes and nerves in children up to 12 years of age (150-2,000 mg EPA + DHA including at least 150 mg DHA, per day)
4. Omega-3 helps support cognitive health and/or brain function (100-3,000 mg EPA + DHA including at least 100 mg DHA, per day)
5. Omega-3 helps to promote healthy mood balance (1,500-3,000 mg EPA + DHA per day).
6. Omega-3 in conjunction with conventional therapy, helps to reduce the pain of rheumatoid arthritis in adults (2,800-3,000 mg EPA + DHA, per day).
7. Omega-3 helps to maintain artery wall elasticity. Also reduces the risk of further mechanical damage to vessel walls, which can lead to extended Atherosclerosis.
8. Omega-3 protects against immunological over-reaction. Clinically, Omega-3 is known for the positive results from patients inflicted with Rheumatoid Arthritis (inflammatory condition). However, it is also important for its protection against atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is seen as developing as an inflammation response to injuries to the artery walls. Recent research has shown that atherosclerosis can be reduced with supplementation of Omega-3 PUFAs.
Recommended Purpose: Source of eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), (and/or) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), (and/or) docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) for the maintenance of good health. Source of omega-3 fatty acids for the maintenance of excellent health. Helps to support the development of the brain, eyes and nerves in children up to 12 years of age.
Recommended Dose: Adults take 4 capsules per day or as directed your health care practitioner.
Each 500 mg capsule contains:
Medicinal Ingredients: Canadian Harp Seal Oil 500 mg (Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 30 mg, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 30 mg, Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) 15 mg
Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Glycerine, purified water, vitamin e, porcine gelatin
Storage: Keep tightly closed, away from direct sunlight, heat, and moisture, keep it in a cool place. Do not use if security seal is broken.
Keep out of reach of children. | <urn:uuid:a4bccc41-f301-4351-a7a7-754f6b596ae0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://amazonnaturaltreatments.com/CardiOmega-3_p_68.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989693.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512100748-20210512130748-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.915831 | 1,062 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Misogynists in the men’s and fathers’ rights movements have developed a set of claims about women to support their depictions of them as violent liars and manipulators of men.
Misogynists in the men’s and fathers’ rights movements have developed a set of claims about women to support their depictions of them as violent liars and manipulators of men. Some suggest that women attack men, even sexually, just as much as men attack women. Others claim that vast numbers of reported rapes of women, as much as half or even more, are fabrications designed to destroy men they don’t like or to gain the upper hand in contested custody cases. What follows is a brief look at some of these claims and what the best science really shows.
THE CLAIM Men’s rights activists often insist that men are victimized by sex crimes and abuse just as much as women are, if not more. This assertion is meant to support their contention that the courts and laws outrageously favor women.
THE REALITY A major 2010 study by the Centers for Disease Control’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control thoroughly debunks such claims. Nearly one in five American women (18.3%), the study found, have been raped; the comparable number for men is one in 71 (1.4%). Not only that, but more than half (51.1%) of female victims reported that their rapist was an intimate partner — a current or former spouse or boyfriend, or a date. According to a 2000 study by the Department of Justice, female rape victims were also about twice as likely as male rape victims to be injured during an assault (31.5% versus 16.5%), even though many women do not physically resist their attackers for fear of injury. Overall, the studies found, most violence of all kinds against women (64%) came from current or former intimate partners, while that is true for only about one-sixth (16.2%) of men. Women were also far more likely to be stalked than men (16.2% versus 5.2%), and two-thirds of women’s stalkers (66.2%) were current or former intimate partners, compared to four in 10 for men (41.4%). A 2005 Department of Justice study also found that between 1998 and 2002, 84% of spousal abuse victims were female, as were 86% of victims of abuse at the hands of a dating partner. Males made up 83% of all spouse murderers and 75% of dating partner murderers.
THE CLAIM In another effort to show that men are discriminated against, many men’s rights activists assert that women attack men just as much as men attack women, if not more. The website MensActivism.org is one of many that criticizes what it characterizes as “the myth that women are less violent than men.”
THE REALITY Men’s rights groups often cite the work of Deborah Capaldi, a researcher with the Oregon Learning Center, to back their claim. Capaldi did find that women sometimes initiate partner violence, although women involved in mutually aggressive partner relationships were more likely to suffer severe injuries than the men. But Capaldi studied only a very particular subset of the population — at-risk youth — rather than women in general, invalidating any claim that her findings applied generally. In fact, the 2000 Department of Justice study found that violence against both women and men is predominantly male violence. Nine in 10 women (91.9%) who were physically assaulted since the age of 18 were attacked by a male, while about one in seven male assault victims (14.2%) were victimized by females. Similarly, all female rape victims in the study were attacked by a male, while about a third of male victims (35.8%) were raped by a female.
THE CLAIM Close to half or even more of the sexual assaults reported by women never occurred. Versions of this claim are a mainstay of sites like Register-Her.com, which specializes in vilifying women who allegedly lie about being raped. Such claims are also sometimes made by men involved in court custody battles.
THE REALITY This claim, which has gained some credence in recent years, is largely based on a 1994 article in the Archives of Sexual Behavior by Eugene Kanin that found that 41% of rape allegations in his study were “false.” But Kanin’s methodology has been widely criticized, and his results do not accord with most other findings. Kanin researched only one unnamed Midwestern town, and he did not spell out the criteria police used to decide an allegation was false. The town also polygraphed or threatened to polygraph all alleged victims, a now-discredited practice that is known to cause many women to drop their complaint even when it is true. In fact, most studies that suggest high rates of false accusations make a key mistake — equating reports described by police as “unfounded” with those that are false. The truth is that unfounded reports very often include those for which no corroborating evidence could be found or where the victim was deemed an unreliable witness (often because of drug or alcohol use or because of prior sexual contact with the attacker). They also include those cases where women recant their accusations, often because of a fear of reprisal, a distrust of the legal system or embarrassment because drugs or alcohol were involved. The best studies, where the rape allegations have been studied in detail, suggest a rate of false reports of somewhere between 2% and 10%. The most comprehensive study, conducted by the British Home Office in 2005, found a rate of 2.5% for false accusations of rape. The best U.S. investigation, the 2008 “Making a Difference” study, found a 6.8% rate. | <urn:uuid:e0790ee9-5c31-46d7-a3d5-581d897fddc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2012/men%E2%80%99s-rights-movement-spreads-false-claims-about-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00706.warc.gz | en | 0.986387 | 1,193 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Many people fail to think about their oral health when deciding what to eat or drink, a survey suggests.
Researchers at the British Dental Health Foundation polled more than 1,000 Brits ahead of National Smile Month (May 20th to June 20th).
They found that almost two-fifths of respondents rarely think about oral health in the context of diet and nutrition, with 17 per cent simply eating and drinking whatever they want.
Almost three in ten people admitted that they ignore the fact that some foods are bad for their teeth, despite being aware of the consequences.
Dr Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, revealed: 'Poor diet contributes to a variety of problems in the mouth, including dental decay, erosion and bad breath.
'It is important that people become more responsible with their diets and encourage good eating habits, especially from a younger age.'
Sugary foods and drinks can be particularly problematic as they weaken the tooth enamel, and dental health experts therefore advise people to avoid products that contain sugar if snacking between mealtimes. | <urn:uuid:963d3777-e95b-4b06-a446-170fd5e914fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a22525/brits-fail-to-consider-oral-health-when-eating-and-drinking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174276.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00326-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967178 | 220 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The science behind the latest craze for homemade goo
Slime is a non-Newtonian fluid: something that ignores Newton’s law of viscosity, flowing under certain conditions but stiffening when compressed quickly. The most famous non-Newtonian fluid is custard, but in the 1970s toy manufacturers latched on to serendipitous discoveries of non-Newtonian polymers made by the chemical industry. One such substance was marketed as ‘Slime’ by Mattel which, thanks to an engaging TV advert and the popularity of movies such as Ghostbusters, became a household name.
Slime was sold in dustbin-shaped plastic containers and usually coloured lurid green. It was manufactured primarily from guar gum, a polysaccharide, with sodium tetraborate (borax) as a cross-linking agent to hook together the polysaccharide chains.
Other manufacturers soon created their own versions, equally oozy but with slightly different characteristics, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA glue, often called Elmer’s glue in the US) instead of guar gum, but still using borax for the cross-linking of the polymer strands.
So what’s with the new craze for homemade slime?
Recently, children have latched on to the wonders of slimy ooze and many are making versions of it at home from its readily available ingredients: PVA glue, tap water, food colouring and borax. They compete with each to make the grossest slime and share photos on social media sites – with some even selling samples online. School store cupboards and stationery shops are reporting a shortage of PVA glue as kids buy up stocks to make the likes of ‘galaxy glitter slime’, ‘fluffy slime’ and even ‘unicorn poop slime’.
Sounds fun. What’s the problem?
It’s borax that has raised the alarm, with concerns that it could be harmful in contact with skin and eyes. However, we have been using borax perfectly safely for decades: you may remember it as a white powder used in laundry to get rid of particularly tough stains. While borax has fallen out of favour on wash day (usurped by zeolites, chelating agents and enzymes), it is still used in some laundry products and other products, including teeth whiteners.
Is borax dangerous, then?
Borax is toxic, although the risk is low in small quantities. Its LD50 (the amount that kills 50% of the time) in rats is 2.66g/kg; so a child weighing 40kg would have to ingest around 100g to be at serious risk.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) doesn’t consider over-exposure of the skin or inhaling borax dust to be a serious risk to health. In 2006 it revised its 1946 statement on borax and passed it as safe. Indeed, in some countries borax is even used as a food additive to regulate acidity.
Does that mean it is safe to make borax-based slime?
With proper safety precautions and supervision it is safe: there’s a great recipe for schools here. However, inhaling borax powder can cause coughing and lead to a sore throat, and it can also cause painful inflammation of the skin and eyes. The International Chemical Safety Card (0567) for borax suggests that ingestion might lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, weakness, drowsiness and even convulsions.
If you are concerned, the good news is that there are several other, safer ingredients that might be used to make slime for the playground.
How do I make slime without borax?
There are various recipes. Some suggest using corn flour (cornstarch in the US) or baby talc instead of borax, then mixing it with PVA glue, colouring agents and glitter. Either of these substitutes will still endow the resulting mixture with similar properties to borax slime.
Mixing corn flour with water is great fun. You want about equal parts corn flour and water, but can just add more of either to make your slime thicker or thinner. | <urn:uuid:099d08f1-96e1-42c0-a946-d28abdaf05b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/how-to-make-slime/2500491.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861980.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619060647-20180619080647-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.953437 | 898 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Dementia is a condition in the brain that causes a decline in mental abilities, which often results in death. Patients have problems with at least two brain functions, such as memory loss, impaired judgment, language problems or performing daily activities. Understanding the illness helps patients, families, and physicians prepare for the future.
Guidelines recommend computed tomography, or CT scan (followed by magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, for patients believed to have a tumour) as the best way to find the causes of mild to moderate dementia.
Health Quality Ontario Reviews Neuroimaging to Diagnose Dementia
Both CT scans and MRI are imaging procedures used to check for problems within the brain. Computed tomography uses radiography to look at cross sections of tissue, while MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the body. These two tests are useful for patients whose dementia might have more than one cause and for patients whose type of dementia has been unclear for two or more years.
The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care endorses this recommendation.
The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care has provided the following response: The Ministry agrees with this recommendation and encourages health care professionals to adhere to it. | <urn:uuid:61cc195e-0da0-4c6c-8ecb-c9b25f0562f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.hqontario.ca/Evidence-to-Improve-Care/Health-Technology-Assessment/Reviews-And-Recommendations/The-Appropriate-Use-of-Neuroimaging-in-the-Diagnostic-Work-Up-of-Dementia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814105.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222120939-20180222140939-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.937484 | 248 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Scientists have discovered the key to the ability of spicy foods to kill cancer cells.
They found capsaicin, an ingredient of jalapeno peppers, triggers cancer cell death by attacking mitochondria – the cells’ energy-generating boiler rooms.
The research raises the possibility that other cancer drugs could be developed to target mitochondria.
The Nottingham University study features in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
The study showed that the family of molecules to which capsaicin belongs, the vanilloids, bind to proteins in the cancer cell mitochondria to trigger apoptosis, or cell death, without harming surrounding healthy cells.
We believe that we have in effect discovered a fundamental ‘Achilles heel’ for all cancers
Dr Timothy Bates
Capsaicin was tested on cultures of human lung cancer cells and on pancreatic cancers.
Lead researcher Dr Timothy Bates said: “As these compounds attack the very heart of the tumour cells, we believe that we have in effect discovered a fundamental ‘Achilles heel’ for all cancers.
“The biochemistry of the mitochondria in cancer cells is very different from that in normal cells.
“This is an innate selective vulnerability of cancer cells.”
He said a dose of capsaicin that could cause a cancer cell to enter apoptosis, would not have the same effect on a normal cell.
Cancer Research UK recommends reducing your risk of cancer by eating a healthy, balanced diet, with plenty of vegetables and fruit
The fact that capsaicin and other vanilloids are already commonly found in the diet proves they are safe to eat.
This could make development of a drug containing them a much quicker and cheaper process.
Dr Bates said: “Capsaicin, for example, is already found in treatments for muscle strain and psoriasis – which raises the question of whether an adapted topical treatment could be used to treat certain types of skin cancer.
“It’s also possible that cancer patients or those at risk of developing cancer could be advised to eat a diet which is richer in spicy foods to help treat or prevent the disease.”
However, Josephine Querido, cancer information officer at Cancer Research UK, said: “This research does not suggest that eating vast quantities of chilli pepper will help prevent or treat cancer.
“The experiments showed that pepper extracts killed cancer cells grown in the laboratory, but these have not yet been tested to see if they are safe and effective in humans.”
Cancer Research UK recommends reducing the risk of cancer by eating a healthy, balanced diet, with plenty of vegetables and fruit.
Dr Bates added that the mitochondria in cancer cells could also be targeted by other compounds.
He said the investigation and development of anti-mitochondrial drugs for cancer chemotherapy was likely to be “extremely significant” in the fight against cancer. | <urn:uuid:7b023250-6e88-4dba-a602-537e69fde6d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.firefoods.co.uk/spicy-foods-and-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824675.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213101934-20181213123434-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.941123 | 604 | 3.40625 | 3 |
This is the first in a series of articles on synthetic fibers and how they relate to shaving brushes, including a brief history of synthetic fibers, their development, stagnation, and resurrection in the market place.
A large amount of discussion has been made in the past couple of years about synthetic shaving brushes and how they have been dramatically improved from the models provided in years gone by. One point that has been forgotten is when did the synthetic fiber get it start and how did it progress, or more importantly, how did it not progress until the past several years.
The technology for synthetic fibers really began back in the early 1920s with the pioneering work of Wallace Hume Carothers. Wallace Carothers, the eldest of four siblings, was born in Iowa. After completing high school he went to Tarkio College in Missouri where he studied science and taught accounting. He received his Master’s degree from the University of Illinois and took a teaching position at the University of South Dakota. There he began working on organic chemistry, especially in the field of bonding. This would be critical to his later work. He obtained his PhD from the University of Illinois in 1924 and Carothers became an instructor at Harvard. While at Harvard he experimented with chemical structures of polymers with high molecular weight.
In 1928, the DuPont chemical company opened a laboratory for basic research. One of their interests was to develop artificial materials. DuPont lured Carothers from Harvard with the promise of pursuing his own research minus burden of teaching classes at a major university. Carothers would lead a team of researchers to discover new materials which would later be called synthetics. In three years (1931), DuPont was manufacturing a synthetic rubber that his team created which is called Neoprene. Silk was another material that was on the plans of the team, due to political and trade troubles with Japan. DuPont wanted replace silk with a synthetic fiber that would mimic its characteristics. In 1934 Carothers and his team pulled their first long, strong, flexible strands of a synthetic polymer fiber from a test tube. DuPont now patented that fiber under the trademark name of “Nylon” in 1935. Carothers continuing work in polymer development brought the world not just Nylon and other synthetic materials, but knowledge of natural polymers and how they are formed as well.
In 1938 Fortune Magazine contained article which stated that “Nylon breaks the basic elements like nitrogen and carbon out of coal, air and water to create a completely new molecular structure of its own. It flouts Solomon. It is an entirely new arrangement of matter under the sun, and the first completely new synthetic fiber made by man. In over four thousand years, textiles have seen only three basic developments aside from mechanical mass production: mercerized cotton, synthetic dyes and rayon. Nylon is a fourth.” So we have perspective on how important an industrial revolution was about to spring fourth from this new fiber. However, Carothers did not get to enjoy the fruits of his labors. Early in 1937 his favorite sister died suddenly and this added to his existing depression. In April 1937 he committed suicide, leaving behind a wife and an unborn child. DuPont later named its research station after him.
At this point the material was made to replace silk in items that would be thin and sheer. However, other uses were in store for this new “wonder material” that would involve the world of brushes.
PBS: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries – Nylon is invented
About.com Inventors – Wallace Carothers – History of Nylon
PBS: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries – Nylon is invented | <urn:uuid:8b9b8bd6-941e-457a-a4ce-75ac4ee2ee87> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://sharpologist.com/2012/09/synthetic-fibers-a-historical-perspective-and-how-they-relate-to-shaving-brushes-part-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700132256/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102852-00008-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975876 | 761 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Alzheimer’s disease is a complex disease characterised by build ups of protein plaques and tangles within and around neurons, but has multiple other components affecting disease onset and progression.
One of the major components of Alzheimer’s disease is related to blood flow to and within the brain, with high blood pressure (hypertension) in midlife and late life increasing the risk of developing Alzheimer’s or a similar dementia. This gives key insights into the importance of cardiovascular and neurovascular health, and supports the evidence that stroke and neurovascular damage can lead to or progress the damage caused by dementia.
A pioneering clinical trial aims to treat Alzheimer’s disease pathology through use of a blood pressure lowering drug, losartan.
The phase 2 ‘Reducing pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease through Angiotensin taRgeting’ (referred to as RADAR) trial is an ongoing clinical trial which recruits men and women above 55 years of age, at locations across the UK, to be treated with losartan or a placebo for a 12-month period.
The RADAR trial chief investigator, Professor Pat Kehoe (Bristol, UK), is lead author on a recent publication outlining the rationale and design of the clinical research. This publication outlines the methodology used for the trial along with the crucial outcome measures.
Losartan is a currently licensed anti-hypertensive drug which has been shown to treat many aspects of cardiovascular hypertension (including reduced blood flow to the brain); but is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is likely to affect multiple cellular and molecular pathways independent of systemic action.
The specific target of losartan is the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates the blood pressure throughout the body. The drug binds and blocks the action of an angiotensin type 1 receptor causing an increase in vessel diameter and reducing the blood pressure to the both the cardiovascular and neurovascular systems.
The Renin-angiotensin System
Interestingly, compared to other classes of blood pressure lowering drugs, losartan has been shown to be more effective in reducing Alzheimer’s risk. This correlates with evidence that many factors of the renin-angiotensin system are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, and findings that losartan reduces neuron damage following stroke in rats.
Outcome measures can be split into primary and secondary measures; with primary measures answering the most important question from the research, and secondary measures allowing for assessment of other relevant outcome measures for the trial.
Within the RADAR trial the primary outcome is to assess whether losartan affects the rate of brain volume loss (characteristic in Alzheimer’s disease) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the secondary measures focus on assessing the rate of cognitive decline and quality of life, as well as a range of measures which monitor the blood flow to the brain and indicators of brain injury.
The correlations between cognitive assessments to overall brain structure and functional changes within the brain can provide useful information, indicating the effect of losartan on both the brain physically and cognitively.
The hope is that this treatment can be used to either prevent or delay Alzheimer’s disease onset and progression, and will also provide better understanding of the disease on a cellular and molecular level.
The importance of the renin-angiotensin pathway in Alzheimer’s disease could lead to the establishment of biomarkers and other new therapeutics to treat the disease. In addition, this could validate the use of losartan (or similar drugs affecting vasculature) in a combination based therapy for Alzheimer’s treatment; using different drugs to target the multiple pathologies of the disease.
Kehoe PG, Blair PS, Howden B, Thomas DL, Malone IB, Horwood J, Clement C, Selman LE, Baber H, Lane A, Coulthard E, Passmore AP, Fox NC, Wilkinson IB, Ben-Shlomo Y. The Rationale and Design of the Reducing Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease through Angiotensin TaRgeting (RADAR) Trial Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 19 December 2017. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-170101
Author: Geoffrey Potjewyd; Regenerative Medicine & Neuroscience PhD student at the University of Manchester. Image: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | <urn:uuid:428db178-9a8f-4a57-80ed-3f64e4f083ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sciencebeta.com/radar-alzheimers-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376006.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307013626-20210307043626-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.898879 | 913 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Training Tip of the Month
“Abdominal training should be meant to prevent excessive movement of your spine.”
Consider performing exercises like stability ball rollouts and anti-rotation presses instead of sit-ups and crunches. Learn how to perform these two core exercises:
Stability Ball Rollout
Tall-Kneeling Anti-Rotation Press
How Your Butt Can Hurt Your Low Back
This month’s article, How Your Butt Can Hurt Your Low Back, comes from Time.com. I’d argue the title should be changed to “How the Lack of Your Butt May Hurt Your Low Back.” Articles like this can be informative and help shed light on why you may be having pain, as well as what you can do about it. When talking about how your butt can affect your low back, it’s more important to talk about how your lack of hip flexibility and hip strength can cause your low back to do more work than it should.
The article states that about 80% of adults will experience low back pain at some point in their lives. Why is this number so high? The reasoning is likely different for everyone. Everyone’s anatomy and exercise history will play a part. How well or not well you move will also determine which areas of your body you place more stress on, while sitting in chairs for hours a day can also play a role.
Regardless of the reasons as to why your back hurts, it’s important to get assessed and find out how you can create more stability and mobility around your spine and hips to give you more movement variability. This will help prevent “wear and tear” injures and prevent certain areas from getting and staying tight.
The article also talks a lot about your SI joint, which is the interfacing surface between your sacrum and pelvis on both sides.
Like any other joint, it needs to have stability in all of its range of motion, and if it doesn’t, you may be predisposed to movement compensation and overuse injuries at your low back.
Check out the exercises below that will work on four movement variables — all of which are important for keeping your lower back healthy.
1. Awareness of Your Spine in Space
2. Mobility of Your Hips Without Spinal Movement
3. Hip Flexor and Hip Rotation Mobility
4. Strengthen Hip Extension
Develop Awareness of Your Spine in Space
Mobility Of Your Hips Without Spinal Movement
Lengthen Hip Flexors
Strengthen Hip Extension
Remember, these are not the end all be all. If you are experiencing back pain, make sure to get assessed and find out exactly what your body needs to improve how you move.
Paul was one of my first online clients. We actually spent some time training together in Boston, and he was able to create a strong foundation that has allowed him to make so much progress. Sometimes you have to take a couple steps back to move many more forward.
High intensity programs done without much regard for exercise selection and how you move will get you good results early on, but will come back to bite you in the end, as your body cannot continually meet and recover from the demands you’re placing on it. Paul is an awesome example of someone who recognized that he needed to take a few steps back to travel many more forward. And because of that he has:
- Improved muscular balance. “It’s not just chest and biceps for me anymore”
- Improved flexibility and range of motion, especially in the shoulders
- Increased core strength
- Improved cardiovascular endurance without the reliance on long-duration, low-intensity cardio
Articles from Around the Web
- 3 Reasons Why You Should Still Use Agility Ladders by Jared Rosenberg
- Self-Assessments: Standing Shoulder Flexion
- Tip: Boost Your Deadlift With This Exercise via T-Nation
- 7 Steps to Have a Long Baseball Career via Elite Baseball Performance
- Why Some Athletes Have Trouble Losing Fat (And What They Can Do About It)
- 3 Ways to Improve Your Box Jump Technique | <urn:uuid:0d56ad3b-33f9-4551-a1da-8d77ac6fe503> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.mikesirani.com/blog-1/2017/4/26/monthly-exercise-success-tips-may-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864837.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522170703-20180522190703-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.936075 | 860 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lien vers Pubmed [PMID] – 29125545
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Nov 10;18(11). pii: E2384.
Disease caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV) is a public health emergency of international concern. Recent epidemics have emerged in different regions of the world and attest to the ability of the virus to spread wherever its vector, Aedes species mosquitoes, can be found. We have compared the transmission of ZIKV by Ae. aegypti (PAEA strain originating from Tahiti) and by a French population of Ae. albopictus to better assess their competence and the potential risk of the emergence of ZIKV in Europe. We assessed the transmission of ZIKV by Ae. albopictus in temperatures similar to those in Southern France during the summer. Our study shows that the extrinsic incubation period of Ae. aegypti for transmission was shorter than that of Ae. albopictus. Both vectors were able to transmit ZIKV from 10 to 14 days post-infection. Ae. aegypti, however, had a longer transmission period than the French population of Ae. albopictus. Although the salivary glands of both vectors are highly infected, transmission rates of ZIKV to saliva remain relatively low. These observations may suggest that the risk of emergence of ZIKV in Europe could be low. | <urn:uuid:040447fb-d9af-4152-9018-cdc12b967542> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://research.pasteur.fr/fr/publication/infection-of-a-french-population-of-aedes-albopictus-and-of-aedes-aegypti-paea-strain-with-zika-virus-reveals-low-transmission-rates-to-these-vectors-saliva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.934074 | 300 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Image via DNAIndia
You probably know that India is home to over 1 billion people. And you probably also know that nearly 50% of those practise open defecation.
Infectious diseases are a result of poor hygiene practices, often because of lack of access to clean water. In 2010, the United Nations announced that the right to clean drinking water is a fundamental human right. But millions of people all over the country lack access to clean, potable water.
Solving a nation’s water crisis in a single day isn’t possible. However, there are several steps we can take in that direction. Example: the introduction of Water ATMs in the capital city, New Delhi.
What are Water ATMs?
As the name implies, a water ATM dispenses water. Think of it as a vending machine for clean and safe drinking water 24×7. The best part – these units run on solar energy. Additionally, these machines are powered by ultra-filtration units and Reverse Osmosis filters that further reduce the operational costs.
The Delhi Jal Board piloted water ATMs in partnership with the Piramal Foundation in 2014. Today, you can spot several water ATMs in various parts of the capital city.
Withdrawal can be made by using either cash or a smart “Sarva Jal” digital card issued by the Board. The cost of water from these machines is low- 25 paise per litre. Metro stations are a popular installation point because of the constant stream of travellers.
Water ATMS provide Delhi’s economically weaker sections (and thirsty travellers) with access to safe, clean drinking water at affordable prices. Also, these machines encourage users to carry refillable bottles, cutting down on the dependence on single-use plastic water bottles.
Water ATMs are taking off all over the country, with public-private-NGO collaborations (in various permutations and combinations) germinating and throwing up projects in areas like Moradabad, Berhampur (Orissa), Bangalore, and many other places.
I’ve heard many a dire prediction that the Third World War will be fought over water; well, we might just avoid that yet. | <urn:uuid:57fb33b7-6ce1-4fab-89af-f6c36d53bc09> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://repowerindia.in/2018/11/09/future-on-tap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249556231.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223223440-20190224005440-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.933505 | 457 | 3.25 | 3 |
As with all your wild urban neighbors, to discourage snakes you will need to address possible areas used for shelter and food sources.
- Shelter could be a wood/brush pile, stack of building materials, over grown landscaping, access under or through cracks in a deck or out building, compost/mulch. Modifications to prevent access of these potential shelters will make your yard less inviting.
- Inspect your home from the ground level around your foundation and any plumbing. Be sure all plumbing openings have been secured in your laundry room, bath room and kitchen.
- Removal of food sources for rodents and insects, such as bird feeders, uncontained garbage, pet food left out, or food items stored in a garage or out building, or waste in a compost pile.
- Embrace the benefits of some of your mammal wild neighbors such as the opossum and skunk. Both are immune to the venom of poisonous snakes and actively hunt and eat snakes. Remember keeping a balance of predator and prey keeps our environments balanced.
For additional recommendations on discouraging snakes read FAQ: Interesting information on snakes. The link provided from Texas Parks and Wildlife has a “FAQ: How can I discourage snakes from coming into my yard?” | <urn:uuid:27e89757-72e6-4bb7-ac06-613fc3d56d37> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://dfwwildlife.org/how-to-discourage-snakes-in-your-yard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160568.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924145620-20180924170020-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.93184 | 252 | 3 | 3 |
A diamond is a stone of “good quality.” Perseverance is a “quality” we want at this company. While these two sentences share similar wording, appearances can be deceiving, so what is the difference between quality, good quality, and high quality?
“Quality” as a noun is a characteristic or attribute that you can see as good or bad. Both “Good quality” and “High Quality” use an adjective plus a noun to describe something or someone as of a high standard. Similarly, as a hyphenated adjective or adjective phrase, “good-quality” and “high-quality” describe something as of a relatively high standard.
Let’s dive in to see where we can use “quality” and “good quality” and what function they serve in a sentence. We’ll also cover how to use compound adjectives and when we should use the hyphen and when we shouldn’t.
Is It Correct to Say “Good Quality”?
If you find a nice shirt for work or go out to a nice restaurant, you want your money’s worth. The appeal of the internet is that we can find all of that information quickly.
However, you notice people don’t just describe something as “good” or “bad.” Instead, they’ll often say, “This shirt is good quality” or “That restaurant is of good quality.” But is this correct?
Yes. “Good quality” is correct in this case. “Good quality” is one of many collocations where we use an adjective with the noun “quality” (source). It is part of a rating system that you use, for instance, to see the quality of a good or service.
- Poor quality
- Fair quality
- Good quality
- High quality
- Outstanding quality
- Premium quality
People use different variations of these ratings in reviews, business, etc. For example, the adjectives “good” and “bad” are pretty straightforward, but “good quality” is a little more specific.
Some examples include:
- This restaurant had good food and service.
- This restaurant had food and service that was of good quality.
In each sentence, the adjective “good” describes the noun that follows, serving as the object. Since “good” can have more than one meaning, saying something is of “good quality” makes it clearer that you’re speaking of the quality of something rather than its propriety or moral goodness.
What Is Quality?
“Quality” can function as either a noun or an adjective. As a noun, “quality” refers to a thing, while the adjective is a descriptive term referring to something of a higher degree of excellence.
“Quality” as a Noun
As a noun, “quality” is a standard or characteristic of something or someone, whether good or bad (source). It also refers to a degree of excellence when rating the worth of something. For instance, people use “quality” to rank clothing, food, companies, etc. We might also use “quality” when assessing someone’s personality.
English adopted the use of “quality” around 1300 as Middle English “qualite” through Anglo-French “qualité,” which referred to the nature or characteristics of something (source).
The Old French form was “calite,” which came from the Latin “qualitatem,” the nominative form of “qualitas.” “Qualis” was the Latin word meaning “of what kind.”
Etymologists believe that the ancient Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BC) coined the term “qualitatem,” translating it from the Greek ποιότης (poiotēs), which Aristotelian philosophers used frequently (source).
By the late 1300s, the English word gained the connotations of “an inherent attribute” or “degree of goodness or excellence.” As such, it often referred to someone’s social rank or their nobility by 1400.
According to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “quality” is in the top 1% of word popularity that people look up and use.
We can use the noun “quality” in several different ways. As a noun, “quality” can function as the subject or an object in a sentence.
- Agatha has a loving quality that draws people to her.
In this sentence, “quality” shows Agatha’s nature and a characteristic of her personality.
- The two lawn care companies have differing quality of service.
According to customer comments, the two companies have a different grade or “quality” of work.
- The quality of service you’ll receive during flight differs between coach and first-class.
Being in first class on the plane gets you better “quality” and treatment than just being in coach.
As you can see, we can place an adjective in front of the noun “quality” to describe what sort of quality we’re referring to. Similarly, in two of the above examples, the prepositional phrase following the noun “quality” describes something further about the noun.
“Quality” as an Adjective
The adjective “quality” means “very good,” “excellent,” or “being of high quality,” and this usage appeared around 1936, according to Merriam-Webster.
- The quality work she shows at her job makes her an asset to this company.
Here, the adjective “quality” describes the excellence of her work, indicating that she has a vital role in her job.
“Good” as an Adjective
“Good” is also an adjective that we use to describe something as of high quality, of somewhat high but not quite excellent quality, or as something correct or proper (source).
This word describes how positive something, someone, or a situation is. We also use “good” to describe behavior, morals, or circumstances. While it can be a noun or adverb, the most common use of this word is as an adjective.
Let’s look at some examples:
- I want to sit and enjoy a good book.
- My grandmother is in good health.
In the first sentence, “good” describes the quality of the book and how enjoyable it will be. In the second sentence, “Good,” again, describes the quality or state of the grandmother’s health.
Now consider these examples:
- Try to set a good example for the children.
- If you’re a good girl at the doctor’s, we will get ice cream afterward.
Here, “good” can describe the morals of the parents for the children. You can also use “good” with religious principles. In the second example, “good” clearly describes the quality of behavior that the little girl needs to have.
Is “Good Quality” a Compound Adjective?
So if “good” is an adjective, and “quality” can be an adjective, is “good quality” a compound adjective? Also, if “quality” as an adjective means “high quality” and “good” as an adjective can mean “of high quality,” is “good quality” redundant?
The answer is no. The compound adjective “good-quality” refers to a high standard, while the compound adjective “high-quality” refers to an even higher standard (source). As part of an adjective phrase, a type of prepositional phrase, “good quality” is still an adjective modifying a noun.
Compound adjectives and phrasal adjectives or adjective phrases are what we call compound modifiers (source).
The Compound Adjective “Good-Quality”
Compound words are two words that come together to form new meanings, and they can be closed, open, or hyphenated. A hyphen is a punctuation mark that you use to bring two or more words or prefixes together.
This is helpful with multiple adjectives that precede a noun to help clarify if those adjectives modify the noun or pronoun together or if the first adjective modifies what comes after. There are several instances where not using a hyphen can confuse your reader (source).
When we place the compound adjective before the noun it describes, we use the hyphenated form “good-quality” (source).
- This company makes good-quality clothing.
However, when it comes after the noun it describes, we do not use a hyphen:
- This company’s clothing is good quality.
Here, the predicate adjective “good quality” describes the “clothing” through the use of the linking verb “is.” This sounds a bit awkward, though, and we are more likely to use the adjective phrase instead.
The Phrasal Adjective “Good Quality”
In contrast, an adjective phrase is a type of prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun. Like all phrases, adjective phrases do not include a subject or a verb; otherwise, they constitute a complete sentence or clause (source).
Here, “good” (adjective) + “quality” (noun) work as a team in describing the standard of another word. As a noun, “quality” serves as the object of the preposition.
- This clothing is of good quality.
The clothes are worth getting and wearing because they are “good quality.” The sentence shows “good quality” as an adjectival phrase after the preposition “of,” and it comes after the noun it describes, “clothing.”
The same is true of the following sentence:
- The restaurant’s sirloin steak is of good quality.
A customer would want a steak that is of “good quality,” which is tender and flavorful.
“Good Quality” or “High Quality”
Both “good quality” and “high quality” generally refer to a high standard. However, “high quality” indicates a higher standard than “good quality.” “High” indicates a great distance or something of a greater amount, while “good” can sometimes imply that something is just good enough.
Again, “high quality” is one of many collocations with “quality.” While it denotes something of very good quality, we can also say that something is of outstanding quality or premium quality if we want to use something a little stronger.
For example, when looking at a product, service, characteristic, etc., note which of the following sounds better.
- The shoes are made with leather that is of good quality.
- The shoes are made with leather that is of high quality.
- The shoes are made with leather that is of premium quality.
The shoes with leather that is “of high quality” are of greater craftsmanship, and we would expect them to last longer than those of “good quality.” In this case, “good quality” might imply that the shoes are comparatively cheap and would be more likely to fall apart.
On the other hand, “premium quality” gives the impression that the shoes exceed all normal expectations. One would also expect to pay a premium price for them as a result.
“High quality” and “good quality” both follow the same rules for hyphenation that we discussed above. For more information on when to use the hyphen, check out the article “High Quality or High-Quality: Understanding When to Use a Hyphen.”
Some examples include:
- The high-quality steak was the best I have ever eaten.
- The best steak I have ever eaten was high quality.
- The best steak I have ever eaten was of high quality.
In the first sentence, “high-quality” comes before the noun, “steak,” so it has a hyphen. In the second sentence, “high quality” comes after steak, so we do not need a hyphen.
The last example does not use a compound adjective. Instead, it uses the prepositional phrase “of high quality,” where “quality” is the object of the preposition.
As you can see, “high quality” can be a compound adjective or an adjectival phrase. So, anywhere that you use “good quality,” replacing it with “high quality” will make it sound better and draw more attention.
- I received a high-quality education at the university.
- I received a good-quality education at the university.
This article was written for strategiesforparents.com.
In the first sentence, the student believes that the education they received was of a high quality or value. In contrast, the second sentence might give the impression that the quality was only decent.
We can use “quality” as a noun or an adjective. As a noun, we can use adjectives to describe it as good or bad on various levels. Something of “good quality” can be of high quality, but it can come off as mediocre compared to something specifically stated to be of high quality.
Still, “good quality” as an adjective plus a noun generally describes something or someone as of a high standard. Similarly, as a hyphenated adjective or adjective phrase, we can use “good-quality” or “good quality” to describe something as of a relatively high standard.
Remember, the adjective phrase “of good quality” is a type of prepositional phrase containing an adjective and a noun. When we use the compound adjective form, we should use a hyphen when it goes before the noun or pronoun it describes but leave the hyphen out when it goes after the noun or pronoun. | <urn:uuid:2eb9eb73-e6b5-48bf-b2c0-ccf1b6d46dfe> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://strategiesforparents.com/quality-good-quality-and-high-quality-whats-the-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585186.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018000838-20211018030838-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.942414 | 3,084 | 3.296875 | 3 |
You Are NOT Your Hormones
BY THE CONFIDENCE CO -
Oftentimes when we feel out of whack for one reason or another, there is something bigger at play. Whether you're a little moody, suffering from PMS, or you're experiencing a pesky breakout, you may be inclined to blame hormones. And while your hormone levels could be the culprit of your out-of-whackness, have you ever wondered why?
We have. And we're eager to get to the bottom of it.
In this article we cover all things hormones. Learn what they are, why they matter, causes for imbalances, what you can do to re-balance your body, and of course how hormones impact the gut. Let's dive in!
What (exactly) are hormones?
You can think of them as messengers on a mission. According to the Cleveland Clinic, "hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues." Hormones are an essential part of living a healthy, long life.
Our friends at Veracity tell us that, "hormones control everything from your metabolism and development to reproduction and your response to stress." So yes, they are kind of a big deal.
Why do hormones matter?
The signals, or messages that hormones coordinate, tell various systems in your body what to do and when to do it. In fact, scientists have now identified over 50 hormones in the human body (and still counting). The tissues and glands that both produce and release hormones is the endocrine system and it controls key bodily functions such as metabolism, sexual function and reproduction, sleep, growth, homeostasis (or internal balance), energy levels, and mood.
Ultimately, everything we do in our day-to-day life relies on the functionality of hormones. This is why maintain balanced hormones level is so crucial (more in this topic below).
The gut hormones
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, starting from your mouth to your anus, is primarily responsible for digestion and creates hormones such as ghrelin, somatostatin, glucagon-like peptide. Your gut contains more than 100 trillion friendly bacteria, that produce various metabolites that can affect your hormonal health in both positive and negative ways.
Most interestingly, a recent study by UCLA suggests that 90% of the body's serotonin—the happy chemical—is produced in the gut. This neurotransmitter is a natural mood stabilizing hormone that regulates our anxiety, happiness and mood. Why is Serotonin such an important hormone to keep balanced? It impacts nearly every function of the body, from your emotions to your motor skills. It’s the also the chemical is responsible for stimulating the parts of the brain helping us sleep, eat, and digest.
What is a hormonal imbalance and what causes it?
A hormonal imbalance happens when your body has too much or too little of a hormone. Know that an "imbalance" is a very broad term that encapsulates a number of hormonal-health issues.
Throughout your life, even throughout a single day, your hormone levels will change. We all experience a natural rise and fall that is perfectly healthy. However, there are a few key periods in our life where your hormones may fluctuate in a big way such as puberty, pregnancy and menopause. Outside of these naturally occurring time periods, there are some other causes of hormonal imbalances such as stress, medications and medical treatments, and the use of steroids.
Symptoms of a hormonal imbalance
There are an array of symptoms causes by hormonal imbalances, everything from weight gain to hair loss. According to the Cleveland Clinic, here are the most common hormone-related conditions:
- Irregular menstruation
- Thyroid disease
How to balance your hormones
If you're experiencing that out-of-whackness, know that there are steps you can take. Here are five tips:
1. Practice Stress-Relief
Too much cortisol, known as the "stress hormone" spikes your blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Keep cortisol at bay by taking an active step to decrease the stress in your life. We recommend taking a yoga class, guided meditation, or some deep breathing exercises.
2. Rest Well & Rest Often
Not getting enough sleep may throw hormones out of balance including insulin, cortisol, and ghrelin. Prioritize getting enough sleep (8 hours is ideal) each night. Set a night time reminder on your phone, keep your room cool and dark, and avoid looking at any type of screen for at least 15 minutes before you get some shut eye.
3. Eat Healthy Fats Over Saturated Fats
Saturated fats that are found in some animal fat, butter, full-fat dairy, palm oil and coconut oil, may disrupt dopamine (another happy hormone) message coordination when consumed in big quantities. Keep your hormones balanced by incorporating healthy fats, such as MCTs or omega-3s rather than saturated. You can find healthy fats in salmon, whole eggs, chia seeds, and extra virgin olive oil.
4. Get Moving
Getting enough regular exercise is a great way to balance (and boost) your endorphin levels, helping you stay in a better mood. Exercise doesn't have to be all hard work, make it fun! Take a 15 minute dance break in your bedroom, jump rope outside with your kids, or go for a jog or walk in your favorite neighborhood park.
5. Supplement with a Digestive Enzyme
Since your gut is a producer of hormones, it's no wonder that maintaining a healthy gut will help keep your hormones balanced. To improve your digestive system's health, supplement with an all-natural digestive enzyme before each meal. Our enzymes help your body do the work of breaking down each morsel of food so that you get more nutrients from every meal you eat. | <urn:uuid:0694e6bd-f64d-4df3-a7a6-9e60b7e9a685> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.theconfidence.co/blogs/confidence/you-are-not-your-hormones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.925323 | 1,236 | 2.703125 | 3 |
United Nations Publications
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONS
Prepared by Chuck Eckman, University of California, Berkeley Reviewed by Ann Kennedy, San Francisco State University
The library has a selective collection of U.N. documents including the major statistical and legislative sources. The majority of U.N. documents are in Government Publications (Govt) on the 5th floor. U.N. documents are located by using indexes.
U.N. DOCUMENT SERIES SYMBOLS
The U.N. assigns numbers to most documents which represent particular agencies or bodies (for example, ST/LEG/SER.A.). When using indexes or the Government Publications card catalog, be sure to note this number as it is also used as a shelving call number in our collection. The numbers can also be related to the appropriate agency by using the following:
United Nations Document Series Symbols, 1946-1977 and 1978-1984. (Govt) (ST/LIB/SER.B/5/Rev. 3-4)
GENERAL BACKGROUND SOURCES
U.N. Chronicle, 1964-. (Per) U.N. periodical; source of current information on General Assembly debates and activities. Indexed by Readers Guide, located in Reference Area, and by the Carl Uncover, thePeriodical Abstracts, the Index to United Nations Documents and Publications databases. Full text is available on the Academic Search FullTEXT 1,000 database and on Lexis/Nexis, 1983-: news;asapii;publication(un chronicle).
U.N. Public Information Dept. Press Releases, Press Briefings, Daily Highlights and Daily Journal. (http://www.un.org) Useful sources of information about current U.N. debates and activities. Some of these publications are also available on Lexis/Nexis (world;fednew;united nations package).
U.N. Public Information Dept. Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-. (Govt Desk) Excellent source with which to begin research; chapters review activities on major issues such as human rights or disarmament. Provides references to specific documents and guides to conventions and agreements. Includes texts of resolutions.
Annual Review of U.N. Affairs, 1949-. (Govt Desk) (JX 1977 A1 A5) Includes texts of key documents. Special supplements include the Chronology and Factbook of the U.N. (Govt Desk JX 1977 H64 1992) and the Reform of the U.N.
Comprehensive Handbook of the U.N. 1978. (Govt Desk) (JX 1977 C6123) Compilation of documents relating to the establishment of the U.N., rules of procedure, laws, regulations.
A Global Agenda: Issues before the...General Assembly, 1978-. (Govt Desk) (JX 1977 A1 U5244a) Includes references to articles about the "issues."
U.N. Public Information Dept. Basic Facts About the U.N. 1995. (Govt Desk)
U.N. Public Information Dept. Everyone's U.N. 10th ed. 1986. (Govt Desk) Basic handbook describing agencies and activities. 11th ed. on order.
Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 8th ed. New York: Gale, 1995. 5 vols. (Ref G 63 W67) An encyclopedia of geographic, historical, political, social and economic information on countries. Volume 1 treats the United Nations system.
INDEXES TO OFFICIAL RECORDS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS
Index to United Nations Documents and Publications database, 1975-. (Govt & Ref)
Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council (1946-1992): A Thematic Guide (Govt Desk) (JX 1977 A59). Includes texts, voting records, and membership lists.
U.N. Library. Indexes to Proceedings of the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council and Trusteeship Council (the latter are in the Govt stacks as are the older indexes), 1946-. (Govt) Compiled for each session. Contain indexes to documents, resolutions and speeches by subject and speech index by subject, country and speaker; memberships; meeting dates; agenda; lists of documents published and voting records.
U.N. Library. Indexes to Resolutions...1946-1970. (Govt) After 1970, use the other indexes listed here.
U.N. Library. Index to Resolutions of the Security Council, 1946-1991. (Govt)
OFFICIAL RECORDS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS
Documents concerning official actions of the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, and Trusteeship Council are considered "official records." Proceedings of the General Assembly have U.N. document numbers beginning with A, Security Council numbers begin with S, Economic & Social Council with E, Trusteeship Council with T (e.g., S/PV.2123, S/RES/554(1992), A/C.3/48/S.R.34, E/C.12/1993/SR.48). They include the following type of documents:
Annexes - working documents which were discussed during meetings of the whole. Arranged by agenda item numbers that are listed in the Index to the Proceedings and in the Index to United Nations Documents.
Committee Meetings (General Assembly) - most are "SR's" or summary records of meetings. There are some gaps in meeting records available in the Library before 1990.
Index to Proceedings - see above.
Plenary Meetings - "PV's" or verbatim records of meetings. There are some gaps in meeting records available in the Library before 1990.
Resolutions - special supplement for each session. General Assembly resolutions are published in the last supplement for each session.
Supplements - reports from committees and commissions to the legislative bodies.
Mimeographed Documents (not considered Official Records but part of the Proceedings).Reports and documents, including those with "L" in the call number (limited distribution documents), are available 1990- in the Readex Abridged U.N. microfiche collection.
Official records and other Proceedings are available in the Readex Abridged U.N. microfiche collection, 1990-. This noncirculating microfiche collection is arranged by U.N. document number (use the Index to United Nations Documents and Publications database or the Indexes to the Proceedings to locate these numbers). Full text resolutions are also available in the Index to United Nations Documents and Publications database. Some mimeographed documents for the period before 1990 are available in the IIS microfiche collection (see below under IIS Index).
Official records in print form for the years before 1990 are noncirculating and are identified in our collection by "OR" after the series symbol number (call number) on each document. The official records are listed in a special section of the Government Publications card catalog. This section is arranged by agency (e.g., General Assembly), session or year and type of document as listed above. The official records are shelved in the Government Publications stacks in a special section arranged in strict number order without regard to chronological or organizational relationships.
Recent resolutions, mimeographed documents and unofficial summaries of meetings are also available on the UN Web site (http://www.un.org). The site is searchable by U.N. document number and by subject.
There is no complete record available. Check the U.N. Public Information Office's Advance Text of General Assembly Resolutions, 1984, 1986- (latest Govt Desk), Voting Practices of the UN (S1.1/8 latest Govt Desk), the Indexes to the Proceedings, 1975-, the U.N. Yearbook and U.N. Chronicle.
OTHER U.N. INDEXES
IIS: Index to International Statistics, 1983-. (Govt & Govt /Ref database) Subject, title, issuing agency, publication number and category index to U.N. and other international organization publications which include statistics. Searchable in database form as Statistical MasterFile, 1992-. Most of the publications are available in an accompanying microfiche collection.
Index to United Nations Documents and Publications, 1976-. (Govt /Ref) The most comprehensive index to U.N. publications with multiple access points. Updated monthly. Indexes publications, and periodical articles and provides the full text of resolutions.
International Bibliography: Publications of Intergovernmental Organizations, 1973-1991. (Govt) (Title varies). Quarterly, annotated listing of U.N. and affiliated international organization publications.
KWIC Index to U.N. Sales Publications and Serials, 1975-July 1988. (Govt) Does not include official records.
MELVYL (U.C. online catalog). (Govt /Ref) Sample search: 1) start ten; 2) f xc united nations and su disarmament.
P.A.I.S. International, 1915- (title varies). Database, 1972- (non-English), 1976- (English language sources). (Govt/Ref) Subject index to articles in periodicals and major international and U.N. documents.
U.N. Documents Index/UNDEX/UNDOC, 1950-. (Govt) A comprehensive index to U.N. documents; contents and arrangement varies. Latest version is quarterly with an annual cumulation on microfiche. Includes subject, personal/corporate name and title indexes. Main listing includes distribution status information.
UN Website Search. (http://www.un.org) Most available documents are recent, but there are plans to add older ones. Searchable by U.N. document number and by subject.
LOCATING OTHER U.N. DOCUMENTS
To locate documents other than the Proceedings, use the indexes listed above. They will provide you with a U.N. agency author and a title and, sometimes, a U.N. document number. To see if the Library has a particular document, check the GOVT card catalog under the name of the U.N. agency and then the title. U.N. documents are shelved in the GOVT stacks by U.N. document number. If they do not have a U.N. document number, they are shelved by agency and then by title in a section after the publications shelved by U.N. document number. If the publication is not listed in the GOVT card catalog, it may be available in the Readex Abridged U.N. microfiche collection (by U.N. document number or by agency, if no U.N. document number; a checklist of Readex microfiche publications available in this collection is shelved with the collection) or in the IIS microfiche collection (arranged by IIS number; you need to use the IIS title index or the IIS publication number index to locate the IIS number). Many recent documents are also available on the U.N. Web site (http://www.un.org).
OTHER USEFUL LIBRARY GUIDES
Foreign Country Information (Bib. #43) International Law (Bib. #115) News and Opinion (Bib. #36)
OTHER U.N. DOCUMENT COLLECTIONS
The U.C. Berkeley Government and Social Science Information Service and Stanford University are local research libraries with comprehensive U.N. document collections.
United Nations--Internet Sites
The following Internet sites are especially useful for U.N. research:
United Nations http://www.un.org
World Wide Web Virtual Library: UN Information Services http://www.undcp.org/unlinks.html
United Nations Development Programme Gopher (includes some older press briefings, etc.) gopher://gopher.undp.org
Official WEB Locator for the United Nations System of Organizations (and Other International Organizations) http://www.unsystem.org
United Nations Scholars' Workstation at Yale University htttp://www.library.yale.edu/un/unhome.html
Yahoo's Model U.N. links http://www.yahoo.com/government/international_organizations/united_nations/model_united_nations
RESEARCHING COUNTRIESÕ POSITIONS USING THE INDEX TO UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS
1. Select Search Level Two.
2. Speeches and statements in debates by representatives of a particular country are key documents in which national policies are expressed at the U.N. To find these documents, search your country's name in the AUTHOR field. Then search the topic you are interested in in the ALL FIELDS field and select the AND option to combine AUTHOR and ALL FIELDS. Example:
Author China All Fields Human Rights
3. Letters addressed to the Secretary General by heads of state and representatives of U.N. member states also reflect national positions on issues. To find these letters, search your country's name in the COUNTRY FIELD. Then search the topic you are interested in in the ALL FIELDS field and select the AND option to combine COUNTRY and ALL FIELDS. Example:
Country China All Fields Human Rights
4. Resolutions drafted or sponsored by U.N. member states also reflect national positions on issues. To find these draft resolutions, search your country's name and draft resolution in the TITLE field. Then search the issue you are interested in in the ALL FIELDS field and select the AND option to combine TITLE and ALL FIELDS. Note: this strategy will also retrieve some draft resolutions about your country. Example:
Title China and Draft Resolution All Fields Human Rights
5. Press the F8 key to look at the full citations and write down the A/, E/, S/ and T/ U.N. document numbers for the titles you are interested in. Most A/, E/, S/ and T/ numbered documents published 1990 to the present are available in the U.N. Abridged Readex microfiche in Govt. For other documents, see next page.
LOCATING UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS INDEXED BY THE INDEX TO UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS
From the full citation copy down the U.N. document number, the U.N. corporate author, the title of the document and the date of publication. Most U.N. documents are located in Government Publications, 5th floor.
Most documents with A/, E/, S/ and T/ numbers published 1990 to the present are available in the U.N. Abridged Readex microfiche collection which is arranged by year, then by document number (arranged in a hierarchial order). A checklist of the documents in this microfiche collection is shelved on top of the collection.
Some international law documents published during this same period (e.g., LOS numbered documents, International Court of Justice documents) are also available in the U.N. Abridged Readex microfiche collection.
Documents with A/, E/, S/ and T/ numbers published before 1990 are listed in the Government Publications card catalog Official Records section if they are plenary or summary meeting records, annexes, supplements or mimeographed documents. Some mimeographed documents of the General Assembly are published in the Annexes which are listed in this Official Records section of the catalog. Other mimeographed documents of the General Assembly and its sub-bodies, Economic and Social Council, Security Council and Trusteeship Council are available in the IIS microfiche collection (1983-). The easiest way to look them up is to check the IIS Index by title or by U.N. document number (e.g., A/AC.105/492, A/46/600) or by issuing source (or search the Statistical MasterFile by document number or keyword in title, 1992 to the present only). Other documents with A/, etc., numbers (e.g., A/Conf.94/35, E/Conf.66/34-UN conference reports) are not Official Records and so are listed in the Government Publications card catalog under corporate author/title (e.g., United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year. Report) not in the Official Records section of the catalog. Some of these documents (e.g., E/CN.6/1994/11, Commission on the Status of Women Follow-up to the Human Rights Conference) are available on the U.N. site on the Internet.
Statistical documents are almost always in the IIS microfiche, so be sure to check the IIS Index for these. Check the IIS Index by U.N. document number or by title (or search the Statistical MasterFile database by document number or key word in title).
For other documents, first look them up in the Government Publications card catalog under the United Nations issuing body (author) and then by title. If the document is not listed in the card catalog, look the document up in the IIS Index by title or by U.N. document number or by issuing source and then by title ( or search the Statistical MasterFile database by document number or keyword in title).
United nations official records are shelved in the Government Publications stacks in a special ÒORÓ section by document number. Non-official-records with document numbers are filed next, followed by U.N. publications with no document numbers filed in order by U.N. corporate author and then by title.
Prepared by Chuck Eckman, University of California, Berkeley Reviewed by Ann Kennedy, San Francisco State University (Rev. 1-14-97) | <urn:uuid:3217fab1-7d77-448f-9551-e36e47467d3b> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/United_Nations_Publications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661123.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00156-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850485 | 3,714 | 2.75 | 3 |
Article III, Section 3 of the California Constitution declares that the powers of state government are legislative, executive and judicial. Section 3 then explicitly provides that “Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others except as permitted by this Constitution.” This is what the Constitution says, but is it reality when it comes to agencies?
The Constitution refers to state agencies in various places, but doesn’t specifically locate state agencies in any particular branch of government. In describing the position of Governor, for example, the Constitution expressly vests the supreme executive power of the state in the Governor, but does not expressly provide that the Governor has authority over state agencies – it only provides that the Governor may require agencies and their employees to furnish information “relating to their duties”. Article V, Sections 1 & 4. Moreover, the Governor’s authority to asisgn and reorganize functions among agencies is dependent upon the legislature conferring authority “by statute”. Article V, Section 6.
As I’ve mentioned on other occasions, state agencies exercise to some degree all three powers. When enforcing state statutes, agencies are exercising executive power; when conducting administrative hearings, agencies are exercising judicial power; and when adopting rules and regulations, agencies are exercising legislative (policy making) power. Does the exercise of legislative power violate the separation of powers mandated by Article III, Section 3?
One California legislator thinks so. Earlier this month, Assemblymember Tim Donnelly introduced ACA 1 – the Write the Laws Act. He proposes to revise California’s Constitution to required administrative agencies to submit all regulations to the legislature for approval. This proposal borrows from a bill, S. 3361, that was introduced in the U.S. Congress last June.
The idea of separation of powers is usually attributed to Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu who advanced the idea in his book, De l’esprit des Lois (The Spirit of the Laws). In Chapter XI, he wrote:
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression.
There would be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.
Book XI, Chapter 6 (Thomas Nugent, translator). James Madison picked up this theme in The Federalist No. 51 – The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments (Feb. 6, 1788). | <urn:uuid:3fd8f5e3-a6e4-44dd-8e3a-f17981a132d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://calcorporatelaw.com/2012/12/in-what-branch-of-government-are-state-agencies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00173-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92846 | 659 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I was reading the Grammarly Blog, and I was frustrated by the formulaic offerings on how to write different types of essays. I was particularly concerned with how formal their advice is, and considering I am a grammar nerd who believes that grammar is not merely the formal rules of a language, but also a frame for a worldview, I thought there was more at stake than simply being able to produce readable work. A good compare-and-contrast essay should also explain why it is a very useful tool. That is, you may get assigned such an essay in high school or University, but did you know that gaining self-clarity and communicating that to others is a moment of human development? Thus learning the tricks of the academic trade is not a mere skill that gets you to a degree, but it may also help you become a better person.
One of the key jobs of academic work is to clear up the confusion between ideas, methods, and concepts that closely resemble one another. A compare-and-contrast essay identifies the similarities and differences between two or more subjects. It is an appropriate tool for showing what separates and unites related ideas or concepts and is important to use if the subjects are often confused for each other or unjustly lumped together.
Compare-and-contrast essays have a lot in common with other essay types, but differ in many ways, too—an object-lesson statement in comparing and contrasting. By seeing the differences and similarities, the reader better understands each of the subjects by using the other subject as a frame of reference. In other words, a compare-and-contrast essay considers two subjects together to provide the proper contrast to highlight and clarify ideas.
Here, I want to explain how to write a compare-and-contrast essay, including some advanced tips and examples. You will find explanations on how to structure your points and how to frame your thesis. To start with, let’s take a broader look at why comparison essays are so useful.
Purpose of a compare-and-contrast essay
Let’s say you want to write an essay about how great renewable resources are, but you spend a lot of your time explaining how fossil fuels work. To truly understand why renewable resources are so amazing, your reader needs a little background on their alternative, fossil fuels—but the essay’s attention is divided so equally that it is as if there are two topics. That’s when compare-and-contrast essays function at their best. If two topics relate to each other or define each other, you can better explain them both by showcasing their similarities and differences. That goes double for topics that are often conflated or confused for each other; it helps readers when someone points out exactly what’s the same about them and what’s different.
Unlike argumentative essays or persuasive essays, compare-and-contrast essays deal with multiple topics instead of focusing on one. The downside is that they don’t describe the individual subjects in as much as much depth as single-topic essays. They’re also a common assignment for college essays since they show the instructor how well you grasp both subjects.
How to write a compare-and-contrast essay
When writing a compare-and-contrast essay, it helps to be clear about two things: what your thesis is (the subject matter) and how you plan to structure it.
First things first: You need to choose which subjects you’re comparing, and what is the point of the comparison. This isn’t always easy, especially if you have to pick the subjects on your own.
As helpful inspiration, here are some compare-and-contrast essay example topics:
- Opposing options for a certain category
- fossil fuels and renewable resources
- Android phones and IOS phones
- Related works of arts or cultural movements
- 1984 and Brave New World
- ’80s punk rock music and ’90s grunge music
- People who are similar, connected or associated with each other
- Mohandas Ghandi and Nelson Mandela
- The state of affairs at different time periods
- Toronto in the 1700s and Toronto now
- the Civil Rights Movement before and after President Obama
- Two different but related places
- North America and Western Europe
- Opposing theories or beliefs
- Newtonian gravity or the Special Theory of Relativity
- evolution and creationism
- Opposing viewpoints or opinions
- Capitalism and Communism
- Topics that are often confused with each other
- fascism and despotism
Once you’ve settled on your subjects, you can begin generating ideas. It helps to first list all the similarities and differences between your subjects. When you see them all written down, you can start formulating connections and decide what structure to use for your compare-and-contrast essay. If you’re stuck, try making a Venn diagram. This is a visual aid that helps you understand which characteristics your subjects share, and which ones are exclusive.
Looking at your lists, you can then decide on the thesis. To do so, ask yourself a few questions: What are you trying to show in your compare-and-contrast essay? What do you want your reader to take away? Remember to place your thesis in a context that the reader cares about. If you want your reader to understand the difference between Thomas Edison and Elon Musk so that they better appreciate the revolutions Edison began, then you may want to talk about the fundamental differences and significance of Edison’s work in his context and demonstrate that this was more important than the work that Elon Musk is doing.
Briefly, your compare-and-contrast essay should follow a simple format of beginning, middle, and end:
- Introduction: where you explain your thesis or what your essay will discuss
- Body: where you actually list the similarities and differences of your subjects; the largest section
- Conclusion: where you wrap up and summarize your points
The introduction, usually one or two paragraphs, should include a thesis statement and some foreshadowing for the reader to know what to expect for the rest of your essay. You can write your introduction following the same guidelines as other essay types, though be sure to mention all your subjects.
It’s the body where compare-and-contrast essays get tricky. Do you write about both subjects at the same time, or switch back and forth? Let’s talk deeper on this below.
How to structure a compare-and-contrast essay
The hardest part of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay is knowing when to talk about which subject. Essentially, you have three options:
- block method (subject by subject): You discuss one subject in full and then move on to the next subject.
- alternating method (point by point): You discuss one subject’s take on a certain aspect and then another subject’s take immediately afterward, followed by a new aspect.
- similarities and differences: You discuss all the similarities between your subjects and then all the differences, or vice versa (differences first and then similarities).
No matter which option you choose, you have to pay particular attention to topic sentences. Paragraphs in compare-and-contrast essays can get complicated, so it’s crucial to have a good topic or introduction sentence for each paragraph to make the flow of ideas clear.
Block method (subject by subject),
The block method is usually divided into paragraphs: a paragraph about one subject and then a new paragraph about another subject. Take the compare-and-contrast essay example When Nothing Lies Beyond the Mask: Comparing Moby Dick and The Raven. In the first paragraph after the introduction, the author talks only about Ahab from Moby Dick, but in the next paragraph talks only about the narrator from The Raven. Each subject gets its own paragraph.
Using the block method, you can go back and forth like this for pages, covering as many topics as you need. This approach is best for giving each subject its own attention but tends to slightly weaken the connection between the two.
Alternating method (point by point)
As another option, you can break paragraphs up by a specific topic and issue, and in each paragraph discuss both or all subjects. Let’s look at another compare-and-contrast essay example, The Reality of Science Fiction: Comparing Clarke to Cruise. Here, both subjects are discussed in the same paragraph, one right after another.
This approach works best when you want to emphasize the connection between your subjects, or lack thereof. In our example above, the author wishes to highlight just how different the aliens of Arthur Clarke are from those of other authors, particularly H. G. Wells. To emphasize this, the essay author juxtaposes the two points right next to each other in the same paragraph.
Similarities and differences
The third option is quite similar to the alternating approach, with each subject being discussed side by side in the same paragraph. However, the paragraphs aren’t divided by different topics, but instead by what the subjects have in common and what they don’t.
Take a look at the compare-and-contrast essay example Government by the People, for the People has Perished from the Earth, which compares the dystopias of George Orwell’s 1984 and Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We. The first paragraph after the introduction discusses what the governments in the two books have in common, but the next paragraph explains how they differ.
This method works best if you want to focus on a particular similarity or difference between your subjects, or if you want to build up to a powerful conclusion or reveal at the end. To be honest, I like the reveal at the end; it makes a stronger impact. However, if the person who is reading your work reads your work often, then don’t overuse it.
The writing process for compare-and-contrast essays
Want to know how to write a compare-and-contrast essay step by step? The writing process is the same as all essay writing, although adapted specifically for drawing comparisons:
Brainstorming — As mentioned above, this should involve listing all the similarities and difficulties; creating a Venn diagram is a useful method.
Preparation — Looking at your brainstorming lists, decide which structuring method would best get your point across: block, alternating, or similarities/differences.
Drafting — Here you write your rough draft; this is the longest and toughest phase. But if you have thoroughly done your planning, drafting can go quite smoothly. Hannah Arendt, one of the most prolific writers of the twentieth century, says: “Sometimes I [formulate ideas easily]; sometimes I don’t.”But in general… I never write until I can, so to speak, take dictation from myself.”
Revising — Does the structure you’ve chosen work? With the first draft finished, you can more easily identify any areas that need to be fixed, revised, or rewritten from scratch. Unlike proofreading below, revising consists in working on the overall structure, and making certain ideas within the article transition smoothly to create a kind of flow. Your reader should experience getting to the end of your essay without feeling like they have had to labour through it.
Proofreading — Finally, you want to make sure you corrected all the spelling and grammatical mistakes in your draft.
Tips for writing compare-and-contrast essays
Beyond knowing the full process for crafting a compare-and-contrast essay, it helps to learn a few tips to ensure it shines.
Choose topics that are related
In other words, choose topics that have plenty in common, otherwise, your essay will be all contrasting and no comparing. Typically, subjects in compare-and-contrast essays share a strong connection, such as two people in the same profession or two products in the same category.
Without this unifying thread, the reader is left wondering, “What’s the point of comparing these two things?” Not only will it confound your audience, but you’ll also struggle more to come up with points when writing. Solve these problems before they start by smartly choosing your subjects at the beginning.
Write for clarity
Essays with only one subject can be confusing enough—imagine how complicated it gets with two or more subjects. One of the biggest obstacles with compare-and-contrast essays is communicating clearly so your reader knows which points relate to which subject, and what conclusion the entire essay is building toward.
But when you’re in the heat of a writing session, it can be difficult—and distracting—to stop and evaluate your work for clarity.
There are online tools to help with clarity, such as Grammarly and the spelling and grammar checker in a word processing program. But these tend to be formulaic, and are based on algorithms. I do not recommend those tools. I recommend taking a break after the drafting process, and coming back to your writing again with a reader hat on. Then read your writing out loud. Your ear will help you to catch awkward phrasings and points of the essay that need revision. Take a break, and come back again as many times as needed, or as time allows. | <urn:uuid:563e1acf-bd6e-4e1e-83fb-0936057da884> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://idealsandidentities.com/2021/07/10/the-nitty-gritty-on-compare-and-contrast-essays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335058.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927194248-20220927224248-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.934698 | 2,783 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Before moving on to the CSS course, it's important to look at HTML IDs and classes. This chapter examines these two attributes, their differences, and the best way to use them. Learning about HTML IDs and classes is important because they are an essential part of styling using CSS.
Roll up your sleeves, and let's dive into the code.
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And get exclusive Elementor related discounts here
Checkout the Elementor Addon Finder directly | <urn:uuid:5f37e182-ab12-40c1-a755-290c9c055aca> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://element.how/html-ids-and-classes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710980.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204204504-20221204234504-00757.warc.gz | en | 0.852288 | 130 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to an excess of glucocorticoids.
Exogenous administration of steroids is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome. Endogenous causes are rare (estimated at 5 in 1,000,000).
Cushing’s disease refers to cases caused by a pituitary adenoma. These are responsible for the majority of endogenous cases.
Cortisol secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is transported via the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
ACTH, released from the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary, stimulates the release of cortisol.
The precursor of ACTH is POMC, this is also the precursor of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. In addition, to this ACTH may be cleaved to form alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. As a result ACTH excess results in hyperpigmentation (resulting from melanocyte stimulation), particularly affecting the oral mucosa and palmar creases.
ACTH excess is a feature of both Addison's disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency) and ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome.
Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH. It exerts negative feedback on the release of both ACTH and CRH.
Cortisol exhibits diurnal variation, that is to say, the plasma concentration of cortisol levels vary during a 24 hour period.
It reaches a zenith (highest point) at around 8 am and a nadir (lowest point) at around midnight to 1 am.
The causes of Cushing’s may be divided into those that are ACTH dependent and those that are ACTH independent.
Cushing’s disease refers to Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary adenoma. It results in corticotrophs releasing excess ACTH.
ACTH dependent disease may also result from ectopic ACTH producing tissues. It manifests as a paraneoplastic syndrome in a number of malignancies including small-cell lung cancer and a number of neuroendocrine tumours.
Prolonged exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome.
Primary cortisol secreting adrenal tumours (adenomas and carcinomas) and hyperplasia are rare causes of ACTH independent Cushing's syndrome.
The clinical features asssociated with Cushing's syndrome are related to the effects of excess cortisol.
It is vital to take a detailed drug history to exclude an exogenous cause of Cushing's syndrome
A 24-hour urinary cortisol is often the initial test in a patient with suspected Cushing's syndrome. Three or more collections are usually needed. Levels 3-4x normal are highly suggestive of Cushing's syndrome.
Importantly, creatinine levels also need to be measured as the variation in levels between samples (>10 %) indicates that the test needs to be repeated.
Taking midnight cortisol levels helps to demonstrate a loss of the normal circadian pattern.
Cortisol levels can be salivary or blood based. If blood, samples should ideally be taken from an indwelling cannula, which helps minimise stress.
The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test is aimed at demonstrating the loss of normal negative feedback on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
1 mg of dexamethasone is given at 11pm and serum cortisol is then measured at 8am. In a normal individual, the administration of dexamethasone should suppress the morning rise in serum cortisol. However, in patients' with Cushing's syndrome, there is a lack of suppression, which warrants further investigation.
In the dexamethasone-CRH test, 8 doses of 0.5 mg dexamethasone are given over a 48 hour period. This is followed by the administration of CRH. Serum cortisol (and ACTH) levels can then be measured. This test is reliable in borderline cases and can also be useful in the assessment of pituitary function.
After diagnosing cortisol excess we must identify the underlying aetiology.
Undetectable levels of plasma ACTH are indicative of an ACTH independent cause of Cushing's syndrome. Once exogenous causes are excluded, abdominal imaging for an adrenal adenoma/carcinoma may be indicated.
On the other hand, normal or high levels of plasma ACTH are suggestive of an ACTH dependent cause.
The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test helps to determine, in ACTH dependent causes, if ACTH production is from the pituitary or an ectopic source.
With pituitary adenomas, ACTH production is suppressed by the high dose dexamethasone, while ectopic tissues are not suppressed.
MRI/CT imaging may be useful in the detection of both pituitary and adrenal pathology (e.g. adenomas/carcinomas).
This is an invasive test that may be used to help identify a microscopic pituitary adenoma. A catheter is passed into the petrosal sinuses that surrounds the pituitary gland and the level of ACTH (+/- CRH stimulation) can be assessed.
This can be compared to levels from a peripheral vein. Petrosal sinus sampling may be used to identify the side of the tumour.
Untreated Cushing’s syndrome can be lethal with death from cardiac, thromboembolic or infective complications.
Medical therapy is most commonly used as a bridge to more definitive treatment.
Metyrapone can be used, an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase, that leads to a reduction in cortisol synthesis.
Surgical treatment is indicated in cases where the development of Cushing's syndrome is related to a tumour.
Cushing’s disease is typically treated with transsphenoidal surgery, adrenal tumours require an adrenalectomy, and ectopic ACTH producing tumours should be resected where possible.
Have comments about these notes? Leave us feedback | <urn:uuid:ad0a4e17-4fe4-4470-94af-b9349e7c8b48> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/endocrinology/notes/cushing-s-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.894387 | 1,342 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When President Trump signed a shocking bill to allow oil development in Alaska’s unspoiled Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the Gwich’in Nation in Alaska and Canada mobilized.
For the Gwich’in, the Arctic Refuge is a culturally and spiritually important land that provides a key source of sustenance through the Porcupine caribou herd. Every year, the herd has migrated from the inner lands of Alaska and Canada to the coastal plain of the Arctic Refuge to calve its young. Here the young caribou are less vulnerable to predators, but Trump’s plan would put roads, air pads and oil infrastructure right in the middle of this safe haven.
For the Gwich’in people who live in communities surrounding the refuge, the changes could be devastating. The tradition of hunting caribou goes back generations and provides an important food source to Gwich’in villages. Trump’s efforts could threaten this way of life in the time it takes to set up an oil rig.
The We Are Abel film features the story of an indigenous father who is standing against Trump’s reckless plans to industrialize the Arctic Refuge. Not only is Jeffrey Peter fighting for his culture’s existence, but also for his son’s ability to know that culture fully.
There is still hope for the Arctic Refuge. Members of Congress have introduced a bill that would reverse the Trump law and remove the immediate threat from this special wild place. Our hope is to win enough congressional champions to push the law to victory this year.
Direct people to the We Are Abel campaign website.
Evermaven assisted The Wilderness Society with story build and narrative consultation and produced a series of Instagram stories that were published alongside the launch of the film. The Instagram stories included a typewriter text effect and were seen at @wildernesssociety and @evermaven. | <urn:uuid:b63907bd-6506-4f19-a07a-33c28ff8c62f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://evermaven.agency/social-media/wilderness-society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.940316 | 386 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Russian Federation stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent of Eurasia.
Russia shares land borders with the following countries (counter-clockwise from northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea.
From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed forest, broadleaf forest, grassland (steppe), and semidesert (fringing the Caspian Sea) reflecting the changes in climate.
Siberia supports a similar sequence but lacks the mixed forest. Environmental issues include air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; and abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides.
Russia has the world's largest forest reserves, which supply lumber, pulp and paper, and raw material for woodworking industries.
Formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources. | <urn:uuid:8ad66d40-c407-474a-b9c1-d325cc20326f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://belmebel31.ru/alexander-godunov-dating-23566.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866984.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624160817-20180624180817-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.874727 | 261 | 3.390625 | 3 |
It’s a sad commentary on the quality of our educational system that so many Americans seem to think that Bastille Day is simply the French version of our own Independence Day. It is nothing of the sort. The American Revolution was a fight for individual liberty and against oppressive government. The French Revolution, 13 years later, produced the mindless Reign of Terror dramatized so well in Charles Dickens’ great novel A Tale of Two Cities and Baroness Orczy’s romantic adventure The Scarlet Pimpernel (both made into excellent motion pictures, starring Ronald Colman and Leslie Howard, respectively). – “Celebrate Bastille Day Without Me,” F.R. Duplantier
“Going from the frying pan into the fire.” It’s a cliché, but a good one — and it applies to most of the revolutions of the last 200+ years, beginning with the overthrow of the French monarchy in 1789. A few examples:
- Louis XVI –> Robespierre
- Nicolas II –> Lenin/Stalin
- Battista –> Castro
- The Shah –> The Ayatollah
- Somoza –> Ortega
Clearly, in each case, things went from bad to worse. So, if you want peace, by all means work for justice, but steer clear of the radicals and the revolutionaries. Tyranny is not repugnant to them; they just want to be in charge of it. | <urn:uuid:4f859bd7-29cb-4774-b995-df1fb28ceb39> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://politickles.com/blog/?tag=khomeini | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298755.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00007-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920959 | 303 | 2.734375 | 3 |
is a municipality
in the district of Morges
in the canton
Chavannes-le-Veyron is first mentioned in 1285.
Chavannes-le-Veyron has an area, , of . Of this area, or 68.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 25.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 6.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 52.5% is used for growing crops and 14.4% is pastures, while 1.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality was part of the Cossonay District
until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Chavannes-le-Veyron became part of the new district of Morges.
The municipality is located in the heights above the Veyron river
of the Venoge river
Coat of arms
of the municipal coat of arms
is Azure, on a Bend wavy Argent three Minnows fesswise Or.
The minnows () may be a canting
reference to name of the river Veyron.
Chavannes-le-Veyron has a population... Read More | <urn:uuid:54503268-cd24-4bfd-8e7a-7c148161e309> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://pages.rediff.com/chavannes-le-veyron/432968 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981460.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00041-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905149 | 334 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A Heritage Forest was established in 1991 on 500 acres of the Farragut State Park on the shores of Lake Pend Oreille. This restoration of the forest cover is a multi-year project planting opportunity. The area was cleared during World War II to reestablish an inland naval training base. The first planting increment of 250 acres with 100,000 genetically improved White Pine became the first Heritage Forest west of the Mississippi. In the fall, another 250 acres were planted with 100,000 Western Larch, Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine, Western White Pine, and Englemann Spruce.
This project was supported by our corporate partner, the Alcoa Foundation.
View all Idaho projects | View all 1991 projects |
Back To Main
1220 L Street, NW, Suite 750 • Washington, DC • 20005 • Phone: 202-737-1944
© 2016 American Forests. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:56572f65-602e-474c-ba96-01bc9928bec4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.americanforests.org/our-programs/global-releaf-projects/globalreleaf/?area=project&country=US&paid=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860110764.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161510-00174-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920564 | 189 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What was the disorder that Abraham Lincoln had that caused him to be tall and thin?
I cannot recall if it was a disease or not. I just need a short answer--disorder and its characteristics. Thank you!
1 Answer | Add Yours
I have heard that Abraham Lincoln may have suffered from Marfan's Syndrome. One of the indicators of this condition are rather long and slender limbs. People with Marfan's are often quite tall and gangly, like Lincoln was.
Although this aspect of Marfan's syndrome we can see, the most dangerous aspect of Marfan's syndrome is what we cannot see. Marfan's affects the body's connective tissues and this element of the condition can be extremely dangerous, especially if the connective tissues of the heart are affected.
I have seen a video-taped operation of a heart-valve replacement surgery on a patient who had Marfan's Syndrome. The patient's defective coronary tissue was causing one of his heart valves to leak, a condition which the surgeon described as being like a bomb about to go off in the patient's heart.
This same surgeon suggested that Abraham Lincoln may have had Marfan's and also suggested that if the assassin's bullet had not killed Lincoln, it might not have been too long before a heart attack resulting from the complications of Marfan's Syndrome would have claimed Lincoln's life.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:9ec2d1b2-8cbc-41e8-8344-3a0a7b317234> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-was-disorder-that-abraham-lincoln-had-that-315439 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657216.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00035-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975915 | 301 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A variety of observations indicate that mid-ocean ridges produce less crust at spreading rates below 20 mm yr(-1) (refs 1-3), reflecting changes in fundamental ridge processes with decreasing spreading rate. The nature of these changes, however, remains uncertain, with end-member explanations being decreasing shallow melting(3) or incomplete melt extraction(2), each due to the influence of a thicker thermal lid. Here we present results of a seismic refraction experiment designed to study mid-ocean ridge processes by imaging residual mantle structure. Our results reveal an abrupt lateral change in bulk mantle seismic properties associated with a change from slow to ultraslow palaeo-spreading rate. Changes in mantle velocity gradient, basement topography and crustal thickness all correlate with this spreading-rate change. These observations can be explained by variations in melt extraction at the ridge, with a gabbroic phase preferentially retained in the mantle at slower spreading rates. The estimated volume of retained melt balances the similar to1.5-km difference in crustal thickness, suggesting that changes in spreading rate affect melt-extraction processes rather than total melting.
877UETimes Cited:12Cited References Count:30 | <urn:uuid:c23954d7-4a65-47c6-a122-535a4e2a7419> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/node/12517 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867885.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625131117-20180625151117-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.85864 | 246 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Rice’s transparent memory is based upon the 2010 discovery that pushing a strong charge through standard silicon oxide, an insulator widely used in electronics, forms channels of pure silicon crystals less than 5 nanometers wide. The initial voltage appears to strip oxygen atoms from the silicon oxide; lesser charges then repeatedly break and reconnect the circuit and turn it into nonvolatile memory. A smaller signal can be used to poll the memory state without altering it. That discovery was reported on the front page of the New York Times. The Rice lab has since developed a working two-terminal memory device that can be stacked in a three-dimensional configuration and attached to a flexible substrate.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:4ca1e6f0-e9fd-4295-9063-11f38cfcfa6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/transparent-memory-chips-are-coming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824994.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00263-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923139 | 159 | 3.40625 | 3 |
TEACHERS-ONLY SPECIAL • $3 SHIPPING when paying with YOUR PERSONAL CREDIT CARD • Promo code TEACHER
History tends to judge our past leaders as extremes: Benedict Arnold was a traitor! Abraham Lincoln was an American hero! As teachers, it’s tempting at times to present a world as black and white to our students: good or evil, friend or foe, hero or villain. Use this Harry S. Truman mini-poster to help students take off the rose-colored glasses and see beyond the established historical narratives and into the real world of gray.
©2016. 11 x 17 inches. Cardstock. | <urn:uuid:33d558f2-4866-48a7-b46a-f4dbe845c6d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.teachersdiscovery.com/product/harry-s-truman-hero-or-villain-mini-poster/posters-and-charts-11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649232.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014052140-20191014075140-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.838379 | 134 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Fran Cronin
Imagine if your doctor were able to biopsy a plug of tissue from your belly fat and determine whether or not your body had the potential to fend off the known panoply of obesity-related diseases.
Well, that’s exactly what researchers at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center have done. In a four-year study funded by the National Institutes of Health, researchers found that all fat is not created equal.
The study involved comparing the amount of inflammation present in samples of belly fat from 109 obese men and women with 17 lean
men and women. Surprisingly, thirty percent of the severely obese people sampled were found to have a fat type and vascular function comparable with a lean person — despite their obesity.
Dr. Noyan Gokce, a cardiologist at Boston Medical Center who led the study, says the findings suggest “it’s not just the quantity of fat but the quality of fat” that determines risk to obesity-related diseases.
Fat, despite its bad rap, may actually be an important defining factor to overall body heath. What differentiates good fat from bad fat, says Gokce, is the presence of inflammation. The combination of inflammation within fatty tissue is what makes obese people – those with a BMI above 30 – so susceptible to so many other complications and diseases, notably cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, high cholesterol and cancer.
Dr. Gokhan Hotamisligil, chairman of the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases at Harvard School of Public Health, says: “We have known for at least 20 years that inflamed adipose (fat) tissue poses a high metabolic risk,” a known catalyst to disease formation in obese people. What surprised Hotamisligil about the study findings, he says, is the high percentage of obese people that appear to be relatively healthy.
But both Gokce and Hotamisligil echo caution over the study’s implications and the temptation to settle into an easy chair with a guilty pleasure. There are inherent limitations to the study and its findings. “I don’t want to screen out people and tell them not to lose weight,” says Gokce. Even with the protection of non-inflamed adipose tissue, development of cancer remains a risk.
The study, which included people 12 to 55 years old enrolled in Boston Medical's weight loss management program, was predominantly female and white. Not an intentional design feature, but more women than men seek advice and therapy for weight loss, researchers said. In addition to the female bias, the study did not screen for dietary, genetic, environmental, or racial factors. Also unknown is whether the added protection from non-inflamed fatty tissue can be sustained after effective weight loss.
Hotamisligil, who refers to the study “as an appropriate starting point,” cautions that findings from subcutaneous belly fat close to the skin’s surface, while telling, may not be the biggest source of concern. Implications of the harder to detect visceral fat surrounding our internal organs, he says, remain less well understood.
More deeply embedded in the body’s tissues, visceral fat is harder to lose than subcutaneous fat, such as in the belly. It is also harder to measure accurately without the aid of an imaging machine. A person may be within a healthy weight range, but still have too much intra-abdominal fat around their internal organs. “Some people believe,” Hotamisligil wrote in an e-mail, “that visceral fat is more dangerous and more prone to inflammation and other problematic responses” than subcutaneous fat. This is not an established rule, he says, and more work is needed before all these issues can be settled.
Gokce says additional studies are already under way to help answer questions about the correlation between fat, inflammation, and disease development. Other studies are trying to identify a blood marker that would indicate tissue inflammation.
In the meantime, Hotamisligil says: “If a little piece of fat can tell you your future [health] risks, that’s a pretty good deal.” | <urn:uuid:46f41a81-0141-43a8-a468-1b00fb0429c3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.wbur.org/news/2011/07/08/all-fat-is-not-created-equal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.955184 | 875 | 2.703125 | 3 |
promoting language development in infants and toddlers
Year 1: Language-Learning Development Your baby will develop language and communication skills in stages. Site Name© National Association for the Education of Young Children 1401 H Street NW, Suite 600, Washington D.C. 20005 | (202)232-8777 | (800)424-2460 | email@example.com. Although many stages in oral language seem to “just happen,” all children need adults who consciously guide and support language development to its fullest extent. Crying and fussing are the major forms of communication for infants. Check out the thrift store and buy me a few board books (wipe them with a damp cloth). The B. To encourage their language development, early years practitioners need to optimise ... accommodate their language use to promote attentive listening, understanding and then reproduction of sounds, words, then sentences. Learn about and purchase the best books and resources to support young children's learning and development. involved in activities that they enjoy and interest them. ... a toddler’s language skills will increase dramatically. Philadelphia Infant Toddler Early Intervention Promoting the Language Development of Infants and Toddlers Using Teachers with Additional Communications Training Information for Parents . Because oral language is foundational to eventually learning to read and comprehend what you read. Narrate the day as it evolves. What are the milestones for speech and language development? Babies love melodious tunes right from the time they are in the womb. Tips For Infant & Toddler Teachers and Caregivers A language-rich environment is one in which babies and toddlers are surrounded by talking, singing, and reading and have many opportunities throughout their day, across all activities, to communicate with others and engage in back-and-forth interactions. Let your child handle the book on his o… Sing with me. For a normally developing child, learning is easy and creating opportunities for learning is also not difficult. The following are some of the ways through which a child’s parent or caregiver can promote language development pertaining to the stage of development (Training Module, 2007). Infant and toddler teachers have a special role, as they recognize and respond to children’s earliest efforts to communicate, long before babies speak their first words. Screening for Professionals; Positive Parenting Tips plus icon. Cognitive Development Activities For Infants. musical activities is likely to encourage communication. Juniper Gardens Children’s Project. As a result, infants’ and toddlers’ time spent with media has also notably increased (i.e., 1–2 h per day). Helping Young Children Learn Language: Insights from Research, Now Read This! Promoting a learning friendly environment where you read age appropriate books, and find ways to play and have fun while teaching, will help accelerate your toddler’s language acquisition and start preparing him or her for school. We arranged the list based on sounds. The more that the child focuses on the methods, the more it will help to develop their language and communication skills. Be playful while I learn: I like to ask you what shape the cookie cutter alphabet has made. Giving descriptions of objects, activities or events Educational games for infants and toddlers give children language skills, even before they can speak. Expressive language disorder – involves incorrect use of words and tenses, problems forming sentences (which … Stay current on all things related to your professional association, from book releases to policy updates. Children benefit from positive interaction and repetition of familiar games that build skills for preschool and promote brain development. Infants and toddlers are able and ready communicators. that are critical components of language development: expressivelanguage, receptive language and social engagement. For this reason it is important to create an environment that helps to develop speech and language skills that give them all the stimulation, positive role modelling and human contact that they need. For instance, a British curriculum school in Bangkok will be expected a child to have already developed these skills to a certain degree. The same left … Find a sponsorship opportunity that’s right for you and help support early childhood educators, parents, and other professionals. Say, "It is my napkin." Your infant will be very eager to learn; you only have to support him. Content is appropriate for a variety of early childhood settings, including center- and family-based child care, Early Head Start, Department of Defense community services programs, and teacher preparation programs. Use a gesture along with the word you say, so that I can say it too. Promoting child language development. Choose age-appropriate books; while babies love board books with bright colors, toddlers love animal books that tell simple stories. They will engage in ‘turn-taking,’ such as when the baby Each of these 11 activities are fun and playful, while also building children’s confidence while using their words. Combining practices with each will help infants and toddlers to focus on the events. It will be followed by a section that discusses these milestones by introducing three aspects of language and communication that caregivers can think about: receptive language, expr… It is the first three years of a child’s life when the brain develops most rapidly and when a child will start to build their cognitive behaviour. one’s that will provide the child with a variety of different experiences that Most children enjoy music, so engaging in Kansas City, Kansas 66101 (913) 321-3143. multiple times but where possible try introducing new reading material Module 2: Promoting Physical Activity for Infants and Toddlers in Early Childhood Settings 3 Language plays an important role in a child’s development. Using language and communication with young children is crucial for their success in school and beyond. Effective language use gives babies and children power to have a say in what they want and need. When you talk to your child, you support her language development. 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THE BUILDINGS OF THE ROMANS.
THE temples in Rome were not, as in Greece and Egypt, the structures upon which the architect lavished all the resources of his art and his science. The general form of them was copied from that made use of by the Greeks, but the spirit in which the original idea was carried out was entirely different. In a word, the temples of Rome were by no means worthy of her size and position as the metropolis of the world, and very few remains of them exist.
Ten columns are still standing of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (now the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda): it occupied the site of a previous temple and was dedicated by Antoninus Pius to his wife Faustina. The Temple (supposed) of Fortuna Virilis, in the Ionic style (Fig. 125), still exists as the church of Santa Maria Egiziaca: this was tetrastyle, with half-columns all round it, and this was of the kind called by Vitruvius “pseudo-peripteral.” A few fragmentary remains of other temples exist in Rome, but in some of the Roman provinces far finer specimens of temples remain, of which perhaps the best is the Maison Carrée at Nîmes (Fig. 126). Here we find the Roman plan of a single cell and a deep portico in front, while the sides and rear have the columns attached. The intercolumniations and the details of the capitals and entablature are, however, almost pure Greek. The date of this temple is uncertain, but it is most probable that it was erected during the reign of Hadrian. The same emperor is said to have completed the magnificent Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, which was 354 ft. long by 171 ft. wide. It consisted of a cell flanked on each side by a double row of detached columns; in front was one row of columns in antis, and three other rows in front of these, while there were also three rows in the rear: as the columns were of the Corinthian order, and nearly 60 ft. in height, it may be imagined that it was a splendid edifice.
The ruins of another magnificent provincial Roman temple exist at Baalbek—the ancient Heliopolis—in Syria, not far from Damascus. This building was erected during the time of the Antonines, probably by Antoninus Pius himself, and originally it must have been of very extensive dimensions, the portico alone being 180 ft. long and about 37 ft. deep. This gives access to a small hexagonal court, on the western side of which a triple gateway opens into the Great Court, which is a vast quadrangle about 450 ft. long by 400 ft. broad, with ranges of small chambers or niches on three sides, some of which evidently had at one time beautifully groined roofs. At the western end of this court, on an artificial elevation, stand the remains of what is called the Great Temple. This was originally 290 ft. long by 160 ft. wide, and had 54 columns supporting its roof, six only of which now remain erect. The height of these columns, including base and capital, is 75 ft., and their diameter is 7 ft. at base and about 6 ft. 6 in. at top; they are of the Corinthian order, and above them rises an elaborately moulded entablature, 14 ft. in height. Each of the columns is composed of three stones only, secured by strong iron cramps; and indeed one of the most striking features of this group of buildings is the colossal size of the stones used in their construction. The quarries from which these stones were hewn are close at hand, and in them is one stone surpassing all the others in magnitude, its dimensions being 68 ft. by 14 ft. 2 in. by 13 ft. 11 in. It is difficult to imagine what means can have existed for transporting so huge a mass, the weight of which has been calculated at 1100 tons.
Other smaller temples exist in the vicinity, all of which are lavishly decorated, but on the whole the ornamentation shows an exuberance of detail which somewhat offends a critical artistic taste.
Circular temples were an elegant variety, which seems to have been originated by the Romans, and of which two well-known examples remain—the Temples of Vesta at Rome and at Tivoli. The columns of the temple at Tivoli (Fig. 128) form a well-known and pleasing variety of the Corinthian order, and the circular form of the building as shown on the plan (Fig. 127) gives excellent opportunities for good decorative treatment, as may be judged of by the enlarged diagram of part of the peristyle (Fig. 129).
Among the most remarkable of the public buildings of Roman times, both in the mother-city and in the provinces, were the Basilicas or Halls of Justice, which were also used as commercial exchanges. It is also believed that Basilicas existed in some Greek cities, but no clue to their structural arrangements exists, and whence originated the idea of the plan of these buildings we are unable to state; their striking similarity to some of the rock-cut halls or temples of India has been already pointed out. They were generally (though not always) covered halls, oblong in shape, divided into three or five aisles by two or more rows of columns, the centre aisle being much wider than those at the sides: over the latter, galleries were frequently erected. At one end was a semicircular recess or apse, the floor of which was raised considerably above the level of the rest of the building, and here the presiding magistrate sat to hear causes tried. Four of these buildings are mentioned by ancient writers as having existed in republican times, viz. the Basilica Portia, erected in B.C. 184, by Cato the Censor; the Basilica Emilia et Fulvia, erected in B.C. 179 by the censors M. Fulvius Nobilior and M. Æmilius Lepidus, and afterwards enlarged and called the Basilica Paulli; the Basilica Sempronia, erected in B.C. 169 by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus; and the Basilica Julia, erected by Julius Cæsar, B.C. 46. All these buildings had wooden roofs, and were of no great architectural merit, and they perished at a remote date. Under the Empire, basilicas of much greater size and magnificence were erected; and remains of that of Trajan, otherwise called the Basilica Ulpia, have been excavated in the Forum of Trajan. This was about 360 ft. long by 180 ft. wide, had four rows of columns inside, and it supposed to have been covered by a semicircular wooden roof. Apollodorus of Damascus was the architect of this building. Another basilica of which remains exist is that of Maxentius, which after his overthrow by Constantine in A.D. 312, was known as the Basilica Constantiniana. This structure was of stone, and had a vaulted roof; it was 195 ft. between the walls, and was divided into three aisles by piers with enormous columns standing in front of them.
One provincial basilica, that at Trèves, still stands; and although it must have been considerably altered, it is by far the best existing example of this kind of building. The internal columns do not exist here, and it is simply a rectangular hall about 175 ft. by 85 ft., with the usual semicircular apse.
The chief interest attaching to these basilicas lies in the fact that they formed the first places of Christian assembly, and that they served as the model upon which the first Christian churches were built.
Theatres and Amphitheatres.
Although dramas and other plays were performed in Rome as early as 240 B.C., there seems to have been a strong prejudice against permanent buildings for their representation, as it is recorded that a decree was passed in B.C. 154 forbidding the construction of such buildings. Mummius, the conqueror of Corinth, obtained permission to erect a wooden theatre for the performance of dramas as one of the shows of his triumph, and after this many buildings of the kind were erected, but all of a temporary nature; and it was not till B.C. 61 that the first permanent theatre was built by Pompey. This, and the theatres of Balbus and Marcellus, appear to have been the only permanent theatres that were erected in Imperial Rome; and there are no remains of any but the last of these, and this is much altered. So that, were it not for the remains of theatres found at Pompeii, it would be almost impossible to tell how they were arranged; but from these we can see that the stage was raised and separated from the part appropriated to the spectators by a semicircular area, much like that which in Greek theatres was allotted to the chorus: in the Roman ones this was assigned for the use of the senators. The portion devoted to the spectators—called the Cavea—was also semicircular on plan, and consisted of tiers of steps rising one above the other, and divided at intervals by wide passages and converging staircases communicating with the porticoes, which ran round the whole theatre at every story.
At Orange, in the South of France, are the remains of a very fine theatre, similar in plan to that described. The great wall which formed the back of the scene in this building is still standing, and is one of the most magnificent pieces of masonry existing.
Although the Romans were not particularly addicted to dramatic representations, yet they were passionately fond of shows and games of all kinds: hence, not only in Rome itself, but in almost every Roman settlement, from Silchester to Verona, are found traces of their amphitheatres, and the mother-city can claim the possession of the most stupendous fabric of the kind that was ever erected—the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre, which was commenced by Vespasian and finished by his son Titus. An amphitheatre is really a double theatre without a stage, and with the space in the centre unoccupied by seats. This space, which was sunk several feet below the first row of seats, was called the arena, and was appropriated to the various exhibitions which took place in the building. The plan was elliptical or oval, and this shape seems to have been universal.
The Colosseum, whose ruins still remain to attest its pristine magnificence—
Collecting the chief trophies of her line,
Would build up all her triumphs in one dome”—
was 620 ft. long and 513 wide, and the height was about 162 ft. It was situated in the hollow between the Esquiline and Cælian hills. The ranges of seats were admirably planned so as to enable all the audience to have a view of what was going on in the arena, and great skill was shown both in the arrangement of the approaches to the different tiers and in the structural means for supporting the seats, and double corridors ran completely round the building on each floor, affording ready means of exit. Various estimates have been made of the number of spectators that could be accommodated, and these range from 50,000 to 100,000, but probably 80,000 was the maximum. Recent excavations have brought to light the communications which existed between the arena and the dens where the wild animals and human slaves and prisoners were confined, and some of the water channels used when mimic sea-fights were exhibited. The external façade is composed of four stories, separated by entablatures that run completely round the building without a break. The three lower stories consist of a series of semicircular arched openings, eighty in number, separated by piers with attached columns in front of them, the Doric order being used in the lowest story, the Ionic in the second, and the Corinthian in the third; the piers and columns are elevated on stylobates; the entablatures have a comparatively slight projection, and there are no projecting keystones in the arches. In the lowest range these openings are 13 ft. 4 in. wide, except the four which are at the ends of the two axes of the ellipse, and these are 14 ft. 6 in. wide. The diameter of the columns is 2 ft. 8Ÿ in. The topmost story, which is considerably more lofty than either of the lower ones, was a nearly solid wall enriched by Corinthian pilasters. In this story occur two tiers of small square openings in the alternate spaces between the pilasters. These openings are placed accurately over the centres of the arches of the lower stories. Immediately above the higher range of square openings are a series of corbels—three between each pair of pilasters—which probably received the ends of the poles carrying the huge awning which protected the spectators from the sun’s rays. The whole is surmounted by a heavy cornice, in which, at intervals immediately over each corbel, are worked square mortise holes, forming sockets through which the poles of the awning passed. The stone of which the façade of the Colosseum is built is a local stone, called travertine, the blocks of which are secured by iron cramps without cement. Nearly all the internal portion of the building is of brick, and the floors of the corridors, &c., are paved with flat bricks covered with hard stucco. These amphitheatres were occasionally the scene of imitations of marine conflicts, when the arena was flooded with water and mimic vessels of war engaged each other. Very complete arrangements were made, by means of small aqueducts, for leading the water into the arena and for carrying it off.
Apart from theatrical representations and gladiatorial combats, the Romans had an inordinate passion for chariot races. For those the circi were constructed, of which class of buildings the Circus Maximus was the largest. This, originally laid out by Tarquinius Priscus, was reconstructed on a larger scale by Julius Cæsar. It was circular at one end and rectangular at the other, at which was the entrance. On both sides of the entrance were a number of small arched chambers, called carceres, from which the chariots started. The course was divided down the centre by a low wall, called the spina, which was adorned with various sculptures. The seats rose in a series of covered porticoes all round the course, except at the entrance. As the length of the Circus Maximus was nearly 700 yards, and the breadth about 135 yards, it is possible that Dionysius may not have formed an exaggerated notion of its capacity when he says it would accommodate 150,000 spectators.
In the Roman provinces amphitheatres were often erected; and at Pola in Istria, Verona in Italy, and Nîmes and Arles in France, fine examples remain. A rude Roman amphitheatre, with seats cut in the turf of a hill-side, exists to this day at the old town of Dorchester in Dorset, which was anciently a Roman settlement.
Nothing can give us a more impressive idea of the grandeur and lavish display of Imperial Rome than the remains of the huge Thermæ, or bathing establishments, which still exist. Between the years 10 A.D., when Agrippa built the first public baths, and 324 A.D., when those of Constantine were erected, no less than twelve of these vast establishments were erected by various emperors, and bequeathed to the people. Of the whole number, the baths of Caracalla and of Diocletian are the only ones which remain in any state of preservation, and these were probably the most extensive and magnificent of all. All these splendid buildings were really nothing more than bribes to secure the favour of the populace; for it seems quite clear that the public had practically free entrance to them, the only charge mentioned by writers of the time being a quadrans, about a farthing of our money. Gibbon says, “The meanest Roman could purchase with a small copper coin the daily enjoyment of a scene of pomp and luxury which might excite the envy of the kings of Asia.” And this language is not exaggerated. Not only were there private bath-rooms, swimming-baths, hot baths, vapour-baths, and, in fact, all the appurtenances of the most approved Turkish baths of modern times, but there were also gymnasia, halls for various games, lecture-halls, libraries, and theatres in connection with the baths, all lavishly ornamented with the finest paintings and sculpture that could be obtained. Stone seems to have been but sparingly used in the construction of these buildings, which were almost entirely of brick faced with stucco: this served as the ground for an elaborate series of fresco paintings.
The baths of Caracalla, at the foot of the Aventine hill, erected A.D. 217, comprised a quadrangular block of buildings of about 1150 ft. (about the fifth of a mile) each way. The side facing the street consisted of a portico the whole length of the façade, behind which were numerous ranges of private bath-rooms. The side and rear blocks contained numerous halls and porticoes, the precise object of which it is now very difficult to ascertain. As Byron says:
Pronounce who can.”
This belt of buildings surrounded an open courtyard or garden, in which was placed the principal bathing establishment (Fig. 133), a building 730 ft. by 380 ft., which contained the large piscina, or swimming-bath, various hot baths, dressing-rooms, gymnasia, and other halls for athletic exercises. In the centre of one of the longer sides was a large semicircular projection, roofed with a dome, which was lined with brass: this rotunda was called the solar cell. From the ruins of these baths were taken some of the most splendid specimens of antique sculpture, such as the Farnese Hercules and the Flora in the Museum of Naples.
The baths of Diocletian, erected just at the commencement of the fourth century A.D., were hardly inferior to those of Caracalla, but modern and ancient buildings are now intermingled to such an extent that the general plan of the buildings cannot now be traced with accuracy. There are said to have been over 3000 marble seats in these baths; the walls were covered with mosaics, and the columns were of Egyptian granite and green Numidian marble. The Ephebeum, or grand hall, still exists as the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, having been restored by Michelangelo. It is nearly 300 ft. long by 90 ft. wide, and is roofed by three magnificent cross vaults, supported on eight granite columns 45 ft. in height. (Fig. 134.)
There is one ancient building in Rome more impressive than any other, not only because it is in a better state of preservation, but because of the dignity with which it has been designed, the perfection with which it has been constructed, and the effectiveness of the mode in which its interior is lighted. We allude to the Pantheon. Opinions differ as to whether this was a Hall attached to the thermæ of Agrippa, or whether it was a temple. Without attempting to determine this point, we may at any rate claim that the interior of this building admirably illustrates the boldness and telling power with which the large halls forming part of the thermæ were designed; and, whether it belonged to such a building or not, it is wonderfully well fitted to illustrate this subject.
The Pantheon is the finest example of a domed hall which we have left. The building, which forms the church of Santa Maria ad Martyres, has been considerably altered at various times since its erection, and now consists of a rotunda with a rectangular portico in front of it. The rotunda was most probably erected by Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus, in B.C. 27, and is a most remarkable instance of clever construction at so early a date. The diameter of the interior is 145 ft. 6 in., and the height to the top of the dome is 147 ft. In addition to the entrance, the walls are broken up by seven large niches, three of which are semicircular on plan, and the others, alternating with them, rectangular. The walls are divided into two stories by an entablature supported by columns and pilasters; but although this is now cut through by the arches of the niches, it is at least probable that originally this was not the case, and that the entablature ran continuously round the walls, as shown in Fig. 137, which is a restoration of the Pantheon by Adler. Above the attic story rises the huge hemispherical dome, which is pierced at its summit by a circular opening 27 ft. in diameter, through which a flood of light pours down and illuminates the whole of the interior. The dome is enriched by boldly recessed panels, and these were formerly covered with bronze ornaments, which have been removed for the sake of the metal. The marble enrichments of the attic have also disappeared, and their place has been taken by common and tawdry decorations more adapted to the stage of a theatre. But notwithstanding everything that has been done to detract from the imposing effect of the building by the alteration of its details, there is still, taking it as a whole, a simple grandeur in the design, a magnificence in the material employed, and a quiet harmony in the illumination, that impart to the interior a character of sublimity which nothing can impair. The rectangular portico was added at some subsequent period, and consists of sixteen splendid Corinthian columns (Fig. 138), eight in front supporting the pediment, and the other eight dividing the portico into three bays, in precisely the same way as if it formed the pronaos to the three cells of an Etruscan temple.
Bridges and Aqueducts.
The earliest Roman bridges were of wood, and the Pons Sublicius, though often rebuilt, continued to be of this material until the time of Pliny, but it was impossible for a people who made such use of the arch to avoid seeing the great advantage this form gave them in the construction of bridges, and several of these formed of stone spanned the Tiber even before the time of the Empire. The finest Roman bridges, however, were built in the provinces. Trajan constructed one over the Danube which was 150 ft. high and 60 ft. wide, and the arches of which were of no less than 170 ft. span. This splendid structure was destroyed by his successor, Hadrian, who was probably jealous of it. The bridge over the Tagus at Alcantara, which was constructed by Hadrian, is another very fine example. There were six arches here, of which the two centre ones had a span of 100 ft.
The Roman aqueducts afford striking evidence of the building enterprise and architectural skill of the people. Pliny says of these works: “If any one will carefully consider the quantity of water used in the open air, in private baths, swimming-baths, houses, gardens, &c., and thinks of the arches that have been built, the hills that have been tunnelled, and the valleys that have been levelled for the purpose of conducting the water to its destination, he must confess that nothing has existed in the world more calculated to excite admiration.” The same sentiment strikes an observer of to-day when looking at the ruins of these aqueducts. At the end of the first century A.D. we read of nine aqueducts in Rome, and in the time of Procopius (A.D. 550) there were fourteen in use. Of these, the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus were the grandest and most costly. Those were constructed about the year 48 A.D., and entered the city upon the same arches, though at different levels, the Aqua Claudia being the lower. The arches carrying the streams were over nine miles long, and in some cases 109 ft. high. They were purely works of utility, and had no architectural decorations; but they were most admirably adapted for their purpose, and were so solidly constructed, that portions of them are still in use. Some of the provincial aqueducts, such as those of Tarragona and Segovia in Spain, were more ornamental, and had a double tier of arches. The Pont du Gard, not far from Nîmes, in France, is a well-known and very picturesque structure of this character.
These comprise triumphal arches, columns, and tombs. The former consisted of a rectangular mass of masonry having sculptured representations of the historical event to be commemorated, enriched with attached columns on pedestals, supporting an entablature crowned with a high attic, on which there was generally an inscription. In the centre was the wide and lofty arched opening. The Arch of Titus, recording the capture of Jerusalem, is one of the finest examples. Later on triumphal arches were on a more extended scale, and comprised a small arch on each side of the large one; examples of which may be seen in the arches of Septimius Severus and of Constantine (Fig. 139). The large arched gateways which are met with in various parts of Europe—such as the Porte d’Arroux at Autun, and the Porta Nigra at Trèves—are monuments very similar to triumphal arches. There remain also smaller monuments of the same character, such as the so-called Arch of the Goldsmiths in Rome (Fig. 1).
Columns were erected in great numbers during the time of the Emperors as memorials of victory. Of these the Column of Trajan and that of Marcus Aurelius are the finest. The former was erected in the centre of Trajan’s Forum, in commemoration of the Emperor’s victory over the Dacians. It is of the Doric order, 132 ft. 10 in. high, including the statue. The shaft is constructed of thirty-four pieces of marble joined with bronze cramps. The figures on the pedestal are very finely carved, and the entire shaft is encircled by a series of elaborate bas-reliefs winding round it in a spiral from its base to its capital. The beauty of the work on this shaft may be best appreciated by a visit to the cast of it set up—in two heights, unfortunately—at the South Kensington Museum. The Column of Marcus Aurelius, generally known as the Antonine Column, is similarly enriched, but is not equal to the Trajan Column.
The survival of Etruscan habits is clearly seen in the construction of Roman tombs, which existed in enormous numbers outside the gates of the city. Merivale says: “The sepulchres of twenty generations lined the sides of the high-roads for several miles beyond the gates, and many had considerable architectural pretensions.” That of Cecilia Metella is a typical example. Here we find a square basement surmounted by a circular tower-like structure, with a frieze and cornice. This was erected about B.C. 60, by Crassus. The mausoleum of Augustus was on a much more extensive scale, and consisted of four cylindrical stories, one above the other, decreasing in diameter as they ascended, and the topmost of all was crowned with a colossal statue of the Emperor. The tomb of Hadrian, on the banks of the Tiber—now known as the Castle of Sant’ Angelo—was even more magnificent. This comprised a square base, 75 ft. high, the side of which measured about 340 ft.; above this was a cylindrical building surmounted by a circular peristyle of thirty-four Corinthian columns. On the top was a quadriga with a statue of the Emperor. These mausolea were occasionally octagonal or polygonal in plan, surmounted by a dome, and cannot fail to remind us of the Etruscan tumuli.
Another kind of tomb, of less magnificence, was the columbarium, which was nothing more than a subterranean chamber, the walls of which had a number of small apertures in them for receiving the cinerary urns containing the ashes of the bodies which had been cremated. In the eastern portion of the Empire, in rocky districts, the tombs were cut in the rock, and the façade was elaborately decorated with columns and other architectural features.
Of all the palaces which the Roman emperors built for themselves, and which we know from historical records to have been of the most magnificent description, nothing now remains in Rome itself that is not too completely ruined to enable any one to restore its plan with accuracy, though considerable remains exist of the Palace of the Cæsars on the Palatine Hill. In fact, the palace of Diocletian at Spalatro, in Dalmatia, is the only remaining example in the whole of the Roman empire of the dwelling-house of an emperor, and even this was not built till after Diocletian had resigned the imperial dignity, so that its date is the early part of the fourth century A.D. This palace is a rectangle, measuring about 700 ft. one way and 590 ft. the other, and covers an area of nearly 10 acres. It is surrounded by high walls, broken at intervals by square and octagonal towers, and contains temples, baths, and extensive galleries, besides the private apartments of the Emperor and dwellings for the principal officers of the household. The architect of this building broke away from classical traditions to a great extent; for example, the columns stand on corbels instead of pedestals, the entablatures being much broken, and the arches spring directly from the capitals of the columns (Fig. 149).
The private houses in Borne were of two kinds: the insula and the domus. The insula was a block of buildings several stories high, frequently let out to different families in flats. The ground-floor was generally given up to shops, which had no connection with the upper parts of the building; and one roof covered the whole. This kind of house was generally tenanted by the poorer class of tradesmen and artificers. The other kind of house, the domus, was a detached mansion. The excavations at Pompeii have done much to elucidate a number of points in connection with Roman dwellings which had been the subject of much discussion by scholars, but we must not too hastily assume that the Pompeian houses are the exact counterpart of those of ancient Rome, as Pompeii was what may be called a Romano-Greek city.
The general arrangements of a Roman house were as follows: next the street an open space was frequently left, with porticoes on each side of it provided with seats: this constituted the vestibule, and was entirely outside the house; the entrance-door opened into a narrow passage, called the prothyrum, which led to the atrium, which in the houses of Republican Rome was the principal apartment, though afterwards it served as a sort of waiting-room for the clients and retainers of the house; it was an open court, roofed in on all the four sides, but open to the sky in the centre. The simplest form was called the Tuscan atrium, where the roof was simply a lean-to sloping towards the centre, the rafters being supported on beams, two of which rested on the walls of the atrium, and had two other cross-beams trimmed into them. The centre opening was called the impluvium, and immediately under it a tank, called the compluvium, was formed in the pavement to collect the rain-water (Fig. 142). When the atrium became larger, and the roof had to be supported by columns, it was called a cavædium. At the end of this apartment were three others, open in front, the largest, in the centre, called tablinum, and the two side ones alæ; these were muniment-rooms, where all the family archives were kept, and their position is midway between the semi-public part of the house, which lay towards the front, and the strictly domestic and private part, which lay in the rear. At the sides of the atrium in the larger houses were placed small rooms, which served as sleeping chambers.
From the end of the atrium a passage, or sometimes two passages, called the fauces, running by the side of the tablinum, led to the peristylium, which was the grand private reception-room; this also was a court open to the sky in the centre, and among the wealthy Romans its roof was supported by columns of the rarest marbles. Round the peristyle were grouped the various private rooms, which varied according to the size of the house and the taste of the owner. There was always one dining-room (triclinium), and frequently two or more, which were arranged with different aspects, for use in different seasons of the year. If several dining-rooms existed, they were of various sizes and decorated with various degrees of magnificence; and a story is told of one of the most luxurious Romans of Cicero’s time, that he had simply to tell his slaves which room he would dine in for them to know what kind of banquet he wished to be prepared. In the largest houses there were saloons (æci), parlours (exedræ), picture galleries (pinacothecæ), chapels (lararia), and various other apartments. The kitchen, with scullery and bakehouse attached, was generally placed in one angle of the peristyle, round which various sleeping-chambers, according to the size of the house, were arranged. Most of the rooms appear to have been on the ground-floor, and probably depended for their light upon the doorway only; though in some instances at Pompeii small windows exist high up in the walls.
In the extreme rear of the larger houses there was generally a garden; and in those which were without this, the dead walls in the rear were frequently painted so as to imitate a garden. The houses of the wealthy Romans were decorated with the utmost magnificence: marble columns, mosaic pavements, and charming pieces of sculpture adorned their apartments, and the walls were in all cases richly painted (Fig. 143), being divided into panels, in the centre of which were represented sometimes human figures, sometimes landscapes, and sometimes pictures of historical events. All the decoration of Roman houses was internal only: the largest and most sumptuous mansion had little to distinguish it, next the street, from a comparatively humble abode; and, with the exception of the space required for the vestibule and entrance doorway, nearly the whole of the side of the house next the street was most frequently appropriated to shops. All that we are able to learn of the architecture of Roman private houses, whether from contemporary descriptions or from the uncovered remains of Pompeii and Herculaneum, points to the fact that it, even in a greater measure than the public architecture, was in no sense of indigenous growth, but was simply a copy of Greek arrangement and Greek decoration.
The passage in Varro, which is the sole authority for the Basilica Opimia, is generally considered to be corrupt.
This does not occur in the Pompeian houses.
Marked a, a, on the plans.
Vitruvius, however, seems to use the terms atrium and cavædium as quite synonymous.
Marked respectively c, and f, f, on the plan of the House of Pansa.
Marked b, b, on the plans.
At the Crystal Palace can be seen an interesting reproduction of a Pompeian house, which was designed by the late Sir Digby Wyatt. It gives a very faithful reproduction of the arrangement and the size of an average Pompeian house; and though every part is rather more fully covered with decoration than was usual in the originals, the decorations of each room faithfully reproduce the treatment of some original in Pompeii or Herculaneum. | <urn:uuid:514cf1f0-260b-47ff-b9ff-db89d13d74ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://history.intellichristian.com/architecture/architecture-classic-and-early-christian/page-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.981448 | 7,673 | 3.84375 | 4 |
National definition of waste and hazardous waste used for the purpose of transboundary movements of waste exists in Belgium.
In Belgium the definition of waste and hazardous waste is in accordance with the European Law. With regard to transboundary movements of wastes the Council Regulation (EEC) N° 259/93 is applied.
Belgium regulates/controls additional wastes as hazardous that are not included in Art. 1 (1)a of the Basel Convention and would be controlled for the purpose of transboundary movements pursuant to Art. 1 (1)b.
In Belgium the provisions of the European Council Regulation 259/93/EEC apply, especially referring to its Annexes II, III, IV and V. Annexes III and IV (Amber and Red List) regulate also some wastes not included in art. 1 (1)a of the Basel Convention. There is also a list which specifies the wastes which are not controlled (Annex II = Green List). All wastes not included in the Annexes are controlled. All wastes destined for final disposal are also controlled.
In Belgium there are no wastes other than those pursuant to Art. 1 (1)a and/or Art. 1 (1)b of the Basel Convention that require special consideration when subjected to transboundary movement.
Restrictions on Transboundary Movement
Amendment to the Basel Convention
The amendment to the Basel Convention (Decision III/1) has been implemented in Belgium.
The Amendment was implemented by the Council Regulation Nr. 120/97 on the 20th January 1997.
Belgium restricts the export of hazardous wastes and other wastes for final disposal and for recovery.
Belgium fulfils the Provision of the Council Regulation (EEC) 259/93 (09.02.1993): Council Regulation (EEC) No. 259/93 of 1 February 1993 on the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community. The export of hazardous waste and other waste for final disposal to non-EU and EFTA countries is prohibited. With the amendment (Commission Decision 94/721/EC of 21 October 1994) all exports of hazardous and other waste for recovery listed in annex V are prohibited from EU-countries to non-OECD-countries.
Restrictions on import for final disposal
Belgium restricts the import of hazardous wastes and other wastes for final disposal.
Belgium fulfils the Provisions of the Council Regulation (EEC) 259/93, specially referring to Art. 19§1 i.e. total ban for the import of hazardous wastes from non-Parties to the Basel Convention.
Restrictions on import for recovery
Belgium restricts the import of hazardous wastes and other wastes for recovery.
Council Regulation (EEC) 259/93, Art. 21. The restriction covers non-OECD countries and non-Parties to the Basel Convention.
Restrictions on transit
Belgium restricts the transit of hazardous wastes and other wastes.
Council Regulation (EEC) 259/93. The restriction covers non-OECD countries and non-Parties to the Basel Convention.
Reduction and/or Elimination of Hazardous Waste Generation
Prevention of waste is very important in the European and the Belgian waste policy. Also the use of certain dangerous products is forbidden by European legislation.
Legislation, regulations and guidelines
It is an aim of the Flemish policy to protect public and environmental health against damaging influences of wastes and to prevent dissipation of raw materials and energy by (in the following order of priority):
Preventing and reducing waste production and preventing or reducing the damaging features of wastes; Promotion of waste recycling; and Organising the disposal of all the wastes which cannot be prevented or recycled. (article 5 of the Waste Management Decree of 20.04.94).
In 1994, Flemish government started a PRESTI-programm (PREvention STImulation) to support professional associations who wanted to inform their members about environmentally sound management systems. The first step was the realization of studies per professional sector, the second step was dissemination of obtained knowledge to the members.
The sectors which have been studied are: Food industry, textile companies, hospitals, builders, woodindustry, companies in graphical sectors,…
Presti 1 was very successful, distribution of knowledge still goes on, some studies will be updated soon. In the meanwhile also, pilot companies have introduced prevention measures (Presti 2 and Presti 3) and these experiences were spread.
A following project, Presti 4 started in 1998 and is still going on. The Presti 4-programm is addressed to intermediary organizations that set up projects to stimulate companies to produce in an ecological way. Companies who want to participate in these projects have to sign an environmental commitment and work out some environmental actions during one year. These actions include reduction of waste, emissions, rational use of water and energy etc. If the companies complete this ‘action year' successfully they are rewarded with a certificate.
Based on the experiences of the former programs, the Flemish Government started with PRESTI 5 in 2003. This program is linked with the original Presti program, but in this program the prevention of waste and emissions by SMEs and the further spreading of these experiences is the central objective. Also new targets groups like education, research bureaus, environmental organisations etc were involved. Already two year programs have been started up. Projects of all kinds of sectors were subsidised: wood industry, textile, social sector, meat industry, recreation sector,…
On recycling / recovery and final disposal:
For waste management the Flemish Region disposes of a large variety of policy instruments to succeed in the objectives – namely to prevent as much waste as possible, and to recycle the waste that is still produced as materials or as energy and to use dumping only as the last resort.
Since 1995 OVAM constructed a network of 40 reuse centres. Local authorities were financially stimulated to cooperate with these centres. They collect reusable furniture, electrical and electronical equipment, toys and leisure items, clothing for free and resell those goods at a low price. In 2003 they've collected more than 20.000 tons reusable goods whose end-of-life has been postponed for a certain time; Awareness-raising for households: publication of the brochure “how to consume environmentally friendly?”; Factor 10: Due to the increasing pressure of the actual world economy on the global ecosystem, action is needed for the future. Present pressure should be halved. In 2040 this pressure will be increased to five times the actual pressure. Our products should only need a factor 10 then of what they need now on materials, energy… This is possible by designing the products of tomorrow using ecodesign. The objective of Factor10 is to provide information and support on ecodesign to designers and companies in Flanders; Awareness-raising in schools: MOS-schools try to integrate environmental care in school life. They help to raise the demand for environmental friendly school supplies and learn the kids another attitude towards environment. The project was started in 2002 and is renewed annually.
For its waste management, the Flemish Region does not only dispose of agreements on environment management, but also of environmental levies on waste elimination, of landfilling and incineration bans, of duties of acceptance, return collection duties, environment licenses, subsidies, etc.
The Walloon Government’s action plan reflects the wish to reduce the quantity of hazardous waste and the degree of hazard represented by waste that are produced.
In order to reduce the quantity of waste, the Government is introducing a new waste reduction target: The “polluter pays” principle and the principle of producer responsibility in accordance with waste management plan; Lowest priority to landfilling and introduction of landfill tax; Highest priority to the waste treatment in the form of recycling encouraged by regional authority investments and increase in the private undertaking; Adoption of cleaner process techniques by industries, using of resources more effectively and re-using or sale of by-products; Adoption of more suitable consumption patterns by consumers, for example, buying products with minimal packaging or/and re-use; and Use of agreements as management tools to promote the overall principle of answerability of waste generators and market orientation in the field of waste and recycling.
In order to reduce the degree of hazard represented by waste to be landfilled, following suitable treatment are used: physical treatment (solidification/ stabilization and deshydratation); biological treatment (biological activity); and physico-chemical treatment (dechlorination; dechromatisation; and decyanurisation). These objectives were translated into Government Action Plan and into a decree on waste on 27 June 1996.
During the implementation of the waste strategic plan 1998-2002 and more especially of the prevention plan of action, the IBGE-BIM led many informational and awareness-raising actions towards the general public. Several topics were approached, but with regard to hazardous waste, the batteries were under scrutiny.
Article 4 of the Law for prevention and management of wastes of 07.01.91 allows the Government to take measures to prevent or reduce production of waste and its nocivity: by encouraging development of cleaner technologies and technologies needing less natural resources;
by encouraging development of products conceived in a way that their production, their use or elimination does provoke as less as possible raise in amount or in nocivity of wastes; and by developing appropriate techniques for elimination of dangerous substances in wastes.
A new waste prevention and management plan was adopted in November 2003. The plan confirms the waste management hierarchy, namely it gives precedence to prevention and re-use, followed by recycling and use for energy purposes, with disposal coming as a last resort. It introduces the concept of dematerialisation of waste. The aim of dematerialisation is to maintain current levels of economic development or well-being while consuming fewer material and energy resources. By focusing on a policy of dematerialisation, the Region will create an important link between waste policy and product and resource policies and will help uncouple growing waste production and economic growth. The principle of producer's liability is reiterated. Its extension to hazardous waste flows is planned, including dangerous waste produced in scattered amounts, such as neon tubes, waste from do-it-yourself products, etc. For the management of non-household waste, the new plan provides for public awareness measures to favour the elimination of hazardous waste from small and medium-sized enterprises, a study of incentives to promote proper disposal of hazardous waste (private financing, positive economic return and "return" brand). The Region also wishes to set up a network of voluntary return of waste (hazardous or not) by self-employed persons and SMEs, better controls on the disposal of hazardous waste. Sector-based prevention plans will be promoted and publicly debated.
On prevention, a number of actions aimed at reducing the production of waste are being carried out in three phases: providing support for information by stimulating "research" on sustainable consumption, putting in place pilot projects that demonstrate results, informing and creating awareness among the greatest number. Given the specific characteristics of the Region, with 90% of SMEs active primarily in the administrative or service sectors, three preferential targets have been selected: households, schools and businesses. In matters of hazardous waste, specific actions will be carried out for the construction sector.
Between 1999 and 2002, research was carried out in partnership with the Brussels Sustainable Consumption Observatory (OBCD), charged with developing objective and precise information for consumers. The initiatieve “undressed” products, analysing their composition, packaging, price, "recyclability", harmfulness, etc. And to be concrete, it mentioned brand names. Research during this period concerned logos, washing powders, cosmetics, batteries and chargers, all-purpose cleaners, pesticides, snacks, light bulbs, toilet cleaners, disposable cloths, gadgets and over-packaging. The results also described more ecological alternatives available on the market. Pressure was put on producers by organising round tables for all the stakeholders concerned, publishing press releases, raising issues in the political arena, etc.
In the context of setting product standards, a federal competence in which the Regions are nonetheless involved, a technical report was released at the end of 2001, entitled "Ecological Labelling: for more honest information".
Awareness-raising for households: Various articles on "green" buying practices have been published in the newspaper “My Town, Our Planet”, distributed via subscription. There have also been several exhibitions:
"Earth: A Users' Manual”, which places consumers opposite the challenges and impacts of their behaviour in an ever more tempting consumer society; "In the Unnecessary and Waste Department", dealing with consumption patterns.
Awareness-raising in schools: a green school year. This campaign has two objectives: to raise demand for environmentally friendly school supplies and to increase the offering of such supplies on the market. It was inaugurated with the start of the 2000-2001 school year and is renewed annually. Advice concerns, among other things, the purchase of solvent-free correcting liquids, ink, glue, etc.
Awareness-raising in businesses: Training is organised, among others, for companies applying for the "Eco-dynamic Business" label. Training focuses on subjects such as waste retrieval obligations or purchases of environmentally friendly products or services for office maintenance. The Business and Environment Bulletin publishes articles on waste and green procurement: Managing the indirect: Sub-contracted cleaning services, sub-contracted printing works, etc.
Economic instruments/ initiatives
Ecotax: Since July 1993 a national law introduced taxes on certain consuming products that are considered to be harmful to the environment (soda packaging, batteries, pesticides, paper etc.).
MAMBO: MAMBO is the Dutch abbreviation of “Less Waste, More Profit”. By means of a software package developed by the Flemish Waste Agency, companies are able to calculate the exact cost of their waste production. The objective is to bring about awareness about this topic and to focus on waste prevention.
Flanders applies the 'polluter pays' principle. Simultaneously, a price-differentiation distinguishes between the fraction for incineration or landfilling (the 'rest-fraction' or residual waste stream) and the fractions collected separately for recycling. The Flemish Government has also imposed additional environmental taxes on the residual waste stream. The purpose of these taxes is to stimulate prevention and recycling, and also to finance regional environmental policy.
Implementation of tax legislation on waste: In Flanders, environmental taxes are put on final disposal of waste materials, i.e. on incineration and landfilling, with exemptions on recycling. It constitutes a good instrument for discouraging production of waste materials at source and accordingly promote prevention.
The producer liability system is a key element of the Third Waste Prevention and Management Plan (2003-2007) of Brussels. The plan provides that manufacturers must bear the real and full cost of waste created by their products.
Brussels has one incinerator. Fees for collecting and treating non-household waste are variable so as to encourage the sorting and recycling of waste.
Brussels will study different economic instruments to improve the management of hazardous waste: positive economic return, private financing, introduction of a "return brand", and so on.
Measures taken by industries/waste generators
Action reusable plastic sacs.
The environmental management plan MINA 2003-2007 which indicates the environmental policy of Flanders, describes some actions to reduce and/or eliminate generation of hazardous and other wastes: action 9: Determine goals for the prevention, reuse and recycling of industrial waste that has to be tackled first
action 10: Reduce the disposal of high calory waste to a minimum- force up the energy recovery of non-recycable waste to a maximum, with respect for the environment
action 11: Develop a source oriented waste policy approach
action 12: Obtain the objective of 13% prevention in 2007 of household waste compared with 2000. The aim is to uncouple the growth of the amount of waste from the economic growth.
Development of production technology to minimize the production of hazardous waste; and - Development of technology to neutralize hazardous waste.
Transboundary Movement Reduction Measures
In the European Regulation 259/93/EEC provisions for self-sufficiency and proximity are fixed.
Legislation, regulations and guidelines
The European Regulation 259/93/EEC applies. The export of hazardous waste to non-OECD-countries is forbidden. For shipments within the European Union, the provisions for self-sufficiency and proximity are fixed for wastes for disposal.
General guidance on exports and imports of wastes is contained in the waste shipments Regulations EC and in the waste management plan in Walloon. However some expectations to these rules may be appropriate.
The main policies are as follows: To ban all imports directly for final disposal; To ban imports and exports of wastes for disposal except if:
(1) The waste cannot realistically be dealt with in an environmentally sound manner in, or in closer proximity to, the country of origin, and
(2) The State of destination has the technical capacity and the necessary facilities in order to dispose of the wastes in question in an environmentally sound and efficient manner or, (3) The capacity treatment in the country or origin is saturated, taking into account of regional/ national self-sufficiency, or (4) The transboundary movement concerning small quantities hazardous wastes for which it would be uneconomical for the State of origin to provide his own facility this specific case requires cooperation between countries concerned;
To allow all imports for recovery except if: (1) Large quantities of unrecoverable residues which are derived from recycling/ recovery operations must be landfilled, or (2) The import in question must be seriously prejudicial to the capacity of a particular facility to deal with wastes from Walloon Region sources, or (3) The waste in question doesn’t comply with the specification set out in the authorisation for the destination facility - this specific case requires cooperation between countries concerned;
To allow all exports for recovery except if:
(1) The country of destination prohibits the import of waste in question, or (2) The Walloon Region has the regulatory and technical infrastructures necessary to deal with waste exported.
A complete list could be obtained from the Focal Point.
A broad range of facilities exist in Belgium for waste treatment / recovery, graphical industry, animal waste treatment, chemical industry, metallurgy, scrap treatment, oil refinery, waste oil treatment, sludge treatment, soil treatment, recycling of zinc and nickel salts, treatment of used oils etc. Information available from the Competent Authorities.
Bilateral, Multilateral or Regional Agreements
Technical Assistance and Training Available
A complete list could be obtained from the Competent Authorities. | <urn:uuid:dfd42269-1f17-46c6-a872-8fa6e6629316> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://muhaz.org/memorandum.html?page=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038461619.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417162353-20210417192353-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.927553 | 3,909 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Partnerships for the Future has been saved
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The growing complexity of social and economic challenges is driving new, innovative forms of collaboration between governments and businesses.
While public-private partnerships (PPPs) have occurred in the United States for at least 200 years,1 they have primarily involved large infrastructure projects with formal contractual agreements, considered too costly or risky for one side to take on alone. But the increasingly complex nature of our national challenges, along with recent shifts in economic and social forces, are creating incentives for government and business to collaborate more frequently and in new ways that go well beyond traditional infrastructure investments, expanding the definition of partnerships in the future.
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Traditionally, government and business had few incentives to actively collaborate. For the most part, government regulated business, and business lobbied government on areas of economic interest. When partnerships did occur, they were usually undertaken to invest in large infrastructure projects through formal contractual agreements, as represented in the National Council for Public Private Partnerships’ definition of PPPs:
Public-private partnership: A contractual agreement between a public agency (federal, state, or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public.
Today’s challenges for the United States—including an unprecedented recession and fiscal crisis, global warming, terrorism, the Afghanistan conflict, and crises in healthcare and education—are changing the equation. There is a sense that these problems are increasingly complex, requiring new responses. Faced with mounting pressure to resolve these complex challenges, government is introducing regulations to prevent future crises, and seeking innovation to execute its mission more effectively with fewer resources. In spite of these actions, there is an increasing recognition from government that it cannot solve these challenges alone.
Meanwhile, in the business world, there is also an increasing recognition that these challenges, as well as the government’s response, represent both a threat and opportunity. The impact of government behavior on business was evident in a recent Deloitte LinkedIn poll of more than 500 senior executives, which found that 82 percent of respondents believe government’s influence on their business has either greatly or somewhat increased in recent years.2 This seems to indicate that business leaders acknowledge that something fundamental is changing in their relationship with government. The question is, what will come next? Lobbying spending rose dramatically in response to new regulations in recent years,3 but government and business are also starting to take more creative approaches to collaborating. Both sides seem to realize that business problems are now government problems—and vice versa—and both are proactively intensifying new approaches to partnership at the highest levels.
The complexity of the current challenges and changes occurring at the political and macro-economic level have fundamentally changed the federal government’s traditional behaviors, creating new incentives for partnership. Here are a few examples of these changes.
See endnote 4
The challenges facing the US government are becoming increasingly complex. For instance, education used to be about building a system that would deliver basic skills to children through high school. Now it can be about creating highly specialized training that is delivered well into adult years, evolving as the needs of business change over time. Protecting the environment used to be about developing local and national regulations and subsidizing improved technology to mitigate industrial pollution. Now, protecting the environment often involves dramatically reducing the burning of fossil fuels not just in one industry in one city, but across multiple uses and in countries all over the world. As a result of these types of fundamental shifts, government is increasingly looking to business for resources and new approaches to these challenges. The business world has an incentive to help solve them both out of a sense of social responsibility, and because they affect economic growth and the bottom line.
See endnote 7
Not only must government solve more complex problems, but they must do so with fewer resources. In the last five years, gross federal debt rose sharply as a percentage of GDP (figure 2).5 The federal government is under tremendous pressure to reduce costs. Federal discretionary spending has already declined—by 3.4 percent between 2010 and 2011 and by 2.07 percent between 2011 and 2012.6 With government looking to reduce costs, there will likely be an incentive to cooperate with business on joint investments or to open up opportunities for business to provide services traditionally performed by government, creating a new opportunity for private sector growth.
The government’s response to the recent financial crisis was largely aimed at offsetting the chances of another such disaster, most notably with regard to the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. To date, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has issued 40 final rules related to Dodd-Frank legislation alone.8 Meanwhile, government has become more active in regulating other areas, particularly healthcare, energy, and defense, reversing the de-regulatory trend. Evidence of this trend can be seen in the Obama administration’s requirement for doubling fuel efficiency standards by 2025. While government clearly sees re-regulation as part of the solution to prevent future crises, it should also avoid taking unilateral regulations that unduly harm business and damage economic growth. Both sides have an interest in partnering to develop smarter regulations.
See endnote 9
The federal government is increasingly turning to innovation as a means to improve services and engage more effectively with consumers. In recent years, more than 28 federal innovation offices and programs have been created, and many agencies have developed programs specifically focused on promoting innovation within the government.10 According to data from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the government has backed that commitment with consistent increases in R&D spending for non-defense, energy, and health sectors over the past four years.11 Innovation is also seen as a way for government to “do more with less” by adopting new technologies or dramatically changing its existing operating models. Government is increasingly looking to partner with and learn from business on how to innovate more effectively, and may represent a new market for business innovations.
See endnote 12
The current environment calls for broader thinking about all that public-private partnership can really achieve beyond traditional PPP investment structures. It is important to realize that PPPs are not one-size-fits-all. There is a range of PPP models that can work in different contexts. Important to selecting the right model is to carefully evaluate the need. Selecting the wrong model can unnecessarily increase the chances of failure. Here are a few models that have already been shown to work.
So what will the future look like? The socioeconomic forces driving change today are expected to evolve into the future, requiring practical mechanisms to harness the opportunities presented by PPPs. The broad PPP strategies above, while just starting to occur today, will likely become a standard component of government and business strategy over the next decade as the two sides work to address their complex challenges. Effective organizations understand the potential that partnership strategies offer not only to solve national challenges, but also to create opportunities for economic growth and business success. But to make partnerships work, they should match the partnership model to the appropriate context. Partnership opportunities can be identified and initiated in either the public or private sector, and to achieve their goals both organizations should:
By finding ways to balance their respective strengths and experiences, government and business can form effective partnerships to help resolve critical challenges, generate economic growth, and realize cost savings for the government. Some have estimated potential savings benefits of 20 to 50 percent.22 But PPPs are complex arrangements, and the difficulties of making them work should not be underestimated. Achievement of goals will likely depend on each side recognizing where it adds the most value and gains the greatest benefits: for example, when government engages business interests where it can now provide only limited financial resources; when business leaders proactively leverage government resources and guiding actions to better support the competitive needs of the United States; or when both public and private sectors partner with NGOs and the academic community to explore new realms and markets with innovative approaches. The door to new partnering opportunities is beginning to open even wider. Who will be the first to take full advantage of these opportunities?
Bill Eggers, Global Director, Public Sector Industry, Deloitte Research, Deloitte Services LP
We are experiencing a dramatic change in how societal challenges are tackled—a shift away from a government-dominated model to one in which governments are just one problem-solver among many. Over the last decade, a number of new players have entered the arena and operate within what we call a “solution economy.” Through dynamic partnerships, these innovators are closing the widening gap between what governments provide and what citizens want. This new approach intends stronger results, lower costs, and the high hope we have for public innovation in an era of fiscal constraints and unmet needs.
Paul Macmillan and I explore this collaborative economy in our forthcoming book, Solution Revolution: How Business, Government, and Social Enterprises Are Teaming Up to Solve Society’s Toughest Problems. We argue that public sector problems transcend the domain of traditional government and require a broad, collaborative approach.
As discussed in Partnerships for the Future, the rigid silos of traditional industry, government, and other public institutions often run directly against the ethos of how problems are being effectively addressed today. Partnerships among private, nonprofit, and public enterprises are critical to developing effective, multidimensional solutions.
Consider waste management, a problem the affects citizens in the developed and developing world alike. Eight thousand miles away in India, Parag Gupta, a social entrepreneur we profile in our book, chose to test a collaborative business model to clean up the 40 million tons of garbage his country produces each year. Gupta established Waste Ventures, working with international donor institutions and social impact investors to engage a segment of the Indian population known as “trash pickers.” For Gupta, it was quickly apparent that acting in isolation or through a government-only paradigm would be a path to failure. Instead, he worked with the “trash pickers,” local NGOs, and government officials to build an ecosystem to clean up some of India’s worst garbage-plagued urban areas.
Going forward, governments should look to business and social entrepreneurs as important partners in solving the world’s greatest problems. The solution economy thrives in this environment where a cadre of actors—from governments to business, from social investors to ambitious entrepreneurs—work in partnership to create positive change. | <urn:uuid:ab25feb8-e103-43b0-beb9-20cb01123e09> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/insights/focus/business-trends/2013/partnerships-for-the-future.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.949616 | 2,164 | 2.75 | 3 |
America is a huge country with a lot of variation from state to state. Generally, there are different laws in each state, but there are also national laws that all states must follow. These rules are implemented to keep everyone safe on the roads and ensure traffic flows smoothly. Everyone is expected to follow the rules of the road, whether they are pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, or drivers.
While the rules of the road may be similar, there are definitely some differences that you need to be aware of before you hit the open road. To help you out, we’ve compiled a list of 6 driving rules that are universal throughout the USA.
Obey the posted speed limit
Following the posted speed limit is one of the most crucial road rules in the USA. Driving too fast puts yourself and your passengers at risk and endangers other drivers and pedestrians. In addition, exceeding the speed limit can result in a traffic violation, which can lead to fines or points added to your driving record.
It is crucial to always be aware of your surroundings and adjust your speed accordingly, such as slowing down in areas with heavy pedestrian traffic or poor visibility. Remember, driving at a safe and legal speed keeps you compliant with the law and, more importantly, helps ensure everyone’s safety on the road.
Always yield to pedestrians
When operating a motor vehicle, it is imperative to remember that pedestrians always have the right of way. That means yielding to them when crossing the street or your path, even if you have a green light or the right of way in other circumstances. Additionally, slow down or stop pedestrians using wheelchairs, scooters, crutches, or assistive devices.
When in doubt, err on caution and yield to pedestrians. Failing to do so can result in injury or death for the pedestrian and leave you facing legal consequences. So always keep an eye out for pedestrians and remember that they come first on the road.
Don’t drink and drive
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), almost 30 people die daily from DUI-related crashes. If you choose to drink and drive, you risk getting a DUI charge and face possible jail time, loss of license, and expensive fines. It is simply not worth it. So please, make wise decisions and never drink and drive. Have a designated driver or consider alternative transportation options such as Uber or Lyft.
Don’t let one mistake ruin your life or the lives of others – it’s not worth it. And if you do find yourself facing DUI charges, seek out a qualified DUI lawyer who can help defend your case in court. You need someone who can navigate the complex legal system and work to get the best possible outcome for your situation.
Use your turn signal
Proper use of your turn signal is essential to follow the rules of the road in the USA. Not only does it indicate to other drivers your intentions to change lanes or make a turn, but it also helps to prevent accidents and keeps traffic flowing smoothly.
Intersections can be hazardous places, and utilizing your turn signal allows for better communication with other drivers. In addition, many states have laws in place that require the use of turn signals when changing lanes on highways and freeways. Failing to signal can result in fines and demerits on your driving record.
One important rule of the road in the United States is to avoid tailgating or following too closely behind another vehicle. While it may seem innocuous, tailgating can lead to severe accidents and put both the tailgater and the car at risk. In addition to causing rear-end collisions, tailgating can cause a driver to lose control or react too slowly in hazardous situations such as sudden slowdowns or stops.
To practice safe driving and avoid tailgating, the recommended distance is to have at least one car length for every 10 miles per hour you are traveling. So, if you are going 60 miles per hour, maintain a six-car length distance from the vehicle ahead of you. Remember: it’s always better to err on the side of caution and leave extra space between vehicles on the road.
Don’t cut people off
We’ve all been there—you’re in a hurry, and someone is driving slowly in front of you, so you decide to pass them on the right without signaling first—but resist the urge! Cutting people off is one of the quickest ways to piss someone off while driving—and it’s also dangerous because they may swerve into your lane or even hit their brakes out of anger, which could cause an accident behind you as well. Obeying these rules will help ensure everyone stays safe on America’s roads—including yourself! So remember: always drive safely, courteously, and within relevant laws!
The bottom line
These six basic rules should help make your experience driving in America much smoother! Obeying these rules will help ensure everyone stays safe on America’s roads—including yourself! So remember: always drive safely, courteously, and within relevant laws! Happy (and safe) trails! | <urn:uuid:bd496f09-95ff-4894-9988-cffc56fdd5b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.callforjustice.org/u-s-driving-rules/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945473.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326142035-20230326172035-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.950476 | 1,061 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Over the past few months, debate has erupted in South Africa over the land question. Prominent politicians such has Zindzi Mandela have also fearlessly weighed in their views on the contentious issue. But is this the issue South Africa needs to deal with or just a cover for deep underlying issues the nation is struggling with?
Rushing to treat a disease without understanding its cause and working towards prevention will cause it to recur over and over again. South Africa has demonstrated over the last two decades that it is failing to fully understand the cause of its inequality.
The apartheid legacy which is still evident within South Africa has been simmering the debate for the two decades the country has been under majority rule. According to a 2017 land audit by the South African government, 72 percent of the country’s arable land remains in the hands of whites, who account for fewer than 10 percent of the total population.
Since the ruling African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994, under the stewardship of Nelson Mandela, one of its central undertakings has been to relieve this disparity. But to date, the spotty efficacy of the ANC’s land-restitution efforts has seen barely a quarter of such land restored to black farmers, according to the farmers’ organization AgriSA. Only a paltry 0.3 percent of the national budget of South Africa has been set aside for land reform in the past 20 years.
A significant number of South Africans have begun questioning the message of reconciliation that Nelson Mandela preached. His whole legacy has come under scrutiny as many of those struck by poverty have accused him of being a “sell-out.”
Noble as the idea of land reform has sounded, the previous incarnations have been poorly managed government programs only done for political mileage. You need not look further than Zimbabwe to understand how the script may play out.
Zimbabwe’s land reform has neither delivered the outcomes the government intended nor reduced the economic inequality as its touts preached. It has resulted instead in violence, a lack of legitimacy in land ownership, and a chronic weakening of the country’s agricultural infrastructure, all of which have contributed to Zimbabwe’s deteriorating social and economic conditions.
So why would South Africa want to imitate such a failure after having witnessed firsthand the horror Zimbabwe descended into?
Around 14 percent of South Africans live in informal housing on the peripherals of urban cities. In most of these cities and towns, the black townships have shared borders with farmland.
Just outside Stellenbosch, some 1,400 illegally built homes have been erected on the Watergang property, a wine farm. It belongs to a trust held by members of the Smit family, which has owned farmland in the area for generations.
The rise of these informal settlements point out two large problems that South Africa has failed to deal with.
The first problem is the central government and local government failure to coordinate planning. Many analysts pointed out to this disjoint and discord in policy. For instance, the farms owned by Smit and other farmers near Stellenbosch were taken on 50 year leases on the promises that the farmers would make investments in public infrastructure. Now cornered by the political interests of Pretoria, the municipality finds itself cornered to pay out of their own funds for the land.
The bigger problem are the growing social welfare obligations of the government. The pro poor programs have been a noble gesture of reducing inequality in South Africa after the 150 years of Dutch and English rule. However, the demons that accompany such a heavy welfare oriented policy have become a heavy burden for them.
Issues include the widespread belief that grant beneficiaries abuse the money, that social grants encourage teenage pregnancies and dependence on the state. Yes, dependence on the state. You want housing? The state will provide. Healthcare? The state will provide. What will the state not provide to a black population with a high sense of entitlement?
Recent local and national election campaigns also show how social protection can be used by the ruling party for its electoral gain. The discourse among politicians in the ruling party during the 2014 election campaign was that grant beneficiaries who voted for the opposition were betraying the hand that feeds them. Grant beneficiaries were also unsure as to whether their grants are protected if they voted for another political party.
The ANC has been facing increased pressure from the right-wing Economic Freedom Fighters who have campaigned expropriation without compensation as opposed to the willing buyer and willing seller method. Activists like Midas Wanana, a leader of a squat on a wine farm outside Stellenbosch, say it’s time to take more radical steps. This has put the Cyril Ramaphosa-led party in a tight corner to act.
However, all the facts on the ground show that they are still ill-prepared to duly handle the process and make it bear the intended results.
Many of the farms that have been transferred to black farmers, including former farm laborers, through past ANC-supported restitution programs now lie fallow. New farmers installed on expropriated land have received scant financial, operational, or infrastructural support, despite promises from the state. Others are never installed, because of woefully slow processing, as many as 4,000 farms bought by the government have yet to be distributed to new owners.
Most proponents of land reform have argued that the land under negotiations is land that is not under any use at the moment. However, they forget that farms like any other business work based on plans. Not all land is brought into use at once. The farmers work based on plans and not all of their land is brought into use at once.
What’s at stake is South Africa’s record of respecting property rights and investors. If anything was learnt from Zimbabwe, it’s that the black man still is not in control of his economic interests. The produce that they intend to produce from grabbed farms is intended for a white company for processing, or a foreign market through a shipping company owned by the kin of the same man. There is a whole value chain that is at risk which can bring the economy to its knees.
Another issue under consideration is South Africa’s social contract. That is if there is any at the moment considering the racial tensions, tribal tensions as well as xenophobic tensions.
Failure to establish any, or cut the ropes which have been holding it, will result in economic meltdown such as or much worse than what was seen in Harare (Zimbabwe’s capital). The public debate about land expropriation without compensation in SA had already precipitated a decline in real terms of capital formation by more than 7% over the past eleven quarters.
As far fetched as Donald Trump’s tweet last year seemed, it resembled the sentiments of most of the whites within and outside South Africa. The land reform process is one not to be rushed and taken without caution. Political capital is much more than appeasing local voters, it involves understanding power dynamics.
An entitled black population whose appetite for government welfare can never be appeased, on the other hand white monopolistic capital that keeps the nation a jewel of Africa. The end of apartheid was not the end for South Africa, it was the rude awakening to the realities of the world for its freedom fighters. | <urn:uuid:6488f37b-86e3-4aec-97d4-e76dcd427a2a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://housingnews.org.ng/2019/07/08/the-south-african-land-debate-is-a-reflection-of-a-failed-and-confused-nation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664439.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111214811-20191112002811-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.968648 | 1,497 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent. Antarctica is considered as a desert as this place is the coldest, driest, and windiest on the earth. It has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Now, NASA ice scientists have found a shrimp-like creature and a possible jellyfish ‘frolicking’ beneath 600 feet of solid Antarctic ice, where only microbes were expected to live.
The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent. Antarctica is considered as a desert as this place is the coldest, driest, and windiest on the earth. It has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Now, NASA ice scientists have found a shrimp-like creature and a possible jellyfish ‘frolicking’ beneath 600 feet of solid Antarctic ice, where only microbes were expected to live. Continue reading “Complex Life Found Under Antarctic Ice”
Based on Earth’s experience, some scientists view intelligent life on other planets as possible and the replication of this event elsewhere is at least plausible. The drake equation calculates the number of advanced civilizations in our galaxy.
Extraterrestrial life is life originating outside of the Earth. It is the subject of astrobiology and its existence remains hypothetical, because there is no credible evidence of extraterrestrial life which has been generally accepted by the scientific community.
The Drake equation is a famous result in the speculative fields of exobiology and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. It can be used to predicate (read as calculate) the number of advanced civilizations in our galaxy right now. But the result are not accurate and lots of criticism involved.
Disagreement (ie general ignorance) over these numbers leads to estimates of the number intelligent civilisations in our galaxy that range from 10^-5 to 10^6. i. panspermia predicts 37964.97 advanced civilisations in our galaxy with a standard deviation of 20.
ii. the rare life hypothesis predicts 361.2 advanced civilisations with an SD of 2
iii. the tortoise and hare hypothesis predicts 31573.52 with an SD of 20.
A NUCLEAR fusion laboratory designed to re-create the temperatures and pressures of an exploding star could be built in England under plans being drawn up by British scientists.
A supernovae / supernovas is a stellar explosion. They are extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that may briefly outshine an entire galaxy before fading from view over several weeks or months. Now scientists plan supernova blasts in lab to tap energy.
The aim is to build some of the world’s most powerful lasers and use them to blast tiny pellets of hydrogen fuel to create energy.
The process is similar to the supernova explosion that heralds the death of a star.
Researchers say the process could offer a partial solution to the world’s energy crisis, offering a source of carbon-free power with only a minimum of radioactive waste.
According to wikipedia, Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Structures larger than galaxies, as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter accounts for the vast majority of mass in the observable universe. Now a new giant sheets of dark matter detected:
The most colossal structures in the universe have been detected by astronomers who tuned into how the structures subtly bend galactic light. The newfound filaments and sheets of dark matter form a gigantic features stretching across more than 270 million light-years of space–three times larger than any other known structure and 2,000 times the size of our own galaxy. Because the dark matter, by definition, is invisible to telescopes, the only way to detect it on such grand scales is by surveying huge numbers of distant galaxies and working out how their images, as seen from telescopes, are being weakly tweaked and distorted by any dark matter structures in intervening space. | <urn:uuid:a41f8712-0248-4d78-93f7-301a47de3bc5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://theos.in/tag/galaxy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.926799 | 851 | 3.59375 | 4 |
No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
- Adopts principles of avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in providing domestic waste services;
- Incorporate avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in our planning instruments;
- Include information for residents on website about recycling construction waste;
- Reports on the breakdown of materials used in our Capital Works projects as new, reused and recycled;
- Reports on the website where materials collected in our kerbside collections, parks and streets maintenance go;
- Prohibits council's contractors from channelling domestic and commercial (except medical) waste collected in the LGA to incineration; and
- Opposes the construction of incinerators euphemistically called “waste to energy” and “thermal treatment plant” in Matraville, Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Lithgow and Wollondilly, Portland and elsewhere in NSW.
Incinerators produce toxic emissions which reduce air quality, generates highly toxic ash residual and establishes a market for non-renewable waste as fuel stream.
Incinerators using waste as fuel produce more CO2-e than coal and gas.
Waste as fuel is non-renewable and plants elsewhere in the world have struggled to source a fuel stream which makes this technology unreliable as an energy stream and contradicts avoidance, reuse, recycling and a circular economy.
Sydney is basin shaped which means it traps pollution making it an unsuitable for Incinerators. The toxic emissions from incinerators include Dioxins, Furans, Heavy Metals and Nano Particulates. The business case for incinerators is based on 24/7 operation 30+ years!
There was a time when Sydney waste was simply barged out to sea, until it was discovered washed up on beaches.
Next burning the waste became popular. There is a Burley Griffin designed Incinerator on Blackwattle Bay in Glebe which is now a meeting room and interpretative centre. The Balmain Power Station included a large incinerator. The heat from burning the city's garbage was used to generate electricity. Leichhardt also had an incinerator but even in 1904, the council had difficulty sourcing garbage to burn and what to do with the "clinker" residual which did not burn.
The Waste Levy was intended to encourage recycling and resource recovery by imposing fees on material going to landfill. Kerbside Collection systems were established which relied on the consumer to separate out certain types of “recyclable materials” into Yellow, Blue, Green and Maroon bins. Householders dispose of the rest of their waste into the red “landfill” bin.
Despite billions collected nationwide in order to finance the recycling industry, most relevant levels of authority in Australia have strangled any chance for success in this space by diverting recycling levy funds mostly on other, totally unrelated matters. In fact in NSW, less than 20% of the levy goes to fulfil its original purpose. The result is the industry is driven to lowest cost solutions, and this has been aggravated by China's waste export ban. We are therefore seeing a genuine boom in the 'waste to energy' (a euphemism for incineration) industry.
In 2018, China set stringent “maximum contamination thresholds” and limited the number of import permits. A contamination threshold 0.5% means that China is no longer accepting material from kerbside collections with a 6-10% level of contamination.
Systems like “Return and Earn” could reduce contamination levels and produce more valuable materials. Though Coca Cola is still only aiming for 7 out of 10 plastic bottles from recycled material by the end of 2019.
Backyard burning and unauthorised incineration are prohibited at all times in all council areas in the Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle regions, and in other NSW council areas listed in Schedule 8 of the Clean Air Regulation. https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/air/open-burning- reducing-pollution
In July 2018, the Independent Planning Commission refused a proposal for an Incinerator at Eastern Creek finding:
• predicted modelling was based on data that is not representative of the actual waste streams proposed to be treated at the EfW Facility;
• insufficient evidence that the pollution control technologies are capable of appropriately managing emissions from the project and would be agnostic to the composition of the project’s waste stream
• uncertainty in relation to the air quality, and the relationship between air quality impacts and water quality impacts in the locality,
• uncertainty in relation to the human health risks and site suitability,
• was not satisfied that the project is consistent with those objects of the EP&A Act,
• project was not in the public interest
The Next Generation Pty Ltd v Independent Planning Commission NSW, https://www.ipcn.nsw.gov.au/projects/2018/04/eastern-creek-energy-from-waste-facility-ssd-6236
Addendum: Hobart City Single-Use Plastics By-Law Information
"On Monday 9 March 2020, the Hobart City Council resolved to enact the by-law banning the provision of single-use plastic takeaway food packaging and related items(PDF, 2MB) .
Enforcement of the by-law will commence in 2021, following a period of trader and community education and awareness."...
Emphatic No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
https://innerwest.infocouncil.biz/Open/2020/10/C_13102020_MIN_3757_WEB.htmC1020(1) Item 6 Notice of Motion: No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
Motion: (Da Cruz/Steer)
1. Adopts principles of avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in providing domestic waste services;
2. Incorporate avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in our planning instruments;
3. Include information for residents on website about recycling construction waste;
4. Reports on the breakdown of materials used in our Capital Works projects as new, reused and recycled;
5. Reports on the website where materials collected in our kerbside collections, parks and streets maintenance go;
6. Prohibits council's contractors from channelling domestic and commercial (except medical) waste collected in the LGA to incineration; and
7. Opposes the construction of incinerators euphemistically called “waste to energy” and “thermal treatment plant” in Matraville, Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Lithgow and Wollondilly, Portland and elsewhere in NSW.
8. Investigate the implementation of onsite composting in new multi-unit dwellings in the upcoming LEP or DCPs.
For Motion: Crs Da Cruz, Drury, Hesse, Kiat, Lockie, Macri, McKenna OAM, Passas, Raciti, Stamolis and Steer
Against Motion: Nil
Absent: Crs Byrne and York | <urn:uuid:f1ef44e0-c6eb-4794-879a-d9ff9b49f8ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://perambuler.ramin.com.au/2020/10/no-to-incineration-of-inner-west-waste.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107875980.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021035155-20201021065155-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.910446 | 1,465 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Large oval scars on these ponderosa pines give lasting evidence of the traditional spring camp of the Nez Perce (Nimiipuu) people. In the early spring, the Nimiipuu would peel the outer bark, using the cambium layer as supplemental food and perhaps as medicine and weaving fibers. These scars were made in the late 1800’s and were probably created using metal implements acquired by trade.
- Age: average approx. 250 years
- Dedicated on: July 24, 2003
Visit these trees
This grove is located next to the route of the Nez Perce National Historic Trail, in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest on Forest Service Road 880, two miles south of junction with Forest Service Road 46. | <urn:uuid:35dc854d-da31-4033-8147-5d2eeb71332b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://oregontic.com/oregon-heritage-trees/indian-village-grove/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703587074.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125154534-20210125184534-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.965328 | 156 | 2.640625 | 3 |
by Dave Strandberg
ST. PAUL, MN (KDAL) – Results from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’ 2016-1017 wolf population survey suggest Minnesota’s wolf population has increased 25 percent since the 2015-2016 survey.
After remaining stable during the past four years, the survey estimates that within Minnesota’s wolf range there were approximately 500 wolf packs and 2,856 wolves. The survey’s margin of error is about plus or minus 500 wolves. The 2015-2016 survey estimated the number of packs at 439 and the wolf population at 2,278.
Minnesota’s wolf population remains well above the state’s minimum goal of at least 1,600 wolves and also above the federal recovery goal of 1,251 to 1,400. The DNR has consistently managed wolf populations at levels that exceed both state and federal minimums.
The DNR’s goal for wolf management, as outlined in the state’s wolf management plan, is to ensure the long-term survival of wolves in Minnesota while addressing wolf-human conflicts. Minnesota currently has no direct management responsibility for wolves now because a federal district court ruling in December 2014 returned Minnesota’s wolves to the federal list of threatened species. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service manages all animals on that list.
Visit the DNR website at mndnr.gov/wolves to find the full population survey report, reported wolf mortalities and an overview of wolves in Minnesota. | <urn:uuid:a772219f-0264-49e1-9f5a-f2df129ad05d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.timberwolfinformation.org/mn-minnesota-wolf-population-increases-by-25-percent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.91385 | 310 | 3.25 | 3 |
A new lesson series has been created and new lesson materials will be added to it over time. The TUN series looks at alternate tunings. Each resource will be a one-page fact sheet on the specific tuning including details on the notes on the fretboard, information on the tuning and diagrams explaining the changes. This will be extremely helpful to explain alternate tunings to your students and to help them compare tunings.
The first resource in this series is TUN-01 Standard Tuning which is your starting point when discussing tunings with your student.
Check out the other resources already available at the Lesson Materials Section. | <urn:uuid:1069598a-665b-432e-b057-7156ad976c17> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.liveteachguitar.com/news/new-lesson-series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141706569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202083021-20201202113021-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.931232 | 127 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Social media has taken over the world. It has infiltrated every sphere of society. What was supposed to be an enhancement in social communication, has become an enhancement in business, education and even politics.
Social media has grown to such an extent that if you don’t embrace it, you get left behind. The flip side is that all the changes that it brought about are not necessarily good. People have become overly reliant on social media and in many cases, they have nearly lost the ability to think for themselves.
Social media in education has had a profound impact on education and many of the effects thereof have yet to be studied. There is no doubt that social media is here to stay. It has become such an integrated part of everyday life that it cannot be separated and confined to the social world alone. But there are a couple of things that have already been established.
Looking at the positives
When social media is used for the right purposes is can be an amazing tool to enhance education. Students have the ability to network like no other generation before them. They understand the inner-workings of the social media world and know how to make connections.
Not only that, but they speak each other’s language. With the rise of social media came a new way of speaking and for the previous generations to come to grips with the new terms can sometimes be challenging.
Creating learning spaces
You can create and promote your class on social media. When you do this, you provide your learners with a native platform from which they can work. It provides them with the opportunity to communicate with their peers and enables ubiquitous learning.
They have access to all the class material, whether they are at school, home, or the mall. If they have their devices and an internet connection, they are good to go.
Social media and education has taken the boundaries of geographical location. No longer are students confined by their immediate location. They can collaborate with people from all over the world. Their pool of collaborators has grown to a global scale.
All they need to do is find the people who are in the same boat as they. Seeing that you have a global bank of collaborators, you also have a global bank of resources that you can access. Someone on the network can provide suggestions like essay writing service at https://ca.edubirdie.com/write-my-essay-for-me as a tool that you can access to help you in your studies. Not just essays, it’s perfect for thesis, dissertation and college essays as well.
The downside of social media
You only have to turn on the TV to see that there are also negative effects of social media. When one looks at social media in schools, there is no doubt that it has brought with it, a host of problems as well.
Cyberbullying is on the rise and it is as if the students, and adults for that matter, has no more filter and cannot distinguish what is appropriate and what not. Social media in schools have made the educators’ jobs a lot more difficult as videos and images can be taken out of context and land a teacher in serious trouble.
New opportunities for mischief
Technology is amazing but put it in the idle hands of a student and it can become a tool of chaos. The number of viral videos that are sent into the world is staggering and the problem is that once it is sent, it can never be retrieved or removed.
The students of today have not yet mastered the art of tact and don’t fully grasp the consequences of their actions when they do things in the digital social world. It has become ever more important for parents to intervene and teach their kids a whole new set of skills that was never before necessary.
Other things to consider
The social media effects on education are far-reaching and can go both ways. Just like a viral video can wreak havoc, it can also empower or make known something or someone who has done something inspiring or revolutionary. The social media effects on education are not done though.
The pool of knowledge and research is only beginning and a lot of focus is placed on the benefits thereof. Only recently have scientists, educators and researchers begun to delve into the adverse effects of social media on education.
It has reshaped how education is done. There are still many growing pains that it needs to go through, but every new technology had to go through this. Social media and education and the interconnectedness of the two is just another field of research that has to develop.
There’s no reason why it should not work, but it is going to take a lot of work find a balance and teach everyone the skills they need to navigate the social world safely and without putting others in a bad light. The positive aspects outweigh the negatives and should be encouraged and refined to ensure that the generations of tomorrow will learn from previous mistakes.
Jeremy Reynolds is an education expert working with top schools and colleges to provide students an ideal education environment where they can realize their full potential. In doing so, he uses technology in education to its full impact. In his free time, he loves to play golf with his friends, take his dog out for a walk and try different vegan salads. | <urn:uuid:ca603d5f-0200-442c-aae3-4158c93786eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.veloceinternational.com/general-social-media/how-social-media-is-impacting-college-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.976199 | 1,065 | 2.875 | 3 |
By Jackson Jost
The United States is one of fifty six countries to still implement capital punishment also known as the death penalty. The United States is seventh on the list for number of executions conducted in 2016 with twenty. Ahead of the United States on this list is Egypt, Pakistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and China. The United States is also the only western country to still use the death penalty. The death penalty is barbaric and should be abolished as it is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment. Life in prison is already a severe enough punishment for those who commit even the most heinous crimes. The death penalty also send the wrong message to the people of our country. It send the message that it is ok to live by the expression, “an eye for an eye.” Instead we should send the message that it is better to take the high road and not stoop down to the same level as the criminals.
Supporters of the death penalty may argue that the death penalty deters others from committing heinous crimes. This is simply untrue. A criminal who is willing to commit a murder or other inexcusable crimes who is not already deterred by life in prison will not be deterred by the small possibility that many years down the road they might be executed. Another argument supporters of the death penalty make is that the death penalty provides justice for the families of the victims. There is no question the families of the victims are feeling extreme pain and in some cases want revenge. The death penalty is used as an outlet for revenge. There are many laws preventing people from taking justice into their own hands because if they go and kill someone they are no longer the victim and become the perpetrator. All the death penalty does is shift the pain from one family to another.
If you look at the over one thousand executions since 1976 it is hard to say exactly how many of them were innocent. Once they are executed the people looking into the case shift their attention to cases where they can still save someone’s life. According to deathpenaltyinfo.org, there are thirteen cases that have strong evidence suggesting the executed may have been innocent. If only one person was innocent that should be enough to horrify you about what can happen.
The death penalty is morally wrong, it does not deter people from committing crimes, and it kills innocent people. It is everything stated above combined that leads me to the conclusion that the death penalty needs to be abolished. | <urn:uuid:2bf9f9c4-ec63-481f-b61d-f7ec607eab05> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://northeugenenews.com/2017/06/13/thoughts-on-the-death-penalty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.970105 | 498 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Natural questions about meat labels
At a grocery store in Ames, Iowa, Lavern Ackerman peered at a package of ground beef. He was mostly interested in the percent leanness, but he took a stab at deciphering what the big "Natural" sticker on the package meant.
"I thought it was that they just grass-raised them," Ackerman said.
He was wrong.
That "Natural" label has nothing to do with how the animal was raised — it only means the meat was “minimally processed with no artificial ingredients.”
But this is a common misperception, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
"We know for a fact that the consumer doesn't understand that natural for (meat regulators) means processing — that means after the slaughtering of the animal," said a representative of the Food Safety and Inspections Service, the USDA agency charged with verifying that meat labels are truthful, accurate and not misleading.
Despite the confusion, the "Natural" label is fairly ubiquitous at grocery store meat counters. It's on pork, chicken, and beef products, often in versions such as "100% Natural" or "All Natural."
And it has nothing to do with organic, but consumers get confused about that too, critics say.
"If you go look at a store that has some organic, they probably have some natural right next to it that's cheaper, and if the marketing hype works and people think that label means something, they can save a little bit of money and go to natural, that might cut into organic," said Patty Lovera of the consumer advocacy group Food and Water Watch.
Unlike natural, organic foods have to go through a USDA verification program and meet a series of strict rules. Organic meat generally is more expensive to raise because it comes from animals that aren't treated with antibiotics and only eat organic, non-genetically modified food.
Consumer confusion over meat labels hasn't gone unnoticed. In recent years the USDA has been holding meetings "too numerous to count," and says it is still working on clarifying the “Natural” label, to the representative from
A few years ago, the USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service came up with an idea for a new label: Naturally Raised. It refers to livestock raised entirely without growth promotants, without antibiotics, and that have never been fed animal byproducts.
"They got the bright idea at the end of the Bush administration, to put out kind of a super label or umbrella label that was like 'naturally raised,' " Lovera said. "So it was collection a couple things, and they lumped them together, and gave it this grandiose label of 'Naturally Raised.' "
But you won't see "Naturally Raised" on meat labels in the grocery store.
When the Agricultural Marketing Service proposed the term in 2009, a flood of complaints erupted from consumer advocacy groups. More than 44,000 comments came in, and Consumers Union gathered 36,000 signatures against the ruling because of the consumer confusion it might cause. That led the Food Safety and Inspections Service(with the final say in meat labels) to put the “Naturally Raised” on hold.
Food and Water Watch's Lovera said a big concern was that two different wings of the USDA were simply creating chaos at the meat case for consumers, “who shouldn't have to have law degree to figure out which branch of government certified which claim."
So why doesn't the USDA simply list the traits on the label? Why invent a term like Naturally Raised?
“In general marketers like those umbrella terms, because if you end up with a package of meat with 15 or 20 claims on them, you don't see the meat anymore, so they like to encapsulate all that into one catchy word," said Craig Morris of the Agriculture Marketing Service.
Which brings us back to “Natural.” Because while the label confusion has continued, the use of the word "natural" on labels has been growing.
Susan Glenn sees it every day. As a label expediter for Prime Label Consultants in Washington DC., Glenn helps meat companies get their labels approved by the USDA. And nearly half the label applications she sees include the word natural.
"We've had entrees for TV dinners, for companies that have natural on there. Or a single ingredient, or anywhere in between," Glenn said. Because if the entire product doesn't meet the "Natural" definition, the company could still use the word to describe an ingredient -- say for example, Grandma's Potpie made with natural chicken.
Until the USDA clarifies the term "Natural," the label and its many iterations will continue to fill the meat counter. And many meat companies are fighting to keep the current definition of the term. Hormel Foods, for one, petitioned the USDA in 2005 when the Natural label was amended to allow certain flavorings the USDA deemed natural to be used in products labeled "All Natural."
"These inconsistencies will allow a Natural label to be placed on products that contain synthetic ingredients and preservatives, which will deceive consumers and erode the 'Natural' label to a meaningless marketing ploy," Hormel representatives wrote.
The USDA did remove several ingredients from its list of natural flavorings in response to industry pressure.
But so far the USDA hasn't responded to pressure from consumer advocacy groups and industry to clarify the meaning of "Natural." The rulemaking process is ongoing, and there's no clear time frame when an agreement might be reached, the USDA said.
And an inherent challenge looming in the whole debate is that the meat label regulators don't regulate livestock production. So the agency won't be able to create a term that applies to how meat is raised. That means whatever they decide will likely not satisfy all parties. | <urn:uuid:f3810ba2-d177-4f9d-ad99-bea077c3a6eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://kbia.org/post/natural-questions-about-meat-labels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662133.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00223-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965605 | 1,199 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Pack contains associated resources for the learning experience, typically in the form of articles and videos. There is a teacher Pack (with only teacher information) and a student Pack (which contains only student information). As a teacher, you can toggle between both to see everything.
Here are the teacher pack items for The Bill of Rights:
How many rights or freedoms can you name from the Bill of Rights? Using single words or short phrases, write as many as you can. Separate them with a comma, like this: bake a cake, drive a car | <urn:uuid:7d33ce81-148a-42fa-8fbc-d515847e7891> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://exploros.com/social-studies/civics-ms/foundations-of-american-government/The-Bill-of-Rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056572.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918184640-20210918214640-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.964772 | 113 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For the final episode of season seven, we invite Rodney Schmalz and Steven Lilienfeld to the show to talk about pseudoscience. Schmalz and Lilienfeld recently published an article discussing the use of pseudoscience in the science classroom to help give students the tools needed to differentiate between scientific and pseudoscientific or paranormal claims. According to the authors, “by incorporating examples of pseudoscience into lectures, instructors can provide students with the tools needed to understand the difference between scientific and pseudoscientific or paranormal claims.” Listen to the episode to learn how you might use pseudoscience appropriately in your science instruction.
As our season closes for Lab Out Loud, we’d like to hear from our listeners. Do you have any ideas for guests? What topics in science and science education need to be addressed next year? Submit your comments, concerns and suggestions through our contact page.
- “Hauntings, homeopathy, and the Hopkinsville Goblins: Using Psuedoscience to Teach Scientific Thinking” (Frontiers in Psychology).
- Rodney Schmalz from The Huffington Post
- Scott Lilenfeld: The Skeptical Psychologist from Psychology Today
- “Time to Bring Pseudoscience into Science Class” (Forbes) | <urn:uuid:962b5373-9f78-449a-8c6d-68e7c5b1d1b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://laboutloud.com/2014/05/episode-113-teaching-pseudoscience-in-the-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00033-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902824 | 267 | 2.546875 | 3 |
“There is a revolution going on out in the back country, a quiet one. There is not much rhetoric, but a lot of organizing in traditional ways, and a new found voice to express what was expressed most often in action in the past. Women are coming to grips with what it means to have lived on the land and to want to continue that tradition in the face of almost insurmountable odds.” – Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women
“The Contemporary American Farm Woman: 1860 to Present” is the title of my undergraduate senior research project about the evolution of the American farm woman. I took an interdisciplinary approach in constructing a history of farm women: from scholarly texts to video to popular novels and images. To get a contemporary picture of real women on farms, I conducted five farm visits and interviews with women farmers in New York state. It was so great to meet all five women and to hear about their farms and their unique experiences with farming in the northeast. (Read the paper in its entirety here via the Central New York RC&D Whole Farm Planning for Beginning Women Farmers website.)
However, a history of women on farms is hard to find. Most of the scholarly texts came out the ’70s and ’80s, and are now sadly out of print. From 1860 onward, women have supported various roles on farms from farm hand to homemaker to farm wife. Women on farms have been, and still are, an integral part of the family farm and farm economies, and yet their contribution is historically under-reported and devalued. This knowledge is particularly relevant today as the number of women farmers is on the rise: According to the 2007 Census of Agriculture, the number of women farmers has increased 19 percent from 2002 to 2007, outpacing the meager seven percent increase in the total number of farmers overall. Even more intriguing is the 29 percent rise of women as principal operators versus the 4 percent rise of all principal operators.
Farm women have historically been marginalized from their land, their labor devalued and underestimated. From the days of pioneering agriculture in the 1860s to the rise of sustainable farming in the 1970s, women have contributed to the farm through reproductive labor in the home and productive labor in the field. Yet, because of the family-oriented nature of many farms, the line between work and home is inevitably blurred, and labor is difficult to categorize.
Moving forward, women in both sustainable and capitalist agriculture have opportunities to have their voices heard and their labor documented. Thanks to organizations like American Agri-Women, Women, Food, and Agriculture Network, various grant programs through the USDA, and milestones in the Census of Agriculture’s data collection methods, women have places to turn for support from fellow farm women. | <urn:uuid:4de5cc08-b398-464a-b82a-ca529b2189bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://legumeloyalist.wordpress.com/farm-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595342.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217093816-20171217115816-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.96553 | 567 | 2.578125 | 3 |
You have probably seen people who have Down syndrome. They have certain physical features, such as a flatter face, upward slanting eyes, and a somewhat larger tongue. They may have medical problems, too, such as heart defects. And they usually have some mental retardation, which means they may have trouble learning. But despite their challenges, kids with Down syndrome can go to regular schools, make friends, enjoy life, and get jobs when they’re older.
To understand why Down syndrome happens, you need to understand a little about chromosomes. What’s a chromosome? They are thread-like structures within each cell and are made up of genes. Genes provide the information that determines everything about people, from hair color to whether they are girls or boys.
Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. But a baby with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46) or one chromosome has an extra part. This extra genetic material causes problems with the way their bodies develop. Health Problems Are Common
Babies with Down syndrome tend to develop more slowly than other babies do. They may start walking later than other babies. About half are born with heart defects, which means there is something different with the way their hearts developed. Usually, these problems can be corrected by surgery.
Some babies also may have problems in their stomachs or a blockage in their intestines that prevents them from digesting food properly. Kids with Down syndrome are more likely to get infections that affect their lungs and breathing. When they do get infections, they often last longer. They may have eye or ear problems or digestion problems like constipation. Some may develop leukemia, a type of cancer. Each person with Down syndrome is different and may have one, several, or all of these problems.
We’ve mentioned a little about the features people with Down syndrome often have. In addition to the eyes and face, they may have small or misshapen ears, a large space between the big toe and the second toe, and a crease that goes across the palms of their hands. It’s important to note, though, that not all people with Down syndrome look alike or have all these features.
Do a Lot of People Have Down Syndrome?
About one out of every 800 babies born has Down syndrome, no matter what race or nationality the parents are. It is not contagious, so you can’t catch it from someone else. You are born with it. No one gets Down syndrome later in life.Now you know that Down syndrome is caused by a problem with a chromosome. You might already know that we get our chromosomes from our mother and father. Remember the 23 pairs of chromosomes – half are from your mom and half are from your dad.
But doctors aren’t sure why this chromosome problem happens to some babies. It’s nothing the mom or dad did before the child was born. Anyone can have a baby with Down syndrome. But the older the mother, the greater the risk.
Is There a Cure?
At one time, most kids with Down syndrome did not live past childhood. Many would often become sick from infections. Others would die from their heart problems or other problems they had at birth. Today, most of these health problems can be treated and most kids who have it will grow into adulthood.Medicines can help with infections and surgery can correct heart, stomach, and intestinal problems. If the person gets leukemia, there are medical treatments that can be very successful. Someone with Down syndrome has a good chance of living to be 50 years old or more.
Different therapeutic methods f.e. dolfintherapy can at least improve the attention and gain a better concentration, the patient is able to learn more and faster ,which improves the ives of people who have it.
What’s Life Like for Kids With Down Syndrome?
Many kids with Down syndrome go to regular schools and may attend regular classes. Some need special classes to help them in areas where they have more trouble learning. Their parents work with teachers and others to come up with a plan for the best way for each child to learn. Kids with Down syndrome like their playtime, too. They play sports and participate in activities, such as music lessons or dance classes.
Because they look different, some kids may tease or bully kids who have Down syndrome. But these kids have feelings just like anybody else. When they get teased, it hurts their feelings. They want to be accepted and have friends. If you know someone with Down syndrome, you can be a big help by not teasing him or her. Instead, offer a helping hand and a friendly word of encouragement.
You might wonder what kids with Down syndrome do after they graduate from high school. They often go to work. You may have seen a person with Down syndrome on the job – maybe helping in an office, a grocery store, or restaurant. In fact, they are known for their enthusiasm, reliability, and dedication. For all their hard work, they can feel a sense of accomplishment – and enjoy spending their paychecks! | <urn:uuid:5c77e50c-5e54-4be0-b043-1f5d1eb1bde8> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://dolphintherapy.eu/down-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.968863 | 1,047 | 3.609375 | 4 |
|Discards in the sole fishery has been a problem for several decades due to the small mesh size in the cod-end of the trawl. This is reflected in the discarding many species of which plaice belongs to that species in which the highest proportion of discards is found. A catch separation during the capture process is the best option for the survival of these often unwanted bycatch.
Separation of two flatfish species in a trawl is usually difficult because of the similar behavior. Sole and plaice differ quite strong in physical appearance and especially in stiffness of the body and sole has a stronger tendency to dive. This opens possibilities for catch separation with a horizontal separator panel. Preliminary tests with such a panel showed potential.
The test gear is the beam trawl. In this trawl, a separator panel is fitted to experimentally determine the extent to which sole and plaice can be separated. Since this experiment is still in an early stage, day trips are ideal. As such, after a brief experiment at sea, the necessary adjustments to the net can be made.
To investigate the separating capacity of the panel, the net is equipped with two cod-ends, one that collects the catch which is derived under the panel, and a second one that collects he catch which is guided above the panel. Of all commercial fish species in the catch, the length frequency is determined. For non-commercial fish and invertebrates, the volume is to be determined.| | <urn:uuid:4251f5ee-c447-459e-afc3-8c20be62fb66> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/midas/cruise.php?thiscamp=98 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829970.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00122-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952132 | 305 | 3.453125 | 3 |
As research tools improve, scientists are uncovering new genetic links to disease. Vancouver Coastal Health research scientist Dr. Kurt Haas and his team are trying to find the genetic origins of autism. Together with a larger group of scientists at the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, they are designing new technologies to tackle this problem. But they have a long road ahead of them—Haas says it is hard to imagine a more difficult research challenge.
“Unlike Cystic Fibrosis or Huntington’s disease that have a single gene causing the disease, autism has a very large number of genes associated with it—hundreds of genes in fact. We believe that errors in individual genes or a number of these genes working together in groups likely produce the different outcomes on the autism spectrum.”
Haas says this could explain why autism has such a wide range of manifestations and characteristics. People with autism can range from being highly intelligent to having severe intellectual disabilities. Behaviours can range from mildly impaired social interaction to aggressive, self-harming behaviour. The definition of autism has expanded in the past few years to take this spectrum of symptoms into account. Autism is now referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
It gets more complicated. Not only are there hundreds of genes associated with ASD, but each one of those genes has multiple mutations each found in different individuals with ASD. How to figure it all out? “Teamwork,” says Haas. His lab uses funding from the Simons Foundation to collaborate with six other labs at the University of British Columbia that are also researching the genetics of ASD. They are even building their own machinery to bulk sort and sift genes and specific mutations of each gene in order to identify and focus in on the ones at fault. Using robotics and state of the art software, Haas and his colleagues can now test thousands of gene mutations in the time it would have taken to examine one mutation just a few years ago.
“We’re testing up to a hundred mutations of any given gene to see if they result in protein malfunction. Then we funnel those with clear effects down into slower assays and try to hone in on how they disrupt brain development.”
Long road ahead has challenges and rewards
Even with the latest technology, and the best researchers, Haas cautions it will be a long time before any findings in the lab translate to ASD treatment or prevention.
“After we unravel the genetic complexity of this disease, we will still have to understand the molecular and cellular networks involved, and how gene mutations impact brain development. It could take decades," says Haas. "However, the rapidly advancing pace of technology development means that this goal may come more quickly than we expect.”
But Haas is not daunted. “I came to the study of autism as a basic developmental neuroscientist trying to understand how normal brain circuits develop. There is a beauty and fascination in understanding the fundamentals of brain formation and function. But, I had no idea it would be so complicated!”
Meeting families through a local autism support network has reinforced the importance of his research for Haas. About 60,000 people are affected by ASD in BC. Typically, ASD is diagnosed between two and three years of age, when behavioural signs become more apparent.
“One of the most impactful outcomes of our research will be earlier identification of autism, before symptoms appear. That would be hugely beneficial. When provided early, behavioural interventions show the most promising results.”
Haas says he is also inspired to keep working because he knows this research groundwork will have broader payoffs. “The tools we’re building and the processes we are setting up can be applied to other diseases too. It’s very exciting.” | <urn:uuid:c18aab5d-7111-495b-80aa-6e00e38c9cbc> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.vchri.ca/feature-stories/articles/2017/10/07/unravelling-genetic-puzzle-autism-spectrum-disorder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541307797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215070636-20191215094636-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.95396 | 776 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Is eating too many olives bad for you?
Olives are a tasty and versatile food that can be enjoyed in salads and pizzas as part of tapas spreads or eaten straight from the jar. But with their high-fat content, is eating too many olives bad for you?
The answer may surprise you. While olives contain healthy fats and offer some nutritional benefits, overindulging in them could lead to unwanted health consequences.
From weight gain to digestive issues to an increased risk of certain diseases, here's what you need to know about how eating too many olives could affect your health.
What are olives?
Olives are a fruit of the Oleaceae family from Mediterranean Asia Minor. They possess an edible fleshy drupe with a hard, inedible seed within their core.
Olives are consumed either fresh or in the form of oil. However, before they can be eaten, they must undergo special treatment due to their bitter taste caused by oleuropein.
Without this preparation, olives would remain unpalatable and unappetizing. Therefore, to protect yourself, it is essential to fight the temptation and abstain from eating olives directly from the tree.
Is eating too many olives bad for you?
Eating olives is not bad for you. They are nutritious, offering between 120 and 280 calories per 100 grams. This depends on the type of olive you choose; however, most olives provide moderate caloric intake overall. Thus, when eaten as part of a balanced and diverse diet, these foods will not cause weight gain.
While there is a common misconception that olives are highly fattening, this isn't true! Even though they contain fats, these healthy and beneficial polyunsaturated fats offer many advantages. So don't let anyone fool you into believing otherwise - olives are good for you!
We understand that moderation is essential. However, research has shown us that consuming up to 7 olives daily can promote cardiovascular health and provide additional vitamins and iron.
Overview of Olives and their Nutritional Benefits
Olives are incredibly nutritious, containing 70% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 99% of these are oleic acids (Omega 9). This high concentration of beneficial fats is the source behind their various health-promoting features.
The Mediterranean diet, which includes extra virgin olive oil and nuts, has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by 30%. This means that olive oil can help prevent heart disease. Olive oil also contains smaller amounts of Omega 3 and Omega 6.
By harvesting at the optimal time of ripeness, black olives boast an abundance of nutrients that promote overall health and well-being.
Olives are full of sodium but also have trace amounts of iron and calcium. However, it is the vitamins B & E that set olives as a superfood apart! Vitamin E guards our cells from oxidative damage, making it a valuable nutrient.
Not only does partaking in olives offer a delectable snacking experience, but it can also provide vital nutrients to your body!
Because the brine in which preserved olives produces a high sodium content, it's best for people with hypertension to limit their consumption.
It is also a source of vitamin A, which helps us to maintain a good state of tissues and sight. Its high fiber content makes it a satiating food that favors intestinal transit.
Olives are incredibly beneficial for our health, as they can help protect us from the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol or "bad" cholesterol) and their accumulation in our arteries. By doing so, olive consumption helps to prevent the hardening of arterial walls - ensuring optimal cardiovascular well-being!
Potential Health Risks of Eating Too Many Olives
As we have highlighted, olives can be high in sodium and should be consumed moderately by people with arterial hypertension.
To limit the sodium intake, it is best to rinse your olives in water and restrict yourself to 6-7 olives a day (25g). Doing so will ensure you remain healthy while indulging in this popular snack.
Different Types of Olives and Their Unique Flavors
Upon collection, olives have two potential paths: either to be processed as olive oil with different acidity levels or simply as table olives. Interestingly, some fruits can satisfy both categories!
There are wide varieties of green, brown, reddish, black, etc., depending on their color. The olives' degree of ripeness determines the colors the olive industry presents to us in the market.
While green olives are typically gathered before they reach peak ripeness, black olives require full maturity for harvesting. Therefore, green olives can generally be collected in September and October, whereas it takes a bit longer to harvest black olives.
Apart from the differences by color, you can choose from various types or varieties. Here's a list of some:
- Hojiblanca: They are similar to Manzanilla, but their flesh is somewhat harder, and the color is greenish to black.
- Arbequina: Light brown and fruity flavor is used as a table olive.
- Gordal: These giant olives are characterized by a robust flavor.
- Manzanilla: They are round and fleshy, with a soft consistency, small stone, and a typical flavor. They are smaller in size than the Gordals.
- Arbosana: They are small, rounded, and green.
- Blanqueta: Yellow to purple, with medium fat content. Their oil is characterized by being fluid and with a very fruity flavor.
- Picual: They are the most prominent source of olive oil in Spain. They are small but with a deep, sweet, musky, and slightly spicy flavor.
- Lechin: Low-fat content and difficult extractability. Its oil is fruity with a slight almond flavor.
- Changlot real: They are of medium size, grouped in clusters. With medium fat content and an oil characterized by being very fruity.
- Empeltre: Medium-sized fruit, easy release, high-fat content, and acceptable extractability.
- Cornicabra: High-fat content and good extractability. Its oil has a fruity and fragrant flavor with mild green, bitter, and spicy connotations.
Remember not to overindulge when consuming olives, and keep track of your intake. Eating too many olives can lead to an excessive sodium intake, which can cause hypertension or other heart-related issues.
So, enjoy your daily dose of olives, but don't forget to savor them in moderation! Olives are an excellent source of essential vitamins and minerals that will provide you with the necessary nutrients for a healthy lifestyle. Enjoy!
DISCLAIMER: buildyourbody.org does not provide medical advice, examination, or diagnosis.
Medically reviewed and approved by Nataniel Josue M D. | <urn:uuid:17be5795-5fe4-46f8-8366-ce2391e313f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://buildyourbody.org/is-eating-too-many-olives-bad-for-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00814.warc.gz | en | 0.950364 | 1,452 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Imagine traveling to six objects in the HDF. To estimate how long it will take to travel to each one, we need to determine their distances from Earth. This has been a difficult task for astronomers. At this time, they only have distance information for a few of the objects. From those few, we have selected six possible destinations.
Your job is to place the six objects in order, from nearest to farthest, according to their relative distances from Earth.
ESTIMATE DISTANCES TO THE SIX LABELED OBJECTS
Place them in order, from left (nearest) to right (farthest).
Use the dropdown menus to set the order. | <urn:uuid:5db557ca-a88f-4804-9b89-0de5316b8c6a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://deepfield.amazingspace.org/distance_wizard/one | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660871.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00115-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937434 | 144 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Education Minister Chaturon Chaisaeng has talked in general terms about his version of "education reform". But one crucial aspect of the reform must necessarily begin in the classroom.
A senior official at the ministry, in a recent radio interview, talked about introducing the “flipped classroom” concept for Thai students. He didn’t sound very confident about this new model of learning. But it was probably the first time that this method of “reverse teaching” was being considered as part of the country’s reform.
What exactly is a “flipped classroom?”
An education expert has defined the concept as a “reversed teaching model that delivers instruction at home through interactive, teacher-created videos and moves ‘homework’ to the classroom. Moving lectures outside of the classroom allows teachers to spend more one-on-one time with each student. Students have the opportunity to ask questions and work through problems with the guidance of their teachers and the support of their peers – creating a collaborative learning environment.”
This obviously is something new and probably alarming for most Thai teachers, who are used to the traditional method of “giving lectures” in the classroom and assigning “homework” for students after the class is over.
But Khan Academy founder Salman Khan, famous for his pledge of “free, world-class education for everyone, anywhere”, insists in his book “The One World School House: Education Reimagined” that “flipping the classroom” is in fact the most effective way to enable students to learn.
He says students learn at different rates. Attention spans tend to max out at about 15 minutes. The passive in-class lecture remains the dominant teaching mode, resulting in the majority of students being lost or bored at any given time, even when being taught by a great teacher.
The “flipped classroom” model can be summarised simply as: lecture at home (through watching videos or reading assignments) and “homework” in class. He insists that the use of technology has made a traditionally passive classroom interactive and personal because teachers adopting this teaching method can work with individual students who need help. That means teachers can form personal connections with students and at the same time get real feedback on how well each understands the lessons.
President of MIT Leo Rafael Reif, writing in Time magazine recently, cited a 2011 study co-authored by physics Nobel laureate Carl Wieman at the University of British Columbia that showed the benefits of digital learning: When tested on identical material, students taught through a highly interactive “flipped classroom” approach did nearly twice as well as peers taught via traditional lectures.
He quoted an eminent professor of physics from a peer university as explaining that although he loves lecturing and receives top ratings in student reviews, he had come recently to rethink his entire approach.
“Why? Because testing indicated that many students did not come away from his lecturers ready to apply the concepts he aimed to teach. By contrast, comparable students taught through online exercises – including immediate practice, feedback and reinforcement – retained the concepts better and were better prepared to put them into practice. With so much introductory material moving online, instructors can take time that was previously reserved for lectures and use it to exploit the power of innovative teaching techniques …” the MIT president wrote.
New technology has enabled the “reverse instruction” system to be adopted. This form of blended learning empowers students to learn new content online by watching video lectures wherever they are. What used to be “homework” is now done in class. The teacher’s role is thus changed: he doesn’t deliver lectures for students to take notes. He provides personalised guidance and interaction with students instead.
Is the Thai education system ready for this reverse learning style? Most students, I am sure, would welcome the change. The flipped classroom offers a new, more exciting way to learn. The problem isn’t with the students. It’s with teachers, most of whom, I suspect, would find the reversal an uphill task. Many would probably refuse to change for fear that they might lose the students’ respect.
But unless changes happen in the classroom, Thailand’s education reform will be stuck in the mud for a long, long time to come. | <urn:uuid:46a6a5e0-51ef-4d0c-895d-43aa01687244> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Education-reform-has-to-start-in-the-flipped-class-30222422.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816170516-20170816190516-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.963502 | 899 | 3 | 3 |
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
February 13, 2024
Dr. Carilyn Hoffman with Renown's Women's Health explains the symptoms, causes and treatments of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (also referred to as Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)), a prevalent condition among women of reproductive age that influences hormonal balance, metabolism and fertility.
Make an appointment with Renown Women's Health
PCOS is a constellation of symptoms characterized by two of the three criteria: multiple small cysts on the ovaries visible via ultrasound, irregular periods and signs of hyperandrogenism. Other symptoms include infertility, insulin resistance, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Symptoms of PCOS
The symptoms of PCOS can vary from woman to woman, but some of the most common include:
- Irregular menstrual cycles: This is often one of the first signs of PCOS. Women may experience fewer than nine periods a year, more than 35 days between periods, frequent spotting, and/or abnormally heavy periods.
- Excess androgen levels: High levels of male hormones may result in physical signs such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), severe acne and male-pattern baldness.
- Polycystic ovaries: Enlarged ovaries containing numerous small cysts can be detected via ultrasound.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but several factors may play a role:
- Genetic predisposition: A family history of PCOS increases the risk.
- Insulin resistance: High insulin levels might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation.
- Obesity: Women with elevated BMI’s are more likely to have PCOS, although 20% of women with PCOS are not obese.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Dr. Hoffman outlines that diagnosing PCOS requires a medical history review, a physical exam, blood work and an ultrasound to evaluate the ovaries. Treatment options can range from lifestyle modifications, like diet and exercise and weight loss, to medications for menstrual regulation, fertility assistance, and rarely surgery.
- A healthy lifestyle is a cornerstone of managing PCOS. Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and weight management can help reduce symptoms and the risk of long-term health issues. In overweight patients, weight loss as little as 5% has been shown to improve symptoms of PCOS.
- Medications may include hormonal contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles, anti-androgens to reduce hair growth and acne, and Metformin to address insulin resistance.
- For women with PCOS who are trying to conceive, ovulation induction with clomiphene or letrozole is sometimes necessary. Sometimes a referral to a reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist is needed for more advanced technologies like IVF.
PCOS is not just about cystic ovaries or irregular periods; it can have profound implications on a woman's overall health. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk for several conditions, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. | <urn:uuid:556a8347-9c12-4980-bfd1-36097105b5d5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.renown.org/blog/what-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.922462 | 640 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Since the business sector has discovered a connection between corporate health and worker productivity, meditation is now regarded as a crucial wellness exercise that can improve workplace outcomes. Meditation is one such wellness practice that has enormous spiritual advantages as well as being very beneficial for preserving one’s physical and mental well-being.
he ability to enter a more thinking mode, which is essential for making well-considered decisions, is one of the numerous advantages of meditation. Maintaining health and wellbeing at the workplace has grown to be of utmost importance in the corporate world, where workers now spend nearly a third of their lives at work.
Additionally, meditation can be simply included into one’s workday and practiced regularly. You only need 10 to 20 minutes per day to increase your resilience, reduce stress, control your emotions, and develop a positive outlook on life.
Key benefits of meditation
#1 Improves self-kindness
Studies have shown that practicing meditation has positive benefits on people’s self-reported sentiments of compassion and empathy as well as on demonstrable prosocial activities, such as increasing giving in an economics game or assisting a person in need.
#2 Lifts energy level
Meditation, as well as yoga, raises energy levels; if your exhaustion is caused, at least in part, by extra stress, practicing yoga or meditation as a regular form of “self-care” can make you more resilient to stressors.
#3 Reduces anxiety
Additionally, research has demonstrated that mindfulness meditation, as opposed to focusing solely on the breath, can lessen anxiety. These changes appear to be mediated by the brain regions connected to those self-referential (“me-centered”) thoughts.
#4 Enhances self-awareness
According to study that was published in the journal Biological Psychology, mindful self-awareness is connected to a reduction in the activation of brain areas connected to rumination.
#5 Increases resilience
You may use meditation to accomplish more than just calm your rushing thoughts; it can also make you think more quickly. You’ll be more able to adjust to situations that change quickly. It may be a crucial tool for fostering resilience. Without a doubt, reducing stress increases resilience.
#6 Strengthens intuition
The notion of intuition holds that humans make decisions without conscious, intellectual consideration. Many believe that this is the result of developing a sixth sense through mindfulness. Your intuitive abilities are meant to grow as a result of yoga, mindfulness, and meditation.
#7 Reduces overthinking
Meditation is similar to a mirror that allows you to examine deeply inside of yourself and how things are going in your life. Even a little meditation session allows you to observe your overthinking mind. Any negativity connected with it will disappear with this understanding.
#8 Improves social connection
By strengthening our sense of belonging and connection to others, meditation can increase our sentiments of compassion, empathy, and other positive emotions.
#9 Encourages compassion
Compassion meditation, also called karuna meditation, has its roots in Buddhist doctrine and urges practitioners to think compassionately. It is a technique for connecting with pain, both our own and that of others, and for bringing forth the compassion that is already present in each of us.
#10 Improves productivity
As already explained, it has been demonstrated that meditation increases productivity, general happiness, and job satisfaction. It can help a person achieve the best possible achievements at work, both on an individual and organizational level, and has a wide range of positive effects.
#11 Stimulates creativity
Three key abilities for creative problem solving are enhanced by mindfulness activities like meditation. First, meditation makes room for fresh thoughts. Second, mindfulness training enhances focus. And lastly, mindfulness cultivates bravery and fortitude in the face of resistance and setbacks. | <urn:uuid:eca0cac1-80b8-4eed-b2c1-62fa91654d86> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://safety4sea.com/cm-what-happens-when-you-meditate-daily-101-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.953708 | 782 | 2.640625 | 3 |
by Dale R. Glatfelter
This report is available as a pdf below
Equations are presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged sites on unregulated and nonurban streams in Indiana. The equations were developed by multiple-regression, analysis of basin characteristics and peak-flow statistical data from 242 gaged locations in Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. The State of Indiana was divided into seven areas on the basis of the regression analysis. A set of equations for estimating peak discharges with recurrence intervals of 2, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years was developed for each area. Significant basin characteristics in the equations are drainage area, channel length, channel slope, mean annual precipitation, storage, precipitation intensity, and a runoff coefficient. Standard errors of estimate for the equations range from 24 to 45 percent.
Methods are also presented for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at sites on gaged streams. Flood-frequency data based on observed peaks are given for 270 gaged locations. Twenty of these are on regulated streams, and six are on urban streams. Basin characteristics are also included car 245 of the gaged locations on unregulated and nonurban streams. No techniques are given for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at ungaged sites on regulated or urban streams.
A rainfall-runoff model was used to synthesize long-term peak data at 11 gaged locations on small streams. Flood-frequency curves developed from the long-term synthetic data were combined with curves based on short-term observed data to provide weighted estimates of flood magnitude and frequency at the rainfall-runoff stations.
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Last modified: Thursday, September 01 2005, 02:16:47 PM | <urn:uuid:8ad70812-5c7a-499d-8fa1-bde67241a0f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir_84-4134/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.941408 | 382 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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