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Interview: Jennifer Doudna
Distillations talks to biochemist Jennifer Doudna about the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9, the tool’s promise, and dangers of its misuse.
Biochemist Jennifer Doudna and her colleagues rocked the research world in 2012 when they described a simple way of editing the DNA of any organism using an RNA-guided protein found in bacteria. Discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology sharply accelerated work on human and nonhuman gene editing, helping researchers develop potential treatments for HIV, sickle-cell disease, and muscular dystrophy. Doudna, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, has become the public face of CRISPR and an advocate for robust public discussion of the ethical implications of gene editing. In November 2018 she visited the Science History Institute to give the annual Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture and receive the accompanying award. Before the talk Distillations writer Meir Rinde sat down with Doudna to find out what scientists can do with CRISPR, whether we should worry about designer embryos, and how to grow 500 tomatoes on a single plant.
This interview has been condensed and edited for clarity.
What do nonscientists and the public need to know about CRISPR and gene editing?
Maybe we could start with what I hope is an easy-to-understand explanation: what is gene editing? It’s a way of altering the DNA in cells, the code of life, if you will, in a precise fashion that allows things like changing DNA sequences that cause disease or introducing changes to DNA that allow scientists to understand what genes do and how they interact. You might say, “Well, that sounds cool, but it sounds really hard.” And it might sound like science fiction, and for a long time it was absolutely science fiction. And then over the last roughly 15 years or so, technologies for altering DNA sequences—and doing it precisely and inside of cells—have increasingly become available. Most recently, a technology known as CRISPR is the tool that has really opened up this area of science in a way that was not possible before. It’s a technology based on a bacterial immune system, [in which] bacteria find and cut up viral DNA, that is now being utilized to find and alter DNA sequences inside of cells or organs or even entire organisms.
So scientists now have a way not only to manipulate genes but also to really ask fundamental questions about the way whole genomes are organized—a genome is the entire DNA content of a cell or an organism—and also to get beyond research into actual applications. We’re now in an era where people are actually working and contemplating, in the not-distant future, a time when we can cure genetically caused diseases like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, sickle-cell anemia, Huntington disease, cystic fibrosis. These are all diseases that have a very well-defined genetic cause, but until recently it wasn’t possible to do anything about them. Now we have a technology that enables this. We’re entering an era where we can see these clinical opportunities coming along.
As far as using CRISPR for medical uses, where is that most advanced?
For practical reasons the areas that have advanced most quickly have been in applications in the blood. So sickle-cell disease has a well-documented genetic basis, and it’s appealing as a target for genome editing because it’s possible to take blood stem cells from a patient and alter them outside the body, verify that the editing is done correctly, and then put the cells back in. So that’s an application of genome editing that is probably the farthest along in terms of clinical development. But there are other things that maybe are not that far behind. I recently saw work presented from a lab in Texas that’s been studying Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which affects primarily young boys and is devastating. It causes muscle wasting and early death—again, a disease that has a well-known single gene that is defective. Very recently, the CRISPR technology was used to correct the disease-causing mutation for muscular dystrophy in dogs. This shows that in principle there’s a path forward for treating this disease, and not only treating it but actually curing it at the level of the DNA. It’s not at a point where it’s ready to go into humans yet because it needs to be thoroughly tested for safety and effectiveness, but I think we can anticipate that in the next 5 to 10 years, therapies and even cures like this are on the horizon.
[Interviewer’s note: In April 2019 patients were treated with a CRISPR-based therapy for the first time ever in the United States. NPR reported that researchers at the University of Pennsylvania treated two cancer patients who had relapsed after undergoing standard treatment, one for multiple myeloma and the other for sarcoma. Immune system cells were removed, genetically modified in the lab, and infused back into the patients. The results of the trial had not yet been released at the time of publication.]
You’ve mentioned some uses of the technology for crops and for production of chemicals. Can you talk about those?
The CRISPR technology has now been demonstrated in a wide range of crops and other kinds of plants. All of the major food crops—wheat, rice, sorghum—have been modified using CRISPR technology, until now mostly for proof of principle, showing that this is a technology that works in those kinds of organisms and cells. But in the not-distant future we’re all, I think, going to be starting to utilize these kinds of plants in our lives, whether it’s for food or other purposes.
If you think about the definition of gene editing—a precise way to alter DNA in cells—there is a really important distinction between what this technology enables and what’s been traditionally done for plant breeding. Humans have been altering plants for millennia, basically ever since the origin of agriculture. And how do they do it? Well, they breed plants—and today modern plant breeders use radiation or chemicals to randomly mutate the DNA of seeds—and then select the crops or plants that have desired traits. Who knows what the genetic changes are? They don’t ever map those. They just select for desired traits. Everything we eat is [genetically modified], if you think about it.
What’s exciting about the CRISPR technology is that we now have a way to make changes precisely. Increasingly we know the full DNA sequences in different kinds of plants, and increasingly we know genes that are responsible for particular traits. It takes many, many years to [make changes] by traditional plant breeding. You have to find the trait you want, and that takes a few years; and then you have to breed the plants so that they aren’t losing other traits that you want to maintain; and then you have to get that approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. So we’re talking typically 15 years until that plant is actually available.
[With CRISPR technology] we don’t have to do all of that. If we understand the genetics—and that’s sometimes a big if, but that’s something that is happening now on the research side—we have a technology that allows pretty fast changes to be made to DNA, and only in the genes that are of interest and not anywhere else. It’s precise, it’s accurate, and it’s fast.
I’ll give you one really cool example of what’s being done. A researcher at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York has been able to use CRISPR technology to change the number of fruits that are made by tomato plants. They’re all making the same kind of tomato that tastes the same from each of these plants, but some plants make one tomato, some plants make 500 tomatoes, and we’ve got all the variations in between. (I’m being probably a little bit hyperbolic.) And what has he done? Well, he figured out a way to alter the DNA in these plants so that you can dial up or dial down the number of flowers they make, and the flowers are what produce the fruits. If you look at the gene involved, it’s what we call a regulator, and it’s found in lots of other plants that are producing important crops. So you can start to envision ways to alter the crop yields in a precise fashion, and you could do that in a way that wouldn’t require 15 years of plant breeding.
Are there practical hurdles that still need to be overcome to reap the potential benefits of CRISPR technology? Certainly in medicine you’ve talked about how there’s still a lot of work to be done.
Yes, there are, and they really come down to probably two primary things and then lots of other aspects that need to be carefully evaluated. [One of] the two primary technical challenges currently [is] what I call delivery, meaning how do we get the gene-editing molecules into the cells where you want to edit the DNA? For example, plant cells have a cell wall, so it’s very hard to get molecules into those cells. And of course in people, if you wanted to give somebody a pill that would lead to gene editing, what would we do to allow the editors to get into a particular type of cell or organ, or get to the right place in the body and do that efficiently? So that’s very much at the bleeding edge of the technology, figuring that out.
CRISPR molecules are, effectively, working like scissors. They cut the DNA, but they don’t actually introduce the change to the DNA. That happens after the CRISPR enzyme makes the cut. The cell has to take over and repair the DNA. That’s the other major technological advance that is still unfolding. How to control the way DNA is repaired and also to make sure that it happens accurately, happens at the place where we want to introduce a change and not anywhere else. So really delivery and DNA repair are the two areas where lots of labs around the world are actively working to try to improve the technology.
Some of the other things that are cooking and will affect the use of the technology mostly revolve around societal impacts and decisions that have to be made. Things like how do we pay for the technology, especially for uses in the clinic? How do we make sure that people have access to it? How do we make sure that it’s safe and effective? And then how do you think about a technology for clinical use that really turns the whole paradigm for how we treat disease on its head? Because here we’re talking about something that at least ideally won’t be something you have to deliver many, many times; [a patient won’t] have to take a pill every day or every month. Instead it would be a one-time treatment where you make enough changes to enough cells that you permanently correct whatever was causing the disease.
Are concerns about designer embryos and similar issues overblown and a distraction, or not? And are there other issues we should be paying more attention to?
Like it or not, the time is coming when it will be possible, at least in some parts of the world, to modify human embryos. And you could imagine it happening at in vitro fertilization clinics, which by the way today offer parents the opportunity to not only create embryos but also to select for embryos that have certain genetic traits or don’t have certain genetic traits. So this is already possible.
What I think gene editing does is add another layer, which says, “What if now, in addition to selecting embryos, you could make other changes?” You could say, “Well, there are some changes that we would consider to be for health benefits, like getting rid of the Huntington disease gene.” A lot of people might say, “Yeah, if I could make sure that that was gone from my family line, I’d like to do that.” We could imagine other changes that would have to do with things like height, or eye color, or pick your favorite traits—musculature, or somebody who could be a great sprinter someday. What if you could make modifications that would ensure certain types of traits? How would we think about that? Is that a good idea? And there are a lot of complicated questions that come up. It raises the whole specter of eugenics. And then, of course, [there are] all of the other questions about safety and effectiveness.
Today, for the most part, it’s not possible to introduce those kinds of [trait] changes, even if we wanted to, because most of those types of traits are multigenic, and we don’t even know all the genes involved. But that will change over time as we understand more and more about our own human genetics and as the technology continues to advance. It will increasingly be possible to make those kinds of alterations.
Just so we’re clear, these are changes that become part of the entire person if they’re done at the level of an embryo, and they can be passed on to future generations. It really does mean having a tool that allows us to alter human evolution and who we are. It gets to fundamental questions for people. What happens when somewhere, somebody uses genome editing to create a modified person? That time is probably coming. How will people react, and will there be a backlash against the CRISPR technology? Or will some people say, “Hey, that’s cool, I want to fly to that part of the world and have my kids there so I can do this?” I don’t know.
I think it is very important to be discussing [these topics], even though it would take many, many decades for this [technology] to affect a large fraction of people on the planet. The impact is in the future but still needs to be grappled with right now.
I do think that there are other applications of gene editing that are going to have a more short-term impact potentially, [such as] gene drives, which [drive] a genetic trait quickly through a population. This has been discussed in particular for use in insects like mosquitoes or even ticks that spread disease and have a huge human health impact worldwide. What if you could modify mosquitoes and do it in a way that would affect large populations of mosquitoes so they were no longer able to spread disease? Seems like a good thing. The question is, what would be the environmental impact of this? Could there be unintended consequences of using a gene drive? Could it get out of control so that you couldn’t turn it off?
Scientists are right now grappling with some of these questions, even as interest in gene drives is advancing. I recently did a quick Google search for how much money is going into gene drives and just for publicly announced efforts [found] $250 million has already been invested. This is from Tata Industries in India, the Gates Foundation, and I think the Wellcome Trust as well. And there are many, many other people and groups that are working in smaller ways on gene drives. So it’s a very active area.
When you talk to your peers about the ethics issues and the care needed with this kind of technology, what is their response? Do bench scientists trouble themselves with these kind of concerns, or are they focused on what they’re doing and have a blind spot to the bigger ramifications?
I don’t think I’ve met any scientist who will say, “I don’t care about that.” They’ll all say, “Yeah, that’s important, we need to be thinking about this.” But I think that science, the culture of science, and maybe the type of people who become scientists—and I’m putting myself in this category, too—we love what we do, and we don’t necessarily love the public spotlight. For many scientists it’s uncomfortable to get outside of the lab and start talking about things that might be controversial, might be political, might cause people to say, “Hey, I don’t like that. I don’t like that idea, or I don’t like what scientists are doing.” That’s just something that is almost intrinsic to the whole culture of science, and I see that in myself.
Before the CRISPR work came along, I certainly wasn’t doing any interviews or public lectures or anything like that. Partly because probably nobody cared what I was doing but also because I was, like many scientists, interested in doing the next experiment. That’s what I find with scientists, even [those] who are very actively working in the CRISPR area. For many of them they’re so excited about the next experiment, thinking about where the technology is going, or developing it for a particular application, that they don’t really want to take the time away from their efforts to be involved in these public discussions. This is where having organizations like the National Academies of Science, the Royal Society, and groups like that in other countries engaging with scientists, holding meetings to discuss these topics, [is important]. And then groups like the Science History Institute, encouraging public engagement with science and [encouraging] scientists to come in and talk about their work with people who are not experts.
You didn’t have to start giving public talks on CRISPR. You could have stayed in your lab and done your research.
People have said to me that I became the public face of CRISPR. It happened almost by default, [in part] because nobody else wanted to do it. [Laughs.] I grew up in a very intellectual family. My father was a professor of American literature at the University of Hawaii. He was a true intellectual. He loved ideas, he loved reading, and he read all sorts of books about science, even though he wasn’t a scientist. We went to all kinds of movies when I was growing up, and read books, and had dinner-table discussions about all kinds of topics. Through that I really came to feel that one has a moral responsibility that goes along with work that you do. It doesn’t matter what kind of work you’re doing, but if you have knowledge, or if you’ve been involved in, frankly, developing something that’s going to have a societal impact, I think you have a responsibility to discuss it, explain it, and be part of the conversation that happens as an outcome of that. I really felt that very deeply. Eventually that overrode my own personal reluctance to take on a more public role because nobody else seemed to want to do it.
Also, I felt like I [wasn’t] going to feel good about myself if I let all of this happen without ever getting out and discussing the implications. And I was curious. What will people think about this? Will they like it, not like it? I’ve had just an incredible opportunity to meet all sorts of people and discuss this topic with them over the last few years.
Technology tends to run ahead of regulation, oversight, and enforcement in all kinds of fields. Do we have the structures in place that we will need when it comes to CRISPR and gene editing?
We’re fortunate that in the 1970s scientists involved in [what was] basically described as molecular cloning, meaning being able to make copies of particular pieces of DNA or genes, had to grapple with the challenges that technology presented. There was a fear that if you are engineering the DNA of bacteria that naturally grow in the human gut, could you, inadvertently perhaps, create a situation where those gut bacteria are now making a toxin or something else that’s harmful to health? Based on that concern, scientists got together at a now famous meeting called the Asilomar meeting [Asilomar Conference] in California, and that led ultimately to a series of guidelines that are still in place in the U.S. and that have been adopted by a number of other countries, for controlling and regulating the use of molecular cloning. That really led to the modern era of molecular biology. Frankly, a lot of those regulations pertain very nicely to genome editing as well.
But I do think human embryo editing, agricultural applications, and uses in environmental settings or organisms, those three kinds of applications do require particular attention and ultimately will require their own guidelines or regulations or even legal decisions that [will] have to be made about when, and how, and where [they can be used].
There are already people, “body hackers,” who put RFID [radio-frequency identification] chips, or magnets, or whatever under their skin to let them do various things. Could an individual someday use CRISPR as a body-hacking tool, to change their eye color or something more serious?
Oh, maybe, but that’s very much still in the realm of sci-fi. There was one story in Wired magazine about somebody who tried to inject their muscle cells with CRISPR so they could create more dense muscle tissue. Needless to say, it didn’t work, and it didn’t work for some of these technical reasons discussed earlier. Will it ever be possible? I never say never, but it’s not on the horizon right now. And making changes to eye color—there are easier ways to do that. Contact lenses, for example. I guess I’m not too worried about people focusing on those sorts of uses.
Chinese researchers edited genes in a human embryo to treat Marfan syndrome. Can you talk about the Chinese perspective and anything you’ve learned about cultural attitudes? Why did the Chinese race ahead?
I think it’s a combination of things. The Chinese government is putting a lot of funding into science, including everything from fundamental scientific discovery all the way through various kinds of applications. So there are just a lot of people working in areas of science and technology right now in China. And I think that there are definitely cultural differences in the way that countries or various jurisdictions will view technology and the way it’s applied. That’s one of the things that we see not just with CRISPR. And then there’s the very human desire to be first, to be a leader, to be seen as out in front in an important area of science. That drives lots of science forward, not just in China but anywhere. But I think in China there is a desire to get out in front in an important area. This is clearly an area where there’s a lot of attention, and whoever does human embryo editing, or does it first, or does it best, rightly or wrongly they’re going to attract a lot of media attention. There’s no doubt about it. I think for some people that’s a motivator.
[Interviewer’s note: In November 2018, after Doudna’s visit to the Science History Institute, Chinese scientist He Jiankui announced that he had helped make the world’s first genetically edited babies. He said he altered embryos for seven couples, resulting so far in the birth of twin girls. His goal was to remove the CCR5 gene and so make the newborns resistant to infection with HIV. The scientific community roundly condemned He, and Chinese authorities launched an investigation. “His reckless experimentation on the girls in China not only shattered scientific, medical and ethical norms, it was also medically unnecessary: while the girls’ father is HIV-positive, it’s rare for fathers to pass on the virus to their children, and if they do, potent drugs can now control the infection,” Doudna wrote in Time in April 2019.] | <urn:uuid:a982bada-2468-483a-9745-2ce80aaae6d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/interview-jennifer-doudna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.962793 | 5,039 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In 2009, President Bush created an 87,000-square-mile marine sanctuary in the Pacific. Now, his successor wants to expand the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument to 782,000 miles, a move that would double the area of protected ocean worldwide, the Washington Post reports. The marine sanctuary would be the world's biggest, surrounding seven US islands and atolls and stretching into waters up to 200 nautical miles off their coasts. President Obama is due to announce the proposal today; after a public comment period designed in part to "fully understand the commercial activity out there," he would use his executive powers to make it a reality later this year.
Among the upsides: The number of underwater mountains being protected would increase five-fold, and five types of threatened sea turtles would be handed a safe haven. It would also safeguard what one National Geographic explorer-in-residence calls "the closest thing I've seen to the pristine ocean." But not all groups are likely to be pleased: The protections would ban energy exploration and fishing, and the region is responsible for some 3% of US-caught tuna in the western and central Pacific, the Post notes. Bush allowed sport fishing to continue in the area when he established the initial monument, and tuna fishermen are likely to raise opposition. Republicans are already doing so: "It’s another example of this imperial presidency,” says House natural resources chair Doc Hastings. | <urn:uuid:8f60fadd-a517-4acc-a9f0-63de7cbec8fa> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.newser.com/story/188564/obama-may-create-earths-biggest-ocean-sanctuary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095184.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00309-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959727 | 290 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This subject area includes oral communication, listening comprehension, reading, spelling, handwriting, vocabulary development, and all elements of written expression including grammar, usage, and mechanics.
The Language Arts program is geared toward the individual needs of students through small group instruction and one-to-one instruction. Instruction incorporates multi-sensory techniques, and strategies are taught to accommodate varying individual learning styles. Speech and Language Pathologists work with both teachers and students in order to address the oral communication and listening comprehension needs of students. Teachers incorporate technology in their daily lessons. Language Arts is woven into instruction throughout the school day.
The early stages of reading and spelling begin with phonological awareness followed by systematic sequential instruction of decoding and encoding skills. Once a solid foundation of decoding skills is established, emphasis is placed on reading fluency and comprehension skills. Development of reading in the content areas and in the elements of literature is strengthened as students progress. Reading Support teachers provide additional instruction for those students who are recommended.
Mathematics instruction begins with the development of the concept of number and progresses through the study of algebra. The focus is placed on conceptual understanding of mathematics, computation and estimation skills, application of mathematical knowledge to solve problems, and quantitative reasoning. Learning strategies are taught in conjunction with problem solving methods. Additionally, students learn to read and interpret graphs, to make graphs, and to use graphing as a means of solving equations and inequalities. While mathematics is taught as a separate class, it is also integrated throughout the curriculum.
Classroom experiences go beyond the presentation of mathematical content. With a strong emphasis on the language of mathematics as a vital component of both instruction and problem solving activities, teachers work with small groups of students or individuals. To facilitate each student’s success, organizational and manipulative materials as well as numerous visuals are incorporated into the mathematics program. Students also experience hands-on learning through technology. Tools such as the calculator, the computer and the SMART Board are used to graph linear equations, to write about mathematics, to develop personalized proofreading checklists and study guides, and to engage in various learning activities, such as the Stock Market Game and websites such as coolmath.com and aplusmath.com.
Instructional textbooks and materials include programs of direct instruction, spiral programs, which include review in every lesson, as well as programs which represent a traditional approach. Teachers customize the selection of materials to match the students’ individual learning styles.
Classes in the Lower and Middle Divisions have a regularly scheduled library period each week with the Pilot School librarian. The time is divided into three segments: fifteen minutes to choose new books, fifteen minutes of "book talks" and/or library instruction, and fifteen minutes of "story time."
Students are encouraged to borrow books, one non-fiction and one fiction, for independent reading each week. These books are due the following week, but that time is extended, if necessary.
The book talks are short critiques of books that the children have read. Some students may complete a book talk each week; others may do only one a semester. Each child must do at least two per year. These talks help students feel comfortable giving class presentations and also help them to learn how to be good listeners. During these discussions the students become acquainted with different genres of literature and the techniques that different authors use. Older children learn to identify the unique characteristics of each genre.
Specific library skills are integrated into each period. These skills begin with knowing that each book has a library "address" or call number. Students also learn to use the computer independently to locate books in the library. When teachers assign specific research projects, students in all divisions use the library as a resource.
Each library class ends with a storytime. For the younger classes, short picture books are read and discussed. Older children are exposed to longer works by recognized authors and to folktales and legends. During this time, students again discuss genres of literature and different literary techniques used by the authors.
The main goal of the Library curriculum at Pilot is to allow each student to understand the pleasure that can be derived from books and to develop confidence using research tools that libraries have to offer.
The curriculum, developed in conjunction with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), cycles in three rotating phases: Earth Science, Life Science/Ecology, and Physical Science/Chemistry. Students learn about various topics through demonstrations, hands-on labs, interactive games, lectures, discussion, selected readings, and non-fiction video programs. The scientific method, a vital component integrated throughout the program, is taught both directly and indirectly.
Social studies is taught through units of study and is integrated into the entire curriculum across all grade levels. In the Lower and Middle Divisions, social studies is presented in both individual classrooms and in groups of two to three classes. Topics in the Lower Division revolve around the calendar encompassing holidays, customs, traditions, and certain celebrated dates, such as Martin Luther King Day, Earth Day, and Memorial Day. In the Middle Division, topics of study often include Delaware history, United States and world geography, African American history, and women’s history.
Upper Division social studies is a separate subject taught three times a week by a qualified history educator. The focus of instruction is American history beginning with the early explorers and continuing into the twentieth century. In addition, elements of geography, political science, ancient history, and current events are incorporated into their studies.
For all divisions, high interest, hands-on projects and computer activities enhance the learning experience. Field trips to local museums, historic sites, and educational events extend and solidify learning.
Students in all three divisions have scheduled art classes once a week. The students are provided with
the opportunity to work with three-dimensional media such as clay, wire, wood, recyclables, and various found objects as well as participate in many diverse, structured activities including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, weaving, and. Elements of art, design, and art history are incorporated into the curriculum, and students are offered an additional six hours of art each week if enrolled in the After School Program.
Age appropriate skills are taught, and students are then encouraged and supported while working individually on projects of their own design. Classroom artwork is connected with curricular projects including those for Math, Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies. The Art Program helps develop and expand each student’s creativity, fine motor integration, art making skills, mutual respect, and self-esteem. Group projects help students work as a team towards a shared goal, and the importance of listening during conversation is continual and a vital objective.
Students' work is displayed within the school on an ongoing basis throughout the year. Some pieces become part of Pilot’s permanent collection and remain on the walls. The school participates in the Delaware Association of Independent School’s Middle School Art Show each spring.
Three to four homerooms from the same division are scheduled together for Physical Education. The students are regrouped according to swimming and physical skill levels. One group has Aquatics in the school swimming pool, while
another group is in the large gymnasium for instruction. An Adaptive Physical Education group is often scheduled in the small gym, depending upon the activities planned for the day. Each class period includes a warm-up, skills instruction, and games.
The Physical Education program includes six 4-week units, with “Presidential Fitness Testing” incorporated into the classes throughout the year. A six-week unit at the end of the school year focuses on recreational activities such as bowling, badminton, or golf.
Other opportunities for physical activity and fitness include:
Morning recess for Lower and Middle Division
Lunch recess for all students
Physical Education in Our Schools Month (May)
Adaptive Physical Education throughout the year
Occupational and Physical Therapies
One-hour daily activity period in June
Lower Division Yoga
After School Sports
Three sessions of after school sports are offered to all students in the Upper Division. Students may volunteer to participate in soccer in the fall, basketball during the winter, and intramural volleyball in the spring. For some students, this provides a first opportunity for team participation; for others, further development of team-playing skills. Scrimmages that involve players of approximately matching abilities are arranged with local independent schools.
All students are encouraged to participate in Run Club to help build endurance and to teach perseverance and goal setting. Run Club is a voluntary activity offered to all students. It is held during lunch recess for a 15 to 20 minute period. Children choose a goal, decide a distance to run daily, and continue until that goal is reached. The daily distance chosen can be 1/2 mile, 1 mile, 1 1/2 miles or 2 miles. The Physical Education teachers and assisting staff keep a record of the students’ achievements. As runners reach a goal, they are recognized at a Monday morning Opening. | <urn:uuid:bee1f777-dfab-4db4-816e-0906fe950e11> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.pilotschool.org/our-program/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315681.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820221802-20190821003802-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.954383 | 1,841 | 3.84375 | 4 |
How We Use Our Brain’s GPS To Navigate
A new study found that at the beginning of a journey, one region of the brain calculates the straight line to the destination — the distance “as the crow flies” — but during travel a different area of the brain computes the precise distance along the path to get there.
The findings upend previous thinking, which was that the brain either calculates a route or calculates the straight line to a destination. By showing that the brain does both, the new study shows that not only are both ideas correct, but the two should be integrated.
For the study, published in Current Biology, Dr. Hugo Spiers and his research team at University College London used film footage to recreate the busy streets of Soho in London inside an MRI scanner. Volunteers were asked to navigate through the district, famous for its winding roads and complex junctions, while their brain activity was monitored.
The researchers then analyzed brain activity during the different stages of the journey: Setting course for the destination, keeping track of the destination while traveling, and decision-making at street junctions.
The researchers found that activity in the entorhinal cortex, a region essential for navigation and memory, was sensitive to the straight-line distance to the destination when first working out how to get there.
By contrast, during the rest of the journey, the posterior hippocampus, also famous for its role in navigation and memory, became active when keeping track of the path needed to reach the destination, the researchers reported.
The results also revealed what happens in the brain when we use satellite navigation (Sat Nav) or a handheld GPS to get to a destination. By recording brain activity when participants used Sat Nav-like instructions, the researchers found that neither of the brain regions tracked the distance to the destination and, in general, the brain was much less active.
“Our team developed a new strategy for testing navigation and found that the way our brain directs our navigation is more complex than we imagined, calculating two types of distance in separate areas of the brain,” Spiers said.
“These findings help us understand the mechanisms by which the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex guide navigation. The research is also a substantial step towards understanding how we use our brain in real world environments, of which we currently know very little.”
The results also might explain why London taxi drivers famously end up with an enlarged posterior hippocampus, he noted.
“Our results indicate that it is the daily demand on processing paths in their posterior hippocampus that leads to the impressive expansion in their grey matter,” he explained.
The findings also provide insight into the underlying biology of mental health conditions that affect memory, according to Dr. John Williams, head of clinical activities, neuroscience and mental health at the Wellcome Trust, which funded the study.
“The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are among the first regions to be damaged in the dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease and these results provide some explanation as to why such patients struggle to find their way and become lost,” he said. “Combining these findings with clinical work could enable medical benefits in the future.”
Source: Wellcome Trust
Wood, J. (2015). How We Use Our Brain’s GPS To Navigate. Psych Central. Retrieved on March 23, 2018, from https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/06/08/how-we-use-our-brains-gps-to-navigate/70946.html | <urn:uuid:682ab6dc-b1d3-4afa-b16b-679f0fa3b506> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/06/08/how-we-use-our-brains-gps-to-navigate/70946.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323083246-20180323103246-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.937425 | 732 | 3.953125 | 4 |
The patent describes a technique that uses data generated by vibration sensors (known as MEMS accelerometers) within computer hard disk drives to accurately and precisely conduct post-event analysis of seismic events, such as earthquakes. The invention also uses sensor data to assess and provide early warnings for tsunamis, which can follow earthquakes that occur at the ocean floor. Another benefit of this invention is the ability to rapidly measure and analyze the damage zone of an earthquake to help prioritize emergency response needed following an earthquake.
While the physics of earthquakes and earthquake detection is a well understood science, the seismograph technology used in this process is distributed over a broad area around the world. Consequently, earthquake data is limited to a few geographical locations and little post-event analysis is available to aid emergency response. In addition, the seismographs do not provide fine-grained data about where emergency response is needed and cannot predict impending events, such as tsunamis.
This can change and improve the effectiveness and timeliness of post-event rescue efforts in cities and other locations where efficient emergency response is essential following a natural disaster. It also provides a means to accurately predict the location and timing of subsequent catastrophic events, which will aid evacuation efforts.
The invention accomplishes this prediction by collecting hard drive sensor data and transmitting it via high speed networking to a data processing center, which can analyze the data, classify the events, and enrich the data -- in real time. Through this analysis, it can be determined exactly when a seismic event started, how long a seismic event lasted, the intensity of a seismic event, the frequency of motion of a seismic event, direction of motion of a seismic event, etc. The information is then delivered to decision makers for action, including the emergency response representatives, such as police, firefighters, the Federal Emergency Management Agency or other service providers.
U.S. Patent #7,693,663 was issued to inventors Robert Friedlander and James Kraemer | <urn:uuid:fffca336-2134-4eda-8e59-e977af9c35e3> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://ibmresearchnews.blogspot.com/2010/07/inventors-corner-us-patent-7693663.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.940129 | 395 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Hypertension drug shows promise in liver disease
New York: A drug used to lower blood pressure within a system of veins and inflammation could effectively treat a potentially life-threatening condition of the liver, say researchers, including one of the Indian origin.
The study on mice showed that the drug sivelestat may lower portal hypertension — associated with cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases — thereby improving symptoms and its outcomes.
Portal hypertension is a condition where there is an increase in pressure within the portal vein that carries blood from abdominal organs to the liver.
While there are therapies to treat some forms of liver diseases, including hepatitis C and autoimmune hepatitis, options have been limited for treating portal hypertension.
“Sivelestat has been safely used in humans with acute lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This suggests sivelestat and similar drugs constitute a potential means to decrease portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease,” said Vijay Shah, gastroenterologist at Mayo Clinic in the US.
The study, published in the journal Gastroenterology, showed deposits of a blood clot-causing protein contributed to portal hypertension.
Fibrin was formation by inflammatory cells known as neutrophils, which when slowed by sivelestat were able to decrease portal hypertension.
“The study paves the way for developing new drugs and repurposing of existing compounds to target inflammation in the liver driven by disease-related mechanical forces,” said Moira Hilscher, researcher at the varsity.
Although the study was obtained from mouse models, it was also confirmed in liver samples from humans. | <urn:uuid:64081679-c508-4942-b8a1-2a783edd9ce8> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://odishatv.in/health/hypertension-drug-shows-promise-in-liver-disease-359916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572896.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190924083200-20190924105200-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.942563 | 338 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We get so excited to see that first little tooth poke its way out of our baby’s gums, but as all parents know, the process of getting to that point can be rough. Seeing our little ones in discomfort, feeling unsure of how to soothe their cries, and trying to keep them from putting everything they can get their hands on into their mouths––these are the hallmarks of teething.
Here’s what you need to know about your baby’s first teeth.
When Do Babies Start Teething?
Teething is a long process, so while teeth don’t begin to emerge until a baby 4-7 months old, you may begin to see signs of teething well before that first tooth appears. Around the age of 2, all of your child’s baby teeth should have erupted.
What Are the Signs of Teething?
The telltale sign of teething is drooling. Your baby will start drooling a lot more than usual, even soaking through a few bibs each day. To soothe their itchy gums, babies will gnaw on their toys, hands, blankets, and anything else within arms’ reach.
As teeth near eruption, you’ll see an increase in fussiness and irritability. A baby who was previously a good sleeper may start waking up several times a night again or have trouble falling asleep. Loss of appetite is a typical sign of teething too.
It’s an old wives’ tale that fever and diarrhea are symptoms of teething. According to the American Dental Association, these are not normal signs of teething; if your baby has either of these symptoms or a rash, you should call your pediatrician. Because teething babies have a habit of putting their mouths on things, it’s easier for them to pick up stomach bugs and other viral illnesses, which may be why many people believe runny noses, fever, and diarrhea are associated with teething.
Are There Ways to Soothe Teething Problems?
Do not use homeopathic teething products for your baby––the FDA cautions against them. The FDA also advises parents to avoid teething gels and creams that contain benzocaine and teething jewelry, which poses a choking hazard.
So what can you do to help a teething child? A firm rubber teething ring is the best option. You can also use a clean finger to gently massage your baby’s gums. Cold pacifiers and clean washcloths soaked in cool water can provide comfort too. If these options do not help, contact your child’s pediatrician––they may recommend a small dose of a children’s pain reliever like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
When Should Babies Start Seeing a Dentist?
We recommend starting good oral hygiene habits even before a baby’s first tooth emerges. Use a small wet washcloth to clean gums morning and night, then switch to a soft silicone toothbrush as teeth begin to erupt. Schedule a dental visit around your child’s first birthday to make sure their teeth are healthy and emerging without any problems.
Schedule Your Child’s First Dental Exam
Contact us at 908-735-6300 to schedule an appointment at our Annandale, NJ pediatric dental office. We look forward to meeting you and your little one! | <urn:uuid:58f557fd-7864-4fd3-8fe8-b8c9701b35ed> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.clintonkidsdentist.com/coping-with-teething-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.931145 | 723 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Written by Emma Marriott
In the summer of 1997, a ceremony was held in Hong Kong, marking the official transfer of sovereignty to the People’s Republic of China, ending 157 years of British rule.
Chris Patten, Hong Kong’s last colonial governor, departed from the Government House in Hong Kong on the 1st July 1997, and made the historic and iconic trip back to the HMY Britannia. Patten had been held in high esteem and he began his departure speech, ‘Today is a day of celebration, not sorrow’, concluding that Britain’s relationship with its former and friendly colony would not have a sour undertone.
Britain had acquired Hong Kong Island from China almost by accident. In the 18th and 19th Century, China had sealed itself off from the world, allowing limited trade under the Canton System, ensuring that Canton was the only port which operated trade in China. In 1841, China had obstructed British merchants at Canton, confiscating their opium stocks which were being brought over from India. Palmerston, the British Foreign Secretary, who was an advocate of free trade, dispatched a British force under Admiral George Elliot to the Orient. The initial instruction was to gain an apology and compensation from the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. During a series of ‘gunboat diplomacy’ where the British Royal Navy showed its strength in Chinese waters, and the first Opium War (1839-42), Henry Pottinger won over the city of Chusan, in Zhejiang Province. Chusan was thus later exchanged for the island of Hong Kong. Ironically, although it seemed that Palmerston had achieved an open trade route to China, when he found out, seven months later, Pottinger was dismissed, and British traders and merchants had taken settlement and seeded their economic roots in Hong Kong.
Thus in 1842, with the signing of the treaty of Nanking at the end of the first Opium War (1839-42). Hong Kong was ceded as a crown colony from the Qing Empire. However, incomplete control over the Hong Kong harbour was an unsatisfactory trade for Britain, and they demanded that China cede Kowloon Peninsula after the second Opium War (1856-60). Britain’s hold on the island and its surrounding territory grew in 1898, as the New Territories of Hong Kong, together with 235 islands, were leased to Britain for 99 years, from July 1st, 1898.
Although China wanted to take back Hong Kong before the lease was over, the Kuomintang (The Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party (Led by Mao Zedong) had their own home territory issues during the 20th century. Britain regained control after the Second WorldWar, after the Japanese had occupied it for three years and eight months. Hong Kong’s shifting demographics became significant during the upheaval in China following the Communist succession in 1949, where it became a haven for thousands of Chinese refugees escaping Communist rule. Throughout the 70s, the murmur of independence developed in Hong Kong, however, much of the Hong Kong population, many of whom were economic, political or war refugees from the Chinese Civil War and the Communist regime in mainland China, wished to sustain the ‘status quo’.
Sino-British relations deteriorated from 1992 until the handover, due to the appointment of Chris Patten. Patten instigated a series of reforms which were designed to give the people of Hong Kong a greater voice on the political platform through the Legislative Council – LegCo. Beijing attempted to obstruct Patten’s reforms, and attempted to curb the student-led democracy movement in 1989. Echoes of the recent Umbrella Revolution in Hong Kong in 2014? China saw Patten’s reforms as a betrayal of Britain’s promises to manage the transition as an exercise in which Hong Kong has no voice of its own.
The ceremony in the summer of 1997 ended the accumulation of a thirteen-year deal, which had been initiated by the Sino-British Joint Declaration of the Question of Hong Kong, in December 1984. This agreement specified that Hong Kong would have a high level of autonomy, apart from in matters of foreign relations and defence. Following the departure of Chris Patten from the Government House, five-hundred People’s Liberation Army vehicles crossed the Chinese-Hong Kong border, replacing any British troops that were still on the island. The troops were deployed as garrison forces symbolizing the reassertion of China’s sovereignty. President Jiang, the first mainland Chinese head of state to visit Hong Kong since 1842, reassured Hong Kong residents that China would carry out the “one country, two systems” plan of local autonomy. China received huge amounts of criticism and was put under international scepticism with their pledge to stay true to their saying ‘One Country. Two Systems’.
Just before midnight on the 30th June 1997, the British national flag and the Hong Kong colonial national flag, were lowered slowly down with the hum of ‘God Save the Queen’ in the background, symbolising the end of British colonial rule in Hong Kong. | <urn:uuid:b54ca53c-c6c9-449a-b624-16ee1c5614b7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://retrospectjournal.com/2017/09/29/the-1997-hong-kong-handover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066981.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416130611-20210416160611-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.973879 | 1,057 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Many people take a quotation-centered approach to their study of the Book of Mormon, according to the author of “Beholding the Tree of Life.” While thMany people take a quotation-centered approach to their study of the Book of Mormon, according to the author of “Beholding the Tree of Life.” While this method is useful for talks and lessons, it reduces the Book of Mormon to a collection of scriptural sound bites while ignoring its value as a literary work, or selecting the parts over the whole. Kramer proposes that a rabbinic approach is also appropriate because the Book of Mormon is a story of Jews in exile written not only for the descendants of the Nephites and Lamanites, but also for modern Jews, who would be most familiar with rabbinic methodology.
Most students of the Book of Mormon are unfamiliar with a rabbinic approach, so the author has provided detailed information and examples of this method. He contends that study of the Book of Mormon requires sustained mental effort, attention to details, consideration of deeper levels and alternative perspectives, a connection with other works of scripture, experience with God, and the creation of a personal divine relationship with the book rather than integration of textual information.
The view of works of scripture as multi-layered texts is common, but Kramer goes further, explaining that as rabbis study Hebrew Scriptures, they work at four levels, called peshat, remez, derash, and sod. Each requires a level of devotion and gives the student a different result.
Peshat involves the hard work required to not only determine the literal meaning, but to examine details and put them in context. Peshat can be seen in Lehi’s life as he studied the plates of brass and lived his life in accord with what he learned.
Further understanding comes through remez as the reader works to comprehend allegories, and understand ideas. Nephi’s explanation of Lehi’s dream of the allegory of the tree of life is an example of remez, as he moves beyond the surface meaning to the principles and truths contained therein.
Sermons leading to a better life are found in derash. The student of the scriptures must seek for the lessons beyond the original setting through this living art form. Nephi encouraged his readers to liken the scriptures unto ourselves, which is the essence of derash.
The final level is the mystical one of sod. This is where the scriptural scholar learns of God. While this approach is different in English than with Hebrew Scriptures because of the nature of the languages, we can still take this approach with the Book of Mormon, as noted by King Benjamin as he stated that the scriptures contained the mysteries of God.
The rabbinic approach is not for the casual reader, so Kramer provides details on how to read closely. He explains the importance of considering opening sentences as they set the tone and often have deeper meaning that what we see. The importance of context is identified through the contiguity principle, which states there is no meaning in isolation. Kramer also encourages the reader to consider similarities and differences between accounts of the same events and learn from the comparisons. He states that we should strive to understand the purpose behind repetition and redundancies as well as word order.
Additional suggestions made by the author include reading with others to help improve our experience with God, and looking at the roots of the Book of Mormon. As we understand its relationship to other scriptures, we receive additional witnesses of the truth and affirm words of the prophets. In addition, we are then able to see what we believed to be academic points, such as the Nephite experiences with kings into principles such as the societal dangers of having a king. Comprehension of historical context also helps with application to modern life and the significance of events such as Moses as a type for Christ.
Many may choose to argue that guides such as Kramer’s work are not required as the Holy Ghost is the only assistance required to understand the scriptures. He argues that guides, such as prophets, have always been provided to help in our search for understanding of God’s will. Many of these prophets felt they were failures because their contemporaries rejected their messages; however they have provided much guidance for future generations and continue to be sources of prophetic hope despite historical setbacks. Kramer argues that the Holy Ghost does not eliminate the need for guides, but is a supplement to them.
The author provides a type for our scripture study within his book. He encourages us to persist and continue in a lifelong study of the scriptures although his book has ended, as he writes that his conclusion isn’t really an ending. I will be continuing to use this book as a model for my scripture study in the coming year. I found its methods, while they may seem innovative, have been proven over centuries as appropriate for a lifelong relationship with the divine.
This is true literature with the impact of "The Kite Runner" without the horrific details. I enjoyed this book so much I suggested it to the 9th gradeThis is true literature with the impact of "The Kite Runner" without the horrific details. I enjoyed this book so much I suggested it to the 9th grade English teachers at my school....they thanked me. Do yourself a favor and get your copy now. ...more
Huber has a difficult life. A bully picks on him constantly, he can’t attract the attention of the girl he likes, his twin sister makes him look likeHuber has a difficult life. A bully picks on him constantly, he can’t attract the attention of the girl he likes, his twin sister makes him look like a weakling, and his parents fight constantly.
Just when he thought things couldn’t get any worse, Huber’s beloved grandfather dies. Huber inherits a map, a journal, and a mysterious gold coin. Huber is soon off on the adventure of a lifetime as he tries to beat a mysterious Spaniard to the treasure.
B.J. Bostick's novel will be a fun and interesting read for both boys and girls. The nonstop action coupled with the realities of life in middle school will keep them reading and wanting more. This book would also be a high-interest book for high school students with disabilities. ...more
Started reading these when John was on his mission in South Africa to better understand the culture. Love this series! Interesting mysteries, great chStarted reading these when John was on his mission in South Africa to better understand the culture. Love this series! Interesting mysteries, great characters....more
If you're looking for the perfect book to read during a cold spell, "Bumpy Landings" is it! This tale of love and lies, pilots and pani popo will drawIf you're looking for the perfect book to read during a cold spell, "Bumpy Landings" is it! This tale of love and lies, pilots and pani popo will draw you in from the first page.
Don Carey's characters are as warm as the Hawaiian climate. You'll enjoy this coming of age story. I know I'm hoping for a sequel!...more
Living Well on the Spectrum by Valerie Gaus, PhD--available 4/1/2011
If only there were a book written in laymen’s terms, that adults on the autism speLiving Well on the Spectrum by Valerie Gaus, PhD--available 4/1/2011
If only there were a book written in laymen’s terms, that adults on the autism spectrum could use to help with social struggles. Oh, but there is! Written by a psychologist who regularly counsels adults on the Autism Spectrum, this practical guide will help not only those on the spectrum, but their families and teachers.
Readers are taught how to analyze their day for problem times. After identifying challenging situations, they look for possible reasons behind the difficulties, identify potential solutions, select and implement one, and examine the results. This is presented in a matter-of-fact manner that should appeal to those on the spectrum.
One very important aspect of this book is the explanation of differences in thinking between those on the spectrum and neurotypical people. While these discrepancies can be challenging, the author also notes the advantages of these mental patterns. Emotional, sensory, and movement differences are also discussed.
Although primarily written for adults, the questionnaires and related strategies can also be used to help teens work through the potentially sticky situations found in secondary school. Teachers could use these problem-solving methods with social skills classes. The positive focus will encourage students to participate in the exercises, and they will be encouraged to keep working as they examine the results of successful social solutions.
Written in laymen's terms, this useful guide is a must for the library of those on the spectrum, their loved ones, and professionals who work with them. I highly recommend this practical book. ...more
Daron Fraley has provided us with three varied short stories.
"Petitions" is a modern day tale I would recommend every teen read. I would certainly usDaron Fraley has provided us with three varied short stories.
"Petitions" is a modern day tale I would recommend every teen read. I would certainly use it for classes if I were still teaching English. It's one of those rare stories that is difficult to forget and provides insight into our humanity.
"Angel's Song" is speculative fiction. Based on the world created in "The Thorn", it's a creative twist on a familiar tale.
"Water" is set in biblical times. Inspired by Carl Bloch's painting, "Healing at the Pool at Bethesda," the author brings a new perspective to the story.
There is something for everyone in this volume. ...more
Had to wrestle this away from my 19-year-old daughter. We both loved the characters and action. This is a fun book you don't have to worry about yourHad to wrestle this away from my 19-year-old daughter. We both loved the characters and action. This is a fun book you don't have to worry about your children reading. Can't wait for the next installment!...more
This true story is difficult to get through at times due to the subject matter, but can be a valuable tool for the family members of those who commitThis true story is difficult to get through at times due to the subject matter, but can be a valuable tool for the family members of those who commit suicide. The author took a courageous leap, sharing intense personal emotions and events while attempting to understand the incomprehensible. I believe that this work will help many people find peace in the face of tragedy. Definitely worth the effort it takes to face the unthinkable. ...more
Many authors are currently rewriting Jane Austin's works with a modern twist. Most of those are thinly-disguised updates that are poor imitations of tMany authors are currently rewriting Jane Austin's works with a modern twist. Most of those are thinly-disguised updates that are poor imitations of the original. "Chocolate Roses", however is fresh and original. Janie Rose Whitaker is a complex and interesting character, a mix of independence and self-doubt.
Joan Sowardsmanages to infuse this story with tragedy, comedy, and romance. Not only will LDS readers find a clean, compelling, and fun read, but this story can be enjoyed by readers of all faiths. Take your time and savor this book just like gourmet chocolate.....without the calories!
I enjoyed this book so much I ordered Joan's previous book, "Haunt's Haven", and am in the middle of savoring every word. ...more | <urn:uuid:a6ef57f2-db0f-4e83-9cd5-b5faee0cac40> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.goodreads.com/review/list/336253-lynn?shelf=read&sort=rating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097546.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00120-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968687 | 2,402 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Employing camera traps to survey Amazonian mammals in Guyana, researchers found that large mammals and birds did not see a lower population of target species in reduced-impact logging areas as compared to unlogged areas. For some species, like jaguars and pumas, population numbers actually rose.
- The research was conducted in an unusually managed swath of forest: Iwokrama. Spreading over nearly 400,000 hectares (close to 990,000 acres) – an area a little smaller than Rhode Island – Iwokrama Forest is managed by the not-for-profit Iwokrama organization and 16 local Makushi communities.
- Looking at 17 key species in the area – including 15 mammals and two large birds – the researchers found that populations didn’t change much between logged and unlogged areas, a sign that Iwokrama’s logging regime is not disturbing the area’s larger taxa.
Reduced-impact logging doesn’t need to be a death knell for a region’s big animals, according to a new study in Biotropica — but only if hunting is well-regulated.
Employing camera traps to survey Amazonian animals in Guyana, researchers found that large mammals and birds did not see a lower population of target species in reduced-impact logging areas as compared to unlogged areas. For some species, like jaguars and pumas, population numbers actually rose.
The research was conducted in an unusually managed swath of forest: Iwokrama.
“Iwokrama’s management is fully integrated with the indigenous people who have used these forests for thousands of years and are now socially and financially invested in the Iwokrama project,” explained lead author, Anand Roopsind, a PhD Candidate with the University of Florida.
Spreading over nearly 400,000 hectares (close to 990,000 acres) — an area a little smaller than Rhode Island — Iwokrama Forest is managed by the not-for-profit Iwokrama organization and 16 local Makushi communities through the North Rupununi District Development Board with support from the Guyanese government and the private sector. The organization funds itself in part via ecotourism and reduced-impact logging. Local indigenous people are allowed to hunt for subsistence in Iwokrama Forest, but all hunting by outsiders or for commercial use is strictly prohibited.
Roopsind and team’s research suggests that Iwokrama’s goal towards sustainably utilizing the Amazon rainforest is largely working.
Iwokrama’s reduced-impact logging program, which received FSC-certification in 2016, is stringent compared to industry norms. Iwokrama logs under a 60-year-cycle (a long cycle for the tropics) and on average only cuts six trees per hectare. Other regulations include a thorough inventory before logging occurs, chopping lianas on target trees so they don’t pull down other trees when they are felled, making certain a tree falls at a clear path, and planning and managing road building.
“Iwokrama must first comply with its own internal regulations even before FSC certification,” said Roopsind. “In contrast, most logging companies are driven by maximizing profits, even though they comply with FSC standards.”
The differences were clear. Looking at 17 key species in the area — including 15 mammals and two large birds – the researchers found that populations didn’t change much between logged and unlogged areas, a sign that Iwokrama’s logging regime is not disturbing the area’s larger taxa. Indeed, top predators like jaguar and puma appear to prefer the logged areas.
Roopsind said that large carnivores often use logged areas because it’s easier to get around and “new vegetative growth” that arises after felling may attract their prey.
“Camera traps may have an easier time detecting animals in logging areas,” he added. This means that since logging areas have clear trails and roads, it’s sometimes easier to pick up more animals on camera trap there than in unlogged areas. Scientists build such factors into their models, but it can still skew results.
One of the most important lessons from the study, according to its authors, is how Iwokrama deals with hunting. Usually, logging areas in the tropics — even those checked off by the FSC and other groups as ‘sustainable’ — see a dramatic rise in hunting, either done by logging employees or by local people who gain access to the area via new roads. But Iwokrama has managed to keep its hunting strictly enforced by indigenous people, who are aided by the forest’s remoteness and several checkpoints on the main road into the site.
“The importance of Iwokrama’s control of poaching should not be underestimated,” said co-author, Jack Putz, a professor at the University of Florida.
The researchers note in their paper that maintaining large animals is important for timber resources, given that large birds and mammals disperse tropical tree seeds through the forest.
“If hunting is managed, wildlife populations may be able to persist under reduced-impact logging,” Roopsind said. “This result is good news for tropical forests, because it suggests that allowing some logging could be a way to provide economic development while conserving biodiversity.”
Indeed, the researchers found that hunting — not logging — may be the biggest threat to wildlife in Iwokrama, a result that echoes recent research in Southeast Asia and the global tropics. Such research hints that hunting may be a larger threat to vertebrates even than habitat loss. In known hunting areas of Iwokrama, scientists captured fewer animals on film. But they caution that these lower populations may be replaced by animals coming in from other areas and finding less competition.
“Repeated kills at specific sites likely reflect both traditional hunter knowledge and locations favored by their preferred bush meat species,” the researchers write in the paper. In other words, hunting areas may be population sinks that are consistently filled in by surrounding areas.
Roopsind said that what’s needed now are “long-term data on wildlife populations to assess what yields of hunting offtake are sustainable.”
Still, Iwokrama’s forests and wildlife populations overall look good even with reduced-impact logging and subsistence hunting, according to Roopsind. The key to Iwokrama’s program is that it has “invested human and financial capital into building the capacity of local communities,” he said.
“To spread the lessons of Iwokrama to other forests, the international community needs to provide financial rewards like payment for ecosystem services, premiums and preferential market access as incentives for high forestry and social responsibility standards,” Roopsind added. “Otherwise these lessons will be hard for timber concessions to adopt if they see the investment in training, for responsible forestry as a profit-reducing activity in the face of highly unregulated timber production.”
- Roopsind, A., Caughlin, T. T., Sambhu, H., Fragoso, J. M. V. and Putz, F. E. (2017), Logging and indigenous hunting impacts on persistence of large Neotropical animals. Biotropica. doi:10.1111/btp.12446
FEEDBACK: Use this form to send a message to the author of this post. If you want to post a public comment, you can do that at the bottom of the page. | <urn:uuid:76cfe9cb-325a-48c6-9f97-ff1150d95bcc> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/big-animals-can-survive-reduced-impact-logging-if-done-right/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258058.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525124751-20190525150751-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.941526 | 1,591 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Mastication Research Project
Historically, fire has been the primary tool used for ecosystem restoration and risk reduction in Whiskeytown's fire-prone landscapes. However, the development of homes along the park's boundary exacerbates the level of risk associated with the application of prescribed fire. Within recent years, Whiskeytown has implemented a progressive fuels management program that protects high value areas through a variety of alternative fire risk reduction methods, including understory thinning, vegetation chipping, and mastication. While these techniques expand the list of options for fire managers, the ecological impacts and long-term effects of these treatments are uncertain. To address these uncertainties, the park, with the support of the Joint Fire Science Program, conducted a three-year research study of alternative fuels treatments.
In addition to the research conducted by park personnel, colloborators from Southern Oregon University are studying the effects of these alternative fuels treatments on mycorrhizal communities, and the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station is utilizing the site to develop fire behavior models for masticated fuelbeds.
For more information contact Jennifer Gibson 530-242-3457 | <urn:uuid:0aec9599-e1de-4159-87e3-c099ab0ebc88> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.nps.gov/whis/learn/nature/masticationresearch.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00169-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908924 | 233 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A tough and reliable little evergreen from Turkey which makes dense hummocks of growth to around 20 cms wide or so. The leaves are deepest green small looking like needles along the stems. Flowers are typical brassicaceae in appearance, small but numerous and bright lemon-yellow. These are produced in early summer and sporadically through the season. An excellent rock garden or edging plant for sunny areas, and tolerant of hot, dry sites with poor soil. Also great spilling out of cracks in rock walls, or between flagging stones.
Myth and Legend
In the 12th century, Troubadours would wear a sprig of wallflower to signify that their love survive time and misfortune. It is said that this is as a result of seeing the plant growing on the ruins of fallen towers, the rather romantic image of beauty and fragrance amonst desolation.
In Palestine, the wallflower is known as the 'blood drops of Christ'. It was introduced to Britain some 300 years ago, although some sources claim that it was originally introduced by the Romans.
Dreaming of wallflowers is said to be a sign to those in love that their sweetheart will be true to them.
Common name(s): Perennial Wallflower, Blister Cress, Hedge Mustard. | <urn:uuid:ef94e108-7e5e-4b1f-b050-0a3c77428572> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://shireplants.co.uk/erysimum-kotschyanum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100593.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206095331-20231206125331-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.959079 | 265 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The History of the El Reno Carnegie Library
The history of the El Reno Carnegie Library is a long and rich one. In the 1890s the Athenaeum Club of El Reno organized a small library. In the beginning, members met in each other’s homes and held small entertainments to raise money to buy books. In 1902, the club succeeded in gathering enough citizen support to persuade the city council to establish and maintain a public library.
Appointed to the Library Board of directors were E.D. Humphrey, Henry Lassen, J. Hensley, J.A. Hatchett, I.C. Montgomery and S.H. Reid. In 1897 the board made arrangements to rent rooms on the second floor of the building at 219 W. Bickford to house the library. The rent for those rooms was $17.50 a month. Athenaeum contracted clubs in town to solicit funds and books for the library. The first librarian was E.D. Cave.
The library board accepted the completed building on May 5, 1905.
Twenty-four public libraries received grants from Andrew Carnegie between 1900 and 1922 totaling almost $500,000.
Original Carnegie Libraries
Ardmore, Bartlesville, Chickasha, Collinsville, Cordell, El Reno, Elk City, Enid, Fredrick, Guthrie, Hobart, Lawton, McAlester, Miami, Muskogee, Oklahoma City, Perry, Ponca City, Sapulpa, Shawnee, Tahlequah, Tulsa, Wagoner and Woodward.
Original Features of the El Reno Carnegie Library
When it opened, the El Reno Carnegie Library became the fourth Carnegie Library in the Oklahoma Territory and is currently the oldest Carnegie library building in the state still used as a library.
Original features of the downstairs section include embossed ceilings, marble lobby and stairs. The decorative terra cotta above the desk was painted in 1953. The second floor of the library was originally an auditorium with a stage at the west end. The auditorium was used as a local theater for plays as well as the location for El Reno High School graduations until 1912.
In 1927 the stage was walled off, and in 1980 the ceiling was lowered in what is now used as the children’s library. At that time, a fulltime children’s librarian was hired.
A bond issue was passed to provide an addition that would include an archives room, air-conditioning equipment and other needed improvements. The addition was completed in 1964 at a cost of $54,000. The archives room was named after longtime El Reno librarian Edna May Armold. In 1980, the Ashbrook Foundation gave $50,000 and the City of El Reno matched that grant to add more improvements. A meeting room, a reference room and two restrooms were built. The meeting room was named in honor of Mary K. Ashbrook.
Library Joins the 21st Century
In 2003, an anonymous donor gave the library money to duplicate the original doors and also to automate the library. That grant along with grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation brought the library into the computer age.
Services and Programs for Our Community
Throughout the years the library staff has worked to bring the citizens of El Reno programs of interest. Offerings have included programs for all ages.
Children’s story time is a well-loved program that has been offered for many years, and adults often return to the library to share their memories. The library also offers programs after school and during the summer.
The El Reno Carnegie Library stands ready to embrace the challenges ahead in order to meet the ever-changing needs of the community.
El Reno Carnegie Library Now
As the library offers its second century of service to the community, things that the framers of the venerable structure never imagined have come into being, including video, audio and computers with access to the internet.
All of this is available free of charge to the citizenry, just as Andrew Carnegie stipulated so many years ago.
—The history of the El Reno Carnegie Library was originally published in the El Reno Carnegie Library 100th Anniversary Cookbook. | <urn:uuid:55cdfb5d-1afe-4440-a885-4e4543997004> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://elrenolibrary.okpls.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256147.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520202108-20190520224108-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.964198 | 862 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It is hard to believe, but an abandoned rubbish dump on the outskirts of Eilat is considered one of the most important avian habitats in the world, as it is the main – perhaps the only – way station for over 500 million migratory birds on their way between Europe / Asia and Africa. In recent years KKL-JNF has been working to create bird-watching sites
where bird enthusiastsand other visitors can observe these seasonal migrants. KKL-JNF was also instrumental in helping to develop the first migratory bird feeding station in southern Israel, in Yeruham Park.
For thousands of years this area of Eilat was occupied by a saltmarsh that served as a way station and feeding site for migratory birds until it fell victim to the Eilat building boom, and the birds were obliged to satisfy their hunger in local farmers’ fields. Until the early 1990s the site was used as a rubbish dump. In 1990, in a joint initiative on the part of KKL-JNF, the Israeli Government Tourist Corporation, the Nature and Parks Authority and the Eilat Municipality, development work began: the ground was leveled, the garbage heaps were covered up, pools were createdand trees that could provide the birds with food were planted. The park is directed by Noam Weiss and managed by Tzadok Tzemach of the Eilat Municipal Tourism Corporation in conjunction with KKL-JNF and other bodies.
The Arava region
, which forms part of the Great Rift Valley (also referred to as the Syro-African Depression) is an important migration route, and it is estimated that between five hundred million and one billion birds cross its skies during the migration seasons. Eilat lies at a critical point on the route, on the northern boundary of the world’s desert belt, and many birds stop off to break their journey near the city. In the autumn, on their way to Africa, they pause to rest and gather their forces before crossing the deserts, and in the spring, en route to Europe, they stop off to recuperate after their desert journey.
The saltmarsh that formerly occupied an area of twelve square kilometers adjacent to Eilat contained marsh plants that produced fruit in the spring at just the right time to coincide with the arrival of the migratory birds, who fed off the abundant fruit and used the vegetation as cover. However, as Eilat gained popularity as a tourist venue, much of the saltmarsh that once served as a “pit stop” after their marathon flight over thousands of kilometers was replaced by hotels, farmland and salt pools, and part of it became an unofficial rubbish dump.
The loss of the saltmarsh proved disastrous for the birds. Before migrating, small birds build up measured resources of energy that enable them to cross the deserts and arrive safely in Eilat, and the lives of members of some of these species depend on their finding sustenance in the saltmarsh on arrival.
Eilat is important to large birds, too, which glide for a considerable portion of their migration flight, and hundreds of thousands of gliding birds pass through the Eilat region during every migration season. To lift themselves off the ground these hefty birds require the help of thermals, i.e., warm currents of air that bear them aloft. As thermals are found only on dry land, the Eilat promontory is very useful to them. | <urn:uuid:1910a746-bdd5-45c1-aec3-2635ae140362> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.kkl-jnf.org/tourism-and-recreation/forests-and-parks/eilat-bird-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.974569 | 719 | 3 | 3 |
Farmers on a quest to keep more fertilizer on their fields—and out of Iowa’s waterways—may have an easier time finding a solution, thanks to new research from the Iowa Geological Survey, housed at the University of Iowa College of Engineering's IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. They have created a comprehensive nutrient runoff mitigation guide for farmland in both the Ohio and Upper Mississippi River Basins. The goal of the guide is to reduce the overabundance of choice farmers can face in approaching nitrate and phosphate nutrient reduction. Farmers can identify their soil type, land slope, crops grown, and nutrients used, and the researchers’ guide can deliver them a best-practice solution for optimal run-off mitigation. Read more at University of Iowa's website. | <urn:uuid:cdb69d77-f19a-4b65-92ba-026c89ce775f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.aau.edu/research-scholarship/featured-research-topics/farmers-can-better-prevent-nutrient-runoff-based-land | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867559.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526151207-20180526171207-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.910829 | 156 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Low Berm Measuring and Modeling
Research Idea Scope
Field test and model 12-15 low berms along different roadways and document the results. Compare the measured to the modeled results. Compare the results to typical structural noise barrier results.
Tabulate the results from the field work into a spreadsheet and analyze the data. Identify patterns in the data and summarize. Model low berm locations in TNM2.5 using the berm and contour line features and compare results to the field data. Compare the results of this study to other similar studies done by Ohio DOT and Caltrans.
Urgency and Payoff
Successfully utilizing the results of this study could result in a significant annual costs savings for noise barrier construction and noise barrier maintenance. These savings will compound over time as low berms are constructed in place of structural noise walls. In addition, there may be qualitative benefits related to a better quality of life for the adjacent residents, motorists, and wildlife that interact with the low berm (versus the structural wall). | <urn:uuid:57f9e827-6734-4054-bfa4-e69dfcbee1aa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://environment.transportation.org/teri-idea/low-berm-measuring-and-modeling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679511159.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211112008-20231211142008-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.876978 | 210 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Creation Wiki is a educational encyclopedia that has been written from the Biblical worldview. Our international editors have created 9,223 articles with 6,343 in English. To edit existing pages or create new articles signup for an account.
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The Ark Encounter is a full-scale Noah's Ark tourist attraction that opened in 2016 and is operated by Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis partnered with a private for-profit company to build it.
The ark cost $100 million and is 510 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 51 feet high, based on the dimensions given in the Bible. It is described as the largest timber-frame structure in America and the world.
Information is a term derived from the Latin verb informare meaning "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach". Information is generally understood as knowledge or facts that one has acquired. However, in some areas of science information is defined differently and often ambiguously. To creation science, it is information (God's word) that underlies the fine-tuning of the universe. Furthermore the existence of biological information inside every cell (DNA and RNA) provides what is perhaps the most powerful argument for intelligent design. William Dembski asserts that DNA possesses specified complexity and therefore it must have been produced by an intelligent cause, rather than being the result of natural processes.
Bible is a general term which refers to the books used by a particular Hebrew or Christian group. As the term bible was originally used descriptively (to describe the books used by a particular group), it varied from one group to the next and did not necessarily denote any special authority within each group. However, as time went on, the term Canonical (essentially meaning standard of comparison) came to be applied to those scriptures (writings) that had special authority. When the Protestant Reformation occurred in the 16th century, a debate over which books were authoritative and which books were merely to be read arose within Christianity, with the Protestants advocating a return to the distinctions found in the church fathers.
A miracle is an act of supernatural intervention by God. Miracles are brought about by the immediate agency or the simple volition of God, without the use of mechanisms capable of being discerned by empirical senses, and in many cases designed to authenticate the divine commission of a religious teacher and the truth of his message.
Today's Date: August 26, 2019
- Genesis: Paradise Lost debuted in theaters, November 13 and 16, 2017
- Richard Dawkins Event Canceled Over Past Comments About Islam The station sent an email to ticket holders on Thursday that praised the book but apologized for not having “broader knowledge” of his views much earlier. New York Times, July 24 2017.
- Archaeologists Searching for Ark of the Covenant and Tabernacle Find Biblical Clues at Shiloh Dig Shiloh is mentioned in the Bible as the site where the the Ark and the Tabernacle, believed to be the earthly dwelling place of God, were venerated for close to 369 years. Christian Post, July 18, 2017.
- Archaeologists Discover Solomon-era Linens Archaeologists from Tel Aviv University have unearthed 3,000-year-old dyed wool fabric samples from the time of Kings David and Solomon. Christian Headlines, July 17, 2017.
- American Churches Have a Better Reputation Than Higher Ed or the Media Institutional trust continues to decline in surveys, but religious organizations still rank high. Christianity Today, July 11, 2017.
- Israel to complete east Jerusalem center after controversial UNESCO vote Netanyahu announces plans in the aftermath of two votes the World Heritage Committee took last week in Krakow, Poland. Jerusalem Post, July 9, 2017.
- 1 million visitors in one year: Ark Encounter performing strongly in its first year despite secularist opposition. Creation Museum attendance also up – nearly three times the yearly average, July 7, 2017.
- After originally refusing to issue a permit to creation scientist Andrew Snelling so he could collect rocks at the Grand Canyon, National Park authorities relented and issued a permit, June 30, 2017.
- US judge halts deportation of more than 100 Iraqi Christians Attorneys argued the mostly Chaldean Christians, who were picked up during a series of raids in Detroit, would face death or persecution if they returned to Iraq. The Guardian, June 22, 2017.
- Sorry, Old Testament: Most Theologians Don't Use You Should systematic theologies equally rely on Bible verses from the Old and New Testament? Experts weigh in. Christianity Today, June 13, 2017.
- NY Court Rules Chimps Not Entitled to Rights As I have noted, animals including chimps are not entitled to rights because none — by their very natures — are capable of assuming responsibilities or duties. The court followed that same line of thinking. Evolution News, June 10, 2017.
- The documentary movie Is Genesis History?, released in theaters on February 23, 2017 and shown three more times in the U.S. and Canada due to its commercial success, gives a powerful presentation of the young earth model and scientific evidence in favor of it.
- Fossilized Humanoid Footprint Found in China Several larger-than-normal human footprints fossilized in a rock were discovered in China's southwestern province of Guizhou. Sputnik International August 26, 2016.
- Dinosaur Blood Vessels Survived 80 Million Years Without Fossilizing Tiny, delicate vessels that carried blood through a duck-billed dinosaur 80 million years ago never fossilized and still contain the beast's tissue, a new study finds. Yahho News, December 10, 2015.
- Evaluating Homo naledi Lee Berger’s remarkable cache of hominid bones found deep in a South African cave is generating a lot of news, but major questions remain. Creation Evolution Headlines, September 19, 2015
- Ancient fossils in African cave are tantalizing glimpse of early man Scientists are revealing details about their discovery of a treasure-trove of fossils in a South African cave that they believe is one of the richest collections of an early-human species ever found. USA Today, September 10, 2015.
- Scientist Out For Dinosaur Blood Scientists said Tuesday they have discovered what appear to be red blood cells and collagen fibres in dinosaur bones, a find that may boost prospects of prising organic remains from a much wider range of fossils. Geology Page, June 10, 2015.
- Scientists Find Evidence of Genesis Flood and Noah's ArkMysterious metal lumps discovered along the ocean floor queued up scientific minds in a puzzle that's amounted to nothing more than guessing games until now.CharismaNews. March 20, 2015
- American scientists are trying to genetically modify human eggs The new gene-editing method could eliminate inherited diseases from affected families.The Independent. March 15, 2015
- UK Scientists: Aliens May Have Sent Space Seeds To Create Life On Earth Scientists in the U.K. have examined a tiny metal circular object, and are suggesting it might be a micro-organism deliberately sent by extraterrestrials to create life on Earth. The Huffington Post. February 13, 2015.
NW Creation Network
The Creation Wiki is made available by the NW Creation Network - a Christian ministry involved in educational outreach in creation science and Biblical apologetics. To learn about NWCN activities or obtain other free resources visit our website at nwcreation.net.
Please consider becoming involved with the development of this international mission by volunteering your time or financial support. | <urn:uuid:baf9899d-11be-4ac6-a653-fd9bc935b77a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://creationwiki.org/Main_Page | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330968.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826042816-20190826064816-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.943409 | 1,579 | 3.34375 | 3 |
E Health full form: – electronic health
e-Health : – is able to send patient data among various healthcare professionals.
What is e-health? Have you ever wanted help in managing the health of your family. For example, early laboratory results or more information about a disease or medicine, or perhaps you want to start exercising, but you are not able to decide where to begin. Or how to fix or get its symptoms. We all have a question about our health and sometimes we need help to answer those questions. Technology can help meet our needs. Perhaps you are already using technology to get information online or contact with your friends or family. May be you use it in planning your bank transactions or a trip. This tool can help you manage your health better. This is called e-health.
There are various ways that technology can help you and your family’s health. For example, one can get health information and education from traditional sources like TV or radio. You can use the Internet to see information about this health issue or to learn more about a disease. You can also see the results of the lab online. You can keep track of your fitness activities from you. Connect with a healthcare provider online. One can join a patient support group using social media. Access to your health records. It is all e-health.
E-Health Quick is helping patients and healthcare providers work together to ensure more safe and better care. Many of these e-health devices are available for you and your family in British Columbia. How to use e-health well and partnering with your healthcare provider.
Types of e-health
1. Electronic Health: – Able to communicate patient data of various healthcare professionals.
2. Computerized doctor: – electronically requesting many tests and treatments is a means of obtaining results.
3. ePrescribing: – is the printing of prescriptions of patients and sometimes electronic transmission of prescriptions from doctors to pharmacists.
4. Telemedicine: – Physical and psychological including telemonitoring of patients’ functions.
5. Binoculars: – Robots and wireless communication are used to perform surgeries remotely.
6. M-health: – The use of mobile devices to collect aggregate and health data is also included. And to provide patients and health information. This is the work of m-health. | <urn:uuid:ac7e45bd-7663-46f9-9bca-e7310cd15f57> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://jyotiswapan.com/2020/05/what-is-e-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.950633 | 477 | 3.375 | 3 |
The employment of graphene in the QHE metrology is particularly prescient, with SI units for mass and current to in future also be defined by h and e (Mills et al., 2011). Complex effects in condensed-matter systems can often find analogs in cleaner optical systems. The quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a quantisation of resistance, exhibited by two-dimensional electronic systems, that is defined by the electron charge e and Planck’s constant h. 13.41(a). Where h is Planck’s constant, e is the magnitude of charge per carrier involved such as electron, and ν is an integer it takes values 1, 2, 3, …….. Bearing the above in mind, the IQHE in graphene can be understood with some modifications due to its different Hamiltonian. More detailed studies were reported by the group of T. Okamoto, who employed a sample with a mobility of 480,000 cm² V− 1 s− 1.59 They measured the resistance along a Hall bar in a magnetic field that was tilted away from the normal to the 2DEG by an angle Ф. 9.56 pertaining to the integer quantum Hall effect in semiconductors? Strong indications for QHF in a strained Si/SiGe heterostructure were observed58 around υ = 3 under the same experimental coincidence conditions as the aforementioned experiments regarding anomalous valley splitting. Again coincidence of the (N = 0; ↑) and the (N = 1; ↓) levels was investigated. Basic physics underlying the phenomenon is explained, along with diverse aspects such as the quantum Hall effect as the resistance standard. It occurs because the state of electrons at an integral filling factor is very simple: it contains a unique ground state containing an integral number of filled Landau levels, separated from excitations by the cyclotron or the Zeeman energy gap. Therefore, the origin of the different n-dependencies could simply represent the different exchange-correlation energies of the N = 0 and N = 1 landau levels. Lai and coworkers performed such coincidence experiments at odd integer filling factors of υ = 3 and υ = 5,55 and, for comparison at the even integer filling factors υ = 4 and 6.56 In agreement with earlier experiments, they observed that outside the coincidence regime of odd integer filling factors the valley splitting does not depend on the in-plane component of the magnetic field. The QHE and its relation to fundamental physical constants was discovered by von Klitzing (1980), who was honored with the Nobel prize in 1985. interpreted their results in terms of a unidirectional stripe phase developing at low temperatures in a direction perpendicular to the in-plane magnetic field component. The double-degenerate zero energy Landau level explains the full integer shift of the Hall conductivity. Pseudospin has a well-known physical consequence to IQHEs in graphene. The quantized electron transport that is characterist … A consistent interpretation is based on electron–electron interaction, the energy contribution of which is comparable to the landau and spin-splitting energies in the coincidence regime. These plateau values are described by |RH|=h/(ie2) where h is the Planck constant, −e the charge of an electron, and i an integer value, i=1, 2, 3,…. (1995), using the derivative of the spin gap versus the Zeeman energy, estimated that s = 7 spins are flipped in the region 0.01 ≤ η ≤ 0.02. It is generally accepted that the von Klitzing constant RK agrees with h/e2, and is therefore directly related to the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant α=(µ0c/2)(e2/h)=(µ0c/2)(RK)−1, which is a measure for the strength of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and elementary particles. The Hall resistance RH (Hall voltage divided by applied current) measured on a 2DES at low temperatures (typically at liquid Helium temperature T=4.2 K) and high magnetic fields (typically several tesla) applied perpendicularly to the plane of the 2DES, shows well-defined constant values for wide variations of either the magnetic field or the electron density. Hydrostatic pressure has been used to tune the g-factor through zero in an AIGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped quantum well with a well width of 6.8 nm (Maude et al., 1996). In the case of topological insulators, this is called the spin quantum Hall effect. The expected variation for Skyrmion-type excitations is indicated by the solid line. Such a stripe phase was also assumed by Okamoto et al., who assigned the stripes to the domain structure of Ising ferromagnets. The ratio of Zeeman and Coulomb energies, η = [(gμBB)/(e2/εℓB)] is indicated for reference. Recall that in graphene, the peaks are not equally spaced, since εn=bn. Graphene also exhibits its own variety of the QHE, and as such, it has attracted interest as a potential calibration standard – one that can leverage the potential low cost of QHE-graphene devices to be widely disseminated beyond just the few international centres for measurement and unit calibration (European Association of National Metrology Institutes, 2012). The solid line shows the calculated single-particle valley splitting. Jalil, in Introduction to the Physics of Nanoelectronics, 2012. Seng Ghee Tan, Mansoor B.A. Schmeller et al. From the spin orientation in the three occupied levels it becomes clear that the Pauli exclusion principle diminishes screening of the (N = 1, ↓) states. Major fractional quantum Hall states are marked by arrows. These orbits are quantized with a degeneracy that depends on the magnetic field intensity, and are termed Landau levels. To study this phenomenon, scientists apply a large magnetic field to a 2D (sheet) semiconductor. In the figure, the Hall resistance (RH) is of experimental interest in metrology as a quantum Hall resistance standard . Although the possibility of generalizing the QHE to three-dimensional (3D) electronic systems 3,4 was proposed decades ago, it has not been demonstrated experimentally. Due to the laws of electromagnetism, this motion gives rise to a magnetic field, which can affect the behavior of the electron (so-called spin-orbit coupling). Nowadays, this effect is denoted as integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) since, beginning with the year 1982, plateau values have been found in the Hall resistance of two-dimensional electron systems of higher quality and at lower temperature which are described by RH=h/fe2, where f is a fractional number. Lines with slopes corresponding to s = 7 and s = 33 spin flips are shown in Fig. Edge states with positive (negative) energies refer to particles (holes). The size and energy of the Skyrmions depend on the ratio of the Zeeman and Coulomb energies, η=[(gμBB/e2/єℓB]∝gB3/2cosθ, where θ is the angle between that magnetic field and the normal to the plane of the 2DEG (B⊥ = B cos θ). QHF can be expected when two energy levels with different quantum indices become aligned and competing ground state configurations are formed. The integer quantum Hall effect is peculiar due to the zero energy Landau level. At each pressure the carrier concentration was carefully adjusted by illuminating the sample with pulses of light so that v = 1 occurred at the same magnetic field value of 11.6 T. For a 6.8-nm quantum well, the g-factor calculated using a five-band k.p model as described in Section II is zero for an applied pressure of 4.8 kbars. Around υ = 1/2 the principal FQHE states are observed at υ=23,35 and 47; and the two-flux series is observed at υ=49,25 and 13. Jamie H. Warner, ... Mark H. Rümmeli, in Graphene, 2013. The Quantum Hall effect is the observation of the Hall effect in a two-dimensional electron gas system (2DEG) such as graphene and MOSFETs etc. In the quantum version of Hall effect we need a two dimensional electron system to replace the conductor, magnetic field has to be very high and the sample must be kept in a very low temperature. Here g* and μB are the effective g-factor and the Bohr magneton, respectively. Hey guys, I'm back with another video! These plateau values are described by RH=h/ie2, where h is the Planck constant, e is the elementary charge, and i an integer value with i = (1, 2, 3, …). D.K. These measurements were collected at 1.3 K using liquid helium cooling, with a magnetic field strength up to 14 T . Thus, any feature of the time-reversal-invariant system is bound to have its time-reversed partner, and this yields pairs of oppositely traveling edge states that always go hand-in-hand. One way to visualize this phenomenon (Figure, top panel) is to imagine that the electrons, under the influence of the magnetic field, will be confined to tiny circular orbits. This is not the way things are supposed to … The solid line is the expected variation of the gap with g-factor calculated for a Skyrmion-type excitation (Sondhi et al., 1993), while the short dashed line indicates the “bare” Zeeman dependence s|g|μBB + EB with s = 1 as predicted by the spin wave dispersion model. Above the coincidence regime, however, screening by the two lower states becomes diminished by the Pauli exclusion principle, because now all three states are spin-down states. The first approach, successfully applied by Schmeller et al. These results demonstrate that the basic concept of the composite fermion (CF) model52 remains valid, despite the twofold valley degeneracy. The three crossing levels are labeled θ1, θ2 and θC. Band, Yshai Avishai, in Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Nanotechnology and Information Science, 2013. In particular, the discovery42,43 of the fractional quantum hall effect (FQHE) would not have been possible on the basis of MOSFETs with their mobility limiting, large-angle interface scattering properties. Although this effect is observed in many 2D materials and is measurable, the requirement of low temperature (1.4 K) for materials such as GaAs is waived for graphene which may operate at 100 K. The high stability of the quantum Hall effect in graphene makes it a superior material for development of Hall Effect sensors and for the Refinement of the quantum hall resistance standard. When electrons in a 2D material at very low temperature are subjected to a magnetic field, they follow cyclotron orbits with a radius inversely proportional to the magnetic field intensity. Here ideas and concepts have been developed, which probably will be also useful for a detailed understanding of the IQHE observed in macroscopic devices of several materials. Since the valley degeneracy is also lifted in magnetic fields, the behavior of the valleys can be sensitively studied in the coincidence regime of odd IQHE states, for which the Fermi level lies between two valley states.54. JOINT QUANTUM INSTITUTERoom 2207 Atlantic Bldg.University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742Phone: (301) 314-1908Fax: (301) firstname.lastname@example.org, Academic and Research InformationGretchen Campbell (NIST Co-Director)Fred Wellstood (UMD Co-Director), Helpful LinksUMD Physics DepartmentCollege of Mathematical and Computer SciencesUMDNISTWeb Accessibility, The quantum spin Hall effect and topological insulators, Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) Theory of Superconductivity, Quantum Hall Effect and Topological Insulators, Spin-dependent forces, magnetism and ion traps, College of Mathematical and Computer Sciences. The Quantum Hall Effect: A … Where ℓB=ℏ/eB⊥ is the magnetic length and I0 is a modified Bessel function. To clarify these basic problems, the QHE was studied in Si/SiGe heterostructures by several groups, who reported indications of FQHE states measured on a variety of samples from different laboratories.46–50 The most concise experiments so far were performed in the group of D. C. Tsui, who employed magnetic fields B of up to 45 T and temperatures down to 30 mK.51 The investigated sample had a mobility of 250,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an nMIT < 5 × 1010 cm− 2. Scientists say that this is due to time-reversal invariance, which requires that the behavior of the system moving forward in time must be identical to that moving backwards in time. Table 6.6 provides a comparison summarizing the important IQHE physical effects in semiconductors and graphene. It is generally accepted that the von Klitzing constant RK agrees with h/e2, and is therefore directly related to the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant α=μ0c/2e2/h=μ0c/2RK−1, which is a measure for the strength of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and elementary particles (please note, in the International System of Units (SI), the speed of light c in vacuum and the permeability of vacuum μ0 are defined as fixed physical constants). This approach, however, turned out to be inconsistent with the experimental n-dependence. There is currently no content classified with this term. The unexpected discovery of the quantum Hall effect was the result of basic research on silicon field-effect transistors combined with my experience in metrology, the science of measurements. The single particle gap calculated from a Landau fan diagram is shown as a solid line. The underlying physics is related to the particle - hole symmetry and electron–hole degeneracy at the zero energy level. The energy levels are labeled with the Landau level index N, the spin orientation (↓, ↑) and the valley index (+, −). Thus when the Fermi energy surpasses the first Landau level, Hall conductivity contributed by carriers of both zero and first Landau level will give a total of 3/2 shift integer shift. Since in the International System of Units (SI), the speed of light in vacuum, c=299 792 458 m s−1, and the permeability of vacuum, µ0=4π×10−7 N A−2, are defined as fixed physical constants, the IQHE allows to determine the fine-structure constant α with high precision, simply by magneto-resistance measurements on a solid-state device. Due to a small standard uncertainty in reproducing the value of the quantized Hall resistance (few parts of 10−9, Delahaye, 2003, and nowadays even better), its value was fixed in 1990, for the purpose of resistance calibration, to 25 812.807 Ω and is nowadays denoted as conventional von Klitzing constant RK−90. Dashed lines are linear fits to the data that extrapolate to finite values at zero density. The quantum Hall effects remains one of the most important subjects to have emerged in condensed matter physics over the past 20 years. Summary of physical quantities relevant to the understanding of IQHE in semiconductors, monolayer and bilayer graphene. The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional, semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The most important implication of the IQHE is its application in metrology where the effect is used to represent a resistance standard. Upper panel: measured Δυ = 3 gap (circles) close to the υ = 3 coincidence region. Quantum Hall effects in graphene55,56 have been studied intensively. In monolayer and bilyer graphene, g = 4. Moreover, the valley splitting shows a pronounced anomaly inside the coincidence regime, where it becomes enhanced rather than suppressed, as would have been expected in a single particle picture (Fig. Berry’s phase affects both the SdH oscillations as well as the shift in the first quantum Hall effect plateau. Note that we use here the common nomenclature of the ↓ spin state being anti-parallel to B, and therefore defining the energetically lower Zeeman state in the Si/SiGe material system with its positive g*; in Refs 55 and 56, spin labeling was reversed. | <urn:uuid:5443a55d-b6f3-49d6-be0c-b82405e1ec5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://integriticlothing.com/7mx44/epson-expression-home-xp-4100-sublimation-5f0e35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.925826 | 3,521 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Cindy Vallar, Editor & Reviewer
P.O. Box 425, Keller, TX 76244-0425
Books for Adults - Nonfiction
Opening paragraphs are crucial, but Willis begins with one that captures the readers’ attention.
It was a time of mad kings and dead kings. In 1789, the year that a Revolutionary mob stormed the great Bastille prison in Paris, George III of England had to be kept in a straitjacket, occasionally a restraining chair, as he ranted incessantly and often indecently. Three years later Louis XVI of France was put to death on a cold winter’s morning in the centre of Paris.
He starts the prologue this way to demonstrate how the British and French saw the monarchies that ruled them. In doing so, Willis puts into perspective the significance of Louis’s execution, which toppled a monarchy that had ruled for 802 years, unleashed the Reign of Terror, and threatened other European nations into uniting against the new Republic.
When the introduction begins, however, it appears the author intends to distance the reader from the story. As with all good writing, he merely demonstrates how time distances us from significant events and changes the impact it has on us. What event? A series of engagements in 1794 between two naval fleets that culminated in the battle that English history has dubbed “the Glorious First of June” and the French call “La Bataille Prairial.”
As the story unfolds, Willis takes readers to Paris, London, Plymouth, Brest, Toulon, Italy, Austria, Saint Domingue, Martinique, St. Lucia, Tobago, Philadelphia, Virginia, and New York. It begins with the summer of 1793 and ends long after the battle. From “The First Terror” to the “Epilogue,” the author examines “how the British and French operational capabilities and war strategy were affected . . . and the battle interacted with other events that led to the downfall of Robespierre and eventually to the rise of Napoleon.” (xlv) He also discusses the paradox of describing this fleet engagement as “Glorious.” At the heart of this historical account are the men who sailed the warships and those who sent them to war.
Each of the eleven chapters opens with the title, the time span covered, and a quotation pertinent to the topic within. Color illustrations, diagrams, maps, battle plans, four appendices (chronology, fleets, Pocock sketches, biographies), and a glossary provide additional insights to the text. A section of chapter notes, a bibliography, and an index round out the book.
What sets this volume apart from the two previous titles in the Hearts of Oak trilogy – The Fighting Temeraire and The Admiral Benbow – is that those two books concern enduring legends. The Glorious First of June, though, is about an event that few people remember. Equally revealing are the firsts earmarking this engagement, which have been “lost” over time. The principal one that Willis incorporates into this account concerns Nicholas Pocock, the artist who witnessed the hard-fought battle from one of the ships, the sketches he drew, and their impact on those who viewed them.
The wealth of material, dating from the period, upon which Willis draws provides readers with a clear understanding of what brought the fleets together, what happened during the engagements, and how both sides viewed the battle once news of it reached England and France, as well as later, after the joyous celebrations had passed. Perhaps of greater significance is the book presents the story from both the French and English perspectives, providing readers with a well-rounded, comprehensive, and unbiased examination that enthralls, informs, and intrigues. Once you open the cover, Willis transports you back to the horrors of the Terror and deftly draws the parallels between the rise and fall of Robespierre, the man behind the Terror, and The Glorious First of June. It is a journey not soon forgotten.
Review Copyrighted ©2012 Cindy Vallar
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|Click here for related articles on Fanlore.|
A website (also spelled web site) is a collection of related web pages, images, videos, sound files, or other digital assets that are addressed with a common domain name or IP address. A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via the Internet or a private local area network.
A web page (also spelled webpage) is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors, commonly referred to as "links". Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The user's web browser uses its HTML markup instructions to display the page content onto a terminal.
The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into an internal hierarchy. However, the links between them provide the reader with a perceived site structure, and guide navigation of the site.
All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web. This was created in 1990 by CERN engineer Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free for anyone to use.
Types of websites
There are many varieties of website, each specializing in a particular type of content or use; and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. The following are types of website that, in one way or another, are relevant to fandom:
- Archive: used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction (e.g. the Internet Archive, which preserves snapshots of billions of websites)
- Blog: short for "web log"; generally used to post online diaries which may include discussion forums
- Corporate website: a site used to provide official information about a business, organization, or service (such as a television network or publisher, who may thus provide information on TV series, forthcoming publications, and the like)
- E-commerce site (electronic commerce): offers goods and services for online sale
- Community: a site where persons with similar interests communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards
- Forum: a site where people discuss various topics, often on message boards
- Info(rmation) site: a site that contains content that is intended to inform visitors.
- Journaling site: e.g. LiveJournal
- Mirror site: a site that is a complete reproduction of another website.
- Personal site: a site created by an individual
- Social networking site: a site where users can communicate with one another and share media, such as pictures, videos, music, blogs, etc. with other users
- Wiki: a site which is collaboratively edited by users (for example, Wikipedia or Fanlore), often used to create an online encyclopedia
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article on websites. | <urn:uuid:c27ee64e-cce3-4b4e-9571-d96b13a67516> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://fanlore.org/wiki/Website | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.898277 | 624 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What is a pacemaker? A pacemaker is actually a two-part system consisting of a pulse generator and a pacing lead. • • The pulse generator contains the battery and electronic circuitry which produce the electrical impulse needed to make the heart beat. The typical pulse generator is usually very small (less than 2 inches wide and 1/4 inch thick). It is implanted in the upper chest just below the skin near the collar bone on either side of the body. The pacing lead (or leads) is a thin, insulated wire inserted through a vein to connect the pulse generator to your heart. Who needs a pacemaker? Most pacemakers are recommended when an individual experiences symptoms (such as fatigue, weakness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath or fainting) related to an inappropriately slow heart rate. When the heart beats too slowly, it does not pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Most commonly, the slow heart beat results from diseases in the heart's own pacemaker (SA node) or in the heart's conduction ('wiring') system. Ask your doctor for the specific reason you need your pacemaker. The indications for permanent pacemakers continues to evolve. What preparation is typical prior to pacemaker implant? • • • • • You will not be allowed to eat or drink anything for 6-12 hours before the procedure. An intravenous (IV) line will be started if you do not already have one. You may be provided with special antibacterial soaps and be instructed to wash from your neck midway down your chest. You will be given antibiotics through the IV line just prior to the procedure. You may be given a mild sedative to make you feel relaxed. How is a pacemaker implanted? You will be taken to a special room called the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory or a surgical operating room and placed on an x-ray table. Once you are settled, you will be prepared for theprocedure. • • • • • Electronic (EKG) leads will be attached to your chest to monitor your heart rate and rhythm. An antiseptic solution will be applied to the upper chest and shoulder where the pacemaker will be inserted. Pacemakers can be inserted from either the right or the left. The decision is generally made based on the preferences of both the operator and the patient. You will be covered with sterile sheets. A local anesthetic will be injected to numb the area before the pacemaker is inserted. Once these preparations are complete, a small incision (2 to 4 inches) will be made just below the collar bone. A needle will be placed into a vein near your collar bone. The lead (or leads) will be positioned inside your heart through this vein. Your doctor will be making measurements to determine the pest position for placementof the lead inside your heart. The doctor will also be using x-ray pictures in placing the lead(s). While the pacemaker and leads are being inserted, you may feel some pressure. If you begin to feel anydiscomfort, let the doctor know immediately so you can receive some additional medication to keep the area numb. Once the lead(s) are in place, you may be asked to take deep breaths and to cough vigorously while your doctor watches an x-ray of your heart. This is done to ensure secure placement of the lead(s). What happens after a pacemaker implant? You will spend a short time, typically 1 to 2 days, in the hospital following implantation. Most patients are on a heart monitor (telemetry) and receive antibiotics during this period. You may have a little soreness where the pacemaker was implanted. This is often treated with pain medication if needed. When I go home from the hospital, what will happen and how will I take care of my surgical wound? You will probably be aware of the pacemaker for a while. This is a normal feeling and generally will lessen with time. Sometimes, there will be a black and blue mark in the area of the pacemaker. This is from the surgical procedure and will go away with time. If, however, your incision becomes red, hot, more painful, swollen or starts to drain fluid, notify your doctor immediately. Also, call your doctor promptly if you develop a fever. Do not wait for your next scheduled visit. What activities should be avoided? Avoid strenuous activity for one week after the operation. During the first few weeks after sugery, avoid sudden, jerky movements with your arms, or stretching or reaching over your head. The type of sutures (stitches) and dressing used on your wound will determine when you can resume your usual bathing routine. Your doctor will tell you when to resume your usual bathing routine and other normal activities. Can you use the microwave after receiving a permanent pacemaker? Your pacemaker cannot be damaged by using properly operating household appliances, such as microwave ovens, electric blankets and most power tools. Passing through the metal detector at airports will not damage your pacemaker, but the metal in your pacemaker may sound the alarm. Activities you should avoid are working within a few feet of large electrical transformers, electric arc welding and working on automobile ignition systems. These activities will not damage your pacemaker, however, there is a possibility that they may interfere with the proper operation of your pacemaker. If you are concerned about the use of any appliance or power tool, consult your doctor. If you are having any type of medical procedure performed, let your physician, dentist, chiropractor, physical therapist or any health or cosmetic care provider know that you have a pacemaker. What is the follow-up for pacemaker patients? It is important to periodically check the pacemaker to make sure that it is functioning properly and that its settings remain appropriate for your medical needs. Therefore your doctor will schedule you for periodic follow-up checks. A typical follow-up visit to your doctor usually includes a brief physical examination, an electrocardiogram and a detailed evaluation of how well your pacemaker is performing. Examining and adjusting your pacemaker is quick and painless. Your doctor has special equipment that communicates with the pacemaker, allowing adjustment of its function without any additional surgery. Inaddition, some doctors use telephone monitoring ('transtelephonic monitoring') to obtain information about your pacemaker. Ask your doctor about the specific schedule of follow-up for you and your pacemaker. How long does a pacemaker last? Pacemakers are extremely dependable devices. In general, pacemaker batteries last between 4 and 14 years, the average being 8 years. During follow-up checks, your doctor will be able to determine when replacement is necessary. | <urn:uuid:4dade461-0ca7-4590-86c8-ba1fe1af2c05> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://studylib.net/doc/18327626/what-is-a-pacemaker%3F-who-needs-a-pacemaker%3F-what-preparation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.927132 | 1,359 | 3.28125 | 3 |
In his piece on the history of tennis, Jon Day quotes David Berry’s assertion that the real tennis court in Versailles was ‘occupied in the revolution of 1789 by the Third Estate as a symbolic protest at the elitist nature of this sport’ (LRB, 8 October). This is inaccurate. The members of the Third Estate did not ‘occupy’ the court in a ‘symbolic’ fashion in order to take their oath to diminish the power of the king: the space was chosen because it was nearby and large enough to accommodate their numbers.
Day also suggests that sphairistikè (the precursor to modern lawn tennis) was played until ‘the turn of the century’. In fact, it fell by the wayside before the All England Club held its first lawn tennis championships in 1877. Today, real tennis is hardly an ‘extreme minority pursuit’: it’s a growing international sport with ten thousand players and more than a hundred career professionals, and is one of the few games in which men and women compete against one another on an equal footing. There’s more to say, of course, but on Day’s advice we’re off to brush up on our frisbee and whatever cosplay is.
Theo Bollerman and Clare Bucknell
Tom King recounts the anecdote of a young Ruth Bader Ginsburg being asked by the dean of Harvard Law School, Erwin Griswold, why she was ‘taking the place of a man’ by studying there (Letters, 22 October). This was a long-standing concern of Griswold’s. In Pinstripes and Pearls (2001), Judith Richards Hope writes that in January 1949, when the possibility of admitting women was raised at a faculty meeting, Griswold ‘hazarded a guess’ that fewer than one woman in ten would remain active in the law for a ‘significant length of time’. The minutes note his opinion that ‘every woman admitted would keep out a man and thereby reduce the number of graduates who would follow careers as lawyers.’ The faculty appointed a committee to investigate. The report recommended the admission of women, but stressed Griswold’s objection as ‘the most serious justification’ for their exclusion.
Griswold must have seen it as proof of his objection when RBG left the class of 1956 before the beginning of her final year. In 1958 her husband got a job in New York, and the couple planned to leave Boston. RBG asked if the faculty would award her a Harvard degree if she satisfactorily completed a third year at Columbia. The response was a simple no. She duly received her degree from Columbia. As the Harvard Law Record noted in 1977, by which point RBG was a professor at Columbia and general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union: ‘Just think what else she might have accomplished had she enjoyed the benefits of a Harvard degree.’
Ripon, North Yorkshire
Frederick Wilmot-Smith writes about prospects for the Supreme Court in the wake of Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s death (LRB, 8 October). The immediate worry is that the radical conservatives on the court will now decide that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional and overturn Roe v. Wade. But this is only the beginning. Republicans have been packing the federal judiciary for decades with judges who can be counted on to undermine the power of government in order to advance the agenda of the Republican Party.
Congress should enact laws overriding anti-democratic decisions made by the Supreme Court and codifying the rights of the people. It could, for example, pass a National Voting Rights Act giving every citizen over the age of 18 the right to vote, requiring uniform voting procedures for every state and every election, making each federal election day a national holiday, controlling partisan gerrymandering, extending the time available to complete the 2020 census, and putting in place procedures to protect the voting process. It could also pass a National Policing Code to establish uniform policing procedures and standards throughout the US, and to guarantee every person in the country fair treatment by the police; a National Gun Control Act that would implement reasonable regulations for gun ownership and usage, and ban automatic weapons; a National Marriage Act, guaranteeing the right of two people to marry in every state; and a National Reproductive Rights Act.
All of these could be ruled unconstitutional by activist conservative justices on the grounds that Congress does not have the power to enact such laws. Many incorrectly believe that it would be necessary to amend the constitution in order to change the balance of power between Congress and the Supreme Court. Congress, however, has at its disposal many methods, expressly authorised by the constitution, that would enable it to confront the court, including restructuring the federal judiciary and limiting the types of case that may be heard by the courts. Perhaps the most important tool is the assertion of its own power to interpret the constitution, particularly under the post-Civil War 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. Each of these expressly grants Congress ‘the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article’.
If the Democrats win an emphatic victory in November and then Congress takes strong action to define and enforce the rights of the people, some fear that the Republican Party will just undo or counteract those actions when they return to power. To that I say, don’t be afraid. Once rights are granted to the people, whether by the judiciary or Congress, they do not willingly give them up. Living in a democracy requires every generation to fight for its rights.
Tom Crewe’s piece on William Godwin’s novel Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams highlights William Hazlitt’s enthusiasm for it as a page-turner (LRB, 8 October). Hazlitt was also pleasantly surprised by the novel’s emotional appeal; he (rightly) accused Godwin of lacking, in his Political Justice of 1793, the ‘radical sympathy’ needed for an emancipatory politics (he said the same of Jeremy Bentham). But what made this novel so important for later detective fiction was that the crime was secret. In the long Enlightenment campaigns for penal reform, the question kept recurring: how could a secret crime be punished? The answer was that it carried its own punishment: an agonised conscience and the alienation of the criminal from his or her own nature by a betrayal of communal human feeling. The punishment for such betrayal was ‘remorse’: a key term, especially in literature and in political discourse, for the suffering undergone, internally, by the undetected criminal.
On this view, the criminal code was no more than a crude and barbaric form of social control. It could not deal with hidden or secret crimes. Conscience could. So could novels. The processes of concealment, detection, revelation and confession; the treatment of murder as one of the fine arts (De Quincey); the shadow of the gallows (or the guillotine), of revolution and war: the novel compacted all this into a moral crusade in the form of a story. Plots thickened. The political novel of the left and of the right, with new co-ordinates for good and evil, flourished for a dozen years after Caleb Williams, but none compared with it. Perhaps it was only with Stendhal’s Le Rouge et le noir (1830) that a novel centrally involved with the capital punishment of the possessor of a criminal conscience surpassed Godwin’s almost accidentally brilliant first experiment in ‘plot’.
I must add Tiffs in Chatham to Andrew O’Hagan’s list of hairdressers at the ‘coalface’ of the New Romantic early 1980s (LRB, 8 October). Coupled with the boutique Snob (no irony at the time) in the Pentagon Centre, which sold feathery headbands, billowing blouses and pedal pushers, the opportunity to fashion oneself and out-glamour the toffs was a vital antidote to poverty under Thatcher. For those of us who were living on council estates in South-East England’s unemployment blackspot, ‘left-wing’ did not mean Billy Bragg (yawn) or UB40 (plodding). New Romanticism, like its antecedent, prized imagination, melancholy and the common people: so the name did matter, I think, in an obliquely political way.
As if my mother wasn’t anxious enough when my father lost his job, my brother began using a pink hairclip to pin back his ‘Phil Oakey’ while he was revising for his A levels. Meanwhile, my friend Debbie and I were scraping O levels at the local grammar school while ‘getting around town’, dancing like Joanne and Susan at the alternative disco. It seemed to me even then that the cover of Human League’s Reproduction, which depicted babies underfoot on the dancefloor, was rejecting the idea that working-class girls were nothing more than baby-making machines. So it was feminist too.
T.J. Clark, in his eloquent analysis of Pissarro’s influence on the young Cézanne, refers to Lucien Pissarro’s description of Cézanne sitting watching his father paint (LRB, 8 October). I would like to add that, in my opinion, while Cézanne was soaking up the extraordinary tonal subtlety of Pissarro’s handling he may also have been reflecting on matters of ‘taste’. The schism between Cézanne’s early and later work is that although he had developed from the self-conscious and ham-fisted – see, for example, The Painter’s Father, Louis-Auguste Cézanne in the National Gallery – he retained an abject perversity (a challenge to Pissarro’s good taste). He would make a lump of impasto represent something ethereal, like a cloud, while on the same surface using turpentine-thinned paint to represent something as solid as a boulder. In doing so, he turned Pissarro’s steady modulation of ‘the humble and colossal’ into something very different for the viewer to contemplate.
I translated Carlos Dada’s account of Emmanuel Ngu, who drowned near the end of an epic journey towards the United States from Cameroon (LRB, 8 October). Even if Ngu had made it, it’s unlikely he would have found freedom and safety. An October newsletter from the excellent Refugee and Immigrant Centre for Education and Legal Services (Raices), based in San Antonio, Texas, reports:
Hundreds of Black Cameroonian and Congolese immigrants are in imminent danger of being deported after speaking out about abuses and mistreatment in ICE detention centres. All of them were in Mississippi and Louisiana and then transferred to Prairieland Detention Centre in Texas … Many of them could be killed by their own government upon return … Over the last year, dozens of Cameroonians in ICE custody have reported being subjected to retaliatory solitary confinement, as well as violent repression at the hands of ICE agents and guards through pepper spray, rubber bullets and force. This treatment appears to be in retaliation for ongoing hunger strikes to protest racism, sterilisation and medical neglect in detention.
Lorna Scott Fox
Susannah Clapp mentions the former ladies’ public lavatory at Guilford Place, ‘now boarded up but not yet turned into a nightclub or beauty salon’ (LRB, 22 October). It has in fact been turned into a ‘wine and charcuterie’ bar, scheduled (perhaps optimistically) to open in November. I believe the Grade II listed interior, which was on Historic England’s At Risk register, has been preserved.
For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. | <urn:uuid:3b2feeca-9cbe-4b74-83c8-a0d201fb15e3> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n21/letters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507060253-20210507090253-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.963793 | 2,517 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If everything is going according to plan over at the Googleplex, app developers should soon be able to get their hands on the first tablets with Google's Project Tango tech inside.
Tango allows a device to build up an accurate 3D model of its immediate surroundings, which Google says will be useful for everything from AR gaming to navigating large shopping centres.
We imagine you've got a few questions about that - so let us attempt to answer them for you.
1. What is Project Tango?
Google isn't content with making software for phones that can merely capture 2D photos and videos. Nor does it just want to take stereoscopic 3D snaps.
Instead, Project Tango is a bid to equip every mobile device with a powerful suite of software and sensors that can capture a complete 3D picture of the world around it, in real-time.
Why? So you can map your house, furniture and all, simply by walking around it. Bingo - no more measuring up before going shopping for a new wardrobe. Or so you can avoid getting lost next time you go to the hospital - you'll have instant access to a 3D plan of its labyrinthine corridors. Or so you can easily find the 'unhealthy snacks' section in your local megamart. Or so can play amazing augmented reality games. Or so that the visually impaired can receive extra help in getting around.
In fact, as with most Google projects, the ways in which Tango could prove useful are only limited by your imagination. After all, who'd have guessed Street View would prove such a hit with artists?
2. Who's behind it?
The two key technology partners involved with Project Tango are Israeli imaging firm Mantis Vision and seasoned robotics engineers at Californian hiDOF.
Inside Google, Project Tango is the work of the Advanced Technology and Projects group (ATAP) – which was formerly part of Motorola. That in turn is headed up by Johnny Chung Lee, who was once best known for his work developing Microsoft's Kinect. ATAP is also the group behind the Project Ara modular mobile phone experiment, so it's clearly au fait with boundary-pushing tech.
3. How does the tech work?
Mantis Vision's MV4D technology currently sits at the heart of handheld 3D scanners and works by shining a grid pattern of invisible lights in front of a bank of two or more cameras to capture the topography of the world it sees – not entirely unlike what you see when putting in a Tiger Woods game.
HiDOF, meanwhile, specialises in software that can not only interpret the data that sort of sensor produces, but also combine it with GPS, accelerometer and gyroscope readings to produce an accurate map of your immediate surroundings in real-time.
Doing all of this on an ARM-powered smartphone is described by the company as a “daunting task”.
4. Can I get hold of Project Tango yet?
At the time of its announcement, Google said that there were 200 prototype phones going out to selected developers in the first instance, and that 4000 tablets costing US$1024 each would be available around about now. It's similar to the way in which Google Glass was launched.
Astronauts have also been able to play around with Tango, because it's already been to space - as documented in the video above.
5. What does the tablet look like?
It's a fairly standard 7in slate with a slight wedge at the back to accommodate the extra sensors. As far as we can tell, it has three cameras including the webcam.
Inside, it has one of Nvidia's so-far-untested Tegra K1 mobile processors with a beefy 4GB of RAM and a 128GB SSD.
Google is at pains to point out that it's not a consumer device, but one is supposedly on the way. Made by LG, it is expected to arrive next year.
The phone that was sent out earlier in the year has been the subject of an iFixit teardown, so we know more about that. For instance we know that its depth-sensing array consists of an infrared projector, 4MP rear camera and front-facing fisheye view lens with 180-degree field of vision. Physically, it's a standard phone shape but rather chunky compared to the class of 2014. More like something from about 2010
Presumably there'll be a consumer-focused phone released next year too - Tango makes more sense on a pocketable device after all - but there's no word yet on who might make it or what it might look like.
6. Do I want to get hold of it?
Right now, probably not.
Early kits are really for testing the device APIs and starting work on apps which will make use of Project Tango's new abilities.
In the future, almost certainly.
There are a few obvious uses for Tango mooted already – alternate reality (AR) gaming and 3D scanning are popular everyday activities – but like Street View and Maps, it's only once Tango is out there that we'll really get a feeling for the difference it can make.
7. If it all sounds strangely familiar…
Google's been working on something similar to Project Tango for a while now, but on a much bigger scale than smartphone processors. The reason its much-vaunted self-driving cars work is because they can see everything that's happening around them, building on-the-fly topographical maps to avoid collisions and potholes.
Much of the same tech has gone into Tango and indeed some of the same people have worked across both projects. Yes, we're fairly envious of their CVs.
8. What's Google after?
Creative Commons inventor Larry Lessig made the case in a TED speech that it's easy to forget how different the world is today thanks to Google's desire to know everything.
For instance, while many people consider some tasks – notably political reform – to be impossible, they have no problem accepting the likelihood of a single company photographing every square foot of almost every single road in the world and stitching them together to create a single image service. Which, on the face of it, should be a far harder project.
The unforeseen benefits of Google's mapping odyssey include everything from being able to visit holiday destinations before booking them, to enabling home delivery in places where post offices and street names don't exist.
If Project Tango works - and we've no reason to suspect it won't - it could prove every bit as revolutionary as Maps or Street View. It just might take a while for its true genius to become clear.
9. Has it popped up at the Play Store? (Spoiler: Yes it has)
It looks like Project Tango isn't too far off release, because it has appeared at the Google Play Store, albeit in a development kit form.
The tablet is available in either black or white and, as promised, is priced at US$1,024. However, it's not yet available to order in the US (expect that to change soon) and if you view the page from India it says it isn't available in the country at all. | <urn:uuid:c85237f8-a72f-4601-97fa-a341cdae3b41> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.stuff.tv/in/features/9-things-you-need-know-about-googles-project-tango | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522150.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121004224-20210121034224-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.963067 | 1,497 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By Creissant Beaudoin at December 20 2018 21:58:26
Remember to select worksheets that are the right level difficulty for your child. Get something too hard, and your child will become discouraged. Make it too easy, and they won't learn much.
When you're teaching your student to write, there are a whole host of worksheets online that you can use. Many of these include clipart that will help the students learn the sounds of letters and letter combinations. There are other sheets that help the student learn to write his or her numbers. It's helpful having printable worksheets for something like this, because parents often go through quite a few of these before the child masters writing the numbers or letters correctly.
For example, since I want to make sure my students get accustomed to reviewing the various math concepts and standards we've learned all year, I have them practice regularly. I want them to get to a point where they are so familiar with grade level math content, that solving these types of problems becomes automatic.
In other words, they never memorized their multiplication tables! Many times I have seen a student do poorly due to a weakness in basic math facts they should have learned in third grade.
How much money do I have left if I buy a soda? By the end of the week, how much of my daily allowance will I be able to save if I don't?
math worksheets addition
math worksheets decimal
math worksheets for grade 6 | <urn:uuid:6f81a645-3897-41a7-9873-064df62a1d29> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://learnsoc.org/grade-3-math-worksheets/free-3rd-grade-daily-math-worksheets-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202889.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323161556-20190323183556-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.968518 | 311 | 3.765625 | 4 |
M'zab Valley, Algeria
|Click on Image to Enlarge
M'zab Valley, Algeria (580,451 bytes) ( 1,506 x 1,486 )
Located 600 km south of Algiers, Algeria in the heart of the Sahara Desert, the five ksour (fortified villages) of the M'Zab Valley form an extraordinarily homogenous ensemble. Founded between 1012 and 1350, the M'Zab Valley has conserved practically the same way of life and the same building techniques since the 11th century. Each of these miniature citadels, surrounded by walls, is dominated by a mosque, the minaret of which functions as a watchtower. The mosque is conceived as a fortress; around this building, which is essential for communal life, are houses built in concentric circles up to the ramparts. The perspective view image was acquired October 8, 2003, and is located at 32.5 degrees north latitude, 3.6 degrees east longitude.
Click on thumbnails below for full resolution images.
||M'zab Valley, Algeria |
Size: (580,451 bytes)
Resolution ( 1,506 x 1,486 )
Please give credit for these images to:
NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems,
and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team | <urn:uuid:c143424c-0ad7-4518-9c7e-1d71c963250e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=mzab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711396.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209112528-20221209142528-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.926667 | 306 | 3.203125 | 3 |
English 241: Survey of the Literature of England
A Guide to Literary Terms
Over the semester, this page will accrue a list of definitions for literary terms discussed in English 241: Survey of the Literature of England. I will attempt to add new terms as they are brought up in class, so that by the end of this semester the guide will provide a useful resource for students preparing for final papers and exams.
Alliteration is the repetition of identical consonant or vowel sounds. Here's what C. Hugh Homan's Handbook to Literature has to say about alliteration:
A good example of consonantal alliteration is Coleridge's lines:
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free.
Vowel alliteration is shown in the sentence: "Apt alliteration's artful aid is often an occasional ornament in prose." Alliteration of sounds within words appears in Tennyson's lines:
The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees.
Old English versification rested in large measure on alliteration, as did much Middle English poetry. INDEX
Assonance refers to similar vowel sounds in syllables that end with different consonant sounds, for example the words, "skies," "fire" and "thine." Here's what C. Hugh Homan's Handbook to Literature has to say about assonance:
Assonance differs from rhyme in that rhyme is a similarity of vowel and consonant. "Lake" and "fake" demonstrate rhyme; "lake" and "fate" assonance.
Assonance is a common substitution for end-rhyme in the popular ballad, as in these lines from "The Twa Corbies":
In behint yon auld fail dyke,
I wot there lies a new-slain Knight.
Such substitution of assonance for end-rhyme is also characteristic of Emily Dickinson's verse, and is used extensively by many contemporary poets.
As an enriching ornament within the line, assonance is of great use to the poet. Poe and Swinburne used it extensively for musical effect. Gerard Manley Hopkins introduced modern poets to its wide use. The skill with which Dylan Thomas manipulates assonance is one of his high achievements. Note its complex employment in the first stanza of Thomas' "Ballad of the Long-Legged Bait":
The bows glided down, and the coast
Blackened with birds took a last look
At his thrashing hair and whale-blue eye;
The trodden town rang its cobbles for luck. INDEX
Here's the definition of "ballad" in C. Hugh Holman's Handbook to Literature:
A form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.... Though the ballad is a form still much written, the so-called popular ballad in most literatures belongs to the early periods before written literature was highly developed.... Certain common characteristics of these early ballads should be noted: the supernatural is likely to play an important part in events, physical courage and love are freqent themes, the incidents are usually such as happen to common people (as opposed to the nobility) and often have to do with domestic episodes, slight attention is paid to characterization or description, trasitions are abrupt, action is largely developed through dialogue, tragic situations are presented with the utmost simplicity, incremental repetition is common....I'll finish with a passage from M. H. Abrams's definition of "ballad" in his Glossary of Literary Terms:
The most common stanza form--called the ballad stanza--is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress iambic lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. This is the form of "Sir Patrick Spens"; the first stanza of this ballad also exemplifies the conventionally abrupt opening and the manner of proceeding by third-person narration, curtly sketched setting and action, sharp transition, and spare dialogue:INDEX
The king sits in Dumerling towne,....
Drinking the blude-red wine:"O Whar will I get a guid sailor,
To sail this schip of mine?"
The collecting and printing of popular ballads began in England, then in Germany, during the eighteenth century. In 1765 Thomas Percy published his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, which, although most of the contents had been rewritten in the style of that time, did much to inaugurate widespread interest in folk literature....
The ballad has had an enormous influence on the form and style of poetry, especially, in England, since Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads (1798). A literary ballad is a narrative poem written by a learned poet in deliberate imitation of the form and spirit of the popular ballad. Some of the greatest of these were composed in the Romantic period: Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (which, however, is much longer and more elaborately developed than the folk ballad), Scott's "Proud Maisie," and Keats's "La Belle Dame sans Merci." Wordsworth begins the narration in "We Are Seven" by introducing the narrator as an agent--"I met a little cottage girl"--which is probably one reason that he called it "a lyrical ballad." Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner," on the other hand, opens with the abrupt impersonal narration of the traditional ballad:
It is an ancient Mariner
And he stoppeth one of three.
This is a verse form commonly used in Elizabethan drama and in long narrative poems generally. The form consists of unrhymed iambic pentameter lines. "Of all English verse forms," writes M. H. Abrams in his A Glossary of Literary Terms, blank verse "is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, yet the most flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of verse." INDEX
Here's the definition from C. Hugh Holman's A Handbook to Literature: "A pause or break in the metrical or rhythmical progress of a line of verse.... Usually the caesura has been placed near the middle of a verse. Some poets, however, have sought diversity of rhythmical effect by placing the caesura anywhere from near the beginning of a line to near the end." The pause is often underlined through the use of some form of punctuation. See, for example, the heroic couplet below. INDEX
Also sometimes termed slant or half rhyme, consonance refers to when consonants in stressed syllables agree but vowels differ (for example, the rhyme "up" and "drop" in the final sestet of Yeats' "Leda and the Swan." INDEX
A "conversation poem" is a sustained blank-verse lyric of description and meditation, in the mode of conversation addressed to a silent auditor. Examples include Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" and Coleridge's "Frost at Midnight" and "The Eolian Harp." The form is an important precursor of the Victorian dramatic monologue. INDEX
A literary technique by which a character is duplicated (usually in the form of an alter ego, though sometimes as a ghostly counterpart) or divided into two distinct, usually opposite personalities. The use of this character device is widespread in nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, and indicates a growing awareness among authors that the "self" is really a composite of many "selves." A well-known story containing a doppelgänger character is Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, which dramatizes an internal struggle between good and evil. The convention first gets established in literature through German gothic fiction of the turn of the nineteenth century, and through that tradition influenced Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. INDEX
Here's the definition of "dramatic monologue" from M. H. Abrams's A Glossary of Literary Terms:
A monologue is a long speech by a single person; the dramatic device, in which a character in a play utters a monologue that expresses the character's private thoughts, is called a soliloquy. What is called a dramatic monologue is not an element in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, as represented in Browning's "My Last Duchess," "The Bishop Orders His Tomb," "Andrea del Sarto," and many other poems, the dramatic monologue has the following features; (1) A single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the entire poem in a specific situation at a critical moment: the Duke is negotiating with an emissary for a second wife; the Bishop lies dying; Andrea once more attempts wistfully to believe his wife's lies. (2) This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditor's presence and what they say and do only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker. (3) The principle controlling the poet's selection and organization of what the lyric speaker says is the speaker's unintentional revelation of his or her temperament and character.
Even Browning, in monologues such as "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister" and "Caliban upon Setebos," omits the second attribute, the presence of a silent auditor; but attributes (1) and (3) are essential distinctions between the dramatic monologue and the dramatic lyric, which is also a monologue uttered in a specified situation at a dramatic moment. Thus John Donne's "The Canonization" and "The Flea" (1613) are dramatic lyrics that, although very close to the dramatic monologue, lack one essential feature: the focus of interest is primarily on the speaker's elaborately ingenious argument, rather than on the character he inadvertently reveals in the course of arguing. And although Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" (1798) is spoken by one person to a silent auditor (his sister) in a specific situation at a significant moment in his life, it si not properly a dramatic monologue, both because we are invited to identify the speaker with the poet himself, and because the organizing principle is not the revelation of the speaker's distinctive temperament so much as the evolution of his observation, thought, memory, and feelings.
Tennyson wrote "Ulysses" (1842) and other dramatic monologues, and the form has been used by Robert Frost, E. A. Robinson, Ezra Pound, Robert Lowell, and other poets of this century. The best-known modern instance is T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915).
An end-stopped line is one in which both the grammatical structure and the sense reach completion at the end of the line. In other words, this is the opposite of an enjambement. The following is a good example from Alexander Pope's An Essay on Man (this one's in your Reader):
All Nature is but Art, unknown to thee;
All Chance, Direction which thou canst not see;
All Discord, Harmony not understood;
All partial Evil, universal Good. INDEX
Here's the definition from C. Hugh Holman's A Handbook to Literature:
The continuation of the sense and grammatical construction of a verse or couplet on to the next verse or couplet. Enjambement occurs in run-on lines and offers contrast to end-stopped lines. The first and second lines from Milton given below, carried over to the second and third for completion, are illustrations of enjambement:
Or if Sion hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook, that flow'd
Fast by the opracle of God. INDEX
The revelation of a god to a particular character. Athena, for example, often reveals herself to Odysseus throughout the Odyssey (though she often begins in disguise). This convention is connected to the convention of supernatural machinery in the traditional epic. The term gets re-worked by James Joyce who makes it apply to the quotidian world. Here's what M. H. Abrams says of "epiphany" in his Glossary of Literary Terms:INDEX
Epiphany means "a manifestation," and by Christian thinkers was used to signify a manifestation of God's presence in the created world. In the early draft of A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, entitled Stephen Hero (published posthumously in 1944), James Joyce adapted the term to secular experience, to signify a sense of a sudden radiance and revelation while observing a commonplace object. "By an epiphany [Stephen] meant a sudden spiritual manifestation." "Its soul, its whatness, leaps to us from the vestment of its appearance. The soul of the commonest object... seems to us radiant. The object achieves its epiphany." Joyce's short stories and novels include a number of epiphanies....
"Epiphany" has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene. Joyce, however, merely substituted this word for what earlier authors had called "the moment." Thus Shelley, in his Defense of Poetry (1821), described the "best and happiest moments... arising unforeseen and departing unbidden," "visitations of the divinity" which poetry "redeems from decay." William Wordsworth was a preeminent poet of what he called "moments," or in more elaborate instances, "spots of time." For instances of his short poems which represent a moment of revelation, see Wordsworth's "The Two April Mornings" and "The Solitary Reaper." Wordsworth's Prelude, like Joyce's narratives, is constructed as a sequence of such visionary encounters. Thus in Book VIII, lines 539-59, Wordsworth describes the "moment" when he for the first time passed in a stagecoach over the "threshold" of London and the "trivial forms/ Of houses, pavement, streets" suddenly manifested a profound power and significance:
'twas a moment's pause,--
All that took place within me came and went
As in a moment; yet with Time it dwells,
And grateful memory, as a thing divine.
A story within a story, within sometimes yet another story, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. The form is significant in Mary Shelley and Joseph Conrad since it seems to echo in structure the thematic search for, as Conrad puts it, a heart of darkness, something deep, dark, and secret at the heart of the narrative. The form thus also resembles the psychoanalytic process of uncovering the unconscious behind various levels of repressive, obfuscating narratives put in place by the conscious mind. In each of the frames, a different individual is narrating the events of a story. This structure of course also leads us to question the reasons behind each of the narrations since, unlike an omnicient narrative perspective, the teller of the story becomes an actual character with concomitant shortcomings, limitations, prejudices, and motives. The process of transmission is also highlighted since we often have a sequence of embedded readers or audiences, like the audience that sometimes interrupts Marlow's tale in the Heart of Darkness. This audience, by necessity, reminds us of our own reading process. Indeed, one could say that the faceless narrator in the outer frame of Conrad's text remains faceless because that makes it easier for us to identify with his role as receiver of Marlow's tale. INDEX
Here's a definition of "gothic" from J. A. Cuddon's A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Liteary Theory:
A type of romance very popular from the 1760s onwards until the 1820s. It has had a considerable influence on fiction since..., and is of much importance in the evolution of the ghost story and the horror story.... Most gothic novels are tales of mystery and horror, intended to chill the spine and curdle the blood. They contain a strong element of the supernatural and have all or most of the now familiar topography, sites, props, presences and happenings: wild and desolate landscapes, dark forests, ruined abbeys, feudal halls and medieval castles with dungeons, secret passages, winding stairways, oubliettes, sliding panels and torture chambers; monstrous apparitions and curses; a stupefying atmosphere of doom and gloom; heroes and heroines in the direst of imaginable straits, wicked tyrants, malevolent witches, demonic powers of unspeakably hideous aspect, and a proper complement of spooky effects and clanking spectres... The whole apparatus, in fact, that has kept the cinema and much third-rate fiction going for years, is to be found in these tales. The most popular sold in great quantities and they were read avidly.
See also doppelgänger.
This verse form consists of iambic pentameter lines with rhymed couplets. In the eighteenth century, when this verse form was most popular, poets tended also to write in closed couplets, which is to say that the end of each couplet, and even each line, tended to coincide with the end of a sentence or a self-sufficient unit of syntax. The form became the predominant English measure in the eighteenth century and is in some ways reflective of eighteenth-century ideals of order, balance, and closure. That sense of balance was also achieved by a strong caesura usually right in the center of each verse line. A good example is the last lines of the First Epistle of Alexander Pope's An Essay on Man:
All Nature is but art, unknown to thee
All chance, direction, which thou canst not see;
All discord, harmony not understood;
All partial evil, universal good:
And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite,
One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.
in medias res:
This is the technical term for the epic convention of beginning "in the middle of things," rather than at the very start of the story. In the Odyssey, for example, we first learn about Odysseus' journey when he is held captive on Calypso's island, even though, as we find out in Books IX through XII, the greater part of Odysseus' journey actually precedes that moment in the narrative. We have some good examples of poems that start in the middle of things, for example Coleridge's "This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison" or Browning's dramatic monologues. INDEX
An invocation is any address to a deity, usually for help of some sort. The epic traditionally begins with an invocation to the Muse (a request for help in the telling of the tale). In fact, in an oral culture, the storyteller or "rhapsode" is considered merely a vessel through which the gods (and particularly the Muses) speak. (This is the reason Plato makes fun of oral storytellers in Ion.) There are traditionally nine Muses, each presiding over a different genre of literature. The traditional Muse of epic poetry is Calliope, although Homer does not address her by name in his invocation at the beginning of the Odyssey. INDEX
Here are the two forms of irony that most closely concern us in this course. The second form, structural irony, applies both to the unreliable narrators of Frankenstein or Heart of Darkness, as well as to the unreliable speakers of the Victoiran dramatic monologue. M. H. Abrams describes these two forms of irony in his A Glossary of Literary Terms:
Verbal irony... is a statement in which the speaker's implicit meaning differs sharply from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed. Such an ironic statement usually involves the explicit expression of one attitude or evaluation, but with indications in the speech-situation that the speaker intends a very different, and often opposite, attitude or evaluation....
Some literary works exhibit structural irony: the author, instead of using an occasional verbal irony, introduces a structural feature which serves to susain a duplicity of meaning and evaluation throughout the work. One common literary device of this sort is the invention of a naive hero, or else a naive narrator or spokesman, whose invincible simplicity or obtuseness leads him to persist in putting an interpretation on affairs which the knowing reader—who penetrates to, and shares, the implicit point of view of the authorial presence behind the naive persona—just as persistently is called on to alter and correct. (Note that verbal irony depends on knowledge of the speaker's ironic intention which is shared by the speaker and the reader; structural irony depends on a knowledge of the author's ironic intention which is shared by the reader, but is not intended by the speaker.)
I should add that "irony" is one of the most misused terms in the English language. Let's just say that none of the following are examples of irony: "An old man turned ninety-eight/ He won the lottery and died the next day/ It's a black fly in your Chardonnay/ It's a death row pardon two minutes too late/ And isn't it ironic... dontcha think?" (Alanis Morissette, "Ironic"). These are only examples of bad luck.
Here's an excerpt from M. H. Abrams' definition of "meter" in A Glossary of Literary Terms (fifth edition):
In all sustained spoken English we feel a rhythm, that is, a recognizable through variable pattern in the beat of the stresses in the stream of sound. If this rhythm of stresses is structured into a recurrence of regular--that is, approximately equivalent--units, we call it meter. Compositions written in meter are known as verse....
We attend, in reading verse, to the individual line, which is a separate entity on the printed page. The meter of a line is determined by the pattern of stronger and weaker stresses in its component syllables; often, the stronger stress is called the "stressed" and the weaker one the "unstressed" syllable.... There are three major factors that determine where the stresses (in the sense of the relatively stronger stresses, or "accents") will fall in a line of verse: (1) Most important is the "word accent" in polysyllabic words; in the noun "accent" itself, for example, the stress falls on the first syllable. (2) There are also many monosyllabic words in the language, and on which of these--in the sentence or a phrase--the stress will fall depends on the grammatical function of the word (we normally put stronger stress on nouns, verbs, and adjectives, for example, than on articles or prepositions), and also on the "rhetorical accent," or the emphasis we give a word because we want to enhance its importance in a particular utterance. (3) Another determinant of stress is the prevailing "metrical accent," which is an expected pulsation, in accordance with the stress pattern which was established earlier in the metrical line or passage.
Here are the major metrical feet, as given (with some changes by me) in Abrams:
(1) Iambic (the noun is "iamb"): an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable. Example: "The Póet, géntle Créature ás he ís" (Wordsworth, Prelude, 1.135).
(2) Trochaic (the noun is "trochee"): a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable. Example: "Thére they áre, my fífty mén and wómen" (Browning, "One Words More"). Note that most trochaic lines lack the final unstressed syllable; the technical term for such a line is "catalectic." Example: "Tíger! Tíger! búrning bríght/ Ín the fórest óf the níght" (Blake, "The Tiger").
(3) Anapestic (the noun is "anapest"): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. Example: "The Assy´rian came dówn like a wólf on the fóld" (Byron, "The Destruction of Sennacherib").
(4) Dactyllic (the noun is "dactyl"): a stressed syllable followed by two light syllables. Example: "Éve, with her básket, was/ Déep in the bélls and grass" (Ralph Hodgson, "Eve").
Two other feet, often distinguished, occur only as occasional variants from standard feet:
(5)Spondaic (the noun is "spondee"): two successive syllables with approximately equal strong stresses, as in the first two feet of this line: "Góod stróng thíck stúpefy´ing íncense smóke" (Browning, "The Bishop Orders His Tomb").
(6) Pyrrhic (the noun is also "pyrrhic"): two successive syllables with approximately equal light stresses, as in the second and fourth feet in this line: "My way is to begín with the begínning" (Byron, Don Juan). [Note: arguably, "way" in this line could well be considered a stressed syllable.]
A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it:
Now back again to M. H. Abrams and his Glossary of Literary Terms:
To scan a passage of verse is to go through it line by line, analyzing the component feet, and also indicating where any major pauses fall within a line. Here is a scansion... [with the stresses marked] of the first five lines from Keats's Endymion (1818); the passage was chosen because it exemplifies a flexible and variable rather than a highly regular metrical pattern.
(1)A thíng of beáuty ís a jóy for éver;
(2)Its lóveliness incréases; // ít will néver
(3)Páss into nóthingness, // but stíll will kéep
(4)A bówer quíet for us, // and a sléep
(5)Fúll of sweet dréams, and héalth, and quíet bréathing.
The prevailing meter is clearly iambic, and the lines are iambic pentameter. As in all fluent verse, however, there are variations upon the basic iambic foot, which are sometimes called "substitutions":
(1) the closing feet of lines 1, 2, 5 end with an extra light syllable, and are said to have a feminine ending. Lines 3 and 4, in which the closing feet, since they are standard iambs, end with a stressed syllable, are said to have masculine endings.
(2) In lines 3 and 5, the opening iambic feet have been "inverted" to form trochees. (These initial positions are the most common place for such inversions in iambic verse.) [Note that, following a different rhetorical accent, one might also scan this line: Full of swéet dréams, and héalth, and quíet bréathing. Such a reading would still fall within the line's pentameter beat.]
(3) I have marked the second foot in line 2, and the third foot of line 3 and line 4, as pyrrhics (two light stresses); these help to give Keats's verses their rapid movement. This is a procedure in scansion with which competent readers often disagree: some will feel enough of a metric beat in all these feet to mark them as iambs; others will mark still other feet (for example, the third foot of line 1) as pyrrhics also.... Notice, however, that these are differences in nuance rather than in essentials: the analysts agree that the prevailing pulse of Keats's versification is iambic throughout.
Two other elements are important in the metric movement of Keats's passage: (1) In lines 1 and 5, the pause in the reading--which occurs naturally at the end of a clause or other syntactic unit--coincides with the end of the line; such lines are called end-stopped. Lines 2 through 4, other hand, are called run-on lines (or in a French term, they exhibit enjambement--"a striding-over"), because the pressure of the incompleted syntactic unit toward closure carries on over the end of the verse-line. (2) When a strong phrasal pause falls within a line, as in lines 2, 3, 4, it is called a caesura--indicated in the quoted passage by the conventional symbol, //. The management of these internal pauses is important for giving variety and for providing expressive emphases in the long pentameter line.
Here is a strong definition of narration from The Harper Handbook to Literature, edited by Northrop Frye, Sheridan Baker, and George Perkins:
[Narrations] take their names from the grammatical stance employed by the narrator: first-person narration for a narrative perspective inside the story, third-person narration for one outside. The first-person narrator speaks as an "I" and may be identified in one of three roles; first person as protagonist, the hero or heroine of the story; first person as participant, a character in a subsidiary role; first person as observer, a character without essential function except to observe and record, sometimes developed fully as an individual with a name, history, and personality, sometimes almost nonexistent except for the "I" that appears occasionally as a reminder of the individual's personal relation to the story.... [A] third-person narrator... stands outside the story, speaking of those within it in the grammatical third person (he, she, they).... [One kind of third-person narration] is called THIRD-PERSON OMNISCIENCE, because the [third-person] narrator assumes the privileges of omniscience, moving about in time and space, entering freely into the unverbalized thoughts and motives of the characters.... All-knowing should not, however, be confused with all-revealing, in either traditional or modern tales.... [T]he third-person omniscient narrator will seldom reveal the mysteries and secret motives of the story before the moment of greatest effect. Knowing all, the story teller teases the reader with bits and pieces until all comes together at the end. [In other words, the story teller discursively re-orders the chronological events of the story.]
In THIRD-PERSON LIMITED OMNISCIENCE, the narrator frequently limits the revelation of thoughts to those of one character, presenting the other characters only externally. As a result, the reader's experience is conditioned by the mental state, the qualities of perception, ignorance, or bias of the filtering or reflecting mind.
Here is a strong definition of "ode" from M. H. Abrams's A Glossary of Literary Terms:
A long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its stanzaic structure.... The prototype was established by the Greek poet Pindar, whose odes were modeled on the songs by the chorus in Greek drama. His complex stanzas were patterned in sets of three: moving in a dance rhythm to the left, the chorus chanted the strophe; moving to the right, the antistrophe; then, standing still, the epode.
The regular or Pindaric ode in English is a close imitation of Pindar's form, with all the strophes and antistrophes written in one stanza pattern, and all the epodes in another; the typical construction may be conveniently studied in Thomas Gray's "The Progress of Poesy" (1757). The irregular ode was introduced in 1656 by Abraham Cowley, who imitated the Pindaric style and matter but disregarded the recurrent strophic triad, allowing each stanza to establish its own pattern of variable line lengths, nuber of lines, and rhyme scheme. This type of irregular stanzaic structure, which is free to alter in accordance with shifts in subject and mood, has been the most common for the English ode ever since; Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality" (1807) is representative.
Pindar's odes wiere encomiastic, or written to praise and glorify someonein his instance, a victorious athlete in the Olympic games. The earlier English odes, and many later one, were also written to eulogize something; either a person (Dryden's "Anne Killigrew"), or the arts of music or poetry (Dryden's "Alexander's Feast"), or a time of day (Collins' "Ode to Evening"), or abstract concepts (Gray's "Hymn to Adversity" and Wordsworth's "Ode to Duty"). Romantic poets perfected the personal ode of description and passionate meditation, which is stimulated by (and sometimes reverts to) an aspect of the outer scene and turns on the attempt to solve either a personal emotional problem or a generally human one (Wordsworth's "Intimations" ode, Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode," Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind")....
The Horatian ode was originally modeled on the matter, tone, and form of the odes of the Roman Horace. In contrast to the passion and visionary boldness of Pindar's odes, Horatian odes are calm, meditative, and restrained, and they are usually homostrophicthat is, written in a single repeated stanza formas well as shorter than the Pindaric ode. Examples are Marvell's "An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland" (1650) and Keats's ode "To Autumn" (1820).
C. Hugh Holman's A Handbook to Literature describes pantheism in the following way:
A philosophic-religious attitude which finds the spirit of God manifest in all things and which holds that whereas all things speak the glory of God it is equally true that the glory of God is made up of all things. Finite objects are at once both God and the manifestation of God. The term is impossible to define exactly since it is so personal a conviction as to be differently interpreted by different philosophers, but for its literary significance it is clearly enough described as an ardent faith in NATURE as both the revelation of deity and deity itself.... Wordsworth in England and Emerson in America may be selected from many as giving typical expression to the pantheistic conception. The following lines from Wordsworth's "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey" express the idea clearly:
...a sense sublime
Of something far more deeply interfused,
Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
And the round ocean and the living air
And the blue sky, and in the mind of man;
A motion and a spirit, that impels
All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
And rolls through all things. INDEX
Slant Rhyme :
A sonnet is a lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are three main variants to the rhyme scheme in the tradition of English literature:
1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. Tthis form is named after the fourteenth-century Italian lyric poet, Petrarch. This sonnet form has two main parts, an opening octave (eight lines) rhyming abbaabba and a concluding sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variation (for example, cdccdc). Some English practitioners of the form add a new rhyme in the second quatrain of the opening octave in order to ease the difficulties of finding such a tight rhyme scheme in English (as opposed to Italian). Petrarch's sonnets dealt with his love for an idealized female character named Laura and some English examples of the form follow in this lyric tradition, most notably Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese.
2) The English or Shakespearean sonnet. This form was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey and others in the sixteenth century, but it is often named after Shakespeare, who mastered the form in his famous sonnet sequence published at the beginning of the seventeenth century. This stanza is made up of three quatrains of different interlaced rhymes (abab cdcd efef), followed by a concluding couplet.
3) The Spenserian sonnet. In the Renaissance, Edmund Spenser introduced an important variation to the English sonnet by having a rhyme continue between each of the three quatrains, followed by a couplet: abab bcbc cdcd ee.
Here is what M. H. Abrams has to say about the sonnet in A Glossary of Literary Terms:
The stanza is just long enough to permit a fairly complex lyric development, yet so short and so exigent in its rhymes as to pose a standing challenge to the artistry of the poet. the rhyme pattern of the Petrarchan sonnet has on the whole favored a statement of problem, situation, or incident in the octave, with a resolution in the sestet. The English form sometimes uses a similar division of material, but often presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in the three quatrains; the final couplet, however, usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end....
Following Petrarch's early example, a number of Elizabethan poets wrote sonnet sequences, or sonnet cycles, in which a series of sonnets are linked together by exploring the varied aspects of a relationship between lovers, or by indicating a development in that relationship which constitutes a kind of implicit plot.
The sublime can be best distinguished in relationship to the beautiful. The beautiful is that in nature which can be admired calmly and appreciated for its surface appearance (color, depth, material, balance). The sublime is that in nature which is so much greater than man that its attraction actually includes a certain degree of fear and trepidation on the part of the beholder, although a fear not so immediate that it traumatizes. The stolen boat episode in Book I of the Prelude (starting at line 372) relates Wordsworth's first experience with this terrible, frightening, but nonetheless attractive, side to Nature's otherwise gentle and calming beauty. Natural landscapes that often evoke the sublime include mountains, chasms, Northern wastelands, massive waterfalls, etc.. Consider, for example, J. M. W. Turner's painting "The Passage of the St. Gothard" (1804) to the right of this text. (Note: if you click on the image, you will link to a larger reproduction of the same painting with slightly better resolution.) Here's the definition of the sublime in Hugh Holman's A Handbook to Literature:
Edmund Burke in 1756 wrote A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful . Kant followed Burke's line of thinking in his Criticique of Judgment (1790), where he linked beauty with the finite and the sublime with the infinite. Burke's doctrine of the sublime was powerfully influential on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers. He believed that a painful idea creates a sublime passion and thus concentrates the mind on that single facet of experience and produces a momentary suspension of rational activity, uncertainty, and self-consciousness. If the pain producing this effect is imaginary rather than real, a great aesthetic object is achieved. Thus, great mountains, storms at sea, ruined abbeys, crumbling castles, and charnel houses are appropriate subjects to produce the sublime. INDEX
Course Syllabus | Class Policies
Last Revised: February 19, 2005
Painting courtesy of
Carol L. Gerten | <urn:uuid:3f9553bb-1407-4eca-8aad-be3fc6b391f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/eng241/guide241.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214144324-20171214164324-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.940618 | 8,497 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Written by Henrylito D. Tacio
Despite the campaign of the Department of Health (DOH) to vaccinate all dogs in the country, rabies remains to be a public health problem.
“Rabies continues to be a prevalent public health threat in the Philippines,” deplores Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) in its website. “The Philippines ranks among the highest in the world in terms of rabies prevalence.”
Around 200 to 300 Filipinos die of rabies every year, data from the Department of Health (DOH) shows. “The government aims to bring these figures down to zero,” RITM says.
So much so that in 2007, the government passed the Anti-Rabies Act (Republic Act No. 9482), a law that calls for the control and elimination of human and animal rabies. It led to the creation of the National Rabies Prevention and Control Program (NRPCP), which targets to eliminate human rabies by 2016 and declare a rabies-free Philippines by 2020.
Since the launch of NRPCP, the number of deaths due to rabies has slowly dropped. From 257 deaths in 2010, it went down to 187 in 2013. The number of human rabies cases also dropped by 27% from 2010 to 2013.
Most of those who died of e victims came from the following regions: Calabarzon (composed of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon), Cagayan Valley, Socskargen (South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, and General Santos), and Davao.
The Global Alliance for Rabies Control considers rabies as the “deadliest disease on Earth.” It claims a person’s life every 10 minutes, according to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Most death incidents happen in Asia and Africa with children comprising more than half of the deaths. “At least one-third of deaths due to human rabies are among children less than 15 years old,” reports the Geneva-based World Health Organization (WHO). “Almost half of rabies exposure is among school children.”
The rabies problem is as old as mankind, dating back in written records to the Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians. The term “rabies,” however, came from the Sanskrit word rabhas, which means “to do violence.”
At one time, the disease was called hydrophobia (from the Greek words hydro for “water” and phobos for “fear”). The patient is extremely thirsty but experiences spasms of the larynx when water is presented or even mentioned.
“Rabies is a viral disease that attacks the central nervous system,” RITM explains. “It is transmitted to a person through a bite of an infected animal. All warm-blooded animals may carry the rabies virus.”
The main carriers of the virus are bats. Aside from dogs and cats, the virus is also carried by cattle, horses, swine, goats, rabbits, and monkeys. Human beings are also carriers once they are bitten by rabid animals. It is “extremely rare” in squirrels, rats, and mice.
“(The rabies virus) can be transmitted when infectious material, usually saliva, comes into direct contact with a victim’s fresh skin lesions,” the health department says. “Rabies may also occur, though in very rare cases, through inhalation of virus-containing spray or through organ transplants.”
Dr. Maricelle Licuanan Resurrection, founder of the Philippine Pet Control Center, told Philippine Daily Inquirer: “The virus incubation is normally from 20 to 60 days, depending on the size of the bite. If the bite is near the brain, like on the arm, then it’s around five days.”
The RITM warns, “Once a person is bitten by a rabid animal and the victim was not vaccinated, the rabies virus will travel from the site of the bite to the victim’s brain. As it reaches the human nervous system, it becomes 100% fatal.”
Health experts say rabies develops with three main phases: the early period followed by excitation phase and finally coma. During the early period, the symptoms are mild and non-specific. They include: a slight fever, chills, uneasiness, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, sore throat, abnormal reaction to light, and a persistent loose cough. A specific early symptom is local or radiating pain, burning, or itching, a sensation of cold, and/or tingling at the inoculation bite.
During the excitation phase, patients experience nervousness, anxiety, agitation, marked restlessness, apprehension, irritability, sensitivity to loud noises, fear of water, excessive salivation (one to one-and-a-half liters in 24 hours), secretion of tears, and perspiration. Systemic symptoms are severe, and they include: heart beating greater than 100 beats per minute, cyclic respirations, urinary retention, and a higher temperature.
Death is inevitable once the symptoms appear. This is the reason why if you think you are bitten by a rabid animal, “you must get a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold,” the Mayo Clinic suggests.
But before doing so, you must know if the animal really has rabies. But if you can’t find the animal, “it may be safest to assume that the animal has rabies.” However, some factors should be considered like the type of animal and the situation in which the bite occurred.
“Anyone who has been bitten by an animal, or who otherwise may have been exposed to rabies, should clean the wound and see a doctor immediately,” CDC points out. “The doctor will determine if they need to be vaccinated.”
A person who is exposed and has never been vaccinated against rabies should get 4 doses of rabies vaccine: one dose right away, and additional doses on the third, seventh and fourteenth days. “They should also get another shot called rabies immune globulin at the same time as the first dose,” CDC says.
But like any medicine, a vaccine is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. “The risk of a vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small,” the CDC claims. “Serious problems from rabies vaccine are very rare.”
Among the mild problems are: soreness, redness, and swelling or itching where the shot was given (30%-74%) and headache, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle aches, and dizziness (5%-40%).
Moderate problems include hives, pain in the joints and fever (about 6% of booster doses).
Among the severe allergic reactions may include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness and weakness. These would start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. If this happens, bring the person to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor.
Instead of 2020, the health department is now eyeing 2022 as the year the country will be rabies-free.
“Prevention is key in eliminating the rabies disease,” Health Secretary Francisco H. Duque III said in a statement. “Ninety-nine percent of all rabies transmissions to humans are from dogs. Be a responsible pet owner and vaccinate your pets. This is the most cost-effective strategy to prevent rabies.” | <urn:uuid:4620c477-644f-405d-a30b-611ceecf77cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://philippinemorningpost.com/rabies-deadliest-disease-on-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202183117-20221202213117-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.946699 | 1,624 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|Course Number||CIS 700 (Fall 2019) at Syracuse University|
|Times||Mon/Wed 3:45-5:15 Lecture|
|Office Hours||Thursdays, 10:30AM-11:30AM|
Program analyses answer questions about the behavior of programs. For example, a control-flow analysis for an object-oriented language could be used to answer the question: at a given (polymorphic) method invocation, which method(s) may be invoked? Such analyses power compiler optimizations which replace the (comparatively) expensive indirect method invocation with a cheaper direct call. Critically, program analyses reason about all possible program behaviors in order to make such optimizations safely. While this seemingly violates the halting problem, program analysis tools gain decidability by making approximations: the analysis must occasionally give imprecise results to soundly reason about all possible executions.
This course will teach students how to systematically build, apply, and evaluate program analyses in a wide variety of languages and paradigms (functional, imperative, relational, etc…). We will begin by studying the foundations of formal language semantics. To help ground this theory in practice, students will implement interpreters for several core programming languages (core Scheme, Featherweight Java, etc…). Then, we will move on to building “abstract” interpreters, which execute programs not with concrete inputs (e.g., the number 5) but instead special abstract values which approximate a (possibly infinite) set of concrete values (e.g., the set of positive integers). This allows us to generalize a program’s behavior on all possible inputs.
All program analyses must at some point approximate program behavior. For example, one (useless but correct) analysis might simply say “every function could return every possible value if it terminates at all.” Clearly, this would not be a very useful analysis, so analysis designers must balance analysis precision with analysis complexity. A focus of the course will be to teach students the primary axes of analysis sensitivity (e.g., call sensitivity, object sensitivity) and help understand the ramifications of language features (e.g., classes, higher-order functions, etc…) on analysis performance.
Logistically, the course will involve several individual projects implementing and evaluating program analyses on several prototypical languages (e.g., core Scheme), alongside a more ambitious capstone project that engineers an analysis for a larger language (such as Java).
Please read the Syllabus for course information. | <urn:uuid:1bfdf585-64d3-4e36-b972-f54061650641> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://kmicinski.com/program-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104668059.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706060502-20220706090502-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.857153 | 536 | 2.625 | 3 |
Seeing Through Sound
Posted by ecwadmin on December 12, 2012 in Technology.
It has long been thought that people who were blind from birth would lack the ability to process visual information, even if their sight were restored. A recent study at Hebrew University’s Safra Center for Brain Science suggests otherwise.
The authors of the study developed a visual-to-auditory sensory-substitution algorithm, a method to transmute visual information into audio information to create what the researchers called soundscapes. Participants in the study would listen to these soundscapes and report what they saw. As reported in the journal Neuron, the participants were initially able to identify simple objects and shapes, but with additional training could actually identify letters and facial expressions. In videos released with the article, the subjects describe what they are “seeing.”
Even more remarkable than what the participants reported is what was happening in their brains. The researchers observed that when the visually impaired participants individuals who had never processed any visual information were seeing, their visual cortex was engaged in the same ways that a sighted persons cortex would be. The part of the brain that usually processes letterforms is called the visual word form area, or VWFA. Conventional wisdom indicated that this area would remain dormant in a congenitally blind person, since the person would never have developed that capability. MRI scans revealed activity in the VWFA, regardless of the type of sensory input involved.
This is exciting for two reasons. First, the technology used to create these soundscapes may literally open new worlds of possibility for blind and visually impaired individuals. As the algorithms are refined, and with more training, there is reason to believe that people using this technology may be able to receive and process very complex amounts of information that would otherwise be inaccessible to them. Second, as new treatments and technology allow more people to recover their sight, their brains (specifically the visual cortex) may be able to learn to process visual information after decades of inactivity. | <urn:uuid:a69a4cc3-9da4-4bd4-94f8-20f42286c39b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://eyeclinicwi.com/news/seeing-sound/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358078.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127013935-20211127043935-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.965342 | 409 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Written by Jeremy Gillula
You would think that by now the Internet would have grown up enough that things like online banking, email, or government websites would rely on thoroughly engineered security to make sure your data isn't intercepted by attackers. Unfortunately when it comes to the vast majority of websites on the Internet, that assumption would be dead wrong. That's because most websites (with a few notable exceptions) don't yet support a standard called HSTS—HTTPS Strict Transport Security.
Why is lack of HSTS even an issue? To see what could go wrong, imagine the following common scenario. You're in a coffee shop and you want to check your bank account. You pop open your laptop, connect to the free wifi, load up your web browser, and type in your bank's URL. No security alerts pop up when you load the page, and there's even a padlock icon next to the address, so you go ahead and login. Unfortunately, you could very well have just sent your login information to a potential attacker.
The way the attack worked is as follows. When your browser first tried to contact the bank's server and load its homepage via HTTP, the attacker intercepted the request to connect and prevented it from getting there (perhaps by having his laptop pretend to be that free wifi hot-spot). He then sent your request to the bank's server himself. When he got the response back (i.e. the webpage to load, the images to display, etc.) he stripped out any links that would initiate a secure HTTPS connection, modified the page so that it would show the padlock icon next to the address (by setting a padlock as the favicon), and sent it back to your laptop. Of course these kinds of attacks have been automated. The result is a page that looks identical in your web browser—the only difference is that it's not secured, and the attacker can read everything you send to the server and everything that gets sent back.
But why couldn't your browser detect the attack? The problem is that modern browsers display prominent security alerts only when a website's security credentials appear suspicious—if a website connects over a secure channel and everything appears OK nothing much happens, and the same is true if the website connects over a normal, insecure channel. Without HSTS, browsers have no way of knowing that a website should be delivered securely, and so cannot alert you when a website that ought to be loaded securely (e.g. your bank's website) is instead loaded via a normal connection (i.e. the unencrypted version the attacker sends to you instead). HSTS fixes that by allowing servers to send a message to the browser saying "Hey! Connections to me should be encrypted!" and allowing browsers to understand and act on that message.
So why haven't more websites enabled HSTS? The biggest reason, we fear, is that web developers just don't know about it.1 Another problem is that support for HSTS in browsers has been incomplete: only Chrome, Firefox, and Opera have had HSTS support for a significant period. This is changing though: we noticed that Apple quietly added HSTS support to Safari in OS X 10.9. For now, Internet Explorer doesn't support HSTS—which means that there's basically no such thing as a secure website in IE.
In response to questions from EFF about this situation, a Microsoft spokesperson told EFF that the company would now commit to supporting HSTS in the next major release of Internet Explorer (we aren't sure whether we have persuaded Microsoft to implement HSTS sooner, though that seems quite likely, and is great news). This means that with the next major release of IE, every major browser will support properly secured websites.
In the mean time, what can users do to make sure their connections are secure? One option would be to use EFF's HTTPS Everywhere browser extension. HTTPS Everywhere automatically tells your browser to use secured connections on many (but not all) websites that support them; on many domains it functions like a client-initiated equivalent of the serverside HSTS mechanism.
But what if you're stuck using a browser that doesn't support HSTS or HTTPS Everywhere, or a website that doesn't support HSTS? For now all a savvy user can do is to always carefully examine the address of the site you've loaded, and verify that it's secure by checking to make sure it has "https" in the front and is the precise address you want to visit.2 Unfortunately this assumes that you know ahead of time (and remember) whether or not a site should be secure, and are meticulous with every website you visit. This is obviously a huge burden to place on users—it makes a lot more sense to automate the process via HSTS, and it's about time website operators the world over picked up the slack and did so.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation is the leading nonprofit organization defending civil liberties in the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF champions user privacy, free expression, and innovation through impact litigation, policy analysis, grassroots activism, and technology development. We work to ensure that rights and freedoms are enhanced and protected as our use of technology grows. | <urn:uuid:62cf908a-86e5-4e4b-a53e-31cff43ffd96> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.rightsidenews.com/2014040534105/us/homeland-security/websites-must-use-hsts-in-order-to-be-secure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129407.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00093-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957689 | 1,069 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Children’s National Health System and five other major pediatric hospitals have developed and tested a pilot “trigger” tool aimed at identifying the most common causes of harm in pediatric inpatient settings.
David C. Stockwell, MD, MBA, a Children’s National critical care specialist, led the design of the study, which determined that efficient and reliable processes for measuring harm related to medical care are needed to advance pediatric safety. The study is being published in the June issue of Pediatrics.
Children’s National “has a strong track record of improving the safety and quality of the care we deliver to our patients,” said David Wessel, MD, Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Hospital and Specialty Services, noting that the study “found no harm that was related to patient deaths. However, this does represent a new tool to survey the electronic medical record. It is one of many initiatives that are showing us where the opportunities reside to improve care.”
The study used the adult-focused Global Trigger Tool developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement as a model for the design of a pediatric tool. The tool, named the Pediatric All-Cause Harm Measurement Tool (PACHMT) was tested at six freestanding children’s hospitals from different areas of the country, using a retrospective chart review of patients discharged in February 2012. A random sample of 100 patients from each site was included in the study.
A total of 240 harms were detected from the 600 patient charts reviewed, a rate of 40 harms per 100 patients admitted. Almost 70 percent of the harms detected were rated as level E, the lowest severity on the harm scale developed by the National Coordination Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, and included constipation, skin rash or bruising. Of the total harms documented, 45 percent were classified as probably or definitely preventable.
The use of active surveillance tools that detect potential harm can help hospitals direct their efforts to improving the safety and quality of care. In addition to Children’s National, the other study sites included Boston Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Central California, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford.
With a commitment to provide the highest quality patient care, Children’s National continually works to identify areas for improvement in quality and safety. In addition to this Pediatrics study, Children’s National conducts internal as well external quality and safety data analyses and collaborates with other hospitals to identify the causes of avoidable causes of harm and the necessary interventions to prevent future harm.
Contact: Emily Hartman at 202-476-4500.### | <urn:uuid:e2b0cb0b-8e9c-4a36-9f52-3dbf52e39aeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://childrensnational.org/news-and-events/childrens-newsroom/2015/study-evaluating-tool-to-improve-quality-reduce-harm-in-patient-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423320.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720181829-20170720201829-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.950987 | 558 | 2.671875 | 3 |
An excerpt from
Jazz on the River
by William Howland Kenney
Groovin’ on the River
Three brilliant stars of early riverboat jazz. Left to right: the trumpeter Henry “Red” Allen, the trumpeter Louis Armstrong, and the drummer Zutty Singleton. [Photo courtesy of the Historic New Orleans Collection, accession no. 92-48-L, MSS 520.]
Armstrong, the many musicians who played with him, and those who followed him onto the riverboats did not migrate in the simplest sense of moving from some point in the South to settle down in Chicago. But neither did many male migrants, who tended to move in a generally northerly direction from one job to another before taking on a major industrial center such as Chicago or Pittsburgh. Although the riverboats did paddle northward up the river, they also steamed eastward and westward across it, before paddling southward back to their original point of departure after Labor Day, their musicians usually still aboard.
Armstrong, for example, worked his way from one small town to another up and down the river for three seasons, reconnoitering the major Mississippi valley urban areas, creating a network of professional contacts that helped him find his way in the world. When he first arrived in St. Louis in 1919, he was stunned by its tall buildings:
There was nothing like that in my home town, and I could not imagine what they were all for. I wanted to ask someone badly, but I was afraid I would be kidded for being so dumb. Finally, when we were going back to our hotel I got up enough courage to question Fate Marable.
"What are all those tall buildings? Colleges?"
"Aw boy," Fate answered, "Don't be so damn dumb."
He learned quickly by playing after-hours sessions with St. Louis musicians. His meetings with them epitomized the black musical migration in the Mississippi valley. After demonstrating his unsurpassed improvisational talents, Armstrong listened to them and much admired their literacy and musicianship. Together, they all talked about Chicago. This after-hours networking within a context of further migration and travel would continue for many years, creating what the scholar Gerald Early has called a "Black Heartland."
Armstrong, of course, permanently left the riverboats in 1921 to return temporarily to New Orleans. His further migrations to the North came when he boarded an Illinois Central train to travel to Chicago to join King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. He could not have gone there by riverboat, there being no waterway deep or wide enough between the Mississippi River and Chicago to convey him there. While working on the river, Armstrong occasionally returned to New Orleans, and he continued to spend much of his time performing on the road around the world, becoming the prototype of the traveling musician who often seemed to live in trains, planes, taxis, hotel rooms, clubs, and recording studios. His career as the single most celebrated jazz star was a most exceptional one, but he, like most of his colleagues, spent long periods moving from one gig to another.
From the point of view of most Americans, Armstrong's restless world was even more elusive and mysterious than that of Marable. Black musicians were strictly segregated from the white passengers on the riverboats, as, later, from the patrons of the clubs and dance halls of the northern cities. "More than white musicians, black ones were usually excluded from the more stable engagements (of a week or longer)," and often lived through careers filled with musical "one-nighters," their more frequent displacements making them harder to locate at any given moment. Armstrong later described what it was like to be on the road in the South: "Lots of times we wouldn't get a place to sleep. So we'd cross the tracks [into the black section of town], pull over to the side of the road and spend the night there. We couldn't get into hotels. Our money wasn't even good. We'd play nightclubs and spots which didn't have a bathroom for Negroes. When we'd get hungry, my Manager, Joe Glaser, who's also my friend, Jewish and white, would buy food along the way in paper bags and bring it to us boys on the bus who couldn't be served."
Employment on the tramping riverboats offered many of them one of their longest-lasting engagements and was, for that reason alone, a milestone in many careers. But however slowly, the paddle wheelers kept moving, too. Elusive black musicians, for whom Armstrong became a figurehead, lived and worked for months at a time in reasonably close proximity to the white crew and passengers. But, thanks to the Jim Crow regulations on board, they still remained essentially enigmatic to whites, their music new and puzzling, their dress and comportment unlike that of the more familiar levee roustabouts, their after-hours destinations and activities a mystery to most white people.
Calling Armstrong and his fellow musicians "mysterious" presumes, in part, a middle-class white perspective that preferred black musicians to remain largely unknown, the better to stamp them all with racist stereotypes. The musicians could be "known" mostly within the traditions of riverboat entertainment. In the 1920s, American audiences still looked for exotic characters when stepping onto riverboats for their musical entertainment. Given the long tradition of minstrelsy, most whites thought that any black roustabout, deck hand, or musician carried an air of mystery, gaiety, and danger. During his years on the river, Armstrong, who, as we shall see, remained largely docile in the face of racial oppression, began to think about the need for an on-stage persona from this artificial racial perspective, one that would reinterpret elements of the minstrel show stereotypes.
His arrival on the excursion boat scene found him near the start of his long career as a crossover musical entertainer, and he was then a timid young man, as yet unsure who he was. But even he could not ignore his amazing talent, so Armstrong gradually discovered the courage to confidently project an image, one at which American audiences marveled in the 1930s and 1940s. By then, he had conjured an "in-between" restless persona in which he mixed his unsurpassed instrumental improvisations with an unusual jazz patois, hoarse yells, scat singing, an eyeball-rolling, handkerchief-waving, leering humor mixed with pathos, and a mysterious musical sensibility that keened in its joy. Smiling and bowing reassuringly, Armstrong nevertheless seemed a subversive enigma, his music and gruffly masculine presence slyly creating ironic reversals of beloved lyrics and melodies, his fevered imagination an unpredictable, surging force.
The new riverboat musician's early experiences had engendered a tough resilience and a determination to succeed as a musical entertainer. According to Laurence Bergreen, his had been a "wretched" childhood. His memories of its pain and promise had led Armstrong, like the true artist, to signify on it (reinterpret it) onstage, in his music, and in his patter. On the typewriter that he brought on board with him, he initiated a long life of banging out jazzy letters that rarely failed to mention some detail from his "gruesome" days and nights as a timid child in a dangerous world on the grimy sidewalks and in the squalid brothels and cabarets of Storyville. Yet, as Bergreen insists, Armstrong was full of surprises: thanks in large part to music, he later came to insist that his childhood had been an ideal one for a jazz musician. In so doing, he usually reached for the laugh but still revealed an "edge of anger" and hurt stemming from the fact that his father had not only abandoned him and the family but had then paraded proudly through the streets of black New Orleans. His stories about Mardi Gras high jinks included stark recollections of the routine beatings and "head-whippings" the New Orleans whites meted out to inoffensive black workers. His soaring music expressed the mingling of joy and sorrow in his heart. Some of his colleagues "thought they detected a voodoo ethos about" Armstrong, and, indeed, he was familiar with voodoo and included some of its seemingly nonsensical chanting in his vocals.
Armstrong's painful recollections of his errant father, his own forced incarceration in an orphanage, his betrayals by powerful figures of the New Orleans demimonde such as "Black Benny" Williams, and the terrible racial oppression that forced him into a life of exile all brought sounds of sorrow and melancholy to his carnivalesque jazz. The poet Nathaniel Mackey has explained that for those who, like Armstrong, have been subjected to the "social death" of racism and abandonment by a parent, "song is both a complaint and a consolation dialectically tied to that ordeal, where in back of 'orphan' one hears echoes of 'orphic,' a music that turns on abandonment, absence, loss. Think of the black spiritual 'Motherless Child.' Music is wounded kinship's last resort." When discussing Armstrong's scat vocals, Mackey argues that "scat's blithe mangling of articulate speech testified to an 'unspeakable' history" of racial oppression that only worsened during Armstrong's years on the river.
In his published statements, Armstrong maintained an impenetrable diplomatic silence about the many difficulties of his decision to leave New Orleans. He admitted to feeling homesick, missing his mother and sister, friends and cronies, but he clearly signaled that he had exchanged his hometown for an excursion steamer in hopes of finding a better life. Most of the leading New Orleans musicians who had made a deep impression on him were leaving. The cornetist and bandleader Joseph "King" Oliver had decided to move to Chicago. The trombonist and bandleader Edward "Kid" Ory had determined to give Los Angeles a try. A surprising number of jazz musicians traveled the Gulf Coast network of waterways, railroads, and highways in search of greater employment opportunities in music. Among them were John Handy, Sam Morgan, Edmund Hall, Cootie Williams, Lee Collins, Buddy Petit, Oscar Celestin, Clarence Desdunes, Billie Pierce, Sadie Goodson Peterson, and Ida and Edna Goodson. The trumpeter Don Albert joined the migration of African Americans who lived west of New Orleans, on the western side of the Mississippi River, to Texas. The reedman Sidney Bechet had headed for Europe. All of them would live their lives in transit, a bag packed, a telegram announcing the next gig sliding under the door. Many of them ranged as far west as Texas, well up into the northern Midwest, and south to Mexico and Cuba. Many others joined Armstrong on board the vessels of Streckfus Steamers.
Armstrong became the most celebrated representative of a broader and more diverse movement. Looking back after becoming jazz's first superstar, he left no doubt that working from 1916 to 1918 as a musician in and around New Orleans in Kid Ory's band had offered him his start toward professional advancement. The cornetist's wonderful ebullience gave a can-do, Horatio Alger tone to his memoirs of black Louisiana. But working with Ory never would have paid enough to free Armstrong or any of Ory's other musicians from long hours of manual labor during the week. Armstrong continued to sell coal door-to-door. Several other musicians worked as longshoremen and stevedores. In Louisiana, they could only hope to be part-time musicians who played for local black audiences, their wages modest at best.
The "moldy figs" of the post–World War II years—people who clung desperately to early jazz in the face of the bebop revolution of the 1940s—spied purity and authenticity in black New Orleans music before it responded to white riverboat audiences and the big city media, but it would be easy to romanticize the musicians' struggles. Kid Ory had had so much trouble getting gigs that he had started promoting fish fries on a plantation in rural Laplace, Louisiana, one whose grounds reached down to the Mississippi. Ory and his friends caught fish straight out of the Big Muddy. His uncle, who ran a grocery store in Laplace, gave Ory whiskey and beer to sell, as well—five cents for a drink, five cents for a fish sandwich.
Refusing to sit about waiting for gigs to come to him, Ory organized parties, becoming bandleader, promoter, bookkeeper, treasurer, and fish fryer. He sought out houses left empty by people who had migrated elsewhere in search of work. Such structures worked well for dance parties because they contained no furniture to get in the way. He also worked his party and picnic scheme at local baseball games and eventually earned enough to go into the musical instrument business as well.
As a seven-year-old Ory had begun by making his own banjo, guitar, string bass, and violin in order to organize a band of street urchins. As his "spasm band" began to make some meager profits at baseball games, he gradually bought several real musical instruments: a trombone, of course, a violin, a twelve-string guitar, a string bass, a trumpet, and drums. When poor youngsters such as Armstrong accepted an invitation to play in Ory's band, the leader would rent them instruments on which to perform, reducing their wages accordingly. When Armstrong left New Orleans to play on the riverboats, therefore, he arrived without a musical instrument, knowing that, under a prior agreement, the captain would rent or sell him one. For Armstrong, simply getting to the point of having his own instrument represented a major step toward professional independence.
The modest, localized, and rural setting of these initial musical endeavors, in which young part-time musicians played by ear on homemade instruments, defined what came to be seen, from a later vantage point, as "authentic" black jazz. But, in fact, the musical world of Kid Ory's band had also led naturally to the margins of more professional musical activities. The leading black bands from New Orleans ventured out to the Louisiana plantations every payday during the winter season when the sugar cane was ground. Buddy Bolden, for example, played on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley line's excursion trains, which ran between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. Such trains stopped at Laplace, where Bolden would play a number or two from the baggage car as advertising for an afternoon picnic and dance from 11:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
As soon as Ory secured his real instruments, he went into competition with these big-city professionals, dressing up his musicians in jackets and bow ties and leading them at picnics on weekends between performances in Laplace and Baton Rouge. His band's repertoire showed a debt to Buddy Bolden's by playing such tunes as "When the Saints Go Marching In" that he had taken from evangelical and Baptist churches. Those denominations used drums and piano accompaniment with their singing. Ory later admitted to Neshui Ertegun of Atlantic Records that his group's repertoire was more than two generations behind that of the churches.
But Ory had been moving inexorably into more urban settings in which his rural roots intertwined with more commercial venues. He performed at Pete Lala's New Orleans bar as early as 1907 and landed his first job as leader of his own band in Gretna. Soon thereafter, he secured his historic gigs at Economy Hall in New Orleans and at Cooperative Hall in Milneberg by renting the halls himself and promoting dances. In 1916, the cornetist Joe Oliver left Ory's band, and Louis Armstrong replaced him. One year later, the thirty-eight-block area called Storyville, in which prostitution had been made legal in 1897, was officially closed, leaving the musicians and the prostitutes who had worked there scrambling for jobs. Not long thereafter, the riverboat bandleader Fate Marable began talking to Armstrong about playing in his hot riverboat dance band.
As he thought about Marable's offer, Armstrong imagined it within the context of a search for freedom. He metaphorically recalled the time that he had entertained with a group from the waifs' home at a picnic under a broiling sun. Dizzy and exhausted, he had taken refuge in a nearby cypress swamp, where his thoughts had turned to the generations of slaves who had fled into the swamps from the plantations. Thinking of his own predicament, he had imagined his fugitive ancestors sitting on the knee-shaped tree trunks just above the snake-infested waters. Exhausted, he had perched on a knee and fallen asleep.
Armstrong had awakened, blinded by an impenetrable blackness. Terrified, he had stumbled out of the cypress swamp, grateful to find the sun setting, his young fellow inmates packing their instruments, the interminable job finally played. According to his published autobiographies, Armstrong never went back to the swamp, opting instead to attempt a career as a professional jazz musician outside the South. Starting on the Mississippi River, he demonstrated to those that could hear new spaces between the beats, new notes with which to fill them, and a correspondingly dynamic, elusive, and original lifestyle.
In a second metaphor, Armstrong speaks of the Mississippi as taking the contours of many poorly formed letters M and W when viewed on a map, likening his travels up and down the river to a young person's lessons in literacy. He notes his relief when, sitting on deck, he saw the cypress swamp slide past his northbound steamer.
Much of Armstrong's unusual persona came from his childhood of extreme poverty and limited education, but his unusual and ultimately entertaining translations of his past also found encouragement in the process of his migration to the North and his subsequent chasing after the gigs. He and his jazz, even the partially tamed jazz that he played on the excursion boats, took some of its optimistic spirit from an important link between music and movement. Like the blues, jazz is a form of culture that readily travels. In the first half of the twentieth century, all sorts of Americans lived in motion, migrating from abroad to new homes, from the country to the cities, from east to west, and, most important for jazz and for African Americans, from the South northward. They inevitably left behind them much of their earlier thought and behavior but readily learned to redefine themselves by the contrasts between what they recalled of what they had been and what and whom they saw and heard around them on their journeys. Moreover, the riverboat musicians, proud of their craft, possessed an unparalleled ability to carry their musical identities with them. The elements of their New Orleans musical lives swiftly became what W. T. Lhamon Jr. calls a "lore cycle," an open-ended loop of musical gestures that brought an exotic excitement to riverboat dance music. Jazz may have been invented in New Orleans, but its new context on the Mississippi and the Ohio and in the major river cities changed it.
Forward motion animates dynamically played notes into movement toward "the next expected tone," unfurling melodies moving toward completion, while developing harmonic progressions and stepping rhythmic patterns create an impression of "unfinished being." So the music that was commercialized as "jazz" throve on many varieties of exciting, adventurous travel. Its slang, like the music itself, came to incorporate metaphors of movement. Practiced players said they had "traveled miles and miles" through the paths of song; a musically rich performance was "a trip"; fans wanted to be "moved" by the music and pleaded with the musicians, "Go, go, go!" or "Send me!" Jazz's close relation to dance brought it joy in physical movement as dancers "hoofed it," "legged it," "beat the leather," "hopped," "trotted," "shimmied," and "toddled" to the music. Perspiring scholars tried to pin jazz down, but, of course, it was "in process," always becoming something new depending in part on where it was played, its freshness carrying a powerful message of solace and hope to those able to hear it. As we shall see, riverboat jazz even moved to the rhythmic chanteys of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century riverine laborers.
The riverboats and lives of incessant travel also encouraged what have often been described as the "joyful," "joy-making," "festive," "happy," and "fun" sounds of Armstrong's music. Well-established patterns of minstrelsy and the tourist trade indicated that bar and nightclub music by New Orleans blacks had to be upbeat and exuberant. Thus Armstrong's impossibly large stage smile.
But the music that Armstrong recorded and that he wrote about playing is too easily dismissed as merely "happy music." It was not "unhappy music," but neither was Armstrong's jazz a cartoon music like that of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band's "Livery Stable Blues," which was conceived and performed with caricatured low-comic intent. So, too, Jelly Roll Morton's "Hyena Stomp" drew in a similar manner on broad-brush vaudeville slapstick. During the 1950s, Armstrong and, in particular, his vocalist Velma Middleton entertained their audiences with plenty of pratfalls.
Nevertheless, most of the recorded music that Armstrong performed in his Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings and his Mississippi River numbers of the 1930s and 1940s could more accurately be described as sharply glinting, in flight, agitated, and excited, not simply happy or joyful, a rough, tough-spirited music that resisted easy labels. Polyphony and polyrhythm gave it substantial complexity. Armstrong himself contributed a nearly operatic virtuosity. As Nathaniel Mackey insists, sadness lurks in his tone and expressiveness and, when blended with the Roaring Twenties spirit of nervous excitement, lent emotional depth to his music. Thus his music flew well beyond the comic minstrel mugging with which it was delivered.
Much of this complexity expressed the hazards of the Great Migration, a mixture of eager anticipation and danger. For Armstrong, as for the musicians who played with him on the riverboats, jazz was, in addition to musical entertainment, what James Clifford has called a habitus, a space in time between past and future where one lived while on the move, a set of musical and social practices and associations that could be remembered and through which one could simultaneously remember one's hometown while far from it. Jazz skills, jazz ideals, and jazz's alienation from mainstream middle-class culture functioned as a body of knowledge with which and within which one could live and work while on the move, particularly on the water. Armstrong owed much to his musical experiences in New Orleans. But from 1919 to the end of the summer of 1921, he tramped the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. He had no fixed home. He worked in order to change his place and position in American society. He never made Chicago his permanent home, either, and when he bought a home outside of New York City, he spent as much time away from it as in it. His music expressed the special kinds of movement characterized by migration, diaspora, and steamship voyages. It had great energy, ambition, daring, courage, undercurrents of the voyagers' nostalgia for home, and a tough alienation from sentimentalism and from mainstream culture.…
In ways that have not been understood heretofore, Armstrong played a particularly influential and controversial role in the riverboat experience. In 1919, 1920, and 1921, the young musician was deepening his initial discovery of the wellspring of improvisation that he had gradually revealed to himself in the aural world of black New Orleans, a powerful groove that he could not but bring on board with him. However, his unusually rapid improvisational progress accelerated on the Streckfus Line excursion boats, just where the orchestra leader Fate Marable and his employers so vigorously pursued their policy of musical literacy. For three summers, Armstrong therefore became the focus of a highly symbolic cultural struggle between oral and literate approaches to musical performance. His spectacular journey through this conflict made him the figurehead of a new musical interstice called jazz.
When he first crossed the gangplank in his tattered shoes, Armstrong performed only in the aural world of Kid Ory's band. But the young cornetist subsequently assured the reading public in his 1936 autobiography that he had, under the tutelage of mellophonist David Jones and pianist Fate Marable, learned to read music.
A handsome and dynamic young Armstrong (third from right) looks ready to fly off his chair. The other players, left to right: Henry Kimball, Boyd Atkins, Fate Marable, John St. Cyr, David Jones, Norman Mason, Norman Bradshear, and Baby Dodds, aboard the S.S. Capitol, c. 1919. [Photo courtesy of Duncan Schiedt.]
Subsequent events would prove that Armstrong exaggerated and oversimplified his progress in musical literacy. When in 1923, two years after leaving the river, Armstrong joined Fletcher Henderson's hot dance band, one for which Fate Marable's band had provided excellent training, he still felt uncomfortable reading arrangements. His rhythmic swing helped transform that orchestra, but he still had to listen to someone else play the notes arranged for him so that he could then play them from memory.
Where I had come from I wasn't used to playing in bands where there were lots of parts for everybody to read. Shucks, all one in the band had to do is to go to some show and hear a good number. He keeps it in his head until he reaches us. He hums it a couple of times, and from then on we had a new number to throw on the bands that advertised in the wagons on the corner on the following Sunday.…I had left Chicago, where the way we used to do it was just take the wind in and take what's left and blow out and now I got to watch this part.
While rehearsing with the Henderson band, Armstrong, for example, missed the dynamic markings and blasted out his part while the rest of the musicians brought theirs down to pianissimo (abbreviated as pp), as instructed in the arrangement. In response to Henderson's criticisms, he tried to cover up with a joke—"Oh, I thought that meant 'pound plenty'"—when explaining his failure to follow the chart.
Beyond the initial step of learning to recognize the basic musical notation symbols, "reading music" becomes a relative matter. Some musicians come to specialize in it, becoming precise musical technicians. Others learn to read about as much as they need to play the gigs they manage to find. Armstrong came on board a musical illiterate who lived in the aural musical world he had shared with people in his neighborhood. He then learned to read music, perhaps not swiftly or at first sight, nor perfectly thereafter, but, with sufficient rehearsal, he did learn enough to play his parts well in performance. In the process, he discovered that in some important ways he didn't really want to read music. As he described it, the sheets of music distracted him, got between him and his audience, diverting his inner aural concentration on the sound of swiftly passing chords and rhythms with the external imperative of visual concentration.
He became, after all, the most impressive "get-off man," or improviser, since Sidney Bechet. Early big bands such as those of Marable, Henderson, and Ellington clearly recognized a division of labor between the musicians who had been hired to read the charts and those who had been hired to "get off" into the surprising world of musical improvisation. Armstrong, therefore, moved beyond his initial illiteracy. Like many of the other New Orleans musicians, he dutifully learned to name the notes and to mathematically divide and subdivide their rhythmic values. He was, moreover, linguistically literate. He would use his typewriter to write letters to his old friends for hours at a time. When, in 1936, he wrote his first autobiography, he described the Mississippi as one might when looking at it on a map. The river looked to him like a winding series of poorly formed but recognizable signs whose form and meaning would emerge with greater clarity only with more direct riverboat experience. Armstrong was one of those who preferred to apply literacy to language while keeping music aural.
He had excellent reasons. The oral world from which he sprang treated music and language in similar ways. Both partook of what Walter Ong has called an "oral, mobile, warm, personally interactive life world." Writing, whether linguistic or musical, reduced "dynamic sound to quiescent space." Written words and musical notation "isolate sound from the fuller context in which [they] came into being": "The word in its natural, oral habitat is a part of a real existential present. Spoken utterance is addressed to a real, living person or real, living persons, at a specific time in a real setting which includes always much more than mere words." Written notes were only that. Those played by ear, like pronounced words, naturally relied heavily on individual manipulations of intonation, pitch, and a grand variety of colorings and shadings. The black musical tradition had developed minute rhythmic variations in the way notes were articulated. The written score, on the other hand, seemed to musicians such as Armstrong a cold, unresponsive, unchangeable final statement imposed on the musical imagination, a Dead Sea scroll that remained outside any give and take of real persons, beyond discussion. In his written recollections of his hometown, in many of his letters, and in interviews, Armstrong emphasized the rich social context in which he had come to music.
And here was the crux of his continuing attachment to playing music by ear, just as he was learning to read it at sight. He found in the world of sound, far more than in that of sight, emotional fulfillment. This is, according to Ong, part of the essential psychological meaning of music. It, like human consciousness and human communication, gives the impression of emanating from somewhere profoundly deep within oneself. Like river water, music seemed always in flux, moving toward the next discovery. A gifted musician such as Armstrong gathered and then immersed himself in sounds coming from all directions and sources, making himself the center of his own personal and original synthesis. Whereas sight dissects and isolates elements of experience, sound brings experience inside us and harmonizes our perceptions of the world. As Ong puts it, "The centering action of sound…affects man's sense of the cosmos, unifying, centralizing, and interiorizing." Improvised music, "like the spoken word…proceeds from the human interior and manifests human beings to one another as conscious interiors, as persons; the spoken word [and music] form human beings into close-knit groups." Music, and, more particularly, improvised music (and even hot, agitated varieties) can generate, more than can a written arrangement, a sense of a sacred circle. These styles of music seem to emanate from an unknown source very deep within the musician, one that he or she experiences as a unifying harmony that is being shared with others.
This aural worldview emphasizes a participatory give and take between audience and musician, plenty of leeway in exactly how one recalls a favorite tune, and a nonabstract, situational manner of understanding the communication process. Armstrong and the other black migrant musicians developed their own vocabulary to describe the major techniques, strategies, and culture of playing jazz. They spoke of "heads," "turnarounds," "the sock chorus," "licks," "getting off," and much more. The externalized authority of the tradition of musical literacy must have felt like the imposition of an oppressive new authority, little connected to Armstrong's musical background.
That strong aural tradition formed the core of an interstitial musical life that included many other ingredients, as well. A poor, uneducated black man from the lowest social level of wicked Storyville, someone who nonetheless clung to certain old-fashioned American values, an African American much influenced by the Karnofskys, his adoptive Jewish family, a man traveling into a life of exile from his southern home, an individual moving through a time of crackling racial hostility calling for the strictest discretion and diplomacy—here was a man living between social and cultural categories. Striking out in search of a better life, he began to reinvent himself as a black musical entertainer, becoming a mysterious mixture of gifted solo improviser, comedian, and original vocalist with a guttural, rasping sound capable of suggesting pathos in humor.
Even at that early stage in his career, Armstrong was in the full bloom of an unprecedented journey into a life of solo instrumental improvisation. As jazz musicians used to say, he was beginning to "own that thing." Instrumental control engenders a sense of personal stature and power within the world of music and in life generally. A life of improvisational development is a rare privilege. More often than not, literate musicians simply cannot improvise. His special gift intimately linked him through musical memory to his people and his ancestors.
He had to know, far better than did Streckfus, what his gift might do for him in the world of musical entertainment. He liked and respected Fate Marable and made an on-going, two-and-one-half-year pass at learning to read his charts but stubbornly acted as if he knew that he would never live out his life and career as a section player. Marable might be right. He might live to regret his stubbornness. But, in fact, he did not. He was Louis Armstrong, and there never was another musician like him.
Armstrong may also have had his own reasons for avoiding Marable's lessons. His exceptional talent raised complex questions about career planning. True, reading the riverboat charts offered poor musicians such as Armstrong a special Streckfus kind of economic opportunity—real enough, but strictly limited. They paid the average sideman $35.00 plus room and board or $65.00 per week without room or board, as when, for example, the boat worked for several weeks at one city and the musicians found rooms in the black sections of town. Given the Herculean labor of playing both a daytime and an evening cruise, this was downright parsimonious, but the Streckfus brothers probably were aware that Kid Ory paid his musicians only $17.50 per week (albeit for much less labor). In 1919 John Streckfus had paid only $37.50 per week without room and board, but he gradually increased the benefits and shortened the work hours. Much earnest, respectful negotiation convinced the Streckfus brothers to divide the orchestra into smaller units during the daytime cruises. That way, at least players got some time off. They subsequently decided to hire a different band for the daylight cruises, saving their best band for the moonlight excursions.
The S.S. Sidney (on the right) seen from the bow in this early photo. Louis Armstrong played on the Sidney, and Walter Pichon, James Blanton, and Errol Garner performed in its dance hall when it was recommissioned as the Washington. [Photo courtesy of the Jones Steamboat Collection, Special Collections Division, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.]
By 1926, when Henry "Red" Allen, following Armstrong's career trajectory and improvisational ideas, came aboard, the starting salary had increased to $45.00 per week, but room and board were not included. In order to keep exhausted musicians from jumping ship, they also offered a bonus of $5.00 per week, paid at the end of the summer season. If a musician could refrain from splurging in town after his night's work, if he would dutifully spoon in the starchy steamboat cuisine, sleep in the tiny, crowded bunk room, and save his pennies, he could welcome Labor Day with more cash in his pocket than he had ever had before. If such restraint faltered, he was still a young man with a bankroll in what looked and sounded like a glamorous job. In levee-front bars, that earned considerable respect. Armstrong wrote glowingly about rolling back into his old Storyville haunts, a wad of riverboat dollars in his jeans.
The Streckfus brothers preferred to pay one flat rate negotiated between the black musicians' union and the company, and their experience with Armstrong led them, slowly and reluctantly, to modestly increase the salaries of their star players. He and other gifted improvisers such as Red Allen, Nathaniel Story, Earl Bostic, Clark Terry, Harold "Shorty" Baker, and Jimmy Blanton managed to eke out another $10.00 or $15.00 per week. The Streckfus brothers never fully accepted the star system because it led directly to higher wages for the star and less work from the sidemen. Nor would they allow them to accept gigs in the river cities after the midnight cruises. They insisted that if midwesterners wanted to hear their red hot band, they would have to pay to come on board. The same logic may have led them to discourage their musicians from recording, at least under the Streckfus banner.
Armstrong wanted to become the featured soloist and vocalist in Fate Marable's dance band. Both Streckfus and Marable resisted the innovation. In 1921, therefore, Armstrong left the riverboats for good. He had found much to admire in the experience, but his employers' intransigence would leave a permanent wound. In his first autobiography, Armstrong characterized his last months on board as stormy weather and, many years later, took particular satisfaction in seeing that a Streckfus entourage had made the effort to come to a club in New York where he had star billing to hear and see him perform. Armstrong returned the gesture by going over to their table between sets.
Although he has exaggerated his case, the musical theorist Jacques Attali has offered an important interpretation of radically new popular music styles such as the jazz Armstrong played on the river between 1918 and 1921. Attali insists that such musical breakthroughs act as heralds of emerging new social orders. Two of his many provocative points about the social functions of music offer potential insights into the social significance of Armstrong, the Great Migration, and riverboat jazz. First, Attali likens radically new musical styles to "noise" that has the potential to disrupt and silence the usual ritualized harmony of musical styles that have been designed to help people forget violent disruptions to the social order. Second, the manipulation of music by the powerful usually serves to ritually domesticate and therefore to "sacrifice" music's radical potential in an effort to restore listeners' belief in the political and social order. Riverboat jazz, a partially tamed adaptation of New Orleans jazz, eliminated violence, affirmed the possibility of social order, and offered a promise of racial reconciliation.
Armstrong and his famous New Orleans jazz brothers had "brought the noise," black noise, through the Mississippi valley at the height of the region's racial tensions. Their astounding music might easily have reached hundreds of thousands of white Americans from New Orleans to Minneapolis. But many were deeply troubled by the social changes set in motion by the Great Migration. Within the "confidence game" played by the excursion steamers, power moved to make the nation's past live on into very unsettled modern times. In order to make twentieth-century midwesterners believe in the continued dominance of Mark Twain's world, the musicians had to sacrifice the blues, the radical challenges of their free polyphonic improvisations, fleetingly fast and grindingly slow tempi, and sexually frank lyrics. This suppression of what would have been to many white passengers the more threatening (because unfamiliar) qualities of New Orleans jazz also sacrificed Armstrong and Dodds, the two most spontaneous, innovative, and entertaining musicians in Marable's Metropolitan Jaz-E-Saz Orchestra. The riverboats had provided but a limited venue for Armstrong's solos. In the fall of 1921, he performed a solo titled "La Veda" accompanied only by piano. It received such applause that it became a featured act. But Armstrong had signed on to act as a section man in an arrangement-reading orchestra. In 1922 he would finally jettison his regimented role in the riverboat dance band. He postponed the daily quest for mastery of Euro-American musical literacy and moved on to the nightclubs of Chicago, a musical world where, on one hand, his individuality and expressive freedom found greater encouragement, while, on the other, the number of his professional choices was correspondingly limited.
Because of the Streckfus policy against recording their bands, Armstrong never recorded with the celebrated Metropolitan Jaz-E-Saz Orchestra. As if that were not unfortunate enough, he had to wait twelve years before recording any tunes that evoked rivers in general or the Mississippi River in particular. But during the depression and World War II, he did express his new, remarkably unsentimental spirit in several recordings with river themes. Indeed, were one to include all the recordings that tapped into the general themes of parting and returning, leaving someone (and being left), and finding that person again, the number of his recorded movement tunes would rise dramatically.
Armstrong created a new jazz interpretation of the black Mississippi, one that combined his musical roots with the lessons of his riverboat years if not their often melancholy spirit. His river recordings began on April 5, 1930, well after his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven sessions of the 1920s. They crop up in daring, wonderfully successful sessions held during the worst of the Great Depression. The first of them was "Dear Old Southland," created in 1921 by the African American songwriting team of Henry Creamer and Turner Layton when they had "borrowed" two spirituals, "Deep River" and "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child," and stitched them together to make their commercial hybrid. Armstrong recorded it as a solo in 1930 with accompaniment by the vaudeville dancer and pianist Buck Washington. The trumpeter launches into this musical voyage with a slow, haunting, dignified statement of the two sacred themes that is worthy of a New Orleans brass band marching to the cemetery. But then, following the musical tradition of the funeral parades, he leaps into double time, his joyous shouts sending sorrow flying into the glinting rough and tumble of hot jazz.
He was a hip, secular, itinerant musician deeply influenced by the music of Storyville. Indeed, according to Marable, he was a "wild young man." Although such black intellectuals as W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke felt a strong attachment to the spirituals, or "sorrow songs," interpreting them as sacred expressions of a lost time of greater folk purity, Armstrong had grown up far from the halls of academe. Music critics for the Harlem paper New York Age joined forces with the National Association of Negro Musicians and the Hampton Institute's journal The Southern Workman to condemn the jazzing of the spirituals. But Armstrong created a hot commercialized river spirit by both respecting and jazzing the spirituals, working into his wild trumpet improvisations direct and heartfelt statements of the sacred old melodies.
"Deep River" first attained great popularity in this country's publishing houses and concert halls in 1917, the year that Ell Persons was lynched in Memphis and a murderous race riot tore apart East St. Louis, Illinois. Nearly blasphemy in relation to Du Bois's sorrow songs and certainly "a moment when the subject-matter or the content of a cultural tradition [was] being overwhelmed, or alienated, in the act of translation," Armstrong's musical announcement of a new era was a transgressive act.
In 1933–35 the trumpeter recorded with a twelve-piece band, similar in number and instrumentation to Marable's bands. Indeed, some of the musicians on these dates—Zilner Randolph, Harry Dial, Red Allen, Leonard Davis, Lawrence "Snub" Mosely, and Pops Foster—had played their ways through the Mississippi valley, too. A remarkable Victor session in 1933 produced "Mississippi Basin," "Dusky Stevedore," "St. Louis Blues," "There's a Cabin in the Pines," "Mighty River," and "He's a Son of the South." Sessions for Decca in 1939 and 1940 waxed the culturally rich "Shanty Boat on the Mississippi" and "Lazy 'Sippi Steamer."
Armstrong's river recordings seem to me to be among the more successful records he made. They can be seen as his creative response to Joseph Streckfus and Fate Marable, the records that he would have liked to make with Marable's Metropolitan Jaz-E-Saz Orchestra ten or eleven years earlier, had he been allowed. On several of these sides we hear Armstrong leading orchestral arrangements, indicating how much he had learned from Marable's tuition despite their falling-out. At the same time, Armstrong is the star instrumentalist and vocalist who leads the band, asserting an individual authority in the recording studio denied to him on the river.
Armstrong's river recordings create an "in-between space" in black music history. He interprets major themes of the black Mississippi, an important experience in the Great Migration, in his own hot, stomping, swinging manner, often at much faster tempi than the riverboat captains had allowed. His lyrics often allude to the sadness of the black South, but Armstrong frames all such moments with his sunny optimism. With Andy Razaf's lyrics for "He's a Son of the South" (Vic 24257), Armstrong, riding high over a fleet rhythm section that included the pianist Teddy Wilson and the banjoist Mike McKendrick, turns the Great Migration into a seemingly effortless but stylish strut. He's a son of the south very much on the move, dressed even better than Fate Marable, and, moreover, stepping to some really hot jazz, much too searing for old wooden paddle wheelers. He pulls out all the stops, his trumpet blistering his joyful, shouting notes, his slick journey through the lyrics slipping, gliding, and veering through the syllables.
He slows the tempo a bit, switching into a minor key, to play and sing "Mississippi Basin" (Vic 24335). In singing these lyrics, Armstrong becomes a levee worker: "Even though the weight was heavy, I was happy on the levee. Want to take my rightful place in the Mississippi Basin back home. Everybody was for me there, all the folks will be there, used to like to wash my face in the Mississippi Basin back home." He wonders aloud why he left but recalls that he's going to make a beeline back home.
He flips on full afterburner when blazing through Andy Razaf and J. C. Johnson's "Dusky Stevedore" (Vic 24320), his second recording about maritime labor. At a tempo that would have reduced the St. Paul to splinters, Armstrong doffs his hat to the roustabouts down on the levees of the Mississippi, singing that though the loads they carried were heavy, they still had a song to sing and "a ragtime shufflin' gate" to their steps. These tough, strong, stylish men demonstrated how to come through slaughter, offering an artistic rendering of the roustabout experience to counterbalance the meanness of the Streckfus Steamers' magazine story about Millennium Potts.
Profiting enormously from his back-up band, one that also included Albert "Budd" Johnson and Scoville Brown on tenor and clarinet and St. Louis's own Zilner Randolph on trumpet, Armstrong slowed down just enough to hit a swanlike note of dignity for Billy Baskette's "Mighty River" (Vic 24351). The lyrics actually celebrate the sound of a departing steamer's whistle and bell, announcing a slow voyage back home to a girl (like Daisy Parker) whom migration had left behind. He even slips into these lyrics a statement that the best part of the trip will be getting to its end.
Decca and Victor, labels that plied the nation's more commercialized musical markets, were many steps removed from the Okeh race record label, on which Armstrong's most famous Hot Five and Hot Seven sessions appeared. Armstrong's last two river recordings followed the standard ballad form with vocal. Terry Shand and Jimmy Eaton's "Shanty Boat on the Mississippi" (Decca 2729) and Armstrong's own "Lazy 'Sippi Steamer Going Home" (Decca 3283) provide a counterpoint to the advanced thinking of the other recordings. On the latter, according to Charles Garrett, Armstrong celebrated the social and economic potential of life in Chicago for a talented immigrant. On the former, however, he plays and sings hot interpretations of what he had left behind on his migration. "Shanty Boat" evokes the jerry-rigged houseboats of poor black people along the Mississippi, singing the feelings of an exhausted laboring man who looks forward to kicking back on his own shanty riverboat. He's gonna take him a wife, eat fish from the river, and "ain't gonna work no more."
Chanteys were labor songs sung by sailors on boats. Although the lyrics of some of these songs refer back to British tars, many of them reveal black origins, so many, in fact, that one expert argues that the old sea chanteys derived from the West Indies. There, black islanders, defending themselves against severe weather, for example, moved their simple dwellings by mounting them on rolling platforms. The owner acted as both a shantyman and a chanteyman, singing out the call of a laboring song, while those pulling him and his house furnished a rhythmic response. "Shanty Boat on the Mississippi" commercializes and modernizes the shanty tradition, rearranging the old themes of labor, recreation, and music. Armstrong's river recordings are chanteys in jazz time, full of the music and images of riverboats and their traditions. The identity of the group mentioned in the lyrics depends on the listener's point of view, but black jazz lovers would have had no problems creating their own memories of the South and their migration in the performances. Armstrong's original manner of performance might have given his river recordings a little of the rebellious spirit of the black maritime tradition that extended from the eighteenth-century Atlantic trade to the nineteenth-century sail and steam vessels to the early twentieth-century packets and excursion boats.
"Lazy 'Sippi Steamer," like "Mississippi Basin," celebrates the anticipation of a black laboring man like the composer or one of the black seamen or roustas returning home down the Mississippi. Armstrong evokes the powerful, mixed emotions of one returning to the South, the familiar sights and sounds along the banks of the Lower Mississippi evoking home and the lives of one's friends and family, all the beautiful but terrifying experiences that migrants like him had fled.
Armstrong sings these songs straight, without scatting or adding comic interjections such as those he injected into his recording of Hoagy Carmichael's famous song "Lazy River" (OK 41541) and of "Lonesome Road" (OK 41538). The first might have seemed too romantic, the latter too full of self-pitying lyrics. He transforms the former by doubling the tempo and scat singing, the latter by erecting all around the melody and lyrics a scaffolding of vaudeville-style satire. His recording of "When It's Sleepy Time Down South" (OK 41504) compensates for the many little implied racial stereotypes in the lyrics by opening with a conversation between Armstrong and Charlie Alexander, the pianist in the session. They contextualize the song with signals of their solidarity in the Great Migration, discussing how long they've been "up here" and their plans to touch base back down South, the lovely old melody becoming a memory of the beauties of a less intense, slower-moving past.
In the big band river records that Armstrong made during the thirties and very early forties, the great musician and entertainer turned all the hope and labor of his migration into his own interstitial interpretation of the Mississippi. He and his all-black recording orchestras recalled via their own experiences the black laboring men who had come before them. In the recordings of Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra, excited emigrants fairly flew through the air, with style and grace, their travels animated by the adventure, energy, and mystery of gifted young artists on the move.
After World War II, a time of somewhat less violent race relations in the Mississippi valley, a time when more militant attitudes about how to deal with the white majority swept through black communities, Armstrong appeared to some to have accommodated himself too fully to racism and segregation on the river and elsewhere. The trumpeter Miles Davis, raised in East St. Louis, Illinois, excoriated Armstrong for his Uncle Tom behavior, as did Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Davis had never lived through the post–World War I riots and had never been so poor, and was therefore unable fully to appreciate how dangerous those times had been to a musician such as Armstrong. Whatever his practical spirit of accommodation, the older man had never granted whites in general nor the Streckfus family in particular dominion over him. Despite his reluctance to help free the drummer Baby Dodds from the clutches of John Streckfus Jr., Armstrong did not fully accept the riverboat captains' vision of white dominion on the Mississippi.
In his second autobiography, he recounted it thus: one night, a mate roused him from his sleep with word that the captain had demanded his presence in the pilot house. Worried that he might have done something wrong, Armstrong rushed to the captain's side only to discover that the white-bearded gentleman wanted to point out to him Jackson Island, where Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer had cavorted with his friends. "I looked up at the old gentleman, not knowing what was to come. Then I saw he was smiling. He said, 'Louie, come in here. We're working up to Jackson Island in a few minutes and I thought you would like to see it.' He had remembered my telling him about my reading 'Tom Sawyer' and asking him if he had known Mr. Mark Twain." Streckfus placed a heavy, kindly hand on Armstrong's shoulder. After a lengthy silence, he finally said:
"This is Mark Twain's country. He was a very great man. I never pass this part of the river without feeling that his spirit rests over it." I began to see a dark patch of woods standing out ahead of us on the left. Then I heard his voice again. "That is Jackson Island," the old gentleman said. I knew the time had come when I should feel something he wanted me to feel. I remembered from the book about how Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn and their friend Little Joe Harper had gone to that island to be "pirates," and had cooked their food over a wood fire and had had a good time, but that seemed a long way back to me, and the island, as far as I could see it in the dark, looked just the same as a hundred other islands we had passed in the river in the long time we had been going since we left New Orleans.
Although he has been accused of being a weak person whose spirit was broken by racial oppression, Armstrong, beneath his ever-present diplomacy, remained quietly resilient and independent in the face of pressure from such white authority figures as John Streckfus Sr., the president of Streckfus Steamers and captain of the boat on which he was working. In fact, this is a major lesson that can be learned from the history of his years on the river. Armstrong and Marable's other musicians took what the excursion boats could offer them and then got on with the greater goals of their migration. Their experiences in major cities along the Mississippi ultimately led them away from the South—and the riverboats.
Copyright notice: Excerpt from pages 64-87 of Jazz on the River by William Howland Kenney, published by the University of Chicago Press. ©2005 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. This text may be used and shared in accordance with the fair-use provisions of U.S. copyright law, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic form, provided that this entire notice, including copyright information, is carried and provided that the University of Chicago Press is notified and no fee is charged for access. Archiving, redistribution, or republication of this text on other terms, in any medium, requires the consent of the University of Chicago Press.
William Howland Kenney
Jazz on the River
©2005, 242 pages, 23 halftones, 1 map
Cloth $27.50 ISBN: 0-226-43733-7
For information on purchasing the book—from bookstores or here online—please go to the webpage for Jazz on the River.
- An excellent interview of William Kenney, with images and music clips, at the Jerry Jazz Musician website
- Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture by Lewis A. Erenberg
- Jammin' at the Margins: Jazz and the American Cinema by Krin Gabbard
- A catalog of books in music
- Other excerpts and online essays from University of Chicago Press titles
- Sign up for e-mail notification of new books in this and other subjects | <urn:uuid:05194ce3-fa20-42b6-b2c3-f820027ea425> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/437337.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976646 | 12,021 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874. (adjective, noun) (a. / n.) (adjective / noun)
Usage examples:Said that great statesman and patriot, Henry Clay: " We present to the world the sorry spectacle of a nation that worships Slavery as a household goddess, after having constituted Liberty the presiding divinity over church and state."
- Three Prize Essays on American Slavery by
- Thaddeus of Warsaw by
- Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson by | <urn:uuid:a694900b-bf27-4464-8c92-d63d342c7cd9> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://definitions.dictionary.net/presiding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00148-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862681 | 142 | 2.703125 | 3 |
vga – configure a VGA card
configures a VGA controller for various display sizes and depths.
Using the monitor type specified in
given as argument
uses the database of known VGA controllers and monitors in
the display via the devices provided by
The options are:
use the VGA database entry corresponding to
0xC0045="Stealth 64 DRAM Vers. 2.02")
rather than looking for identifying strings in the BIOS
dump the BIOS memory (in hex) to standard output and exit.
disable the use of the hardware graphics cursor.
include the color palette in whatever actions are performed,
usually printing the contents.
when used with
display the register values that will be loaded.
load the desired mode.
is usually set by including it in the
file read by the PC boot program.
print the current or expected register values at appropriate points depending on
print a trace of the functions called.
print a verbose trace of the functions called.
as the VGA database rather than
is of the form
are numbers specifying the display height, width, and depth respectively.
is scaling mode, either
not specifying it disables scaling altogether.
is used to switch to a specific display using its index
The mode must appear in
as a value for one of the monitor entries.
The usual modes are
indicates interlaced operation.
The default mode is
is of the form
X x Y
and configures the display to have a virtual
screen of the given size.
The physical screen will pan to follow the mouse.
This is useful on displays with small screens,
such as laptops, but can be confusing.
Using the monitor name
to use VESA BIOS calls to configure the display.
Also, if our VGA controller can’t be found in
will try the VESA calls.
There are no entries for the
For a list of available VESA modes and connected displays, use
aux/vga -m vesa -p
Loading the special mode
aux/vga -l text
switches out of graphics mode back into text mode.
It uses the VESA BIOS.
Change the display resolution:
aux/vga -l 1600x1200x8
Show connected and active displays:
aux/vga -m vesa -p | grep dsp
Switch to display
and load a specific mode:
aux/vga -m vesa -l '1920x1080x16,#4'
Print the current VGA controller registers.
It is usually best to redirect the output of a
command to a file to prevent confusion caused by using the VGA
controller while trying to dump its state:
aux/vga -p >/tmp/x
Force the VGA controller to a known state:
aux/vga -m vga -l
Print the current VGA controller state and what would be loaded
into it for a new resolution, but don’t do the load:
aux/vga -ip 1376x1024x8 >/tmp/x
display type (default
VGA configuration file.
makes every effort possible to verify that the mode it is about
to load is valid and will bail out with an error message
before setting any registers if it encounters a problem.
However, things can go wrong, especially when playing with a
new VGA controller or monitor setting.
It is useful in such cases to have
the above command for setting the controller to a known state
at your fingertips.
Scaling modes currently work with Intel and NVIDIA video
adapters only, using VESA. Intel doesn’t support
Display switching currently works with Intel video adapters
only, using VESA. | <urn:uuid:2e000bf8-5d4b-4278-9b6c-67f9e0faff85> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://man2.aiju.de/8/vga | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099892.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128151412-20231128181412-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.680533 | 794 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Extraction Site Preservation
Prior to the extraction of a tooth (due to periodontal disease, abscess, traumatic injury, fracture, or other cause of tooth loss) it is critical to preserve the bone at the site where the extraction is required. If not, the jawbone will degenerate following extraction. Preserving your jawbone is always the ideal treatment as compared to trying to repair a deficient jaw.
Using techniques of bone grafting discussed in earlier sections, we can preserve and grow new bone at the time of extraction for optimal function and esthetics, whether you choose to have dental implants or the placement of a fixed bridge.
Fractured Molar with Severe Infection
Extraction Site with Significant Bone Loss
Thee Months Post-op Guided Bone Regeneration
Successful Placement of Implant | <urn:uuid:add6ebb8-39e1-480d-95b6-08b56c4ffa97> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://topgumdocs.com/services-procedures/extraction-site-preservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743353.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117102757-20181117124757-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.879677 | 168 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Let's Celebrate Tết
What is Tết?
Tết is Vietnam’s biggest holiday. For many countries it is the celebration of the Lunar New Year, but for the Vietnamese Tết is also the time to celebrate everyone’s birthday, the beginning of spring and even Christmas. It is a time for family, food, celebration and hope for a peaceful and prosperous New Year. Tết is officially a three day holiday, but many Vietnamese celebrate for up to seven days. It occurs every year between late January and early February, depending on the phase of the moon.
The Three Days of Tết
Tết has many traditions and customs. In preparation for Tết everyone gets a haircut, new clothes, cleans their house from top to bottom and settles any debt so that they can begin the new year with a fresh start. Tết starts on New Year’s Eve when giao thừa is celebrated: a ceremony where a family thanks the outgoing spirits who are on their way to heaven, welcomes the new year and invites the spirits of their ancestors to their homes to help them celebrate.
On the first day of Tết everyone spends time with their families, relatives visit from all over and even the ancestors are included in the festivities. The first visitor to the house is very important because they can influence the family’s fortunes for the entire year; if the visitor is wealthy the family will be prosperous, if they have good luck so will the family. Consequently, there is a lot of protocol involved with visiting a family during the first day of Tết. The second day of Tết is reserved for visiting special guests and close friends and on the third day everyone visits teachers and important business associates.See also:
During Tết it is believed that all of the spirits who guard the house leave earth to go to heaven and report their observations for the year to the Emperor of Jade. At the same time evil spirits are allowed to roam the earth, so many traditions and decorations of Tết are meant to scare away evil spirits and protect the family.
The cây nếu, a decorated bamboo pole, is placed outside a house and covered with symbols, colorful streamers and other items meant to help the good spirits and scare away the evil ones. The apricot tree is a symbol of protection and is feared by evil spirits, so many families have blooming apricot branches outside their doors and in their houses. Firecrackers, drums, gongs and noise also scare away evil spirits, so New Years can be a noisy time in Vietnam.
The unicorn and dragon dance is often preformed on New Year’s Eve. The unicorn symbolizes kindness and wisdom. People leave money attached to their bamboo poles, cây nếu, or other areas outside their houses to entice the unicorn. If the unicorn takes the offering, the family or business will have good luck in the coming year.
Many Tết traditions are also tied to good luck. Red is the color of good luck and happiness, so red decorations appear everywhere during this time, especially red envelopes. On the first day of Tết children are given a red envelope with money inside lì xì, which they are allowed to spend on whatever they want. Peach blossoms and kumquats are symbols of luck and good fortune as well so many people will buy a kumquat tree and blooming peach limbs from the booming flower markets that spring up just before Tết to decorate their houses.
Tết Traditions (continued)
Traditional greetings during Tết involve wishing each other good fortune, good luck or a new addition to the family. Almost all Tết greetings are tied to these themes.Chúc ông năm nay mua máy bán đất, thiế tại như nước - I wish that your business may prosper with the new year and that money flows into your house like water.
Cũng chúc tân xuân – Many wishes for the new spring
On the final day of Tết the family has a ceremony where they thank the ancestors for participating in their celebration and then burn symbolic paper clothes and money for the ancestors to use in heaven.
Traditional Food of Tết
Food is a very important part of Tết and families will spend days making elaborate meals to celebrate. Many of these foods are only served during Tết.
- Bánh Chưng - This dish is made of rice, beans and pork and is wrapped in là đồng leaves making a square green package.
- Mang – a soup of boiled bamboo shoots and fried pork
- Xỏi Gác – orange sticky rice
- Five fruit tray – usually contains banana, orange, kumquat, pomelo, and finger citron
Year of the Snake
The Vietnamese calendar adds up to a sixty year cycle. Within the cycle, each year is tied to a major element, wood, fire, earth, metal and water and also one of twelve animals or zodiac signs – Rat, Buffalo, Tiger, Cat , Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Chicken, Dog or Pig. Each animal and element has its own individual characteristics.
2013 is the Year of the Snake and is believed to be a year of peace and prosperity. The snake is an important part of life in Vietnam. People born in the Year of the Snake are endowed with wisdom and excel in finding solutions to problems. They are usually successful in life and lucky with money. | <urn:uuid:040528c3-68fd-44fd-be04-117cee974dc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://vietnam.ttu.edu/exhibits/tet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952713 | 1,251 | 2.765625 | 3 |
YORK - How do you go
about cleaning up an
invisible, odorless mess? That's the tricky task of
workers who come in
to decontaminate a plant following a nuclear accident.
- If radiation strikes a person,
it can cause damage to
tissues and cells
- Much of the process requires
technology such as instruments
to measure radiation levels,
lead-protected gear and sometimes even robots
to travel into zones with
unknown degrees of contamination.
- "Once the reaction stops,
it's mostly the by-products
you have to worry about," explained
Peter Parker, a professor at Yale
University's Nuclear Structure
- Judging from early figures released from the Tokaimura
processing plant outside of Tokyo, experts in the U.S. predict
damage may not require extensive cleaning.
- On Thursday contamination
levels around the plant were
reported to have been from 10,000 to
20,000 times the normal levels. By
Friday those levels had apparently
dropped low enough that Japanese officials
lifted an advisory that had
ordered 310,000 area residents to stay indoors.
- "If radiation levels were
high and then went back
down, that implies you had a big blast of
radiation and less contamination,"
said Brian Rothman, a radiation
clean-up specialist at Rothman Radiological
Services in New Mexico.
"It's like if someone had turned on a giant
x-ray machine and
zapped everything around."
- A Self-Sustaining Chain
- When a nuclear reaction spins out of control, there are
two things that clean-up crews need to worry about: radiation and the
of the uncontrolled nuclear reaction.
- Radiation and radiated metals
are not the only dangers
associated with a nuclear accident
- A nuclear reaction in
a uranium plant produces energy
by combining high amounts of reactive
uranium. The proximity of the uranium
atoms triggers the atoms to
release their nuclei, which then become neutrons.
neutrons act like tiny cleavers and split other uranium
in turn, release even more neutrons in a process known as
- If fission is not contained and controlled in a reactor,
atom-splitting neutrons can spread from the reaction in the form
radiation. If radiation strikes a person,it can cause damage to tissues
- If the radiation reaches any metals in the surrounding
reacts with the metal and makes it "hot." That means
atoms in the metal absorb an extra neutron and then become unstable.
unstable atom is dangerous because it releases continuous energy in
form of gamma rays or alpha or beta particles. Radioactive metals also
remain hot long after the reaction, itself, is extinguished.
- "Being near
radioactive metal like that is like
sitting on an x-ray machine that's
always on," said Rothman. The only
way to eliminate the hazard, he
explained, is to remove any metal in the
vicinity of the
- But radiation and radiated metals are not the only dangers
associated with a nuclear accident. Even more damaging are the amounts
of radioactive materials that spew out from a nuclear reaction. During
fission, as uranium atoms are split apart, uranium atoms are converted
into a range of radioactive materials such as plutonium, krypton, iodine,
xenon, cesium and strontium. All of these elements then escape into the
atmosphere and contaminate their surroundings.
- "The good news is there
was only about 35 pounds
of material involved," said David Lochman
at the Union of Concerned
Scientists. That means, he explained, that
radiation from the Japanese
reaction probably only reached metals
inside the facility. By comparison,
nearly 100 tons of uranium reacted
out of control at the Chernobyl plant
in the Ukraine in 1986.
- Less severely
contaminated material can simply be wiped
down. 'You literally use soap
- At Chernobyl the range of contamination was horrifyingly
As the massive explosion burned for days, plumes of radioactive gasses
and tiny particles rose into the sky and were carried literally around
the world by winds. Soils, waters, clothes, and houses were contaminated
to an extent that a complete clean up was virtually impossible (it
- Contamination following the explosion in Japan was less
severe since the explosion was smaller and because it happened on a rainy
- "Water helps to dilute those particles," said
Rothman. "So at some points you're not even going to be able to
- Even in a diluted state, however, contamination can be
dangerous. Lochbaum estimates that if people were exposed to some of the
higher contamination levels reported around the Japanese plant for 90
or more, they stand a one in 300 chance of getting
- To reduce that risk, workers will need to take readings
of all materials in the vicinity of the plant and then clean infected
That work may require a robot to go in first and scout out just
radiation levels are in certain places and then gauge how long
safely work in the area. Any severely contaminated material
is then removed.
According to Rothman, less severely contaminated
material can simply be
wiped down. "You literally use soap and
water," he said.
- Although it may sound like a straight-forward job,
cautions a proper cleaningtakes time.
- "It's not going to be a
he said. "But clean up should be a slow
and deliberate process that
could take a year or longer." | <urn:uuid:83bb7de5-d6c2-4509-b32b-6f01d7f253bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://rense.com/health3/cleanup_h.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210249.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815181003-20180815201003-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.921026 | 1,187 | 3.796875 | 4 |
About Ministry of the Environment
The Ministry of the Environment was established in 1979 by the first elected Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Jakande when it was carved out of the then Ministry of Works and Transport. It was later merged with Ministry of Physical Planning and became Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning.
In 2003, the administration of the immediate past Governor of Lagos State, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu separated the office of the Environment from Physical Planning and upgraded the present Office of the Environment to a full- fledged Ministry. The mandate of the Ministry was primarily to secure a clean, healthier and sustainable Environment which will be conducive for tourism, economic growth and well being of its citizenry. — Read More
School Environmental Advocacy Programmes
Climate Change Club
The establishment of the Climate Change Clubs in Public Schools in Lagos State is one of the Schools Environmental Advocacy Programmes managed by the Ministry of the Environment.
LAWMA club educates children on proper Waste disposal and recycling options. An initiative of The Lagos State Waste Management Authority, an Agency under the supervision of the Ministry.
A Lagos State Waste Water Management Office initiative meant to educate on the proper management of domestic and commercial sewage (Wastewater) in a number of Public Schools of Lagos State. | <urn:uuid:e66a0c3f-47f8-4c29-856c-c1a6da71c3af> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://moelagos.gov.ng/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982968912.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200928-00226-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939408 | 269 | 2.5625 | 3 |
While selfishness is a sin, self-respect is a virtue. When dignity is freely given there is less desire to challenge. Authority does not have to be taken, it is the result of the adult clearly, lovingly, and respectfully stating expectations.
Respect is not neglect, or over indulgence.
Teachers who manipulate and trick children only have the illusion of authority. Adults who consistently try to be one of the kids, not only surrender power, they may use anger to try to regain it. This creates a classroom of insecurity.
Treating children with esteem does not mean letting them rule the room. Just as it would be foolish to turn over the controls of an airplane to a person who has never flown, it is unloving to give children too much independence. Nor does it mean there is no consequences to misbehavior. Children have a sin nature; modeling politeness is not enough to bring out their best. When they deliberately misbehave, they need to know there are consequences of their actions.
Respect is recognizing each child is precious to God.
When you are talking with another child, the next one can wait to speak until you acknowledge him. When he approaches, touch him. Ignoring him is rude; he will misbehave if necessary, to get your attention. As soon as possible, give him your undivided attention.
When you are asking for prayer requests and someone begins a long story, smiling say, “I really want to hear your story, but tell me only the prayer request.” Then privately ask about the story later.
Every time one of the children speaks or acts harshly to another remind him, “In our class we are kind.” If it happens again, pull the agitator aside and explain, “It is my job to protect everyone, so what is going on?” Listen attentively, being heard may be enough to settle his frustration. “Yes I understand why you are upset, but can you handle your feelings in another way?”
By maintaining an atmosphere of joy, children will be brave enough to think. You cultivate courage by not taking yourself too seriously. Laugh at your mistakes when they are simple, and apologize when your misunderstanding was hurtful.
If your authority is challenged, be slow to escalate. Give the child choices so he feels some power, but keep those choices within your plan so you have the control. “I don’t mind if you sit or stand while we sing, the choice is yours.” If that is not enough for him to cooperate, express regret not anger. “I am sorry you chose to lay on the floor. You may watch from over here with Mrs. Susan.”
Once children realize that you truly care about them, once they know that they can trust you to treat them with respect, and once they see that you will keep everyone safe, they will very rarely challenge your authority.
After serving as children’s minister for twenty-four years, Jayna Coppedge wrote the parenting book she wanted to give to the families in her ministry. Parenting with the End in Mind is available on Amazon. Join her parenting Facebook discussion group www.facebook.com/groups/1583891675269970/ . Invite her to speak at your parenting or children’s teacher training event. | <urn:uuid:ab6c931d-0231-4a19-b674-19146632e28b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://mrmarksclassroom.com/blog/2016/07/26/treating-children-with-respect-increases-your-authority/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.965948 | 695 | 2.75 | 3 |
We have lost one of our most talented actors to heroin. Philip Seymour Hoffman relapsed last May after being sober for 23 years. While many were shocked to learn that an actor of such renown could die with a heroin needle in his arm, they shouldn’t be.
Opiate addiction can happen to anyone: housewives, business professionals, working class laborers, teachers, students...anyone who takes prescription painkillers and has a genetic predisposition to opiate addiction can become addicted.
Make no mistake, there is a growing opioid epidemic going on in this country; Fairfield County is not exempt. In Connecticut one person dies every day from an opioid overdose on average.1=
According to the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy, the number of deaths involving heroin surged 45 percent between 1999 and 2010. Every day there are between 75 and 100 deaths due to opiate overdose.
This epidemic is taking a huge toll on our young people. Prescription drugs are now one of the leading killers of teens in the United States. Teens typically start with prescription painkillers, such as OxyContin and Vicodin, found in the family medicine cabinet. Those who become addicted will often move on to heroin because it is cheaper and easier to get.
If you think this cannot happen to your child, think again. People who never could have imagined putting a needle in their arm and shooting heroin, do so after getting hooked on prescription drugs.
If you or a loved one has had or needs treatment for opiate abuse, here’s what you need to know:
- Relapse is likely; statistics show that 90% of opiate addicts will relapse within the first year after completing a traditional treatment program.
- Upon discharge from treatment, make sure the addicted person has a relapse prevention and follow-up treatment plan in place.
- When a person relapses, they will often go back to using at the same level they used before treatment. Because their tolerance levels drop after they have been clean for period of time, they are more susceptible to overdosing.
- The person with the addiction, family and friends and first responders should allhave access to Naloxone (or Narcan). It can reverse an opiate overdose and safe a live.
- In Connecticut, you can get Naloxone from physicians, surgeons, physician’s assistants (PAs), Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs), dentists and podiatrists.
- If you are the addicted person and you relapse, do not use alone. Keep a vial of Naloxone on hand.
- If you are with someone and they overdose, call 911. You will be protected by the “Good Samaritan” law and will NOT be arrested.
- If you or a loved one needs treatment, find a provider with experienced licensed or certified counselors who are trained to treat addiction. Look centers that are CARF or JCAHO accredited. Proven treatments for addiction include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing and psychopharmacology. Medications are particularly effective in treating opiate addictions.
- If you have children at home and have ANY unused prescription drugs in your medicine cabinet, lock them up until you can turn them in at a Drug Take Back Day.
The opiate abuse epidemic will need to be confronted on many levels to be overcome. But knowledge is power and there are steps and safe guards that many of us can take to curb it. Accepting that addiction is a disease and letting go of the stigma is step one.
MCCAbelieves that alcoholism, drug addiction, problem gambling and co-occurring disorders are treatable illnesses and that those affected – including other family members – can recover. MCCA is a top-rated substance abuse provider in Connecticut and has seven outpatient and three residential programs throughout the western part of the state. For more information visit our website at MCCAOnline.com. | <urn:uuid:449fe1cd-fc30-4bf1-8b5c-e4c78aa1d8ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://patch.com/connecticut/weston-ct/you-shouldnt-be-shocked-by-philip-seymour-hoffmans-death_50d95ae7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657104131.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011144-00225-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952537 | 809 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Flax belongs to the genus Linum, one of 10 genera in the family Linaceae. The genus contains more than 100 annual and perennial species. Cultivated flax belongs to the species L. usitatissimum, and its varieties are of two types: one is grown for oil and the other for fiber.
In Canada, at present, oilseed flax is the main commercially produced crop. But there is a growing trend back to natural fibers for both industrial applications and textiles. This trend will only continue as pressures increase to produce materials that are recyclable or decomposable.
As a result, Western Canadian businesses are realizing the value of flax straw, and are developing technologies to handle oilseed straw and produce fiber from it for industrial purposes. The extraction and processing of fiber from existing flax straw residue and the dedicated planting of fiber flax will create new production and value-adding opportunities for Western Canadian flax producers. | <urn:uuid:4f4238c7-4aa8-47de-849f-0c7a9d41467e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.saskflax.com/growing/index.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.921783 | 194 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Books on Amazon
Theory/Duhem: is an abstract system for summing and logical classification of a set of experimental laws. - Does not explain the laws.
Theory is an organization of our knowledge - Theories/Cartwright: are abound - their explanations are not all needed.
Theory/Cartwright: Prediction: lies in the fundamental laws. - Contents: lies in the phenomenological laws.
Theory Entry: preliminary state: "unprepared description": left of the as-if-operator - 1st order prepared description: requires equation. - 2nd order: Investigation of the prepared description with principles. - E.g. a laser can be described quite differently. (With or without memory). - According to the decision, there are bridge principles that say which equations are to be applied.
- - -
Hacking I 362
Theory/Cartwright: includes no truth itself. - If truth, then by approximations!
How the laws of physics lie Oxford New York 1983
Einführung in die Philosophie der Naturwissenschaften Stuttgart 1996 | <urn:uuid:d36672a1-4b65-4a86-8baa-89e4421e80c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=274404&a=$a&first_name=N.&author=Cartwright&concept=Theories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122041.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00065-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.827384 | 234 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Earlier this week, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched 42 small satellites aboard a Vega rocket from a launch site in French Guiana. One of the nanosatellites, PICASSO, carries remote sensing technology developed and built by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, which will be used to undertake measurements in the upper layers of Earth’s atmosphere.
PICASSO stands for Pico-Satellite for Atmospheric and Space Science Observations, and is the first CubeSat nanosatellite mission of the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB). Weighing only 3.5kg, it carries two measuring instruments for atmospheric research. The first is a Visible Spectral Imager for Occultation and Nightglow (VISION), built by VTT for sun occultation measurements. The company says VISION builds on the capabilities of spectrometers previously launched with the Aalto 1 and Reaktor Hello World nanosatellites. The satellite also carries a system to conduct plasma measurements in the ionosphere, the Sweeping Langmuir Probe (SLP), developed by BIRA-IASB.
VTT says that the instruments on board PICASSO are noteworthy due to their combination of capabilities in a very small package with the company highlighting that the quality of the data collected by these tiny new instruments in relation to their costs enables high-quality scientific research that nanosatellites have not been able to deliver before.
According to VTT, the camera element of the VISION payload can capture the visible light of the sun in freely selectable narrow wavelength bands (430-800nm). When the light of the sun passes through the earth’s atmosphere at different heights at sunset and sunrise, the vertical distribution of ozone in the stratosphere can be measured. At the same time, the system can also determine the temperature profile of the atmosphere by tracking the deformation of the solar image caused by atmospheric refraction.
Antti Näsilä, research team leader at VTT, said, “Integrating atmospheric measurement instruments into a satellite the size of a carton of milk is challenging – but the scientific opportunities are massive. In future, instruments like VISION can also be used to measure other gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.” | <urn:uuid:c483a84d-d2a8-4629-b37d-1c8793edbcce> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/news/satellites/esa-launches-remote-sensing-tech-for-atmospheric-measurements.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358078.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127013935-20211127043935-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.902495 | 474 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In the wake of Ben Stiller’s announcement about his 2014 diagnosis with prostate cancer and the test that “saved his life,” men are asking themselves what is a PSA test and do they need it? Stiller’s declaration has stirred the cancer community and has put prostate cancer smack in the media spotlight. His candid essay on Medium has roused debate and awareness for this men’s health issue.
A PSA test, which Stiller credits for his early detection, is a blood test that measures how much prostate specific antigen substance is being produced by an individual’s prostate. When levels return high, it can be an indicator of prostate cancer. The test is typically not administered until a man is over the age of 50. Stiller was in his 40s when the test was given and had none of the precipitating symptoms that would make someone receive testing early. His doctor suggested an initial test as a baseline. Over time his numbers crept up which led to further testing and an eventual diagnosis and treatment.
Typically only men in a high-risk category are tested earlier than standards suggest. Those considered high-risk are African-American men and anyone with an immediate relative has been diagnosed with prostate cancer at a young age. Stiller credits his doctor for thinking outside of what is recommended and thinking of his care first, “If he had followed the US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines, I would have never gotten tested at all, and not have known I had cancer until it was way too late to treat successfully.”
You would think the American Cancer Society would be pleased to have a celebrity bringing awareness to this cause and a preventative test. But, it seems they are feeling quite the opposite. When Otis Brawley, their chief medical officer, was interviewed by CNN, he cautioned against the test and its many drawbacks. “The thing Ben Stiller doesn’t understand is that his case is based on one positive experience.”
Brawley goes on to explain that PSA tests can sometimes miss cancer or report false positives. They’re not the end-all be-all for preventative testing and errors may lead to treatment that is unnecessary. Not to mention, the physical and emotional toll the tests can take on a man. Brawley doesn’t seem to come out against the test but explains he hopes better testing options will be discovered and put into use.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men in the US, with skin cancer being the first according to the National Cancer Institute. When detected early and treated successfully survival rates are over 95%. Any form of cancer is serious but most men diagnosed with prostate cancer will not die from it. Nearly 2.9M men in the United States have been diagnosed and are still alive today.
It has commonly been regarded as a disease older men face. Six out of 10 men are over 65 when the cancer is detected. Stiller’s article illustrates that it isn’t always the case. He is urging for testing in your 40s.
But don’t go jumping to conclusions. It is always best to discuss testing options with your doctor and avoid any unnecessary alarm. Stiller does a service by being frank about his experience, but your health care is always up to you. Use his story as a catalyst to look into the issue further. Pay attention to your body, get regular physicals, and talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of been tested as part of your overall health care plan. | <urn:uuid:c7db2177-dbd9-4c60-9dd9-f96707d86ae8> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://healthgreatness.com/will-psa-test-save-prostate-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106779.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820150632-20170820170632-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.984294 | 730 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Permanent and Transient Radiation Effects on Thin-Oxide (200-A) MOS Transistors
HARRY DIAMOND LABS ADELPHI MD
Pagination or Media Count:
An approach for hardening metal oxide semiconductor MOS transistors to ionizing radiation by reducing the thickness of the gate oxide is presented. It is shown that Si gate, n-channel MOS field-effect transistors with oxides 200 A thick continue to operate in the enhancement mode after irradiation to 1,000, 000 rads Si with a positive bias applied to the gate during the irradiation. This represents a considerable improvement over conventional thick-oxide approximately 1000-A devices, which go into the depletion mode of operation at 100,000 rads Si. The thin-oxide devices after exposure to pulsed ionizing radiation showed improved performance over that of thick-oxide devices. It was found also that device operation following irradiation depended on the source- drain spacing Channel length Shortening the channel length leads to an increased shift of the threshold voltage induced by irradiation.
- Electrical and Electronic Equipment
- Nuclear Radiation Shielding, Protection and Safety
- Solid State Physics | <urn:uuid:e3fd91ec-06f9-421d-a61e-6cf712e6dc09> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA030968 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.889942 | 296 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Beyond Current Horizons, 2008.
This document has been commissioned as part of the UK Department for Children, Schools and Families’ Beyond Current Horizons project, led by Futurelab.
This review paper concerns the issue of citizenship as it applies to young people, especially those who have a sense of inefficacy in the political system. Starting from a normative point of view in political philosophy, concerning the meaning of democracy, citizenship is defined as a way in which people relate to and create communities, especially as active participants, in the formation of common rules that are open to revision (Castoriadis, 1987). Citizenship is also defined as a cultural and social dimension of the self. Many studies in the last ten years have underlined the absence of younger generations from the traditional channels of participation of representative democracy (ie Haste and Hogan, 2006). Based on field work with Greek young adults, (Magioglou, 2008) but also on evidence from other European (British, French) and North-American populations, this paper takes its starting point that there is a feeling of inefficacy in the pubic sphere, but that new technologies already channel in democratic or less democratic directions (Bennett, 2008). In that sense, the role of education, state, community or groups, could be to empower young people so that they may assume responsibility for their actions in the local and global community.
Key Words: citizenship, young people, technology, autonomy, community, democracy, society, politics, and philosophy. | <urn:uuid:77ff32d6-ffcb-45af-b9b6-bf4e8b1631d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://epops.hypotheses.org/tag/and-philosophy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512382.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019082959-20181019104459-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.946336 | 304 | 3 | 3 |
Government Has Been Covering up Radiation Danger for 67 Years
The U.S. and other governments have been covering up nuclear meltdowns for fifty years to protect the nuclear power industry.
It turns out that the U.S. tried to cover up the destructive nature of radiation produced by nuclear weapons 67 years ago. As Democracy Now reports:
The army was well aware in 1943 of the enormous potential for radiation dangers to civilians and military personnel as a result of the use of radioactive weapons ….
[The New York Times] was essentially putting out the official government narrative [regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki], which is that atomic radiation is not harmful, is not a major byproduct of the nuclear weapons program. You know, it’s only the blast that has essentially a very short impact. The reason that this has importance is that for really a half century, this narrative became the government’s response to all protests against nuclear power, the nuclear weapons programs of the 1950s and 1960s and the Cold War. So, [The New York Times] essentially set the table that the government was to occupy for the next half century as they disputed any attempt to rein in, you know, the rapid acceleration of nuclear weapons and power programs. | <urn:uuid:5f27dcea-8830-4c6f-9b3c-77ef5bfbb080> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://washingtonsblog.com/2012/08/government-has-been-covering-up-radiation-danger-for-67-years.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525974.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719032721-20190719054721-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.96488 | 256 | 2.53125 | 3 |
JYX > Opinnäytteet > Pro gradu -tutkielmat > View Item
The basic psychological needs in physical education scale in Filipino
The Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Scale (BPNPE Scale: Vlachopoulos, Katarzi, & Kontou, 2011) is a short instrument grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000; 2002), designed to measure fulfillment of students’ basic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness in physical education context. The Greek version of this instrument has been reported to have adequate factor structure and strong internal reliability. Instruments developed in other culture need to be examined using a sample from the target culture in order to establish its cultural utility. The primary aim of this study was to explore the factor structure, construct validity, and reliability of the Filipino BPNPE Scale. The secondary purpose was to test whether after-school sports participation is associated with students’ experience of needs fulfillment, autonomy support, and subjective vitality in physical education. The instrument was first translated to conversational Filipino via committee-approach back-translation procedure. Four hundred and eight (N = 408) Filipino high school students completed a two-page questionnaire assessing their needs fulfillment in physical education, as well as perceived teacher-autonomy support, and subjective vitality. Principal axis factoring with direct oblimin rotation extracted a simple three-factor structure explaining 61.38% of the total variance. Individually, factor 1 accounted for 42.45% of the total variance, while the remaining two provided an additional 10.5% and 8.43%, respectively. These correlated factors (Range: .51 - .63) were consequently labeled as Relatedness need (4 items; α = .76), Competence need (4 items; α = .83), and Autonomy need fulfillment (2 items; α = .64). These three factors were significantly correlated with autonomy support and subjective vitality (Range: .37 - .47) supporting construct validity. However, test-retest reliability was weak and inadequate. Additional analyses indicated that after-school sports participation had a significant effect on students’ experience of subjective vitality in physical education. More specifically, girls who participated in after-school sports experienced higher subjective vitality in physical education compared to their peers. In summary, findings of this study provide preliminary support to the Filipino BPNPE Scale as a valid tool to assess basic psychological needs in physical education among Filipino high school students. Nevertheless, further scale revision and item refinement is necessary. The contribution of after-school sports participation to students’ experiences in PE is also highlighted. ...
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Understanding physical activity in adolecents with cerebral palsy from a self-determination theoretical perspective : a mixed method case study Ruiz Egea, Alfredo (2018)Ruiz Egea, Alfredo, 2018. Understanding physical activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy from a self-determination theoretical perspective: a mixed method case study. Master´s Thesis in Sport and Exercise Psychology. ...
Student intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity : The interplay of task-involving climate, competence need satisfaction and psychobiosocial states in physical education Battista, Rossana Di; Robazza, Claudio; Ruiz, Montse C.; Bertollo, Maurizio; Vitali, Francesca; Bortoli, Laura (Sage, 2019)Grounded in achievement goal theory and basic psychological needs theory, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of the interaction of perceived motivational climate in physical education with psychological needs ...
Perceived autonomy support, basic needs satisfaction, motivation regulation and well-being : verification of self-determination theory in dancers in Finland Geme, Liga (2010)Geme, L. 2010. Perceived autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, motivation regulation and well-being: Verification of self-determination theory in dancers in Finland. 2010 University of Jyväskylä. Master Thesis of Sport ...
Adaption and validation of the German version of the basic psychological needs in physical education scale Heckmann, Philip (2013)It is important to understand students’ motivation regarding physical activity to investigate the global issue physical inactivity. Based on the self-determination theory (SDT: Ryan & Deci, 2002), which is one of the most ...
A classification of motivation and behavior change techniques used in self-determination theory-based interventions in health contexts Teixeira, Pedro J.; Marques, Marta M.; Silva, Marlene N.; Brunet, Jennifer; Duda, Joan L.; Haerens, Leen; La Guardia, Jennifer; Lindwall, Magnus; Lonsdale, Chris; Markland, David; Michie, Susan; Moller, Arlen C.; Ntoumanis, Nikos; Patrick, Heather; Reeve, Johnmarshall; Ryan, Richard M.; Sebire, Simon J.; Standage, Martyn; Vansteenkiste, Maarten; Weinstein, Netta; Weman-Josefsson, Karin; Williams, Geoffrey C.; Hagger, Martin S. (American Psychological Association (APA), 2020)While evidence suggests that interventions based on self-determination theory have efficacy in motivating adoption and maintenance of health-related behaviors, and in promoting adaptive psychological outcomes, the motivational ... | <urn:uuid:ae477669-3352-4606-953e-7e6f1a4c441d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/41453 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949506.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330225648-20230331015648-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.894708 | 1,160 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Is artificial light keeping you awake?Tweet
By: Patrick Stiles
Electronic devices are so common in our lives, they are practically like extensions of our bodies. And they’ve changed everything about our worlds.
But they come at a cost.
If you have trouble sleeping, there is a good chance artificial light is decreasing your natural production of melatonin… The sleep hormone that triggers sleepiness and keeps you asleep.
Fake light from these devices can make it harder to fall asleep, stay asleep and confuses your body as to the time of day – throwing off your sleep patterns.
Devices from TVs to tablets, computers, laptops and smartphones emit a lot of artificial light…
It’s only when we open the laptop in a dark room or we unlock our phones as we go into bed with the lights off that we realize the light in our devices is way too strong.
You should understand how this exposure to artificial light is messing with your natural physiological cycles.
When light hits your retina, your melatonin production is suppressed, because this “blue light” has a similar wavelength to our sun… So your body doesn’t think it is time to sleep.
Then your body gets confused and attempts to syncs itself up with the time of the day it should be, according to the light exposure.
Like me, I’m sure you’d find it near impossible to avoid your computer, phone, tablet or TV as soon as the sun goes down (we have to be practical, not fanatical).
But the more you can avoid any kind of artificial light as bedtime approaches, the better you’ll sleep – says a study from Wayne State University & Uppsala University.1
So here’s what to do…
How to avoid Sleep-destroying blue light without living under a rock.
Here are some simple tricks I use to sleep better.
A totally free software that will dim your screen to varying shades of orange when the sun goes down. This blocks blue light, makes it easier to sleep, and now I actually enjoy having the program decrease the intensity of my screen.
Here is a similar program for Android (will dim your whole phone which is what you want): Night Mode
And a darkened web browser for iPhone (unfortunately only dims the browser, which is better than nothing): Night Web Browser
2. Blue light blocking glasses
You can buy a cheap pair on amazon – Blue light blocking glasses
It won’t be as fashionable, but it will get the job done.
The other thing you can do is sleep with an eye mask. While you may not think you need it. Keeping your eyes in the dark till you get up helps mimic a natural sleep cycle from the light perspective.
3. Eye mask
I sleep deeper and longer with my eye mask. And I feel more refreshed with it.
You can get a cheap one: Bedtime Bliss® Contoured & Comfortable Sleep Mask
Or a deluxe comfortable one: Revolutionary, Patented Sleep Master Sleep Mask
If you have trouble sleeping, Zen Night can help. The 10 natural ingredients help you fall asleep and stay asleep.
And it includes melatonin… Which if you’re not producing enough on your own, supplementing with it can help you get the sleep you need.
If your sleep cycle is way off from long term insomnia, adrenal fatigue and artificial light, it can take a long time to get it back on track.
Grab a bottle of Zen Night here: www.ZenLifeSupplements.com/products/zen-night/
1 Source: http://www.piers.org/piersonline/pdf/Vol3No7Page1148to1150.pdf | <urn:uuid:660e57f9-4f93-493e-a1d0-597e9570db30> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://zenlifesupplements.com/blue-light-insomnia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247526282.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222200334-20190222222334-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.892486 | 780 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This measurement, which looks at some 17 categories, to rank countries on a four quarter scale of low income, lower middle income, upper middle income and high income pretends to measure the stage of development a country finds itself at a certain time, in this case, it would be 2017. The categories are listed below for your information. They have been extracted from the document, hopefully with the good will of the WB.
|“World Bank. 2017. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 : From World Development Indicators. World Bank Atlas;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26306 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”|
If you want specific information on a country, I suggest you go directly to the WB's data site. To get information on a specific country through the report is a bit difficult. You will have to read the whole report. If you have time, by all means, do it.
My own impression on Bolivia is the country has been accumulating a positive record on many of the SDGs goals. This is most notably in the areas of poverty, hunger, health, well-being, education, gender equality, clean water, and sanitation as well as clean energy. The critic on this positive development has been the marginality of the improvement versus the available resources ($$$).
In other areas, especially on institutions (justice, government, civil society), sustainability of cities and of economic development, as well as action on climate issues, the country's development has been more than questionable, measured with the SDGs tools.
Overall, an interesting read. Enjoy. | <urn:uuid:e00cb4b1-36ce-48f8-bf0d-ff9fcefc94ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://mabb.blogspot.com/2017/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608870.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527055922-20170527075922-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.942152 | 346 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- July 22, 2016
- Posted by: Amir Ladan
- Category: Criminal Law Blog
Robbery Vs. Burglary:
No, They Are Not The Same.
The difference between a robbery and a burglary confuses many people and is often misused in many places, including reputable places such as well written books and articles. The difference can best be remembered by the slang terms. A robbery is commonly known as a “holdup” or a “stick up” and a burglary as a ” break in” or “breaking and entering”.
Robbery is defined as the taking or attempting to take something of value from another person by force, threats or intimidation. This involves a robber and a victim, and can be considered a “holdup” or a “mugging”. If the suspect makes the victim believe he has a deadly weapon, it is called aggravated robbery. The weapon can be displayed or just implied to be considered an aggravated robbery.
Burglary is defined as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a theft. The structure is usually defined as a physical building and not a vehicle. Burglary can further be broken down into forcible and non-forcible entry. Forcible entry is when the suspect forces his or her way into a structure by breaking a window, door, roof, etc. or if tools are used to perform breaking in like picking a lock or cutting a hole in a wall. Non-forcible entry is considered when the suspect gains entry through an unlocked door or window with the intent to commit a felony or theft.
The definitions and degrees of both robbery and burglary can vary from state to state and within each jurisdiction. Consult a legal adviser or a police officer if you want a more legal definition. | <urn:uuid:a84ca596-6034-4906-a71f-5f67afa4e7c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.ladanlaw.com/blog/robbery-vs-burglary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.957725 | 382 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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A thorough investigation into the economics of other developed countries like United States, Canada and Germany seem to point to the direction that federalism is harmonious with the Nations growth or development. There seems to be a consensus among scholars of fiscal federalism that decentralization of spending responsibilities in federal states bring about economic development (See Boadway and watts, 2004, Kincaid, 2001; Oates, 1999; Ter-Minassian, 1997; Watts, 2003).
(That fact that Nigeria is not among the world wealthiest economics). Fundamentally, Nigeria as a case study), Scholars argue that some of the factors that affect the economic performance of many of the poor federations include the absence of a functional federal system. In other words, the manner in which a federal system is operated affects the political and economic performance of federal state and vice versa.
In federations, fiscal imbalances occur because constituent units hardly have enough resources to match their expenditure. But irrespective of how they occur, imbalances must be corrected in order for the federation to continue to exist, and this may take the form of intergovernmental transfers which have the capacity to enable or limit government in the discharge of their responsibilities.
Nigeria fiscal federalism, just like those of other federations is principally characterized by the sharing of fiscal resources amongst the different tiers of government that make up the federation. However, the country’s social and economic disparity has continually rendered the issue of revenue allocation the most controversial aspect of the country’s federal system. Presently, no single fiscal theory has yet been developed to ensure equitable distribution of revenue in a federal system; Federations adopt principles that seem to favour their individual circumstances, and most importantly, they ensure that their fiscal systems are designed in such a way that economic development is realized and sustained. In an ideal and close-knit federations, such revenue sharing formula as the principle of need and of equalization are predominant, while loose federations like Nigeria are always predisposed to the principle of derivation, which is the method of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units in relation to the contribution made by a unit in relation to the contribution made by a unit to the country large revenue, in Nigeria derivation means, in addition to the regular federal statutory transfer, some proportion of the revenue collected from federating unit is returned to the government of that unit. In Nigeria, fiscal federalism is aimed at ensuring a balanced federation, economic development of national unit; so the argument goes, how has the country fiscal federalism performed in this aspect?
To what extent can Nigeria’s fiscal federalism be said to have achieved its objectives?
2. Problem statement
Fiscal federalism is the dynamic interaction between different tiers of government. It poses questions as to how the nature of financial relations in any federal system affects the distribution of the nation’s wealth. Nigeria is beset with structural imbalance, and true federalism implies that component units should freely pursue their own development.
Revenue sharing in Nigeria, has witnessed a plethora of reviews, as evidenced by various committees and commissions instituted in this regard, yet no reliable formula has been evolved in meeting the country’s yearnings and aspirations (Teidi, 2003:39). Such experienced deficiencies
have triggered off many untoward actions, particularly among the sub-national governments that complain of fiscal imbalance (Okeke, 2004:28). The statutory allocations from the Federation Account, even when it is disbursed, result into zero allocation for some of the federating units to run their affairs (Yusuf, 2008:1). Disharmonious fiscal federalism reflects on low level of political maturity and inability to allow true federalism to evolve without undue politicization.
Nigerian federalism is fraught with the external imposition of arrangement and political will, amongst others. Revenue allocation among various units of government in Nigeria is replete with agitations, controversies and outright rejections due to the nature of politics in vogue. Sec. 149 (7) of the 1979 Constitution provides for state-local government fiscal relations, while Section 162 (5) of the 1999 Constitution regards local government as an extension of the state tier, this leads to disharmonious fiscal federalism. The 1977 Aboyade Technical Committee on population was illogical as the principle of national interest it recommended defied particular interpretation in the prevailing circumstances in Nigeria. Moreover, the 2005 Political Reform Conference was stalemated because; delegates from South-South Region staged a walk out on the issue of fiscal
imbalance. Financial relations of the component units of any federation should bring about federal progress and productivity. In Nigerian federation however, it appears as if fiscal federalism brings disharmony among the federating units, and this reduces the productive capacity of the federation
as an entity.
6. Theoretical Framework
The Theoretical framework for the paper is “System Relations Approach to Inter-governmental Relation (IGR)” as propounded by Chin (1969), and cited in Olugbemi (1980). The systems model provides a comprehensive framework for identifying, coping with and integrating the institutional, behavioral and management dimensions of IGR. Furthermore, the systems model has a potential for resolving the allocation controversies which bedevil inter jurisdictional relationships.
The theory is conceived as an organized purposeful whole, composed of structurally and functionally identifiable though inter-related parts and delineated by identifiable boundaries from the suprasystem (environment) in which it is embedded. Ackoff (1972) states that the emergence of systems construct marked an important transition from the mechanistic conception of social reality which sought to explain a phenomenon from the stand point of its component units to holistic view parts
in terms of a whole. He sees a system as a whole which cannot be taken apart without the loss of its essential characteristics which include:
i. A set objective which the entity seeks to achieve, without which it cannot exist.
ii. A hierarchy of inter-dependent units among which the system objectives are divided for national development.
iii. Specificity of sub system roles, each system has a defined and specialized role in the realization of the total purpose(s) of the unitary whole and sub-system roles are mutually reinforcing.
iv. An input transforming technology which refers to the processes and techniques by which resource inputs extracted from within and outside the system are transformed into outputs which themselves have implications for system persistence and effectiveness through feed-back mechanism.
v. A boundary that excludes the plethora of other systems and defines the threshold of transactions among the universe of systems.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This paper intends to project the character of Nigeria’s Fiscal federalism with a view to using the system as a yard stick to measure the National economic development performance of the Nigerian federation. To achieve this, the following objectives would be tackled.
1. To examine political and economic rational to revenue sharing in Nigeria
2. To access the underlying imperative of fiscal federalism in Nigeria’s development in Nigeria
3. To examine how inter-governmental relations have been handled in Nigeria
4. To measure the level of hope for both human and infrastructural development in the country via revenue distribution.
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SIMILAR POLITICAL SCIENCE FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
1. THE MARGINALIZATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN IN IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF KADUNA STATE.» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY In all human societies exists marginalization whereby individuals or groups considered undesirable ar...Continue Reading »
» Abstract By its very nature, electoral malpractice is a subversion of the constitution and the democratic form of government instituted by the Constit...Continue Reading »
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines corruption as a dishonest or illegal behaviour, es...Continue Reading »
» ABSTRACT Democratic governance is a desired system of government that offers the electorates the dividends of democracy. It is a system where the free...Continue Reading »
» ABSTRACT The study is to appraise the role of government in poverty alleviation in Nigeria with a special reference to National Poverty Eradication Pr...Continue Reading »
» ABSTRACT Nigeria is one of those countries that operates a federal system of government alongside with the western world. Given the territorially deli...Continue Reading »
» Abstract The virus of ethnicity has been one of the most definitive causes of social crisis, injustice, nequality and religio political instability in...Continue Reading »
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The menace of domestic violence on national security can never be over emphasis seeing to the fac...Continue Reading »
» Abstract The research work examined the concept of Electoral Violence as perceived by some analysis of democratic elections. It traced the history of ...Continue Reading »
» CHAPTER ONEGENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The quest for quality leadership and good governance is the aspiration of citizens in most...Continue Reading » | <urn:uuid:a87063e4-fd8d-4c62-9dca-fcc00ca0c4c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://codemint.net/political-science/system-relations-approach-to-inter-governmental-relation-igr-as-propounded-by-chin-1969-and-cited-in-olugbemi-1980/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.915794 | 2,029 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The field of Bio Energy is rapidly expanding. Municipalities and private waste handlers are increasingly being called upon to utilize the Methane Gases generated at solid waste landfills and sewage treatment plants rather than directing this gas to “flare.” Many waste processing sites are turning to the use of gas turbines in order to convert this gas to clean energy. Increasingly, the manufacturers of personal care items have included Siloxanes in the chemical formulation of these products. Sludge treatment facilities and newer landfills are now producing Methane gas that carries higher levels of Siloxane as a component. This Siloxane component of the combustion gas leaves microcrystalline Silica deposits on heat exchangers and the combustion surfaces of gas turbines. As a result, the manufacturers of gas turbines and reciprocating engines are now calling for the reduction of the presence of Siloxane in combustion gases in order to warranty their products. Microturbine and catalyst failures have focused industry-wide attention on Siloxanes.
Showing all 6 results | <urn:uuid:c31a3196-6aaf-4fe3-8970-008761ab0298> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.adcoa.net/product-category/silica-gel/super-siloxane-adsorbent-silica-gel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.921958 | 211 | 3.125 | 3 |
The figure below shows the distribution of samples containing the inarticulate brachiopod Trematis.
Trematis is a common inarticulate brachiopod in some parts
of the MRV strata.
- Trematis Sharpe, 1848 [*Orbicula terminalis Emmons, 1842]
- Circular to suboval in outline, biconvex; surface of both valves ornamented by small superficial pits variably arranged, commonly in rough quincunx or in lines radiating from beak; pedicle valve with subcentral beak, convex, but depressed posteriorly, open pedicle notch in depression, margins of notch straight or concave toward mid-line; pseudointerarea of brachial valve adnate to inner surface of valve, low median ridge variably developed separating 2 bean-shaped composite muscle scars.
M. Ord. - U. Ord., North America and Europe
- Family Trematidae Schuchert, 1893
- Beak of brachial valve marginal, protruding beyond pedicle valve; pedicle opening extending to posterior margin of pedicle valve in all growth stages.
M. Ord. - Dev.
- Order Acrotretida Kuhn, 1949
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, H283. | <urn:uuid:a3ba733e-4d88-4a1d-a801-3e93af04ca53> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.priweb.org/ed/DoSci/MRV/Trematis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206147.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00179-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.767211 | 277 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Rethinking theory of mind in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder
Background: The sociocommunicative problems in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are traditionally linked to impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to ascribe mental states to others. Although ToM impairments are consistently reported in young children with ASD, findings on more advanced ToM understanding in older individuals with high-functioning ASD (HFASD) are less straightforward. Therefore, we assessed the advanced ToM abilities of a large sample of school-aged children and adolescents with HFASD (n = 194; 6-20 years) and compared them to a typically developing (TD) comparison group (n = 60). Methods: Participants' advanced ToM was assessed with five social stories containing second-order false beliefs, display rules, double bluff, faux pas, and sarcasm. Results: Participants with HFASD performed equally well on each of the ToM stories as their TD peers. Consistent age effects were noticed with adolescents outperforming the children. Furthermore, advanced ToM was positively associated with participants' age, verbal abilities, and general reasoning abilities. Conclusions: Counter to what the ToM theory of ASD would predict, school-aged children and adolescents with HFASD seem to be able to master the theoretical principles of advanced mental state reasoning. However, they may still fail to apply these theoretical principles during everyday social interactions. | <urn:uuid:c644c7eb-0eda-4f36-93e4-7f8e13349395> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/1532/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589537.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717012034-20180717032034-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.957673 | 292 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How to play "DNA" on piano, originally by Kendra Dantes
Here are all the notes, chords, lyrics, lead sheets, play-alongs, chord charts and MIDI files you could want to play this awesome song just like Kendra...
DNA is an original ukulele song I wrote for an SDP 9th grade honors biology project at my school. I love school and I work hard, but I hate homework. So, when my teacher gave us the option to write a song as part of a science presentation, I was very excited because I love to write songs!
I got to perform this song for my entire science class as part of my presentation and I was very happy to get an A on my biology project!
Here's Kendra's performance:
Lyrics for this original song:
There are two types of genes in DNA
Dominant and recessive are their names
You are more likely to get dominant genes from your parents
Traits are passed to every offspring, yeah, you inherit
Maybe you’ve got brown hair from your mom
Or maybe you didn’t get those freckles from your dad that you really want
Some things like acne and oily skin are passed down
And you’ll wish you didn’t have those around
You might wonder why you look the way you do
Blue, green, hazel, brown eyes, just to name a few
You might wonder why you look like your mom and dad
Phenotypes and genotypes, you will get
Physical traits and genes are genetic
DNA is contained in chromosomes
They carry genetic material, don’t ya know?
Coding is completed by your genes
In the nucleus, where they make protein | <urn:uuid:d59374d8-5676-4aaa-9135-2066cdab30f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.learnpianolive.com/covers/1510-dna-original-ukulele-music-lyrics-by-kendra-dantes-studio-version.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146066.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225110721-20200225140721-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.959266 | 363 | 3.0625 | 3 |
People are commonly exposed to unknown and untested chemicals from food packaging, according to a new article by the Food Packaging Forum, co-authored by a researcher at Brunel University London.
Publishing in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, Dr Olwenn Martin and colleagues explain how food packaging and other materials contacting food and beverages (e.g. foils, cans, pans, storage containers) continuously release mixtures of food contact substances into food at low levels.
These are then ingested daily by consumers. For many of these food contact substances, the effects on human health are essentially unknown.
The authors point out that “compliance with both European and US regulations requires exposure and toxicity data that cannot be generated for many food contact substances”.
They question whether current laws and risk assessment practices are sufficient for protecting consumers’ health.
Exposures to hazardous chemicals from food packaging can be minimised
The authors make nine suggestions for overcoming knowledge gaps and problems in the risk assessment of food contact substances, for example by avoiding known hazardous compounds in the manufacture of food contact materials (FCMs).
Further, any substance authorised for FCMs needs to be controllable, implying that data on its use are reported, and that levels of migration can be measured by chemical analysis.
Importantly, all food contact substances should be assessed for their toxicity, according to current scientific understanding. Toxicity testing needs to be mandatory for all food contact substances, to exclude carcinogenic or endocrine disrupting compounds and mixtures making their way from food packaging into our food.
Scientific challenges in the risk assessment of food contact materials by Jane Muncke, Thomas Backhaus, Birgit Geueke, Maricel V. Maffini, Olwenn Viviane Martin (Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London), John Peterson Myers, Ana M. Soto, Leonardo Trasande, Xenia Trier, and Martin Scheringer was published in Environmental Health Perspectives on Monday 11 September 2017.
Sarah Cox, Media Relations | <urn:uuid:03439976-4a5f-47f0-88d0-5067afd780b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.brunel.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/articles/Food-packaging-regulations-are-insufficient-for-protecting-public-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.910047 | 434 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Pap is a traditional dish that is native to South Africans; the dish is made from softly grounded maize, which is then cooked to the chef’s desired idea of the meal that they have in mind. However grounded maize may be found in other parts of the world as well, and just differs in name. In the West, pap is better known as polenta or grits, and in East Africa it is known as ugali.
The word pap is Dutch (similar to South Africa’s Afrikaans language), and simply means “porridge” in English. South African pap is found in most of South Africa’s poorest provinces because it is inexpensive, and it serves as one of the country’s most staple foods.
Each ethnic group in South Africa calls pap by a different name; the BaPedi people in Limpopo call it “bogobe”, the Zulu people in KwaZulu Natal call it “phuthu” and the Xhosa people in the Eastern Cape call it “ipapa”. It does not matter what you call pap, what matters is how it is made!
In traditional villages, South African pap is cooked outside in a black cast-ion pot, and the fire that it is cooked on gives the pap a good smoky taste. The fire also assists the pap to cook faster than it would on an electric or gas stove.
When cooking pap for four people, these are the items you will need:
- Aluminium pot
- 750g maize meal
- 1 tbsp. salt
- ¾ L boiling water
- Wooden spoon (for stirring)
Once all of these items have been gathered, place the pot on a hot stove or fire, and pour the boiling water into the pot. Add 1 tbsp. salt, and then pour 750g of maize meal into the boiling water. If cooking on a stove, lower the heat to medium and stir the maize meal with a wooden spoon until it becomes one lump. Keep stirring the pap every 10 minutes. Switch off the stove after 30 minutes and allow it to cook in the pot’s warmth for about 20 minutes.
Pap always tastes better when it is served warm, preferably with stew or potjiekos. | <urn:uuid:32f2460c-5143-40ef-82e8-4b89872035af> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://ificould.co.za/how-to-make-traditional-south-african-pap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868135.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625150537-20180625170537-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.94653 | 476 | 3.015625 | 3 |
History of the book and general printed collections
From the earliest years of its existence, with the acquisition of the Spencer Collection, the John Rylands Library has housed one of the most important collections in the world relating to the birth and development of Western printing and the history of the book. The merger with the University Library in 1972 added the Christie and Bullock collections, particularly rich in Italian and French printing, to the Rylands's holdings.
There are now over 4,000 Incunabula in the Library, most of which date from between 1455 and 1480, representing more than 500 European presses, some being the only known copies. Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Spain and England all feature prominently; the texts printed by Caxton represent the second largest collection in the world.
A concise conspectus of early printing is afforded by the Hiero von Holtorp Collection, which contains specimen leaves from virtually all 15th- and 16th-century printers in Germany, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands and England.
For the 16th century, the Library's greatest strengths lie in the field of Italian printing. The largest Aldine Collection in the world contains virtually every work produced by Aldus Manutius and his Venetian successors between 1495 and 1598, while the Bullock Collection holds an even wider range of Italian writers.
As a whole, the collection of early printed books constitutes one of the world's principal resources for the study of European publication of the classics of Greece and Rome, as well as of the writings of late medieval and early modern authors.
The Library holds some 12,500 books printed between 1475 and 1640, and a further 210,000 printed between 1641 and 1800. They cover a wide range of subjects: theology, history, literature, travel and exploration, science and medicine.
The first and finest editions of later authors in the European canon of great writers have been systematically sought. Deluxe editions, extra-illustrated and large-paper copies and fine bindings are plentiful, but there are also substantial collections of working-class literature, such as broadsides and chapbooks.
Notable collections include:
- the Tabley Book Collection, a fine country-house library from Tabley House in Cheshire which incorporates many 17th and 18th-century works;
- the library from Sedbergh School in Cumbria, a representative example of a public-school library, ranging in date from the 16th century to the 20th and full of bibliographical interest;
- the Lloyd Roberts Collection, which contains numerous first editions of major English authors;
- and the Shackleton Collection, which is especially rich in 18th-century French and English publications.
Fine printing in the 18th century is further represented by the Glaswegian Foulis Press Collection, and by the works of the greatest English and Italian printers of the period, John Baskerville and Giambattista Bodoni.
The Library also holds comprehensive collections of publications by several exclusive bibliographical societies founded in the 19th century, such as the Roxburghe Club and the Scottish Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs.
An outstanding Private Press Collection (including complete or near-complete collections of books from the Kelmscott, Doves, Ashendene and Essex House Presses), is complemented by the Casdagli Collection of first editions and books from the Gregynog and Golden Cockerel Presses.
There are countless fine bindings among the Library's collections, ranging from original bindings of the 15th century through to contemporary design bindings.
Bindings of the 16th to 18th centuries may be found among the Spencer, Christie, Bullock and Aldine collections, while the Lloyd Roberts Collection includes a large number of fine bindings from the 15th and 16th centuries, such as those produced for Grolier and Grimaldi, as well as the work of 19th-century trade binders such as Zaehnsdorf and Bedford.
The Library holds the largest extant collection of bindings by Roger Payne, the greatest English binder of the 18th century, as well as a collection of his bills (English MSS 440 and 944).
The reinvigoration of bookbinding in the late 19th century, as part of the Arts and Crafts revival, is shown in examples of the output of the Doves Bindery and the work of individual craft binders such as Douglas Cockerell and Katherine Adams within the Private Press Collection.
The two Tregaskis Collections constitute a unique synopsis of the state of fine bookbinding throughout the world in 1894 and 1994.
The Anthony Dowd Collection of modern British bookbindings, which was deposited on long-term loan in 2001, is one of the finest and most representative collections of its kind. Over a period of thirty-five years, through purchase and direct commission, Anthony Dowd acquired one hundred fine bindings by some fifty leading makers. Pioneers such as Sybil Pye and Edgar Mansfield rub shoulders with leading contemporary binders, including twenty-one fellows and honorary fellows of Designer Bookbinders.
Other collections relating to the history of the book include:
- the Viner Collection of bookplates designed by Charles William Sherborn and John Paul Rylands;
- the Cassedy Collection of Irish texts, including works on local history, topography, genealogy, the Protestant and Catholic faiths and the Gaelic language;
- the John Strachan Collection of works on Celtic and Scandinavian language, literature, history, archaeology, art and folklore;
- the Deaf Education Collection of books from the 16th to 19th centuries on the education of deaf people;
- and the Neil Salvesen Collection which contains many scarce works in and about Esperanto.
It should also be noted that the John Rylands Library Archive contains much information on the acquisition of printed books by Mrs Rylands and her Library. | <urn:uuid:8bb9e2d8-c0c3-46be-8833-09cd67f5fbb4> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/rylands/special-collections/exploring/subject-groups/history-of-the-book-and-general-printed-collections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991737.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514025740-20210514055740-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.953 | 1,221 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TAGETES ERECTA LINN
Navjeet Singh*, Mrinal and Rubal Thakur
Dreamz College of Pharmacy, Khilra, Sundernagar, Himachal Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants and derived medicine are widely used in traditional culture all over the world and they are becoming increasingly popular in modern society as natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Tagetes erecta Linn Known as “genda phool” (Marigold) belong to the family Astraceae, native to Mexico, Central America, Bolivia and Colombia. All parts of this plant used for medicinal purposes. It contained wide range of chemical constituents thiophenes, flavanoids, cartenoids, triterpenoids, oxycaroteniod and xanthophylls. This review article focus on the pharmacological actions like antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity, wound healing property, cytotoxic and insecticidal activities. This review is a step to open insight for therapeutic efficacy of Tagetes erecta.
Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2681
Medicinal plants are considered as rich resources of ingredient which can be used in the drug development either phamacopoeial, non pharmacopoeial or synthetic drugs (Faizi et al., 2004). The name marigold is however indiscriminately applied to several genera of composite with golden or yellow capitula and there are about 33 species of the genus Tagetes, out of which, five species have been introduced into the Indian gardens viz. (Tagetes glandulifera schrank), Tagetes patula L. (French marigold) and Tagetes lucida (Sweet-Scented Marigold), Tagetes tenulifolia (striped Marigold) (Kokate 2005). Different parts of this plants including flower are used in folk medicine to cure various diseases such as fever, epileptic fits, astringent, carminative, stomachache, scabies, and liver complaints. Leaves are also used as antiseptic, in kidney troubles, muscular pain and applied to boils and carbuncles (Kirtikar et al., 1997). Infusion of plant is used against rheumatism, cold and bronchitis (Sharma et al., 2007).
The plant Tagetes erecta has been shown to contain quercetagetin, phenolic, syringic acid, methyl-3, 5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzoate, quercitin, thienyl and ethyl gallate (Ghani 1998). Ethanolic extract of T. Erecta reported to possess central nervous stimulants and antidepressant property through serotonergic pathway may decrease the seizure threshold if used in epileptic patients. The essential oil also acts as anti haemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent and is useful in aromatherapy for its powerful skin healings properties (Shiva et al., 2002).
Scientific Classification (George, 2010)
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Asterales
Family : Asteraceae
Genus : Tagetes
Species : erecta
Vernacular Names (Shetty et al., 2015)
English : marigold or saffron marigold
Chinese : wan shou ju
French : tagète rose d'Inde
German : hohe Studentenblume
Japanese : senju-giku
Korean : cheonsugug
Portuguese : maravilha
Spanish : flor de muerto
Hindi : Gainda Phool
Marigold is a common garden plant which is rather coarse, erect, branched and grows to about 1 meter high. However there is short or dwarf varieties as well. The leaves are very deeply incised and sharply toothed. Flower heads are solitary, long stalked and thickening upward. The flowers are bright yellow, brownish-yellow or orange (Karwani and Sisodia, 2015).
The plants T. Erecta has been shown to contain quercetagetin, a glucoside of quercitin, thienyl and ethyl gallate. Lutein is an oxycaroteniod or xanthophylls containing 2 cyclic end groups (one β one α- ionone ring) and the basic C-40 isoprenoid structure common to all cartenoids. It is one of the major constituent and the main pigment of Tagetes erecta (Ghani 1998).
Twenty two natural occurring Phyto constituent including β-sitosterol, 7 hydroxy sitosterol, lupeol, erythrodiol, erythrodiol-3–palmitate, α-therthienyl, quercetagetin, quercetagetin-7-methyl ether, quercetagetin-7 O-glucoside, kaempferol, syringic acid, gallic acid, 3-β-galactosyldisyringic acid, 3-α- galactosyldisyringic acid, 6-ethoxy- 2,4-dimethyl quinoline, oplodiol, (3S,6R,7E)- hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one, palmitin, ethylene glycol lineate, and N- hexadecane various fraction of Ethanolic extract of flower of Tagetes erecta (Huang 2007).
The steam distillation of fresh leaves offers 0.3% of essential with a strong, sweet lasting odour and contains d-limonene, llinalyl acetate, n-nonyl aldehyde, leutin. Six compounds were identified from the stem and leaves of Tagetes erecta plant as 4-methoxy-eupatolytin-3-O-glycoside, kaempferitrin, β-sitosterol, daucosterole and gallic acid (Zang and Zhang 2010).
The essential oil of the leaves and stems of Tagetes erecta showed noticeable antimicrobial activity against four gram positive and fifteen gram negative pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Salmonella paratyphi C, Salmonella typhi H, Salmonella enteritides, Salmonella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Shigella schimizii, Shigella shigae, Vibrio cholerae Inawa, Vibrio cholerae Ogawa, Vibrio cholera Eltor and Xanthomonas campestris) strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the extract ranging between 12.5-100 µg/mL. The tincture prepared from its leaves and flower and its n-hexane, ethanol and aqueous extract were tested for inhibitory effect against Vibrio cholerae whereby it was reported that the best antimicrobial activity (Gupta and vasudeva, 2010).
A 0.2% concentration of marigold oil emulsion was reported for its significant fungicidal action against citrus fruit pathogen viz. penicillum digitatum, Diplodia natalensis, penicillum Italicum and Alternaria tenuis (Arora et al., 1984).
The petroleum ether extract of the roots of Tagetes erecta exhibited toxicity against the third stage mosquito larvae of Culex fatigens (Singh and kataria, 1985). The aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves, stem and buds of Tagetes erecta reported for insecticidal activity against the second stage larvae of Tylenchulus semipenetrans and
Anguina tritici (kumari et al., 1986).
The essential oil from the fresh and dried plant of Tagetes erecta were reported to be highly effective against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi with the LC50 values of 1.0532 and 1.0314 mg/L (Hadjiakhoondi et al., 2008) . The essential oils of aerial parts of Tagetes erecta showed considerable cytotoxicity against Artemia salina with ED50 value of 3.16mg/mL (De Feo et al, 2005).While the dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the plant from Argentine were reported for significant insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae (Broussalis et al., 1999).
The hepatoprotective activity of flowers of Tagetes erecta by carbon tetrachloride induced hepatopathy model was determined. The CCL4 treated rats showed the increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels. Ethyl acetate fraction of Tagetes erecta (EATE) at the dose of 400 mg/kg orally significantly decreased the elevated serum marker enzymes and level of bilirubin almost to the normal level compared to the CCL4-intoxicated group. Historical changes in the liver of rats treated with 400 mg/kg of (EATE) extract and CCL4 showed a significant recovery except cytoplasmic vascular degenerations around portal tracts, mild inflammation and foci of lobular inflammation. Phytoconstituents such as flavanoids, terpenoids and steroids are responsible for the observed hepatoprotective activity (Giri et al., 2011).
The anti- bacterial activity of different solvents of Tagetes erecta flower show against Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter coli, Escherichia coli, klebisella pneumonia, streptococcus pyogens. The flavanoids petulitrin is one the potential elements for its anti bacterial activity (Sharma et al., 2011).
Nutrient agar medium was used for antibacterial assay and the inoculums was prepared by inoculating 0.2ml of overnight cultures of each organism into 20ml of sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 37°C for 3-5 hrs to standardize the culture to produce 106 cfu/ml. Antibacterial activity of the flavanoids (10 mg/100ml) was tested by disc diffusion assay Antibacterial activity of the flavanoids (10 mg/100ml) was higher for all the tested strains than that of the antibiotic tetracycline. Inhibition is maximum for Klebsiella pneumonia (29.50 mm) and minimum for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.00 mm) (Bauer et al., 1996).
For in Vitro antioxidant activity three different assays like DPPH, reducing power and super oxide radical scavenging activity at different concentrations were used. In all the three assay, Tagetes erecta showed better reducing power than the standard (i.e. ascorbic acid), and super oxide anion scavenging activity and DPPH antioxidant activity showed less than standard. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and the composition of antioxidant compounds in the extracts were investigated. The content of total phenolic and flavanoids in the extracts was significantly varied with different solvents (P<0.05) and the extract by ethyl alcohol /water (7:3, v/v) has the highest content of total phenolic and flavanoids, 62.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 97.00 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g, respectively (Chivde et al., 2011).
The Mosquitocidal activity in Ethanolic, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Tagetes erecta flower against different strains of Cx.quinquefasciatus. Among the tested samples the chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest toxicity and constituently the LC50 values (14.14 µg/mL, 1.706 µg/mL, 36.88 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL) and for all instars larvae of Cx.quinquefasciatus. The larvae showed comparative tolerance in the course of increasing age and time. From this they concluded that the flower of Tagetes erecta having good Mosquitocidal activity (Rahman et al., 2009).
Wound healing activity
The wound healing activity of carbopol gels prepared from hydro alcoholic extracts of Tagetes erecta Linn. (TE) in excision wound model and burn wound models in albino mice. In excision and burn wound models, TE treated animals showed significant reduction in period of epithelization and wound contraction and combined gel showed accelerated wound healing activity may be because of synergism. The enhanced wound healing activity of hydro alcoholic extracts may be due to free radical scavenging action and the phytoconstituents (flavanoids) present in it which either due to their individual or additive effect fastens the process of wound healing (Ibrahim et al., 2011).
The treatment with hydro alcoholic extract of Tagetes erecta have beneficial influence various phase of wound healing fibroplasias, collagen synthesis and wound contraction result in faster healing The crude extract of Tagetes erecta significantly stimulated wound contraction, breaking strength of the incision wound and increased in the dry granulation weight in the treated group compared with extract of Tagetes erecta (Chatterjee et al., 2011).
T. erecta extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model and wet and dry granulation tissue weights, breaking strength in a dead space wound model (Alam et al., 2005).
The larvicidal activity of essential oil from Tagetes erecta against 3rd instars of Aedes aegypti, the oil obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry showed 14 d-limonene and piperitenone. The essential oil was active larvae of Aedes aegypti, with LC50 of 79.78 µg/ml and LC90 of 100.84 µg/ml. The larvicidal thiophenes contents were higher in the roots and flowers as demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Thus, Tagetes erecta constituents a good source of varied compounds showing larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (Marcia et al., 2011).
Anti hyperlipedemic activity
The antihyperlipedemic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Tagetes erecta in hyperlipedemic rats at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Hyperlipedemic was induced by cholesterol 25 kg/day. Lovastatin (10mg/kg/day) was used as standard. Blood samples were collected from rats in all groups on 30th day and estimated for their serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL and LDL levels using standards procedures. From the study it was observed that administration of Tagetes erecta extracts significantly decreased all the hyperlipedemic parameters in rats (Raghuveer et al., 2011).
Anti- diabetic activity
Hydro alcoholic extract of Tagetes erecta its anti diabetic activity by inducing diabetes using single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg b.w.). Treatment with standard drug Glibenclamide, blood glucose rose at 30 min followed by subsequent fall up to 120 min. The administration of Tagetes erecta extracts showed increase in glucose levels after 30 min and hypoglycemia effect was observed only after 120 min (Raghuveer et al., 2011).
Lutein was isolated from rhizomes of Tagetes erecta. The isolated pigments were quantified spectroscopically and separated by thin layer chromatography. The active components of the pigments were further purified and identified by high performance liquid chromatography. In vitro cytotoxic activity of extract against Hep2 cancer cell lines were evaluated. The activity sample showing cell viability of more than 97% at 0.078mg/ml were considered to be less which are most suitable to perform cytotoxic study (Niraikulam 2013).
EtE of flowers of the Tagetes erecta is considered to be effective in the treatment of epilepsy as in Ayurveda, but the phytoconstituents in EtE devoid of anti epileptic activity, but they found with phytoconstituents which decreases seizures threshold such menthol, indole alkaloids and verbenone. Menthol is already providing to be proconvulsant in nature, indole alkaloids are CNS stimulants thus may reduce seizures threshold and verbenone is found to be antidepressant.
Tagetes erecta may have CNS stimulant property; may be due to the presence of indole as one of the major phytoconstituents. Due to the CNS stimulants and antidepressant property of the EtE; may decrease the seizures thresholds, it may cautious if used in epileptic patients (James et al., 1996).
Acute inflammation was produce by injecting 0.1ml of 1% of Carrageenan into the plantar surface of rat hind paw. The extract (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, orally) and phenylbutazone (PBZ, 100mg/kg, orally) as reference drug were administered 60 min. before carrageenan injection. The paw volume was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 pethysmometrically. The orally administered extract significantly reduces pain induced by acetic acid writhing response. The number of writhing reflexes in treated mice decreased significantly and was comparable to ASA. No significant change in thermal stimuli was found (Vogel 2002).
Tagetes erecta sixty minutes after extract administration 0.1 ml of 1% v/v acetic acid was injected. The number of abdominal contraction over a period of 20 min was noted. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100mg/kg, orally) was used as positive control. Significant reduction in the no. of abdominal contraction (p<0.05) compared to the control (that received 0.3 ml normal saline) was considered as Antinociceptive action (kulkarni et al., 2005).
Ovicidal and repellant activity
The ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract of Tagetes erecta leaves for oviposition- deterrent, Ovicidal and repellent activity against malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus grassi and emphasized on mosquito control facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides and potential insecticides of plants origin which may serve as suitable alternative bicontrol techniques in the future (Elango et al., 2011).
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Your little basketball fans will have tons of fun practicing their sight words with the Make, Take & Teach Swish! game. This activity contains all Dolch 220 sight words printed on basketballs. Students take turns choosing basketballs and reading the words. If a player chooses the Swish! ball, he/she can pick 3 more balls! Players must be careful not to pick the "Penalty" ball as all the balls must be put back in the pile. Play continues until time ends and the player with the most basketballs wins. This activity can be easily differentiated as you choose how many and which words to use.
Basketballs are printed single-sided to double-sided. Each basketball is labeled with a number corresponding to the Dolch sight word lists 1-9.
If you like this activity, you may enjoy these other MT&T sports-related activities:
The Big Game! Football Themed Activity for Dolch 220 Sight Words
The Big Game! Football Themed Activity for CVC Words
Football Addition Freebie
Strike Me Out! Baseball Themed Activity for Addition Freebie
Home Run! Baseball Sight Word Game
Swoosh! Basketball Activity for Addition and Subtraction
Swoosh! Basketball Activity for Dolch 220 Sight Words
Swoosh! Basketball Activity for Vowel Teams
Let's Play Soccer! Dolch 220 Sight Words
Soccer Themed Sight Word Game Boards
Short Vowel Soccer Shoot Out!
Soccer Shoot Out!- Long Vowel Sounds
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Gender equality, Planet 50-50, #BeBoldForChange. Themes and hashtags that flooded social media feeds last week as the world marked International Women’s Day. They are now being revisited at the 61st Commission on the Status of Women at United Nations headquarters in New York, where governments, international organizations and UN agencies deliberate over the next fortnight on "women’s economic empowerment in the changing world of work".
These are highly challenging times for those of us who work on women’s rights across the spectrum.
Significant gains were made over the 15-year span of the Millennium Development Goals. But today, as we navigate the era of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the waters are far more turbulent, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.
Let's be frank
Sustainable Development Goal #5, Gender Equality, aims to end all forms of sexual discrimination, eliminate all forms of violence and harmful practices such as child marriage, and critically, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. But let’s be frank. We will never achieve gender equality and economic empowerment for women without universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.
These services and rights – and family planning in particular – are fundamental to achieving the SDGs. These rights need to be front and centre of the development agenda and the UN meeting on women itself, even if governments and other players sometimes see these as sensitive and controversial. And these rights are indivisible from other rights; we cannot separate them.
We have solid data and evidence to support these contentions.
Due to a lack of access to information or services, or a lack of support from partners or communities, an estimated 225 million women globally are not using safe and effective family-planning methods. Most of these women live in 69 of the poorest countries on Earth.
Worse in Asia
The unmet need for family planning is high in Asia-Pacific, at nearly 81 million women, almost two-thirds of them in South Asia alone. If the need for modern contraception as well as maternal and newborn services were fully met, unintended pregnancies would drop dramatically by 74%. Maternal mortality in the region would also drop significantly, from the current estimate of 84,000 deaths per year.
In low- and middle-income countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are a leading killer of teenage girls. Their babies also face a higher risk of dying than those of older women. Yet adolescents face enormous barriers to accessing reproductive health information and services.
When women and couples can plan their families, women are better enabled to complete their education. This in turn strengthens their autonomy within their households and improves their earning power. Each additional year of schooling for girls boosts their employment prospects, increases future earnings by about 10% and reduces infant mortality by up to 10%.
Cumulatively, these benefits contribute to poverty reduction and development.
Difference in dollars
The economic benefits from investing in family planning are clear. On average, a dollar invested in family planning saves about two dollars in expenses related to antenatal, maternal and newborn healthcare.
In countries with the highest unmet need for family planning, the return on investment is even more dramatic. For example, in the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu, for every dollar spent to reduce unmet need by 2020, between $9 and $16 could be saved on health and education, making development goals more attainable and more affordable.
The lifetime opportunity cost related to adolescent pregnancy – a measure of the annual income a young mother misses out on over her lifetime – ranges from 1% of annual gross domestic product in a large country such as China, to 30% of annual GDP in a smaller economy such as Uganda. If adolescent girls in Brazil and India were able to wait until their early twenties to have children, the increased economic productivity would equal more than $3.5 billion and $7.7 billion, respectively.
Worldwide, among women aged 25-39, female labour-force participation decreases with each additional child by 10-15%
Have you read?
Ultimately, behind these figures and data are the lives and stories of real people, including the hundreds of millions of women and girls in danger of not being able to fulfill their true potential.
We urge all governments, civil society and UN participants at CSW 61 to keep reproductive rights firmly at the centre of the debate, now and in the future. Rolling back these rights severely undermines the potential and well-being of individuals and economies.
Until we fulfill this key target and truly be bold for change, women will never achieve genuine and complete equality – and economic empowerment -- in our troubled and rapidly changing world. | <urn:uuid:83b918b9-6a0c-4eee-a3e3-24f4e732a873> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/sexual-equality-womens-reproductive-rights-unfpa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867424.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625033646-20180625053646-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.947285 | 959 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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Born Nov. 18, 1923 (and a direct descendant of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren), Alan B. Shepard, Jr., became part of history when he became the first American in space during the Mercury flight in 1961. He also holds the distinction as the oldest person to walk on the moon—he was 47 during the Apollo 14 mission in 1971, during which he also famously hit a pair of golf balls on the lunar surface using a makeshift club.
His name wouldn’t be in the record books, however, if he hadn’t made a key decision right after World War II.
Shepard had been sent to Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, to begin flight school in early 1946. The only issue was that he was, at best, an average student and was about ready to be dropped from the program. Instead of being deterred, he decided to take private flying lessons despite the Navy preferring he not do so. He earned his civilian pilots license and, as his skills improved, he was eventually rated as above average. Once he passed his final test, which included six perfect landings on the aircraft carrier USS Saipan, he received his naval aviator wings and began his career on the Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1948.
The next chance Shepard had to end his flying career came while he was part of the team testing the McDonnell F2H Banshee in the early 1950s. During one test flight, Shepard decided to take a few high-speed, low altitude passes along the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and over the beach in Ocean City, Maryland, much to the chagrin of station commander Rear Admiral Alfred M. Pride. He avoided being court martialed thanks to his supervisors and went on to instruct pilots on how to fly jets, and tested such planes as the McDonnell F3H Demon, Vought F-8 Crusader, and Douglas F4D Skyray.
In 1959 he was part of the first group of seven astronauts selected for the newly formed American space program and was chosen to be the first one to go to space. (When he was later asked by reporters about what it was like to be sitting on top of the rocket, waiting for lift off, he responded with his famous wit: “The fact that every part of this ship was built by the lowest bidder.”)
Further trips into orbit were put on hold when he was diagnosed with Ménière’s disease in 1963, which caused nausea and dizziness. He was put in charge of astronaut training until surgery corrected the issue in 1969, allowing him to return to flight duty and serve as commander of Apollo 14, becoming the only astronaut from the Mercury program to walk on the moon.
His efforts on Apollo 14 led to him earning the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and a promotion to Rear Admiral. After retiring from the military in 1974, he went on to have a very successful career in finance, real estate, and even owned an umbrella company (named Seven Fourteen, after his Mercury capsule, Freedom 7, and the Apollo mission). He passed away in 1998, and numerous highways, scholarships, and awards are now named in his honor. | <urn:uuid:7d096366-1d2a-4a9f-897f-8435a7729481> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://coffmanassociates.com/aviator-spotlight/alan-shephard-the-astronaut-who-almost-wasnt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711286.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208082315-20221208112315-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.986504 | 652 | 2.578125 | 3 |
All political systems need to mediate the relationship between private wealth and public power. Those that fail risk a dysfunctional government captured by wealthy interests. Corruption is one symptom of such failure with private willingness-to-pay trumping public goals. Private individuals and business firms pay to get routine services and to get to the head of the bureaucratic queue. They pay to limit their taxes, avoid costly regulations, obtain contracts at inflated prices and get concessions and privatised firms at low prices. If corruption is endemic, public officials – both bureaucrats and elected officials – may redesign programmes and propose public projects with few public benefits and many opportunities for private profit. Of course, corruption, in the sense of bribes, pay-offs and kickbacks, is only one type of government failure. Efforts to promote ‘good governance’ must be broader than anti-corruption campaigns. Governments may be honest but inefficient because no one has an incentive to work productively, and narrow elites may capture the state and exert excess influence on policy. Bribery may induce the lazy to work hard and permit those not in the inner circle of cronies to obtain benefits. However, even in such cases, corruption cannot be confined to ‘functional’ areas. It will be a temptation whenever private benefits are positive. It may be a reasonable response to a harsh reality but, over time, it can facilitate a spiral into an even worse situation.
‘Corruption’ is a term whose meaning shifts with the speaker. | <urn:uuid:3f7fbd90-f51b-4f33-97fa-bd720260dfd1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/books/global-crises-global-solutions/governance-and-corruption/3E108E4777BBD317BE911926BFFC8441 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402124756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001062039-20201001092039-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.95274 | 300 | 2.875 | 3 |
Visiting a friend or loved one who has Alzheimer’s is a very difficult challenge but one that thousands of people from all over the world face on a daily basis. It is important that individuals with Alzheimer’s disease are getting social interactions as frequently as possible, as it can help provide them with much-needed mental stimulation. However, even if you have known the individual with Alzheimer’s for years, it can be difficult and overwhelming to know how to interact with them. There are several tips to consider during these important interactions that can help the entire process go smoothly for both parties.
Try to Keep Emotions in Check
It can be easy to get overly emotional during interactions with a person with Alzheimer’s disease. However, it is essential that you try to stay as calm and positive as possible. The individual may not understand the context of the conversation, but they will understand anger or tears, and it can be overwhelming or confusing to them and they may get agitated during your interaction. | <urn:uuid:e34957f6-6937-4405-8730-3f73a0b90d52> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://aloisalzheimerfoundation.org/2014/12/14/important-tips-for-visiting-an-individual-with-alzheimers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.979204 | 204 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This Room on the Broom book companion is the perfect tool to use during speech and language therapy in October or in the classroom for a Halloween!
Comprehension questions: 18 cards to assess comprehension.
Preposition questions:15 preposition questions with two visual choices on each card.
Following directions: 15 fun following direction questions working on before/after concepts and 2 to 3 step directions.
Categories: 7 category questions.
Compare and contrast: 8 compare/contrast questions. 2 pages of vin diagrams to go further into the story and compare/contrast the two brooms and the witch and dragon.
6 sentences from the story to work on sentence recall and/or sentence construction.
Open ended ink dotter game to practice articulation sounds or for a motivator when answering questions.
1 page for students to record their speech sounds from the story.
8 phonemic awareness cards
1 page for students to draw/write who they would take on their broom and if they would make any changes to their broom.
Sequencing: Another great tool for retelling! Students put 8 picture tiles in order to retell the story, or cut and paste four characters in order the ride the broom for simple sequencing.
Temporal Directions: Student draws a card and follows the direction. If correct, they get to keep the card. Student with the most cards wins! Watch out for hungry dragons!
Witches n’ Wizards: Pronoun card game that addresses: he, she, they, and it. If students find a wand, they get an extra turn!
Potions n’ Spells: a riddle card game! Students read the riddle to figure out what the potion or spell will do to them! Don’t lose your hat in the wind! Student with the most cards wins!
NO PREP Activities: 25 no prep pages that address categories, following directions, prepositions, articulation, reinforcer page, and much much more!
Download is 27 pages long. Please ask any questions!
Thank you for visiting my store! Please follow for future updates!
And as always if you like this product please leave feedback! | <urn:uuid:7ee3993b-eae8-419d-9db1-bf9226ba9a05> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Room-on-the-Broom-Speech-and-Language-Activities-3426369 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819184710-20180819204710-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.921249 | 448 | 3.546875 | 4 |
When these vessels become involved, surgery to remove the cancer, which is typically the standard treatment, becomes significantly more difficult and sometimes impossible. Researchers at Fox Chase Cancer Center have identified a way to safely shrink the tumor, pulling it away from these vessels and allowing patients to undergo potentially curative surgery.
Neoadjuvant therapy is treatment given prior to cancer surgery in effort to make tumors resectable, or surgically removable. For patients with pancreatic cancer that is borderline resectable or unresectable as a result of vessel involvement, neoadjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is standard. Lora Wang, MD, a resident in the department of radiation oncology at Fox Chase, and colleagues found that giving extra boosts of radiation therapy to the tumor areas that are dangerously involved with the major vessels improved the rate of surgical resection in these patients. Their findings are published in the journal Practical Radiation Oncology.
Approximately 48,000 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer every year, and only about 6% of newly-diagnosed patients live for more than 5 years. Less than one out of five pancreatic cancers appear to be confined to the pancreas at diagnosis, and even fewer turn out to be truly resectable. “In patients with non-metastatic pancreatic cancer, the tumor’s involvement with the nearby vessels is what determines whether or not a tumor is resectable,” Wang said. “Some small vessels can be removed surgically without issue, but there are many important veins and arteries in the abdomen that cannot be removed easily or at all. Our practice is to give patients with borderline resectable or unresectable cancer chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy first in hopes that their tumor will shrink so they can proceed to surgery.”
The researchers evaluated patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy to determine if the “vessel boost” improved the rate of curative surgery. The study included 104 patients: 23 received a vessel boost and the remaining 81 did not. The median standard dose of radiation was 50.4 Gray (Gy). All patients also received concurrent chemotherapy. Patients who received the vessel boost received a median dose of 56 Gy, with the extra being delivered to the areas involved with the vessels.
They found that patients who received the vessel boost were more likely to undergo surgical resection compared with the patients who received only the standard dose of radiation. In addition, there was no difference in side effects between the two groups.
Wang also said that patients who show evidence of disease progression or metastatic disease during upfront chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy can be spared a major surgery.
Source: Press release | <urn:uuid:f5ab6b1b-9291-4775-91a1-f9f0e92be519> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://news.cancerconnect.com/pancreatic-cancer/boosted-radiation-dose-may-make-some-pancreatic-cancers-resectable-WqzFuE-pWkKe6X5mSILp1g/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330962.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826022215-20190826044215-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.961933 | 568 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Instructions: How To Make Your Squirrel Finger Puppets
When you purchase a set of Better For Your Kid's Stainless Steel Tumblers featuring the laser engraved juggling squirrels (that was a mouthful!), you'll find inside a craft activity to make squirrel finger puppets. The Tumblers feature squirrels on one side juggling anywhere from 1 to 9 acorns, and on the other side is the corresponding number both written and in numerical form. We think this is a great way to teach kids to read and write numbers, and to differentiate between their cups!
You can view and purchase the tumblers on Amazon by clicking the link or picture:
Color the squirrel with your favorite colors! This is much easier to do before the squirrel is cut out and glued together, so we suggest you do it first.
(This step is optional. You might prefer to keep the natural paper color!)
Under the supervision of an adult or guardian, carefully cut out the puppet cone body. Choose the face that you prefer and cut it out too (front and back). Always be careful using scissors and don't attempt to cut out your squirrels unless you're being assisted by an adult.
NOTE: Don’t cut off the ‘TAB’ as you need this to glue the cone body together!
Roll the body into a cone shape. Glue the ‘TAB’ to the inside of the cone so that the two ends of the cone meet. Also glue both sides of the tail together so that you can see the printed details from each side. Pinch the top of the cone together and glue just the top of the cone front to the back of the cone.
Glue the face of the head onto the front of the cone body. Then glue the back of the head onto the back of the cone body, making sure that the front and back of the head are glued together with the edges lined up as best you can. You can now bend the tail to one side if you would like to see the tail from the front.
This is the hardest part; wait until the glue dries! Now you can play with your squirrel! You may like to place two fingers inside the body if one finger is too loose. You can also try stuffing the cone body with some tissue or cotton wool if it is too big.
SHOW US YOUR SQUIRREL!
We would love for you to send us some photos of you and your squirrel puppets so we can feature you on our websites and/or social media. Please note that by sending us your photos you're agreeing to have us feature them on our website/s and social media. Email your photos to our squirrel admins via firstname.lastname@example.org
You can also post them yourself on Facebook and tag us. You may need to find us on Facebook and give our page a 'Like' first. Find us at www.facebook.com/betterforyour/
If you're posting to Instagram, tag @betterforyour and we'll drop by and say hello!
Disclaimer and Copyright
Squirrel puppet designs, the Better For Your logo, Laser designs, and squirrel cartoon characters are Copyright 2016 Better For Your™
The squirrel finger puppet designs may not be reproduced or used for commercial purposes. It will be considered a breach of copyright if the designs and/or adaptations of the designs, both printed and/or soft copies are offered for sale, given away, included in or bundled with products.
If you would like to make copies of the squirrel puppets for your own personal use you may do so on the condition that the use of the squirrel designs does not provide financial gain to yourself and/or third parties.
If you would like to use the squirrel puppet design for community groups or school use kindly send an email to email@example.com explaining how you would like to use the squirrel puppets and we will send you an email providing permission for non commercial use on the condition that Better For Your (TM) is recognized as the copyright owner. | <urn:uuid:404873b6-7180-4d33-a31b-e0cd22b3afdd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://betterforyour.com/squirrel-kids-puppet-instructions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.944127 | 833 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Training and Practice Centers
Texas Public Health Training Center
The Texas Public Health Training Center (TPHTC) is one of 37 Public Health Training Centers across the nation. TPHTC is a collaborative effort among the Health Science Center's School of Public Health, the University of Texas School of Public Health, and the Texas A&M University System Health Science Center School of Rural Public Health. The Center's mission is to improve the state's public health system by strengthening the technical, scientific, managerial and leadership competencies and capabilities of the current and future public health workforce. For the last twelve years, these collaborating institutions have been committed to addressing workforce training needs and strengthening this capacity within local health departments, hospitals and other health related organizations to effectively address the needs of the public health workforce. These trainings include live workshops, web-casts and videoconferences. The TPHTC envisions expanding its reach to include other arenas in which public health and health care professionals realize their work, including businesses, corporations, and grassroots organizations.
Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers (PERLC)
The CDC-funded Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers (PERLC) were established to enhance public health training and workforce. The learning centers serve in a national capacity for preparedness and response training and education needs of the U. S. public health workforce. The learning centers provide unique workforce development needs by offering assistance to nearby state, local, and tribal public health authorities.
The three schools of public health function as a consortium to provide preparedness and response training to the public health workforce through the Training and Education Collaborative System Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Center (TECS-PERLC). The TECS-PERLC partners design, develop, deliver, and evaluate trainings and education that support the mastery and performance of the Public Health Preparedness and Response Core Competencies and meet needs or gaps of state, regional, local, and tribal public health workforce.
This page last modified January 25, 2013 | <urn:uuid:9a1b1c89-b2a4-468a-bd28-fbd1c1045749> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.hsc.unt.edu/catalog/2013-2014/54-Training%20and%20Practice%20Centers.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00121-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945359 | 409 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We refer you to Small Is Beautiful (1973. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.) by E.F. Schumacher for detailed treatment of the meaning and origin of the concept of "appropriate technology". The goal of appropriate technology is to blend the best of science with the best of local traditional knowledge to develop means of production that are environmentally-sound, simple, effective, efficient, and sustainable, and that are owned, managed, maintained and operated by individuals who are part of the local community. Such technology satisfies the following requirements: (1) The actual workplace, including all means of production, exists within the local community. (2) The workplace is cheap enough, on average, that it can be developed using capital investments accumulated within the local community. (3) The details of raw material supply, production, marketing, and financing are relatively simple so that complex organizations and high levels of training are not required. (4) Production should be based primarily on locally-obtained raw materials and should be designed mainly to produce locally-consumed commodities. | <urn:uuid:d3371719-f382-47a8-8f52-f7695d19e9ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uky.edu/OtherOrgs/AppalFor/smalgl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284376.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947998 | 213 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Mom knew what she was talking about when she told us to eat our vegetables, and we’ve been heeding her advice for a while now. Almost a century ago – during World War I – Meatless Mondays began as a way to support the nation’s food supply. In 2003, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health revived the idea, actively encouraging people to enjoy at least one meatless dinner every week.
Experimenting with all the produce department has to offer is a great way to boost your health and explore new flavors. From blushing apples to elegant zucchini, you’ll find plenty of inspiration for your next meal.
Vegetables and fruits aren’t just pretty faces; the antioxidants they contain are vital for our health, boosting our brain functions and immune systems even as they help ward off heart disease and cancer. The antioxidants in produce are visible in the rainbow of colors plants contain; it’s easy to see the orange beta-carotene that’s present in pumpkins and carrots, the red lycopene in tomatoes and watermelons and the purple anthocyanin in blueberries and grapes. The more colors we eat, the more antioxidants we get. The more fiber and vitamins we get too, because plants are rich sources of both. | <urn:uuid:c2d3c1d0-460d-4b7e-9a38-048f65483bac> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://inspiredcooks.com/june-is-national-fruit-vegetable-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819110157-20180819130157-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.94294 | 269 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This year began with a partial solar eclipse. A little more than halfway through 2019, much of the world will see a partial lunar eclipse Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, depending on where you live.
The partial lunar eclipse will be visible in Africa, most of Europe, a large portion of Asia, the eastern part of South American and the western part of Australia, reported the Europe-based Royal Astronomical Society . North America will miss out on the view except for its most eastern points, like Nantucket, parts of Maine and Nova Scotia.
In the UK, the moon will be low in the sky, so unobstructed views of the southern and southeastern horizon are best, according to the astronomers with the Royal Astronomical Society. The moon will rise at 21:07 BST, showcasing the partially eclipsed moon. Check Time and Date to see when it will happen in your area.
Lunar eclipses can occur only during a full moon. The moon will be in perfect alignment with the sun and Earth on Tuesday, with the moon on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun.
Earth will cast two shadows on the moon during the eclipse. The penumbra is the partial outer shadow, and the umbra is the full, dark shadow.
When the full moon moves into Earth's shadow, it will darken, but it won't disappear. Sunlight passing through Earth's atmosphere will light the moon in a dramatic fashion, turning it red.
Depending on the weather conditions in your area, it may be gray, rusty, brick-colored or blood-red.
This happens because blue light undergoes stronger atmospheric scattering, so red light will be the most dominant color highlighted as sunlight passes through our atmosphere and casts it on the moon.
The Virtual Telescope Project will share a live stream of the lunar eclipse just a few degrees apart above the skyline of Rome.
And unlike solar eclipses, especially the total solar eclipse in August 2017, the lunar eclipse is safe to view with the naked eye or binoculars. | <urn:uuid:b456db17-ad20-48a9-a68f-0255e2238430> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.kristv.com/news/national/partial-lunar-eclipse-tuesday-just-not-the-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.890634 | 415 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The principal applications of archaeological science techniques in Scottish Mesolithic studies have been in the area of dating. Radiocarbon (14C) dating has been routinely applied to Scottish Mesolithic sites since the 1960s. The majority of samples analysed prior to the mid-1990s were dated by radiometric methods (gas proportional counting or liquid scintillation counting). Typically, these were bulk samples of wood charcoal, or occasionally of animal bones or marine shells. Where the sample material was limited in quantity error terms were often large. Moreover, charcoal samples were not always identified to species and hence the 14C age measurements carry the possibility of an old wood effect. Similarly, shells have a marine reservoir effect, the magnitude of which is still not well established for the Mesolithic time range. The introduction of the AMS technique in the early 1980s allowed the dating of much smaller samples, thereby opening the possibility of single-entity dating of artefacts and ecofacts. However, error terms associated with dates produced by first generation accelerator mass spectrometers were often large (±80–100 14C yr), although the current generation is capable of routine precision measurements of ±25–40 14C years. With the use of the AMS technique, dating of bone collagen has become much more routine. With the older radiometric methods a large amount of bone was required (equivalent to an entire major limb bone, e.g. humerus). Currently, 0.5–1g of compact bone is normally sufficient for reliable dating. In terms of collagen extraction there is no single preferred technique, with some laboratories favouring a modified Longin method, and others favouring this method combined with ultrafiltration.
Also relevant to understading the changes taking place in the Lateglacial landscape of Scotland is cosmogenic isotope (10Be and 36Cl) dating of the exposure of rock surfaces (e.g. Ballantyne 2010; Everest and Kubik 2006).
The principal non-isotopic dating technique applicable to the Mesolithic time-range is luminescence dating, of which there are various forms (TL, OSL, IRSL, etc.). The advantage of the luminescence technique is that it can be used to date directly certain non-carbon containing materials, e.g. burnt flint. In practice, however, errors associated with single measurements are large; an accuracy of 5–10% of age will be routinely obtained, while for selected samples with appropriate external dosimetry and suitable luminescence properties it may be possible to achieve a precision of 3–5%. With replication, precision may be improved to 2–3%, but with obvious cost implications. Consequently, there have been very few applications of this technique in the Scottish Mesolithic (Mithen et al. 1992; Melton and Nicholson 2004).
Tephra is volcanic ash which can be found within sediments in western Scotland. Such ash will have predominantly originated from volcanic eruptions in Iceland and it is important to Mesolithic archaeology because the specific geochemical characteristics of each tephra horizon can link it to a very specific volcanic event (see Lowe 2011 for a recent review of tephrochronology). As such this provides a means of additional absolute dating for sediments, which enables the verification of radiocarbon dating and contributes towards constraining chronologies for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Tephra analysis involves the extraction of tephra from sediments and their characterisation by using a variety of methods including SEM WDX and microprobe analysis. As yet tephra dating has had limited direct application within Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland but the potential is substantial as demonstrated by the discovery of the Hoy tephra on Orkney dating to c. 5500 BP and Lairg A and B tephras in Sutherland dating to c. 6000 BP (Dugmore et al. 1995), and this is an active research area with numerous recent advances (e.g. Davies et al. 2001; Matthews et al. 2011; Pyne-O’Donnell 2007).
Mesolithic Radiocarbon Assessment
Radiocarbon dating has undergone radical change in recent years with the introduction of new techniques such as AMS dating, ultra-filtration pre-treatment of samples, and the application of statistical modelling including, amongst others, Bayesian modelling. One of the results of these new applications is that more precise, and more accurate, chronological control is being afforded to archaeological contexts and this is having a profound effect on understanding of the timing and duration of hunter-gather, and indeed later, activity (see for example the results for the Howick settlement: Waddington 2007).
Of course, the accuracy of the chronological control also depends fundamentally on the calibration procedure that converts 14C ages into calendar age ranges. Accurate conversion is easily accomplished for short-lived, terrestrially derived Mesolithic samples (e.g. round wood charcoal, ungulate bones, etc) using one of the freely available calibration programs such as OxCal or Calib. However, marine samples such as fish bone and shell are more problematic. They derive their carbon from the marine environment which is depleted in 14C relative to the contemporaneous atmosphere/terrestrial biosphere. This is the so-called marine reservoir effect (MRE). If the effect were constant, it would be a relatively simple task to allow for this depletion in the age calculation, however it is well established that the MRE varies both temporally and spatially (e.g. Ascough et al.2004; 2006). The current global average surface water MRE is 400 years and deviations from this value are designated by a ΔR value. Thus, a ΔR value that is negative is indicative of a reduced MRE while a positive value indicates an increased MRE. Therefore, prior knowledge of the ΔR value for a site and period is required in order to achieve the most accurate calibration of marine samples. In the absence of an appropriate ΔR value, a value of zero is typically assumed. Ascough et al. (2007) have derived two ΔR values for the Mesolithic, from Sand and Northton, both of which are positive (64 ± 19 and 79 ± 32, respectively).
The calibration process is further complicated for human remains when there has been consumption of a significant quantity of marine-derived resources. Not only is an appropriate value for ΔR required for accurate calibration but also, it is important to have an accurate estimate of the proportion of marine resources contained in the diet. This estimate is typically made by reference to the δ13C value of the collagen (e.g. Arneborg et al. 1999).
The date list (see the downloadable ScARF datelist) compiled for this assessment consists of a list of raw dates that have not been edited or checked for their accuracy, the usefulness of the sample, or the reliability of the sample and the context from which it came. Therefore, the date list must be used with care as some of the dates would not be considered scientifically acceptable. The calibrations were undertaken in November 2009 using the program Oxcal 4.1 and the calibration curve INTCAL04.
Percentage of ‘Mesolithic’ radiocarbon measurements from Scotland by material dated
The figure above shows that the about 50% of radiocarbon measurements for the list as it stood in November 2009 at best provide terminus post quems for their contexts and this is probably being generous given that no assessment of the taphonomy of most samples has been undertaken.
A very brief assessment highlights the following:
Unidentified charcoal and wood: can have an unknown age-at-death offset (Bowman 1990); unless identifications are given the dates on these materials only provide tpqs.
Identified carbonised: material – some of this is short-lived, however, a number of samples contain bulked material and may contain material of different ages (Ashmore 1999).
Shell: this needs to be calibrated using the appropriate calibration data (marine offset; see Ascough et al. 2007). This has not been undertaken because it requires some work to identify appropriate regional values from published data.
Animal: unless these are identified as articulated (and this in situ) they only provide tpqs for their context.
Human: these need stable isotope measurements to correct for dietary offsets (marine diet, etc).
Soil: of little value due to uncertainty over precise contextual associations (though interestingly microfossils in sediment are much used by geoscientists to get dates from sediment cores).
Antler: without an indication of the taphonomic relationship to the context they only provide a tpq.
The problems identified above do not only relate to the Mesolithic but all periods that use radiocarbon. A proper assessment for all periods as undertaken above would highlight why most dates are at best only tpqs and could be used to produce some generic recommendations on how to approach the use of radiocarbon. This should be undertaken as a minimum before any chronological research questions are formulated.
A study is required to review the date list, removing dates that cannot be demonstrated to be reliable. The resultant dates can then be used for modelling and related purposes to provide a wide variety of useful chronological data that can be used to assist in understanding questions relating to settlement, artefact chronology and environmental change/impacts as well as contributing to the production of historical narrative for the period.
It is also recommended that the current Excel spreadsheet format for the date list is retained, or a variant of it, as this is a simple format that allows for rapid calibration of all dates using the Oxcal program, as well as for easy combining and so forth of dates for statistical modelling. It also means that the date register can be easily updated by non-specialists whilst also not being too onerous for researchers who may produce fairly large numbers of dates for any given project. | <urn:uuid:a61d6041-6923-4847-ac2d-94225501e3d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://scottishheritagehub.com/category/scarf-tags/science?page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145676.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222115524-20200222145524-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.937118 | 2,039 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In land-use planning, urban green space is open-space areas reserved for parks and other "green spaces", including plant life, water features -also referred to as blue spaces- and other kinds of natural environment. Most urban open spaces are green spaces, but occasionally include other kinds of open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes.
Generally considered open to the public, urban green spaces are sometimes privately owned, such as higher education campuses, neighborhood/community parks/gardens, and institutional or corporate grounds. Areas outside city boundaries, such as state and national parks as well as open space in the countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas, plazas and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use planning. Urban green spaces have wide reaching positive impacts on the health of individuals and communities near the green space.
Urban greening policies are important for revitalizing communities, reducing financial burdens of healthcare and increasing quality of life. Most policies focus on community benefits, and reducing negative effects of urban development, such as surface runoff and the urban heat island effect. Historically, access to green space has favored wealthier, and more privelaged communities, thus recent focus in urban greening has increasingly focused on environmental justice concerns, and community engagement in the greening process. In particular, in cities with economic decline, such as the Rust Belt in the United States, urban greening has broad community revitalization impacts.
Definitions and concepts
Most research on the topic focus on urban green spaces. The WHO defined this as "all urban land covered by vegation of any kind".
When doing research, some experts use "urban open space" to describe a broader range of open areas. One definition holds that, "As the counterpart of development, urban open space is a natural and cultural resource, synonymous with neither 'unused land' nor 'park and recreation areas." Another is "Open space is land and/or water area with its surface open to the sky, consciously acquired or publicly regulated to serve conservation and urban shaping function in addition to providing recreational opportunities." In almost all instances, the space referred to by the term is, in fact, green space, focused on natural areas.
These spaces are part of "public space" broadly construed, which include meeting or gathering places that exist outside the home and workplace that are generally accessible by members of the public, and which foster resident interaction and opportunities for contact and proximity. This definition implies a higher level of community interaction and places a focus on public involvement rather than public ownership or stewardship.
The benefits that urban open space provides to citizens can be broken into four basic forms; recreation, ecology, aesthetic value, and positive health impacts. Psychological benefits gained by visitors to urban green spaces increased with their biodiversity, indicating that 'green' alone is not sufficient; the quality of that green is important as well.
Urban open space is often appreciated for the recreational opportunities it provides. Recreation in urban open space may include active recreation (such as organized sports and individual exercise) or passive recreation, which may simply entail being in the open space. Research shows that when open spaces are attractive and accessible, people are more likely to engage in physical activity. Time spent in an urban open space for recreation offers a reprieve from the urban environment and a break from over-stimulation. Studies done on physically active adults middle aged and older show there are amplified benefits when the physical activities are coupled with green space environments. Such coupling leads to decreased levels of stress, lowers the risk for depression as well as increase the frequency of participation in exercise. Casual group walks in a green environment (nature walks) increase one's positive attitude and lower stress levels as well as risk of depression.
The conservation of nature in an urban environment has direct impact on people for another reason as well. A Toronto civic affairs bulletin entitled Urban Open Space: Luxury or Necessity makes the claim that "popular awareness of the balance of nature, of natural processes and of man's place in and effect on nature – i.e., "ecological awareness" – is important. As humans live more and more in man-made surroundings – i.e., cities – he risks harming himself by building and acting in ignorance of natural processes." Beyond this man-nature benefit, urban open spaces also serve as islands of nature, promoting biodiversity and providing a home for natural species in environments that are otherwise uninhabitable due to city development.
By having the opportunity to be within an urban green space, people gain a higher appreciation for the nature around them. As Bill McKibben mentions in his book The End of Nature, people will only truly understand nature if they are immersed within it. He follows in Henry David Thoreau's footsteps when he isolated himself in the Adirondack Mountains in order to get away from society and the overwhelming ideals it carries. Even there he writes how society and human impact follows him as he sees airplanes buzzing overhead or hears the roar of motorboats in the distance.
The aesthetic value of urban open spaces is self-evident. People enjoy viewing nature, especially when it is otherwise extensively deprived, as is the case in urban environments. Therefore, open space offers the value of "substituting gray infrastructure." One researcher states how attractive neighborhoods contribute to positive attitudes and social norms that encourage walking and community values. Properties near urban open space tend to have a higher value. One study was able to demonstrate that, "a pleasant view can lead to a considerable increase in house price, particularly if the house overlooks water (8–10%) or open space (6–12%)." Certain benefits may be derived from exposure to virtual versions of the natural environment, too. For example, people who were shown pictures of scenic, natural environments had increased brain activity in the region associated with recalling happy memories, compared to people that were shown pictures of urban landscapes.
Impact on health
The World Health Organization considers urban green spaces as important to human health. These areas have a positive impact on mental and physical health. Urban open spaces often include trees or other shrubbery that contribute to moderating temperatures and decreasing air pollution. Perceived general health is higher in populations with a higher percentage of green space in their environments. Urban open space access has also been directly related to reductions in the prevalence and severity of chronic diseases resulting from sedentary lifestyles, to improvements in mental well-being, and to reductions in population-wide health impacts from climate change.
Reductions in Chronic Disease Rates
Improved access to green space is associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease symptoms, improved rates of physical activity, lower incidence of obesity, and improved respiratory health. Lower rates of cardiovascular biomarkers are associated with access to green space, showing a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in populations living within 1 km of green space. Not only does access to urban green space reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, but increased access has been shown to improve recovery from major adverse cardiovascular events and lower all-cause mortality. Relationships have been found between increased access to green space, improved rates of physical activity, and reduced BMI. The percentage of sedentary and moderately active persons making use of an urban park increased when access to the park was improved.
Reductions in Mental Illness rates / Improved Social Cohesion
Mental illness has been a major taboo and concern in the current fast paced world in which time to relax is undervalued. Globally, mental illness is linked to eight million deaths each year. In urban areas, limited access to green space and poor quality of green spaces available may contribute to poor mental health outcomes. The distance an individual lives from a green space or park and the proportion of land designated as open space/parks has been shown to be inversely related to anxiety/mood disorder treatment counts in the community. Improved mental health may therefore be related to both measures - to distance from open space and proportion of open space within a neighborhood. Even when physical activity rates are not shown to increase with greater access to green space, greater access to green space has been shown to decrease stress and improve social cohesion.
Effects of Urban Green Space on Respiratory Health
Adequate urban green space access can be associated with better respiratory health outcomes, as long as green space areas meet certain requirements. A new study showed that mortality due to pneumonia and chronic lower respiratory diseases could be reduced by minimizing fragmentation of green spaces and increasing the largest patch percentage of green space. Vegetation type (trees, shrubs and herbaceous layers) and lack of management (pruning, irrigation and fertilization) has been shown to affect a higher capacity to provide the ecosystem services of air purification and climate regulation within green urban spaces. The types of plants and shrubs are important because areas with large tree canopies can actually contribute to asthma and allergic sensitization.
Mechanism of Urban Open Space Health Effects
Access to urban open space encourages physical activity and reduces ambient air pollution, heat, traffic noise and emissions. All are factors which contribute to the risks of chronic disease and mental illness. Individuals and families who lived closer to ‘formal’ parks or open space were more likely to achieve the recommended amounts of physical activity. Better respiratory health is associated with cleaner air quality. Cleaner air quality affects rates of chronic disease in populations exposed. “High concentrations of ambient particles can trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction and increase hospitalization for cardiovascular disease”. Besides an association with lower BMI/obesity rates, this physical activity can increase lung function and be a protective factor against respiratory disease. Exposure to nature improve the Immune system. The contact of the human body with soil, turf, forest floor, expose it to many microorganisms what boost the immune system.
Impacts on mental health
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The advocacy for mental health is becoming increasingly rampant, given the psychiatric illnesses that contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Health disparities existing within and amongst communities make this issue of paramount importance. The correlation between psychological distress and socioeconomic status (SES) has previously been examined. Sugiyama demonstrates that psychological distress is positively correlated with lower SES. A contributing factor to this socioeconomic disparity is the higher amounts of green space among residents with higher SES. Access to and active utilization of urban green space results in decreased rates of anxiety and depression, which are among the most common mental health illnesses. The positive association between mental health and green space was also supported by Van den Berg. The positive influence of urban green space on a community's perceived sense of mental wellness is achieved through uplifted moods, decreased stress levels, relaxation, recuperation, and increased human contact, which in itself promotes mental well-being. Given the burden of mental illness in the United States, it is important to examine the impact of urban green space on mental health and utilize this information to promote mental well-being across communities.
Modern research evidence demonstrates urban green space has positive impacts on population level mental health. Evidence shows that designated green space in urban areas facilitates social interaction, fosters well-being, increases opportunities for exercise, and contributes to improvement in common mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and stress. One randomized trial studied two groups: one composed of residents living in a neighborhood that had a greening intervention and one that did not. Among the participants who now live in a green neighborhood, those feeling depressed decreased by 41.5% and self-reported poor mental health decreased by 62.8%. Another study indicates that "the difference in depressive symptoms between an individual living in an environment with no tree canopy and an environment with tree canopy is larger than the difference in symptoms associated between individuals who are uninsured compared with individuals with private insurance". Incorporating green space into urban design is an impactful, equitable, affordable, and accessible way to decrease the burden of mental health.
Further research on urban open spaces have recently found a positive link associating a mental health and well-being with increased access to green spaces in urban areas. The RESIDE Project, for example, has found a dose-response effect where the total area of public green spaces is associated with a greater overall wellbeing. Based on the study participants' survey responses, urban neighborhoods with more access to green spaces are more likely to report increased optimism, perception of usefulness, confidence, social interaction, and interest in new activities. Additionally, individuals living in neighborhoods within walking distance of parks have more opportunities to participate in recreational activities which is also associated with positive health outcomes. Another study published in the Journal of Epidemiology compared the effect of green spaces on 2,169 pairs of twins. After adjusting for genetic confounders and childhood environments, researchers found significant association between green spaces and decreased depression. Both examples of green spaces in urban areas illustrate how individual's environment can affect mental health and highlight the importance of access to green spaces.
Furthermore, there are several strategies that policymakers have pursued in order to increase the amount of green space in urban areas. Two are explored here: a case study in Toronto's redevelopment of Brownfield sites, and a broad analysis of city-wide planning strategies.
Impacts on high temperatures
Urban areas tend to have higher temperatures than their surrounding undeveloped areas because of Urban Heat Islands, UHIs. Urban heat islands are areas with man-made infrastructure that contribute to the increased temperatures. The average temperature during the day in cities can be 18-27 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in the surrounding rural regions. This is an example of one type of UHI, surface heat islands. Surface heat islands encompass the area from the ground to the top of the tree-line. It is usually higher during the day when direct sunlight reaches urban structures (often with darker materials than natural areas) including the main contributor, pavement. The other type of UHI, atmospheric heat islands, are from above the tree-line to the level in the atmosphere where the urban area no longer has an effect. This type of heat island has increased heat at night due to the release of heat from infrastructure that built up throughout the day.
Green spaces within urban areas can help reduce these increased temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration. Shading comes from the taller plants, such as trees, planted in green spaces that can contribute to lowering the surface heat island effect. The shade provides protection from the sun for vulnerable populations, such as children, during periods of increased temperature, during the summer months or during a heat wave. Tree cover prevents some solar radiation from reaching the ground with its leaves and branches. This reduces the effect of surface urban heat islands. Open spaces that include any type of vegetation help offset the high temperatures through the natural process of evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration releases water into the air therefore dissipating heat. There are many elements of an urban open space that can contribute to the mitigation of urban heat islands including the type of open space (park or nature reserve), type of plant species, and the density of vegetation. Green spaces contribute to the reduction of local heat, decreasing the overall effect of UHIs. The larger the distribution of green spaces, the bigger the area of heat reduction. Green spaces that are clustered together will have an additive heat reduction resulting in a greater decrease in temperature in the local area compared to surrounding areas.
Impacts on air quality
Human activity has increased air pollution in the earth's atmosphere and trees play an essential role in removing human-made pollutants from the air, aka particulate matter (PM). Trees produce oxygen and absorb CO2. In urban green spaces, trees filter out man-made pollutants. Air quality data collected on cities with and without urban green space has shown that areas with an abundance of trees have considerably less air pollutants, i.e. O3, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO. As air pollutants accumulate in the atmosphere, vulnerable populations, such as children, may suffer from increased incidences of respiratory disease. Particulate matter or particle pollution with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10) or 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is associated with heart diseases and respiratory diseases including lung cancer.
Globally, particulate matter has increased over 28% in indoor air and 35% in outdoor air. Children spend most of their time at school, around 10 hours daily, and the indoor and outdoor air has a large impact on their health. Schools located in urban areas have higher particulate matter than schools in rural areas. Compared with children in schools located in rural areas, children who attend schools located in industrial areas and urban cities have higher levels of urinary PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) metabolites, which is linked to air pollution.
There are two different ways that green spaces can reduce the pollution of particulate matter including preventing distribution of particulate from pollutants or by reducing the particulate matter from traveling to other places. There is a disagreement about the association of living near green spaces or having high exposure to greenness and illness such as allergies, rhinitis, and eye and nose symptoms. Higher exposure to tree canopy and pollen was associated with a high risk of prevalence rhinitis, allergic sensitization, wheezing, and asthma among children 7 years-old. More studies are needed to explain the effect of urban green spaces on children relating to air quality. These studies should take into consideration the interconnectedness of tree species, geographic areas, temperature, and other pollutant-like traffic.
Case study: redevelopment of brownfield sites
Brownfield sites are defined as "abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination." The City of Toronto undertook an extensive redevelopment of Brownfield sites into green spaces starting in the 1950s. The first step was motivation. In 1954, Hurricane Hazel hit the city and caused considerable damage. The city subsequently obtained "flood lands" as a buffer to protect against future hurricanes. Later, there was an impetus to convert contaminated brownfields into greenspace for the perceived benefits, the top reasons being the creation of ecological habitats and to provide recreational opportunities. After establishing the motivation, the second step was to conduct a survey of all the Brownfield sites. Although the City of Toronto was responsible for the management of Brownfield sites, they had limited resources to do so. They began by taking an inventory of all the land that could be considered Brownfields. By contrast, the greenspace is much more actively managed by both the City of Toronto and the Toronto Region Conservation Authority. Over 12% of the urban land in Toronto is classified as green space. The third step involved holding meetings with both public and private stakeholders. Including the local neighborhood in the decision making process was seen as key to securing the cooperation of the public. Because there was little perceived economic gain by private stakeholders, the redevelopment project was largely carried out by the public sector. The fourth step was delegation. A single department was put in charge of the project, which in this case was the municipal government's Parks Department (the government absorbed 90-100% of the implementation costs). It was expected that implementation would take several years after delegation – in this case, redevelopment took between 3–5 years for each individual site. The fifth step was collaboration with other government agencies. Government agencies that shared land in common with the municipal government, such as flood plains and waterfronts, negotiated with each other in order to ensure the concurrency of the goals between the various agencies and Toronto's redevelopment efforts. A sixth step involved the acquisition of private land, which was either donated or purchased by the city. It is important to recognize that a substantial amount of Brownfield sites may reside on private land, and that a city must legally acquire it in order to implement redevelopment. The seventh step assessed each site individually. Because the sites were contaminated to different degrees, specific cleanup criteria were determined for each site, with various remediation strategies for each. The most common method was to cap (bury) the contaminants in situ. None of this could have happened unless there was a prerequisite zeroth step: creating an atmosphere of high trust. The City of Toronto was trusted by its citizens, and that trust enabled the city to redevelop Brownfield sites. The public sector was expected to do its job and to prevent people using the new green space from being exposed to contaminants. CITY-WIDE GREEN SPACE PLANNING: The concept that ecosystems provide services that improve quality of life for city residents is becoming more and more recognized. With that recognition, a shift in understanding green space from being an aesthetic contribution to city beautification to an essential part of the urban center is occurring. However, city planners are increasingly faced with densification and population increase in urban centers. This places stress on existing green spaces and can inhibit the creation of new green spaces. Interestingly, per capita GDP was found to be positively correlated with the amount of green space coverage. This suggests that economic systems that facilitate the accumulation of wealth can provision a city with increased green space. This must be balanced with the finding that greening efforts in low income sections of a city can cause rents to rise and make housing less affordable there. Additionally, it was found that European cities that distributed the management of green space among several governmental agencies were less successful in green space planning compared to cities with only one agency responsible. Lack of public awareness about the value of urban green space can also lead to less stakeholder contribution to green space planning. This suggests that public education can lead the population to more fully participate as informed stakeholders to a much greater extent. Additionally, improvement in the quality of green space can be pursued when no additional green space can be added. Furthermore, the concept of "green fingers," can be implemented in city-wide planning in order to optimize green space geometry. "Green fingers" is a strategy that connects urban green space from the city center to the periphery, thereby linking the rural to the urban in a continuous fashion and enabling better resident access. Developing green roofs, gardens, and facades may be appropriate strategies for private land and buildings, but these cannot fulfill the functions of a public green space. Nevertheless they provide valuable contributions to resident quality of life, and can be supported by various tax beak incentives. Finally, heritage green space sites can be protected by various laws and regulations. All in all, the implementation of urban green space strategies must consider the entire urban region in question in order to achieve the overarching goal to provide urban residents with a higher quality of life.
While the current research on the impacts of green space of mental health appears broad, the future of green space is still of utmost importance. Many US cities have unique plans to address this issue, while others are already experiencing the effects of reduced greenspace. Denver, for example, once boasted a meager 20% of the city having been paved or built-over in the mid-1970s. However, this number could reach closer to 70% by 2040 due to an explosion of the city's population. The hyper-functionality of modern-day cities must also be able to exist in a way that portrays beauty in the infrastructure itself. One proposed solution to this involves shifting grey infrastructure made of concrete towards green infrastructure that looks less industrial and more like an ecosystem. This proposal, brought forth by the California Center for Sustainable Communities, accompanies another idea that cities should assess green space initiatives based on their cultural and natural assets. For example, Cairns, Australia embraces "tropical urbanism" as the basis for its green space landscape throughout the city, while Salt Lake City describes its future parks as "mountain urbanism". One study found that there was not a significant association between the amount of green space in residents' local areas and mental wellbeing, suggesting that the quality of green space may be what matters most. Ultimately, improving the quality of green space is a main concern for cities of the future and acting on a city's cultural and natural strengths is the best method to achieve this.
In times of the COVID-19 pandemic
Urban areas have greatly expanded and resulted in over half of the world's population to be located in urban locations. As the population continues to grow, this number is predicted to be at two-thirds of people living in urban areas by 2050.
Impacts on physical health
The adolescent years are extremely important for children due to it being a time of growth, development, and instillation of habits. When children are given the opportunity to be active, they typically take advantage of it. Children with a greater access to parks and recreational facilities through urban green space have been found to be more active than children who lack access. The access to green spaces has shown an association with recreational walking, increased physical activity, and reduced sedentary time in all ages. In coordination, it has been seen that higher residential green space is associated with lower BMI scores. If children are given the opportunity to be active and maintain a healthy BMI in their adolescent years, they are less likely to be obese as adults.
Impacts on mental health
Children exposed to urban green spaces have the opportunity to expend energy by interacting with their environment and other people through exercise. One study has shown that without access to urban green spaces, some children have problems with hyperactivity, peer interactions, and good conduct. The important interactions with nature, animals, and peers have been positively influential in child development and reduction in behavioral issues such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Urban green spaces allow children to expel their extra energy and improve their ability to focus when needed both at school and home.
In addition to behavioral problems, and likely connected, access to urban green space has been proven to be helpful for cognitive development. With urban green space giving children the opportunity to get outside and expend energy, children are more focused in school and have a better working memory and reduced inattentiveness.
Another facet of urban green space improving mental health is giving children access to a community. Recreational activities and playing at the park gives children opportunities to interact with other children and develop a social circle and social skills in general. Children with a good social network feel socially included, promoting more confidence and well-being in their everyday lives. Overall, the bonding experiences that result from urban green spaces tie in with a child's cognitive and social development.
The term "rus in urbe" meaning "country in the city" was used in Rome around the first century C.E. Urban planning in Rome valued the natural landscape and took account for environmental factors. It was thought that by building a city with regard to the local countryside, the people living there would be healthier and happier. English landscapes would later take inspiration from Roman urban planning concepts in their own open spaces.
The basis for many urban open spaces seen today across Europe and the West began its process of development in London in the 17th and 18th centuries. What would eventually become urban open green space began as paved public plazas. Though they were intended to be open to the public, these spaces began to be re-designated as private parks around the late eighteenth century. It was during this period that the areas became pockets of green in the urban environment, commonly modelled after the natural wild of the countryside.
The first parks to reverse the trend of privatization and again be opened to the public were England's royal parks in the nineteenth century. This was done in response to the extensive and unexpected population movement from the country into cities. As a result, "the need for open space was socially and politically pressing… The problems, to which the provision of parks was expected to offer some relief, were easy to describe: overcrowding, poverty, squalor, ill-health, lack of morals and morale, and so on". Such sentiments again received significant popular support during the "City Beautiful" movement in America during the 1890s and 1900s. Both trends focused on providing the public an opportunity to receive all of the perceived health and lifestyle benefits of having access to open space within urban environments.
Segmentation of urban open spaces was particularly prominent in America during the twentieth century. Since the late 1800s romantic park systems, open space designers have been concerned with guiding, containing or separating urban growth, distributing recreation, and/or producing scenic amenity, mostly within the framework of geometric abstractions." Such segmentation was especially prominent in the 1990s, when urban open spaces took a path similar to that of parks, following the modernization trend of segmentation and specialization of areas. As modernity stressed "increased efficiency, quantifiablity, predictability, and control… In concert with the additional social divisions", open spaces grew more specific in purpose. Perhaps this increase in division of social classes' use of open space, demonstrated by the segmentation of the spaces, displays a situation similar to the privatization of London parks in the eighteenth century, which displayed a desire to make classes more distinct.
Today, places like Scandinavia, which do not have a significant history of outdoor recreation and gathering places, are seeing a proliferation of urban open spaces and adopting a lifestyle supported by the extra urban breathing room. An example of this can be seen in Copenhagen where an area closed to car traffic in 1962 developed, in just a few decades, a culture of public political gatherings and outdoor cafes emerged. Not only is appreciation for and use of urban open spaces flourishing in locations that historically lacked such traditions, the number of urban open spaces is increasing rapidly as well.
Non-sustainable gardening, including mowing, use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides harm green spaces. Contrarywise, one of the conditions for good urban open space is sustainable gardening.
Green space access is related to health inequality for minority populations. Neighborhoods with higher percentages of minority residents often have lower access to open space and parks as the result of past red-lining policies and current inequities in funding priorities. Urban open space is under strong pressure. Due to increasing urbanization, combined with a spatial planning policy of densification, more people face the prospect of living in less green residential environments, especially people from low economic strata. This may cause environmental inequality with regard to the distribution of (access) to public green space. The parks that do exist in minority neighborhoods are often small (with lower acreage per person than parks in majority ethnicity neighborhoods), not well maintained, unsafe, or are otherwise ill-suited for community needs. A large epidemiological study. concluded that wealthier individuals were generally healthier than individuals with a lower income, explained by the pattern that wealthier individuals reside in areas more concentrated with green space. Urban open spaces in higher socioeconomic neighborhoods were also more likely to have trees that provided shade, a water feature (e.g. pond, lake and creek), walking and cycling paths, lighting, signage regarding dog access and signage restricting other activities as well. This difference in access has been proven, however, further study is needed to evaluate the exact health impacts.
A study conducted in Australia provided insight into how there is a correlation between community development/community safety and natural open space within the community. Open areas allow community members to engage in highly social activities and facilitate the expansion of social networks and friendship development. As people become more social they decrease the perceptions of fear and mistrust allowing a sense of community bondage. Distant or lack of adequate green space, therefore, may contribute to higher rates of inactivity and greater health effects among minority populations.
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- Houlden, Victoria; Weich, Scott; Jarvis, Stephen (17 May 2017). "A cross-sectional analysis of green space prevalence and mental wellbeing in England". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 460. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4401-x. PMC 5527375. PMID 28693451.
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- Roman, Joe; Ricketts, Taylor (7 August 2020). "Twitter Posts Show That People Are Profoundly Sad – and Visiting Parks to Feel Happy". Ecowatch. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- Kondo, Michelle (Mar 2018). "Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (3): 445. doi:10.3390/ijerph15030445. PMC 5876990. PMID 29510520.
- Wolch, Jennifer; Byrne, Jason; Newell, Joshua (May 2014). "Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough'". Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
- Braubach, Matthias; Egorov, Andrey; Mudu, Pierpaolo; Thompson, Catharine; Martuzzi, Marco (Sep 2017). Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions (Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas ed.). Effects of urban green space on environmental health, equity, and resilience: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11. ISBN 978-3-319-56091-5.
- Dadvand, Payam; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Esnaola, Mikel; Basagana, Xavier; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Rivas, Ioar; Lopez-Vincente, Monica; Pascual, Montserrat De Castro; Su, Jason; Jerrett, Michael; Querol, Xavier; Sunyer, Jordi (June 2015). "Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (26): 7937–42. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7937D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503402112. PMC 4491800. PMID 26080420.
- Jennings, V.; Larson, L.; Yun, J. (Feb 2016). "Advancing sustainability through urban green space: cultural ecosystem services, equity, and social determinants of health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (2): 196. doi:10.3390/ijerph13020196. PMC 4772216. PMID 26861365.
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- Sieg, Holger; Smith, V. Kerry; Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Walsh, Randall (2004). "Estimating the general equilibrium benefits of large changes in spatially delineated public goods". International Economic Review. 45 (4): 1047–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.768. doi:10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00297.x. | <urn:uuid:c5115609-43c8-4f6e-a487-7cbc89428339> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://wiki-offline.jakearchibald.com/wiki/Urban_open_space | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.877086 | 12,444 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Astronomers using a telescope aboard the NASA Swift Satellite have captured information from the early stages of a gamma ray burst - the most violent and luminous explosions occurring in the Universe since the Big Bang.
Swift is able to both locate and point at gamma ray bursts (GRBs) far quicker than any other telescope, so by using its Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) the astronomers were able to obtain an ultraviolet spectrum of a GRB just 251 seconds after its onset - the earliest ever captured. Further use of the instrument in this way will allow them to calculate the distance and brightness of GRBs within a few hundred seconds of their initial outburst, and gather new information about the causes of bursts and the galaxies they originate from.
Various observatories watch the July 9, 2005 Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) afterglow. A team lead by Dr. Derek Fox discovered the X-ray afterglow with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory; a team led by Prof. Jens Hjorth of the University of Copenhagen then identified the optical afterglow using the Danish 1.5-meter telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Fox's team continued its study of the GRB afterglow with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. “The UVOT’s wavelength range, coupled with the fact that Swift is a space observatory with a speedy response rate, unconstrained by time of day or weather, has allowed us to collect this early ultraviolet spectrum,” said Martin Still from the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) at UCL. Paul Kuin, also from MSSL, who works on the calibration of the UVOT instrument explained: “By looking at these earlier moments of gamma ray bursts, we will not only be able to better calculate things such as the luminosity and distance of a burst, but to find out more about the galaxies that play host to them and the impact these explosions have on their environments. Once this new technique is applied to much brighter bursts, we’ll have a wealth of new data.” Massimiliano De Pasquale, a GRB scientist of the UVOT team from MSSL, added, “The UVOT instrument is particularly suited to study bursts with an average to high redshift (1) – a part of the ultraviolet spectrum that is difficult for even the very big ground-based telescopes to study. Using UVOT with Swift, we can now find redshifts for bursts that were difficult to capture in the past and find out more about their distant host galaxies, about ten billion light years away. Gamma-ray bursts are common, yet random, and fleeting events that have mystified astronomers since their discovery in the late 1960s. Many scientists say longer bursts (more than four seconds in duration) are caused by massive star explosions; shorter bursts (less than two seconds in duration) are caused by mergers of binary systems with black holes or neutron stars. While uncertainty remains, most scientists say in either scenario a new black hole is born. (Illustration: NASA/D.Berry) Professor Keith Mason, Chief Executive of the Science and Technology Facilities Council, said, “This is an amazing first for the UVOT instrument and an exciting new development in the study of these most violent and energetic explosions. Thanks to the hard work of our UK scientists at MSSL, and their partners, we can now gather far more information about gamma ray bursts and the early Universe. Since its launch in 2004, the Swift satellite has provided the most comprehensive study so far of GRBs and their afterglows. Using the UVOT to obtain ultraviolet spectrums, the Swift team will be able to build on this study and even determine more about the host galaxies’ chemistry. Paul Kuin said, “The new spectrum has not only allowed us to determine the distance of the gamma ray burst’s host galaxy but has revealed the density of its hydrogen clouds. Learning more about these far-away galaxies helps us to understand how they formed during the early universe. The gamma ray burst observed on this occasion originated in a galaxy 8 billion light years from Earth. Swift is a NASA mission in collaboration with the STFC in the UK and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The work was published on Friday 27th February in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical society.
(1) Redshift is the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the red or longer wavelength, end of the visible spectrum. All distant galaxies show a redshift proportional to their distance from the earth as a result of the general expansion of space. Known as the cosmological red shift, this results when the wavelength of light is stretched as it moves through the expanding universe. | <urn:uuid:047d930c-82a5-4d1c-9790-3df558a51f3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.science20.com/news_releases/baby_burst_grb_081203a_gets_early_stage_look | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.938372 | 975 | 3.625 | 4 |
In preparation for an argumentative essay, what are two well-known historical examples of someone doing something that they personally felt was the right thing to do even though authorities considered it wrong?
The sort of conduct that you are talking about here is typically called “civil disobedience.” This occurs when a person deliberately violates laws that he or she thinks are wrong. The person does not conceal their actions and they are willing to take the consequences. I would say that the two most famous examples of people who did this are Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Both of these men wanted to do things that the authorities did not approve of. One thing that Gandhi did was to march with many followers to the sea and to start to make salt. The British government had a monopoly on making salt and therefore Gandhi’s actions were illegal. He did them anyway because he felt that it was wrong to enforce that monopoly. Martin Luther King is famous in the United States for leading many protests that the authorities did not approve of. Perhaps the most famous of these was the march from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama. The march was meant as a way to publicize the fact that white officials were refusing to allow blacks to register to vote. The governor of Alabama criticized the march and said that he would everything he could to prevent it. Police blocked the march and committed brutal acts against marchers.
King and Gandhi are perhaps the most famous examples of people who did things that they felt were right even if those things were illegal. | <urn:uuid:965839b7-6ff7-45d6-baf2-b7b86b665698> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/preparation-an-argumentivie-essay-what-two-well-464285 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.992305 | 310 | 3.65625 | 4 |
When purchasing land, your first thought is naturally, “What’s its value?”
The value of the land will not only show how much you can expect to pay for it but later sell it if you choose.
Several Factors Go Into Calculating Land Value
Land value is determined by third parties like your local assessor’s office, who will look at factors like:
- The location of the land
- Improvements made to the land
- The demand for land
- The land’s inherent value compared to neighboring areas
Other factors are also considered, such as what school district it’s in.
The way land is valued will differ from state to state. According to the State of Missouri’s State Tax Commission, “The assessed value is the portion of the true value in money on which taxes are based. In Missouri, the assessed value of property may not exceed 33.3 percent of its true value in money. For real property, residential property is assessed at 19 percent of its true value in money; agricultural/horticultural property is assessed at 12 percent of its productive or market value; and all other property is assessed at 32 percent of its true value in money. Most personal property is assessed at 33.3 percent of its true value in money.”
True value is the property’s fair market value, or how much someone is willing to purchase it for. Land value is not to be confused with site value, which is the reasonable value of the land that doesn’t have anything attached to it like leases or mortgages. Land value increases when the demand for land is high.
Farms And Other Income-Producing Land Is Assessed Differently
For farms, “agricultural economic value,” or its ability to produce income, is a way for the value to be determined. This varies from place to place and what is being produced. For example, cropland typically maintains a premium over pastureland due to higher per-acre returns.
Want to buy land, but you’re not sure where to start? Turn to the experts at Merchant of Homes, who have years of experience buying and selling land for clients at all budget levels. | <urn:uuid:b72e5f0f-46e2-4186-a5ab-da4bc9230521> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://merchantofhomes.com/how-is-land-value-determined/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.948331 | 462 | 3.1875 | 3 |
After apples and grapes, oranges are the most commonly grown fruits in Türkiye. Today, close to half of citrus production consists of oranges, followed by mandarins, lemons, and grapefruits. The fertile soil and subtropical climate of coastal Mediterranean and partly subtropical Aegean regions are perfect for high-quality orange production. There are more than a thousand orange cultivars grown in the world.
The majority of orange production in Türkiye is made up of Navel orange, Valencia, Blood orange, Shamouti, and Finike, Kozan, varieties has perferct volite composition that makes these products to use in vine, fresh etc. Navel orange, with its large, slightly oval shape, is the most common variety of orange known in the region. It is sweet, juicy, aromatic, almost seedless, and easily peeled. Oranges are incredibly versatile in the kitchen. They can be eaten fresh, squeezed for juice, and grated for orange zest. They can also be dried and eaten as healthy snacks. | <urn:uuid:bbd3b2a8-863e-4427-9ded-0afeb5e091cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.askturkiye.com/en/sector/turkish-citrus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.950012 | 220 | 2.875 | 3 |
WQP learned which educational sessions were most popular among attendees at the 2017 WQA Convention & Exposition.
Temperature effects on UV lamp output
There is a lot of talk and misinformation; however, it is an unavoidable fact that practically all ultraviolet (UV) lamps in use today are affected by the temperature of their immediate environment in regards to UV output. Minimizing the impact of this output vs. temperature effect depends as much on the overall UV system design as on the lamp itself. Understanding of this fundamental characteristic will help facilitate safe and trouble-free installation of UV equipment.
First, it is worth taking a look at the main UV lamp types in use: conventional low pressure, which is further subdivided into regular output (LP) and high output (LPHO), and amalgam LPHO, which still falls under the broad category of low-pressure lamps. Very high power medium pressure (MP) UV lamps are used in some large water treatment systems, but their high operating temperatures—up to 900° C (1,650° F)—and low efficiency (less than 20%) make them unsuitable for the applications of interest to this article.
Just as with ordinary fluorescent lighting, all of these typical UV lamps rely on mercury vapor, which emits UV light when excited by electricity (a fluorescent light tube has a phosphor coating on its inner surface that absorbs the internal ultraviolet energy and then converts this UV energy to visible light). The amount of UV power radiated by the lamp depends not only on the amount of electric power input, but also on the pressure of the mercury vapor1, 2, and this pressure is dictated by the temperature.
In conventional LP and LPHO lamps, the mercury vapor pressure is governed by the temperature of tiny droplets of liquid mercury that condense at the coldest spot of the lamp, as shown in Figure 1. The maximum UVC output efficiency occurs when these coldest droplets are at 42° C1, 2. Fundamentally there is not much difference between conventional LP and LPHO lamps. The LPHO is driven at higher electric current and power, resulting in higher wall temperatures that necessitate a “designed” cold-spot zone behind the filament. Also, heavier filaments will be used in LPHO lamps to carry the higher electric current.
The main difference with an Amalgam lamp is that there is no liquid mercury. In this type of lamp the mercury is bound in a mixture with bismuth and indium2 as illustrated in Figure 2 (The Webster dictionary describes the term “amalgam” as an alloy composed of mercury and some other metal, for example, amalgam dental fillings are composed of mercury and silver). Amalgam blobs, as opposed to liquid mercury, alter the lamp behavior in two ways: First, the amalgam provides the optimum mercury vapor pressure at a higher temperature—about 82° C2—allowing for higher power input; and second, the amalgam blobs inside the lamp act as a passive pressure regulator, releasing mercury into the excited vapor if pressure falls, or absorbing mercury if pressure rises with the net result that the UV output of the lamp is stable over a broad temperature range.
Therefore, a fair question at this point would be, “Why not use amalgam lamps all the time?” Well, there are three downsides, the first being that their manufacture is a lot more labor intensive resulting in costs several times higher than conventional LP lamps. The second downside is that their higher power and operating temperature make them a poor choice for systems that have stagnant water for long periods of time. The water gets really hot, and above 130° C the amalgam may melt and disperse within the lamp. Systems that turn the lamp on only during water flow don’t work well with amalgam lamps because of the third downside. Simply put, unless the amalgam warms up to near 80° C there is not enough mercury vapor in the lamp to generate much UV light, and therefore, it takes longer (usually a few minutes) to warm-up and deliver full output. Given the above considerations, amalgam lamps are typically used in larger multi-lamp continuous flow systems, where their high cost can be offset by reduced number of lamps and smaller reactors.
From a water treatment system design point of view there are a few things that can be done to keep the critical temperature zone of the lamp as close to optimum as possible. In most systems the lamp is placed in a transparent quartz sleeve which is immersed in the process water. One of the key purposes of the quartz sleeve is to provide thermal insulation between the lamp and water, thereby allowing the critical lamp zone to reach an adequate temperature despite water that may be just a few degrees above freezing. Three key design parameters that dictate the temperature differential between the water and critical lamp zone are the diameter of the lamp, the size of the insulating air gap between the lamp and sleeve, and the amount of power driven into the lamp. Other parameters that can be tailored for non-amalgam lamps are end-cap design and electrode position, while amalgam lamps can be tailored by adjusting the size, location and composition of the amalgam blobs. Figure 3 illustrates a typical operating curve for a non-amalgam lamp operated first at a high-power current of 980mA (LPHO) and then the same lamp operated and at an LP current of 480mA.
The benefit of being able to operate at a lower current and power is that, apart from saving energy, the water within the UV chamber will not get as hot during extended periods of no water flow (stagnant water). Unfortunately, there is just no escaping the fact that at normal and colder operating temperatures, the higher power LPHO operation delivers considerably more UV power. Therefore, it can be seen that a variable power system with the capability to force high-power operation when required during high flows and/or lower temperatures, and otherwise throttle back to low power offers the higher power advantage of LPHO as well as the cooler operating LP benefit.
There are some systems on the market that flow the water through a transparent quartz reactor and place the lamp (or lamps) completely outside the reactor. This type of arrangement may be less impacted by the water temperature, but tends to be sensitive to the temperature and flow of cooling air around the lamp. No data is presented on these systems in this article, in part because they require control of the temperature and flow of air as well as that of water, resulting in a matrix of interdependent test conditions that becomes considerably more complex.
Figure 4 on page 7 illustrates the temperature stability of an amalgam lamp in a properly designed system for continuous flow water treatment. Key factors for proper amalgam lamp operation are to ensure sufficient power input and thermal insulation to keep the amalgam blobs above their critical temperature. If the system design and application do not allow the amalgam to get into the proper operating range, the lamp will have very low UV output and tends to be quite unstable. This is one reason why variable power amalgam systems can be very tricky to operate in practice.
So, what does this all mean to selecting a system for a particular application? In the case of installations required under government regulations, a certified system with built-in UV monitor will likely be required, so the main point here is that the sensor calibration be performed under controlled conditions at the manufacturer’s facility. If water quality is such that the UV transmission (UVT) is low or promotes sleeve fouling (high level of hardness), the system will have less room to tolerate temperature extremes before going into an undesirable alarm condition. This reinforces the importance of assessing the incoming water quality and providing pretreatment as necessary. Re-calibration of sensors in the field to account for specific site conditions is extremely risky and can invalidate the required certification.
Regardless of whether or not the installation falls under government regulations, it can be seen that having a system with a properly calibrated UV monitor is preferred. Obviously a non-monitored system can be obtained at a lower cost, and if this becomes the over-riding issue then it is important to ensure that the non-monitored system is sized conservatively enough to allow for expected swings in water temperature. Of course the same cautions to water quality, pre-treatment and sensor calibration (for monitored systems) apply as outlined above.
As one encounters various systems and claims of temperature stability, keep in mind that regardless of the system design strategy used, the laws of physics dictate that the lamp’s UVC output will be affected by the temperature of its immediate surrounding environment. In the case of lamps in sleeves immersed in the water, the water temperature becomes the dominant factor; in systems with the lamp outside of the treatment chamber (as with a quartz reactor) the cooling air flowing around the lamp becomes the dominating factor. Having some understanding of this issue goes a long way towards evaluating whether the UV equipment manufacturer has done due diligence in testing the system behavior with respect to fluctuating temperature. | <urn:uuid:6811b915-f627-4c3c-8302-5a9aad0b987e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.wqpmag.com/uv-lamps-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118713.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00272-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943665 | 1,855 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Although the biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) industry has been on the verge of commercial success for years, the quality, price, and availability of such items have been major drawbacks limiting such products to niche markets until more recently. With increased demands for alternatives to plastics from big time corporations, including Wal-Mart, producers have stepped up to the plate.
But how does switching over to a “biodegradable” plate or fork here and there really make that big of a difference? Well, for starters, a whopping 10 percent of America’s oil consumption goes to the plastics industry alone. These little, everyday items we can’t live without are filling up our landfills, polluting our oceans, endangering animals and sea life, and produced in facilities that waste tons of water and release harmful toxins into the air.
You would think recycling more would help solve the problem, but it’s actually not as beneficial to recycle your plastics and papers as much as you may think. Not to mention, Americans recycle less than 2 percent of the total plastic waste typically generated in year. The options of getting rid of all these convenient disposables we take for granted and overuse on a daily basis aren’t so eco-friendly. These options include throwing the waste into burgeoning landfills, incineration (polluting our atmosphere), or recycling, which includes a series of bleaching and sanitation processes that generate tons of water waste and pollution.
Bioplastics, or PLA (poly-lactic acid), on the other hand, can be recycled to be used over and over again and the process in doing so is much more eco-friendly. And since the price of oil is so volatile, bioplastics made from renewable resources (crops, starches, etc..) are gaining some clout in today’s market, pulling starches from the Midwest versus oil from the Middle East.With some companies creating products that compete with the prices of traditional plastics, the industry is expected to explode in upcoming years.
Remember the biodegradable Sun Chips bag that was too noisy for consumers to make the switch? After that idea was trashed, Frito-Lay recently developed a new, more silent, version of the bag. So not only are bioplastics companies fixing prices, but also fixing any potential product quality criticisms. Working with big names like Frito-Lay is setting trends and industry standards we can expect to see in all areas of food service throughout the country.
One new company in San Diego, C-Stone LLC, is working to fix bioplastic product quality and price by using a proprietary blend of plants and limestone (calcium carbonate). They say the limestone blend makes products heat resistant, more durable, and cheaper–all of which are common problems the industry has faced for the last decade.
The next challenge the industry faces, in my opinion, is getting waste facilities on board. While it is still a lot more beneficial to use plastics made from renewable resources versus plastics made from petroleum, most people will end up just throwing bioplastics away or recycling them in the wrong bins. Recycling facilities now face a challenge of separating the bioplastics from the regular plastics. Some companies, such as Biocor, are creating a market that acts as the end user for all PLA. Essentially, Biocor capitalizes on PLA waste by buying it back, aggregating and processing it so it can be put back on the market.
If we were to get really smart, companies like this would be working with waste facilities and bioplastic developers to create an endless cycle of bioplastic materials, all while reducing our carbon footprint. However, it’s also a matter of getting legislation to work in favor of these companies and educating the general public. In Seattle, for example, all businesses involved in foodservice are required to find alternatives to plastic products (of almost every kind of disposable) by this July. The only requirement is that the products are Cedar Grove Certified, meaning that they are guaranteed to break down (degrade) at the local composting facility in Cedar Grove, WA.
In some uber-green centers, special green-colored bioplastics bins are set up in addition to the blue recycling bins and regular trash cans, but I’ve noticed people taking irregularly long pauses to figure out what goes where. Others think “biodegradable” means you can throw these items outside or into a backyard compost. Wrong! Bioplastics only break down in commercial composting facilities, which are sometimes hard to come by in some cities. So clearly, there’s a bit of an education problem to be dealt with before all these products become completely consumer friendly.
As someone with experience in marketing for bioplastics, I’ve noticed that even the companies who have tried to make the switch in the past are hesitant to give the new and improved market of bioplastics a shot again. So many of the former products have been criticized for quality or price that it’s difficult to get those eco-friendly companies back on board. And some weren’t even completely biodegradable/compostable as they had claimed. Fortunately, we’re starting to prove that the market has changed. The new bioplastics are often even better and cheaper than traditional plastics. Now the only problem is getting legislation going, working with waste facilities, changing the mindset of all food service businesses, and educating the general public.
With the new developments in this market, expect to see huge growth over the next decade and start thinking twice about how much plastic waste you’re generating on a daily basis…
Some nasty facts about the plastics industry:
- Over 600 million plastic, petroleum-based water bottles end up in landfills each day (almost 40 billion annually). Manufacturing bottled water uses over 1.5 million barrels of oil per year. That’s enough oil to fuel 100,000 cars for that same year!
- Society’s consumption rate is now estimated at well over 500 billion plastic bags annually, or almost 1 million per minute. Single use plastic bags accumulate and persist on our planet for up to 1,000 years.
- An estimated 14 billion pounds of trash—much of which is plastic—is dumped into our oceans every year.
- Over 46,000 pieces of plastic debris float on every square mile of ocean, killing uncountable numbers sea creatures. A five-year long study by the Ocean Conservancy found that small plastic bags made up about 9 percent of the debris found along various U.S. coasts.
- Recycling 1 ton of plastic saves 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space. However, Americans only recycle 1-2% of the 10.5 million tons of plastic waste typically generated in a year.
- Every year we make enough plastic film to shrink-wrap the state of Texas. | <urn:uuid:76416c8e-40f5-47fd-b3fc-10ea718a3375> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://usgreenchamber.com/biodegradable-plastics-becoming-more-mainstream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658702.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117041621-20190117063621-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.954552 | 1,436 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A primary health-care intervention on pre- and postnatal risk factor behavior to prevent childhood allergy. The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (PACT) study
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionBMC Public Health 2010, 10 10.1186/1471-2458-10-443
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a primary prevention intervention program on risk behavior for allergic diseases among children up to 2 years of age. The setting was in ordinary pre- and postnatal primary health care in Trondheim, Norway. Methods: The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim, Norway (PACT) study invited all pregnant women and parents to children up to 2 years of age in the community to participate in a non-randomized, controlled, multiple life-style intervention study. Interventional topics was increased dietary intake of cod liver oil and oily fish for women during pregnancy and for infants during the first 2 years of life, reduced parental smoking and reduced indoor dampness. A control cohort was established prior to the intervention cohort with “follow up as usual”. Questionnaires were completed in pregnancy, 6 weeks after birth and at 1 and 2 years of age. Trends in exposure and behavior are described. Results: Intake of oily fish and cod liver oil increased statistically significantly among women and infants in the intervention cohort compared to the control cohort. There was a low postnatal smoking prevalence in both cohorts, with a trend towards a decreasing smoking prevalence in the control cohort. There was no change in indoor dampness or in behavior related to non- intervened life-style factors. Conclusions: The dietary intervention seemed to be successful. The observed reduced smoking behavior could not be attributed to the intervention program, and the latter had no effect on indoor dampness. | <urn:uuid:3137571c-2ba3-4031-ab4b-c7faefe30a9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/1592271?locale-attribute=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.952518 | 374 | 2.546875 | 3 |
.. there are 10 U.S. cities having population of 1 million or more … Chicago is ranked 3rd among all U.S. cities based on 2015 population. The population of Chicago, IL changed from 2,695,605 in 2010 to 2,720,546 in 2015 (24,941 or 0.9%). The population of the U.S. overall changed from 308,758,105 in 2010 to 321,418,820 in 2015 (12,660,715 or 4.1%). Examine population characteristics and trends of the city of Chicago in context of other cities and counties using the interactive table.
Chicago is a principal city of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area (CBSA 16980). This section reviews selected geographic, demographic and economic characteristics of the city of Chicago and tools to analyze these data.
Chicago City in Regional Context
Chicago city is shown as green-fill semi-transparent area.
… view developed using the CV XE GIS software.
… click map for larger view.
• Chicago Urbanized Area (orange fill pattern below city layer)
.. about urbanized areas
Examining Characteristics, Patterns and Trends of Chicago
View extended demographic-economic characteristics of Chicago in this table. Compare attributes of the city for 2012, 2014 and change. Annual demographic-economic estimates are available for all geographies for areas of 65,000 population or more from the American Community Survey (ACS).
Regional Demographic-Economic System & Cook County, IL
View Cook County tables from RDEMS. Click links below to view demographic-economic characteristics of the county.
POP1 Population & Components of Change
POP2 Population by Age
HSG1 Housing Units & New Residential Construction
DEM1 Demographic-Economic Profile
LF1 Labor Force
LF2 Labor Force
EST1 Establishments, Employment, Earnings
CA4 Personal Income and Employment by Major Component
CA5 Personal Income by Major Component and Earnings by Industry
CA6 Compensation of Employees by Industry
CA25 Employment by Industry
CA30 Economic Profile
CA35 Current Transfer Receipts
CA45 Farm Income & Expenses
Comparing Chicago Annual Total Population to Other Areas
Use the interactive table in the related section to view, rank, query and compare annual population estimates for states, cities, counties and sub-county areas of interest.
View, Rank, Compare Chioago with any/all Other Cities
Use these tables based on ACS 2014 5-year estimates to view Chicago in context with other cities.
… General Demographics
… Social Characteristics
… Economic Characteristics
… Housing Characteristics
Join me in a Data Analytics Lab session to discuss more details about accessing and using wide-ranging demographic-economic data and data analytics. Learn more about using these data for areas and applications of interest.
About the Author
— Warren Glimpse is former senior Census Bureau statistician responsible for innovative data access and use operations. He is also the former associate director of the U.S. Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards for data access and use. He has more than 20 years of experience in the private sector developing data resources and tools for integration and analysis of geographic, demographic, economic and business data. Contact Warren. Join Warren on LinkedIn. | <urn:uuid:3762d09c-4952-4332-a1ea-ba4050ad49d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://proximityone.wordpress.com/2016/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122955.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00465-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850709 | 691 | 2.515625 | 3 |
IT’S been our constant companion bringing never ending days of glorious sunshine and long nights sticky with humidity.
But it’s time to bid adios to El Niño, the weather system responsible, and hola to La Nina — and the rainfall that comes with it.
Unseasonably hot days are here to stay, though, with Sydney set for a scorcher over the next few with temperatures pushing 30C.
On Thursday, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) released its three month climate outlook looking at temperatures and rainfall up to July.
Senior Climatologist Dr Andrew Watkins, said El Niño, which is caused by warmer sea temperatures in the Pacific sucking warm air over North America while leaving Australia hot and dry, was on the way out.
The weather system has not only meant long days on Australian beaches but has also exacerbated drought conditions and even led to an almost complete lack of a white Christmas anywhere in the world in 2015.
The current El Niño has developed into the most significant and largest for nearly two decades, ranking alongside those in 1997-98 and 1982-83.
“El Niño could be in its final month. (It’s) declining rapidly and is likely to be gone before winter, “ he said.
“We’ve already seen the first signs of cooler water off the South American coast … and the chances have risen for La Nina later in the year.”
A La Nina was now a 50 per cent possibility, double the normal odds, he said.
The weather system sees temperatures cool in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This would be particularly welcome news for the Great Barrier Reef which has seen extensive coral bleaching due to the warmer seas.
“If La Nina forms it would typically bring above average winter spring rainfall over central and Western Australia,” said Mr Watkins.
La Nina will also bring an increased risk of tropical cyclones. This would be a change for the year so far which has seen a record low number of the storms with just three cyclones compared to the usual 11.
The current wet season has been one of the hottest on record for both “short and long term rainfall deficiencies” in all states and territories.
“Water storages around Australia are now about 10 per cent lower than this time last year and many are likely to fall further,” he said.
WARMER THAN AVERAGE
While more rain was expected, the mercury is likely to remain unseasonably high with a typical winter still out of reach.
“The outlook shows warmer than average days for northern and far southern Australia (and) nights are very likely to be warmer than average across the country,” said Dr Watkins.
That’s certainly the experience of Sydneysiders who sweltered through so many consecutive days above 26C during February and March, the spell shattered records.
Over the next few days there will be more spikes in the heat with those in the city’s west likely to see temperatures in the high 20s, or even as high as 30C, over the weekend and mid next week.
Conditions will be a little milder closer to the coast but still well above average in the mid-20s.
The mercury will also be in the high 20s in Brisbane over the next few days while in tropical Darwin, the mercury is hovering around 35C.
Adelaide will reach 25C on Thursday and Saturday but things will be cooler in Perth, Melbourne and Hobart with temperatures in the low 20s.
More Videos at Source | <urn:uuid:1480486c-6b3a-4f36-aa80-8fb756de869b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.laninareadynations.com/rain/el-nino-could-be-in-final-month-say-climate-experts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803092648-20210803122648-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.957291 | 739 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Are you a medical professional working in the podiatry industry? Do you use reusable medical equipment during procedures that involve penetration of the skin? Have you been struggling with meeting your practice’s day to day equipment sterilisation requirements?
If your answers to the first two questions are yes, it is important to note that you are legally required to sterilise any reusable equipment that is used in procedures that involve the penetration of skin in order to prevent the transmission of diseases.
Autoclaves are the most common and effective sterilisation devices available today.
Read on below for more detailed answers to the above questions and to find out more about:
- Sterilisation requirements in the podiatry industry
- Why autoclaves are the most popular sterilisation machines among practitioners
Day in day out, professionals in the podiatry industry encounter numerous patients suffering from a variety of conditions related to their feet including bunions, aging feet, corns and calluses, smelly feet, verrucas and dry, cracked feet and much more.
To diagnose and treat these conditions effectively, podiatrists use a variety of reusable instruments.
Critical instruments, i.e. any instruments used to penetrate the skin or enter sterile tissue, must be sterilised after use as any contamination before use may lead to the spread of diseases.
The process of destroying any and all vegetative bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as any bacterial spores, is referred to as sterilisation.
Simple cleaning is never enough when it comes to the complete destruction of disease-causing germs, microorganisms, as well as the hardier environment resistant spores.
This is where autoclaves come in handy. Simply put, an autoclave is a machine that is designed to kill microorganisms and spores by subjecting them to high temperatures with the help of steam and pressure.
As previously mentioned, autoclaves are the most common sterilisation machines out there, for a number of reasons. Here are some of the main ones:
Unrivalled Microorganism Killing Power
In the right conditions, pressurised steam is capable of killing any microorganism and environment resistant spores.
Autoclaves are designed to create the right conditions and maintain them for the necessary amount of time, to guarantee sterilisation.
Autoclaves usually heat steam to a temperature of about 121 degrees Celsius in a pressurised environment.
The steam is then able to transfer most of this heat energy to anything it comes into contact with, medical instruments in need of sterilisation and any microorganisms therein, practically cooking the germs inside out.
To destroy all microorganisms, the temperature and pressure levels in the autoclave must be maintained for 15 or more minutes.
Maintaining The Integrity Of Instruments
The reusable instruments used by professionals in the podiatry industry are built using different materials.
One of the main reasons why autoclaves are so popular when it comes to sterilisation of various instruments is their ability to maintain the integrity of all materials.
The high pressure and temperature conditions in the machine do not pose any risk of damage to most of the materials, including metal, plastics and rubber, used to make medical instruments.
This saves practitioners from having to replace reusable instruments that would otherwise be damaged by other sterilisation methods sooner than necessary.
Different podiatry practices have different sterilisation requirements. This creates the need for autoclaves designed to handle varying numbers of medical instruments.
Benchtop autoclaves come in different sizes, ranging from 8 to 22 litre sterilisation chamber capacities, making it easier for users to find their perfect fit considering their specific needs.
With the right autoclave chamber size, users will always have a sufficient amount of sterile instruments on hand.
Furthermore different units and models come with different sets of features designed to meet the unique needs of users.
Common features include chamber rack and trays, printer, USB connectivity and silent operation among others.
From derma rollers, razor scrappers, metal nail files to cuticle cutters and microdermabrasion heads among others, professionals in the podiatry industry rely on a variety of reusable instruments that are either used in procedures involving skin penetration or have the ability to puncture the skin.
Ensuring that these instruments are properly sterilised not only prevent the spread of diseases but also helps safeguard the physical wellbeing of clients/patients.
The availability of affordable and highly effective benchtop autoclaves makes it possible for all service providers in the podiatry industry to sterilise their reusable instruments in accordance with legal guidelines/requirements, at all times.
If you are searching for the best autoclave supplier in Australia, then look no further than Medical Equipment Services Australia.
We were originally established in 1952 in order to provide electro-medical products to healthcare professionals across the country.
The company (Medical Equipment Services) was acquired by Medical Equipment Australia in 2009. Since then, we have also expanded into the dental industry. | <urn:uuid:65eaf647-1890-4315-b6c0-3a9f0d32478b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.mesaustralia.com.au/blogs/news/importance-of-sterilisation-and-autoclaves-in-podiatry-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.916292 | 1,025 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Lost Art of Seed Saving – ‘Preserving the past to protect the future’
Nestled in the heart of the Heligan Productive Gardens is a cool, dry storage shed where carefully labelled pots and jars display a bounty of seeds; all lovingly collected, dried and stored by the Heligan Gardening Team. If you are lucky enough to step inside, it feels like you have happened across an Aladdin’s Cave, bursting with precious and eye-catching ‘gems’.
Seed saving would have once been an annual activity in all gardens, but one that has sadly been lost to the commerciality of time and the mass production of seeds.
This year, The Lost Gardens have become ‘seed guardians’ for the Heritage Seed Library and have grown a bi-coloured flowering, purple variety of pea called ‘Commander’ that dates back to 1900; especially for the purpose of saving the seed.
According to the Heligan gardeners, it has actually been quite hard to not pick the peas, as the ‘Commander’ is noted for its delicious sweet taste!
However, saving, collecting and sharing seed is in fact the only way to preserve heritage varieties that are no longer commercially available.
The lost art of seed saving perfectly embodies the Heligan ethos of ‘preserving the past to protect the future”.
And here is the good news, it actually quite an easy endeavour to save certain seeds, eg tomatoes, peas and lettuce, as they generally don’t cross pollinate and you can therefore keep growing a tried and tested variety, year after year, at no extra cost!
In addition, some varieties of pea can actually adapt to your specific locality and its conditions. This means that after a couple of years you have created and preserved a strong and successful pea specific to your area!
Heligan Top Tips for Pea Seed Saving:
- Collect your seed from a minimum of two (and up to ten) of your strongest plants to ensure a good genetic representation.
- Whilst growing, check plants for any growth abnormalities and rogue out any discovered asap.
- Give yourself a long growing season so that your pods have the best opportunity to mature and dry naturally.
- If you are experiencing a wet end to the summer/autumn then you can lift the whole plant from the soil to hang inside to dry.
- Once seed pods are dry, remove from the plant and place on a single mesh drying rack or somewhere that they have plenty of space around for airflow and are not on top of each other. Leave them to dry in their pods indoors for 1-2 weeks.
- Now you can pod your seeds, checking for abnormalities and any signs of pea moth (dusty residue on seed surface) Discard any abnormal shaped or looking seed.
- Dry seeds in a single layer with good airflow for a further week or until they pass the ‘nail test’. Press the edge of your nail against the seed, if it creates an impression then the seed is not quite dry enough.
- Once your seeds are finally dry, store in a jar in a cool, dry place and remember to label and date.
- Store your seeds in a mouse free location else all of your horticultural gems might disappear in the night!
- Seed Circles: If you are able to join a local seed group it means that you are able to get your hands on some different varieties that someone else has tried and tested. Word of mouth recommendation is arguably the best way to try new and exciting flavours and varieties.
Heligan Peas, Bean & Tomato currently being saved for seed . . .
Dating from the early 1900s. Originating in the Netherlands this pea is excellent for cooking and drying. Strong, tall plants (>2m) produce stunning bi-coloured flowers and purple pods with around 7 peas in each.
Pea ‘Veitch’s Perfection’
Thought to have been developed by Veitch’s Nurseries of Exeter and Chelsea, this variety is referred to in Johnson’s Hardeners’ Dictionary (1842 edition). It is a late variety producing vigorous plants (1.2 – 1.8m) plants with very large leaves whit e flowers. The large pods contain 9-11 marrowfat type peas with strong but sweet flavour.
Dwarf French Bean ‘Magpie’
A rare heirloom introduced from France in 1913 by Carter’s Seed Company. This late variety producing strong plants with white flowers and a good yield. The slim pencil pods are best eaten young, however they can also be allowed to dry when the attractive bi-coloured black and white seeds are ideal for soups and stew. Sow to harvest in approximately 90 days (approx.).
Tomato ‘Yellow Plum Formed’
Indeterminate. Cordon. Donated to HSL by William Woys Weaver, this old variety is described in the USA publication ‘The Magazine of Horticulture’, Botany & all Useful Discoveries & Improvements in Rural Affairs’ (1867) as “very handsome”. It is prolific producer of small, yellow, oval-shaped fruits with a lovely sweet and mild flavour. | <urn:uuid:dd06ca11-64e9-4615-8780-d7b50c71a892> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.heligan.com/news/the-lost-art-of-seed-saving-preserving-the-past-to-protect-the-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573368.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918213931-20190918235931-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.938472 | 1,101 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Environmental Audit Committee publishes its report into ‘Heatwaves: adapting to climate change’.
The Committee has found that failing to address the danger of heatwaves will threaten the wellbeing of an increasing number of vulnerable people.
Mary Creagh MP, Chair of the Environmental Audit Committee:
“Heatwave warnings are welcomed as barbecue alerts, but they threaten health, wellbeing and productivity. The Met Office has projected that UK summer temperatures could regularly reach 38.5°C by the 2040s. The Government must stop playing pass the parcel with local councils and the NHS and develop a strategy to protect our ageing population from this increasing risk.
“Heatwaves cause premature deaths from cardiac, kidney and respiratory disease. There will be 7,000 heat-related deaths every year in the UK by 2050 if the Government does not take action.
“The Government needs to do more to warn the public of the health risks of heatwaves, particularly when they fall outside of the summer period, and should appoint a minister to lead work across Government. The Government’s new adaptation plan promises no effective action to prevent overheating in buildings. It must change building regulations and planning policies to ensure homes and transport networks are able to deal with extreme heat, and that local authorities and cities have green spaces and heat-resilient infrastructure.”
The Committee has called on the Government to:
- Ensure NHS England issues guidance on planning for summer pressures, to ensure that adequate steps are taken to prepare the NHS for more frequent heatwaves. NHS organisations should submit annual heatwave plans to ensure they are prepared for the sudden onset of a heatwave;
- Inspect resilience to heatwaves in hospitals and care homes through the Care Quality Commission and NHS England;
- Protect peoples’ health by changing building regulations to prevent overheating;
- Review the capacity of local authorities to deliver climate change resilience, require them to report on their adaptation to climate change and introduce an urban green infrastructure target for cities;
- Introduce stricter water efficiency standards as part of the building regulations;
- Coordinate a study of vulnerability to heat-health risks on transport and how this contributes to economic loss during heatwaves;
- Make businesses aware of the threat of heatwaves and the economic consequences. Public Health England should also issue formal guidance to employers to relax dress codes and allow flexible working during heatwaves, and the Government should consult on introducing maximum workplace temperatures, especially for work that involves significant physical effort;
- Issue guidance for head teachers about safe temperatures in schools and relaxing school uniform policy during hot weather;
- Launch a public information campaign on the growing frequency and intensity of heatwaves and run a year-round heatwave alert system to warn vulnerable people about the health risks; and
- Provide a Ministerial lead in the Department of Health and Social Care with responsibility for climate change related health risks.
Full background on each recommendation follows.
NHS guidance on summer pressures
Heatwaves place strain on the NHS and social care system. During the 2013 heatwave, double the amount of consultations for heat-illness took place compared to a non-heatwave year. Hospitals can overheat to 30 degrees Celsius when the temperature outside is just 22 degrees Celsius. However, the NHS only asks hospitals and other healthcare organisations to report on their preparation for winter pressures.
NHS England’s Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response assurance does not account for the risk of overheating hospitals, and the Care Quality Commission do not inspect for it either. The ability of nursing homes to cope with the serious health impact of heatwaves on older people is not assessed. This is worrying given that in the 2003 heatwave, excess deaths in nursing homes in some parts of the UK rose by 42%.
Ensuring safe and heatwave resilient homes
Certain types of homes (single aspect flats, houses built in the 1960s and 1970s) and densely populated urban areas are at significant risk of overheating. Even at current temperatures, 20% of UK homes overheat. This presents a risk to those who are vulnerable to high temperatures such as older people, those with underlying cardiovascular or respiratory conditions, those with disabilities and children. There is no building regulation to prevent overheating in buildings, and tests to identify overheating are weak and ineffective.
However, the Committee heard uncertainty from Government Ministers about whether the building regulations should be used to protect human health. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers believe building regulations should be changed to protect health, and have developed a series of tests to prevent buildings overheating at design stage.
The Committee heard that public money is used to support the construction of modular homes. According to a study on Modular Construction in UK Housing by Pinsent Masons, there are currently around 15,000 modular homes built in the UK each year by China National Building Material Company. Modular homes are not resilient to heatwaves, and the Committee is calling for the Government to end public funding for them.
Local authorities and cities
Local authorities should be driving adaptation for heatwaves, across a range of areas such public health, local spatial plans, and urban development. However, the Committee only received evidence from one local authority and the Local Government Association confirmed that they "do not have a bespoke work programme on climate change adaption." Funding for programmes to support local authority climate change adaptation was withdrawn in 2015/16, leading to the closure of numerous regional climate change partnerships.
Cities can be up to 10°C hotter than surrounding countryside due to the urban heat island effect; hard surfaces in urban areas absorbing heat during the day and emitting heat at night. Overheating at night prevents physiological recovery from heat. In the 2003 heatwave, excess deaths in London increased by 42%. However, measures to reduce the urban heat island effect are not included in local plans and the Government’s planning framework does not make mention of it. The Government should introduce an urban green infrastructure target as part of the metrics for the 25 Year Environment Plan and in the National Planning Policy Framework to ensure towns and cities are adapted to more frequent heatwaves in the future.
Transport, water supply and productivity
Heatwaves can cause railway tracks to buckle and roads to melt. Only 50% of the UK’s motorways and major roads are surfaced with material that is the most resilient to the kind of summer temperatures the UK is beginning to experience regularly. During the June 2018 heatwave, railway tracks buckled causing significant delays either because trains could not operate or because they had to be run at a slow speed to avoid damage. This means that passengers sometimes have to endure rail journeys in uncomfortably hot carriages.
There are also concerns that the health risks and service disruption of travelling at peak times during a heatwave results in economic losses as staff may not be able to get to work. There is no regulation on maximum workplace temperature, resulting in difficult working conditions particularly for those engaged in heavy manual labour or outdoor work. The Committee is calling on the Government to make businesses aware of the developing threat of heatwaves and the economic consequences and for Public Health England to issue formal guidance to employers to relax dress codes and allow flexible working when heatwave alerts are issued.
Additionally the Committee recommend that the Government should consult on introducing maximum workplace temperatures, especially for work that involves significant physical effort, and that the Department for Education should issue guidance for head teachers about safe temperatures in schools and relaxing school uniform policy during hot weather.
The UK’s water supply is expected to reduce by 4–7% and this will be exacerbated by the increasing demand for water during heatwaves, particularly in cities. The Committee is calling for the Government to raise its ambitions for water efficiency by adopting 110 litres per person per day as the mandatory standard in Part G of the building regulations for all new buildings.
Ministerial lead on responsibility for climate change health risks
Adapting to heatwaves is complex. The impact on health can be affected by overheating on public transport, in cities and in buildings, with policies spanning several government departments and local government. Although the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs have overall adaptation responsibility, the Department of Health and Social Care holds responsibility for heatwaves and heat-health. Therefore, we were concerned to hear that despite these significant health hazards, the Minister for Public Health, Steve Brine MP, did not consider it his department's responsibility to take active steps to address the heat-health issues of overheating buildings and planning policy.
The Committee is calling on the Department of Health and Social Care to provide a Ministerial lead on responsibility for climate change related health risks. The Minister should work closely with DEFRA, and across government, to ensure there is a holistic and coordinated approach to adapting to the health risks of climate change, building on the advice of the Committee on Climate Change.
Public information campaign on risk of heatwaves
In August 2003 temperatures reached 38.5°C in England and there were 2,193 heat-related deaths across the UK in 10 days. The Met Office predicts that similar heatwaves will occur every other year by the 2040s. Prolonged periods of high temperatures cause cardiac and respiratory disease leading to excess deaths, particularly in older people. The average number of heat-related deaths in the UK is expected to more than treble to 7,000 per year by the 2050s.
Although extreme heat events have become more common in Europe since the 1950s, there is public misconception that heatwaves have become less frequent. The Government does not provide clear information for the public on the developing threat of heatwaves.
The Government’s heatwave alert system only runs from June to September, so vulnerable people are not warned about unseasonal heatwaves. Moreover, the Committee heard that alerts are only put out if a threshold of approximately 30°C is reached, even though the Medical Director at Public Health England acknowledged that heat-related deaths begin when temperatures rise above 25°C.
Image: Creative Commons | <urn:uuid:d5017d3e-1fcd-440f-b65d-1f0b7e8faa76> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/environmental-audit-committee/news-parliament-2017/heatwaves-report-publication-17-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209585.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814205439-20180814225439-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.953827 | 2,041 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Alligator snapping turtle provides invasive species lesson
Note: Article originally published October 22, 2013
The alligator snapping turtle that was captured Friday at Prineville Reservoir has been humanely killed at the Prineville district office of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
Its shell is being prepared to become part of the department's educational display of non-native invasive species, said Greg Jackle, a district biologist in Prineville.
"We euthanized it as soon as we got it back to the office," he said. "It's obviously a very large turtle that was not something that we've ever seen over here before."
First reported by an angler at the popular Central Oregon reservoir, it was the first alligator snapping turtle found in the wild in eastern Oregon.
The turtle was killed using protocols established by the American Veterinary Medical Association. In this case, those are sedating the turtle, then dispatching it with a blow to the head.
Alligator snapping turtles are native to the southeastern United States.
Jackle said that biologists aren't certain whether the warm water species could have made it through the winter in the reservoir.
Alligator snapping turtles can be very aggressive and eat primarily native fish, but also can capture other animals such as ducklings. And it is a safety hazard to people. It has quite a bite.
According to Simon Wray, An Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife conservation biologist, it probably was released into the reservoir by someone who kept it as a pet.
"People get these turtles when they are small and release them when they get too big and aggressive to keep as pets," he said. "It's a poor choice for a pet and the environment."
Rick Boatner, the department's invasive species coordinator, said alligator snapping turtles are rare in the western part of the state but have been reported.
"I'd hate to see these turtles get established in Oregon," he said. "We already have problems in the Willamette Valley with common snapping turtles."
If you see an alligator or common snapping turtle, contact your local ODFW office.
If you have an unwanted pet turtle, contact the department so it can be humanly killed and kept out of Oregon's waters.
An angler fishing on Prineville Reservoir reported the nonnative turtle to Fish and Wildlife, and biologists captured it the next day.
The alligator snapping turtle is the largest freshwater turtle in North America and can grow to 250 pounds. | <urn:uuid:68b2e63b-2198-4558-bedf-4c2a14163ece> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/living/2014/11/21/alligator-snapping-turtle-invasive-species-oregon/19342657/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.974769 | 513 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A plan is in the works to again spray herbicide on parts of the shores of Delta’s Boundary Bay to try and eradicate an invasive weed, which left unchecked, could be devastating to the local ecosystem.
The Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development has applied to the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy for a pesticide use permit, under the BC Integrated Pest Management Act, to authorize the application of herbicide to get rid of intertidal cordgrasses known as Spartina anglica.
It is designated as a noxious weed under the Weed Control Act and the ministry has been actively controlling it in Boundary Bay and Robert's Bank since 2003.
Delta council earlier this year supported the ministry's pesticide use permit application.
Spartina anglica forms monotypic meadows that out-compete native species and decrease the area of productive intertidal mudflats that are important for shorebirds, juvenile fish, marine shellfish and other invertebrates.
The meadows also alter the elevation and drainage pattern of the intertidal areas, which may increase the risk of coastal flooding.
Pesticide use permits have been issued since 2013, having a maximum three-year duration. The current application is for 2022 to 2025.
A Delta staff report to council notes the control success rate has improved substantially since herbicides have been employed.
In 2016, 7.93 hectares required treatment, while only 0.79 hecatres required treatment in 2021.
The ministry expects a continuing downward trend in Spartina size and density with consistent chemical control, the memo noted.
There are no changes to the proposed treatment areas at Boundary Bay, Robert's Bank and Westham Island and the area will be sprayed by ground crews once a year.
The proposed treatment area of up to 10 hectares is not decreasing to provide flexibility for additional herbicide application should new infestations be discovered.
Delta also provides staff support through the Invasive Plant Management Team to help map the
extent of Spartina in Boundary Bay and Robert's Bank.
Delta is part of the B.C Spartina Working Group, formed in 2004.
It’s a partnership of different governments, non- government organizations and industry collaborating to eradicate invasive Spartina species from B.C.'s shores.
A study concluded in 2008 found that ocean currents could carry Spartina seeds and root fragments to the full extent of B.C.'s coastline, much of it possessing suitable habitat for Spartina.
The province says that left uncontrolled, Spartina will likely spread in distribution and density across tens of thousands of hectares, leading to loss of migratory bird habitat, as observed in estuaries in Washington and California. | <urn:uuid:f0a7388a-1f38-4a92-b339-643501b30996> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.delta-optimist.com/local-news/unchecked-invasive-noxious-weed-could-devastate-delta-bc-shores-5293039 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.917773 | 564 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Resilience in older adults can be defined as the ability to ‘bounce back’ and recover physical and/or psychological health in the face of adversity. [1,2] Health professionals can reflect on their interactions and services to enhance the social support of older adults to build and maintain resilience in older adults.
This page addresses the definition of resilience in a palliative care context and practice suggestions for strengthening resilience in older adults.
In ageing, resilience is important for maintaining function, subjective wellbeing, sense of adjustment, motivation for activity, and life engagement. There are many conceptualisations of resilience in the literature, many of which have been derived from studies of children and adults, and up until the last few years, very few addressing older adults. The concept of resilience had originally been referred to in literature as a personality trait, however increasingly it has been recognised as a dynamic process influenced by life experiences and challenges. In designing interventions for older people that support their resilience it is important to be sensitive to this concept.
Psychological resilience generally refers to how people ‘bounce back’ from adversity, whereas individual resilience can be categorised into health, psychological, emotional, dispositional and psychological elements. Resilience is thought to be dynamic and for each individual based on their life experiences and personal characteristics, and how much these experiences develop resilience in the individual. However the literature also recognises that environmental determinants such as access to resources or care, or actions of health professionals may also impact on a person’s ability to be resilient.
Health professionals often have significant interaction with older adults in times of adversity, especially in a palliative care context, and are in a position to influence a person’s resilience. Enhancing social support systems and focussing upon feelings of self-worth and identity can assist in developing improved coping strategies for the individual and therefore and increase their sense of resilience.
Overall the quality of the evidence is low, with poor reporting on methodology and quality of the studies being reviewed. In addition, the published research is not specific to a palliative and aged care context and suggests significant opportunity for future research.
Page created 15 June 2017 | <urn:uuid:2e62d4ad-a70c-4847-9e1e-4dfac1f7119a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.palliaged.com.au/tabid/4320/Default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506959.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402111815-20200402141815-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.960908 | 450 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Agricultural Land Fragmentation And Land Consolidation Rationality
Adopted about one year after the 1989 Revolution, Land Law (Law 18/1991) represented the starting point of
land reform in Romania. As a result of this law implementation, at the beginning of the year 2000 the private
sector owned 84% of total agricultural land: 82% of arable land, 74% of land under vineyards, 67% of land
under orchards and 87% of land under meadows and pastures.
Besides the benefic social and economic effects, the mutations produced represent a distortion source in the rural area, determining the following, among others: a) crisis of ownership relations – a main aspect of this being the confusion concerning the ownership rights. The prolongation of clearing up these rights represents a major obstacle to a good operation of land market, to agricultural land consolidation implicitly; b) managerial
crisis, manifested by the lack of competitive behaviour, which gives an increased importance to the production
function, to the detriment of commercial function; this results in the increased share of small-sized subsistence farms (households), lack of strategic orientations, etc; c) land market crisis – occurred in the context of the lack of legal and institutional framework concerning the land market operation (credits in advantageous conditions for buying land through the banking system or by establishing specialised banks, solving up the problems in connection to using land as collateral for obtaining credits, mortgage credit stimulation); d) crisis of agricultural economic efficiency – mainly generated by land property excessive fragmentation, large area
(about 55%) owned by old persons or by persons not having their domicile in the rural area, lack of main production factors combination, limited circulation of land capital, lack of an adequate legal and institutional framework, etc.
An analysis of the concrete, social and economic situation of land fragmentation and of agricultural land
consolidation opportunity was conducted in the commune Balaciu; this commune is located in the plain area,
with a population of 3540 inhabitants and a total area of 8462 ha.
In order to identify the rural social actors which can favour land consolidation by their structure, behaviour and functionality, the following typology of rural households has been used as methodology: agricultural households (consisting of persons working only in agriculture); pluriactive households (consisting of persons involved in both agricultural and non-agricultural activities); non-active households (consisting of non-active persons); non-agricultural households (only persons working in other non-agricultural activities).
The survey revealed that the main entities which can become the social actors of rural/agricultural
modernisation, of land consolidation implicitly are the pluriactive and non-agricultural households.
In order to consolidate the agricultural land, there is an obvious and imperative need to conceive an well articulated and coherent framework of support measures, understood and treated as a complex of economic, social, legal and technical measures, aiming at rural community development.
Author(s): RUSU, Marioara
Organizations(s): Institute of Agricultural Economics, Bucharest | <urn:uuid:64d281aa-9955-4719-8aea-8a4c67fe03c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ifmaonline.org/contents/agricultural-land-fragmentation-and-land-consolidation-rationality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.926854 | 639 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Title: Wildlife population and harvest trends in the United States: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment
Author: Flather, Curtis H.; Knowles, Michael S.; Jones, Martin F.; Schilli, Carol
Source: Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-296. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 94 p.
Publication Series: General Technical Report (GTR)
Description: The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) of 1974 requires periodic assessments of the condition and trends of the nation's renewable natural resources. Data from many sources were used to document recent historical trends in big game, small game, migratory game birds, furbearers, nongame, and imperiled species. Big game and waterfowl have generally increased in population and harvest trends. Many small upland and webless migratory game bird species have declined notably in population or harvest. Considerable declines in fur harvest since the 2000 RPA Assessment have occurred. Among the 426 breeding bird species with sufficient data to estimate nationwide trends, 45 percent had stable abundance since the mid-1960s; however, more species declined (31 percent) than increased (24 percent). A total of 1,368 bird species were formally listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act - a net gain of 278 species since the 2000 RPA Assessment. Most forest bird communities are expected to support a lower variety of species. America's wildlife resources will continue to be pressured by diverse demands for ecosystem services from humans. Collaborative planning and management among private and public land owners, and which spans the research and management branches of the Forest Service, will be vital to conserving and sustaining the nation's wildlife resources.
Dataset for this publication
Keywords: wildlife population, harvest trends, The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA)
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
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Flather, Curtis H.; Knowles, Michael S.; Jones, Martin F.; Schilli, Carol. 2013. Wildlife population and harvest trends in the United States: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-296. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 94 p.
Get the latest version of the Adobe Acrobat reader or Acrobat Reader for Windows with Search and Accessibility | <urn:uuid:4f40bbd7-a129-48b5-b365-5d0cb2f2425b> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/42844 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931004246.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155644-00176-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884491 | 610 | 3.109375 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. See dwarf cornel.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A common name for two species of dwarf dogwoods: Cornus canadensis - Canadian or Eastern Bunchberry; Cornus suecica - Eurasian or Northern Bunchberry.
- n. The fruit of either of these plants.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A common name of the dwarf cornel, Cornus Canadensis, on account of its dense clusters of bright-red berries.
- n. The fruit of the Rubus saxatilis.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. creeping perennial herb distinguished by red berries and clustered leaf whorls at the tips of shoots; Greenland to Alaska
bunch + berry (Wiktionary) | <urn:uuid:3078c02b-0100-433e-b55a-a9df5d2ecc1b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.wordnik.com/words/bunchberry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066051/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00022-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.745443 | 239 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This season, we implemented some new (well, actually these processes are quite old) permaculture techniques to our gardens here on Long Island. First off, in several gardens, we planted nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Nitrogen fixing plants (usually legumes, but also alphafa, clover, etc.) help re-build the soil, and the first rule of gardening is that healthy plants have everything to do with healthy soil. The cover crop helps “fix” nitrogen from the atmosphere into the legume plants. Then, we turn back that cover crop into the soil, amending the soil with the nitrogen-rich material. Instead of chemical fertilizers, which easily run-off and have adverse effects on the larger ecosystem, planting a nitrogen-fixing cover crop is low-impact, low-cost, and highly effective.
At Punta Mona, Stephen and Itai taught us about the wonders of biochar (and Stephen recommends one enthusiastically says, “hallelujah!” every time we say the word to celebrate its wonders). Biochar (hallejuah!) is organic material that has been pyrolyszed, or has been burned with restricted oxygen. In other words, it’s organic material that’s reduced to un-burnt carbon form. These forms become homes for micro-organisms and help enrich soil structure, biodiversity, and food production. It is believed that Pre-Columbia Amazonians used biochar to sustain their civilizations for thousands of years.
And finally….compost tea. Compost tea is another highly effective, organic, and sustainable way to fertilize. We took a burlap sack and filled it with our finest compost. Then, just like a tea-bag, we placed the compost into a took a fifty-gallon barrel and let it steep. With this round, we followed Itai’s advice to “super-charge” our biochar (hallelujah!) with the compost tea by soaking the pieces in the tea.
Sometimes it can be challenging to ascertain precisely why a garden does well in a particular year, due to an array of interconnected variables. This year we had a dry "California" summer in New York, and many of the vegetables thrived. However, we also suspect that they did so well because of the time put in at the beginning of the season with the cover crops, biochar, and compost tea. As we begin to move into fall, it's a good time to start thinking about next season and planting a cover crop to keep the nutrients flowing this winter -- remembering that there is nothing more important than doing what we can to help create healthy soil. | <urn:uuid:e24fa8ef-6220-43d3-9237-bddbbfa51bfd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.lihogs.com/blog/2014/5/10/nitrogen-fixing-biochar-compost-tea-hallelujah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.956177 | 552 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A toolpath is the intended trajectory that the tip of the endmill will follow, to remove material and produce the desired geometry of the workpiece.
For a specific object geometry/feature defined in the CAD tool, the CAM tool will generate toolpaths as sets of lines and curves defined in X/Y/Z space, and the post-processor will then generate the corresponding G-code instructions for the selected machine.
"2D" toolpaths correspond to cutting a 2D feature in the design, moving only two axes of the machine at a time (typically, stepping down along Z only, then moving only in the XY plane, before proceeding with a deeper Z). Since X, Y, and Z are moved (albeit not simultaneously), this is sometimes called "2.5D".
"3D" toolpaths correspond to cutting a 3D feature, and potentially moving the three axes of the machine simultaneously.
Let's take the simplest example of a 50x50mm square shape in a CAD tool, placed in the center of a 100x100x10mm stock material, with the zero point defined in the lower-left corner, and using a 6mm endmill (~1/4") :
Various types of toolpaths can be created based on this reference shape.
In a pocket toolpath the endmill is moved within the boundaries of the shape, to remove all material from the top surface down to a given depth:
Extremely simple, but it already illustrates a few interesting general parameters that will apply to any toolpath:
the zero (X0/Y0/Z0) point: in this example, it is positioned in the lower-left corner of the top of the stock.
since the toolpath defines the trajectory of the tip of the endmill, an endmill positioned at the zero point touches the stock surface, so the very first action is to raise the endmill up to the retract height (Z offset above Z0), to avoid scraping the surface when moving to the cutting area.
the red lines illustrate rapid moves ("rapids"). The first move is from the zero point (+ retract height), to the point where the endmill will start plunging into the material (vertical green line)
The example above illustrates a straight plunge, since this is what Carbide Create generates, but plunging vertically is a bit hard on the endmill, so there are other approaches to ensure a smoother entry into the material. Below are examples of linear ramping and helix ramping (using Fusion360 CAM preview) :
Since the pocket depth may exceed what be can cut in a single pass by the endmill, it is often necessary to take several passes, removing a given depth of cut (DOC) a.k.a. depth per pass, until the full pocket depth is reached:
On the following snapshot, a few circles of the same diameter as the endmill were added for the purpose of illustrating two things:
the stepover (a.k.a. width of cut, a.k.a. radial width of cut) parameter of the toolpath controls how close to each other successive loops of the toolpaths are, in this case the stepover was chosen to be 50% of the endmill diameter for simplicity. Check out the Feeds & speeds section for recommended stepover values, and how this affects chip thinning and ultimately the optimal feeds and speeds.
in corners two things happen:
the cutter engagement temporarily increases (see tool engagement in the Feeds & speeds section). Nothing to be concerned about in many cases, but this limits the feeds and speeds to being more conservative than they could be. This is where advanced toolpaths help, e.g. adaptive clearing, more on this later.
obviously, the round endmill cannot reach all the way into the corners, so some material is left and all corners end up rounded to the diameter of the endmill. One way to mitigate this is to use a smaller endmill, but cutting a large pocket using a very small endmill would take forever, so a better alternative is first cut the pocket normally with a large endmill, then run a second toolpath will a smaller endmill, that will only work locally in the corners. In advanced CAM tools, this is easy using the "rest machining" option described later below, where the CAM is smart enough to figure out how much material is left and where and to produce a second toolpath with a smaller tool that will only cut there. At the time of writing Carbide Create does not support rest machining, but you could fake it by manually creating additional geometry. In the example below, a 4.5x4.5mm square was added in one corner, with an associated pocket toolpath using a 1/16" endmill. The corner will still not be perfectly square, but its radius will be 4 times smaller, so it will look much closer to square.
Even though this "concentric squares" toolpath is by far the most common, other patterns exist. Below is an example of the same pocket using a "zigzag" or "raster" pattern toolpath in Vectric VCarve :
And then there is the matter of the DOC and WOC. As covered in the Feeds & speeds section, you can either go for a low DOC and high WOC, or high DOC and low WOC.
To illustrate the former, considering the 6mm endmill used in this example and assuming we want to cut a 6mm (0.25") deep pocket, we may want to choose a DOC of 2mm (33% of endmill diameter) and WOC of 3mm (50% stepover), which would result in three passes:
If we wanted instead to go for a high DOC (say full pocket depth, i.e. 100% of endmill diameter in this case) and a low WOC (say 20%), we would also need to take care of the initial clearing down to full depth, because just plunging to full depth and starting to cut the pocket would initially involve a slotting cut (100% stepover) at full depth...which for some materials may be too much to take for the Shapeoko.
If your CAM tool allows, you can just use the option of helical ramping down to the full depth of the pocket, as in this Fusion360 example:
This allows reaching full depth without ever engaging the tool completely, and then the pocket toolpath at full DOC and low WOC (20% of tool diameter in the example below) can proceed:
In Carbide Create, you could emulate this by creating two toolpaths:
a first one using regular low DOC/50%-stepover pocketing, down to full depth, on a small area:
this would clear the way for a second toolpath doing a single pass at full depth, and 20% stepover:
Contour (a.k.a. Profile) toolpaths just follow the...contour of a shape, with the option to have the endmill positioned either on the outside or on the inside of the shape, or right on it:
outside contours are usually associated with cutting the shape out of the stock material:
inside contours are usually associated to creating a <shape>d-hole in a piece:
no-offset contours can be used for example for engraving the shape on the surface of the piece with a pointy bit.
So, contour toolpaths are extremely simple, but there is a small catch: they produce slotting cuts:
In this situation, half of the endmill circumference is engaged in the material at all times, refer to the slotting paragraph in Feeds & speeds section for details. The bottomline is that since this is a worst case scenario for the cutter, the feeds & speeds and DOC need to be dialed back quite a bit to avoid chatter or excessive tool deflection.
Sometimes this is no big deal and you can just proceed with the reduced DOC and be fine. In other situations (e.g. cutting plastics or metal), deep slotting can be difficult and a solution can be to avoid it altogether when possible, for example by cutting the profile as a pocket instead of a slot. This usually requires creating additional geometry around the piece, and creating a pocket toolpath to cut material in-between the original shape and the added geometry:
The orange square is the original shape
The black square is the extra geometry, created to be larger than the original square by a value of the endmill diameter plus a small margin.
Selecting the two squares, Carbide Create produces the pocket toolpath shown in blue
The tool first goes around the inside of the outer square: no benefit there, this results in slotting.
But then the tool proceeds to follow the second/inner blue path, around the outside of the original square, and this is where pocketing helps: the tool now just has to remove the thin remaining layer of material, and has some clearance against the opposite wall, so this is like a cutting pass with a very small stepover: this is perfect to minimize forces, and act as a finishing pass.
Regular pocket and profile toolpaths share a common problem that is not immediately apparent: they involve large tool engagement angles in the material (constantly when slotting, and temporarily in the corners when pocketing, see Feeds & speeds section), which in turn limits how deep/fast one can cut.
Adaptive clearing (which is Fusion360's name for their trochoïdal milling family of toolpaths) is another approach that generates toolpaths that have a constant (and relatively low) tool engagement value throughout the cut. When going straight, this is the same as using a very small stepover. When cutting corners, this means taking many small scoops of material, instead of going straight and taking a sharp 90° turn.
While a pocketing operation using a stepover of 60% would look like this (notice the ~180° tool engagement in the corner):
an adaptive clearing toolpath on the same geometry with radial width of cut of 60% would look like this (notice how the tool is turning before the corner, keeping tool engagement to ~90°):
Coming back to the profile cut example discussed earlier, adaptive clearing can be leveraged to avoid slotting. Using extra geometry around the original shape and creating a 2D adaptive clearing toolpath results in something like this:
After it plunges to the depth of cut (possibly using helical ramping), the endmill is moved in small spiral movements between the inner geometry and the outer geometry: at any given time, the endmill engagement into the material is constant (and small):
Since the cutter engagement is low, one can use much more agressive feeds and speeds (but of course, it takes longer to do all these spiral movements rather than going in a straight vertical line, so whether or not this results in a longer or shorter job time depends on the situation)
For the same reason, the DOC can also be increased very significantly i.e., adopting the "high DOC, low WOC" approach.
V-carving is a specific toolpath strategy dedicated to using V-bits to cut the inside of shapes, resulting in a cut depth that depends on how far apart the sides of the shape are.
Let's take the example of a simple chevron shape, to be cut with a 60degree V-bit:
the toolpath (pink) is where the tip of the V-bit will be
if we look at a vertical cross-section where the blue line is, the V-bit will be like this:
while at the level of the green line, the cross-section would look something like this:
Here's a preview of this toolpath, the width of the cut is controlled by how deep the V-bit is driven:
A typical use is to carve the inside of text characters:
Carving the outside of characters within a predefined boundary is another popular option, and when combined with the ability of some CAM tools to limit the V-carve depth to a predefined max value, it can produce interesting 3D-like results:
For every toolpath there are two conflicting needs: minimizing the total runtime, and getting the best finish quality and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece. Instead of settling for a middle ground that accommodates both constraints, a very common approach is to create two different toolpaths:
the first (roughing) toolpath will be optimized to go fast, maximising material removal rate, but will be programmed to leave a little bit of material around the selected geometry. Even of the tool deflects, vibrates, or more generally produces a poor surface finish, this will be taken care of by the next toolpath.
the second (finishing) toolpath will be optimized for getting a good surface finish and accuracy: it can be set to go slower, but even if it isn't, the simple fact that it will have very little material left to cut will reduce the efforts on the tool, and produce a cleaner result.
How roughing/finishing is setup depends on the CAD/CAM tool being used:
Carbide Create does not support (at the time of writing) any roughing/finishing option explicitly, but one can still manually create additional geometry in the design to do it, as explained above in the alternatives to slotting.
Vectric V-Carve has explicit options in its toolpath parameters to create an "allowance offset", basically a margin that will be kept when cutting. One can therefore select a geometry and:
create a first toolpath with an allowance offset (of say 0.01")
create a second toolpath with an allowance offset of 0.
for profile toolpaths, this is even simpler: there is a "Do Separate Last Pass" option with an allowance offset value, to tell VCarve to use the allowance value for successive passes down the material, but for the last (deepest) pass, discard the allowance: this will result in the endmill taking a single full-depth pass all around the geometry at the end, shaving off the material to get to the final dimensions and finish quality.
Fusion360 has a "Stock to leave" option in the toolpaths, which works similarly:
create a first toolpath with stock to leave at a small value. Both the radial ("vertical") and axial ("horizontal") stock to leave values can be specified. Here is an example using 0.5mm radial and axial stock to leave in an outside profile toolpath: notice how at the end of this toolpath, there is a small amount of extra stock remaining around the center back square:
create a second toolpath, identical to the first one except setting radial and axial stock to leave to 0: this will shave off the extra material, to reveal the final walls of the workpiece (in blue) as well as remove the remaining 0.5mm at the bottom:
A very common scenario is to first use a large tool to remove a lot of material quickly, and then switch to a smaller tool to cut finer details. CAM tools that support REST machining can optimize toolpaths such that the tool only works in the areas where material was not already removed by the previous toolpaths.
Consider the case where a large pocket must be cut, but the pocket has tight corners radius:
a large endmill will be more efficient at removing material quickly, but will not be able to reach into the tight corner
a small endmill will be able to reach the corner, but would be very inefficient at cutting the whole pocket
In the example below a 6mm (0.24") square endmill is first used, with aggressive feeds and speeds to clear out a lot of pockets quickly, and with some stock to leave:
A second toolpath using an 1/8" endmill and REST machining option, with no stock to leave, takes care of cutting (only) the tight corners as well as removing the remaining stock on the pocket walls (i.e. finishing)
The power of REST machining lies in the fact that both toolpaths refer to the same geometry (the pocket outlines), there is no need to manually create any additional geometry or contraints to restrict the second toolpath to working on the walls and corners only.
Consider the case of a profile cut, where the tool plunges straight down at a point somewhere along the profile. During the plunge, the forces on the endmill are mostly vertical, the tool will not deflect. But once the endmill has reached the DOC and starts moving around the profile, lateral forces on the endmill will cause deflection, and the actual cutting path will deviate from the intended path by a tiny amount (greatly exaggerated on the sketch below). The resulting profile cut may then end up having a (small but) visible notch at the point where the endmill plunged into the material:
One way to avoid this is to use a roughing pass with stock to leave: the deflection effect will still happen, but it will happen away from the contour, and a finishing pass (with very little deflection) will then come and shave off this small variation.
Another way to deal with such problems is to use lead-in (respectively lead-out) options if the CAM tool supports it: the toolpath with make the endmill plunge away from the profile, and then lead into (respectively out of) the profile edge:
At the time of writing, this feature is not supported in Carbide Create, but one can fallback to manually adding geometry around the piece to achieve similar results.
The standard version of Carbide Create does not support them, and the topic is too wide and too specific to be covered here properly, but here is a simple example of milling a donut shape:
Many of the concepts of 2D toolpaths apply, but the notion of roughing + finishing will be paramount for 3D, to get both a reasonable job time and a smooth finish.
For drilling a hole, a first option is to use an endmill smaller than the hole, and use a circular pocket toolpath. It works fine, but turns out to be inconvenient:
if a job that could otherwise be done completely with e.g. a 1/4" endmill needs 1/4" holes, a 1/8" endmill will be required just to mill the hole pockets.
small endmills usually have a short length of cut and shank, so cutting a deep 1/8" hole with a 1/16" endmill could turn out to be impossible.
A useful alternative is to use specific drilling toolpaths, that just plunge the endmill vertically, so it becomes possible to do a 1/4" hole with a 1/4" endmill. However, an endmill is very bad at drilling, it is just not designed for this, so the plunge rate should be limited, and the "peck-drilling" option used: the tool will cut a small DOC, retract to clear out the chips, and then plunge again, repeatedly until the full depth has been cut.
A more efficient alternative is of course to use an actual drill bit instead of an endmill, but...it implies an additional tool change.
Pretty much all CAM tools embed a toolpath visualization feature, however what they display is the toolpath defined in the design, and this is not guaranteed to be 100% what the machine will execute, because of the post-processor step: the generated G-code might be subtly different depending on the selected options.
One way to double-check is to visualize the toolpath from the generated G-code file itself. There are a number of offline and online G-code viewers (CAMotics is a popular open source desktop app, and there are many online G-code viewers too):
It's easy to understand that the order in which the toolpaths are run (usually) matters, but also quite easy to overlook a wrong ordering when a project involves many toolpaths. On the Shapeoko, toolpaths using different tools will be in different G-code files (since there is no automatic tool changer), so the likelihood of manually executing the files in the wrong order is small. But multiple toolpaths using the same tool will usually be included into a single file, and the ordering will be as declared in the CAM tool, so a user error is more likely! | <urn:uuid:d648bea1-ff0e-4c64-b9e4-b29f3b07aa16> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://shapeokoenthusiasts.gitbook.io/shapeoko-cnc-a-to-z/toolpath-basics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146341.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226084902-20200226114902-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.929169 | 4,269 | 3.125 | 3 |
Thistlegorm & wrecks
On October 6 1941, the 126 m long MS Thistlegorm (Gaelic for blue thistle) was hit ,by a 2000 kg special bomb from a German combat squadron, in the stern and sank to 30 m in the northern Red Sea.
The Thistlegorm was on its way to Libya, fully loaded with war materials, two steam locomotives and water tenders, weapons and ammunition, tanks, motorcycles, aircraft parts and a crew of 39 men. It had to take the sea route with a convoy of twenty other ships around the Cape of Good Hope, since the Mediterranean was controlled by German and Italian troops. But just before reaching the Suez Canal, the ship had to wait a few days at Sha’ab Ali, where the 4.9-ton heavy ship was bombed.
Only 14 years later, in 1955, the French diver and adventurer Jacques-Yves Cousteau discovered the wreck, but it was kept secret and was forgotten again. It was found in 1991 by fishermen and divers, since then it has been one of the most important wrecks for sport divers because of its relatively low depth and a war memorial.
The wreck of the Dunraven is located in the southern part of the Gulf of Suez at a depth of 15-30 meters, on the reef of Beacon Rock. With a length of 85 m and a tonnage of 1800 GRT, it could be sailed with two sails as well as with a steam engine. It was loaded with cotton and wine. There is nothing left inside the wreck, except for the big steam boiler, but you can dive through and find the many glassfish as well as other marine inhabitants looking for shelter in the ship’s hull.
It is not known exactly why the ship was sunk, the crew were saved by fishermen.
This vessel, with its 2600 BRG and a length of 175 meters, is one of the most impressive wrecks in the northern Red Sea. On June 19 1996, the Million Hope was to transport a cargo of potash and phosphate from Aqaba in Jordan to Taiwan, despite poor visibility and speed, it didn’t comply with the prescribed navigational route and hit the Nabq reef. There are different accounts why the ship sank.
The wreck can be approached and dived only in the best weather conditions (no waves, wind), as it is very close to the reef and quite shallow. About 20-30 meters from the reef lies a crane, broken off from the ship, beautifully covered with corals in which many water dwellers find shelter. Great also for snorkeling, it can be reached swimming from the Jaz Mirabel Beach Resort.
In August 1984 the Kormoran, built in 1963, coming from Aqaba loaded with phosphates, stranded on the reef edged to the island of Tiran due to a navigation error (Laguna Reef). The impact was so bad that the Kormoran almost completely lost its bow, while on the left two big leaks arose and the deck with its superstructures damaged irreparably. Just a few minutes’ drive from the North Laguna Lighthouse, the 80-meter-long and relatively shallow Kormoran is easy to find due to its stern part projecting out of the water.
The dive does not involve any difficulties, but must be carried out with calm seas to allow good visibility. The visibility is usually best in the afternoon, preferably at slack tide, when the current is minimal. The stern thrusters, the prop, the engine, the steering wheel and the winches mounted on the deck are very well preserved and on the bow side the name of the ship is clearly legible. | <urn:uuid:6fc757a2-5c25-4b10-b651-6fc4c9ec5f23> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://sunshine-divers.de/thistlegorm-wracks/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.973616 | 767 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Date: 10 Sep 2020
Less than a decade ago, energy companies scoffed at Chile’s willingness to develop its renewable energy sector, dismissing it as too expensive, even though the Andean country enjoys one of the best sunny conditions in the world. Since then, a green technological revolution has lowered the cost of producing solar energy by 80%, and renewables now represent 44% of the mix in a country that no longer depends on imported energy.
Chile now hopes this will allow it to achieve a similar feat with green hydrogen, a clean alternative to fossil fuels that – unlike solar and wind power – can be used at any time of the day or night and in all weather conditions.
Green hydrogen is made from electricity from renewable energy to electrolyze water, separating hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As a fuel, hydrogen produces zero emissions and can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines in cars, buses, ships, and even spacecraft.
“Chile could export $ 30 billion in green hydrogen by 2050,” said Juan Carlos Jobet, the country’s energy minister. “This is the amount of copper that we export today.”
Copper is the current backbone of the mining nation’s economy, accounting for around half of its exports, with huge demand from China.
Mr Jobet said green hydrogen has the potential to be ‘transformational’ for the Chilean economy, with a huge impact on job creation and local economic development, stressing the need to diversify the economy from his country and reduce carbon emissions in its mining sector to comply with Paris. climate goals.
McKinsey estimates that global investment in green hydrogen – both the electrolysers needed to produce it and the renewable plants to run electrolyzers – is expected to reach around $ 500 billion by 2030 and $ 2.5 billion by 2050.
“These are very, very important numbers, and Chile needs to find a way to capture some of that investment,” Jobet said. “But even if it was half of that, it would be huge.
For this to happen, progress will be needed in countries that develop technology such as the United States, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom to bring the cost of production down to economic levels.
The government’s goal is to produce green hydrogen for less than $ 1.50 per kilogram by 2030, a price that would be very competitive in international markets and allow the country to substitute for other fuels.
Hans Kulenkampff, president of H2Chile, the country’s green hydrogen association, said an inflection point could be reached as early as 2027. However, he warned that this would require heightened awareness and understanding of the the country’s potential, especially in the mining sector where the government hopes the technology will be deployed first, with a focus on the huge diesel trucks used to transport the rocks.
“In principle, anything is possible but it has to be stepped up and it is a question of capital expenditure”, said Mr Kulenkampff, adding that this required “an active state to solve the problem of the chicken and the egg. “between supply and demand.
“The question is who is paying for the investment, who is paying for the energy transition. . . we have to solve this and it is not easy, ”he said, pointing out that while Germany, for example, had already earmarked $ 9 billion to promote green hydrogen, developing economies like Chile also faced pressing social problems. The country suffered a wave of protests over inequality last year.
So far, Chilean mining groups have been “timid” in their response to green hydrogen, according to Eduardo Bitran, former president of the Chilean development agency Corfo.
However, he said more than 65 companies from all industries – including big energy players such as Siemens, Enel and AES – were involved in talks to promote the technology. He added that there were already around 20 green hydrogen pilot projects in the country, including feeding forklifts for Walmart and a joint venture between state explosives agency Enaex and French utility Engie. to make green ammonia for miners.
Sebastián Carmona, director of corporate innovation at Codelco, the dominant state-owned mining group in Chile, said the company had high hopes for this technology, having taken “pioneering steps with the introduction of electric mobility. in our underground mines and transport ”.
But as the group examined the use of hydrogen combustion cells in truck engines, it said a “careful” assessment of energy and water needs, as well as production and storage costs, would be needed. necessary.
Roberto Muñoz, director of energy at Antofagasta Minerals, Chile’s largest private miner, said the company is “constantly” monitoring the development of clean technologies, with one of its largest mines, Los Pelambres, la more advanced in the study of the use of green hydrogen.
But he said more work was needed to establish economic viability and security, adding that it could still take “several years” before the technology is available on the market.
Mr Bitran insisted that it was “obvious” for miners and others to embrace green hydrogen given the potential to improve public acceptance of mining and also tendency to increase taxes on polluting companies – in particular cross-border carbon taxes which penalize “environmental dumping”. .
Nonetheless, he underlined the importance for the state to play a catalytic role and correct market failures, with a necessary boost from the supply side.
“There is a lot to do, there is a huge opportunity, there is a lot of political will and also a lot of interest from private actors,” Jobet said. “I am convinced that governments can create the conditions and provide regulatory signals, but ultimately it will be done by the private sector. . . who realized that their carbon footprint is increasing every day.
Source: Financial Time
Click here to view the original article. | <urn:uuid:02e6baf2-390c-4b75-8a6c-c957adbe2bea> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://mobile.chinagoabroad.com/en/knowledge/show/id/31602 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358064.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227024823-20210227054823-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.960911 | 1,260 | 3.25 | 3 |
Most definitions of ‘correlation’ and ‘causation’ I have found are very difficult or technical. How would you define the terms in a way that is understandable? Perhaps with a clarifying example?
Let the words “natural” and “unnatural” act as warning bells, so that whenever you hear the words used you know that a bad argument is soon following.
The use of “natural” and “unnatural” as an argument is called Appeal to Nature. The blog The Logical Place explains it well. Whenever I try to explain this, I struggle to come up with good examples. Could you please help me with examples where something natural is bad, or something unnatural is good?
“Seek happiness in tranquillity, and avoid ambition, even if it be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. Yet why do I say this? I have myself been blasted in these hopes, yet another may succeed.” ––Victor Frankenstein
“When I call over the frightful catalogue of my deeds, I cannot believe that I am he whose thoughts were once filled with sublime and transcendant visions of the beauty and the majesty of goodness. But is it even so; the fallen angel becomes a malignant devil. Yet even that enemy of God and man has friends and associates in his desolation; I am quite alone.”––The Creature
When you have finished reading Frankenstein, go back to the beginning. Read a page or two from captain Walton’s letters. How do you experience the language now compared to when you started reading the book?
Romantic art and literature is obsessed with the sublime. The sublime was a feeling experienced when looking at endless waters, the starry sky, thundering storms and deadly glaciers between jagged peaks. It was a mixed emotion of pain and joy and it is something we all feel when watching lightning during a stormy summer night: we love to look at it but the power of nature makes us feel small.
According to Umberto Eco’s On Beauty, the idea of the sublime goes back to the Romans, but was made popular by Edmund Burke in A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1756). There he describes a dichotomy between beautiful things and the sublime. Beautiful things are small, smooth, elegant and with clear colors and small variations, for example a flower in a vase. Sublime things are linked to fear or power and are the opposite of the beautiful: large, coarse, powerful, for example a large waterfall. Perhaps the best explanation Eco gives is that you want to own or consume beautiful things, but not the sublime.
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is filled with descriptions of sublime settings.
“It was nearly noon when I arrived at the top of the ascent. For some time I sat upon the rock that overlooks the sea of ice. A mist covered both that and the surrounding mountains. “
This is one of Victor Frankenstein’s many descriptions of Sublime settings. Caspar David Friedrich’s painting Wanderer on the Sea of Mist (1818) serves as a good illustration to the quote.
As a contrast to the sublime settings, the Creature describes the little hut with the happy family in beautiful terms:
“In the meanwhile also the black ground was covered with herbage, and the green banks interspersed with innumerable flowers, sweet to the scent and the eyes, stars of pale radiance among the moonlight woods; the sun became warmer, the nights clear and balmy […]”
The details differ from the text in Constable’s The Hay Wain, but the feeling is similar. What this means for an understanding of Frankenstein, and of Victor Frankenstein and the Creature remains to be answered. I do believe, however, that it is possible to show that there is a difference between what is typical in English culture compared to, let’s say, German culture. We see this if we compare Constable’s beautiful paintings to Friedrich’s sublime paintings or Elgar’s music to Wagner’s. England defines itself as being a green and pleasant land which is far from the sublime landscapes of Frankenstein. It seems that English writers use this image, from the Creature’s description of the hut to Tolkien’s description of the Shire. It is possible that the Creature’s longing for a family is also a longing for a home in the green and pleasant lands of England.
Sometimes what we expect to find in a novel clouds our judgment, so that we only see what we expect to see. This is true for most people who read Frankenstein for the first time.
After captain Walton’s four-letter introduction to the novel we know we are about to hear Victor Frankenstein’s story when we begin to read volume I. We don’t know exactly what to expect, but since we were kids we have had some preconceived notion of what is going to happen.
Science, lightning, electricity – and then the monster comes to life!
But the creation of the Monster (or Creature?) is only a small part of volume I. So what does volume I actually tell us? What events are the most important ones? Or perhaps the events aren’t the most important things, but something else is, such as a feeling, a setting, an object or something else.
Here’s a challenge! Summarize volume I in a Top 5 list in a comment below.
It is often said that to improve your pronunciation, you need to live in the country where the language is spoken; it can’t be done in the classroom. Well, I tried to change that and this is how.
The students I have are 16–19 years old and almost all have Swedish as their first language. When they come to me, their pronunciation is usually really good. Most of them speak American English, some British, but you can hear that they are not native speakers. They get high to very high grades on the spoken part of the national tests. Improving from this high level has been difficult.
What I do now is to base the pronunciation work on the International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA). IDEA collects English from all over the world by having people read a sample text, Comma Gets a Cure. The pronunciation work is done in three steps.
The first step is for each student to read the sample text Comma Gets a Cure to me. When they do, I listen for three things: difficult sounds, where the sounds are produced and the intonation (melody). I take notes and afterwards I describe their pronunciation to them and tell them what they should focus on to improve their pronunciation. I also post this feedback to them so they have it in writing.
For Swedes, the most common sounds to have problems with are /z/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/, /θ/ and /ð/. Most of my students are from Stockholm and they speak Swedish at the front of the mouth, which means that most of them need to move their sounds back – a little bit for British English, a lot for American and even more for a Texan dialect (try saying “howdy, how are y’all doing” and you’ll see!). Working on intonation (melody) is something that almost everyone needs, but it is especially fruitful for those whose pronunciation is almost perfect.
The next step is for the students to find a favorite accent at IDEA. I tell them that the more time they spend on finding an accent that they want to emulate, the better the results will be. When they have found a favorite it is time to start working. They plug their headphones into their ipads and start to listen and repeat, with their feedback next to them. I let them spend perhaps an hour doing this divided on two or three lessons.
The last step is to read the the sample text Comma Gets a Cure to me again. This is the fun part, for now I get to see how they have improved! And almost all of them do, and it lasts as well, for some students I have tested again a year later. | <urn:uuid:85de72e8-18cc-47e3-86eb-b0c70fe24590> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://lhbergstrom.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.961314 | 1,720 | 2.625 | 3 |
Persuasions #10, 1988 Pages 76-82
“Woman’s Place” in Jane Austen’s England
BARBARA W. SWORDS
What was “woman’s place” in the actual world in which Jane Austen set her novels – the world of southern agricultural England of this period, the world centred on the country village and the lives of small landowning and professional families?
Some social historians have depicted “woman’s place” as very low, indeed: with few legal and economic rights or even receiving little respect, women can be seen as oppressed victims of a patriarchal society, subordinate first to their fathers and, then, to their husbands who had, of course, been selected by their fathers; some late eighteenth century authors of advice to girls and young women regarded women’s minds as limited in reason and not to be overtaxed with serious, intellectual education. Dr. John Gregory, writing in 1774, said: “Men have a larger share of reason bestowed on them.” And, David Monaghan, writing in our time, says, “Women can rarely have been held in lower esteem than they were at the end of the 18th century.”
As readers, we see that woman’s role, her “place,” is a central subject in the Austen novels; as David Spring asserts, “Jane Austen’s major preoccupation was the fate of women in the society of her time.” In her novels, the pictures of women and their lives are very different from the pictures painted of women as suppressed, passive victims of their society. Jane Austen’s heroines are intelligent; they exercise reason; they are held in high esteem by the men whom they love, who love them, and whom they marry.
We wonder then, if Jane Austen represents “woman’s place” idealistically or realistically; we wonder if her attitude toward “woman’s place” is conservative – seeking to slow the social changes of this revolutionary period – or radically feminist –seeking to revolutionize the status of women – or romantic – seeking to idealize love and marriage.
To find answers to our queries, we must look in such places as letters, conduct books, novels, comments quoted in biographies, historical documents, and the like – for traditional histories of this period tell little about the lives of women. As David Spring points out, what women did and thought has generally been left for men to record, and Anne Elliot similarly observes, “The pen has been in their hands.” We hope that a systematic history of women in eighteenth century England will soon be forthcoming.
In this essay I would like to present some of what it is possible to discover about the actual status of women during Jane Austen’s time and to consider how these data correspond to Jane Austen’s representation of “woman’s place.”
What do we know about woman’s legal place? Certainly it was limited, for, of course, a woman could not hold public office or vote. Prior to marriage, a woman’s legal protection and status were vested in her father, but after marriage, her legal status “disappeared”; the Law of Coverture at this time made it clear that “the very being or legal existence of a woman is suspended during marriage – or at least incorporated and consolidated into that of her husband under whose wing and protection and cover she performs everything.” Her children, her residence, her way of life were completely under her husband’s legal control. If she were widowed, she had no control over her children unless her husband had named her as guardian; if she were separated from her husband, she was disgraced in the public eye and her husband had legal possession of the children. It was not until 1839 that a new law allowed a separated or divorced woman to sue for custody of her children under seven years of age and for visiting rights to her older children.
A 1770 statute passed by Parliament reveals some of the attitudes toward women at this time:
All women of whatever age, rank, profession, or degree, whether virgin maid or widow, that shall from and after such Act impose upon, seduce, and betray into matrimony any of His Majesty’s subjects by means of scent, paints, cosmetics, washes, artificial teeth, false hair, Spanish wool, ironstays, hoops, high-heeled shoes, or bolstered hips, shall incur the penalty of the law now in force against witchcraft and like misdemeanors, and that the marriage upon conviction shall stand null and void.
A widely held opinion about women’s legal rights was expressed by Dr. Samuel Johnson, renowned man of letters and much admired by Jane Austen as well; he said: “Nature has given women so much power that the law has wisely given them little.”
English common law left a woman very little economic freedom, for it ruled that whatever property a woman owned before marriage or might receive thereafter automatically became her husband’s. Thus, daughters of wealthy fathers frequently became prey of fortune-seeking men, and daughters of fathers of limited fortunes often had difficulty finding husbands at all. The laws of inheritance further limited women’s economic freedom for they often excluded settlement of property on women. The entail of Mr. Bennet’s estate and the economic plight of the Dashwoods are instances in the Austen novels of the operation of these laws of inheritance.
A woman’s economic independence was further restricted because of the stigma attached to a woman who earned money through working. For instance, Dr. Johnson thought that portrait painting by women was “indelicate.” An unmarried woman could become a governess, but this was a position beneath the social rank and status of middle and upper class young women and was thus regarded as humiliating. Jane Fairfax suffers over the possibility that she must become a governess. Some unmarried women conducted girls’ schools, but most women lacked sufficient education to fill this or other professions. By the late eighteenth century even occupations which had been filled by lower middle class women were disappearing – fewer women took part in their husbands’ businesses or conducted small businesses of their own, such as stationers, print and book shops, dressmaking and millinery establishments. Even the profession of midwife was being supplanted by that of the male obstetrician. Katherine Rogers, in her book, Feminism in Eighteenth Century England, points out that women were not only deprived of their fair share of inherited wealth and disabled from supporting themselves because occupations and professions open to them were very limited, but also in England there was no possible life in a convent for a woman who wished to choose a religious life instead of marriage, as did many women in continental countries.
However, writing as a profession for women developed steadily during the eighteenth century. Some women wrote scholarly works and translations, but overwhelmingly, women writers wrote novels. As the reading public enlarged and novels increased in popularity, some women writers made independent livings, and in some cases, earned substantial amounts of money. For Jane Austen, as the daughter of clergyman, there would have been no possibility of her owning a small business – or being a midwife – but it was possible for her to become a professional writer of fiction – and, respectably, from this work to earn money, albeit, a very small amount.
For most women, marriage was the only real choice in order to have economic security and a respectable, fulfilling life; her place as a woman was determined by her status as a wife, legally and economically subservient to her husband. In Jane Austen’s novels, as well, we find that marriage is the only real choice to insure a woman’s place, her happiness, and her successful future.
What were the views of marriage in Jane Austen’s England? What were the essential concerns involved in choosing a spouse? What was considered the proper basis for marriage itself? And to what extent do the patterns of happy marriages in the novels correspond to the actual practices and attitudes of this period?
Traditionally, marriage had been regarded as an alliance between families, as a pairing on the basis of wealth or birth, or as an arrangement made by parents without regard to the personal preferences of the young woman and the young man – especially without regard to the feelings of the young woman. However, in the latter part of the eighteenth century – certainly in Jane Austen’s England – radical changes in attitudes toward marriage were occurring. Marriage was coming to be regarded as a lifetime, intimate, happy companionship based upon love, esteem, and compatibility, and both woman and man were to have voice in choosing the spouse. As positive as this new attitude seems, however, the woman was still subordinate to her husband legally and economically, and now as Rogers emphasizes, the woman was further bound to her husband by love as well.
The happy marriages with which Jane Austen’s novels conclude correspond, indeed, to these new models of proper marriage: Catherine and Henry; Marianne and Colonel Brandon, Elinor and Edward; Elizabeth and Darcy; Fanny and Edmund; Emma and Mr. Knightley; and Anne and Captain Wentworth. In each marriage, love, esteem, compatibility and mutuality, capability and respect – and equality – are essentials to be discovered during courtship and strengthened throughout life. Though some readers of the Austen novels have felt that these happy marriages give the novels romantic and unsatisfying Cinderella endings and thus weaken Austen’s realistic mode of story telling, rather, we now understand that these marriages represent the views of her society – its new and advanced ideas about marriage.
The kind of education that girls and young women needed to carry out successfully the role of wife was a controversial topic in Jane Austen’s England. Much was written on all sides of the question; from conduct books setting forth the accomplishments and graces the perfect young lady must possess in order to capture a future husband to the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft, who argued forcefully for improved education as one of the rights of woman.
Most writers held that girls of the middle and upper classes had intellectual abilities that were not only different from but also greatly inferior to those of boys and men. It was believed that women were incapable of serious study, that the study of philosophy, science, mathematics, and classical languages would overtax the limited female intellect. Also, for young women to become Learned Ladies of any kind – metaphysicians, historians, speculative philosophers – would cause them “to lose in softness what they gain in force.” Frequently, these writers asserted that “women’s minds do not much generalize ideas.”
If girls and women did not have educable intellects, what qualities were they to develop to be perfect young ladies and thus good wives? Dr. Gregory, in his Letters to His Daughters, wrote: “One of the chief beauties in a female character is a modest reserve, that retiring delicacy which avoids the public eye and is disconcerted even at the gaze of admiration.” He and Dr. Thomas Gisborne held that women can thus “soften men’s hearts and improve their manners” and “diffuse throughout the family circle the enlivening smile of cheerfulness.”
However, other writers of this period of the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century took different views of the proper education for girls and young women. They asserted that men and women were equally endowed by Providence with reason and moral nature and capacity. Thus, girls and women must be taught to exercise their reason – must be taught to think – and must be educated to make sound moral judgements.
How was a proper education to be achieved? Almost all thinkers on the questions of women’s nature and roles wished women to acquire some solid education, and they were critical of the shallow education girls were commonly offered. The usual pattern of education was that first the girl was taught at home by her mother – in Northanger Abbey, we see Catherine Morland’s mother so engaged – then, the girl either attended a boarding school, as Jane and Cassandra Austen did, or were taught at home by a governess, as was Emma Woodhouse. In either case, a limited course of studies, conducted mainly by rote learning, was offered: drawing, dancing, piano playing, penmanship, grammar, spelling, elementary arithmetic, sometimes French. These studies were thought to be sufficient to provide a girl with the accomplishments necessary to attract a suitable husband. Even these shallow studies were frequently weakened by the spread of theories of permissive education in the late eighteenth century. Some girls brought up permissively by their nurses and governesses were not taught to control their tempers and tongues – let alone how to use their minds; the Bertram daughters in Mansfield Park reveal the results of such poor education.
How was a girl at this time to acquire a more substantial education? Primarily through continuous, serious reading. If a girl had a learned father or brother – and consequently, a good library in the home – a wide range of significant books and conversation about them were available to her. A few girls even learned Greek and Latin at home from their fathers and brothers. By the late eighteenth century, women’s social life was broadening and was, also, thus, educational as women participated in dinner parties, assemblies, and the like where it was possible to converse with better educated men on an equal basis. But there were for girls no public schools, like Winchester or Eton, or universities, like Oxford and Cambridge, as there were for boys. Therefore, each girl and young woman had to seek and carry out her own education. In Pride and Prejudice, when Lady Catherine expresses horror that Elizabeth and her sisters did not have a governess to educate them at home – “without a governess you must have been neglected” – Elizabeth replies, “Compared with some families, I believe we were; but such of us as wished to learn, never wanted the means. We were always encouraged to read, and had all the masters that were necessary. Those who chose to be idle certainly might.”
A “proper” education, although variously defined, was necessary for a young woman in Jane Austen’s England so that she could assume her role in the society. Opportunities for self-assertion – for an independent life – were severely restricted, but within the home and within the social community, a woman exerted considerable influence, not only in educating her small children and older daughters and in improving the manners and sensitivity of her husband, but also in refining and conserving the morality of the community. The writer Hannah More said, “To women moral excellence is the grand object of education; and of moral excellence, domestic life is to a woman the appropriate sphere.”
Which of these aspects of a “woman’s place” seems to be important in Jane Austen’s novels? Matters of woman’s legal status, her political rights, and opportunities for professional careers play little, if any, part in Austen’s stories. But, issues about economic security confront most of her heroines – Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters, the Dashwoods, and Fanny Price in particular. Further, a good marriage, which offers not only this economic security and social position, but also love, respect, compatibility, equality, and happiness, is presented as the satisfying conclusion to each novel. The choice, the discovery, of the good husband forms the main line of the action of each novel: how each heroine and her future husband learn to love and esteem each other and thus choose each other. Jane Austen’s views of a proper marriage would at first seem to be at odds with the main stream of the thought of her contemporaries, but, as I have tried to clarify, her views of marriage as a wedding of a woman and a man who are equally rational and moral does correspond to the new attitudes toward marriage which were occurring at this time.
What seems to be the most important of the late eighteenth century issues about “woman’s place” for Jane Austen’s novels is education – the development of the mind and character of the young woman – upon which the issues of marriage and economic security depend. The novels show that Jane Austen disagreed with many of her society’s stereotypes about women’s nature, characters, minds, and roles. The image of the perfect young lady as passive is ridiculed in Mansfield Park in the representation of Lady Bertram, who is so passive that she can rarely rise from the sofa, let alone have an idea of her own. Even Jane Bennet, lovely as she is, is shown to have erred by concealing her feelings in the name of modesty. The image of the young woman as entertaining, even frivolous, in order to capture a man, is satirized repeatedly in the novels – in the representation of Lydia Bennet, Mary Crawford, Isabella Thorpe, among many others. Austen’s representation of her heroines shows that she believed that women possessed both intelligence and moral capacity and that it was important to develop both of these faculties through proper education. Most of her heroines are deficient in traditional accomplishments (Elizabeth and Emma do not practice the piano and Anne plays only moderately); in fact, the traditional accomplishments such as “netting a purse” are ridiculed. But, in each story, the improvement of the mind and character of the heroine is an essential part of the main line of the action.
How does this education, this improvement, come about in the Austen novels? In the main, the heroine educates herself – by observing, listening, travelling from place to place, participating in the life of her society, and by thinking about, reflecting upon these experiences and her own actions and responses. The stories imply that self-awareness, rationality, and moral excellence are the result of observation and experience plus thoughtful reflection. Significant passages in each novel tell of the heroine withdrawing from other people and activities to think about what has happened, what has been said, what she has seen, how she has behaved, and to arrive at new and improved understanding of herself, of others, and of the world around her. In the world of the novels the responsibility for the heroine’s education is her own.
The novels all imply that this educated young woman not only can achieve a happy marriage based on equality rather than subservience, on love rather than submission, but she also can play a crucial role in insuring the moral health of her society, for she can effect order and harmony to manage her household, to promote the happiness of her husband, to provide moral leadership to her family, and to strengthen the life of her community.
In Jane Austen’s novels, these issues of “woman’s place” – economic security, proper marriage, and sound education of girls and young women – are represented realistically – sometimes with sympathy and approval, sometimes with wit, satire, or harsh criticism, but never with didacticism, for Jane Austen’s intellect and artistic genius effectively blended these topics both thematically and aesthetically so that each novel tells the distinctive story of an individual young woman who achieves rational self-awareness, who learns to make sound moral choices, and who chooses a husband whom she loves and esteems and with whom she will live a happy, intimate, compatible, and economically secure life which enriches their society as well. All these values are among the noblest ideals of Jane Austen’s England.
Selected Works Consulted
Brown, Julia Prewitt. Jane Austen’s Novels: Social Change and Literary Form. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.
Hund, Linda, “A Woman’s Portion: Jane Austen and the Female Character.” Fetter’d or Free, ed. Schofield and Macheski. Columbus: Ohio University Press, 1986. 8-28.
Monaghan, David, ed. Jane Austen in a Social Context. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble Books, 1981.
____. Jane Austen: Structure and Social Vision. London: Macmillan, 1980.
Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Rogers, Katherine. Feminism in Eighteenth Century England. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
Smith, LeRoy. Jane Austen and the Drama of Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
Todd, Jannet, ed. Jane Austen: New Perspectives. Women and Literature New Series, Vol. 3. Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983. | <urn:uuid:804f3ce0-7953-4249-b7bc-d2769e043ea2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/printed/number10/swords.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900397.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00030-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976013 | 4,355 | 3.375 | 3 |
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