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Eddoes, Dasheen and Yams
Eddoe or Eddo is a tropical vegetable, a variety of Colocasia esculenta, closely related to taro (dasheen), that is primarily used for its thickened stems (corms). It has smaller corms than taro, and in all but the best cultivars there is an acrid taste that requires careful cooking. The young leaves can also be cooked and eaten, but (unlike taro) they have a somewhat acrid taste.
Eddoes appear to have been developed as a crop in China and Japan and introduced from there to the West Indies where they are sometimes called “Chinese eddoes”. They grow best in rich loam soil with good drainage, but they can be grown in poorer soil, in drier climates, and in cooler temperatures than Taro.
Eddoes are also called malangas in Spanish-speaking areas, but that name is also used for other plants of the Araceae family, including tannia (Xanthosoma spp.). Eddoe is known as arvi or arbi in Urdu and Hindi and kochur mukhi in Bangla languages in South Asia. And chembb or Chembu in Malayalam.
Eddoes make part of the generic classification cará or inhame of the Portuguese language that, aside taro, also includes root vegetables of the genera Alocasia and Dioscorea. They are the most commonly eaten inhames/carás in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, as well as surrounding regions of all. They are also fairly common in Northeastern Brazil, where they might be called batata (literally “potato”), but less so than true yams of the genus Colocasia. According to Brazilian folk knowledge, the eddoes most appropriate to be cooked are those that are more deeply pink, or at least pinkish lavender, in the area where the leaves were cut. (Wiki)
Eddoes is one of my favourite ground provisions. Nutty and wild in flavour it is ideal served with a variety of accompaniments.
Taro // is a common name for the corms and tubers of several plants in the Araceae family. Of these, Colocasia esculenta is the most widely cultivated and the subject of this article. More specifically, this article describes the “dasheen” form of taro; another variety of taro is known as eddoe.
Taro is native to Southern India and Southeast Asia. It is a perennial, tropical plant primarily grown as a root vegetable for its edible starchy corm, and as a leaf vegetable. It is a food staple in African, Oceanic and South Indian cultures and is believed to have been one of the earliest cultivated plants. Colocasia is thought to have originated in the Indo-Malayan region, perhaps in eastern India and Bangladesh, and spread eastward into Southeast Asia, eastern Asia, and the Pacific islands; westward to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean; and then southward and westward from there into East Africa and West Africa, whence it spread to the Caribbean and Americas. It is known by many local names and often referred to as “elephant ears” when grown as an ornamental plant. (Wiki)
Above you can see a photo of what the dasheen plant looks like above ground and the tubers themselves. In this clip Chris from CarribeanPot shows us how to cook dasheen or taro.
Here is a typical dish of ground provisions, salted cod, plantain, dasheen bush spinackh and a johnny bake. Dasheen bush spinach are the leaves of the dasheen plant that grows above ground. It is used to make callaloo and can be fried with onions and peppers just as you would spinach to make a delicious accompaniment.
Here Chris shows you how to cook dasheen bush bhaji (Indian word for spinach)
Yams are widely used by many communities, African, Caribbean and soul-food cooking of the South in America. Here is a link to a variety of recipes that use yams to suit a variety of tastes. Be adventurous try our ground provisions. They make excellent meals and are a great carbohydrate supplement.
Enjoy these recipes from allrecipes… | <urn:uuid:9834e19d-ae44-490c-9e2c-ecb8937332be> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://calalloo127.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589417.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716174032-20180716194032-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.962018 | 925 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Gene Linked with Vitamin B12 Deficiency Found
* Text Courtesy IANS
*Images courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images
(IANS) Vitamin B12 is vital for healthy functioning of our nervous system, but some people who suffer from its deficiency because of a rare genetic disorder, develop psychosis, stroke and dementia, says a study.
"This discovery will lead to the early diagnosis of this serious genetic disorder and has given us new paths to explore treatment options. It also helps explain how vitamin B12 functions in the body, even for those without the disorder," said study co-author David Rosenblatt.
Rosenblatt is a scientist in medical genetics and genomics at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI MUHC), Canada, the journal Nature Genetics reports.
The latest findings build on previous research by the same team from the RI MUHC, with colleagues in Switzerland, Germany and the US.
In previous work, researchers discovered that vitamin B12 enters our cells with the help of a specific transport protein, according to a McGill statement.
Their work led to the discovery of a new gene, ABCD4, tied to the transport of B12 and responsible for the vitamin's deficiency. Using next generation sequencing of the patients' genetic information, scientists identified two mutations in the same ABCD4 gene in patients.
Rosenblatt is the director of one of only two referral labs in the world for patients suspected of having this genetic inability to absorb vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 is also essential for synthesis of red blood cells.
Unable to produce the vitamin itself, the human body has to obtain it from animal-based foods such as milk products, eggs, red meat, chicken, fish, and shellfish - or vitamin supplements.
Vitamin B12 is not found in vegetables. | <urn:uuid:1b902ba7-dccf-47bf-83af-1b696cd2c738> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://healthmeup.com/news-buzz/gene-linked-with-vitamin-b12-deficiency-found/15262 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098059.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00011-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907898 | 379 | 3.28125 | 3 |
sustantivo(often the merchant marine) North American
A country’s shipping that is involved in commerce and trade, as opposed to military activity.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- His real education began when he joined the merchant marine and took a job in a freighter's engine room.
- The future's merchant marine ship looked like a merchant marine ship and the talk was pay and work conditions.
- Such an oligarchy had been predisposed to heavy spending on the navy, producing a fleet strong enough to defend a merchant marine that carried a large proportion of the world's overseas trade.
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: mer·chant ma·rine
Definición de merchant marine en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda | <urn:uuid:75dfcbe5-2c6a-4ef0-b030-7f5f72a6bfb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/merchant-marine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274994.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00120-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.729197 | 236 | 2.65625 | 3 |
12 February marks The International Day Against The Use Of Child Soldiers, otherwise known as Red Hand Day.
The Democratic Republic of Congo is attempting to rehabilitate some of its former child soldiers.
Millions of people have died from violence, disease and hunger in DR Congo since the 1990s, as armed groups have fought for control of the country's vast natural resources.
Former warlord Bosco Ntaganda played a "key role" in ethnic crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, using child soldiers and capturing sex slaves for his rebel army, the International Criminal Court heard on Monday.
By Roger-Claude Liwanga, Special for CNN
Editor’s note: Roger-Claude Liwanga is a human rights lawyer from the Congo and visiting scholar at Boston University. He worked for The Carter Center as a legal consultant, where he developed a training module to train Congolese judges and prosecutors on the protection of children against trafficking for economic exploitation in the mines.
Michel Chikwanine, a university student in Canada who was once a child soldier in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has suffered things no ordinary Japanese child will ever have to.
But, he says, that does not mean Japan has no connection to the widespread problem of child labor, including child soldiers.
Libya, North Korea, Iran and Cuba are among 17 countries worldwide that have done little to combat human trafficking over the past year, according to a State Department report released Tuesday, down from the 23 nations identified a year ago
In its annual Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP), the department said the 17 countries failed to meet minimum international standards to curb trafficking and could face U.S.
Goma — Now we know: Thomas Lubanga is sentenced to spend 14 years in jail for abducting and forcing children to fight in the Second Congo War. Yet the announcement on Tuesday by the International Criminal Court begets another question: what reparations are due to the warlord's victims?
"What I want is very simple: money to boost my business.
In March 2012 the International Criminal Court (ICC) found Congolese rebel leader Thomas Lubanga guilty of recruiting and enlisting child soldiers. The ICC verdict brought attention to Lubanga's co-accused, General Bosco Ntaganda, for whom the ICC issued an arrest warrant nearly six years ago. | <urn:uuid:5993ffa3-af47-4f41-9250-1f54b8317d81> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://palermoprotocol.com/index.php/component/k2/itemlist/tag/congo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424846.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724102308-20170724122308-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.952257 | 485 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The following is the latest of the blogs published for KCO Blogs (Phase 2). this particular blog is written by Mr. H. M. Shafaat Ali, Supervisor, Taxation and Corporate Services. Mr. Shafaat has summarized the the grand phenomenon of Sales Tax. Please provide this blog for enhancing your knowledge but also ascertain the immaculate command of Shafaat Sahib on this subject matter.
An indirect tax, such as sales tax, value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST)) is a tax collected by an intermediary, such as a retail store from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax, such as the buyer of the consumer goods. An indirect tax may increase the price of a good so that consumers are actually paying the tax by paying more for the products. Examples would be tax on fuel, liquor, and cigarettes. Thus, an indirect tax is such which can be shifted or passed on, and invariably, the end customer has to bear the burden.
In Pakistan, the sales tax is charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Pakistan.
Government earns revenue through plenty of ways like interests, dividends, trading profits etc and tax is one of the primary tool of revenue in above mentioned ways. Someone rightly describes tax as;
“A fine is a tax for doing something wrong whilst tax is a fine for doing something right.”
In the late eighties the government decided to replace Sales Tax with the Value Added Tax in the country as a part of its structural adjustment program which was undertaken to correct anomalies & distortions both in our tax & non-tax regimes. Accordingly new enactment titled Sales Tax Act 1990 replaced Sales Tax Act 1951 with effect from 1-11-1990
Persons Liable to pay Sales tax
Following sectors are required to get registration for sales tax and charge sales tax on their supplies/ services:
- Distribution, Wholesale & Retail stage
Sales Tax is chargeable on all locally produced and imported goods except computer software, poultry feeds, medicines and unprocessed agricultural produce of Pakistan and other goods specified in Sixth Schedule to The Sales Tax Act, 1990.
Every person in sectors mentioned above, who makes a taxable supply in Pakistan is required to be registered under the Sales Tax Act. However, from taxable supplies made in any tax period during the last twelve months ending any tax period does not exceed ten million rupees or whose annual utility (electricity, gas and telephone) bills during the last twelve months ending any tax period do not exceed eight hundred thousand rupees.
The Registration Form(s) are submitted to the Central Registration Office, FBR, or Sales Tax Collectorates/ RTOs for the allotment of a Registration Number by the persons liable to be registered under the Sales Tax Act. The taxpayer is then issued a Certificate of Registration.
Filling of Return
As per law each registered person must file a return by the 15th of each month regarding the sales made in the last month. All registered persons are required to file returns electronically and in such cases the payment is to be made by the 15th and return can be submitted on FBR’s e-portal by 18th.
Hafiz M. Shafaat Ali | <urn:uuid:15b7f36e-b541-4278-a945-cdbfeaf99d4d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://khilji.net.pk/sales-tax-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.953511 | 705 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Launched by Microsoft Research, Moscow State University and UC Berkeley, ChronoZoom has, oh, just about 14 billion years for you to learn about as you travel through time. You didn't have anything else planned today, did you?
Titanic Director James Cameron has just joined one of the most exclusive clubs on Earth, becoming just the third person to reach the deepest part of the ocean, and return safely to the surface.
Generating a non-destructive 100 Tesla magnetic field has been a project of the Los Alamos National Lab for about a decade and a half, and just yesterday, they managed to pull it off. A huge nested magnet hooked up to an even huger generator kicked out a pulse 2 million times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field, and it screamed in the process.
From Blastr: On Sept. 13, 1999, a tragedy befell all mankind. An accident of unknown origin at the nuclear waste dumps on the far side of the moon caused a massive explosion that hurled the moon out of Earth orbit.
There's a lot we take for granted each day. How food gets to the table. The way electricity powers our appliances. Downloading music. All of these things got their start somewhere.
Scientists have successfully germinated a plant from an Ice Age fruit found squirrel burrow deep in the Russian permafrost. At 30,000 years old, the plant material is the oldest plant to ever be revived.
If you are not a Navy seal — which I am not — you may not be aware that current night vision goggles are on the cumbersome side. The problem is how to cool the bad boys down enough to provide an accurate visual signature. So the beauty of the solution to improving them and lightening them up coming from an ethereal little butterfly is not lost on me.
Fossils are capable of giving up incredible secrets — the color of a feather, the sheen of a wing and now the sound of a chirp. A chirp doesn't sound like much but considering it last sounded 165 million years ago, it's music to scientist's ears.
Just because Valentine's Day is coming up doesn't mean you have to change who you are to give a great gift. If flowers, chocolates and fine dining (molecular gastronomy excepted) make you think, "been there, done that," then we've got some ideas for you. We've hunted around to come up with gift ideas that are off the beaten path for you to consider. Are you in love with a bonafide geek? A Trekkie? A science buff? We've got you all covered — just hop on into the gallery below.
You may have heard, but there are some folks out there who aren't too pleased with all the plastic we have in clogging our landfills and killing our wildlife. Luckily, now all these anti-our-giant-and-oh-so-necessary-3-friggin'-liter-bottles-of-sugar-water might be able to throw a party replete with tofu cubes and spring rolls: a mushroom has been found in the Amazon that might simply eat it all. Yep. | <urn:uuid:d8c07572-bfba-4423-b0f5-99955c11fbef> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.dvice.com/tags/science?page=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00047-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950516 | 659 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is Coir?
Coir is naturally resistant to rot, mold and moisture. It does not require chemical treatment and can be spun and woven into matting/grass. It provides adequate strength and durability to protect slopes from erosion while allowing vegetation to flourish.
Erosion Control Mats and Blankets
Coir erosion control blankets, also known as coconut blankets/mats or coir blankets, are used extensively for slope stabilization, landslide stabilization and river-bank protection. They are easily transported and deployed; they can be secured to the ground, eventually becoming part of the soil structure. The coconut fibre blankets are environmentally friendly and do not pose potential contamination risks. Hazardous chemicals or synthetic materials are not used within the matrix, and over time, coir completely disintegrates, leaving only humus. Coir blankets are also excellent for use in landscaping, vegetation control and sediment control.
The Advantages of Coir in Erosion Control Products
Coir fibers have an advantage over synthetic fibers. They retain their physical properties while being water absorbent. They store up water and build an ideal microclimate for the seeds underneath. Of all natural fibers, coir has the greatest tensile strength. All erosion control blankets are manufactured using natural coir fiber. A PP netting or a jute netting holds the fiber together.
The following are the standard sizes of the erosion control mats/ blankets produced by Coir Green:
- CoirGreen™ 300g Erosion Control Blankets with PP or Jute
- CoirGreen™ 400g Erosion Control Blankets with PP or Jute
- CoirGreen™ 450g Erosion Control Blankets with PP or Jute
- CoirGreen™ 700g Erosion Control Blankets with PP or Jute
- CoirGreen™ 900g Erosion Control Blankets with PP or Jute
"Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop off like autumn leaves."
- John Muir (1838-1914)
CoirGreen™ – "Environmentally Friendly" | <urn:uuid:e8b00be6-055e-4dd1-a86b-cda8a39cc38e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://coirgreen.com/products-and-usage/erosion-control/cgblankets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.899246 | 464 | 2.625 | 3 |
Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Bishop of Calama in Numidia, author of a short life of St. Augustine and of an indiculus or list of St. Augustine's writings. The dates of his birth and death are unknown; he was alive and in exile in 437 according to Prosper, who, in his "Chronicle", records that Possidius and two other bishops were persecuted and expelled from their sees by the Vandal king, Genseric, who was an Arian. Possidius (Vita S. Augustini, xxxi), after describing the death of St. Augustine, speaks of his unbroken friendship with him for forty years. He also, speaking of himself in the third person, lets it be known that he was one of the clergy of St. Augustine's monastery (ibid., xii). The date of his promotion to the episcopate was, according to Tillemont, about 397. He followed St. Augustine's example and established a monastery at Calama. At a council, held at Carthage, Possidius challenged Crispinus, the Donatist Bishop of Calama, to a public discussion which the latter declined. Shortly afterwards one of Crispinus's clergy, bearing the same name as his bishop, attempted to assassinate Possidius. Legal proceedings were instituted against Crispinus, the bishop, who refused to punish his presbyter. He was proved to be a heretic and was heavily fined, but at the intercession of Possidius the fine was not exacted ("Vita", xii; St. Augustine, "Ep.", cv, 4; "Contra Crescon.", III, xlvi). In 407, Possidius served, with St. Augustine and five other bishops, on a committee appointed to adjudicate upon some ecclesiastical matter, the particulars of which are not known. In 408 he nearly lost his life in a riot stirred up by the pagans at Callama (St. Augustine, "Epp.", xc, xci, xciii). In 409 he was one of four bishops deputed to go to Italy to obtain the protection of the emperor against the Donatists. He was one of the seven bishops chosen to represent the Catholic party at the "Collatio" of 411. In 416 he assisted at the Council of Milevum, where fifty-nine Numidian bishops addressed a synodal letter to Innocent I, asking him to take action against Pelagianism. He joined with St. Augustine and three other bishops in a further letter to Innocent on the same subject, and was at the conference between St. Augustine and the Donatist Emeritus. When the Vandals invaded Africa, he fled to Hippo and was present at the death of St. Augustine (430). His "Vita S. Augustini", composed before the capture of Carthage (439), is included in all editions of the works of St. Augustine, and also printed in Hurter's "Opusc. SS. Patr.". His indiculus will be found in the last volume of Migne's edition of the works of St. Augustine and in the tenth volume of the Benedictine edition.
CEILLIER, Hist. des auteurs ecclés., XII; TILLEMONT, Mémoires, XIII.
APA citation. (1911). St. Possidius. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12318a.htm
MLA citation. "St. Possidius." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12318a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Dave Ofstead.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:862168ec-d8cb-426b-86ce-aa8bb7cc0693> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12318a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607813.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524112717-20170524132717-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.959339 | 937 | 2.578125 | 3 |
cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in artery walls. This buildup is called
atherosclerosis. It can lead to coronary artery disease
(CAD), heart attack, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and peripheral arterial disease.
Atherosclerosis can cause these problems because it:
- Narrows your arteries. When enough plaque builds up, it starts to narrow your arteries. This happens slowly over many years. In time, the plaque can limit blood flow throughout your body, including the heart and brain.
- Hardens your arteries. A healthy artery can widen (dilate) so that more blood can flow through when needed, such as during activity. When hard plaque forms in the walls of an artery, it can make the artery too stiff to widen. This "hardening" of your arteries can also limit blood flow in your body.
- Blocks your arteries. When a blood clot forms around a crack or rupture in the plaque, it can block the artery. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.
For more information, see: | <urn:uuid:16b2a9c3-cd4f-4120-84fb-7a650513c307> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.everydayhealth.com/health-center/high-cholesterol-what-happens.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829393.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00392-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929655 | 225 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Countless hungry and restless ghosts are roaming Hong Kong, and the world, to visit their living descendants, at least according to Chinese convention. In traditional Chinese belief, the seventh month of the lunar year is reserved for the Hungry Ghost festival, or Yu Lan , a raucous celebration marked by feasts and music. This year the festival began Aug. 10. According to folklore, the ghosts who wander the physical world are ravenous and envious after dying without descendants or because they were not venerated by relatives who are still alive. The hungry spirits need to be appeased, so ethnic Chinese around the world offer prayers to their deceased relatives along with sticks of joss, or incense.
They also burn mock currency known as "hell money" and other paper copies of material wealth such as TV sets, mobile phones, and even iPads and iPhones, which the ghosts use when they return to the underworld. Neighborhoods hold nightly shows of shrill Chinese operas and pop concerts, with the front rows of seats always empty—reserved for the ghosts. The shows are accompanied by extravagant feasts of grilled pork, broiled chicken, rice, and fruit. The offerings are made in the hope that the spirits will help them find good jobs, earn good grades, or even win the lottery. The festival peaks on the 15th day of the lunar month—the most auspicious—when families offer cooked food to the ghosts. | <urn:uuid:c6921ed7-e0ad-4543-adb0-3e13b39f3a56> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newser.com/story/192957/hungry-ghosts-roam-hong-kong.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284429.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954086 | 289 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By Antony Thomas
Washington, DC (CHAKRA) – An Indian-origin researcher at Saint Louis University claims that an extract from bitter melon, commonly eaten and known as karela in India, causes a chain of events which helps to kill breast cancer cells and prevents them from multiplying. The taste of bitter melon known for its bitter taste is commonly eaten by families. Bitter melon is very popular in India where it is prepared with potatoes and served with yogurt to offset its bitter taste.
Ratna Ray, the lead researcher and professor at Saint Louis University said she was surprised to learn that the extract in bitter melon which she uses for stir fry can prevent breast cancer cells from growing.
Ray said, “To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the effect of bitter melon extract on cancer cells.” Furthermore she said, “Our result was encouraging. We have shown that bitter melon extract significantly induced death in breast cancer cells and decreased their growth and spread.”Past research has shown that bitter melon is also a substance which lowers blood sugar and cholesterol levels. That is why Ray decided to look further into bitter melon’s effect on breast cancer cells.
Ray used human breast cancer cells in a controlled lab experiment setting to conduct her research.
“There have been significant advances in breast cancer treatment, which have improved patient survival and quality of life. However women continue to die of the disease and new treatment strategies are essential,” Ray said.
She added, “Cancer prevention by the use of naturally occurring dietary substances is considered a practical approach to reduce the ever-increasing incidence of cancer. Studying a high risk breast cancer population where bitter melon is taken as a dietary product will be an important area of future research.” | <urn:uuid:cd45e544-9065-44c9-b956-6360c4c39dcc> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.chakranews.com/cancer-cure-in-karela-also-known-as-bitter-melon/418 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662856.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00162-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963075 | 371 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In the first years of her career in brain research, Beth Stevens thought of microglia with annoyance if she thought of them at all. When she gazed into a microscope and saw these ubiquitous cells with their spidery tentacles, she did what most neuroscientists had been doing for generations: she looked right past them and focused on the rest of the brain tissue, just as you might look through specks of dirt on a windshield.
“What are they doing there?” she thought. “They’re in the way.’”
Stevens never would have guessed that just a few years later, she would be running a laboratory at Harvard and Boston’s Children’s Hospital devoted to the study of these obscure little clumps. Or that she would be arguing in the world’s top scientific journals that microglia might hold the key to understanding not just normal brain development but also what causes Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, autism, schizophrenia, and other intractable brain disorders.
Microglia are part of a larger class of cells—known collectively as glia—that carry out an array of functions in the brain, guiding its development and serving as its immune system by gobbling up diseased or damaged cells and carting away debris. Along with her frequent collaborator and mentor, Stanford biologist Ben Barres, and a growing cadre of other scientists, Stevens, 45, is showing that these long-overlooked cells are more than mere support workers for the neurons they surround. Her work has raised a provocative suggestion: that brain disorders could somehow be triggered by our own bodily defenses gone bad.
In one groundbreaking paper, in January, Stevens and researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard showed that aberrant microglia might play a role in schizophrenia—causing or at least contributing to the massive cell loss that can leave people with devastating cognitive defects. Crucially, the researchers pointed to a chemical pathway that might be targeted to slow or stop the disease. Last week, Stevens and other researchers published a similar finding for Alzheimer’s.
This might be just the beginning. Stevens is also exploring the connection between these tiny structures and other neurological diseases—work that earned her a $625,000 MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant last September.
All of this raises intriguing questions. Is it possible that many common brain disorders, despite their wide-ranging symptoms, are caused or at least worsened by the same culprit, a component of the immune system? If so, could many of these disorders be treated in a similar way—by stopping these rogue cells?
It’s not surprising that scientists for years have ignored microglia and other glial cells in favor of neurons. Neurons that fire together allow us to think, breathe, and move. We see, hear, and feel using neurons, and we form memories and associations when the connections between different neurons strengthen at the junctions between them, known as synapses. Many neuroscientists argue that neurons create our very consciousness.
Glia, on the other hand, have always been considered less important and interesting. They have pedestrian duties such as supplying nutrients and oxygen to neurons, as well as mopping up stray chemicals and carting away the garbage.
Scientists have known about glia for some time. In the 1800s, the pathologist Rudolf Virchow noted the presence of small round cells packing the spaces between neurons and named them “nervenkitt” or “neuroglia,” which can be translated as nerve putty or glue. One variety of these cells, known as astrocytes, was defined in 1893. And then in the 1920s, the Spanish scientist Pio del Río Hortega developed novel ways of staining cells taken from the brain. This led him to identify and name two more types of glial cells, including microglia, which are far smaller than the others and are characterized by their spidery shape and multiple branches. It is only when the brain is damaged in adulthood, he suggested, that microglia spring to life—rushing to the injury, where it was thought they helped clean up the area by eating damaged and dead cells. Astrocytes often appeared on the scene as well; it was thought that they created scar tissue.
This emergency convergence of microglia and astrocytes was dubbed “gliosis,” and by the time Ben Barres entered medical school in the late 1970s, it was well established as a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, infection, and a wide array of other medical conditions. But no one seemed to understand why it occurred. That intrigued Barres, then a neurologist in training, who saw it every time he looked under a microscope at neural tissue in distress. “It was just really fascinating,” he says. “The great mystery was: what is the point of this gliosis? Is it good? Is it bad? Is it driving the disease process, or is it trying to repair the injured brain?”
Barres began looking for the answer. He learned how to grow glial cells in a dish and apply a new recording technique to them. He could measure their electrical qualities, which determine the biochemical signaling that all brain cells use to communicate and coördinate activity.
“From the second I started recording the glial cells, I thought ‘Oh, my God!’” Barres recalls. The electrical activity was more dynamic and complex than anyone had thought. These strange electrical properties could be explained only if the glial cells were attuned to the conditions around them, and to the signals released from nearby neurons. Barres’s glial cells, in other words, had all the machinery necessary to engage in a complex dialogue with neurons, and presumably to respond to different kinds of conditions in the brain.
Why would they need this machinery, though, if they were simply involved in cleaning up dead cells? What could they possibly be doing? It turns out that in the absence of chemicals released by glia, the neurons committed the biochemical version of suicide. Barres also showed that the astrocytes appeared to play a crucial role in forming synapses, the microscopic connections between neurons that encode memory. In isolation, neurons were capable of forming the spiny appendages necessary to reach the synapses. But without astrocytes, they were incapable of connecting to one another.
Hardly anyone believed him. When he was a young faculty member at Stanford in the 1990s, one of his grant applications to the National Institutes of Health was rejected seven times. “Reviewers kept saying, ‘Nah, there’s no way glia could be doing this,’” Barres recalls. “And even after we published two papers in Science showing that [astrocytes] had profound, almost all-or-nothing effects in controlling synapses’ formation or synapse activity, I still couldn’t get funded! I think it’s still hard to get people to think about glia as doing anything active in the nervous system.”
Marked for elimination
Beth Stevens came to study glia by accident. After graduating from Northeastern University in 1993, she followed her future husband to Washington, D.C., where he had gotten work in the U.S. Senate. Stevens had been pre-med in college and hoped to work in a lab at the National Institutes of Health. But with no previous research experience, she was soundly rebuffed. So she took a job waiting tables at a Chili’s restaurant in nearby Rockville, Maryland, and showed up at NIH with her résumé every week.
After a few months, Stevens received a call from a researcher named Doug Fields, who needed help in his lab. Fields was studying the intricacies of the process in which neurons become insulated in a coating called myelin. That insulation is essential for the transmission of electrical impulses.
As Stevens spent the following years pursuing a PhD at the University of Maryland, she was intrigued by the role that glial cells played in insulating neurons. Along the way, she became familiar with other insights into glial cells that were beginning to emerge, especially from the lab of Ben Barres. Which is why, soon after completing her PhD in 2003, Stevens found herself a postdoc in Barres’s lab at Stanford, about to make a crucial discovery.
Barres’s group had begun to identify the specific compounds astrocytes secreted that seemed to cause neurons to grow synapses. And eventually, they noticed that these compounds also stimulated production of a protein called C1q.
Conventional wisdom held that C1q was activated only in sick cells—the protein marked them to be eaten up by immune cells—and only outside the brain. But Barres had found it in the brain. And it was in healthy neurons that were arguably at their most robust stage: in early development. What was the C1q protein doing there?
The answer lies in the fact that marking cells for elimination is not something that happens only in diseased brains; it is also essential for development. As brains develop, their neurons form far more synaptic connections than they will eventually need. Only the ones that are used are allowed to remain. This pruning allows for the most efficient flow of neural transmissions in the brain, removing noise that might muddy the signal.
But it was unknown how exactly the process worked. Was it possible that C1q helped signal the brain to prune unused synapses? Stevens focused her postdoctoral research on finding out. “We could have been completely wrong,” she recalls. “But we went for it.”
It paid off. In a 2007 paper, Barres and Stevens showed that C1q indeed plays a role in eliminating unneeded neurons in the developing brain. And they found that the protein is virtually absent in healthy adult neurons.
Now the scientists faced a new puzzle. Does C1q show up in brain diseases because the same mechanism involved in pruning a developing brain later goes awry? Indeed, evidence was already growing that one of the earliest events in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s was significant loss of synapses.
When Stevens and Barres examined mice bred to develop glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease that kills neurons in the optic system, they found that C1q appeared long before any other detectable sign that the disease was taking hold. It cropped up even before the cells started dying.
This suggested the immune cells might in fact cause the disease, or at the very least accelerate it. And that offered an intriguing possibility: that something could be made to halt the process. Barres founded a company, Annexon Biosciences, to develop drugs that could block C1q. Last week's paper published by Barres, Stevens, and other researchers shows that a compound being tested by Annexon appears to be able to prevent the onset of Alzheimer’s in mice bred to develop the disease. Now the company hopes to test it in humans in the next two years.
Paths to treatments
To better understand the process that C1q helps trigger, Stevens and Barres wanted to figure out what actually plays the role of Pac-Man, eating up the synapses marked for death. It was well known that white blood cells known as macrophages gobbled up diseased cells and foreign invaders in the rest of the body. But macrophages are not usually present in the brain. For their theory to work, there had to be some other mechanism. And further research has shown that the cells doing the eating even in healthy brains are those mysterious clusters of material that Beth Stevens, for years, had been gazing right past in the microscope—the microglia that Río Hortega identified almost 100 years ago.
Now Stevens’s lab at Harvard, which she opened in 2008, devotes half its efforts to figuring out what microglia are doing and what causes them to do it. These cells, it turns out, appear in the mouse embryo at day eight, before any other brain cell, which suggests they might help guide the rest of brain development—and could contribute to any number of neurodevelopmental diseases when they go wrong.
Meanwhile, she is also expanding her study of the way different substances determine what happens in the brain. C1q is actually just the first in a series of proteins that accumulate on synapses marked for elimination. Stevens has begun to uncover evidence that there is a wide array of protective “don’t eat me” molecules too. It’s the balance between all these cues that regulates whether microglia are summoned to destroy synapses. Problems in any one could, conceivably, mess up the system.
Evidence is now growing that microglia are involved in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. The potential link to schizophrenia that was revealed in January emerged after researchers at the Broad Institute, led by Steven McCarroll and a graduate student named Aswin Sekar, followed a trail of genetic clues that led them directly to Stevens’s work. In 2009, three consortia from around the globe had published papers comparing DNA in people with and without schizophrenia. It was Sekar who identified a possible pattern: the more a specific type of protein was present in synapses, the higher the risk of developing the disease. The protein, C4, was closely related to C1q, the one first identified in the brain by Stevens and Barres.
McCarroll knew that schizophrenia strikes in late adolescence and early adulthood, a time when brain circuits in the prefrontal cortex undergo extensive pruning. Others had found that areas of the prefrontal cortex are among those most ravaged by the disease, which leads to massive synapse loss. Could it be that over-pruning by rogue microglia is part of what causes schizophrenia?
To find out, Sekar and McCarroll got in touch with Stevens, and the two labs began to hold joint weekly meetings. They soon demonstrated that C4 also had a role in pruning synapses in the brains of young mice, suggesting that excessive levels of the protein could indeed lead to over-pruning—and to the thinning out of brain tissue that appears to occur as symptoms such as psychotic episodes grow worse.
If the brain damage seen in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s stems from over-pruning that might begin early in life, why don’t symptoms of those diseases show up until later? Barres thinks he knows. He notes that the brain can normally compensate for injury by rewiring itself and generating new synapses. It also contains a lot of redundancy. That would explain why patients with Parkinson’s disease don’t show discernible symptoms until they have lost 90 percent of the neurons that produce dopamine.
It also might mean that subtle symptoms could in fact be detected much earlier. Barres points to a study of nuns published in 2000. When researchers analyzed essays the nuns had written upon entering their convents decades before, they found that women who went on to develop Alzheimer’s had shown less “idea density” even in their 20s. “I think the implication of that is they could be lifelong diseases,” Barres says. “The disease process could be going on for decades and the brain is just compensating, rewiring, making new synapses.” At some point, the microglia are triggered to remove too many cells, Barres argues, and the symptoms of the disease begin to manifest fully.
Turning this insight into a treatment is far from straightforward, because much remains unclear. Perhaps an overly aggressive response from microglia is determined by some combination of genetic variants not shared by everyone. Stevens also notes that diseases like schizophrenia are not caused by one mutation; rather, a wide array of mutations with small effects cause problems when they act in concert. The genes that control the production of C4 and other immune-system proteins may be only part of the story. That may explain why not everyone who has a C4 mutation will go on to develop schizophrenia.
Nonetheless, if Barres and Stevens are right that the immune system is a common mechanism behind devastating brain disorders, that in itself is a fundamental breakthrough. Because we have not known the mechanisms that trigger such diseases, medical researchers have been able only to alleviate the symptoms rather than attack the causes. There are no drugs available to halt or even slow neurodegeneration in diseases like Alzheimer’s. Some drugs elevate neurotransmitters in ways that briefly make it easier for individuals with dementia to form new synaptic connections, but they don’t reduce the rate at which existing synapses are destroyed. Similarly, there are no treatments that tackle the causes of autism or schizophrenia. Even slowing the progress of these disorders would be a major advance. We might finally go after diseases that have run unchecked for generations.
“We’re a ways away from a cure,” Stevens says. “But we definitely have a path forward.”
Adam Piore is a freelance writer who wrote “A Shocking Way to Fix the Brain” in November/December 2015. | <urn:uuid:99991f6b-af7d-4d42-9607-ff5d8635a9cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601137/the-rogue-immune-cells-that-wreck-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.972277 | 3,592 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Abiotic and biotic disturbances have major impacts on the health and vitality of the world’s forests and can result in substantial economic and environmental losses. They can have adverse effects on tree growth and survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and scenic and cultural values. Global climate change is exacerbating these impacts and there is still major uncertainty about the interactions between disturbance, climate change and forests.
Please browse our website to find more information on global forest health issues and how FAO is working to address them.
Dr. Shiroma Sathyapala | <urn:uuid:22fb27e7-1803-43c2-a715-6e7665b66609> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.fao.org/forestry/pests/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.905348 | 121 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Alexis de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” was inspired by the Frenchman’s journey through the United States in 1831. A translated and revised edition boasts eight hundred pages!…not an easy read, but on the schedule for my tenth grader’s homeschool transcript. Since I strongly suspected that she was neglecting the task, I have taken up reading the text aloud, as she eats breakfast each morning.
Tocqueville’s nineteenth century observations are jolting, as many accurately describe today’s struggles. One early notation described the central government’s tendency to become tyrannical as it demands, “You will act as I wish, to the extent that I wish, and precisely in the direction I wish. You will be responsible for the following details without any design on directing the whole: you will toil in darkness and will judge my work later by its results.”
Tocqueville notes that “It is not under such conditions that one achieves the support of men’s will. Men must walk in freedom, responsible for their own behavior. Man is built in such a way that he prefers to stand still rather than march forward without independence toward an unknown goal.”
Alexis de Tocqueville was not a religious man. He grew up in a very liberal post-revolutionary France. His unbiased detailed recordings of life in America are remarkable and hopeful.
There are unique reasons to be concerned in these “modern” times, but it seems that men do not change. The good and the bad have always been among us. The remaining hope is that indeed this nation’s founding was an unique example of freedom and liberty. Though no credit is given to the Almighty, Tocqueville can’t help but observe that the Founders’ faith was the impetus for the transformative idea of the equality of men.
When society enforces the idea that “all men are created equal” government cannot rule! If the rights of our inherent individual liberty are abandoned we lose our freedom to the unkind, uncontrolled, and unsustainable central administration.
We are living in a time foreseen in “Democracy in America.” Centralized government is out of control. It cannot stop itself from growing and devouring every liberty of man. It can only be stopped by man. Even one man! A wise President could stop this. But there is little time left.
America needs a wise leader like Dr. Ben Carson. It needs a sincere leader like Governor Bobby Jindal. It needs a brave leader like Senator Ted Cruz. It needs a godly leader like Governor Mike Huckabee. It needs an experienced leader like Governor Scott Walker.
I don’t see perfection in any of these possibilities, but they are just that… very possibly the ones to lead this nation back to the freedom our Founders gave us.
“For you were called to freedom, brothers. Only do not use your freedom as an opportunity for the flesh, but through love serve one another.” (Galatians 5:13/ESV)
The purpose of this blog is to encourage Christ-followers to see God’s Big Picture and be a part of it. Adonai Eloheinu! | <urn:uuid:3446b333-8582-4b81-b6ea-14b1b98d4a5a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://hisbigpictureview.org/2015/02/27/timely-observations-by-tocqueville/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865863.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523235059-20180524015059-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.960834 | 691 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder
In this article, we will give you some information about paranoid personality disorder. First, let’s talk about what paranoid personality disorder is.
A mental illness marked by psychotic visions and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others is Paranoid personality disorder (PPD). Via diligent scanning of the environment for signs or feedback may reinforce their perceptions or prejudices. Individuals with this personality condition may be hypersensitive, readily offended, and habitually connect to the universe.
A state of continuous insecurity and skepticism that begins in young adulthood and occurs under different circumstances, interpreting the behavior of others as malicious.
1) Suspecting to be exploited, deceived or harmed by others without sufficient basis
2) Doubting on friends or colleagues’ loyalty and reliability.
3) Not sharing secrets for fear of abusement.
4) Deriving humiliating or intimidating meaning from ordinary words
5) Holding a grudge, not forgiving injustices or ignorance
6) Thinking his/her dignity has disregarded, and suddenly reacting with anger or opposition.
7) Getting suspicious of the infidelity of sexual partner
It does not occur only during the course of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder with Psychotic Properties or another Psychotic Disorder and is not about the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition.
Last Updated on December 17, 2020 by Lucas Berg | <urn:uuid:99065fb1-4d0e-4de8-8053-3434399178c0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.cbtcognitivebehavioraltherapy.com/paranoid-personality-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.888968 | 286 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The symptoms of a lipstick allergy are comparable to those of food allergies, being that the everyday woman ingests up to four pounds of lipstick over her lifetime. Lipsticks contain numerous food-based ingredients such as olive oil, vegetable oil and natural pigments extracted from vegetables and herbs. Familiarise yourself with a lipstick's ingredient label to avoid experiencing unpleasant and, in some cases, severe symptoms.
An allergic reaction to lipstick will most likely occur directly on the application site. The lips can undergo angioadema, otherwise known as swelling that happens beneath the skin. The lips may also appear red, puffy and hypersensitive. In extreme cases, bumps and blisters can develop. Because lipstick enters the mouth by licking the lips and other similar activities, itching of the mouth, tongue and throat can occur. These skin problems may aggravate existing skin conditions such as eczema.
Carmine, a red pigment derived from crushed beetle shells, can be found in many lipsticks and food products and has been known to cause allergies in some people.
Respiratory issues such as laboured breathing and shortness of breath can be induced by a lipstick allergy. People who have asthma may find their respiratory function more difficult than usual. Nasal congestion, runny nose, lightheadedness and fainting are other signs that a person may exhibit.
Lipstick consumption can produce abdominal pains, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms most likely worsen with greater consumption. Since symptoms are more likely to appear at the application site, these gastrointestinal symptoms are more likely to be coupled with the skin problems that flare up because of the allergen. Lipsticks that appear "frosty" may contain an additional compound called bismuth oxychloride. According to Lifescript, bismuth's toxicity levels are low when ingested, but may produce allergic reactions in some people.
In severe cases, anaphylaxis may occur quickly after exposure. The entire body reacts negatively to the allergen, inhibiting primary functions of major systems. Airways may become obstructed, and death can occur. Symptoms can include all the conditions listed above in addition to anxiety, confusion, coughing, difficulty swallowing, hives, palpitations, slurred speech and wheezing. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition and requires immediate medical attention. If you think you are experiencing anaphylaxis, call 911 immediately. If your doctor prescribed you an epinephrine pen for severe allergic reactions, inject the epinephrine before you call 911.
- Jupiterimages/BananaStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:d85187a5-3f01-41ea-a031-eb7a67fda89e> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_7961410_symptoms-lipstick-allergy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626154459-20190626180459-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.925875 | 533 | 3 | 3 |
Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, is a common way to treat early stage prostate cancer. Doctors who specialize in treating cancers with radiation are known as radiation oncologists. In radiation therapy, high-energy X-rays are used to kill cancer cells. In early-stage prostate cancer, radiation can be used instead of surgery, or it may be used after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that may remain in the area. In advanced stages of prostate cancer, it may be given to relieve pain or other problems.
Radiation therapy for early stage prostate cancer can be given in a variety of ways. The two most common ways are external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) involves the delivery of radiation via a machine that aims X-rays at the body. During brachytherapy or interstitial implantation, a physician places small pellets or seeds of radioactive material directly into the prostate gland.
- External Beam Radiation Therapy
- Proton Beam Therapy
- Interstitial Brachytherapy
- Side Effects From Radiation
- EBRT or Brachytherapy?
- Treatment of Bone Metastases
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer is given on an outpatient basis, five days a week, for approximately six to eight weeks. EBRT begins with a planning session, or simulation, where marks are placed on the body and measurements are taken in order to line up the radiation beam in the correct position for each treatment. Patients lie on a table and are treated with radiation from multiple directions to the pelvis. The actual area of the pelvis receiving radiation treatment may be large or small, depending on the features of the cancer. Radiation can be delivered specifically to the prostate gland (prostate-only radiation) or encompass the surrounding pelvic lymph nodes in addition to the prostate gland (whole-pelvic radiation). Patients who are receiving treatment to a larger area of the pelvis may undergo another planning session to focus the radiation to the prostate gland, where cancer cells are greatest.
As the technology for delivering radiation therapy has evolved, important advances have been made in the ability of physicians to precisely target the area of the cancer with higher doses of radiation while sparing normal tissue to the extent possible. EBRT can be delivered more precisely in greater doses using a variety of newer techniques.1
Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT): 3D-CRT uses computers to precisely map the location of your prostate. Radiation beams are then shaped and aimed at the prostate from several directions, which makes it less likely to damage normal tissues.1
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): IMRT is an advanced form of 3D-CRT that allows doctors to customize the radiation dose by modulating, or varying, the amount of radiation given to different parts of the body being treated. The radiation intensity is adjusted with the use of computer-controlled, moveable “leaves” that either block or allow the passage of radiation from the many beams that are aimed at the treatment area. The leaves are carefully adjusted according to the shape, size, and location of the tumor. As a result, more radiation can be delivered to the tumor cells while less is directed at the normal cells that are nearby.2
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT): may be used in combination with other approaches such as IMRT. IGRT involves imaging during the course of radiation treatment, and is able to account for changes in the patient’s body or position that may shift the exact location of the cancer. The location of the prostate, for example, may vary somewhat depending on the contents of the bladder or rectum.
Proton beam therapy focuses beams of protons instead of x-rays on the cancer. Protons are positive parts of atoms. Unlike x-rays, which release energy both before and after they hit their target, protons cause little damage to tissues they pass through and release their energy only after traveling a certain distance. This means that proton beams can, in theory, deliver more radiation to the prostate while doing less damage to nearby normal tissues.
Proton beams can be aimed with similar techniques to 3D-CRT and IMRT. Although early results are promising, so far studies have not shown that proton beam therapy is significantly better in the long-run than other types of EBRT. Thus far some but not all studies suggest that PBT may have fewer short term side effects however PBT is substantially more costly than IMRT and does not appear to produce a difference in toxicity 12 months after treatment.2,3
Internal radiation is known by a number of names: “interstitial brachytherapy,” “seeds,” or “implantation.” These terms refer to treatment where radioactive material is placed directly into the prostate gland. For prostate cancer, the most common method of interstitial brachytherapy is permanent implantation of radioactive seeds into the prostate gland through the perineum. The perineum is the area of skin between the scrotum and the anus. The implantation procedure is performed in the operating room while the patient is asleep or numb from the waist down. An imaging device known as an ultrasound is inserted into the rectum to visualize and guide placement of the seeds with needles into the prostate. After the procedure, the patient will temporarily contain a small amount of radiation from the seeds. Although this amount is not generally dangerous to most other people, some doctors may advise patients to avoid close contact with young children or pregnant women for several weeks.
Because implant radiation focuses the radiation closely around the prostate, this form of radiation works best in patients with early-stage prostate cancer. If the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level or Gleason score is high, another form of treatment may provide improved results. Also, seed implantation does not work as well in patients who have had prior transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), prior prostate infections, or in patients with large size prostate glands. There are 2 types of prostate brachytherapy. Both are done in an operating room and require some type of anesthesia.4
Permanent (low dose rate, or LDR) Brachytherapy: In this approach, pellets (seeds) of radioactive material (such as iodine-125 or palladium-103) are placed inside thin needles, which are inserted through the skin in the area between the scrotum and anus and into the prostate. The pellets are left in place as the needles are removed and give off low doses of radiation for weeks or months. Radiation from the seeds travels a very short distance, so the seeds can put out a very large amount of radiation to a very small area. This lowers the amount of damage done to the healthy tissues that are close to the prostate.
Usually, anywhere from 40 to 100 seeds are placed. Because they are so small, the seeds cause little discomfort, and they are simply left in place after their radioactive material is used up. This type of radiation therapy requires spinal anesthesia (where the lower half of your body is numbed) or general anesthesia (where you are asleep) and may require an overnight stay in the hospital.
Temporary (high dose rate, or HDR) Brachytherapy: This is a newer technique. Hollow needles are placed through the skin between the scrotum and anus and into the prostate. Soft nylon tubes (catheters) are placed in these needles. The needles are then removed but the catheters stay in place. Radioactive iridium-192 or cesium-137 is then placed in the catheters, usually for 5 to 15 minutes. Generally, about 3 brief treatments are given, and the radioactive substance is removed each time. The treatments are usually given over 2 days. After the last treatment the catheters are removed. For about a week after treatment, you may have some pain or swelling in the area between your scrotum and rectum, and your urine may be reddish-brown.
These treatments are usually combined with EBRT given at a lower dose than if used by itself. The total dose of radiation is computed so that it is high enough to kill all the cancer cells. The potential advantage of this approach is that most of the radiation is concentrated in the prostate gland itself.4
Possible Risks of Brachytherapy: If you receive permanent brachytherapy seeds, they will give off small amounts of radiation for several weeks. Even though the radiation doesn’t travel far, your doctor may advise you to stay away from pregnant women and small children during this time. You may be asked to take other precautions as well, such as wearing a condom during sex.
There is also a small risk that some of the seeds may move (migrate). You may be asked to strain your urine for the first week or so to catch any seeds that might come out. Be sure to carefully follow any instructions your doctor gives you. There have also been reports of the seeds moving through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, such as the lungs. As far as doctors can tell, this doesn’t seem to cause any ill effects and happens very rarely.
Although patients do not feel anything while receiving a radiation treatment, the effects of radiation gradually build up over time. Many patients experience fatigue as treatment continues. Side effects increase with patient age and may be more or less common with EBRT or Brachytherapy. In general the occurrence of side effects continues to decrease as a result of more targeted radiation to the prostate. Its best to discuss the risk of various side effects with your treating physician as they can very significantly based on the institution and method of radiation delivery. Radiation may cause bowel and bladder dysfunction and impotence.5,6 Learn more about side effects from radiation therapy.
The decision to undergo radical prostatectomy, EBRT or radiation seed implantation is difficult. This is because these treatment strategies continue to evolve and improve making it difficult to directly compare them in well-designed clinical studies. The choice of radiation versus prostatectomy is often based on weighing the possible complications of treatment and the relative inconvenience of the treatments. It is important to be seen by more than one physician to determine the likely treatment outcome associated with the various options available in your community.4 Questions you may wish to ask your physicians include:
- What are the chances of this treatment curing the cancer?
- What is the risk of impotence and incontinence?
- What are the other possible complications from this treatment?
Pain from bone metastases may also be relieved with radiation therapy directed to the affected bones. The side effects of radiation therapy for relief of bone pain depend on the area of the body being treated. Another method for treatment of bone pain is the use of radioisotopes which when given intravenously accumulates in the bones and kills prostate cancer cells by delivering small amounts of radiation. Clinical studies have shown that bone pain and the need for pain medications can be reduced in the majority of patients treated with a radioisotope. Since a radioisotope is given by vein, it can affect all bones in the body, whereas external radiation therapy is limited to only small areas of the body.
The following is a general overview of radiation therapy, covering:
- Techniques for Delivering Radiation Therapy
- What to Expect during Radiation Treatment
- Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Prevention and Management of Radiation Side Effects
1 Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater J, et al. Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Long-term results from Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010; 28: 1106-1111.
2 Yu JB, Soulos PR, Herrin J, et al. Proton versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Patterns of care and early toxicity. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Published early online December 14, 2012. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs463
3 Talcott JA, Rossi C, Shipley WU et al. Patient-reported long-term outcomes after conventional and high-dose combined proton and photon radiation for early prostate cancer. JAMA. 2010;303:1046-1053.
5 Nam RK, Cheung P, Herschorn S, et al: Incidence of complications other than urinary incontinence or erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet Oncology. 2014; 15(2): 223-231.
6 Rudnick MJ, Koyama T, Fan KH, et al. Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013; 368:436-445 | <urn:uuid:ba1ff031-691c-4812-a5b6-d0de8d32c68c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://pceiva.org/cancer-treatment/radiation-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.9382 | 2,685 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This stiff, erect perennial species grows from six to fifteen inches high. The branching stem is nearly smooth, and the lance-shaped, dull green leaves are mostly in whorls of four. The white flowers are borne terminally in twos and threes. The Wild Madder is found from May to July, in damp, shady places, and in wet meadows and swamp lands, from Canada to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Arizona. The root of the Wild Madder was used by the Indians for staining their feathers, skins and other ornaments red. | <urn:uuid:e3adf2a2-d282-4cb4-97ac-ba1e6a8a5553> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Wild-Flowers-Child-Should-Know/Stiff-Marsh-Bedstraw-Wild-Madder-Galium-Tinctorium-Madder-Family.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948541253.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214055056-20171214075056-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.955659 | 122 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Weightlifting can help you make changes to your body such as trimming your waistline or bulking up your biceps. But all of the changes weightlifting makes are not visible to the naked eye. In addition to altering your physique, weightlifting can cause increases in several different hormones. Consult your doctor before starting any weightlifting routine.
What Are Hormones?
At any given time, your body has countless different hormones actively influencing characteristics ranging from your mood to your body's growth and development. Hormones are chemical messengers -- typically produced in your endocrine glands -- that cause cells or organs to take certain actions, such as increasing production of muscle mass in the case of testosterone.
Weightlifting helps encourage the production of a number of hormones, including growth hormone. According to researchers at Pennsylvania State University, workouts using heavy weights and sets of between three and 12 repetitions each can help maximize growth-hormone production. And, that's a good thing -- particularly for women, who rely on growth hormone to increase muscle and bone strength, according to Science Daily.
Not all weightlifting-related hormone production is beneficial. Cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, can damage your body's cells and impair muscle development. Weightlifting can cause increases in your cortisol levels, particularly if you don't get a good meal after lifting. Research published in the April 2010 issue of the "European Journal of Applied Physiology" showed that consuming a lower carbohydrate diet in conjunction with intense workout sessions can increase levels of cortisol in your body. | <urn:uuid:ed3ba3b1-82c5-45b4-b21e-556b0c708dd2> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/389066-does-weightlifting-increase-hormone-production/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.923723 | 313 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Returns the size of a file in HDFS.
The name of a file in HDFS. The file name can include a path that is either absolute or relative to the current path.
Specifies a unit of measurement for the return value:
The unit defaults to bytes if you omit the argument or enter an unknown value.
Use this interface to determine, for instance, whether you can copy the contents of an entire HDFS file into local R memory or a local file, or if you can only sample the data while creating a prototype of your R calculation. | <urn:uuid:ca279992-707f-43bc-b17c-707999ae5d25> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E40622_01/doc.21/e36961/orch_ref025.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.721988 | 115 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What are the legal rights of domestic abuse victims?
In 2005, the government of India passed new legislation on domestic violence called the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (PWDVA). It is a civil law aimed at providing relief to million of women including wives, mothers, daughters and sisters affected by violence in their homes.
Through the PWDVA, affected women are entitled to:
Protection: The magistrate can pass orders to stop the offender from aiding or committing violence within and outside the home, communicating with the woman, taking away her assets, and/or intimidating her family and those assisting her against the violence
Residence: The woman cannot be evicted from the shared household.
Monetary relief and maintenance: The woman is entitled to maintenance, including loss of earnings, medical expenses, and damage to property.
Compensation: She can claim damages for mental and physical injuries.
Custody: The court can grant her temporary custody of children. Interim order/ex parte order. The court can pass an interim order to prevent violence before the final order. In the absence of the other party to the dispute, an Ex Parte order can be passed.
Legal service: Women have the right to free legal services under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
What is the PWDV Act of 2005?
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 includes actual or threatened abuse against women in their homes, including those of a physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or economic nature. This legislation is critical considering that more than two-thirds of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced some form of sexual or domestic violence, including being beaten, raped, or forced to provide sex.* Punishment for such acts includes a jail sentence of up to one year and a 20,000 rupee fine. The new law also provides a share of the husband’s earnings and property to the victim, including medical costs.
(Source: The Independent, “India brings in first law to protect women from abuse.” Justin Huggler, October 27, 2006)
Where can I file a case on domestic violence?
The woman or somebody on her behalf can file a Direct Information Report (DIR) with :
The Protection Officer (PO) who is appointed by the government. The PO registers the DIR, presents it before the Magistrate and ensures that the orders passed by the court are enforced.
A Service Provider – a voluntary organization registered with the state government, Service Providers assist in filing the DIR with the PO, provide her with legal aid, medical care, counseling or any other support.
The Police can file a criminal complaint under Section 498A of the IPC. On request the police will record a DIR under the PWDVA at the same time and forward the same to the magistrate.
The Magistrate – A woman can directly approach the Magistrate’s court to file a DIR under the PWDVA. If the woman already has a pending case, then she can fill in an application under the PWDVA and file it as an “Interim Application” in the pending proceedings.
What if the abuser continues to commit violence or violates the orders passed by the court?
Violation or not complying with the order of the court is a criminal offence under the PWDVA 2005. In such cases, the woman can complain to the magistrate or the police or the appointed Protection Officer. The abuser can be arrested following such a complaint, and necessary action would be taken against him. | <urn:uuid:b22e4a12-1d61-47e4-ac92-fbf423ae5983> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://feminisminindia.com/domestic-violence-law-pwdva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203991.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325133117-20190325155117-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.940673 | 733 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Christmas tree (oil well)
In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a Christmas tree, or "tree", (not "wellhead" as sometimes incorrectly referred to) is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well and other types of wells. It was named for its crude resemblance to a decorated tree.
Note that a tree and wellhead are separate pieces of equipment not to be mistaken as the same piece. A wellhead must be present in order to utilize a Christmas tree and a wellhead is used without a Christmas tree during drilling operations, and also for riser tie-back situations which would then have a tree included at riser top. Producing surface wells that require pumps (pump jacks, nodding donkeys, and so on) frequently do not utilize any tree due to no pressure containment requirement.
Tree complexity has increased over the last few decades. They are frequently manufactured from blocks of steel containing multiple valves rather than made from multiple flanged valves. This is especially true in subsea applications where the resemblance to Christmas trees no longer exists given the frame and support systems into which the main valve block is integrated.
It is common to identify the type of tree as either "subsea tree" or "surface tree". Each of these classifications has a number or varieties within them. Examples of subsea include conventional, dual bore, mono bore, TFL (through flow line), horizontal, mudline, mudline horizontal, side valve, and TBT (through bore tree) trees.
The primary function of a tree is to control the flow into or out of the well, usually oil or gas. A tree often provides numerous additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means (such as annulus vent), tree and well monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback, connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and temperature transducer (DHPT).
When the operator, well, and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation fluids is allowed to flow into and through a pipeline. The pipeline then leads to a processing facility, storage depot and/or other pipeline eventually leading to a refinery or distribution center (for gas). Subsea wells and thus trees usually flow through flowlines to a fixed or floating production platform or to a storage vessel (known as a floating storage offloading vessel (FSO), or floating processing unit (FPU), or floating production and offloading vessel or FPSO or other combination of structures).
A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water injection application on a producing or non-producing well in order to sustain economic "production" volumes of oil from other well(s) in the area (field).
On producing wells, injection of chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates to prevent and or solve production problems (such as blockages) may be used. Functionality may be extended further by using the control system on a subsea tree to monitor, measure, and react to sensor outputs on the tree or even down the well bore.
The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve (scssv, dhsv, sssv) while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to the downhole safety valve.
Christmas trees are used on both surface and subsea wells (current technical limits are up to around 3000 metres and working temperatures of -50°F to 350°F with a pressure of up to 15,000 psi). The deepest installed subsea tree is in the Gulf of Mexico at approximately 9000 feet.
Subsea and surface trees have a large variety of valve configurations and combinations of manual and/or actuated (hydraulic or pneumatic) valves. Examples are identified in API Specifications 6A and 17D.
A basic surface tree consists of two or three manual valves (usually gate valves because of their strength).
A typical sophisticated surface tree will have at least four or five valves, normally arranged in a crucifix type pattern (hence the endurance of the term "Christmas tree"). The two lower valves are called the master valves (upper and lower respectively) because they lie in the flow path, which well fluids must take to get to surface. The lower master valve will normally be manually operated, while the upper master valve is often hydraulically actuated, allowing it to be a means of well control while an actuated wing valve is normally the primary well remotely (from control room or control panel) controlled valve. Hydraulic tree wing valves are usually built to be fail safe closed, meaning they require active hydraulic pressure to stay open.
The right hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or the production wing valve, because it is in the flowpath the hydrocarbons take to production facilities (or the path water or gas will take from production to the well in the case of injection wells).
The left hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily used for injection of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation. In the North Sea, it is called the non-active side arm (NASA). It is typically manually operated.
The valve at the top is called the swab valve and lies in the path used for well interventions like wireline and coiled tubing. For such operations, a lubricator is rigged up onto the top of the tree and the wire or coil is lowered through the lubricator, past the swab valve and into the well. This valve is typically manually operated.
Some trees have a second swab valve, the two arranged one on top of the other. The intention is to allow rigging down equipment from the top of the tree with the well flowing while still preserving the Two-barrier rule. With only a single swab valve, the upper master valve is usually closed to act as the second barrier, forcing the well to be shut in for a day during rig down operations. However, avoiding delaying production for a day is usually too small a gain to be worth the extra expense of a having a Christmas tree with a second swab valve.
Subsea trees are available in either vertical or horizontal configurations with further speciality available such as dual bore, monobore, concentric, drill-through, mudline, guidlineless or guideline. Subsea trees may range in size and weight from a few tons to approximately 70 tons for high pressure, deepwater (>3000 feet) guidelineless applications. Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to Surface trees. Typically a subsea tree would have a choke (permits control of flow), a floline connection interface (hub, flange or other connection), subsea control interface (direct hydraulic, electro hydraulic, or electric) and sensors for gathering data such as pressure, temperature, sand flow, erosion, multiPhase flow, single phase flow such as water or gas.
- Aker Solutions
- Control flow (FLOCON)
- FMC Technologies
- National Oilwell Varco
- Seaboard International
- Wood Group
- Weatherford International
- API Specifications 6A and 17D.
- GE Oil & Gas XT Last accessed 28-Jun-11 | <urn:uuid:3d6ed6ea-5260-4a0b-a56c-118b1392dadd> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://oilfieldwiki.com/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773864.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00158-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942422 | 1,530 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Hackers, malware writers and attackers use a variety of methods, sophisticated techniques and malware vectors to spread their malicious programs. They rely heavily on social engineering in order to infect computers. Spam emails are used by attackers in an attempt to trick the user into opening the email and clicking on links within it or opening a malicious email attachment. Attackers have been known to use exploit packs in order to craft Web pages to exploit vulnerabilities in system and application software and spread the threat in a drive-by downloads.
* Malware Infection Vectors: Past, Present, and Future
Hackers, malware writers and attackers also have a variety of motives for installing malevolent software.
* Who creates malware and why?
* The Origins of Malware
* How malware penetrates systems
* What malware needs to thrive
Keep in mind that the severity of infection will vary from system to system, some causing more damage than others especially when dealing with rootkits. The longer malware remains on a computer, the more opportunity it has to download additional malicious files and/or install malicious extensions for Internet browsers which can worsen the infection so each case should be treated on an individual basis. Severity of system infection will also determine how the disinfection process goes.
Rogue security programs are one of the most common sources of malware infection. They infect machines by using social engineering and scams to trick a user into spending money to buy a an application which claims to remove malware. They typically use bogus warning messages and alerts to indicate that your computer is infected with spyware or has critical errors as a scare tactic to goad you into downloading a malicious security application to fix it. The alerts can mimic system messages so they appear as if they are generated by the Windows Operating System. It is not unusual for malware writers to use the names of popular and legitimate security programs as part of the name for a fake anti-virus software in order to trick people into using them. There are at least two rogue security programs that use part of or all of the Malwarebytes name. There are also rogues for SmitfraudFixTool, VundoFixTool, Spybot Search and Destroy, Avira AntiVir and many more. Even Microsoft has been targeted by attackers using such names as Microsoft Security Essentials, MS Anti-virus for their programs and incorporating the names Defender, XP, and Vista into naming schemes for other rogue applications.
Rogue antispyware programs are responsible for launching unwanted pop ups, browser redirects and downloading other malicious files so the extent of the infection can vary to include backdoor Trojans, Botnets, IRCBots and rootkits which compromise the computer and make the infection more difficult to remove. For more specific information on how these types of rogue programs and infections install themselves, read:
* Anatomy of a malware scam
* How does rogue security software get on my computer?
* How to Tell If That Pop-Up Window Is Offering You a Rogue Anti-Malware Product
* Social engineering in action: how web ads can lead to malware
Ransomware (aka crypto malware) is a sophisticated form of extortion in which the attacker encrypts a victim's personal information (data files) and then demands money (ransom) in exchange for a decryption key that can be used to retrieve the encrypted files. In most cases the greatest challenge to recovering the encrypted data has been the process of breaking the code of how the data is scrambled so it can be deciphered. Some forms of Ransomware act like rogue security software, generating bogus infection alerts and warnings to scare their victims.
* Symantec: Ransomware A Growing Menace
* TechNet Blogs: The past year has been one of expansion for ransomware
* McAfee Blog: Ransomware
Newer ransomware variants are encrypting files using a RSA encryption which utilizes both a Public and Private key pair. Once the encryption of the data is complete, decryption is not feasible...you need the Private RSA key corresponding to the Public RSA key which is generated and contained (in the registry) on the infected computer. The Private key is stored on the malware developer's command and control server which makes access to it, and the restoration of the affected files near impossible.
* US-CERT: CryptoLocker Ransomware Infections
* BC CryptoLocker Ransomware Information Guide and FAQ
* CryptoLocker – a new ransomware variant
* Krebs: How To Avoid CryptoLocker Ransomware
Ransomware is typically spread through social engineering...by opening a malicious email attachment (usually from an unknown or unsolicited source) or when clicking a malicious link in an email message, an instant message or on a social networking site. However, ransomware can also be installed through a computer worm that enters through a network vulnerability or when visiting a malicious website. Business and corporate environments with many users are especially susceptible to ransomware infection since they deal with extensive amounts of sensitive and financial data.
Infections spread by malware writers and attackers exploiting unpatched security holes or vulnerabilities in older versions of popular software such as Adobe, Java, Windows Media Player and the Windows operating system itself. Software applications are a favored target of malware writers who continue to exploit coding and design vulnerabilities with increasing aggressiveness.
* Kaspersky Lab report: Evaluating the threat level of software vulnerabilities
* Time to Update Your Adobe Reader
* Malware exploits Windows Media Player vulnerabilities
* Eight out of every 10 Web browsers are vulnerable to attack by exploits
Another PDF sample that exploits an unpatched vulnerability in Adobe Reader and Acrobat has been spotted in the wild...
...your machine may still be vulnerable to attacks if you never bother to uninstall or remove older versions of the software...a malicious site could simply render Java content under older, vulnerable versions of Sun's software if the user has not removed them....
Hole in Patch Process
Ghosts of Java Haunt Users
BlackHole toolkit enables attackers to exploit security holes in order to install malicious software
If a website has been hacked or displays malicious ads, they can exploit the vulnerable software on your computer.
The majority of computers get infected from visiting a specially crafted webpage that exploits one or multiple software vulnerabilities. It could be by clicking a link within an email or simply browsing the net, and it happens silently without any user interaction whatsoever.
Exploit kits are a type of malicious toolkit used to exploit security holes found in software applications...for the purpose of spreading malware. These kits come with pre-written exploit code and target users running insecure or outdated software applications on their computers.
Exploit Kits - Anatomy of an exploit kit
To help prevent this, install and use Secunia Personal Software Inspector (PSI), a FREE security tool designed to detect vulnerable and out-dated programs/plug-ins which expose your computer to malware infection.
A large number of infections are contracted and spread by visiting gaming sites, porn sites, using pirated software (warez), cracking tools, hacking tools and keygens where visitors may encounter drive-by downloads through exploitation of a web browser or an operating system vulnerability. Security researchers looking at World of Warcraft and other online games have found vulnerabilities that exploit the system using online bots and rootkit-like techniques to evade detection in order to collect gamer's authentication information so they can steal their accounts.
Dangers of Gaming Sites:
The design of online game architecture creates an open door for hackers...hackers and malware hoodlums go where the pickings are easy -- where the crowds gather. Thus, Internet security experts warn game players that they face a greater risk of attack playing games online because few protections exist....traditional firewall and antimalware software applications can't see any intrusions. Game players have no defenses...Online gaming sites are a major distribution vehicle for malware....
MMO Security: Are Players Getting Played?
Malware Makers Target Online Games to Spread Worms
Microsoft warns game developers of cyber thieves
online game + online trade = Trojan Spy
Real Flaws in Virtual Worlds: Exploiting Online Games
Dangers of Cracking & Keygen Sites:
...warez and crack web pages are being used by cybercriminals as download sites for malware related to VIRUT and VIRUX. Searches for serial numbers, cracks, and even antivirus products like Trend Micro yield malcodes that come in the form of executables or self-extracting files...quick links in these sites also lead to malicious files. Ads and banners are also infection vectors...
Keygen and Crack Sites Distribute VIRUX and FakeAV
Dangers of Warez Sites:
...warez/piracy sites ranked the highest in downloading spyware...just opening the web page usually sets off an exploit, never mind actually downloading anything. And by the time the malware is finished downloading, often the machine is trashed and rendered useless.
University of Washington spyware study
Dangers of Porn Sites:
Porn Sites Lead to MBR Rootkit
Infections spread by using torrent, peer-to-peer (P2P) and file sharing programs. They are a security risk which can make your computer susceptible to a smörgåsbord of malware infections, remote attacks, exposure of personal information, and identity theft. In some cases the computer could be turned into a virus honeypot or zombie. File sharing networks are thoroughly infected and infested with malware according to Senior Virus Analyst, Norman ASA. Malicious worms, backdoor Trojans IRCBots, and rootkits spread across P2P file sharing networks, gaming, porn and underground sites.
* Risks of File-Sharing Technology
* P2P file sharing: Know the risks
* More malware is traveling on P2P networks these days
* Peer-to-Peer: A Growing Tactic Used for Threat Command-and-Control
* Evaluating the Resilence of Peer-to-Peer Botnets
Users visiting such pages may see innocuous-looking banner ads containing code which can trigger pop-up ads and malicious Flash ads that install viruses, Trojans, and spyware.
Ads are a target for hackers because they offer a stealthy way to distribute malware to a wide range of Internet users. Hackers are also known to exploit Flash vulnerabilities which can lead to malware infection. When visiting a website that hosts an HTML page which requires a Flash script, users may encounter a malicious Flash redirector or malicious script specifically written to exploit a vulnerability in the Flash Interpreter which causes it to execute automatically in order to infect a computer.
* Analyzing and Detecting Malicious Flash Advertisements
* Malvertising: The Use of Malicious Ads to Install Malware - Example: Malicious Flash Banner Ad
* Macromedia Flash Player Lets Malicious Flash Media Files Execute Scripts
* Attackers exploit latest Flash bug
Keep in mind that even legitimate websites can display malicious ads and be a source of malware infection.
...Internet users are 21 times more likely to become infected by visiting a legitimate online shopping site than by visiting a site used for illegal file-sharing...The problem isn't in the sites themselves; it's in the ads...
...According to Ciscos annual 2013 Security Report internet users are 182 times more likely to get malware from clicking on online ads than visiting a porn site...
Clicking Online Ads More Likely To Deliver Malware Than Surfing Porn Sites
Cisco Annual Security Report: Threats Step Out of the Shadows
Infection can also spread by visiting popular social sites and through emails containing links to websites that exploit security hole's in your web browser. When you click on an infected email link or spam, Internet Explorer launches a site that stealthy installs a Trojan so that it can run every time you startup Windows and download more malicious files. Email attachments ending with a .exe, .com, .bat, or .pif from unknown sources can be malicious and deliver dangerous Trojan downloaders, worms and viruses which can utilize your address book to perpetuate its spread to others.
At least one in 10 web pages are booby-trapped with malware...The tricks include hacking into a web server to plant malware, or planting it within third-party widgets or advertising...About eight out of every 10 Web browsers are vulnerable to attack by exploits...Even worse, about 30% of browser plug-ins are perpetually unpatched...
One in 10 web pages laced with malware
Bulk of browsers found to be at risk of attack
Researchers at the Global Security Advisor Research Blog have reported finding pornographic virus variants on Facebook. The Koobface Worm has been found to attack both Facebook and MySpace users. Virus Bulletin has reported MySpace attacked by worm, adware and phishing. Some MySpace user pages have been found carrying the dangerous Virut. Malware has been discovered on YouTube and it continues to have a problem with malware ads. MSN Messenger, AIM and other Instant Messaging programs are also prone to malware attacks.
* Conficker worm's copycat Neeris spreading over IM
* IM attacks get nastier
* MSN Most Dangerous IM Client in 2007
* IM attacks up nearly 80%
Infections can spread when using a flash drive. In fact, one in every eight malware attacks occurs via a USB device. This type of infection usually involve malware that modifies/loads an autorun.inf (text-based configuration) file into the root folder of all drives (internal, external, removable) along with a malicious executable. When removable media such as a CD/DVD is inserted (mounted), autorun looks for autorun.inf and automatically executes the malicious file to run silently on your computer. For flash drives and other USB storage, autorun.ini uses the Windows Explorer's right-click context menu so that the standard "Open" or "Explore" command starts the file. Malware modifies the context menu (adds a new default command) and redirects to executing the malicious file if the "Open" command is used or double-clicking on the drive icon. When a flash drive becomes infected, the Trojan will infect a system when the removable media is inserted if autorun has not been disabled. Keeping autorun enabled on USB and other removable drives has become a significant security risk as they are one of the most common infection vectors for malware which can transfer the infection to your computer.
To learn more about this risk, please read:
* When is AUTORUN.INF really an AUTORUN.INF?
* Nick Brown's blog: Memory stick worms
* USB-Based Malware Attacks
Many security experts recommend you disable Autorun as a method of prevention and to Maximize the Protection of your Removable Drives. Microsoft recommends doing the same.
* Microsoft Security Advisory (967940): Update for Windows Autorun
* Microsoft Article ID: 971029: Update to the AutoPlay functionality in Windows
Note: If using Windows 7, be aware that in order to help prevent malware from spreading, the Windows 7 engineering team made important changes and improvements to AutoPlay so that it will no longer support the AutoRun functionality for non-optical removable media.
* Taxonomy of Online Security and Privacy Threats
* Malicious website evolution
* Malicious HTML Tags Embedded in Client Web Requests
* IFrame Hack (PHP Exploit)
* Vulnerabilities Allow Attacker to Impersonate Any Website
* SQL Injection Overview- Threat and Vulnerability Mitigation: SQL Injection
...More than 90 percent of these webpages belong to legitimate sites that have been compromised through hacking techniques such as SQL Injection...Hackers are apparently planting viruses into websites instead of attaching them to email. Users without proper security in place get infected by simply clicking on these webpages.
One webpage gets infected by virus every 5 seconds
Phishing is an Internet scam that uses spoofed email and fraudulent Web sites which appear to come from or masquerade as legitimate sources. The fake emails and web sites are designed to fool respondents into disclosing sensitive personal or financial data which can then be used by criminals for financial or identity theft. The email directs the user to visit a web site where they are asked to update personal information such as passwords, user names, and provide credit card, social security, and bank account numbers, that the legitimate organization already has. Spear Phishing is a highly targeted and coordinated phishing attack using spoofed email messages directed against employees or members within a certain company, government agency, organization, or group. These fraudulent emails and web sites, however, may also contain malicious code which can spread infection.
Pharming is a technique used to redirect as many users as possible from the legitimate commercial websites they intended to visit and lead them to fraudulent ones. The bogus sites, to which victims are redirected without their knowledge, will likely look the same as a genuine site. However, when users enter their login name and password, the information is captured by criminals. Pharming involves Trojans, worms, or other technology that attack the browser and can spread infection. When users type in a legitimate URL address, they are redirected to the criminal's web site. Another way to accomplish these scam is to attack or "poison the DNS" (domain name system) rather than individual machines. In this case, everyone who enters a valid URL will instead automatically be taken to the scammer's site.
Finally, backing up infected files, is a common source of reinfection if they are restored to your computer. Generally, you can back up all your important documents, personal data files, photos to a CD or DVD drive, not a flash drive or external hard drive as they may become compromised in the process. The safest practice is not to backup any executable files (*.exe), screensavers (*.scr), autorun (.ini) or script files (.php, .asp, .htm, .html, .xml ) files because they may be infected by malware. Avoid backing up compressed files (.zip, .cab, .rar) that have executables inside them as some types of malware can penetrate compressed files and infect the .exe files within them. Other types of malware may even disguise itself by hiding a file extension or adding to the existing extension as shown here (click Figure 1 to enlarge) so be sure you look closely at the full file name. If you cannot see the file extension, you may need to reconfigure Windows to show file name extensions.
Now that you know How malware spreads, you may want to read Best Practices for Safe Computing - Prevention which includes tips to protect yourself against malware infection.
Edited by quietman7, 27 December 2013 - 06:19 AM. | <urn:uuid:b9ece670-01f4-47a1-bb13-41f6114555ee> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/forums/t/287710/how-malware-spreads-how-did-i-get-infected/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00644-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89449 | 3,862 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Valley of Fire is an exciting and unforgettable place to visit. However, it has an interesting history that may surprise many people. Here are three fun facts about the Valley of Fire area that you didn't know.
It Had The First All-Weather Highway
While highways were being placed in various parts of the country during the early 1900s, many could not be driven on in all types of weather conditions. However, the Valley of Fire was home to the first all-weather highway, created by the Arrowhead Trail Highway Association in 1916. This attracted the attention of famous race car driver Charles Bigelow, who used the highway to beat various travel speed records.
Habitation Here Pre-Dates Rome
It is hard for anyone who has been through the area to imagine a native culture surviving here. However, evidence of native habitation indicates that people were living here as far back as 4,000 years ago. This pre-dates Rome’s peak of power.
Mormons Helped Explore The Area
What may be surprising is that Mormons they were settling the area shortly after the birth of the church. The Mormon Trail was a popular travel route through the area, one that helped make it a popular religious destination for the church’s members. Does the Valley of Fire sound like an intriguing vacation destination or maybe you're looking for the best grand canyon tours from las vegas? Then please contact us at Gray Line Las Vegas today. We can provide you with a fun and all-inclusive trip through the area that will open your eyes to its beauty and its historical significance. | <urn:uuid:230cba2a-67fa-4063-93da-3bd620796247> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://graylinelasvegas.com/blog/three-fun-facts-about-valley-fire-you-didnt-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039503725.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421004512-20210421034512-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.979619 | 325 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Earlier I said that experiments involve careful observation of nature, trying to see it very accurately, with the overall hope of learning something new and surprising. I also emphasized the fact that nature is external to oneself and not totally under one's own power. Therefore it may seem incongruous that physicists seek experiments that can be repeated at will, under total control.
On one level there is no contradiction: we create experiments that can be repeated - however the first time we run the experiment we are in suspense about what will actually be observed. The certainty and repeatability is in our preparation of the experiment; the surprise is in the experiment's actual outcome, the details or whole of which may be different than expected.
The point of having totally repeatable control over an experiment is that the experiment's outcome should be exactly the same every time it is performed. Once an experiment is done once, the surprises should be over, and further repetitions of the experiment only serve to verify the scientific truth of the original result. In fact the only "truth" that physicists care to recognize while acting as physicists is those observations that can be repeated experimentally, as well as any mathematical techniques whose predictions have been repeatedly checked experimentally. If you repeat an experiment and obtain a different result than what was originally found, this casts doubt on whether the original result actually was "scientific truth."
For instance, the failure by many to reproduce cold fusion is said to have "discredited" the original experiment which observed cold fusion, leading most physicists to think that probably cold fusion did not occur even in the original experiment. Of course it is possible that fusion actually occurred the first time but not other times - but even if this were true it would not be a "scientific truth," simply because it can not be reproduced on demand by everyone. The only ways to establish the truth or falsity of this possibility would be similar to the procedures used when investigating and judging a crime - collection of historical evidence about the equipment that was used in the first cold fusion experiment and the data that was obtained, rethinking how to interpret all that was observed, judgments about the trustworthiness of the scientists, etc. There may also be reasoning based on currently accepted ideas of how the universe works, and efforts to establish whether or not these ideas indicate any possible way that fusion might have happened in the first cold fusion experiment. In any case, the result of this sort of process would not be "scientific truth," simply because it would be confining itself to a particular time, place, and set of scientists and observations. Physics does not deny the the possibility of truths of a particular, non-repeatable nature - the shape of a particular rock, the sound of a specific person's voice, etc. - but neither does it pay much attention to these things. | <urn:uuid:d396e956-ead7-44f7-8d91-a7f17fbdfe49> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://thinklikeaphysicist.blogspot.com/2008/02/control-over-experiments-and-scientific.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.967318 | 566 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This article by Anya Skarova, appeared first in The Conversation and was reprinted in Truthout. We can add it to the discussion of the uses of education in the United States. It is titled:
Science and engineering subjects are often presented as better career choices for students than the arts or humanities. Nicky Morgan, the education secretary, recently said that STEM subjects – sciences, technology, engineering and maths – unlock doors to all sorts of careers and that pupils who study maths to A Level earn 10% more over their lifetime.
Previous research has shown that there are actually lots of factors including ability, personality, motivation as well as family and educational background which impact on what undergraduate degree people take and their ongoing career success. And our new research has shown that the importance of the different types of motivation varies depending on the subject a student chooses. | <urn:uuid:68159bb9-f6e4-463a-9f29-5b39eca966c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://mdparker46.com/tag/success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110578.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822104509-20170822124509-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.979268 | 171 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NASA astrobiologist Dr. Richard B. Hoover claims he has found a fossil of an extra-terrestrial bacteria in a meteorite. Details on how the discovery was made can be read at DailyTech.
The meteorite was reportedly broken under carefully controlled sterile conditions. Now the only unknown is whether the meteorite could have somehow been contaminated. The meteors were sterilely harvested in the frigid reaches of Antarctica immediately after their observed fall. The fact that they were collected so quickly limits the possibility that indigenous microbes contaminated them. The possibility of atmospheric contamination still remains, though.
Dr. Hoover believes that this is not a case of contamination. He is convinced that he has become the first human to record a scientifically verifiable encounter with an alien being. He states in a recent interview, "I interpret it as indicating that life is more broadly distributed than restricted strictly to the planet Earth. This field of study has just barely been touched -- because quite frankly, a great many scientist would say that this is impossible." | <urn:uuid:1cddcbf2-2088-45e4-b328-2f337c93a4aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.dvhardware.net/article48815.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00216-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975119 | 206 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Answering the call of the wild on World Environment Day
“…even if all the other building blocks of effective conservation are in place, we will not succeed unless the general public cares, and they are unlikely to care enough if they no longer experience nature directly.”*
There’s a certain irony that World Environment Day, on June 5th, comes only a few days after the United States withdrew its support for the Paris Climate Agreement. Failure to address climate change will have severe consequences for the environment and the ecosystems World Environment Day was established to celebrate.
Other nations will take the lead on climate and, encouragingly, seventy per cent of Americans care enough about environmental sustainability to support remaining in the Paris Agreement. Better still, cities across the United States have redoubled their commitment to address climate change, and will have a decisive role in preserving natural ecosystems, even beyond city limits.
In 2015, just over half of the world’s population was residing in urban areas. This is expected to rise to 66 per cent by the year 2050, driven by urban growth in Africa and Asia. Billions of people will be living, disconnected from nature, in urban jungles and in the rapidly expanding, ill-equipped peri-urban fringes of cities. The processes of global urbanization are resource intensive and interlinked with environmental degradation and pollution.
It doesn’t have to be this way, and it shouldn’t be this way. The positive effects of integrating water and vegetation (blue and green) spaces into urban areas include reduced public health expenditures; increased social connection; and heightened consciousness about the environment, needed to elevate support for addressing climate change[i]. World Environment Day offers an opportunity to highlight these positives, and to promote more liveable cities.
One way of doing this is to get a bird’s eye view of our cities and the surrounding natural environments. Satellite data is increasingly being used to do just that, looking at the surface environment and to assess environmental parameters. Citizens can explore the state of the environment in and around their cities by using applications such as Google Earth, which uses a variety of open access satellite data.
More in depth analysis of satellite information is being used by governments, to inform environmental policies and regulations; industries and water utilities can use such data to inform the investment in natural resources upon which they depend.
For example, urban water utilities that invest in their wider catchments can benefit from higher quality raw water entering water treatment facilities, reducing the chemicals and energy needed to treat it to potable standards. SPACE-O, a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, aims to provide information on water quality problems in reservoirs and lakes upstream to end users such as water treatment facilities.
SPACE-O does this through approaches such as short-term water quality forecasting information, that lets the treatment plants know about potential problems such as turbidity and algal blooms in advance. This information comes from integrating state-of-the-art satellite technology and in-situ monitoring with advanced hydrological, water quality models and ICT tools, into a powerful decision support system.
Empowering citizens to take action and collect data to assist utilities in improving water quality and supply, helps increase consciousness about the environment and enables collective action against climate change. Citizen science is also part of SPACE-O, and will provide citizens with a means to provide on the ground information and report problems. The positive spin-off of this approach is that citizens will be able to benefit from higher quality water in natural spaces beyond city limits.
I intend to answer the call of the wild for World Environment Day. I hope you do too! Let’s reconnect with nature to ensure that we never forget how important natural spaces are for all living things.
* Balmford and Cowling, 2006
[i] Check out the Horizon 2020 research project BlueHealth for more insights on the benefits of blue spaces for human wellbeing: https://bluehealth2020.eu/ | <urn:uuid:e44d8957-6c2c-494e-997d-b963d0e21aba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://iwa-network.org/answering-the-call-of-the-wild-on-world-environment-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.929258 | 830 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is it?
- A febrile seizure is a convulsion in young children that may be caused by a sudden spike in body temperature, often from an infection. Watching your child experience a febrile seizure can be alarming. And, although a febrile seizure may last only a few minutes, it may seem like an eternity to you.
- Fortunately, febrile seizures aren't as dangerous as they may look. A seizure triggered by a fever is usually harmless and typically doesn't indicate a long-term or ongoing problem.
- You may feel helpless during a febrile seizure, but you can make sure your child is safe during a seizure and offer comfort afterward. Following up with a doctor's visit is another good approach for handling a febrile seizure.
Febrile seizure symptoms can range from mild — rolling of the eyes — to more severe shaking or tightening of the muscles.
A child having a febrile seizure may:
- Have a fever usually higher than 102 F (38.9 C)
- Lose consciousness
- Shake or jerk the arms and legs on both sides of the body
- Roll his or her eyes back in the head
- Have trouble breathing
Febrile seizures are classified as simple or complex:
- Simple febrile seizures. These are the most common type of febrile seizure, and they can last from a few seconds to 10 minutes and stop on their own.
- Complex febrile seizures. A complex febrile seizure lasts longer than 15 minutes, occurs more than once within 24 hours or is confined to one side of your child's body.
Although a febrile seizure is usually caused by a rapid rise in your child's temperature, it can also occur when the fever is on its way down. And, the severity of the signs and symptoms doesn't necessarily reflect the level of the fever.
Most febrile seizures occur because of a sudden spike in body temperature, and most occur during the first day of a fever. But a febrile seizure may also develop as the fever is declining.
Viral or bacterial infection
Usually, the fevers that trigger febrile seizures are caused by an infection in your child's body. Typical childhood illnesses, including viral infections such as roseola — a viral illness that causes swollen lymph nodes, usually in the neck, and a rash — are often associated with febrile seizures. A less common but very serious cause of sudden fever with seizures is an infection of a child's brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), such as meningitis or encephalitis.
The risk of febrile seizures may increase after some childhood immunizations. Febrile seizures may rarely occur eight to 14 days after a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. Low-grade fevers can sometimes occur after your child receives childhood vaccines. If a febrile seizure occurs, it's caused by the fever that may accompany the vaccination — not by the vaccination itself.
Several risk factors have been identified that increase your child's likelihood of experiencing a febrile seizure. These include:
- Age. Young age is the strongest risk factor, and most febrile seizures are seen in children who are between 6 months and 5 years of age. It's unusual for children under 6 months old to have a febrile seizure, and it's rare for these seizures to occur after 3 years of age. About 1 in 25 children experience a febrile seizure.
- Family history. Some children inherit a family's tendency to have seizures with a fever. Additionally, researchers have linked several genes to a susceptibility to febrile seizures.
Although febrile seizures may cause great fear and concern for parents, most febrile seizures produce no lasting effects. Simple febrile seizures don't cause brain damage, mental retardation or learning disabilities, and they don't mean your child has a more serious underlying disorder.
Febrile seizures also aren't an indication of epilepsy, a tendency to have recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical signals in the brain. The odds that your child will develop epilepsy after a febrile seizure are small. Only a small percentage of children who have a febrile seizure go on to develop epilepsy, but not because of the febrile seizures.
Recurrent febrile seizures
The most common complication of febrile seizures is the possibility of more febrile seizures. About a third of children who have a febrile seizure will have another one with a subsequent fever.
The risk of recurrence is higher if:
- Your child had a low fever at the time of the first febrile seizure.
- The period between the start of the fever and the seizure was short.
- An immediate family member has a history of febrile seizures.
- Your child was younger than 15 months old at the time of the first febrile seizure.
After experiencing a febrile seizure, your child will likely have:
- A physical exam
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
These tests can help determine possible causes of the fever and seizure.
If your doctor suspects a central nervous system infection, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be necessary. In this procedure, a doctor inserts a needle into your child's lower back to remove a small amount of spinal fluid. This test can reveal evidence of infection in the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
Further tests such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) — a test that measures brain activity — may be necessary if your child had a complex febrile seizure.
Treatments and drugs
It's not necessary to lower your child's fever to stop a febrile seizure. So don't try to give your child fever medications during a seizure. For the same reason, don't place your child in a cooling tub of water. It's much more practical, more comfortable — and safer — for your child to remain lying on the carpet or a bed.
Most febrile seizures stop on their own within a couple of minutes. If your child has a febrile seizure that lasts more than five minutes — or if your child has repeated seizures — call for emergency medical attention.
In rare cases, the seizure may continue until your child receives treatment at the emergency room. If this happens, a doctor may order medication that's administered either through your child's rectum or intravenously to stop the seizure.
If the seizure is prolonged or accompanied by a serious infection or if the source of the infection can't be determined, your doctor may want your child to stay in the hospital for further observation. But a hospital stay isn't routinely necessary for simple febrile seizures.
If your child has a febrile seizure, stay calm and follow these steps to help your child during the seizure:
- Place your child on his or her side, somewhere where he or she won't fall.
- Stay close to watch and comfort your child.
- Remove any hard or sharp objects near your child.
- Loosen any tight or restrictive clothing.
- Don't restrain your child or interfere with your child's movements.
- Don't attempt to put anything in your child's mouth.
If possible, try to time the seizure using your watch or a clock. Because they're so alarming, seizures often seem to last longer than they really do. Also try to note which part of your child's body begins to shake first, and look for other signs of illness. This can help your doctor understand the cause of the seizure.
Not long after having a febrile seizure, many children are back on their feet, running around the doctor's office or playing safely at home. By staying calm, observing your child and knowing when to call the doctor, you're doing everything that's needed to take care of your child.
Most of the time, a febrile seizure occurs the first day of an illness. Often, a febrile seizure occurs before parents realize that their child is ill.
Giving your child medications
Giving your child acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) at the first indication of fever will help reduce the fever, but won't necessarily prevent a seizure. And, there are some caveats to giving medications to young children. Medications won't shorten the course of infection, and low-grade fevers generally don't need treatment.
Additionally, there's always a question of safety when giving medications to young children. For example, aspirin may trigger a rare but potentially fatal disorder known as Reye's syndrome. And, while acetaminophen is generally safe, if you give a child too much, it can cause liver failure. Ask your doctor what medications he or she recommends and what the proper dosage is for your child's age and weight.
Making sure your child drinks plenty of fluids and is appropriately dressed — not overdressed — may help control the fever.
Prescription prevention medications
Rarely, prescription medications are used to prevent febrile seizures. Anticonvulsant medications such as phenobarbital, valproic acid (Depakene) and divalproex sodium (Depakote) can prevent febrile seizures when taken daily. Oral or rectal diazepam (Valium, Diastat) also can reduce the risk of febrile seizures if taken at the time of a fever.
But these medications all have drawbacks. They carry a definite risk of serious side effects in young children, such as sleep problems, irritability and hyperactivity. Doctors rarely prescribe these prevention medications because most febrile seizures are harmless and most children outgrow them without any problems. | <urn:uuid:1aab0c79-25d7-4e43-ab01-88c2da100e06> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://lynchspharmacy.com/health/febrile-seizure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890991.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122034327-20180122054327-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.9069 | 2,061 | 3.578125 | 4 |
- 1 How would you describe Taoism?
- 2 What is Taoism in simple terms?
- 3 What do you think a Taoist would say is the meaning of life?
- 4 What is the ideal of Taoism?
- 5 What are the 4 principles of Taoism?
- 6 Does Taoism believe in God?
- 7 What are the 3 main beliefs of Taoism?
- 8 What are the basic principles of Taoism?
- 9 What are the main practices of Taoism?
- 10 What is the moral code of Taoism?
- 11 What happens when we die According to Taoism?
- 12 What is the destiny of Taoism?
- 13 Does Taoism believe in a soul?
- 14 Are Daoism and Taoism the same?
- 15 How did Taoism begin?
How would you describe Taoism?
[ Tao ] means a road, path, way; and hence, the way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. The Tao is the fundamental and central concept of these schools of thought. Taoism perceives the Tao as a natural order underlying the substance and activity of the Universe.
What is Taoism in simple terms?
Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life. Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature.
What do you think a Taoist would say is the meaning of life?
In Taoism (also commonly written as Daoism ), the purpose of life is inner peace and harmony. The central concept of tao can be understood to describe a spiritual reality, the order of the universe, or the way of modern life in harmony with the former two.
What is the ideal of Taoism?
The Taoist ideal is for a person to take action by changing themselves, and thus becoming an example of the good life to others. They should develop themselves so that they live their life in complete harmony with the universe. So the philosophy is not do good things; but become a good person.
What are the 4 principles of Taoism?
Four main principles of Daoism guide the relationship between humanity and nature:
- Follow the Earth. The Dao De Jing says: ‘Humanity follows the Earth, the Earth follows Heaven, Heaven follows the Dao, and the Dao follows what is natural.
- Harmony with nature.
- Too much success.
- Affluence in bio-diversity.
Does Taoism believe in God?
Taoism does not have a God in the way that the Abrahamic religions do. There is no omnipotent being beyond the cosmos, who created and controls the universe. Nonetheless, Taoism has many gods, most of them borrowed from other cultures. These deities are within this universe and are themselves subject to the Tao.
What are the 3 main beliefs of Taoism?
The ‘Three Jewels of Tao’ (Chinese: 三寶; pinyin: sānbǎo) refer to the three virtues of taoism:
- compassion, kindness, love.
- moderation, simplicity, frugality.
- humility, modesty.
What are the basic principles of Taoism?
The important Taoist principles are inaction, simplicity and living in harmony with nature. Taoist philosophical principle rested on a belief in the law of unity of the two opposite forces: yin and yang.
What are the main practices of Taoism?
- Physical practices. Because Taoism doesn’t make a rigid division between body and spirit, it recognises that physical actions have a spiritual effect.
- Energy flow.
- Martial arts.
What is the moral code of Taoism?
Harmony is the most important moral precept in Taoism. Taoism forbids actions that would violate this balance, such as murder, lying and promiscuity. Similarly, Taoist morality emphasizes self-control, and followers should avoid letting their desires compel them toward action.
What happens when we die According to Taoism?
The process of death itself is described as shijie or “release from the corpse”, but what happens after is described variously as transformation, immortality or ascension to heaven.
What is the destiny of Taoism?
For all things in Tao, destiny is salvation. The Te soul attains fullest completion by achieving destiny before afterlife. By reading fate and knowing destiny, it is possible to obtain full salvation. see Afterlife And The Non-Being Self.)
Does Taoism believe in a soul?
Taoism has been connected to the philosopher Lao Tzu, who around 500 B.C.E. wrote the main book of Taoism, the Tao Te Ching. Taoism holds that humans and animals should live in balance with the Tao, or the universe. Taoists believe in spiritual immortality, where the spirit of the body joins the universe after death.
Are Daoism and Taoism the same?
There is basically no difference between the words Taoism and Daoism and both represent the same age old Chinese religious philosophy.
How did Taoism begin?
Taoism as a religion began in the year 142 C.E. with the revelation of the Tao to Zhang Daoling or Chang Tao-ling by the personified god of the Tao, Taishang laojun (Lao Tzu), the Highest Venerable Lord. Taoism became a semi-official Chinese religion during the Tang dynasty and continued during the Song dynasty. | <urn:uuid:4478cf2c-e5e8-42e0-a46b-cd0e5c71eb75> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://taotechingme.com/interesting-about-taoism/quick-answer-what-do-you-think-taoism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.944894 | 1,175 | 2.8125 | 3 |
To most people, virtual reality consists mainly of clever illusions for enhancing computer video games or thickening the plot of science fiction films. Depictions of virtual reality in Hollywood movies range from the crude video-viewing contraption of 1983’s "Brainstorm" to the entire virtual universe known as "The Matrix."
But within many specialized fields, from psychiatry to education, virtual reality is becoming a powerful new tool for training practitioners and treating patients, in addition to its growing use in various forms of entertainment. Virtual reality is already being used in industrial design, for example. Engineers are creating entire cars and airplanes "virtually" in order to test design principles, ergonomics, safety schemes, access for maintenance, and more.
Basically, virtual reality is simply an illusory environment, engineered to give users the impression of being somewhere other than where they are. As you sit safely in your home, virtual reality can transport you to a football game, a rock concert, a submarine exploring the depths of the ocean, or a space station orbiting Jupiter. It allows the user to ride a camel around the Great Pyramids, fly jets, or perform brain surgery.
True virtual reality does more than merely depict scenes of such activities — it creates an illusion of actually being there. Piloting a Boeing 777 with a laptop flight simulator, after all, does not really convey a sense of zooming across the continent 5 miles above the surface of a planet. Virtual reality, though, attempts to re-create the actual experience, combining vision, sound, touch, and feelings of motion engineered to give the brain a realistic set of sensations.
And it works. Studies show that people immersed in a virtual reality scene at the edge of a cliff, for instance, respond realistically — the heart rate rises and the brain resists commands to step over the edge. There are significant social applications as well. It has been shown that people also respond realistically in interactions with life-sized virtual characters, for example exhibiting anxiety when asked to cause pain to a virtual character, even though the user knows it's not a real person and such anxiety makes no rational sense. It is clearly possible to trick the brain into reacting as though an illusory environment were real.
Virtual reality offers a large array of potential uses. Already it has been enlisted to treat people suffering from certain phobias. Exposing people who are afraid of heights to virtual cliff edges has been shown to reduce that fear, in a manner much safer than walking along real cliffs. Similar success has been achieved treating fear of spiders.
Other experiments have tested virtual reality's use in treating social anxieties, such as fear of public speaking, and show that it can be a successful treatment for some more serious disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Virtual reality also offers advantages for various sorts of research, education, and training. Some neuroscientists believe that virtual reality experiments can provide insight into the nature of awareness and consciousness itself. Surgeons can practice virtual operations before cutting into real people; soldiers can learn combat tactics in virtual worlds without shooting real bullets.
Virtual reality could also be used in business, advancing video conferencing to a level in which people located in widely dispersed parts of the world can interact in a shared environment and carry out tasks together. Meeting the engineering challenge of allowing dispersed people to seamlessly see, hear, and touch each other, as well as share real objects and equipment, would be particularly useful for the military and emergency response teams, too.
All of these scenarios involve outfitting the user with a virtual reality interface — often a display screen mounted on the head so as to cover the eyes and ears — that communicates with a computer. The computer stores all the necessary information to generate the virtual scenes and sounds. Typically, the visual and auditory information is transmitted separately to each eye and ear, giving realistic stereovision images and two- or three-dimensional impression of sounds. As users move their heads, the computer quickly generates new images to reflect what people moving about in a real world would see next. Since head movements result in corresponding changes to what is seen, as they do in real life, this acts as a very powerful mechanism for immersing the user in the virtual world.
For virtual reality systems to fully simulate reality effectively, several engineering hurdles must be overcome. The resolution of the video display must be high enough, with fast enough refresh and update rates, for scenes to look like and change like they do in real life. The field of view must be wide enough and the lighting and shadows must be realistic enough to maintain the illusion of a real scene. And for serious simulations, reproducing sensations of sound, touch, and motion are especially critical.
While advances have been made on all of these fronts, virtual reality still falls short of some of its more ambitious depictions. Fine-grained details of the virtual environment are impossible to reproduce precisely. In particular, placing realistic “virtual people” in the scene to interact with the user poses a formidable challenge.
“Rendering of a virtual human that can purposefully interact with a real person — for example, through speech recognition, the generation of meaningful sentences, facial expression, emotion, skin color and tone, and muscle and joint movements — is still beyond the capabilities of real-time computer graphics and artificial intelligence,” write neuroscientist Maria V. Sanchez-Vives and computer scientist Mel Slater. [Sanchez-Vives, p. 335]
Yet virtual reality users routinely respond to even crude “virtual people” as though they are real. So one of the challenges of virtual reality research is identifying just what level of detail is necessary for a user to accept the illusion, in other words to respond to virtual events and simulations in a realistic way. Already, it seems that visually precise detail may not be as important as accurate reproduction of sound and touch.
Touch poses an especially formidable challenge. For some uses, gloves containing sensors can record the movements of a user’s hand and provide tactile feedback, but somewhat crudely. That’s not good enough to train a surgeon who, when cutting through virtual tissue, should feel different degrees of resistance to the motion of a scalpel at different places along the tissue. Moreover, with today’s technology you can’t feel an accidental bump against a virtual piece of furniture.
Efforts to solve such problems are in the beginning stages. One possible approach would make use of electrorheological fluids, which alter their thickness when exposed to electric fields of different strengths. Perhaps an advanced virtual reality computer could make use of this effect to send electrical signals to adjust a glove or garment’s resistance to touch, providing touch feedback to the user.
It may not be virtual reality per se, but a related concept also seems to be growing in cyberspace, as the World Wide Web has become host to whole worlds populated by virtual people guided by their real-world owners. One such site, known as Second Life, already has millions of participants, some who just visit, some who buy virtual property, establish virtual businesses, and communicate and form relationships with other inhabitants through various communication channels.
What’s more, such worlds could be in the process of merging with the real world, as computer records of the physical environment (as available via Google Earth or Microsoft’s Virtual Earth) could be interlaced with the sites like Second Life. It would then be possible to virtually visit real locations, explore a city’s restaurants and hotels, and engage in other virtual tourist activities.
Doug A. Bowman and Ryan P. McMahan, “Virtual Reality: How Much Immersion Is Enough?” Computer 40 (July 2007). http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MC.2007.257
D. Klein et al., “Modelling the response of a tactile array using electrorheological fluids,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (2004), pp. 794-803.
Wade Roush, “Second Earth,” Technology Review (July/August 2007).
Maria V. Sanchez-Vives and Mel Slater, “From presence to consciousness through virtual reality,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (April 2005), pp. 332-339. | <urn:uuid:cc0554bf-cd92-41f0-82ad-e4b5672ac194> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://engineeringchallenges.org/challenges/virtualreality.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806708.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122233044-20171123013044-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.938406 | 1,707 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Der Wald in 4 Sprachen (ENGLISCH)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a community of trees. For other uses, see Forest (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011)
A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park)
The Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York form the southernmost part of the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion.
Mixed deciduous forest in Stara Planina, Serbia
A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely-used United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered an area of four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006.
Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.
Forests at different latitudes form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles tend to consist of evergreens, while tropical forests near the equator tend to be distinct from the temperate forests at mid-latitude. The amount of precipitation and the elevation of the forest also affects forest composition.
Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways. Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also impose costs, affect people's health, and interfere with tourist enjoyment. Human activities, including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.
3 Forest ecology
3.1 Temperate needleleaf
3.2 Temperate broadleaf and mixed
3.3 Tropical moist
3.4 Tropical dry
3.5 Sparse trees and parkland
3.6 Forest plantations
4 Relationship to human society
4.2 United States
5 Forest land area
6 See also
8 External links
A gate in a snowy forest
Although forest is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world. Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.
There are three broad categories of forest definitions in use: administrative, land use, and land cover. Administrative definitions are based primarily upon the legal designations of land, and commonly bear no relationship to the vegetation growing on the land: land that is legally designated as a forest is defined as a forest even if no trees are growing on it. Land Use definitions are based upon the primary purpose that the land serves. For example, a forest may defined as any land that is used primarily for production of timber. Under such a Land Use definition, cleared roads or infrastructure within an area used for forestry, or areas within the region that have been cleared by harvesting, disease or fire are still considered forests even if they contain no trees. Land Cover definitions define forests based upon the type and density of vegetation growing on the land. Such definitions typically define a forest as an area growing trees above some threshold. These thresholds are typically the number of trees per area (density), the area of ground under the tree canopy (canopy cover) or the section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks (basal area). Under such Land Cover definitions, and area of land only be defined as forest if it is growing trees. Areas that fail to meet the Land Cover definition may be still included under while immature trees are establishing if they are expected to meet the definition at maturity.
Under land use definitions, there is considerable variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest, woodland, and savanna. Under some definitions, forests require very high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%, excluding savannas and woodlands in which trees have a lower canopy cover. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, and include all areas with tree canopies over 10%.
Since the 1200s this forest has had special use and protection in Poland. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions.
The word forest comes from Middle English, from Old French forest (also forès) "forest, vast expanse covered by trees"; first introduced in English as the word for wild land set aside for hunting without the necessity in definition for the existence of trees. Possibly a borrowing (probably via Frankish or Old High German) of the Medieval Latin word foresta "open wood", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds. The term was not endemic to Romance languages (e.g. native words for "forest" in the Romance languages evolved out of the Latin word silva "forest, wood" (English sylvan); cf. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese selva; Romanian silva; Old French selve); and cognates in Romance languages, such as Italian foresta, Spanish and Portuguese floresta, etc. are all ultimately borrowings of the French word.
The exact origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the Late Latin phrase forestam silvam, meaning "the outer wood"; others claim the term is a latinisation of the Frankish word *forhist "forest, wooded country", assimilated to forestam silvam (a common practice among Frankish scribes). Frankish *forhist is attested by Old High German forst "forest", Middle Low German vorst "forest", Old English fyrhþ "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (English frith), and Old Norse fýri "coniferous forest", all of which derive from Proto-Germanic *furhísa-, *furhíþija- "a fir-wood, coniferous forest", from Proto-Indo-European *perkwu- "a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height".
Uses of the word "forest" in English to denote any uninhabited area of non-enclosure are now considered archaic. The word was introduced by the Norman rulers of England as a legal term (appearing in Latin texts like the Magna Carta) denoting an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting by feudal nobility (see Royal Forest).
Tywi forest, in Wales
These hunting forests were not necessarily wooded much, if at all. However, as hunting forests did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word "forest" eventually came to mean wooded land more generally. By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage.
Other terms used to mean "an area with a high density of trees" are wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith and firth. Unlike forest, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some classifications now reserve the term woodland for an area with more open space between trees and distinguish among woodlands, open forests, and closed forests based on crown cover.
Main article: Forest ecology
Temperate rainforest in Tasmania's Hellyer Gorge
Biogradska forest in Montenegro
Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation
Even, dense old-growth stand of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the understory, in the Brussels part of the Sonian Forest.
Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Forest ecosystems can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity.
The latitudes 10° north and south of the equator are mostly covered in tropical rainforest, and the latitudes between 53°N and 67°N have boreal forest. As a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests) are more species-rich than those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist.
Forests sometimes contain many tree species only within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests). Forests are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. The woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate.
Forests can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. One such way is in terms of the biome in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). Another distinction is whether the forests are composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, coniferous (needle-leaved) trees, or mixed.
Boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous.
Temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g., temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., temperate coniferous forests and temperate rainforests). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including laurel forests.
Tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests.
Physiognomy classifies forests based on their overall physical structure or developmental stage (e.g. old growth vs. second growth).
Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g., Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest).
Forests can also be classified according to the amount of human alteration. Old-growth forest contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established seral patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. In contrast, secondary forest often contains significant elements of species which were originally from other regions or habitats.
A number of global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance. UNEP-WCMC's forest category classification system is a simplification of other more complex systems (e.g. UNESCO's forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf; temperate broadleaf and mixed; tropical moist; tropical dry; sparse trees and parkland; and forest plantations. Each category is described as a separate section below.
Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta). In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important. In the Southern Hemisphere, most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.
Temperate broadleaf and mixed
Broadleaf forest in Bhutan
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rainforests of Japan, Chile and Tasmania, the sclerophyllous forests of Australia, central Chile, the Mediterranean and California, and the southern beech Nothofagus forests of Chile and New Zealand.
There are many different types of tropical moist forests, although most extensive are the lowland evergreen broad leaf rainforests, for example várzea and igapó forests and the terra firma forests of the Amazon Basin; the peat swamp forests, dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia; and the high forests of the Congo Basin. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude.
Tropical dry forests are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. However, under some conditions, e.g. less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "sclerophyllous". Thorn forest, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire is a recurrent phenomenon, woody savannas develop (see 'sparse trees and parkland').
Sparse trees and parkland
Taiga forest near Saranpaul in the northeast Ural Mountains, Khanty–Mansia, Russia. Trees include Picea obovata (dominant on right bank), Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, and Betula pendula.
Sparse trees and parkland are forests with open canopies of 10–30% crown cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these ecosystems occur are in the boreal region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forest or taiga, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuous closed forest cover, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open taiga, open lichen woodland, and forest tundra. It is species-poor, has high bryophyte cover, and is frequently affected by fire.
Forest plantations, generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood increase the total area of forest worldwide. Commonly mono-specific and/or composed of introduced tree species, these ecosystems are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity. However, they can be managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and they are important providers of ecosystem services such as maintaining nutrient capital, protecting watersheds and soil structure as well as storing carbon. They may also play an important role in alleviating pressure on natural forests for timber and fuelwood production.
Relationship to human society
Main articles: Forestry, Logging and Deforestation
Coastal Douglas fir woodland in northwest Oregon
Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many redwood trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production
A forest near Vinitsa, Republic of Macedonia
Forests may provide a diversity of ecosystem services including recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen, acting as a carbon sink, aiding in regulating climate, purify water, mitigating natural hazards such as floods, and serving as a genetic reserve. Forests also serve as a source of lumber and as recreational areas.
It is often forgotten that forests do not only provide benefits, but can also incur large and significant costs to humans. Forests may impose a considerable economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, cause a dramatic decline in the food producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity remove available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous and destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease.
The management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders.
Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, urban sprawl, human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices of swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forest leads to a distinction between two broad types of forest, primary or old-growth forest and secondary forest. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time including forest fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries—the Boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the rainforest of Brazil.
In 2010, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reported that world deforestation, mainly the conversion of tropical forests to agricultural land, had decreased over the past ten years but still continues at a high rate in many countries. Globally, around 13 million hectares of forests were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year between 2000 and 2010 as compared to around 16 million hectares per year during the 1990s. The study covered 233 countries and areas. Brazil and Indonesia, which had the highest loss of forests in the 1990s, have significantly reduced their deforestation rates. China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused. In addition, ambitious tree planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States and Vietnam - combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions - have added more than seven million hectares of new forests annually. As a result the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for Nature Climate Change showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to reforestation in China and Russia.
Smaller areas of woodland in cities may be managed as Urban forestry, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; Attention Restoration Theory argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while forest schools and kindergartens help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live, for practical logistics.
Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia
Canada has about 4,020,000 square kilometres (1,550,000 sq mi) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which includes extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada’s forest is legally protected from resource development. Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land use planning or defined management areas such as certified forests.
By December 2006, over 1,237,000 square kilometers of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed. Clearcutting, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment, and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of clearcuts, although some older clearcuts can range upwards of 110 square kilometres (27,000 acres) in size which were cut over several years.
Trees on a mountain in northern Utah during early autumn.
In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved forestry practices has helped regulate or moderate large scale or severe impacts. However, the United States Forest Service estimates a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4,942,000 acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as afforestation and natural reversion of abandoned crop and pasture land to forest. However, in many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large forest fires.
Forest land area
Forest Land Area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
('000 km2) ('000 mi2) ('000 km2) ('000 mi2) ('000 km2) ('000 mi2) ('000 km2) ('000 mi2) ('000 km2) ('000 mi2)
Australia 1,511 583 1,502 580 1,493 576 1,473 569 1,467 566
Brazil 5,239 2,023 5,217 2,014 5,195 2,006 5,183 2,001 5,173 1,997
Canada 3,101 1,197 3,101 1,197 3,101 1,197 3,101 1,197 3,101 1,197
China 2,013 777 2,041 788 2,069 799 2,159 834 2,168 837
European Union 1,559 602 1,564 604 1,569 606 1,573 607 1,578 609
Germany 111 43 111 43 111 43 113 44 113 44
India 681 263 683 264 684 264 693 268 693 268
Indonesia 958 370 951 367 944 364 937 362 931 359
Japan 250 97 250 97 250 97 251 97 251 97
Russia 8,090 3,120 8,090 3,120 8,091 3,124 8,092 3,124 8,093 3,125
United States 3,033 1,171 3,036 1,172 3,040 1,170 3,049 1,177 3,051 1,178
World total 40,318 15,567 40,261 15,545 40,204 15,523 40,184 15,515 39,519 15,258
Ancient woodland, an official classification of ancient forest in the United Kingdom.
Close to nature forestry
Intact forest landscape
Kelp forest (A forest made mostly if not entirely of Kelp; an underwater forest)
List of countries by forest area
List of old-growth forests
List of superlative trees
List of tree genera
List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family
Old-growth forest (ancient forest, virgin forest, primary forest)
Primeval forest, a term often used interchangeably with old growth forest
Taiga, a biome characterized by coniferous forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate coniferous forests
Trees of the world
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Forests
Look up forest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forest.
Wikisource has the text of the 1906 New International Encyclopedia article Forest.
Forests in danger
Intact Forests with maps and reports
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 by the Food and Agriculture Organization
CoolForests.org – Conservation Cools the Planet
Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems
Google – public data "Forest area (sq. km)"
Luck Baker, Andrew (18 November 2008). "The first forests – Discovery 2008". BBC Online.
"The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots". Conservation International. 2 February 2011.
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This page was last modified on 1 April 2015, at 07:30. | <urn:uuid:99d4457f-45ca-4ac4-9471-16b661d5f1a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.zorazora.de/der-wald-in-4-sprachen-englisch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803737.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126202017-20210126232017-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.86314 | 7,509 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Chayote is a gourd like squash that is about the size and shape of a very large pear. It is also known as mirliton, choko (in Australia and New Zealand), christophene (in France), Chuchu (Brazil), Chow Chow (India), Cho cho (Jamaica) or pear squash.
It is an edible plant that belongs to the gourd family Cucurbitaceae along with melons, cucumbers and squash. Chayote is known by different name in Indian regional languages such as Seema vankaya or Bengaluru vankaaya (in Telugu), Chocho or Chow Chow or Bengaluru katharikkai (in Tamil) etc. Chayote is grown in the US in several states including California, Florida, and Louisiana, and throughout South and East Asia, where they are harvested much larger than in the Americas, but it is native to Latin America.
Historically, this squash was one of the primary foods of the Aztecs and Mayas. The word "chayote" is a Spanish derivative of the Nahuatl word chayohtli. Chayote was one of the many foods introduced to Europe by early explorers, who brought back a wide assortment of botanical samples.
The skin is pale green and smooth with slight ridges that run lengthwise. Many compare the color to a light green apple. The flesh is white and there is one soft seed in the middle. The chayote fruit is used in both raw and cooked forms. When cooked, chayote is usually handled like summer squash; it is generally lightly cooked to retain the crisp flavor. Raw chayote may be added to salads or salsas, and it is often marinated with lemon or lime juice. It can also be eaten straight, although the bland flavor makes this a dubious endeavor.
Whether raw or cooked, chayote is a good source of amino acids and vitamin C. Chow Chow has thick rough thorny skins. They are widely used in south Indian and included in recipes like chow chow sambar (squash cooked with lentils), bisi bele bhath, mor kuzhambu (chow chow cooked with buttermilk), Chow chow kootu, Beef soup or curry. Generally bland but gets blended well with other flavors and taste exceptionally delicious. Although most people are familiar only with the fruit as edible, the root, stem, seeds and leaves are as well edible.
The tubers of the plant are eaten like potatoes and other root vegetables while the shoots and leaves are often consumed in salads and stir fries, especially in Asia. In the most common variety, the fruit is roughly pear shaped, somewhat flattened and with coarse wrinkles, ranging from 10 to 20 cm in length.
The flesh has a fairly bland taste, and a texture described as a cross between a potato and a cucumber. Although generally discarded, the seed has a nutty flavor and may be eaten as part of the fruit. The fruit does not need to be peeled and can be eaten raw in salads. Cooked or raw, it has a very mild flavor by itself, and is commonly served with seasonings (e.g., salt, butter and pepper in Australia) or in a dish with other vegetables and/or flavorings. It can also be boiled, stuffed, mashed, baked, fried, or pickled in escabeche sauce.
Fresh green fruit are firm and without brown spots or signs of sprouting. Smaller ones are tenderer. The tuberous part of the root is starchy and eaten like a yam (can be fried). It can be used as pig or cattle fodder as well as being eaten by humans. Chayote is an important part of traditional diets across Mesoamerica. In Thai cuisine, the young shoots and greens are often eaten stir-fried or in certain soups. In Brazil and other latin countries it is used in salads, soups or soufflés.
The younger spike less fruits may be eaten raw. Chow chow is rich in Vitamin C and potassium, and 1 cup counts for around 40 calories. The vegetable in itself is quite tasteless but chow chow bhath and chow chow koottu seem to be quite popular, especially in the Andhra cuisine. The leaves and fruit have diuretic, cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory properties, and a tea made from the leaves has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerosis and hypertension, and to dissolve kidney stones.
Chow Chow is high in fibre, making it good for digestion. It contains about twice the potassium and Vitamin C as the average cucumber. Chayote squash, or Sechium edule, makes a low-calorie side dish, having 11 calories in a one-half cup serving. A one-half cup serving of chayote squash contains 1 g of protein and 5 g of carbohydrates, with 2 g sugar. This squash has no cholesterol or fat and is also extremely low in sodium, having only 3 mg in one-half cup. Chayote squash also contains B complex vitamins, including 61 mcg folate and small amounts of niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6 | <urn:uuid:0ee7ba89-eeb4-4bbc-ab4f-eb36b073292d> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/chayote | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512035557-20210512065557-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.956158 | 1,097 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Ever walked into the produce section of your grocery store and wonder how it was grown? It’s an important process to make sure that fresh produce is grown in quality conditions and is available when you need it. As a greenhouse grower of tomato varieties, seedless cucumbers, sweet bell peppers, and eggplant, our goal is to offer the freshest vegetables to our customers year-round. We’re able to accomplish this goal through a process called the "hydroponic growing process," a method of growing plants without soil, so that all of the vegetables are grown in a greenhouse. There is a lot of care and efficiency that goes into making the best quality produce available year-round and we invite you to take a look to see how our pesticide-free, non-GMO produce is grown! Through the use of our industry-setting hydroponic growing process, the greenhouse is not only controlled by a computer for temperature, humidity, and many other factors, but we also use employees to check for growth, pest management, and freshness. Along with employees and computers, we even use a little help from our bumblebees! Bumblebees help increase pollination in a natural and more efficient manner. This is our progressive way of using all available resources to help grow the freshest produce possible, using both technology and innovation, along with the skillset instilled in man that has been passed down from generation to generation for centuries! So the next time you go to the store and see the Red Sun Farms logo, you can shop with confidence in knowing that you are receiving some of the greenest and freshest produce around! Find out more about our hydroponic growing process in this video! | <urn:uuid:2550eb66-b1a0-43db-a543-32cd5f57e6ef> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://jemdfarms.com/media/blog/how-is-greenhouse-produce-grown | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.950311 | 348 | 2.640625 | 3 |
When [the mustard grain] has grown, it is the largest of the vegetable plants and becomes a tree.
In Jesus’ illustration, the grain represents the Kingdom message as well as what results from the preaching of that message—the Christian congregation. Like the mustard grain that is “the tiniest of all the seeds,” the Christian congregation had small beginnings in 33 C.E. However, within a few decades, the congregation grew rapidly. This growth was beneficial because Jesus tells us that “the birds of heaven” were able to “find lodging among its branches.” These figurative birds picture righthearted individuals who find spiritual food, shade, and shelter within the Christian congregation. Jesus used the amazing growth of a mustard grain to illustrate the power of God’s Kingdom arrangement to expand, protect, and conquer all obstacles. Since 1914 the growth of the visible part of God’s organization has been phenomenal!
The series of parables that Jesus spoke, recorded in the13th chapter of Matthew, have a related theme — that being, the Kingdom of God.
Typically, Jehovah’s Witnesses think of the Kingdom of God as the powerful government that will crush and put an end to all of Satan’s nationalistic kingdoms upon the earth, which is why we pray “let your kingdom come.” But that is not the kingdom about which Jesus spoke when he prefaced his illustrations with the phrase “the Kingdom of the heavens is like…”
In Jesus’ parables the kingdom relates to the truth, which Jesus also referred to as “the word of the Kingdom” in the illustration of the sower and the seed. And it also corresponds to the congregation over which Jesus presides, which is evident in the illustration of the wheat and the weeds and the fact that the angels collect the weeds out from his Kingdom, that is to say out of his congregation.
Now as regards the illustration of the mustard seed, Jehovah’s Witnesses who have not been associated for a great deal of time may not be aware of the fact that the Watchtower’s recent consideration of this illustration is a significant departure from their previous interpretation. Prior to the publication of the December, 2014, article, upon which today’s text was taken, the WT taught that Christendom is what was represented by the fully grown mustard plant and the birds that found lodging upon its branches were the demons.
The problem with the Watchtower’s former interpretation is that the sower of the mustard seed was not an enemy, such as in Jesus’ related parable of the wheat and the weeds — the weeds being over-sown by Satan. Nor is it justifiable to claim that the mustard plant merely claims to be Christian, when in fact, Jesus clearly said “the Kingdom of the heavens is like a mustard grain.”
Similarly, the related parable of the leaven, also discussed in the 2014 Watchtower, was originally interpreted to mean Christendom too. Now, though, leaven is said to represent the truth. However, Jesus used leaven to symbolize a corrupting influence —hypocrisy. “Lookout for the leaven of the Pharisees,” Jesus warned. The apostle Paul also used leaven to symbolize corruption, saying: “A little leaven ferments the whole lump.”
The question Jehovah’s Witnesses should consider is this: If the only usage of the term denoting a fermenting agent is used in a negative way to illustrate hypocrisy and corruption, what justification is there for the Watchtower to claim that leaven represents “the Kingdom message” that Jehovah’s Witnesses preach? There is none.
Regarding the reason that he spoke to them in illustrations, Jesus explained: “That is why I speak to them by the use of illustrations; for looking, they look in vain, and hearing, they hear in vain, nor do they get the sense of it. And the prophecy of Isaiah is being fulfilled in their case. It says: ‘You will indeed hear but by no means get the sense of it, and you will indeed look but by no means see. For the heart of this people has grown unreceptive, and with their ears they have heard without response, and they have shut their eyes, so that they might never see with their eyes and hear with their ears and get the sense of it with their hearts and turn back and I heal them.’”
Given the fact that none of Jehovah’s Witnesses have the spiritual comprehension to detect the Watchtower’s gross error in their teaching that leaven symbolizes the truth, it is apparent that the organization today is blind and deaf and unresponsive.
Interestingly, Jesus quoted from the sixth chapter of Isaiah, which really speaks to the ultimate accomplishment of God’s purpose to produce a holy kingdom of priests. When Isaiah asked how long he should preach Jehovah responded: “Until the cities crash in ruins without an inhabitant and the houses are without people and the land is ruined and desolate; until Jehovah removes men far away and the deserted condition of the land becomes very extensive. But there will still be a tenth in it, and it will again be burned, like a big tree and like an oak, which after they are cut down leave a stump; a holy seed will be its stump.”
According to Jehovah’s illustration in Isaiah the burning down of the organizational tree will leave a holy stump. Since Jesus cited this prophecy as a preface to his other Kingdom illustrations, it is evident that the mustard shrub represents Christ’s congregation, albeit in it’s corrupt form —before it is burned down during the conclusion. For a fact, from the tiny seed of truth that was planted back in 1874, the organization has grown to a great tree.
And indeed, the Watchtower was right back in 1975, in so far as the birds that lodge on its branches represent the demons. That is in keeping with the fact that in his original illustration Jesus referred to the Devil as a bird that plucks up seeds of truth that have been sown on hardened hearts. Likewise, Jesus also showed the Devil was involved in planting false sons within the Kingdom of God.
The illustration of the leaven fermenting three lumps of dough finds its fulfillment today in the Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The hypocrisy of the leadership of the Watchtower has, indeed, caused a fermentation of the entire organization. It is nearly time for Jesus to clear away the old lump and begin anew. | <urn:uuid:b9d8515f-96c2-45eb-bd62-d1950d52de90> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://e-watchman.com/the-tiniest-of-all-the-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875149238.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229114448-20200229144448-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.968427 | 1,368 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Take a look at the similar writing assignments
Table of contents:
- What is transgender in Marathi?
- What is the meaning of transgender?
- What are gender identity issues?
- What is your gender identity?
- Do I have gender identity?
- What is gender identity examples?
- What are the 7 genders?
- How is gender identity formed?
- What is female Boy or girl?
- What is difference between Lady and woman?
- What is the symbol of a woman?
- Why is it called Woman?
- What is female and male?
- What is the man symbol?
- What is the symbol of Mars?
- What is a symbol used for?
- What does the male and female symbol together mean?
- What is the symbol for bisexuality?
- What does ♀ mean in texting?
What is transgender in Marathi?
English to Marathi Meaning : Transgender : किन्नर
What is the meaning of transgender?
What does it mean to be transgender? Transgender people are people whose gender identity is different from the gender they were thought to be at birth. “Trans” is often used as shorthand for transgender. When we're born, a doctor usually says that we're male or female based on what our bodies look like.
What are gender identity issues?
The gender identity disorders (GID) are defined as disorders in which an individual exhibits marked and persistent identification with the opposite sex and persistent discomfort (dysphoria) with his or her own sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex.
What is your gender identity?
Gender identity is your deeply-held inner feelings of whether you're female or male, both, or neither. Your gender identity isn't seen by others. Gender identity may be the same as the sex you were assigned at birth (cisgender) or not (transgender). Some people identify as a man (or a boy) or a woman (or a girl).
Do I have gender identity?
Symptoms & Diagnosis. To be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, a person has to have symptoms that last for at least 6 months. In children, these symptoms may include: Consistently saying they are really a girl even though they have the physical traits of a boy or really a boy if they have the physical traits of a girl.
What is gender identity examples?
It includes physical expressions such as person's clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and social expressions such as name and pronoun choice. Some examples of gender expression are masculine, feminine, and androgynous.
What are the 7 genders?
Through these conversations with real people Benestad has observed seven unique genders: Female, Male, Intersex, Trans, Non-Conforming, Personal, and Eunuch.1
How is gender identity formed?
Gender identity typically develops in stages: Around age two: Children become conscious of the physical differences between boys and girls. Before their third birthday: Most children can easily label themselves as either a boy or a girl. By age four: Most children have a stable sense of their gender identity.
What is female Boy or girl?
Men determine the sex of a baby depending on whether their sperm is carrying an X or Y chromosome. An X chromosome combines with the mother's X chromosome to make a baby girl (XX) and a Y chromosome will combine with the mother's to make a boy (XY).
What is difference between Lady and woman?
A woman can be a lady for instance and a lady is a woman while a girl can also be a lady but a girl although female gender cannot be a woman. The title, lady or woman, can be used to describe feminisms in different professions and have become part of what is known as gender politics. ...
What is the symbol of a woman?
Symbol. The symbol ♀ (Unicode: U+2640 Alt codes: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath, is commonly used to represent females.
Why is it called Woman?
The early Old English (OE) wif – from the Proto-Germanic wibam, “woman” – originally denoted a female, and later became the Middle English (ME) wif, wiif, wyf. By 1175 it was starting to be used to mean a married female, with the two meanings coexisting until the late 16th century.
What is female and male?
“Female” and “male” describe biological sex—in humans, non-human animals, and other organisms. “Women” and “men” should be used when referring to humans where both biology and culture are concerned, such as “women engineers” or “men engineers.” ...
What is the man symbol?
The three standard sex symbols are the male symbol ♂ and the female symbol ♀, and the hybrid symbol ×. They were first used to denote the effective sex of plants (i.e. sex of individual in a given crossbreed, since most plants are hermaphroditic) by Carl Linnaeus in 1751.
What is the symbol of Mars?
The Mars symbol (♂) is a depiction of a circle with an arrow emerging from it, pointing at an angle to the upper right. As astrological symbol it represents the planet Mars. It is also the old and obsolete symbol for iron in alchemy.
What is a symbol used for?
A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences.
What does the male and female symbol together mean?
Last, it is the astrological sign of Mercury. This symbol represents both male and female, together. It is often used to represent intersex people or organisms. Sometimes it is used to symbolize transgender even, but not as common as the symbol below this one.
What is the symbol for bisexuality?
Bisexuality Symbol(s) A common symbol of the Bisexual community is the bisexual pride flag, which has a deep pink stripe at the top for homosexuality, a blue one on the bottom for heterosexuality, and a purple one, blended from the pink and blue, in the middle to represent bisexuality.
What does ♀ mean in texting?
The female sign emoji represents the female sex or gender, often used online or in texts to champion girl power.
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- Does therapy help gender dysphoria? | <urn:uuid:ddb43571-b9ef-441e-b5f6-bf32bcafc51f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://psichologyanswers.com/library/lecture/read/10164-what-is-transgender-in-marathi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585186.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018000838-20211018030838-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.950208 | 1,588 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Here is something for info.
Military rifle bullet wound patterns
by Martin L. Fackler
In addition to the full-metal-jacketed construction which makes them
"military" bullets, the pointed ogival "spitzer" tip shape is shared by
all modern military bullets. The obvious advantage of this streamlined
shape is decreased air drag, allowing the bullet to retain velocity better
for improved long-range performance. A modern military 7.62 mm bullet (with
all-lead core) will lose only about one-third of its muzzle velocity over
467 m; the same weight bullet with a round-nose shape loses more than one-half
of its velocity over the same distance.
More pertinent to the present discussion is this pointed shape's effect
on the bullet's yaw in tissue. The first full-metal-jacketed bullets (1885-1910)
were over four calibres long and round-nosed. Typical of this bullettype
are the 6.5 mm Carcano and the 30-40 Krag bullets; they penetrate tissue
simulant travelling point-forward for 50 cm or more before significant
yaw begins (Fackler, M.L., unpublished data, 1987). The very minimal wounding
effect produced by these early round-nosed jacketed bullets was remarked
upon by surgeons of the time (Kocher, Markins, Brunner, Abbott, LaGarde,
etc.). Even those soldiers with through-and-through chest wounds in which
the bullet missed the large vessels (but passed through the lung) would
be fit to rejoin their units in a few weeks.
The distance that the military-type bullet travels point-forward before
yawing is critical to wounding effects. The distance shown on the wound
profiles is the average distance at which this occurs. However, it is important
to recognise how much shot-to-shot variation from this average distance
can be expected. Taking the M16 wound profile (Fig. 6) as an example, it shows significant yaw starting at a 12cm penetration depth. Seven out of
ten shots can be expected to begin yaw within 26 % of this distance (between
nine and 16 cm penetration depth). This plus or minus 25 % rule is a useful
approximation that can be applied to the otherwound profiles. Let us apply
it to the 50 cm distance-to- yaw for the older bullets; whether the bullet
begins to yaw between 37 or 63 cm penetration distance does not effect
most wounds of the human body because, in the great majority of cases,
the total tissue path will be less than 37 cm.
Conversely, inconsistent effects have been noted in wounds caused by
the M16 and other modern military bullets. Considering the variation in
length of the possible tissue path through the human body, this "inconsistency"
of effect is to be expected. Beware! This variation can be used to dupe
the unsuspecting. A series of shots through a 14 or 15 cm block of tissue
simulant or the leg of a 25 kg animal can give enough variation so that,
by selective choice of exit wound photographs, one can "prove" any point
one wishes (such as one bullet being less "humane" than another). The author
hopes, that understanding this, will make the reader less likely prey to
this sort of deception.
Bullet mass and bullet striking velocity establish a bullet's potential;
they set the limit on the tissue disruption it can produce. Bullet shape
and construction determine how much of this potential is actually used
to disrupt tissue; they are the major determinants of bullet effect. Far
and away the most disruptive bullet of those described is the West German
7.62 NATO round. Its fragmenting behaviour maximises utilisation of its
much higher potential (bullet mass well over twice that of any of the 5.56mm
bullets and velocity only about ten percent less than theirs) for tissue
This author has not tested other European 7.62 NATO rounds, but the
"NATO standards" apparently allow bullet designers great latitude in the
choice of bullet jacket material and thickness. In 1979 a published high-speed
x-ray photograph showed the Swedish 7.62 equivalent to the 7.62 NATO bullet
breaking in a soap block shot at a range of 100m. Although bullet fragments
were not recovered and photographed (the importance of bullet fragmentation
in tissue disruption was not well recognised at the time), one must suspect
the same very disruptive behaviour from this bullet as from the West German
round. This is particularly ironic since the Swedish wound ballistics program
was using every means possible to discredit the M16 as "inhumane" while,
at the same time, Sweden was producing a 7.62 mm military bullet that caused
far more extensive wounds than the M16.
Whether we like to admit it or not, the primary purpose of military
rifle bullets is to disrupt human tissue. Yet the effects of bullets on
bodies - the characteristic tissue disruption patterns produced by various
bullets - remains unclear even to many of those who design and produce
bullets. Surgeons who are called upon to treat the damage bullets cause,
with few exceptions, lack practical knowledge of bullet effects. Attempts
to fill this information void with formulae, graphs, flawed experiments, invalid assumptions, and theories based on half-truth (or no truth at all)
have only increased confusion.
The obvious - simply measuring, recording and describing the disruption
produced by various calibres and bullet types - has largely been ignored
in favour of more dramatic and complex methodology. To illustrate the problem:
if a neighbour told you that a meteorite had fallen into his back yard,
wouldn't you ask him how deep and how large a hole it had made? If he replied that he had, on good authority, an estimation of the meteor's
striking velocity and the amount of kinetic energy it had "deposited"
and gave you both these figures, you might be impressed by the sophistication
of this information, but you still wouldn't know how big a hole he had
in his yard.
Roger Frost, in his cogent editorial "Bullet holes in theories" (IDR
8/1988 p.875) suggested that the various groups interested in gunshot wounds
need to "start to talk to one another". Let's add that the talk needs to
be in terms that can be understood by all - to inform rather than to impress.
In order to illustrate the penetrating projectile-body tissue interaction,
the "wound profile" method was developed. It is an attempt to present a
useful approximation of the pertinent, useful, factual data to clarify
bullet effects in a form that can be readily understood. The profiles depict
the maximum disruption that a given bullet can be expected to produce in
the elastic soft tissue of the living animal. The "permanent crush cavity"
indicated on the wound profiles is the "bullethole" produced by the projectile
crushing the tissue it strikes. The "temporary stress cavity" shows the
approximate extent to which the walls of this hole were stretched a few
milliseconds after bullet passage (entirely analogous to a splash in water).
Anyone who has ever seen a bullet hole recognises that in many cases
it is, in fact, more what might be called a potential hole; it need not
be gaping open. One can, however, easily pass a probe through it, as is
commonly done by forensic pathologists to establish the direction or angle
of the shot. How deeply the bullet penetrated and its attitude (yawed or
straight) and form (deformed or fragmented) as it penetrated. along with
the approximate distance the walls of the hole were stretched after the bullet passed (temporary cavity) - this is the crucial information needed
to understand the wounding mechanisms.
Figure 1. Fired bullets internal cross section from left:AK-47, AK-74,
5,56 x 45 NATO, 7,62 x 51 NATO.
To describe wounding patterns of the common military rifle bullets in
use today, wound profiles will, along with a description of the two characteristic
wounds for each bullet, be used. A simple abdominal wound, and an uncomplicated
(didn't hit bone or large vessels) human thigh wound caused by each bullet,
will be described to demonstrate how the material presented as wound profiles,
can be put to practical use. This should give the combat surgeon some idea
of what to expect. His descriptions of the wounds he actually treats, if
they differ significantly from the expected pattern, might be the first
indication of a change in enemy weapon or bullet type. Patterns of bullet
fragmentation as seen on x-ray, or even the tissue disruption pattern as observed in the body, can be compared with the series of wound profiles
to estimate the bullet type when the bullet has passed entirely through.
Current rifle bullets
Soviet 7.62x39mm - The Soviet AK-47 Kalashnikov fires a full-metal-jacketed,
boat-tail bullet that has a copper-plated steel jacket, a large steel core,
and some lead between the two. In tissue, this bullet typically travels
for about 26cm point-forward before beginning significant yaw. This author
observed, on many occasions, the damage pattern shown in Fig. 2 while treating battle casualties in Da Nang, Vietnam (1968). The typical path through
the abdomen caused minimal disruption; holes in organs were similar to
those caused by a non-hollow-point handgun bullet. The average uncomplicated
thigh wound was about what one would expect from a low-powered handgun:
a small, punctuate entrance and exit wound with minimal intervening muscle disruption.
Figure 2. AK-47, 7,62 x 39 mm FMJ, 713 m/s 7,8g
Yugoslav 7.62x39mm - The Yugoslav copper-jacketed, lead-core, flat-base
bullet, even when fired from the same Kalashnikov assault rifle, acts very
differently in tissue. It typically travels point-forward for only about
9cm before yawing. Due to the lead core, this bullet flattens somewhat
as it yaws, squeezing a few small lead fragments out at its open base,
but this does not add significantly to its wounding potential. Referring
to the wound profile of the Soviet AK-47 bullet (Fig. 2) and blotting out
the first 17cm of the projectile path will leave a good approximation of
what one might expect from this bullet.
Since this bullet would be travelling sideways through most of its path
in an abdominal wound, it would be expected to cut a swath over three times
the dimension made by the bullet travelling point forward. In addition
to the larger hole in organs from the sideways-travelling bullet, the tissue
surrounding the bullet path will be stretched considerably from temporary
cavitation. Actual damage from the stretch of cavitation can vary from
an almost explosive effect, widely splitting a solid organ such as the liver, or a hollow one such as the bladder if it is full at the time it
is hit, to almost no observable effect if the hollow organs (such as intestines)
when hit contain little liquid and/or air. The exit wound may be punctate
or oblong, depending on the bullet's orientation as it struck the abdominal
wall at the exit point. The exit wound could be stellate if sufficient
wounding potential remains at this point on the bullet path. The thigh
entrance wound will be small and punctate but the exit wound will probably
be stellate, measuring up to 11 cm from the tips of opposing splits. The
stellate exit wound results from the temporary cavity simply stretching
the skin beyond its breaking point. These stellate wounds generally bleed
very little. Small-to medium-sized vessels are certainly cut or torn, but
cavity tearing action generally stimulates the tiny muscles in the
vessel walls to constrict and clots will form in their open ends, limiting
blood loss. Being wide open, these wounds tend to drain and heal amazingly
well even in situations of limited surgical resources. This increased tissue
disruption of the leg will, of course, temporarily limit the mobility of
the person hit to a greater extent than wounds causing less tissue disruption.
Soviet 5.45x39mm - This is fired from the AK-74, which is the Soviet
contribution to the new generation of smaller-calibre assault rifles and
which produces the wound profile seen in Fig. 3. The full metal-jacketed
bullet designed for this weapon has a copper-plated steel jacket and a
largely steel core, as does the bullet of its predecessor, the AK-47. A
unique design feature of the AK-74, however, is an air-space (about 5mm
long) inside the jacket at the bullet's tip (Fig 1). The speculation that
this air-space would cause bullet deformation and fragmentation on impact
proved to be unfounded, but the air-space does serve to shift the builet's
centre of mass toward the rear, possibly contributing to its very early
yaw. In addition, on bullet impact with tissue, the lead just behind the
air-space shifts forward into this space. This shift of lead occurs asymmetrically
and may be one reason for the peculiar curvature of this bullet's path
in the last half of its path through tissue (Fig 3). Only in a shot with
a long tissue path, like an oblique shot through the torso, would this
curved path be evident; it doesn't really add anything to wounding capacity,
but might cause an occasional confusing path through tissue. This bullet
yaws after only about 7cm of tissue penetration, assuring an increased
temporary cavity stretch disruption in a higher percentage of extremity
hits; other bullets need more tissue depth to yaw and in many cases cause
only minimal disruption on extremity hits.
Figure 3. AK-74 5,45 x 39 mm FMJ 935 m/s 3,4 g
The abdomen and thigh wounds expected from this bullet would be essentially
the same as those described above for the Yugoslav variation of the AK-47
All pointed bullets that do not deform end their tissue path travelling
base first, since this puts their centre of mass forward; this is their
stable attitude. The rotation imparted to the bullet by the rifled gun
barrel is sufficient to force the bullet to travel point-forward in air
(in properly designed weapons), but not in tissue where such factors as
bullet shape and the location of centre of mass far outweigh rotation effects.
The bi-lobed yaw patterns shown in the profiles of the AK-47 and the AK-74 represent what is seen in most shots. Sometimes the bullet yaws to 180°,
or the base-forward position, in one cycle. These variations, along with
the curvature in bullet path at or near the end of tissue path, are of
far less importance than the distance the bullet travels point-forward
before significant yaw begins.
US M193 5.56x45mm - This bullet is fired from the US armed forces' first-generation
smaller-calibre rifle, the M16A1. The large permanent cavity it produces,
shown in the wound profile (Fig. 4), was observed by surgeons who served
in Vietnam, but the tissue disruption mechanism responsible was not clear
until the importance of bullet fragmentation as a cause of tissue disruption
was worked out and described. As shown on the wound profile, this full-metal-jacketed
bullet travels point-forward in tissue for about 12cm after which it yaws
to 90°, flattens, and breaks at the cannelure (groove around bullet
midsection into which the cartridge neck is crimped). The bullet point
flattens but remains in one piece, retaining about 60 per cent of the original
bullet weight. The rear portion breaks into many fragments that penetrate
up to 7cm radially from the bullet path. The temporary cavity stretch,
its effect increased by perforation and weakening of the tissue by fragments,
then causes a much
enlarged permanent cavity by detaching tissue pieces. The degree of
bullet fragmentation decreases with increased shooting distance (as striking
velocity decreases), as shown in Fig. 5. At a shooting distance over about
100m the bullet breaks at the cannelure, forming two large fragments and,
at over 200m, it no longer breaks, although it continues to flatten somewhat,
until 400m. This consistent change in deformation/fragmentation pattern
has an important forensic application. It can be used to estimate shooting
distance if the bullet is recovered in the body and has penetrated only
Figure 4. M193 5,56 x 45 mm FMJ NATO, 943 m/s 3,6 g initial mass, 2,3
g final weight, 36% fragmentation
The effects of this bullet in the abdomen shot will show the temporary
cavity effects as described for the Yugoslav AK-47 and, in addition, there
will be an increased tissue disruption from the synergistic effect of temporary
cavitation acting on tissue that has been weakened by bullet fragmentation.
Instead of finding a hole consistent with the size of the bullet in hollow
organs such as the intestine, we typically find a hole left by missing
tissue of up to 7cm in diameter (see permanent cavity in Fig. 4). The thigh entrance wound will be small and punctuate. The first part of the tissue
path will show minimal disruption. The exit will vary from the small punctuate
hole described for the Soviet AK-47 to the stellate exit described for
the Yugoslav AK-47, depending on how thick the thigh is where the bullet
perforates it. In a sufficiently thick thigh, the M193 bullet fragmentation
is also likely to cause a significant loss of tissue and possibly one or
more small exit wounds near the large stellate one.
Figure 5. NATO M855 / SS109 5,6 x 45mm
Lutz Möller: Dear Reader, Here I put you little Jampressurecalculator,
so you can by yourself recon the Jampressure at the Bullettip. From Fluiddynamic
one knows the Jampressuereformula ps = ½ * rho*v².
See by yourself which fairytalelike high pressures result upon impact.
Fill in some Speeds in m/s. When you then hit the "recon"-button, I (true:
Speed: m/s Pressure: bar
The Brakeforce results from effective Pressure over the Area. As the
full Jampressure only applies on the Bullettop, from there dimishes to
the side and finally lifts off to Zero, leaving a pressureless Cavity,
one marks a bullet with a Drag Cofficient Cd, so F = -Cd * A * ½
* rho * v²
The slightly heavier and longer American M855 bullet shot from the M16A2
assault rifle is replacing the M193 bullet shot from the M16A1 as the standard
bullet of the US armed forces. FN Herstal originally developed this bullet
type (which has a steel "penetrator" as the forward part of its core -
Fig. 1) designating its bullet the SS109. The wound profile (Fig. 6) is
very similar to that produced by the M 193 bullet. Although the SS109 and
the M866 are not the same bullet, their differences are small and one almost
needs a magnifying glass and a side-by-side comparison to differentiate
the two. There is little difference in their performance in tissue.
The abdominal and the thigh wound produced by the M856 or the SS109
bullets would be essentially the same as those described above for the
M16A1 M193 bullet.
Figure 6. M856 5,56 x 45 mm FMJ 925 m/s initial mass 4 g, final mass
2 g, 50% fragmentation
The longer 5.56mm bullets (M866, SS109) need a higher rotational velocity
to maintain stabilisation in air. FN claimed that this faster rotation
also causes the SS109 to have a significantly longer path in tissue before
marked yaw occurs, thus producing wounds of less severity. This is simply
untrue (compare Fig. 6 with Fig. 6). Additional rotation beyond that needed
to keep the bullet straight in air appears to have little or no effect
on the projectile's behaviour in tissue. However, there is a situation concerning rotation rates whereby these longer 5.66mm bullets can cause
increased wound severity. Shooting the SS109 or M865 bullet in the older
M16A1 rifle barrel (they are not intended for use in this 1-in- 12 in twist
barrel, but in the newer M 16A2 1-in-7in twist) produces a bullet spin
rate insufficient to stabilise the longer bullets. Such a bullet will yaw
up to 70° in its path through air. Striking at this high yaw angle
(essentially travelling sideways), these bullets break on contact and the
marked fragmentation, acting in synergy with the temporary cavity stretch,
causes a large (over 15cm) stellate wound with the loss of considerable
tissue (Fackler, M.L., unpublished data, 1988).
Figure 7. American 7,62x51 NATO FMJ, 862 m/s, 9,7g
NATO 7.62x51mm FMJ (US version) - This full-metal-jacketed military
bullets wound profile (Fig. 7) shows the characteristic behaviour in tissue
observed in all non-deforming pointed bullets. It yaws first through 90°
and then, after reaching the base-forward position continues the rest of
its path with little or no yaw.
The uncomplicated thigh wound might show very minimal tissue disruption
since the streamlined bullet tends to travel point forward during the first
16cm of its tissue path. The abdominal wound, with a sufficiently long
path so that the bullet will yaw, causing the large temporary cavity that
is seen at depths of 20 to 35cm, would be expected to be very disruptive.
If the bullet path is such that this temporary cavity occurs in the liver,
this amount of tissue disruption is likely to make survival improbable.
Figure 8. German 7.62 x 51 mm FMJ NATO left, same american right
The design standards for ammunition that can be called "NATO" ammunition
do not specify bullet jacket material or jacket thickness. The construction
of the West German 7.62 mm NATO bullet differs from the US 7.62 mm NATO
round in that, the jacket material is copper plated steel, whereas the
US version is copper (or the so called gilding metal alloy, which is predominantly
copper). The West German steel jacket is about 0.6mm thick near the cannelure
and the US copper jacket is about 0.8mm thick at the same point. This design
difference is responsible for a vast difference in performance in tissue.
The German bullet, after travelling point-forward for only about 8 cm,
yaws and breaks at the cannelure. The flattened point section retains only
about 66 % of the bullet's weight, the remaining 45 % mass becomes fragments
. The wound profile can be described as an enlarged M16 profile
(Fig. 3), with dimensions of the tissue disruption increased by 60 % (temporary
stress cavity about 22 cm diameter; permanent crush cavity about 11 cm
diameter, penetration depth of the bullet point about 58 cm). The uncomplicated
thigh wound from this bullet is likely to have a large exit with the loss
of substantial tissue near the exit; still, this might not be a very serious
wound since the bullet fragmentation does not occur until beyond 10 cm
penetration depth and, in most shots, the bullet will have passed well
beyond the major vessels before this occurs. The abdomen shot, however, because of the much enlarged permanent cavity from bullet fragmentation,
is likely to prove fatal in a majority of cases.
Sovjet and Chinese 7.62 x 54 mm R (Rimmed case) - This bullet, although
not nearly as common as the AK-47 or the others discussed above, is included
because it is currently used in the Dragunov sniper rifle and the Communist
bloc light machine-guns. Also, since it was the standard Soviet military
round in WW1 and WW2 (in the bolt-action Mosin-Nagant), it might well be
found in considerable numbers in some Third World countries. The bullet
weighs 9,6 g; the base is hollowed out with a cone-shaped cavity - 5 mm
deep for the Sovjet, 3 mm deep for the Chinese). The Sovjet bullet has
a copper-plated steel jacket and the Chinese one has a jacket of what appears
to be brass. The muzzle velocity is about 853 m/s and the wound profile
closely resembles that of the 7.62 mm NATO (US version). Thigh and abdominal
shots thus would be as described above for the US 7.62 mm NATO bullet.
Betreff: [HK-L] Re: Fragmenting
Datum: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 21:49:37
I'm afraid I don't share the admiration for the 55 grain M16 at any range
beyond 100 meters. Too many first hand close-up-and-personal experiences
in rather muddy jungle areas where they didn't get the job done for me
to trust them at more than 100 meters. And even then I've seen the 55 grain
do no more damage than a .22 rifle in some cases. What a .223 is SUPPOSED
to do and what it does in real life are two different things. Ever wonder
why they put 3-shot burst devices on many of the newer weapons? A hint...it
wasn't just to conserve ammo. I'd much rather score a single solid torso
hit with a 7.62NATO (with an H&K G3 of course;) than a multiple hit
with a varmit cartridge. While I agree that "wonder bullets" like the Glaser,
etc., are not ultimate killers...they DO have applications. As in airplanes
where you don't want any misses blowing out your cabin pressure at 20,000
feet. However, I am VERY reluctant to trust laboratories for finding the
ideal cartridge for street use. I don't give a dang if they spend the whole
budget surplus (if there still is one) to reach their findings. Labs can
NOT duplicate street situations or military combat scenarios.
Better check that effective range info for the SS109. I think it is
superior to the M193 and not inferior.
> Date sent:
Thu, 20 Jan 2000 10:59:32 -0500
Chuck Santose <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Michael Bonomo <email@example.com>,
> Mike --
> The M16 bullet (actually M193 Ball and M855 Ball) is extremely effective
to roughly 170 meters beyond which the bullet is unlikely to fragment and
cause the giant wounds these rifles are famous for. This is why military
ball ammo causes larger wounds than JHPs from THIS rifle at THESE ranges.
(M16-type carbines have less MV and less real effective range. The darling 10" "CAR-15" bbls used by Delta operators in Somalia proved very
> [M855 Ball -- the newer 62gr steel cored bullet -- has a shorter effective
range than older M193 Ball because it starts off almost 200 > fps slower.]
> Fragmentation of M16 military ball ruptures the walls of the giant
temporary cavity caused by the high velocity bullet turning it into a
very large permanent wound cavity. This cavity is located DEEP within
the target where it has great potential of damaging vital organs.
> Pistol bullets don't move fast enough to cause temporary cavities
of any significance and none shred it with fragments.
> Bozo Bullets like MagSafes, Glasers, Tritons are designed to fragment.
So what? There's no temporary cavity to rip apart. These bullets
rarely penetrate deep enough to have any potential of reaching vital organs.
They can cause large shallow wounds which are much less likely to incapacitate
an attacker than deeper wounds. These bullets are effective in fragmentation. They are ineffective in incapacitation.
> Laboratories like those at the FBI and California Highway Patrol have
spent a lot of our tax dollars determining the most effective cartridges
for pistols of all calibers. Their criteria is based on what it takes
to incapacitate a determined attacker in a gun fight.
Why anyone would choose a lesser bullet (like MagSafe, Glaser, or Triton)
is a mystery to me!
> -- Chuck
The HK List is sponsored by Street Smart Professional Equipment. For
the finest in public safety equipment and tactical gear, For list instructions
Peter G. Kokalis, Editor of Fighting Firearms Magazine from http://remtek.com/cfi/aw/awcfile.htm
Both the AWP and AW CFI Limited Edition rifles chamber throats optimized
for the Federal 308M cartridge that features the superbly accurate Sierra
168-grain BTHP Matchking bullet. Developed for 300-meter shooting in international
matches, this remarkable Boat-Tail Hollow-Point bullet has been winning
competitions ever since it was introduced in 1959. It was used by the gold-medal
winner in the 1968 Olympics and set a new Wimbledon record at 200-15 Xs
in 1983 at Camp Perry. With Federal 308M I have shot 0.25 MOA at 200 yards
and 0.5 MOA at 300 yards with the AW CFI Limited Edition rifle equipped
with the AWC Thundertrap sound suppressor. It just doesn't get any better
than this. The Sierra 168-grain BTHP Matchking bullet remains far and away
the most popular bullet among law-enforcement selected marksmen in the
United States. But, is it really the best choice from a wound ballistics'
The hollow-point cavity in this competition target bullet does not guarantee
the type of consistent, early expansion exhibited by hollow points and
soft points designed for use on living-tissue targets. Research recently
conducted by Lucien C. Haag and reported in the Wound Ballistics Review
(Vol. 2, No. 2), the journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association,
revealed that these bullets frequently fail to expand in tissue simulant
even after as much as 6 inches of penetration and with close range impact
velocities. Dr. Martin L. Fackler, in the same issue of the journal, reported
that these bullets will commonly break up after 7 inches of penetration.
His experiments indicated that when the cavity was increased in diameter
to 0.055 inch by a drill, reliable expansion was obtained after penetrating
less than one inch of 10% gelatin or muscle. Recent controlled testing
has demonstrated that this alteration degrades accuracy
by no more than 0.1 MOA - an insignificant amount. Winchester is reportedly
in the process of developing their own bullet for law-enforcement use that
will provide both match-grade accuracy and reliable performance in tissue.
WITH THE WOUND BALLISTICS LITERATURE and why by M. Fackler
Sniper Use of Open-Tip Ammunition
Submitted by Don Bain
MEMORANDUM FOR COMMANDER, UNITED STATES ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND SUBJECT: Sniper Use of Open-Tip Ammunition
This memorandum considers whether United States Army Snipers may employ
match-grade, "open-tip" ammunition in combat or other special missions.
It concludes that such ammunition does not violate the law of war obligations
of the United States, and may be employed in peacetime or wartime missions
of the Army.
For more than a decade two bullets have been available for use by the
United States Army Marksmanship Unit in match competition in its 7.62mm
rifles. The M118 is a 173-grain match grade full metal jacket boat tail,
ogival spitzer tip bullet, while the M852 is the Sierra MatchKing 168-grain
match grade boat tail, ogival spitzer tip bullet with an open tip. Although
the accuracy of the M118 has been reasonably good, though at times erratic,
independent bullet comparisons by the Army, Marine Corps, and National
Guard marksmanship training units have established unequivocally the superior
accuracy of the M852. Army tests noted a 36% improvement in accuracy with
the M852 at 300 meters, and a 32% improvement at 600 yds; Marine Corps
figures were twenty-eight percent accuracy improvement at 300 m, and 20%
at 600yds. The National Guard determined that the M852 provided better
bullet groups at 200 and 600 yards under all conditions than did the M118.
The 168-grain MatchKing was designed in the late 1950's for 300 m. shooting
in international rifle matches. In its competitive debut, it was used by
the 1st place winner at the 1959 Pan American Games. In the same caliber
but in its various bullet lengths, the MatchKing has set a number of international
records. To a range of 600 m., the superiority of the accuracy of the M852
cannot be matched, and led to the decision by U.S. military marksmanship
training units to use the M852 in competition.
A 1980 opinion of this office concluded that use of the M852 in match
competition would not violate law of war obligations of the United States.
(citation omitted) Further tests and actual competition over the past decade
have confirmed the superiority of the M852 over the M118 and other match
grade bullets. For example, at the national matches held at Camp Perry,
OH in 1983, a new Wimbledon record of 2--015 X's was set using the 168-gr.
MatchKing. This level of performance lead to the question of whether the
M852 could be used by military snipers in peacetime or wartime missions
of the Army.
During the period in which this review was conducted, the 180-gr. MatchKing
(for which there is no military designation) also was tested with a view
to increased accuracy over the M852 at very long ranges. Because two bullet
weights were under consideration, the term "MatchKing" will be used hereinafter
to refer to the generic design rather than to a bullet of a particular weight. The fundamental question to be addressed by this review is whether
an open-tip bullet of MatchKing design may be used in combat.
3. Legal Factors.
The principal provision relating to the legality of weapons is contained
in Art. 23e of the Annex to Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and
Customs of War on Land of 18 October 1907, which prohibits the employment
of "arms, projectiles, or material of a nature to cause superfluous injury".
In some law of war treatises, the term "unnecessary suffering" is used
rather than "superfluous injury." The terms are regarded as synonymous.
To emphasize this, Art. 35, para. 2 of the 1977 Protocol I Additional to
the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, states in part that "It is prohibited
to employ weapons [and] projectiles . . . of a nature to cause superfluous
injury or unnecessary suffering." Although the U.S. has made the formal
decision that for military, political, and humanitarian reasons it will
not become a party to Protocol I, U.S. officials have taken the position
that the language of Art. 35(2) of Protocol I as quoted is a codification
of customary international law, and therefore binding upon all nations.
The terms "unnecessary suffering" and "superfluous injury" have not
been formally defined within international law. In determining whether
a weapon or projectile causes unnecessary suffering, a balancing test is
applied between the force dictated by military necessity to achieve a legitimate
objective vis-à-vis suffering that may be considered superfluous
to achievement of that intended objective. The test is not easily applied.
For this reason, the degree of "superfluous" injury must be clearly disproportionate
to the intended objectives for development and employment of the weapon,
that is, it must outweigh substantially the military necessity for the
weapon system or projectile.
The fact that a weapon causes suffering does not lead to the conclusion
that the weapon causes unnecessary suffering, or is illegal per se. Military
necessity dictates that weapons of war lead to death, injury, and destruction;
the act of combatants killing or wounding enemy combatants in combat is
a legitimate act under the law of war. In this regard, there is an incongruity
in the law of war in that while it is legally permissible to kill an enemy
combatant, incapacitation must not result inevitably in unnecessary suffering.
What is prohibited is the design (or modification) and employment of a
weapon for the purpose of increasing or causing suffering beyond that required
by military necessity. In conducting the balancing test necessary to determine
a weapon's legality, the effects of a weapon cannot be viewed in isolation.
They must be examined against comparable weapons in use on the modern battlefield,
and the military necessity for the weapon or projectile under consideration.
In addition to the basic prohibition on unnecessary suffering contained
in Art. 23e of the 1907 Hague IV, one other treaty is germane to this review.
The Hague Declaration Concerning Expanding Bullets of 29 July 1899 prohibits
the use in international armed conflict:
". . . of bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body,
such as bullets with a hard envelope which does not entirely cover the
core or is pierced with incisions."
The U.S. is not a party to this treaty, but U.S. officials over the
years have taken the position that the armed forces of the U.S. will adhere
to its terms to the extent that its application is consistent with the
object and purpose of Art. 23e of the Annex to the Hague Convention IV,
It is within the context of these two treaties that questions regarding
the legality of the employment of the MatchKing "open tip" bullet must
4. Bullet Description.
As previously described, the MatchKing is a boat tail, ogival spitzer
tip bullet with open tip. The "open tip" is a shallow aperture (approximately
the diameter of the wire in a standard size straight pin or paper clip)
in the nose of the bullet. While sometimes described as a "hollow point,"
this is a mischaracterization in law of war terms. Generally a "hollow
point" bullet is thought of in terms of its ability to expand on impact
with soft tissue. Physical examination of the MatchKing "open tip" bullet
reveals that its opening is extremely small in comparison to the aperture
in comparable hollow point hunting bullets; for example, the 165-grain GameKing is a true hollow point boat tail bullet with an aperture substantially
greater than the MatchKing, and skiving (serrations cut into the jacket)
to insure expansion. In the MatchKing, the open tip is closed as much as
possible to provide better aerodynamics, and contains no skiving. The lead
core of the MatchKing bullet is entirely covered by the bullet jacket. While the GameKing bullet is designed to bring the ballistic advantages
of a match bullet to long range hunting, the manufacturer expressly recommends
against the use of the MatchKing for hunting game of any size because it
does not have the expansion characteristics of a hunting bullet.
The purpose of the small, shallow aperture in the MatchKing is to provide
a bullet design offering maximum accuracy at very long ranges, rolling
the jacket of the bullet around its core from base to tip; standard military
bullets and other match bullets roll the jacket around its core from tip
to base, leaving an exposed lead core at its base. Design purpose of the
MatchKing was not to produce a bullet that would expand or flatten easily
on impact with the human body, or otherwise cause wounds greater than those
caused by standard military small arms ammunition.
5. MatchKing performance.
Other than its superior long range marksmanship capabilities, the MatchKing
was examined with regard to its performance on impact with the human body
or in artificial material that approximates human soft tissue. It was determined
that the bullet will break up or fragment in some cases at some point following
entry into soft tissue. Whether fragmentation occurs will depend upon a
myriad of variables, to include range to the target, velocity at the time
of impact, degree of yaw of the bullet at the point of impact, or the distance
traveled point-first within the body before yaw is induced. The MatchKing
has not been designed to yaw intentionally or to break up on impact. These
characteristics are common to all military rifle bullets. There was little discernible difference in bullet fragmentation between the MatchKing and
other military small arms bullets, with some military ball ammunition of
foreign manufacture tending to fragment sooner in human tissue or to a
greater degree, resulting in wounds that would be more severe than those
caused by the MatchKing. [FNaaa1]
Because of concern over the potential mischaracterization of the M852
as a "hollow point" bullet that might violate the purpose and intent of
the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Expanding Bullets, some M852 MatchKing
bullets were modified to close the aperture. The "closed tip" MatchKing
did not measure up to the accuracy of the "open tip" MatchKing.
Other match grade bullets were tested. While some could approach the
accuracy standards of the MatchKing in some lots, quality control was uneven,
leading to erratic results. No other match grade bullet consistently could
meet the accuracy of the open-tip bullet.
6. Law of War Application.
From both a legal and medical standpoint, the lethality or incapacitation
effects of a particular small-caliber projectile must be measured against
comparable projectiles in service. In the military small arms field, "small
caliber" generally includes all rifle projectiles up to and including .60
caliber (15mm). For the purposes of this review, however, comparison will
be limited to small-caliber ammunition in the range of 5.45mm to 7.62mm,
that is, that currently in use in assault or sniper rifles by the military services of most nations.
Wound ballistic research over the past fifteen years has determined
that the prohibition contained in the 1899 Hague Declaration is of minimal
to no value, inasmuch as virtually all jacketed military bullets employed
since 1899 with pointed ogival spitzer tip shape have a tendency to fragment
on impact with soft tissue, harder organs, bone or the clothing and/or
equipment worn by the individual soldier.
The pointed ogival spitzer tip, shared by all modern military bullets,
reflects the balancing by nations of the criteria of military necessity
and unnecessary suffering: its streamlined shape decreases air drag, allowing
the bullet to retain velocity better for improved long-range performance;
a modern military 7.62mm bullet will lose only about one-third of its muzzle
velocity over 500 yards, while the same weight bullet with a round-nose
shape will lose more than one-half of its velocity over the same distance.
Yet the pointed ogival spitzer tip shape also leads to greater bullet breakup,
and potentially greater injury to the soldier by such a bullet vis-à-vis
a round-nose full- metal jacketed bullet. (See Dr. M. L. Fackler, "Wounding
Patterns for Military Rifle Bullets," International Defense Review, January
1989, pp. 56-64, at 63.)
Weighing the increased performance of the pointed ogival spitzer tip
bullet against the increased injury its breakup may bring, the nations
of the world-- through almost a century of practice--have concluded that
the need for the former outweighs concern for the latter, and does not
result in unnecessary suffering as prohibited by the 1899 Hague Declaration
Concerning Expanding Bullets or article 23e of the 1907 Hague Convention
IV. The 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Expanding Bullets remains valid
for expression of the principle that a nation may not employ a bullet that
expands easily on impact for the purpose of unnecessarily aggravating the
wound inflicted upon an enemy soldier. Such a bullet also would be prohibited
by article 23e of the 1907 Hague IV, however. Another concept fundamental
to the law of war is the principle of discrimination, that is, utilization
of means or methods that distinguish to the extent possible legitimate
targets, such as enemy soldiers, from noncombatants, whether enemy wounded
and sick, medical personnel, or innocent civilians. The highly trained
military sniper with his special rifle and match grade ammunition epitomizes
the principle of discrimination. In combat, most targets are covered or
obscured, move unpredictably, and as a consequence are exposed to hostile
fire for limited periods of time. When coupled with the level of marksmanship
training provided the average soldier and the stress of combat, a soldier's
aiming errors are large and hit probability is correspondingly low. While
the M16A2 rifle currently used by the United States Army and Marine Corps is capable of acceptable accuracy out to six hundred meters, the probability
of an average soldier hitting an enemy soldier at three hundred meters
is ten percent.
Statistics from past wars suggest that this probability figure may be
optimistic. In Would War II, the United States and its allies expended
25,000 rounds of ammunition to kill a single enemy soldier. In the Korean
War, the ammunition expenditure had increased four-fold to 100,000 rounds
per soldier; in the Vietnam War, that figure had doubled to 200,000 rounds
of ammunition for the death of a single enemy soldier. The risk to noncombatants
In contrast, United States Army and Marine Corps snipers in the Vietnam
War expended 1.3 rounds of ammunition for each claimed and verified kill,
at an average range of six hundred yards, or almost twice the three hundred
meters cited above for combat engagements by the average soldier. Some
verified kills were at ranges in excess of 1000 yards. This represents discrimination and military efficiency of the highest order, as well as
minimization of risk to noncombatants. Utilization of a bullet that increases
accuracy, such as the MatchKing, would further diminish the risk to noncombatants.
The purpose of the 7.62mm "open-tip" MatchKing bullet is to provide
maximum accuracy at very long range. Like most 5.56mm and 7.62mm military
ball bullets, it may fragment upon striking its target, although the probability
of its fragmentation is not as great as some military ball bullets currently
in use by some nations. Bullet fragmentation is not a design characteristic, however, nor a purpose for use of the MatchKing by United State Army snipers.
Wounds caused by MatchKing ammunition are similar to those caused by a
fully jacketed military ball bullet, which is legal under the law of war,
when compared at the same ranges and under the same conditions. The military
necessity for its use-- its ability to offer maximum accuracy at very long
ranges--is complemented by the high degree of discriminate fire it offers
in the hands of a trained sniper. It not only meets, but exceeds, the law
of war obligations of the United States for use in combat.
This opinion has been coordinated with the Department of State, Army
General Counsel, and the Offices of the Judge Advocates General of the
Navy and Air Force, who concur with its contents and conclusions.
An opinion that reaches the same conclusion has been issued simultaneously
for the Navy and Marine Corps by The Judge Advocate General of the Navy.
FNa1. The M118 bullet is loaded into a 7.62mm (caliber .308) cartridge.
In its original loading in the earlier .30-06 cartridge, it was the M72.
FNaa1. While this review is written in the context of the M852 Sierra
MatchKing 168-grain "open-tip" bullet and a 180-grain version, the MatchKing
bullet (and similar bullets of other manufacturers) is also produced in
other bullet weights of 7.62mm rifles (.308, .30-06, or .300 Winchester
FNaaa1. For example, 7.62mm bullets manufactured to NATO military specifications
and used by the Federal Republic of Germany have a substantially greater
tendency to fragment in soft tissue than do the U.S. M80 7.62mm ammunition
made to the same specifications, the M118, or the M852 MatchKing. None
fragment as quickly or easily upon entry into soft tissue as the 5.56mm
ammunition manufactured to NATO standards and issued to its forces by the
Government of Sweden. Its early fragmentation leads to far more severe
wounds than any bullet manufactured to military specifications and utilized
by the U.S. military during the past quarter century (whether the M80 7.62mm,
the M16A1, M193 or M16A2 5.56mm) or the opentip MatchKing bullet under | <urn:uuid:f4a55d71-5faf-4221-8e9e-3067ca3e39b8> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=309&view=next | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770400.105/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00046-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924771 | 10,587 | 3 | 3 |
Do Redheads Feel Pain More?
A study published in the Journal of the American Dental Association revealed that people with naturally red hair, or a gene called the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene were much more likely to fear dental pain. They were also more likely to experience dental-care related anxiety and fear compared to people without red hair or the gene.
The majority of people who have red hair, and fair-skinned people, have variants of the MC1R gene. Previous studies show that redheads are resistant to subcutaneous local anesthetics. They also require about 20 percent more anesthesia before surgery than patients with other hair colors. Because of this heightened sensitivity to pain, authors of the recent study wanted to find out if having red hair or an MC1R gene variant, or both, could predict a patient's response to dental care.
Among other findings, the participants with MC1R gene variants were twice as likely to avoid going to the dentist compared to those without the MC1R gene variants, even after ruling out other factors such as sex or having an anxiety trait.
Why Redheads Fear of Pain Is Important
As the dental study shows, a fear of pain could prevent you from seeking necessary medical treatment. You may also suffer more discomfort than other patients during certain procedures.
However, there is some hope if you're a redhead, and it comes in the form of pharmacogenetics--using genetic data to predict a patient's response to a drug and to personalize a prescription. Researchers at McGill University found that the MC1R gene regulates pain relief from a group of drugs called kappa-opioids. But, there's a catch--your sex matters.
Using mice, the research team found that the MC1R gene regulates kappa-opioid pain relief only in females. They later demonstrated that redheaded, fair-skinned women get better relief from pentazocine, a common kappa-opioid medication. According to lead researcher Jeffrey Mogil, women with red hair respond better to these pain-killing drugs than anyone else - including men.
The researchers explain that, at the very least, identifying relevant genes can help doctors to personalize dosages of medications to each patient's needs. At best, it may lead to new drugs for treating pain.
Tips for Better Pain Relief for Redheads
Still, just because you're a redhead it doesn't mean you'll experience this benefit. The MC1R gene accounts for only between 60 and 65 percent of red hair. So what else can you do to reduce your response to pain?
• Learn to relax. It's widely accepted that relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, yoga, muscle relaxation, and guided imagery can significantly reduce the sensation of pain. Sometimes, it may even reduce the amount of pain relievers you take.
• Discuss your options with your physician. If your doctor recommends a particularly painful procedure, find out whether there are other alternatives you could try first. Also, bring your redheaded status to his attention and your particular pain relief needs. Don't assume it will be automatically taken into consideration.
• Take pain meds more effectively. For instance, some drugs take longer to work than others, so don't just stop taking it after a few days if you don't get any relief. Or, if you know that a medication takes 15 to 20 minutes to take effect, and a particular activity triggers your pain, take your dose about 20 minutes before the activity begins.
• Watch for drug tolerance. After using a pain reliever for a while, you may develop a tolerance to it, whether you're a redhead or not. Speak to your doctor about increasing your dose (don't change your it on your own) or switching to a more effective medication.
Journal of the American Dental Association, 2009. Vol 140, No 7, 896-905.
© 2009 American Dental Association "Genetic Variations Associated With Red Hair Color and Fear of Dental Pain, Anxiety Regarding Dental Care and Avoidance of Dental Care."
McGill University press release "Redheaded women respond better to painkilling drug."
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The material on the QualityHealth Web site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment provided by a physician or other qualified health provider. See additional information. | <urn:uuid:aaf3af32-f5f9-4668-a402-7b8347609c3e> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.qualityhealth.com/pain-articles/redheads-feel-pain-more | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011032.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00068-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927894 | 957 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In sum, gun prevalence is positively associated with overall homicide rates but not systematically related to assault or other types of crime. Together, these results suggest that an increase in gun prevalence causes an intensification of criminal violence—a shift toward greater lethality, and hence greater harm to the community. Of course, gun ownership also confers benefits to the owners and possibly other members of the household. The benefits are associated with the various private uses of guns—gun sports, collecting, protection of self and household against people and varmints. But if our estimates are correct, the net external effects appear to be negative…
It is important to distinguish between gun types. While handguns make up only about one-third of the private inventory of guns, they account for 80% of all gun homicides and a still-higher percentage of gun robberies. Handguns are also used in most gun suicides. Hence the social costs of handgun ownership are much higher than ownership of rifles and shotguns. Unfortunately, it is difficult to distinguish between the prevalence of long-gun ownership and handgun ownership in aggregate data, since they are very highly correlated across jurisdictions…
What would be the optimal license fee per household? Answering this question requires monetizing the social costs of the additional homicides that appear to be generated by widespread gun prevalence. One possibility would be to assign each homicide the value per statistical life that has been estimated in previous research, a range of $3 to $9 million (Viscusi, 1998), which come primarily from studies of workplace wage-risk tradeoffs. But even the lower end of this range may overstate the dollar value required to compensate the average homicide victim for a relatively higher risk of death, given that (as noted above) such a large proportion of homicide victims are engaged in criminal activity that entails a high risk of death. For example, a study of the wage premium paid to gang members engaged in selling drugs suggests a value per statistical life on the order of $8000 to $127,000 (Levitt and Venkatesh, 2000).
Suppose that given local conditions with respect to violence and gun ownership, we estimate a ratio of 10,000 handgun-owning households per annual homicide (approximately what holds at the national average for gun prevalence and homicide with an elasticity of homicide to gun prevalence of + 0.1) Given a conservative value of life, $1 million, then the appropriate license fee for a household would be $100 per year. That license fee would increase with the homicide rate, and in some jurisdictions, such as Washington, DC, would become so high that as to be the practical equivalent of a ban on ownership (a ban on handgun acquisition is currently in place in Washington, Chicago, and some other cities). Of course, this calculation ignores the problem of compliance.
This calculation will understate the optimal license fee per gun-owning household if our assumption about the average value per statistical life for homicide victims is too low, or if, as seems likely, gun violence imposes costs on society that are not well captured by any study of the value per statistical life.
Contingent valuation estimates intended to capture the complete social costs of gun violence indicate a value of around $1 million per assault-related gunshot injury (Cook and Ludwig, 2000; Ludwig and Cook, 2001). On average one in six assault-related gunshot injuries results in death (Cook, 1985; Cook and Ludwig, 2000). Under the assumption that this case-fatality rate is stable across time and space, then at the national averages for gun prevalence and homicide our baseline estimate of a guns/homicide elasticity of + 0.10 implies that each additional 10,000 gun-owning households leads to around 6 additional crime-related gunshot injuries. If these contingent valuation estimates are approximately correct, the optimal license fee per gun-owning household would be on the order of $600. If the true elasticity of homicide with respect to gun prevalence is on the order of +0.30 rather than +0.10, as suggested by some of our estimates that are based on modifications intended to reduce measurement error, the optimal license fee may be as high as $1800 per household. | <urn:uuid:d041186b-ac10-44f3-8d78-8fcfd7f9abf3> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://slightlytilted.wordpress.com/2012/12/28/1233/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889617.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120122736-20180120142736-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.952565 | 849 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Small residential care settings
The UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children say that the use of residential care should ‘be limited to cases where such a setting is specifically appropriate, necessary and constructive for the individual child concerned and in his/her best interests.’
The Guidelines define residential care as ‘care provided in any non-family-based group setting, such as places of safety for emergency care, transit centres in emergency situations, and all other short- and long-term residential care facilities, including group homes’. They also advise that residential care facilities should ‘be small and be organized around the rights and needs of the child, in a setting as close as possible to a family or small group situation.’
Although family-based care is an important option for children, research also tells us that small residential facilities can offer an environment that is particularly appropriate for certain children and young people. For example, older children and young people who do not want to be placed in family-based care, or for children when other care settings have constantly failed them.
Children for whom placement in any residential setting should not be contemplated are young children, especially those under the age of 3 years. They should be cared for in a family-based setting. According to the Guidelines, the only exceptions to this general rule is when it is the only way to prevent the separation of siblings, or, ‘in cases where the placement is of an emergency nature or is for a predetermined and very limited duration’.
The handbook Moving Forward: Implementing the ‘Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children’ (page 33) includes small residential care in the classification ‘family-like’ care. This is because, in contrast to family-based care which is provided in a pre-existing family, family-like care is seen to include small-group settings that resemble a family environment as much as possible - usually with caregivers for whom the setting is not their own home. The handbook also highlights the importance of family-like characteristics of a residential care setting and refer to Recommendation 2005 (5) of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe which states that in order to be consistent with children’s rights, ‘a small family-style living unit should be provided.’ It is also recommended that these settings should be in a house situated within a street within the community.
In order to safeguard children in residential care, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child requires protection and child care services and facilities to ‘conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision’ and to develop (and enforce) laws, policies and regulations that prohibit ‘the recruitment and solicitation of children’ for placement in residential care.
The Guidelines also encourage States to develop national regulations and standards for all care providers, including those with responsibility for residential care. Care providers should only be able to operate if they have received accreditation from a ‘competent authority’. Authorities are required therefore, to ‘develop appropriate criteria for assessing the professional and ethical fitness of care providers and for their accreditation, monitoring and supervision’. Regular inspections should ensure residential facilities are compliant with such standards and regulations.
The ‘See Also’ section below has links to other reading materials that may be of interest to you. | <urn:uuid:1494fa8a-17ef-465f-a404-ffcfa2442103> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/alternative-care/0/steps/29816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.958254 | 710 | 3.203125 | 3 |
While cruising through the Barnes and Noble site recently, I noticed something I’d never seen before on the page for my book, Gravity. There was something called a Lexile number, and mine was 730L. What the heck was that, I wondered. So I clicked on the link and found this explanation:
A child’s grade level and reading ability are two different things. That’s why a Lexile® measures the child’s ability based on reading comprehension, not grade level. A Lexile (for example, 850L) is the most widely adopted measure of reading ability and text difficulty. Lexile measures are valuable tools that help teachers, librarians, parents and children select books that will provide the right level of challenge for the child’s reading ability—not too difficult to be frustrating, but difficult enough to encourage reading growth. A child typically receives a Lexile measure by taking a test of reading comprehension, such as the Scholastic Reading Inventory, the Iowa Tests, and many end-of-grade state assessments. The Lexile measure of a book is based on word frequency and sentence length, and is displayed on Barnes & Noble.com product pages. The higher the Lexile measure, the more difficult the text is likely to comprehend.
To learn if Lexile measures are available in your area, contact your school district or state department of education. For more information on Lexile measures, visit www.Lexile.com.
Please note: A Lexile measures text difficulty only. It does not address the subject matter or quality of the text, age-appropriateness of the content, or the reader’s interests. Parents are encouraged to preview all reading materials.
So what did it mean, that Gravity had a Lexile number of 730? I hopped on over to the Lexile site, to compare where my book stood against others, and was surprised to find out that, according to Lexile, Gravity has a reading difficulty akin to an average book in the Nancy Drew series, making it appropriate for readers from age 8 to 12. Which astonished me, considering the fact that Gravity is so full of NASA and engineering terminology that it requires a glossary to explain the vocabulary. I then did a search of my other titles and found that my medical thriller Harvest was rated even less difficult to read, at 620. And that is chock full of complicated medical terms.
Then I noticed that Lexile numbers for mystery authors are all over the place. Robert Parker’s in the 500’s. Patricia Cornwell and Michael Crichton have similar Lexile numbers to mine, in the 700’s. Dean Koonts’s books have Lexile numbers over a thousand. Nathaniel Hawthorne beats us all with a Lexile of 1340. Astonishingly enough, Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time, a book written in the voice of a child, told in charmingly simplistic terms, rates a Lexile of 1180.
What does it all mean, anyway? Does a low score mean we’re simplistic writers? Or does it mean we write with more clarity, making our books easy to comprehend? Does it mean that a school kid who reads our books will get less credit because our books aren’t considered difficult enough?
Or does it mean our books are more likely to be assigned in schools because librarians feel our writing is appropriate to students?
ICheck the site and see if your own books are listed on the site. You can do a search by writing in the author’s name.
I found more information on Lexile here. It offers a grade-equivalent of the Lexile text difficulty scores. And yep, according to the chart, my books are for appropriate for kids from Grades 3 – 5! I had no idea that Harvest was a young adult book!
10 responses to “What’s your Lexile index?”
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You must be logged in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:bb3eed44-5ffc-4ff7-9527-59ef3cc026f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.tessgerritsen.com/whats-your-lexile-index/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111838.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00131-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951207 | 839 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Solar panel technology has been around in some form for a long time – Bell Labs invented the first useful solar cell more than 60 years ago, and scientists have known for centuries that the sun can be used to produce energy. However, it’s only in the last ten years or so that solar photovoltaics (PV) has really taken off as a renewable energy source. There are two major factors influencing the technology’s growth: the steady improvement of both solar panel cost and solar panel efficiency over time.
Solar Panel Efficiency Over Time
The very first solar cells, invented in the 1800s, were less than one percent efficient, not nearly enough to make them a useful energy source. It wasn’t until 1954 that Bell Labs invented the first useful silicon solar panel, which was about six percent efficient.
Since then, solar PV technology has evolved at a rapid pace. Manufacturers have been able to create solar panels that are nearly 30 percent efficient, and homeowners on the EnergySage Solar Marketplace regularly receive quotes featuring solar panels with 19 to 21 percent efficiency from solar installers. These high efficiency panels can produce 25 percent more electricity than the lower-tier economy panels that made up the majority of the market in past years.
The technology exists to increase solar panel efficiency even further. Researchers have managed to achieve 46 percent efficiency in certain laboratory tests using advanced cell structures. However, super high-efficiency panels are typically made of more expensive materials not used in rooftop solar panels, and as a result, they aren’t currently cost-effective.
Graph: Solar panel efficiency over time
Cost of Solar Panels Over Time: a Tale of Falling Prices
Less than 10 years ago, in 2008, the cost of a solar panel installation was $8.82 per watt. The solar industry today looks very different: in addition to solar panel efficiency increasing dramatically, solar panel producers have significantly improved their manufacturing processes. Solar installers, too, can deploy solar PV across the United States more efficiently now than they could ten years ago. The result: the price of solar has fallen by over 60 percent, to just $3.36/watt.
There’s evidence that the rate at which solar prices are decreasing is picking up speed, too. From the second half of 2014 to the first half of 2015, prices featured in quotes to homeowners on the EnergySage Solar Marketplace fell by 1.85%. Between the first half of 2016 and the second half of 2016, however, the average price per watt fell by a remarkable 6.25%.
Graph: Solar panel cost over time
The price decreases over the past ten years are major reason why more and more homeowners are interested in installing solar panels. For a standard 6 kW home solar system, the average gross cost has fallen from $52,920 to just $20,160 in the past decade. Subtract the 30 percent federal tax credit for solar, and you’re looking at $14,110 for a home solar PV system that can cover most, if not all, of your electricity needs. If you own your home, why wouldn’t you consider solar?
Changes in solar panel cost over time can be explained by Swanson’s Law, which states that the price of solar PV modules decreases by about 20 percent for every doubling in global solar capacity. The law is named after Richard Swanson, founder of high-efficiency solar panel manufacturer SunPower, and indicates a phenomenon seen across many different technologies: new industries face a major learning curve, and as they improve, prices fall.
In this way, solar panel manufacturers aren’t that different from computer manufacturers. Think about how much more expensive, and less powerful, your laptop was in 2007 compared to the technology that’s available today. If solar PV technology continues along the same trend, it’s easy to envision a future where solar is on every rooftop.
How to Get the Most Efficient Solar PV System at the Best Price: Compare Options
Solar panel efficiency is improving dramatically, and costs are declining at a similarly rapid rate. However, the solar industry is diverse. Depending on where you look, you may not find the best deal on a system for your home or business.
The best way to ensure that you choose a solar PV system with the right combination of high efficiency and low cost is to compare all of your options on the EnergySage Solar Marketplace. Homeowners who get competing solar quotes from installers on EnergySage typically save 10% on their solar installation costs, and frequently choose packages that include some of the most efficient solar panels on the market (from companies like SunPower, LG, and Panasonic).
Vikram Aggarwal is the founder and chief executive of EnergySage, the online solar marketplace. EnergySage simplifies the process of researching and shopping for solar. By offering shoppers more choices and unprecedented levels of transparency, EnergySage allows consumers to select the solar installation quote that provides the best value for them, quickly and easily. Read all of Vikram's posts here.
All MOTHER EARTH NEWS community bloggers have agreed to follow our Blogging Guidelines, and they are responsible for the accuracy of their posts. To learn more about the author of this post, click on their byline link at the top of the page. | <urn:uuid:317d8248-8669-4a67-b3e9-6ded72b3da22> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.motherearthnews.com/renewable-energy/how-have-solar-panel-cost-and-efficiency-changed-zbcz1703 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668699.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115171915-20191115195915-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.947542 | 1,088 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The Climate Change Solution That Could Spark Global War
Superpowers will control geoengineering and all the damage that comes with it
It could be any country, but let’s say it’s Vietnam.
The year is 2069. World governments failed to halve greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 — the deadline set in a 2018 United Nations report — setting off a chain of rapid warming. Megastorms and wildfires regularly kill hundreds and displace tens of thousands, and coastal cities are abandoning low-lying neighborhoods to the rising sea. Freshwater and food are in short supply as drought dries wellsprings and parches the Mekong Delta’s rice basket.
In an effort to provide some relief and rein in the chaos, global superpowers decide to block out the sun.
The world’s most powerful militaries take the lead, deploying aircraft to soar 32 miles upward into the stratosphere and spray particles that reflect sunlight. The technique mimics one of the planet’s most awesome natural functions: the cooling effect that comes from volcanoes erupting and filling the atmosphere with reflective gas that bounces energy from the sun back into space.
A new world order emerges that is defined by those who shape the climate.
This kind of solar geoengineering, already planned by some scientists back in the year 2019, comes with a tremendous risk called “termination shock.” This dystopian-sounding term denotes the chaotically fast warming that could occur if such engineering were to suddenly stop. In other words, once we turn to such solutions to reduce the harm of climate change, we must continue them indefinitely. By some estimates, stopping could cause decades’ worth of warming in just five years. A November 2017 study found that the rate of temperature change after halting solar geoengineering could be as much as four times larger than that caused by climate change itself.
But geoengineering will require maintenance and resources; it may be deployed cheaply, but coordinating and administering the program and accounting for early mistakes could be expensive. What happens when one of the countries sponsoring it — perhaps the United States, China, or Russia — wants to pull out? Or… | <urn:uuid:5bd01582-d074-499d-be5d-1c48c99a10df> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://onezero.medium.com/the-climate-change-solution-that-could-spark-global-war-bd1cc9cce1a3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.93308 | 440 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Community Planning Program is a comprehensive community development program, aiming to educate and facilitate understanding of comprehensive planning, land use, growth management, decision-making, strategic planning and implementation for local governments in Georgia. The Planning & Zoning series currently consists of the following courses: 101, 102, 201, and 202. These courses are open to appointed board and commission members (existing and new), local government staff and elected officials.
All appointed board and commission members (existing and new), local government staff and elected officials should attend this training.
This is a solid introduction to the basics of what planning and zoning are.
You will learn:
what the roles in the local government planning and zoning processes are (citizens, applicants, planning commission/planning commissioners, planning and zoning staff, and elected officials)
what state laws are applicable to the work planners, zoning administrators and appointed officials do
what the job is and how to do the job
how to interpret and use the city/county comprehensive plan to make land use decisions
why the plan is the anchor of those decisions
how to use the local ordinance and the plan to make the decisions
how to plan for the future: demographic and land use trends as well as population projections and asset-based planning
All appointed board and commission members should attend this training.
This course will discuss civic engagement best practices. This class uses role play to learn about the potential problems that can surface in a public hearing and how to better manage the process.
You will focus on:
broader issues of civic health and engagement
methods to handle contentious public hearings
the decision-making process
The Carl Vinson Institute of Government and the Georgia Chapter of the American Planning Association recognize the importance of ethics education for local government decision makers, planners, planning commissions and boards of zoning as well as local government staff who directly or indirectly work with decision makers and planning and zoning officials, such as in comprehensive planning, zoning appeals or architectural review.
You will learn:
the purpose and goals of the AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and their relationship to ethical dilemmas and decisions in planning
how values, morality, virtue, character and obligations play out in our everyday actions and decisions
how ethical dilemmas can arise whenever discretion is involved in policy or administrative decision making
how to apply principles of ethical decision making to resolve dilemmas
the moral dimensions, goals, virtues and temptations of leadership
how public service is a moral and ethical enterprise
This class addresses the critical role of public officials in a democratic society, the core values underlying public problems and choices, and the reasons why we use boards, councils and commissions to make public choices rather than individuals. This class engages participants in exploring:
why we have government and the government we have
the visions and values that define the public good
conflicts that arise in seeking this good, and choices we face in deciding how to resolve these conflicts
how public leaders can “solve” public problems and make democratic decisions
public leadership as a normative enterprise and the leadership implications for those
who would lead on behalf of the public good
"This training made me realize the importance of proper planning and land use regulations to the quality of life of the city."
Lee Baliles, Councilman, City of Loganville
"Chrissy’s Planning and Zoning training was filled with takeaways for my work with the city: the value of maximizing your city’s strengths; examining its weaknesses and working toward your goals; stressing the use of the city’s comprehensive plan when making decisions regarding zoning; and learning to stick to the job and responsibilities in recommending zoning changes and conditions."
Jennifer Freeman, Planner, City of Griffin | <urn:uuid:9bbc8e42-4106-4c6e-8cb0-3cbc06608e20> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://cviog.uga.edu/training-and-education/appointed-board-member-training/community-planning-program.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540533401.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211212657-20191212000657-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.921708 | 765 | 2.5625 | 3 |
SOME measures are just plain common sense. If drug use is rife in prisons, deter offenders with random drug tests. If teenagers are straying into delinquency, give them a taste of what prison life is like to shock them into cleaning up their acts. And since newly qualified drivers cause many deaths and injuries, all children should be taught how to drive responsibly at school.
Policies like these are bound to make a difference, aren’t they? Well, yes, but perhaps not quite in the way you might imagine. All are examples of bright ideas that have backfired in the real world. Delinquents given tours of prison are usually more likely to reoffend. Random drug tests seem to increase heroin use.
In the 21st century, you might expect governments to be pragmatic about achieving their aims, to do what works. This means basing policies on hard evidence rather than on assumptions or ideology. Yet this seldom happens. Even when policies are tested before being rolled out to an entire area or country, the methods used to evaluate their effectiveness are often worse than useless.
But now more and more researchers are calling for social strategies to be assessed by the gold standard for establishing the effectiveness of any intervention: randomised controlled trials, long used to find out if new drugs are effective and acceptably safe.
“Relative to where we’ve got to in medicine, it’s a disaster,” says Lawrence Sherman, a criminologist at the University of Cambridge and the Jerry Lee Center of Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. “Anything involving the treatment of people from education to social services and crime prevention is mostly terra incognita.” … | <urn:uuid:c84667b5-97e9-468e-9800-d3b6d063148d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826571-900-science-rules-ok-running-societies-the-rational-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.954163 | 351 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Abstract: In the news today there are many stories that can be seen involving the effects plastic waste has on the environment. Many companies try to eliminate this waste by replacing plastic products with reusable containers. Loop is a company that is producing reusable products aiming to sell them worldwide.
Loop is a great company that initiative is to try and save the world in many ways. They are anticipating to launch services is in locations including parts of Paris, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in mid-May. Loop is also planning to work out delivery for London through Tesco later this year, and it’s aiming to launch in Tokyo in 2020. For now, it’s starting with a small trial of users. The products will cost roughly the same as single-use containers, but people will have to pay a container deposit between $1 and $10, and shipping will start at $20, but it will decrease with every item added.
In order to make this product work and be an effective option people need to change their ways, most people like to buy stuff that they don’t need are wanted. Due to people always being in a rush now of days it is more convenient to grab pre-packaged food than it is to make food and put it in a container that is reusable. When people throw away these plastics container they don’t take into account the effect it has on the environment, which can lead to effects on their own lives. People are used to a set schedule and may not be willing to take time out of their routine to make sure they are using products that will not cause harm to the environment. Aside from the factor of prepackaged food in non-reusable containers being easier, it can be seen that reusable containers not only cost more but also you would have to make room for these products. These factors make these items less favorable to people who are constantly on the move during the day.
Be researching and learning, ‘In the past, conservation and environmental organizations have focused on rational arguments to try and convince people to make positive changes.’ But since success with this strategy has been limited, some groups are now trying a different approach. Among them is United States-based conservation organization Rare, which recently launched a Center for Behavior and the Environment aimed at developing and sharing insights from behavioral science as a means of tackling environmental problems. To my understanding, we focus on immediate problems. Our brains are naturally wired to scan for danger, with a preference to focus on problems that need to be fixed right away. People don’t understand that Changing yourself begins with changing your environment
‘Making changes to your environment makes it easier to do what’s right without having to think about staying motivated. If you set up your surroundings so that making the best decisions comes easily, then you can set yourself up to practice better habits.’
Often, we think that change comes from within. We believe that achieving a goal is about changing ourselves and what we think. But we discount the fact that optimizing our environment to make better choices can make a large impact on our actions. You can see many companies are slowly pulling plastic products from their companies and offering reusable items to support saving the environment. | <urn:uuid:5fb74650-116f-4e04-a649-a1df1118c908> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://consumerbehavior.irresistible.io/loop-saving-the-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688674.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019013909-20191019041409-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.972092 | 657 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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Edited by Arthur K. Wheelock Jr.
Aelbert Cuyp was one of the foremost Dutch painters and draftsmen of the 17th century. His prolific artistic career spanned the years between 1640 and 1665, the golden age of Dutch painting, and his idyllic views of the Dutch countryside have entranced collectors and connoisseurs ever since. Although particularly renowned for his pastoral scenes, Cuyp also painted portraits, biblical scenes, and majestic views of Dutch harbors. He had an extraordinary ability to capture atmospheric conditions, from the glow of late afternoon sun to the brisk wind accompanying a sudden thunderstorm. This catalog reproduces 45 of Cuyp’s most distinguished paintings and 64 drawings, alongside more than 100 comparative illustrations. Essays by curators and scholars discuss Cuyp’s work in the context of his time, personal background, artistic development, patrons, use of costume, and techniques. | <urn:uuid:7afd0bec-fde7-4849-86ad-85732c4e95f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.nga.gov/research/publications/pdf-library/aelbert-cuyp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.947333 | 197 | 2.546875 | 3 |
With more and more kids bringing cell phones to the classroom, there are concerns if they distract or improve their learning. There is a thin line between focus and distraction when it comes to Smartphones in the classroom. With one child, a cell phone can be an effective learning tool, while to the next kid; it can divide their attention, causing them to perform poorly. So many kids watch their grades drop as they enjoy video games, laugh at new memes, watch a video on YouTube or chat endlessly with their friends on social media networks. Others successfully use Google and phone apps to research, study, and manage their time, hence improving their grades.
What does Research Say about Cell Phones in Class Room?
A study published in the Journal of Media Education states that students check their phones and other digital devices about 11 times during classroom hours. The study further noted that students use phones for 20% of the overall class time on activities unrelated to learning. According to a study published in the Journal of Educational Psychology, students with cell phones during learning hours scored 5% lower on exams than those who did not have phones.
Further, a report by the Pew Research Center state that 90% of teens own a Smartphone or have access to one. The study further stated that 50% of teenagers between the age of 13 years and 17 years use Facebook, a lower rate than those who use Snapchat, Instagram, and YouTube. The research also indicates that 45% of teens are online regularly. In this research, 31% of the teens said that smartphones positively affect their lives, while 24% said that phones negatively affect them. Nevertheless, 45% reported that smartphones neither had negative nor positive effects on their lives.
Pros of Cell Phones in Classrooms
Access to Educational Apps
One of the benefits of cell phones is that they offer to learn apps and tools that can help students excel in their studies. Some apps teach students time management, organization, and better study skills. Dictionary and/or Online Thesaurus apps are also crucial since they help children improve their writing and reading.
Access to Digital Learning Groups
Social media networks, which can be accessed through smartphones, provide students with many learning platforms. For example, students can participate in group discussions where they share ideas and thoughts on different subjects. Such platforms are most beneficial to students that are shy in class or are in homeschooling programs.
Digital Materials can Improve Learning.
Students can use their smartphones to explore more resources on topics they learn in class. This may include accessing online discussion groups, videos, news stories, and research journals. If properly utilized, they can improve their understanding of challenging topics, close some learning gaps and boost their confidence in class.
Easy Access to Information
Accessing a topic on a smartphone is easier than accessing the same content in textbooks. Cell phones also provide students with more information about a topic in a simplified manner.
Cons of Cell Phones in Classrooms
Cell phones are distracting when students use them to chat with friends or access sites unrelated to learning during class hours. The distraction affects not just the user but also other students and, eventually, the teachers as they try to control the use of the devices in the classroom.
Students with smartphones can access answers to questions during the exam, leading to cheating. While they may not be caught, constant cheating can affect their learning and understanding abilities in the future. Cheating is also unfair to students who seriously revise and work hard in class.
Cell phones contribute significantly to bullying among students. Cyberbullying is dangerous since it is not as apparent as other forms of bullying. As such, it can be ongoing without the notice of parents and teachers.
A closer look at the pros and cons shows that smartphones can be effective learning tools if well utilized. Schools and parents should set policies and clear guidelines for their proper use. Schools and parents should educate students on how to use their phones positively.
What’s more? Self-discipline is critical in the effective use of smartphones in the classroom. | <urn:uuid:a50caf65-94be-4dc5-82b2-b112e05ceccb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://kidsontheyard.com/articles/education/general-education/cell-phones-in-classrooms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.957278 | 842 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Badly stored food can harbour a formidable range of disease-causing bacteria. Make sure you stay safe and that your fridge is well-stocked and clean with these eight easy tips:
This gives the fridge a nice smell. Ensure that it’s in a stable tupperware or container so it doesn’t spill in the fridge. You can also consider using other natural deodorisers like activated charcoal or baking soda to absorb odors.
Allow airflow between items. You should be able to see what’s at the back. If you can’t, it’s time for a clean-out.
Place them on a plate to avoid them dripping on other foods. Keep fruit and vegetables in the crisper drawers and wipe them out regularly as water will accumulate, making the vegetables rotten. Store salamis and cheese in airtight containers so that their smell doesn’t taint other food.
While it’s a myth that you should let food cool before putting it into the fridge, you should at least divide the food into smaller portions before putting it into the fridge so that it cools more evenly and doesn’t over work your fridge too much.
Bacteria can grow pretty rapidly when food is left out for more than two hours at room temperature.
Do this on containers and onto items you’d like to freeze or meals prepared in advance. This helps you distinguish between food that is going bad more easily.
Especially if it lands on the fridge seal as this makes it prone to splitting.
Opening it, even just briefly, will cause the temperature regulator to readjust as cold air escapes quickly, wasting electricity and costing you money. Encourage everyone to do the same – especially teenage boys.
Don’t rely on the ‘sniff test’ – while it’s a good measure of edibility, it doesn’t ensure safety. Plus, certain smells can take forever to get rid off when they’ve been exposed to your fridge. | <urn:uuid:38531e67-093e-4122-96c3-9297a8fd5c9b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.womensweekly.com.sg/gallery/style/appliances/how-to-prevent-and-get-rid-of-odours-in-your-fridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.931413 | 420 | 2.65625 | 3 |
While Thais are always up for a good celebration, and certainly celebrate the western and the Chinese New Years with gusto, the most popular and important celebration in the Thai calendar is the Songkran Festival – the traditional Thai New Year. Previously calculated astrologically, the Songkran Festival is now fixed on the 13th to the 15th of April. It's not unusual for Thais to take their holiday time from work during this week, and all of Thailand shuts down for at least 13 – 15 April.
Presumably because it represents cleansing for the new year, but perhaps also because mid-April is the hottest part of the year in Thailand, one of the most popular ways to celebrate the New Year is to throw water. Roaming the streets with water guns, or standing at the corner of their home with a garden hose, Thais take great delight in drenching whoever they see. Even elephants sometimes get in on the action, with riders encouraging them to use their trunks to spray whole carloads of passerbys. Although this didn't used to be the main part of the Songkran celebration, water guns and hoses have made it easier for this jolly tradition to take a more central role in recent decades.
Although Songkhran is a time filled with good cheer, it's also a time for devout Buddhist Thais to cleanse their negative karma for the past year, and create auspicious karma for the upcoming year. Many Thais will visit a wat (Buddhist monastery) in order to pray and make offerings to the monks. Pictures and statues of Buddha are cleaned by gently pouring perfumed water on them. Meanwhile, combining the good fun of throwing water with sacred Buddha images, Buddhas from important wats are marched down the streets, and onlookers douse them with water – thus ritually cleansing them.
In fact, it is this tradition of bathing Buddhas that kicked off the more recent tradition of soaking friends, family, and strangers with water. In the past, the water that ran off the cleansed Buddhas was reclaimed and poured onto people for auspiciousness, not unlike the use of water in a Christian baptism. But the fun-loving Thai people gradually transformed this tradition into spirited water throwing and water fights everywhere in Thailand. Though traditionalists don't like it, it seems that the water fights are here to stay.
Parts of the Songran Festival, even besides the water fights, might remind westerners of April Fool's Day. Young ladies like to play pranks on the young men, and they do their best to work together to capture the young men and then cover them with blacking.
On the 12th of April, everyone cleans out their homes, burning all the rubbish. The government highly approves of this national day of sanitation, and it helps that the Thais engage in this practice naturally, thanks to tradition. On the morning of 13 April, everyone makes their way to the nearest wat. Offering food to the monks, the monks have a great feast to the accompaniment of music. Later in the day is the ritual bathing ceremony of the Buddha images as already described, and then the water throwing begins.
Thais also dutifully perform the religious ceremony of Bangsakun during the Songkran Festival, a ceremony to honour the dead. Most Thais are cremated, with their ashes buried at the foot of a sacred fig tree in the local wat. Monks officiate as everyone remembers their dead relatives.
Songkran is a festival hugely enjoyed by young and old, Thais and westerners. If you are planning a trip to Thailand, scheduling a trip around the Songkran Festival is a great idea. You'll get to know Thai culture, enjoy the fun-loving celebrations, and you'll probably get soaked with a few water guns. | <urn:uuid:c98be12b-d98a-4081-b04e-db8a6f5f8858> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.thailandholidays.net/songkran-water-festival-thai-new-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171004.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00586-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960116 | 785 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Brian Martin's publications on education
Brian Martin's publications
Brian Martin's website
Tied Knowledge is a book designed to provide a practical conceptual framework for understanding the dynamics of higher education. Using examples primarily from Australia, Britain and the United States, it examines power structures both outside and inside academia and how they interact and shape knowledge. These structures include hierarchy, disciplines, patriarchy, the state, capitalism and professions. Academia as a system of power itself both resists and accommodates these other power systems. The key resource used by the academics to promote their interests is the power to create and legitimate knowledge. By its form and content, this knowledge is tied to both the interests of academics and to those of powerful groups in society.
The book is neither pro nor
anti-academia. Instead, it focusses on the structural factors shaping
academic behaviour so that initiatives can strengthen and broaden the
positive features of academia while trying to overcome the negative
features. A key portion of the book is an examination and assessment
of the main strategies that have been used to reform or challenge the
nature and uses of academic power.
Print from front to back, double-sided, then fold it over like a booklet. Depending on your printer, you may need to invert every other page. Thanks to Dana Williams for preparing this version.
1 Introduction Motivation of the study. Summary of arguments. Personal background.
2 Academics Tied knowledge as a strategy for academics, and the many consequences of this for the nature of academia. Academic 'reforms'.
3 Hierarchy The internal power structure of academia. The consequences of academic hierarchy and competition. The external and internal beneficiaries of academic hierarchy. The Spautz case. Age discrimination. Challenges.
4 Disciplines The social construction of knowledge and knowledge boundaries. Specialisation. Academic power struggles. Interdisciplinary studies. Marxism.
5 Patriarchy Patriarchy as a social institution. The expression of patriarchy in academia. Challenges and alternatives.
6 The subjugation of students Sources of staff power. Alternatives.
7 Beliefs Standard academic beliefs about academia: individualism, neutrality, privilege and status quo.
8 The state The state takeover of higher education. The state as mediator of influences on universities. Specific uses of academic knowledge by the state. Academic adaptation to state funding. Trends influencing state-higher education relations. Alternatives to state funding.
9 Capitalism Capitalist influence on staffing, research, teaching and ideas. The limited impact of capitalist influence. The Ollman case.
10 Professions The nature of professions, and their links to other powerful groups. The case of nuclear knowledge. Alternatives to professional power.
11 Towards democracy? Problems with higher education. Self-management. The potential role of students, staff and outside groups.
12 Policy changes Examination of strategies for change via internal representation and via pressuring elites. Equal employment opportunity.
13 Critical teaching and research Examination of strategies for change via changing the content or form of teaching, and research. Staff and student initiatives.
14 Building alternatives Building alternative education outside existing organisations. Examples. Limitations.
15 Social movements The potential for retying knowledge by linking educational efforts with social movements.
Permission is granted for unlimited reproduction of portions or all of this text provided
Over the years, I have gained insights about academia through discussions and correspondence from so many people that it is impossible to name them all. In addition, it is impossible to name all the authors whose writings have stimulated my thinking and increased my understanding about higher education. Suffice it to say that academic culture sustains a significant self-critical element on which I have drawn extensively.
Here I will name only those individuals who have provided specific help and advice in the writing of this book. The following people helped through extensive discussions of their views about aspects of higher education or providing advice and references: Alex Anderson, David Biggins, John Buchanan, Jean Buckley-Moran, Clare Burton, Jane Connors, Alastair Crombie, Cheryl Hannah, Ann Hone, Andrew Hopkins, Katherine Jensen, Ian Lowe, Simon Marginson, Jill Matthews, Elizabeth McKenzie, Val Plumwood, Larry Saha, Ariel Salleh, Marian Sawer, Ian Watson and Lance Worrall. Jill Bowling helped enormously by listening to me describe the outline of each chapter before writing it, and by offering numerous helpful suggestions. Valuable comments and corrections on selected chapters were offered by Gay Baldwin, Jeff Masson, Bertell Ollman, Mike Spautz and Barbara Watson. Detailed comments on the entire manuscript were provided by Phil Anderson, Gabriele Bammer, Jill Bowling, Clyde Manwell, Helen Modra and Wendy Varney. Barbara Ferigo put an enormous effort into converting the text from one computer system to another.
To the very many others not named here who have provided insights, inspiration and support in all sorts of ways, I also say: thank you. | <urn:uuid:001711c5-2be5-47c5-999f-0058a4992502> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/98tk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00165-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914318 | 1,013 | 2.671875 | 3 |
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease first detected in the United States in 1999. WNV first appeared in California in 2003 and by 2004, WNV had spread to all 58 counties.
Helpful hints to reduce the risk of West Nile Virus, click here.
July 16, 2012
West Nile Virus Annual Report 2011
Information for Medical Providers
For more information about WNV or to report dead birds, visit the California Department of Public Health website at www.westnile.ca.govor call 1-877-WNV-BIRD.
Center for Disease Control - West Nile Virus
California Department of Public Health - West Nile Virus
California Vectorborne Disease Surveillance System (Arboviruses)
Fresno County Environmental Health Vector Control | <urn:uuid:e13418fb-547a-4d2c-8aec-ef2b7d2d9afd> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.co.fresno.ca.us/DivisionPage.aspx?id=3062 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345760572/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054920-00058-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845959 | 162 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Does Organic Cotton Use Less Water
When we are aspiring for a healthy life we have to be careful not to piece ourselves to too many unwell products. In the instructions of adopting natural lifestyle the extremely necessary steps that you can achieve is to inaugurate with the use of organic cotton clothing. Take this effort as an initial step towards prosperity.
The chemical product formaldehyde has a bonding property for the cotton which keeps the fabric wrinkle free.
This treatment with the formaldehyde is for the making the upkeep and maintenance of the cotton cloths easier.
By using the formaldehyde treated cloths we are keeping close to our chest a cancer causing material.
Besides this the non organic cotton passes through lots of other chemical processes which are indeed unfit for the natural world. The healing starts from the planting stage of the cotton plants.
The kind of chemicals pumped into the cotton farms which shelter the cotton plants also end up being washed down the stream causing damages all along the nature around. These chemicals are not bio degradable.
The washing of these chemicals with proper therapy results in them being washed down to rivers and in the end the ocean.
Their constant accumulation will assemble dead zones in the ocean; a dead zone by definition is an locale without oxygen.
This dead zone keeps on increasing as added and added unwell chemicals accumulates. An example is already available in Gulf of Mexico.
By making a stand on purchasing only the organic cotton we can send a strong signal to the immense manufacturers that they have to reorient their thinking on natural environment.
The valuable problem for not advancing the thinking of organic clothing is the lack of awareness amongst masses.
There has to be a collection people coming together to increase awareness for organic cotton usage. Once a momentum is caught in the full swing, they will demand high quality organic cotton and the demand for the chemically treated cotton will go down.
With this demand only the non organic producers will change their attitude for a healthier natural world.
When you are fully using the organic cotton you have to assemble clear in mind that you are using environmental cleaning products with the cotton clothing.
The organic clothing and non organic detergents and soaps do not go hand in hand. The organic fabrics have a tendency to hold on to the chemicals in their thread for long.
This is a negative impact for you and also for the natural environment. The using of natural and organic cleaning materials is the only solution for this.
This is fresh step to enter into a truly biological living style.
Adopting organic food Will not have any added improvement of health from other food alternatives. But the most valuable aspect is that you are not taking any damaging chemicals and accumulating and dumping them in turn to the natural environment.
It is indeed a right and intelligent step in adopting an organic life style by adopting organic clothing, organic food and organic cleaning products.
But none of this will improve your health and it helps you only to lessen the dumping of the unhealthy products to the surroundings. When your nature is healthy, you are healthy and, your future generation will be healthy. | <urn:uuid:1a0d02db-482c-4910-afa7-1eb33426a12f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.callegranvia.com/does-organic-cotton-use-less-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315321.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820092326-20190820114326-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.936861 | 626 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The relationship between language, discourse and identity has always been a major area of sociolinguistic investigation. In more recent times, the field has been revolutionized as previous models - which assumed our identities to be based on stable relationships between linguistic and social variables - have been challenged by pioneering new approaches to the topic. This volume brings together a team of leading experts to explore discourse in a range of social contexts. By applying a variety of analytical tools and concepts, the contributors show how we build images of ourselves through language, how society moulds us into different categories, and how we negotiate our membership of those categories. Drawing on numerous interactional settings (the workplace; medical interviews; education), in a variety of genres (narrative; conversation; interviews), and amongst different communities (immigrants; patients; adolescents; teachers), this revealing volume sheds new light on how our social practices can help to shape our identities.
• Includes an accessible general introduction to the most important trends in the sociolinguistic study of identity • Each section has a clear introduction by the editors, which highlight and summarise the common themes and ideas of the chapters • Shows how the most recent tools and concepts in sociolinguistics can be applied to the analysis of discourse and identity
Part I. Overview: Theory, Method and Analysis: Editors' Introduction Anna de Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg; 1. Narrative and identity: the double arrow of time Elliott Mishler; 2. Footing, positioning, voice. Are we talking about the same things? Branca Telles Ribeiro; 3. Small and large identities in narrative (inter)-action Alexandra Georgakopoulou; 4. From linguistic reference to social reality Deborah Schiffin; Part II. Private and Public Identities: Constructing Who We Are: Editors' Introduction Anna de Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg; 5. Identity a la carte: you are what you eat Robin Lakoff; 6. Workplace narratives, professional identity and relational practice Janet Holmes; 7. Identity and personal/institutional relations: people and tragedy in a health insurance customer service Liliana Cabral Bastos and Maria do Carmo Leite de Oliveira; 8. The discursive construction of teacher identities in a research interview Greer Caballaro Johnson; 9. Becoming a mother after DES: intensive mothering in spite of it all Susan Bell; Part III. The Gendered Self: Becoming and Being a Man: Editors' Introduction Anna de Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg; 10. Hegemonic identity-making in narrative Scott Kiesling; 11. On being white, heterosexual and male in a Brazilian school: multiple positionings in oral narratives Luiz Paulo Mota-Lopes; 12. Urban fathers positioning themselves through narrative: an approach to narrative self-construction Stanton Wortham and Vivian Gadsden; Part IV. The In-Between Self: Negotiating Person and Place: Editors' introduction Anna de Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg; 13. Group identity, narrative and self-representations Anna de Fina; 14. Performing self, family and community in Moroccan narratives of migration and settlement Mike Baynham; 15. Making it personal: shared meanings in the narratives of Holocaust survivors Brian Schiff and Chaim Noy.
Elliott Mishler, Branca Telles Ribeiro, Alexandra Georgakopoulou, Robin Lakoff, Janet Holmes, Liliana Cabral Bastos, Maria do Carmo Leite de Oliveira, Greer Caballaro Johnson, Susan Bell, Scott Kiesling, Luiz Paulo Mota-Lopes, Stanton Wortham, Vivian Gadsden, Mike Baynham, Brian Schiff, Chaim Noy. | <urn:uuid:e817b071-454e-4599-a1f7-3fe6b467698b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://englishtips.org/1150832783-discourse-and-identity-studies-in-interactional.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00344-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821823 | 777 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cell Wall of Prokaryotes
semi-rigid, premeable, made of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate w/ amino acid attached)
gives bacteria shape-- the design comes from the genome
protective "resting" structures
bacteria surrounded by durable cell wall
resistant to extreme conditions-in prokaryote
Asexual- thru Binary Fission
Sexual in the form of conjugations using plasmids
Reproduction of a Prokayote
autotrophs use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs including symbiotes
Energy Source Of a Prokaryote
Because of the widespread use (and misuse) of antibiotics some pathogenic bacteria have developed
•Survive 3000x more radiation than humans.
•Tolerate extreme dehydration, heat, and cold.
•Used to "chew up" toxic waste
•Exxon-Valdez oil spill
crawling sensation in the skin, tingling in the fingers, vertigo, ringing in the ears, headaches, hallucination, painful muscular contractions leading to convulsions, vomiting, and diarrhea. All of these symptoms are mentioned in the record of the Salem which trials.
the feeding network of a fungus (body)
- may be extremely large
-usually found underground or inside a decaying organism
-composed of wooden mesh of hyphae
the threadlike filaments of a fungus
-has a tubular cell wall that contains chitin
-surrounds the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
o A Structural polysaccharide of modified sugars
o Makes up insect excoskeletons & fungus cell walls.
o Polymer with glucose subunits and Nitrogen containing functional groups.
o ONLY in Fungi.
o Haploid cell which can grow directly into a hypha.
o Can be produced sexually and asexually.
Fungi which grow on living organism
One benefits from the other, the other suffers or dies
EX: Dutch elm disease, Corn smut, Athletes foot, jock itch, yeast infection
Fungi that live interdependently with photosynthetic organisms.
Symbiotic relationship, they both benefit.
Symbiotic relationship b/twn a fungal species and either a cyanobacteria or unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote.
• If separated they die.
symbiotic relationships b/twn fungi and the roots of a plant.
--Fungi help send the plant water, minerals and nutrients.
--Some of the sugars the plant produces are absorbed by the fungus.
a. Named for the sac which contains several haploid spores.
b. Candida yeast: good yeast—bread and beer,
i. Bad yeast: thrush, vaginal infections.
c. Sexual reproduction via spores produced in asci (sac-like cases).
d. Asexual reproduction via naked spores (conidia).
i. Both produce haploid spores.
e. Sources of many interesting chemicals.
i. Penicillium—the source of penicillin.
ii. Fungi make antibiotics.
a. Common mushroom, puffballs, stink horns, shelf fungi, plant-parasitic smuts & rusts.
b. * Usually reproduce sexually, septa present.
i. Honey mushroom- largest, oldest, heaviest living organism on plantet. Humongous fungus.
ii. A single clone of the honey mushroom Armillaria can cover more than 2,200 acres (1,600 football fields).
Basidia are generally found on the surface of gills
a. Named for the apparent complete lack of sexual reproduction in the life cycle.
b. Fungi whose sexual reproduction has not been observed.
i. Includes Athlete's foot fungus, Penicillium fungus, and Blue cheese fungus.
Undifferentiated embryonic cells (not specialized),
there are 2 types: apical and Lateral
Found at both ends of plants (roots and shoots).
Primary Growth", throughout life of plant, increases height
Ring-like structure in dicots and conifers.
"Secondary growth", later in life, responsible for thickening of branches and trunks.
Fibrous root (monocots) or taproot (dicots) systems.
o Grow at apical meristems.
o Protected by root caps: a lubricating layer secreting a slippery slime layer and regularly slough off to make penetration easier.
-Thin, no waxy cuticle. Separates inside from outside.
-Root hairs increase surface area, H20 uptake.
a. The fungus converts insoluble soil nutrients into simpler water-soluble compounds that root hairs can absorb and transport. The fungus obtain sugars and amino acids from the plant.
How does the Symbiont Mycorrhizae (fungus) help get nutrients
diffusion of water along a concentration gradient of free water molecules.
Water moves from High to Low
Cohesion- of water molecules makes them stick together, resist being pulled apart which is Hydrogen bonds
Tension- water s being pulled up
How does water move up a plant against gravity?
1. Water evaporates out of leaf stomata.
2. Leaf is "dry" so pulls water out of Xylem.
3. Water leaving Xylem pulls up the water behind it.
a. Unidirectional, controlled by opening/closing of stomata.
b. The rate of transpiration is controlled by opening and closing the stomata.
Moves from sources (things that make sugar like leaves) to sinks (things that use sugar like fruits)
Transport of Sugar
contains a high sugar concentration bc of sucrose moving from a source to a sink
-is directed by sugar production and use
Combines genes from 2 different parents, offspring genetically different from their parents.
After fertilization the zygote develops into the seed (plant embryo) which will grow into a new sporophyte.
Plant Sexual Reproduction
Earliest seed plants
nonflowering seed plants such as conifer, gnetophyte, cycad, or gingko
Wind pollination used for fertilization
Advantage: do not need biological help
Disadvantage: inefficient process
1. Sepals: sometimes colored, Attractors.
2. Petals: Colored, patterned to attract., advertise the location of the flower
3. Stamens: Male Reproductive parts that are Composed of filament and anther.
4. Carpels: Female Reproductive parts that are Composed of Stigma, style, and ovary.
-Attract pollinators using colors and scents
-Stop unwanted visitors
-ensure pollination is the goal
Angiosperm Gametophyte Development
• Develop inside sporophyte flowers, very small and parasitic ( can't live on their own)
• Pollen Grains: the Male gametophyte.
-Pollen develops within the pollen sacs.
- Sperm cells
• Embryo Sac: Female gametophyte, produces egg cells. Sac development results in 7 cells.
-1 egg cell.
-1 Primary endosperm cell with 2 nuclei.
-5 Cells that degenerate.
1. Pollen lands on Carpel.
2. Tube grows from pollen down through carpel.
3. 2 Sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization.
a. 1 Sperm fertilizes egg to from diploid zygote.
b. The other sperm fertilizes primary endosperm cell to form triploid tissue.
Pollination and Fertilization
1. Hypocotyl - root
2. Epicotyl -shoot
3. Cotyledon -seed leaves (dicots have 2, monocots have 1).
3 parts of plant embryo:
Cells elongate at different rates on opposite sides of plant, causing bending.
How does the plant bend?
1. cell membrane lipid structure
2. Cell Wall composition
3.rRNA subunit sequences
Difference in bacteria and Archaea
unclear differences between this and the rest of the Eukaryotes
i. Even simpler and smaller than viruses
ii. Fragments of single-stranded RNA with NO protein coat
iii. Hijack cells; infects primarily plant cells including citrus trees, potatoes, avocados
i. Unusual infectious particles
ii. Protein particle with no genetic material (DNA or RNA)
iv. consist of a protein that is folded incorrectly and makes other proteins fold wrong
v. Origin? Developed as a by-product of living organisms
postive taxis- mover toard something
negative taxis- swims away from something
positive chemo taxis- swis toward a beneficial chemical
positive photo taxis- swims toward light
negative photo taxis swims away from light
Unfused nuclei from different parents occupying the same unit of hypha
a. Written as n+n
b. This stage does not exist in animals
Asexual Reproduction Cycle of Fungi
1. Haploid (1n) spores are produced by mitosis
a. The spores are produced by the fungus taking haploid cells and using mitosis makes haploid spores
i. No variation produced through this process of asexual reproduction
b. spores are genetically identical to original mycelium
c. spores disperse and germinate to produce new mycelium
i. hopefully the spores move far away from "parent" fungus
ii. fungi have developed ways in which they try to spread out spores as far as possible from themselves so they don't compete
Sexual reproduction Cycle of Fungi
usually only under stressful conditions; spores are produced; many mating types are possible (essentially like having many different sexes or genders)
-the environment needs to change in someway
-plasogamy-the cells actually fuse together
-karyogamy-fusion of nuclei to produce zygote like structures
zygote like structures (2n)diploid
-meiosis - the zygote like structures then produce haploid spores through meisos
-then the spores are dispersed within the environment
**haploid spores may disperse long distances away from the fruiting body
-Ancient group - diverged earliest from the other fungi
-The only fungi with flagellated spores (zoospores)
-These spores can swim and require water for them to move around
-Decompose dead material
-Majority of them are saprobic
Phylum: Zygote Fungi
i.Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores
1.During sexual reproduction this fungus creates cells that are called zygosporangium, hence the name
ii.Asexual reproduction via sporangia that produce spores
iii.Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter, e.g. soft fruit rot fungi and black break mold
iv.Some are parasitic, e.g. single-celled microsporidia
Phylum clomeromycetes = arbusular mycorrhizae
230 species now
Associated with about 90% of plant species
-To help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments
-To learn more about the natural world
-To better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with food, medicines, and energy
-Studying plants informs us about our world
-Viruses were purifed from pants
Why study Plants?
Mendels study of Peas
helped us understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia and hemophilia, as well as countless other human diseases that have a genetic contribution
laid the foundation for the sciences of plant genetics and plant breeding
one serious disease that threathens the worlds food supply
cause of the potato late blight, has re-emerged as a threat
Puccinia graminis tritici
one serious disease that threatens the world's food supply
i. The wheat stem rust fungus
ii. A new, highly pathogenic strain emerged in Uganda in 1999-its called ug99
iii. This is a global problem that needs global attention, does not stop at its borders
Development of the seed and fruit
a. The first mitotic division of the zygote is asymmetric
b. This asymmetry provides the first environmental difference experienced by the differentiating cells and established the root-shoot axis
c. The sporophyte embryo develops from the zygote
d. The endosperm develops from the triploid endosperm nucleus
e. The ovule integuments become the seed coat
f. Tissues of the ovary (and sometimes the receptacle) become the fruit
i. Function of fruit is to aid in seed dispersal
Mechanical- Will actually shoot the seed out from the plant
Wind dispersal- white puffs
Water dispersal- Coconuts
Different ways of dispersing seeds
i. One cotyledon
ii. Veins usually parallel
iii. Vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
iv. Fibrous root system
v. Floral parts usually in multiple of three
i. Two cotyledons
ii. Veins usually netlike
iii. Vascular bundles usually arranged in ring
iv. Taproot usually present
Has one main root with several branches breaking off from it
v. Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Terminal bud, node, internode, terminal bud of branch, vegetative branch, leaf (petiole and blade)stem,
1. Anchor the plant in the ground
2. Absorb water and minerals
3. Store surplus food, principally, carbohydrates, that were manufacures in the shoot during photosynthesis
4. Transport water, minerals, sugars and hormones to and from shoot
5. Produce some hormones
6. Interact with soil fungi and bacteria that help provide nutrients to the plant
1. support and seperate the leaves, lifting them into the sunlight and air
2. transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the leaves
3. transport sugars
multicellular diploid form
the plants of gardens, orchards, forest and feilds that produce flowers
produces mother cells | <urn:uuid:6eda8fbe-d08a-4c5e-9b33-807088c5d70a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://quizlet.com/6825683/biology-1002-test-2-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299121.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00221-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843598 | 3,059 | 3.234375 | 3 |
When nine students from Tougaloo College considered a location for a civil rights protest in 1961, they concluded that sitting in at the Jackson Public Library would serve their goals. First, the public library was a government institution, and the state had for years said access to reading was a citizen’s right. Further, the idea that access to books should be open to all people celebrated reading’s potential for encouraging new ideas.
Mississippi has had libraries almost as long as it has had Euro-American settlers. Organizations such as Natchez’s Mississippi Republican Society and Mississippi Society for the Acquirement and Dissemination of Useful Knowledge, the Library Company of Gibson-Port, and the Adams Athenaeum in Washington began lending books in the early 1800s. In the 1820s Liberty, Franklin, Yazoo, Tchula, and other places had debating and lecturing societies that also had small libraries. The rise of religious colleges, the organization of the state law library in Jackson, the beginning of the University of Mississippi in Oxford, and the rise of Sunday schools were landmarks in the start of organized libraries for specific groups. According to the US census, by 1870 Mississippi churches were home to more than five hundred Sunday schools with libraries.
Efforts to begin free public libraries began in the late 1800s and accelerated in the early 1900s with the assistance of women’s organizations. The State Federation of Women’s Clubs supported libraries, and individual groups frequently crusaded on the county level. For example, as soon as Bolivar County’s Daughters of the American Revolution chapter formed in 1916, it began to work to create a county library. In 1924 Starkville Woman’s Club leader Mena Blumfield told her organization, “This town should have a library. I want every one of you to give me a dollar and a book.”
The Mississippi Library Organization formed in 1911 and held its first meeting at Houston High School. In 1926 the legislature created the Mississippi Library Commission to offer professional leadership to local groups, set standards, and clarify laws about books and library access. Ten years later, the group started its newsletter, Library News. Funding for new libraries often came from the Andrew Carnegie fortune, and the Works Progress Administration helped build and improve libraries in the 1930s. A 1926 survey found that Jackson, Clarksdale, Meridian, and Greenville had the public libraries with the largest collections of books, while some counties with poorly funded libraries had fewer than one thousand books.
By the 1940s Mississippi State College for Women (later Mississippi University for Women) and Mississippi Southern College (later the University of Southern Mississippi) had library science programs, and Tougaloo College and the University of Mississippi offered library science classes. By 1949 the state had thirty-one county libraries. In 1950 DeSoto, Tate, Panola, and Lafayette Counties in northern Mississippi created the state’s first regional library system. By the following decade, every county had some kind of public library, though many librarians had little training.
Moreover, African Americans were not permitted to use most of these facilities. In the 1920s Coahoma County started Mississippi’s first “book wagon,” a service that sometimes made books available to African Americans. A 1916 study found that of the state’s twenty public libraries, only Meridian Library No. 2 served African Americans. A 1950 report concluded that Mississippi’s African Americans had access to only eight public libraries. Though African American churches and colleges often had books, public schools for black children almost always were deficient in this arena. In fact, discussions of Mississippi schools before and after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision often mentioned libraries as especially vivid signs of inequality. State law required libraries only in public schools that offered multiple English classes, and the great majority of such schools were for whites only. Civil rights activists teaching in Freedom Schools beginning in 1964 were consistently troubled by the lack of books in African American schools and worked to bring new reading materials to their students.
Library building surged in the late 1960s, partly as a result of the Public Library Construction Act of 1964, which offered federal funds for the enterprise. Forty-two new public library buildings opened in Mississippi between 1964 and 1971. Subsequent initiatives to improve the state’s education and quality of life have consistently included libraries.
In recent years, the state’s libraries have focused on improving access to Mississippi’s civil rights history. Tougaloo College is home to the Mississippi Civil Rights Collection, and the University of Southern Mississippi’s library hosts the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive; the Mississippi Department of Archives and History has a wide range of materials on the civil rights movement and massive resistance and has made many of them available online; and other colleges and universities have become central locations for civil rights research.
Mississippi’s twenty-first-century libraries reach far into the life of the state. A 2010 survey found 285 public libraries, including branch establishments, 58 academic libraries, 61 special libraries, and dozens of school libraries. Public libraries play many roles, lending books and other materials, offering computer access, hosting programs for children, housing adult education services, and serving in many ways as community centers.
- Whitman Davis, The Library Situation in Mississippi (1916)
- Mississippi Library Commission, Directory of Mississippi Libraries (2010)
- Mississippi Library Commission, Long Range Program for Library Development in Mississippi (1972)
- Mississippi Library Survey, People without Books: An Analysis of Library Services in Mississippi (1950)
- Margarete Peebles and J. B. Howell, eds., A History of Mississippi Libraries (1975)
- Public Library Buildings in Mississippi, 1964–1971 (1971)
- Augusta B. Richards et al., eds., Libraries in Mississippi: A Report of a Survey of Library of Facilities (1949)
- Wayne A. Wiegand and Shirley Wiegand, The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South: Civil Rights and Local Activism (2018) | <urn:uuid:648ec4bd-1c71-4e44-a7ff-2e1521fab907> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/libraries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540490743.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206173152-20191206201152-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.959374 | 1,249 | 3.5 | 4 |
July Sizzled As the Hottest Month in History
July is always hot, but if it seems like last month was even more uncomfortable than usual, you’re right. In fact, it’s now in the record books as the warmest month in history.
The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration reports the average temperature in the continental US was 77.6 degrees last month, besting the previous high mark set in 1936 by two-tenths of a degree.
It’s certainly in keeping with a trend — the past 12 months have been the warmest of any such period on record, and the first seven months of this year are the hottest since NOAA record-keeping began in 1895. In addition, the drier-than-average weather has also left many states with serious drought problems.
That, in turn, has wreaked havoc on the farming industry, wilting corn and soybean crops and leading the US Department of Agriculture to designate more than half of all American counties as disaster zones. | <urn:uuid:7e22db65-933b-4191-a733-91cb0ab4abc2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://wfnt.com/july-hottest-month-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247511573.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221233437-20190222015437-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.96005 | 211 | 2.96875 | 3 |
• Ames Herbert says his research team has had at least one report of lack of control in a soybean field treated with a pyrethroid.
• Testing for resistance in vials in a lab is dramatically different from actual soybean field conditions, Herbert says.
VIRGINIA TECH Entomologist Ames Herbert says lab tests indicate a resistance issue with pyrethroid insecticides for corn earworm control.
What started out as some poor insect control now looks more and more like a resistance issue with the use of pyrethroid insecticides for control of corn earworm in soybeans in Virginia.
“A problem still exists with our adult pyrethroid vial test results, says Virginia Tech Entomologist Ames Herbert. Last week’s sample reached 58 percent survivors, the highest level ever recorded for Virginia, and this week’s early sample was still at 50 percent survival, he adds.
Herbert says his research team has had at least one report of lack of control in a soybean field treated with a pyrethroid. “If you are choosing a new product — a brand you are not familiar with, be sure to check the label to see what you are buying and spraying,” he says.
“There are some products that are a mix of two pyrethroids, which is no help if you are concerned about pyrethroid resistance,” Herbert adds.
Herbert stresses that 50 percent or better survival in vial tests does NOT mean half of the corn earworm population is resistant to pyrethroids. The vial tests should be considered an “indicator” of possible problems, he explains.
Testing for resistance in vials in a lab is dramatically different from actual soybean field conditions, Herbert says. “Growers who are using pyrethroids for corn earworm should not increase rates to try and offset a resistance issue — that only works if absolutely no survivors are left in a field, he adds.
The good news is that for the most part, corn earworm populations seem to be pretty light and spotty. Most reports are in the 1-3 worms per 15 sweep range, certainly not excessive pressure, and the moth flight seems to be in decline, the Virginia entomologist says.
“We sometimes have another late summer/early fall corn earworm flight which could result in some new worm infestations, but it if this does happen, most fields will be in the bug-safe late R6-R7 stage.”
With the price of soybeans holding in the $13-$16 per bushel range, growers are urged to take an extra look at their crop to insure maximum yield potential. Scouting is critical to determine when threshold levels are in a field and to insure proper insect identification for proper selection of the most efficacious insecticides. | <urn:uuid:371c3770-e1a2-4606-b1e1-313489a8b12d> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/soybeans/insecticide-resistance-threat-virginia-soybeans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295084.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00281-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948734 | 589 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Life in the Middle Ages was not all pink and flowers. There was a lot of poverty and who was well economically only were the lords, while the rest of the population constituted by the most people, lived in poverty, in poor sanitation and hunger. It is important to know these things because we who live in modern times we are fascinated by these ancient times and we brides dream maybe marriage medieval chivalry, love and kindness, but all these things were a utopia at the time because even among gentlemen marriages were arranged by families and were not made for love. It was all an appearance and suffered from feelings.
Luckily, today's brides, They can choose their mate, and can recall these times of love and kindness by embedding them in their wedding day to have both the romantic atmosphere of the time that true happiness came from our own free choices.
For safety and to be defended, people in the Middle Ages lived in large estates, in small communities around a noble lord, who lived in a castle or a family fenced surrounded by knights guard. Most people lived on farms within these walls forming small villages. The castles were isolated and received occasional visits from street vendors, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, soldiers or other feuds.
By means of this system” feudal”, the king gave land or other feuds to his nobles more important, barons, Bishops, in exchange for their contribution was to send soldiers and knights in his service. At the lowest level of society were farmers, also called “serfs” the “villani”. They were serving their lord (liege, valvassore the valvassino) he had received a fief from the King, in exchange for the granting of protection and having to live within the walls of the feudal. In exchange for working the land and gave the proceeds to the agricultural master noble.
In medieval nobles they divided their lands, among the minor nobility, namely vassals. Many of these vassals became so powerful that the king had difficulties to control them. From 1100, some barons had castles and courts that competed at the King, which he felt seriously threatened when the nobles were not happy with the relationship with the Crown.
In 1215, an alliance of English barons forced King John Lackland (John Lackland) to sign Magna carta (the Great Document Freedom), a document written in Latin, which gave the English barons recognition of feudal rights.
The military defeats suffered at the hands of John Philip II of France, the heavy taxes and the abuse of royal privileges were the origin of yet another uprising of the barons against the royal authority; they drew up and sent to the king a list of demands, and his rejection broke the oath of obedience and moved to London, thus forcing the king to come to terms: King John and the barons met accepted the document.
The Magna Charta for the first time were formally defined the relationship between the monarchy and feudal lords, codifying the rights and duties of feudalism and reforming the judicial system. Many abuses of authority were with it limited, including the power of the Crown to establish taxes without the consent of the House of Commons. The trade was protected, guaranteeing the free exercise in London and several other cities, villages and harbors of England (also for foreign traders) and with the establishment of a system of weights and measures official.
Although it did not give rights to ordinary people, Magna Carta was the first step against the absolute monarchy in England and the first time a British monarch came under the control of the law.
Farmers worked the land and produce the goods that were needed to the Lord and to his family. This exchange was never without inconvenience to the serfs. In fact they were heavily taxed and had to give up much of what we gathered and then their conditions were not idyllic. The farmers did not belong to themselves, according to medieval law. The lords, in close collaboration with the church, They assumed the role of judges in the performance of the laws of the feud.
I live in the countryside with her husband, two sons, 3 rink, a cat, rooster and hens. I have a degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures. I am canine breeder, I love dogs, especially Great Danes, I breed. Besides this I love cooking, il cake design, books, humanities, DIY, it-yourself, hobbies paper, the decoration and furnishing of the house and everything that is creative.
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2016 Copyright My Life in the Countryside. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:dd21d862-d3ce-4acf-94d9-1eeec22f6ccd> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.mylifeinthecountryside.it/en/matrimonio/medievale/vita-e-costumi-nel-medioevo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481766.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217071448-20190217093448-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.978568 | 1,102 | 3.5 | 4 |
Economists like to define business cycles through four stages: expansion, peak, contraction and trough.
What does this mean exactly? During an expansion phase of the economy – gross domestic product (GDP) is growing and expanding. Businesses are expanding, hiring new people, investing in their businesses and, typically, the stock market is climbing. By that definition – it’s easy to say we are in the expansion phase right now.
But have we peaked already?
Rising prices – or inflation – is a sign of the peak stage. Overconfident stock market investors is another characteristic of the peak stage. Sound familiar?
We did have a severe bear market in stocks after COVID hit last year – yet notably – it was the shortest bear market in history. (Bear markets are typically defined as a stock market pullback of 20% or more.)
Looking back, the S&P 500 hit an all-time high in February, 2020 – then plunged a shocking 34% the next month. The swift turnaround in stocks was unprecedented – by August 2020, the S&P 500 had fully recovered.
Was that bear market in stocks normal? Not even close. The average length of a bear market is 349 days with an average decline of 36%, according to Invesco.
Compare that to the 2008 Financial Crisis. The S&P 500 plunged a nasty 52% — and the bear market lasted 1.3 years.
As consumer prices on nearly everything rise now, and stocks climb – this typically signals a feverish type of peak to the expansion phase. Many believe we have already peaked. In fact, some economic data is already revealing a slowdown.
What comes next in the business cycle? The contraction phase.
Economists measure the contraction from the peak to the trough. The contraction phase officially becomes a “recession” once two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth occur.
When was our last recession? Yep, it was last year – from February 2020 to April 2020 – lasting an unprecedented two months.
Not only did we see the shortest bear market in history last year, we saw the shortest recession in U.S. history, as measured by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
What does that suggest? Some believe that those events were so short that they hardly count. The 2020 recession wasn’t long enough to equalize the pressures of a normal business cycle.
What could that mean going forward? The next recession could be longer. Much longer.
What can trigger economic contractions and stock bear markets you might ask? Rising interest rates are a big factor. Rising interest rates tamp down consumer activity and business investment and spending. Rising interest rates also negatively affect earnings and stock prices. The idea is that higher borrowing costs means companies are paying more to service their debt, which weighs on profits.
One of the many reasons that people like you may invest in gold or are thinking about investing in tangible assets is as a portfolio hedge. Gold and rare coins are a hedge for many economic variables including a bear market in stocks.
Historically, gold becomes inversely correlated to the stock market during times of equity market stress. That means when stock prices go down sharply, historically gold prices have climbed significantly.
While many stock market investors are overconfident right now, it can be useful to step back and view the big picture. Consider where we are in the business cycle now – and consider if you are properly diversified for what comes next. If you have questions, we can help.
Want to read more? Subscribe to the Blanchard Newsletter and get our tales from the vault, our favorite stories from around the world and the latest tangible assets news delivered to your inbox weekly. | <urn:uuid:26013b48-1769-47de-b985-a974b8508e98> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.blanchardgold.com/market-news/where-are-we-in-the-business-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207105847-20211207135847-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.963686 | 758 | 2.796875 | 3 |
About this project
In progress 2020 - 2023
DIDUNAS addresses an issue of concern in several countries of European Union, that is, students' under-achievement in mathematics. Students who do not achieve a satisfactory level of competence in mathematics are not equipped with the basic skills to cope in a numerate society. Engagement with mathematical topics develops the knowledge, skills and thinking capacity required by the majority of available jobs in the modern world. Further, mathematics is not only a core topic across all curricula but also mathematics competence influences students’ performance in other science subjects. By focusing on students' under-achievement in mathematics, DIDUNAS intends to enhance students’ learning opportunities and to reduce the percentage of students who leave school early without a qualification to get a job, which hinders the future prosperity and social cohesion of the EU as it is a major risk for unemployment and poverty.
Student difficulties in mathematics are seen to begin from early primary education and can – due to insufficient support – cascade into severe mathematical problems during learner biographies, which can even lead to functional innumeracy of students when leaving school. Therefore, it is significant to identify and characterize learning difficulties early in schooling, for teachers to be aware of initial difficulties and unfavorable preconditions, and to foster students adequately. Yet, identifying student difficulties at an early age is a challenging task for teachers – not least because young children tend to lack the ability to report meta-cognitively about their difficulties.
The overall purpose of DIDUNAS is to address students' under-achievement in mathematics early in schooling in Grade 1, in particular to contribute to the identification of underachievement and to the support of under-achieving students. For this purpose, DIDUNAS will (1) develop a digital tool to identify under-achieving students using eye-tracking technology (DIDUNAS-ET), which will circumvent the issue of students’ problems to verbally report on their mathematical difficulties. Students will work on digital basic mathematical tasks at a computer screen and eye tracking will be used together with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to identify students in need based on their eye movements. Based on this, DIDUNAS will (2) develop an App for the identification of under-achieving students (DIDUNAS-App): To make DIDUNAS available to a wide range of users, the App will work without eye tracking. For this purpose, dependencies will be used that will be established using machine learning and statistical approaches. Through such dependencies, mathematical difficulties can be studied even without eye tracking, e.g., based on patterns of response times or student error rates. To support identified under-achieving students DIDUNAS will also develop (3) support material for students (e.g., worksheets that respond to particular student difficulties etc.), material for teachers, and for students’ parents (DIDUNAS-Material). These materials will contribute to support students adequately, based on the identified profiles of difficulties.
Finally, DIDUNAS will make the insights and tools developed in this project timely available to young students, teachers and parents in the EU and communicate them to institutions and policy makers with the goal to substantially lower the number of under-achievers in mathematics.
- Andreas Johansson | <urn:uuid:b63f536c-c0be-4ea8-addb-f3738624901e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.oru.se/english/research/research-environments/ent/AASS/research/?rdb=p2435 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710698.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129132340-20221129162340-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.931337 | 695 | 3.25 | 3 |
|Cultural origins||Early 1990s, United Kingdom|
|New wave of new wave|
Britpop is a UK based alternative rock subgenre and culture movement in the mid 1990s which emphasized "Britishness", and produced bright, catchy pop music partly in reaction to the US led grunge music and the UK's own shoegazing music scene. The most successful bands associated with the movement are Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp; those groups would come to be known as its "big four". While music was the main focus, fashion, art, and politics also got involved, with artists such as Damien Hirst being involved in creating videos for Blur, and being labelled as Britart or Britpop artists, and Tony Blair and New Labour aligning themselves with the movement.
Though Britpop is viewed as a marketing tool, and more of a cultural moment than a musical style or genre, there are musical conventions and influences the bands grouped under the Britpop term have in common, such as showing elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. An influence they shared in particular was the Smiths whose lead singer Morrissey championed a nostalgic view of Britain. Britpop was a media driven focus on bands which emerged from the independent music scene of the early 1990s—and was associated with the British popular cultural movement of Cool Britannia which evoked the Swinging Sixties and the British guitar pop music of that decade.
In the wake of the musical invasion into the United Kingdom by American grunge bands, new British groups such as Blur and Suede launched the movement by positioning themselves as opposing musical forces, referencing British guitar music of the past and writing about uniquely British topics and concerns. These bands were soon joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, The Verve, Supergrass, Cast, Placebo, Space, Sleeper and Elastica.
Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia. A chart battle between Blur and Oasis dubbed "The Battle of Britpop" brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. By 1997, however, the movement began to slow down; many acts began to falter and broke up. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls "snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop." Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade.
Style, roots and influences
Though Britpop is seen retrospectively as a marketing tool, and more of a cultural moment than a musical style or genre, there are musical conventions and influences the bands grouped under the Britpop term have in common. Britpop bands show elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. Specific influences vary: Blur and Oasis drew from the Kinks and the Beatles, respectively, while Elastica had a fondness for arty punk rock. Regardless, Britpop artists project a sense of reverence for British pop sounds of the past. Alternative rock acts from the indie scene of the Eighties and early Nineties were the direct ancestors of the Britpop movement. The influence of the Smiths is common to the majority of Britpop artists. The Madchester scene, fronted by the Stone Roses, Happy Mondays and Inspiral Carpets (for whom Oasis's Noel Gallagher had worked as a roadie during the Madchester years), was an immediate root of Britpop since its emphasis on good times and catchy songs provided an alternative to the British-based shoegazing and American based grunge styles of music.
Local identity and regional British accents are common to Britpop groups, as well as references to British places and culture in lyrics and image. Stylistically, Britpop bands use catchy hooks and lyrics that were relevant to young British people of their own generation. Britpop bands conversely denounced grunge as irrelevant and having nothing to say about their lives. Damon Albarn of Blur summed up the attitude in 1993 when after being asked if Blur were an "anti-grunge band" he said, "Well, that's good. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then I'm getting rid of grunge." In spite of the professed disdain for the genres, some elements of both crept into the more enduring facets of Britpop. Noel Gallagher has since championed Ride and stated in a 1996 interview that Nirvana's Kurt Cobain was the only songwriter he had respect for in the last ten years, and that he felt their music was similar enough that Cobain could have written "Wonderwall".
The imagery associated with Britpop was equally British and working class. A rise in unabashed maleness, exemplified by Loaded magazine and lad culture in general, would be very much part of the Britpop era. The Union Jack became a prominent symbol of the movement (as it had a generation earlier with mod bands such as The Who) and its use as a symbol of pride and nationalism contrasted deeply with the controversy that erupted just a few years before when former Smiths singer Morrissey performed draped in it. The emphasis on British reference points made it difficult for the genre to achieve success in the US.
Origins and first years
Journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blur's single "Popscene" and Suede's "The Drowners" were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, "[I]f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suede's first records: all of them audacious, successful and very, very British". Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britain's answer to Seattle's grunge sound. Their debut album Suede became the fastest-selling debut album in the history of the UK. In April 1993, Select magazine featured Suede's lead singer Brett Anderson on the cover with a Union Flag in the background and the headline "Yanks go home!". The issue included features on Suede, The Auteurs, Denim, Saint Etienne and Pulp and helped start the idea of an emerging movement.
Blur were involved in a vibrant social scene in London (dubbed "The Scene That Celebrates Itself" by Melody Maker) that focused on a weekly club called Syndrome in Oxford Street; the bands that met up were a mix of music styles, some would be labelled shoegazing, while others would go on to be part of Britpop. The dominant musical force of the period was the grunge invasion from the United States, which filled the void left in the indie scene by The Stone Roses' inactivity. Blur, however, took on an Anglocentric aesthetic with their second album Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993). Their new approach was inspired by a tour of the United States in the spring of 1992. During the tour, frontman Damon Albarn began to resent American culture and found the need to comment on that culture's influence seeping into Britain. Justine Frischmann, formerly of Suede and leader of Elastica (and at the time in a relationship with Damon Albarn) explained, "Damon and I felt like we were in the thick of it at that point ... it occurred to us that Nirvana were out there, and people were very interested in American music, and there should be some sort of manifesto for the return of Britishness." John Harris wrote in an NME article just prior to the release of Modern Life is Rubbish, "[Blur's] timing has been fortuitously perfect. Why? Because, as with baggies and shoegazers, loud, long-haired Americans have just found themselves condemned to the ignominious corner labeled 'yesterday's thing'". The music press also fixated on what the NME had dubbed the New Wave of New Wave, a term applied to the more punk-derivative acts such as Elastica, S*M*A*S*H and These Animal Men.
While Modern Life Is Rubbish was a moderate success, it was Blur's third album Parklife that made them arguably the most popular band in the UK in 1994. Parklife continued the fiercely British nature of its predecessor, and coupled with the death of Nirvana's Kurt Cobain in April of that year it seemed that British alternative rock had finally turned back the tide of grunge dominance. That same year Oasis released their debut album Definitely Maybe, which broke Suede's record for fastest-selling debut album.
The term "Britpop" arose when the media were drawing on the success of British designers and films, the Young British Artists (sometimes termed "Britart") such as Damien Hirst, and on the mood of optimism with the decline of Thatcherism, and the rise of the youthful Tony Blair as leader of the Labour Party. The term had been used in the late 1980s in Sounds magazine by journalist John Robb to refer to bands such as The La's, The Stone Roses, and Inspiral Carpets. However, it would be 1994 before Britpop started to be used by the UK media in relation to contemporary music and events. Bands emerged aligned with the new movement. At the start of 1995 bands including Sleeper, Supergrass, and Menswear scored pop hits. Elastica released their debut album Elastica that March; its first week sales surpassed the record set by Definitely Maybe the previous year. The music press viewed the scene around Camden Town as a musical centre; frequented by groups like Blur, Elastica, and Menswear; Melody Maker declared "Camden is to 1995 what Seattle was to 1992, what Manchester was to 1989, and what Mr Blobby was to 1993."
"The Battle of Britpop"
A chart battle between Blur and Oasis dubbed "The Battle of Britpop" brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. The bands had initially praised each other but over the course of the year antagonisms between the two increased. Spurred on by the media, the groups became engaged in what the NME dubbed on the cover of its 12 August issue the "British Heavyweight Championship" with the pending release of Oasis' single "Roll with It", and Blur's "Country House" on the same day. The battle pitted the two bands against each other, with the conflict as much about British class and regional divisions as it was about music. Oasis were taken as representing the North of England, while Blur represented the South. The event caught the public's imagination and gained mass media attention in national newspapers, tabloids, and even the BBC News. The NME wrote about the phenomenon, "Yes, in a week where news leaked that Saddam Hussein was preparing nuclear weapons, everyday folks were still getting slaughtered in Bosnia and Mike Tyson was making his comeback, tabloids and broadsheets alike went Britpop crazy." Blur won the battle of the bands, selling 274,000 copies to Oasis' 216,000 - the songs charting at number one and number two respectively. However, in the long run Oasis became more commercially successful than Blur. Unlike Blur, Oasis were able to achieve sustained sales in the United States thanks to the singles "Wonderwall" and "Champagne Supernova". Oasis's second album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995) eventually sold over four million copies in the UK, becoming the third best-selling album in British history.
By the summer of 1996 Oasis's prominence was such that NME termed a number of Britpop bands (including The Boo Radleys, Ocean Colour Scene and Cast) as "Noelrock", citing Gallagher's influence on their success. John Harris typified this wave of Britpop bands, and Gallagher, of sharing "a dewy-eyed love of the 1960s, a spurning of much beyond rock's most basic ingredients, and a belief in the supremacy of 'real music'". Starting on 10 August 1996, Oasis played a two-night set at Knebworth to a combined audience of 250,000 people, with one journalist commenting; "(Knebworth) could be seen as the last great Britpop performance; nothing after would match its scale." The demand for these gigs was and still is the largest ever for a concert on British soil; over 2.6 million people had applied for tickets.
Oasis' third album Be Here Now (1997) was highly anticipated. Despite initially attracting positive reviews and selling strongly, the record was soon subjected to strong criticism from music critics, record-buyers and even Noel Gallagher himself for its overproduced and bloated sound. Music critic Jon Savage pinpointed Be Here Now as the moment where Britpop ended; Savage said that while the album "isn't the great disaster that everybody says," he noted that "[i]t was supposed to be the big, big triumphal record" of the period. At the same time, Damon Albarn sought to distance Blur from Britpop with the band's self-titled fifth album, Blur (1997). On guitarist Graham Coxon's suggestion, Blur moved away from their Parklife-era sound, and their music began to assimilate American lo-fi influences, particularly that of Pavement. Albarn explained to the NME in January 1997 that "We created a movement: as far as the lineage of British bands goes, there'll always be a place for us", but added, "We genuinely started to see that world in a slightly different way."
As the movement began to slow down, many acts began to falter and broke up. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls has been seen as having "snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop." While established acts struggled, attention began to turn to the likes of Radiohead and The Verve, who had been previously overlooked by the British media. These two bands—in particular Radiohead—showed considerably more esoteric influences from the 1960s and 1970s, influences that were uncommon among earlier Britpop acts. In 1997, Radiohead and The Verve released their respective efforts OK Computer and Urban Hymns, both of which were widely acclaimed. Post-Britpop bands like Travis, Stereophonics and Coldplay, influenced by Britpop acts, particularly Oasis, with more introspective lyrics, were some of the most successful rock acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s.
After Britpop the media focused on bands that may have been established acts, but had been over-looked due to focus on the Britpop movement. Bands such as Radiohead and The Verve, and new acts such as Travis, Stereophonics, Feeder and particularly Coldplay, achieved wider international success than most of the Britpop groups that had preceded them, and were some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s. These bands avoided the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it. Bands that had enjoyed some success during the mid-1990s, but were not really part of the Britpop scene, included The Verve and Radiohead. The music of most bands was guitar based, often mixing elements of British traditional rock (or British trad rock), particularly the Beatles, Rolling Stones and Small Faces with American influences. Post-Britpop bands also utilized specific elements from 1970s British rock and pop music. Drawn from across the United Kingdom, the themes of their music tended to be less parochially centred on British, English and London life, and more introspective than had been the case with Britpop at its height. This, beside a greater willingness to woo the American press and fans, may have helped a number of them in achieving international success. They have been seen as presenting the image of the rock star as an ordinary person, or "boy-next-door" and their increasingly melodic music was criticised for being bland or derivative.
The cultural and musical scene in Scotland, dubbed "Cool Caledonia" by some elements of the press, produced a number of successful alternative acts, including The Supernaturals from Glasgow. Travis, also from Glasgow, were one of the first major rock bands to emerge in the post-Britpop era, and have been credited with a major role in disseminating and even creating the subgenre of post-Britpop. From Edinburgh Idlewild, more influenced by post-grunge, produced 3 top 20 albums, peaking with The Remote Part (2002). The first major band to breakthrough from the post-Britpop Welsh rock scene, dubbed "Cool Cymru", were Catatonia, whose single "Mulder and Scully" (1998) reached the top ten in the UK, and whose album International Velvet (1998) reached number one, but they were unable to make much impact in the US and, after personal problems, broke up at the end of the century. Other Welsh bands were Stereophonics, and Feeder.
These acts were followed by a number of bands who shared aspects of their music, including Snow Patrol, from Scotland and Elbow, Embrace, Starsailor, Doves, Electric Pyramid and Keane from England. The most commercially successful band in the milieu were Coldplay, whose debut album Parachutes (2000) went multi-platinum and helped make them one of the most popular acts in the world by the time of their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002). Bands like Coldplay, Starsailor and Elbow, with introspective lyrics and even tempos, began to be criticised at the beginning of the new millennium as bland and sterile and the wave of garage rock or post punk revival bands, like the Hives, the Vines, the Strokes, and the White Stripes, that sprang up in that period were welcomed by the musical press as "the saviours of rock and roll". However, a number of the bands of this era, particularly Travis, Stereophonics and Coldplay, continued to record and enjoy commercial success into the new millennium. The idea of post-Britpop has been extended to include bands originating in the new millennium, including Razorlight, Kaiser Chiefs, Arctic Monkeys and Bloc Party, seen as a "second wave" of Britpop". These bands have been seen as looking less to music of the 1960s and more to 1970s punk and post-punk, while still being influenced by Britpop.
Retrospective documentaries on the movement include The Britpop Story - a BBC programme presented by John Harris on BBC Four in August 2005 as part of Britpop Night, ten years after Blur and Oasis went head-to-head in the charts, and Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop, a 2003 documentary film written and directed by John Dower. Both documentaries include mention of Tony Blair and New Labour's efforts to align themselves with the distinctly British cultural resurgence that was underway, as well Britpop artists such as Damien Hirst.
Bands associated with Britpop
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- Black Grape
- The Boo Radleys
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- Till, Rupert. "In my beautiful neighbourhood: local cults of popular music". Pop Cult. London: Continuum, 2010. | <urn:uuid:ac11397f-65c8-4831-83d9-c54b64a5d2ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Britpop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00159-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93764 | 6,189 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A study estimates that around 90% of all seabirds alive have eaten plastic at least once . In some cases eating plastic can kill animals, by choking them or blocking their stomach [2,3,11]. Animals are also killed by getting trapped in plastic nets . Microplastics (bits of plastic smaller than 5mm ) are eaten by animals and passed up the food chain . This means that animals at the top of the food chain may get high doses of plastic, as well as harmful organic pollutants that attach to the plastic itself . This is thought to cause infertility in animals such as whales . The full consequences of plastic on natural and human life are still unknown [10,12].
Although this is a scary thought, for most marine species there are much greater threats [8,15]. Seabirds, for example, are most in danger from invasive species [5,8]: when humans introduce species to places where they did not evolve, this can cause huge problems . Rats introduced to islands where there were previously few predators, for example, can result in all the seabird chicks being eaten, sometimes resulting in extinction of the species . These species are often also affected by plastic pollution, but plastic is far less likely to kill a bird than a rat is !
The biggest threat to marine life in general is not plastic or rats though: it’s fishing. This affects the fish being targeted, and other animals that lose their food or are caught by accident [17,8]. For example, at least 300,000 whales and dolphins are killed accidentally by fishing boats each year .
Plastic pollution is a serious problem, but at the moment there are worse threats for wildlife . In the long-term, climate change is a much larger threat [8,16,17]. Plastic has probably got so much attention because it is much more visible than other problems . We should continue to fight he plastic problem, but we should also aim to make other problems, like overfishing and climate change, more ‘visible’ to the public, so that we can get strong political responses to them like we have recently had to plastic [18,19]. This way, we can help the planet much more!
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Copyright © 2019-2020 Climate Science Ltd. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:e8525062-e644-483d-833e-9c9f81476c8b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://climate-science.com/plastic-is-not-the-main-problem-for-ocean-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.944024 | 487 | 3.53125 | 4 |
One makes him the son of Mandane, a daughter of Astyages (originally evidently by a god), who is exposed in the mountains by his grandfather on account of an oracle, but suckled by a dog (a sacred animal of the Iranians) and educated by a shepherd; i.e.
Had 10,000 men drawn from the provinces, armed and drilled as Macedonians, and another corps of Iranians numbering 5000 under a native commander (Polyb.
Natives were employed, as we have seen, in the army, and Iranians are found under the Seleucids holding high commands, e.g.
Zoroastrianism was the national religion of Iran, but it was not permanently restricted to the Iranians, being professed by Turanians as well.
These two gods belonged to the old popular religion of the Iranians, but had until then been neglected by the true Zoroastrians; now they were introduced into the official worship much in the way in which the cult of the saints came into the Christian religion.
The Gaokerena of the Iranians 10 is exactly parallel.
Ii.), the first man and the founder of civilization to the Iranians, though not like the Yama of the Vedas.
Among the Zoroastrian Iranians, as among the Indian Aryans, the aid of a priest to recite the sacrificial liturgy was necessary at every offering (Herod.
They may have been Turanians akin to that tribe, or they may have been Iranians akin to the Iranian element in Transoxiana and the districts south of the Pamirs.
3 But it was long before the Iranians learned to accept the situation.
Internal disturbances of a religious and political character and external disasters had long ago shattered the empire of the Sassanids indeed, but the Iranians had not yet lost their patriotism.
Thus the name of Iranians is understood to comprehend all these people of Aryan nationality.
Besides the Iranians, numerous tribes of alien origin were found in Iran.
In the chains of Zagros we find, in Babylonian and Assyrian times, no trace of Iranians; but partly Semitic peoplesthe Gutaeans, Lulubaeans, &c.partly tribes that we can refer to no known ethnological group, e.g.
That the Iranians must have come from the East to their later home, is sufficiently proved by their close relationship to the Indians, in conjunction with whom they pre- frani8fls viously formed a single people, bearing the name and Aryan Arya.
It appears, then, that towards the middle of the second millennium before Christ, the Iranians made a great forward movement to the West, and that certain of their princesat first, probably in the role of mercenary leadersreached Mesopotamia and Syria and there founded principalities of their own., much as did the Germans under the Roman Empire, the Normans.
None the less, the Assyrian statements with regard to the Medes demonstrate that the Iranians must have reached the west of Iran before 900 B.C. It is probable that at this period the Persians also were domiciled in their later home, even though we have no direct evidence to adduce.
Civilization and Religion of the Iranians.In the period when the ancestors of Indian and Iranian alike still formed a single nationthat of the Aryansthey developed A
In these traits are engrained the general conditions of history and culture, under which the Iranians lived: on the one hand, the contrast between Iranian and Turanian; on the other, the dominating position of Babylon, which influenced most strongly the civilization and religion of Iran.
Probably, in the remote past violent religious disputes and feuds broke out: for otherwise it is almost inexplicable that the old Indo-~European word, which in India, also, denotes the godsdevashould be applied by the Iranians to the malignant demons or devils (daeva; mod.
The chief weapon of the Persians, as of all Iranians, was the bow, which accordingly the king himself holds in his portraits, e.g.
Worshipper'of Ahuramazda "1 god Artaxares, king of the kings of the Arianes (Iranians), of godly origin, son of the god Papak the king."
It is now used uniformly by scholars to indicate the Eastern branch as a whole, a compound, Indo-Aryan, being employed for that part of the Eastern branch which settled in India to distinguish them from the Iranians (Iran is of the same origin), who remained in Bactria and Persia, while Aryo-Indian is sometimes employed to distinguish the Indian people of this stock from the Dravidian and other stocks which also inhabit parts of the Indian peninsula.
The population consists of Iranians (Tajiks, Kurds, Baluchis), Mongols, Tatars and Arabs, and is estimated at about a million.
66) in high terms of the Iranians (Ariani), ranking them (as well as the Indians, Romans and Carthaginians) on a level with the Greeks, as regards their capacity for adopting city civilization.
The victorious Ardashir then took possession of the palace of Ctesiphon and assumed the title King of the kings of the Iranians (/3cunXia fS cWLX&JP Aprav~s).
Nevertheless Shapur I., in contrast to his father, assumed the title King of the kings of the Iranians and non-Iranians (/3ainXeis f3a~ltX&op Apiae&,e ical Avaptavh; shah an shah Iran we Aniran), thus emphasizing his claim to world dominion. | <urn:uuid:0df2bd45-46d5-41a9-95cd-0d23268bc48a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/iranians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423486.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720201925-20170720221925-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.967189 | 1,184 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Fort Sullivan (briefly Fort Sherbrooke) was a 19th-century military fortification in Eastport, Maine. It lay opposite New Brunswick, Canada, and served as an important coastal defense for the easternmost United States of America during the 19th century. As part of the establishment of New Ireland during the War of 1812, British Commodore Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet conquered the fort in 1814 and renamed it Fort Sherbrooke after John Coape Sherbrooke, the Governor of Nova Scotia.
In 1808, the United States Army decided to build a fort in Eastport, Massachusetts (now Maine), to protect against possible threats from Britain and other European powers then engaged in warfare. In 1808 or 1809, Major Lemuel Trescott oversaw the construction of the garrison atop Clark's Hill in the village. The fort contained a four-gun circular earthwork, a wooden blockhouse, and barracks. Fort Sullivan reportedly took its name circa March 1813.
During the War of 1812, in an effort to establish New Ireland, the British forced the American garrison to surrender Fort Sullivan to a British fleet under command of Commodore Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, on 11 July 1814. British naval forces ultimately took control over the entire coast east of Penobscot Bay, renaming it New Ireland. Even after the war, Britain claimed that Moose Island, Maine, (including Fort Sullivan and the entire village of Eastport) lay on the British side of the border separating United States of America from their loyal colony of New Brunswick and so left eight hundred troops in the fort, which they renamed Fort Sherbrooke after John Coape Sherbrooke, to hold the territory. The British demanded that the inhabitants of Eastport take oaths of allegiance to their crown; some complied, others evaded, and many removed to undisputed American territory. Through negotiations with the British in 1817, Americans renounced their claims to larger islands farther east and regained control over Eastport on 30 June 1818.
Two active battalions of the Regular Army (1-5 Inf and 2-5 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 40th Infantry Regiment, which was on garrison duty at Fort Sullivan when it was captured by the British.
The state of Maine separated from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts under Missouri Compromise of 1820.
The post surgeon began meteorological observations at the fort in 1822.
The Army stationed officer Nathaniel Dana in the 1st U.S. Artillery at Fort Sullivan on 15 April 1822, when and where his wife bore his son, future major general Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana.
The fort was basically idle until the late 1830s, when disputes over the border with New Brunswick in northern Maine threatened to break out into war. The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 settled the boundary dispute.
During American Civil War, the Army constructed earthwork batteries in the area. Maine Coast Guard Companies C mustered in at Eastport on 16 May 1864, stationed at Fort Sullivan, and mustered out 6 September 1865, under Captain Thomas P. Hutchinson.
In 1873, the Army ceased using and occupying Fort Sullivan. In 1877, the government sold the property at Fort Sullivan. The new owners moved the northernmost barracks quarters to its present location at 74 Washington Street. Other parts of the fort collapsed over time. Ruins of an old powder magazine still exist off McKinley Street, and are the only surviving in situ remains of the fort.
The Border Historical Society now owns and operates one of the remaining early 19th century officers quarters as the Barracks Museum, a site listed in National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maine. Exhibits include the history of Fort Sullivan, the area sardine and ground fishing industries, local history and genealogy. The museum is open in July and August. | <urn:uuid:f257a38b-502d-4a97-848f-61814a3d98e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://alchetron.com/Fort-Sullivan-%28Maine%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351454.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225182552-20210225212552-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.949249 | 797 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Read the rest of Laura Helmuth's series on longevity.
There’s an oddly persistent myth that people have always had a good chance of living to a ripe old age if they could just survive childhood. Socrates was old, after all, and what about Ben Franklin? It’s true that infants and children were once more likely to die than people of any other ages. Eliminating many of the deadly diseases of childhood gave the biggest boost to our average life expectancy as it doubled in the past 150 years. But children aren’t the only ones who are less likely to die than they were in the past. At every age, even older than 100, people are more likely to survive the next year than they were at any other time in human history.
Why has life expectancy continued to go up steadily over the past several decades? And what’s in store for us: Will we continue to live for more and more years than ever before?
Public health measures get the credit for most of the increase in life expectancy that happened from the mid-1800s to mid-1900s. Clean water, safe food, comfortable housing, and a healthy respect for germs made the world a completely different place.
If you look at the top causes of death in the United States in 1900 and 2010, you might think you’re examining data from two entirely different species. In 1900, we died of tuberculosis, gastrointestinal infections, and diphtheria. In 2010, none of those diseases made it into the top 10. Take a tour of this interactive to see how death rates changed over the course of the past century. (The spike in 1918-1919 was caused by the Spanish flu, the worst pandemic in history.) While infectious diseases plummeted over the course of the 20th century, cancer and heart disease shot up.
Heart disease isn’t a new invention. Egyptian mummies show evidence of atherosclerosis. But it and cancer were masked by other diseases that killed people before they got old enough to die of a stroke.
Because heart disease is such a killer, anything that reduces its incidence or treats it can save a lot of lives and boost our overall average life expectancy. The death rate from heart disease (adjusting for age, since there are more and more older people in the population) was cut in half between 1980 and 2000. That’s a screaming success for public health and biomedicine. Who gets the credit? About half of the credit goes to medical treatments (statins, aspirin, heart surgery), and the other half goes to reductions in risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and eating red meat. More good news is that some risk factors, including high cholesterol, are continuing to drop.
Heart disease is still a horribly common way to die, and it’s hard to appreciate the number of deaths that didn’t happen. But you probably have loved ones who are alive today because careful epidemiological studies identified risk factors for heart disease and medical researchers found effective treatments.
My great-great-grandmother died at age 57, probably of a heart attack. My great-grandmother died at age 67 of a stroke. My grandmother takes medication for high blood pressure and high cholesterol. She will celebrate her 90th birthday next week. She is the first person in her family to live long enough to see a great-grandchild. Preventing and treating heart disease is a huge unsung victory of modern times.
Deaths from many kinds of cancer also decreased during the past few decades. Cancer isn’t a single disease, and it won’t be eliminated anytime soon, foolish talk from George W. Bush’s head of the National Cancer Institute aside. But researchers and clinicians are making steady progress at identifying and treating most forms of the disease. Long-term survival rates are up. In 1975, about half of all cancer patients lived for five more years. Now the rate is two-thirds.
Even more important than treatment, though, is prevention. The reduction in smoking rates gets credit for much of the decrease in incidence of heart disease and cancer, especially lung cancer, which is by far the most common cause of cancer deaths. Smoking bans are lifesavers, too—fewer people are dying of heart attacks, stroke, or lung disease due to secondhand smoke now that it’s not stinking up all our restaurants, offices, and airplanes.
Controlling air pollution has been a big lifesaver in the United States. In 1948, a noxious smog choked Donora, Pa., killing 20 people and sickening half of the population of 14,000. In 1952, a great smog in London killed at least 4,000 people. Air pollution provokes heart attacks and asthma attacks and increases the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, bronchitis, and other diseases. The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970 and has been revised several times with stricter limits on pollutants. The law has led to great improvements in public health: It prevented 160,000 premature deaths in 2010. You can even see the mountains outside Los Angeles now, which you couldn’t do in 1968. Air pollution is still a big killer in the developing world, however, and is blamed for more deaths worldwide than high cholesterol.
We have a completely different relationship to safety today than we did at the beginning of the 20th century. Workplace deaths are down by 90 percent, thanks to efforts by labor unions, researchers, and overreaching government agencies. We’re driving more miles than in the past but are much less likely to die in traffic accidents. People complain about U.S. culture being excessively litigious, but there’s nothing like the threat of a lawsuit to make companies recall dangerous products. Even death by lightning strikes is down; God is smiting 70 percent fewer people than he did in 1960.
Fewer women die in childbirth—although it took a shamefully long time for the maternal mortality rate to decrease. Safe and effective birth control has saved women from dying in unwanted pregnancies. Improved delivery practices cut death rates from infection, hemorrhage, and other complications. And continuing improvements to neonatal care mean that more infants and mothers survive the dangers of childbirth.
Antibiotics are the lifesavers that are most familiar to us. When I asked my acquaintances why they weren’t dead yet, the most common stories involved infections that had been cured by antibiotics. Today we’re publishing some of the best #NotDeadYet stories that people tweeted or emailed to us over the past week. Many of you alive today would have been vanquished by bacteria in previous eras.
The public health interventions that protect children from infectious disease continue to echo throughout their lifespan. People who reach old age today are stronger and healthier than earlier generations, partly because they weren’t weakened in childhood by repeated infections. As more people live to old age, they have more time to develop diseases of aging, the most devastating of which is dementia. But taking age into account, the rate of dementia seems to be falling, probably because of improved overall health.
Life expectancy can make sudden jumps even in older populations in response to social conditions. Before the reunification of Germany, retirees living in the former East Germany had much lower life expectancies than their cousins in the West. After reunification, they started living much longer—even people in their 80s and 90s had years added to their lives.
People with more years of education live longer, and the gap is widening between people who didn’t graduate high school and those who have college degrees. That may not be surprising since the well-educated are also wealthier on average and have safer jobs and better access to health care. But a few studies have found that education in itself prolongs life; it seems to allow people to manage chronic diseases better, handle stress, and make better judgments. The proportion of the population with some college education has been growing, and that may pay off in better long-term health outcomes.
It’s all connected, of course—the reason we live longer today is that we are living in an entirely different world than the one people inhabited at the end of the 19th century. It’s less nasty, less brutish, and less short. One final reason we’re living longer is that we have less exposure to the most heart-breaking risk factor for death: bereavement. In other words, we are living longer because our loved ones are living longer, and thus we are less likely to be sunk in grief than at any time in human history.
* * *
So what’s next? What are the little things that could make our average life expectancy jump again? Some of them sound simple but really aren’t. “The biggest low-hanging fruit is smoking,” says medical historian David Jones of Harvard. “But is it really low-hanging?” About half of the population smoked in the mid-20th century. That rate dropped steadily until the latter part of the century, but it seems to have plateaued (although a recent gruesome ad campaign had promising results). About 20 percent of the population smokes, and it may be very difficult to get the remaining holdouts to quit.
Obesity is the other major risk factor for heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and any number of other causes of death. The obesity rate climbed so much in the past few decades that S. Jay Olshansky, a longevity researcher at the University of Illinois–Chicago, and his colleagues estimate that obesity could swamp the effects of reduced smoking on average life expectancy.
The most disturbing fact about life expectancy in the United States today is that African-Americans live about four years fewer on average than whites. The good news is that the gap has been narrowing. This disparity has been seen as a matter of social justice, but as Jones points out, there’s also a major gap in life expectancy between males and females. “I can expect to live five years less than my wife,” he says. “To me, this feels totally unfair.” We tend to think of this difference as something biological and immutable, but finding ways to help men live as long as women would go a long way toward improving life expectancy and making the world a less sorrowful place.
The United States could learn a lot from other developed countries. Our life expectancy is much shorter than it should be considering how wealthy we are. By some estimates, we’re 40 years behind other countries in terms of advancing life expectancy. The National Academy of Sciences took a hard look at what we’re doing wrong and identified nine things that set the United States apart from other countries, including drug and alcohol use, HIV and AIDS, adolescent pregnancy, and injuries and homicide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls many of these problems “winnable battles.”
* * *
One of the most fascinating debates in life science these days is between Olshansky and James Vaupel of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, Germany. They disagree fundamentally about whether and how average life expectancy will increase in the future, and they’ve been arguing about it for 20 years. Olshansky, a lovely guy, takes what at first sounds like the pessimistic view. He says the public health measures that raised life expectancy so dramatically from the late 1800s to today have done about as much as they can. We now have a much older population, dying of age-related diseases, and any improvements in treatment will add only incrementally to average life expectancy, and with vanishing returns. He explains his point of view in this charming animated video.
On the other side of the ring is Vaupel, who says that people are living longer and healthier lives all the time and there is no necessary end in sight. His message is cheerier, but he takes the debate very seriously; he won’t attend conferences where Olshansky is present. His charts are heartening; he takes the records of the longest-lived people in the longest-lived countries for each year and shows that maximum lifespan has been zooming up linearly from 1800 to today. One wants to mentally extend the line into all of our foreseeable futures.
Olshansky says the only way to make major improvements in life expectancy is to find new ways to prevent and treat the diseases of aging. And the most efficient way to do that is to delay the process of aging itself. That’s something that some people already do—somehow. Olshansky says, “The study of the genetics of long-lived people, I think, is going to be the breakthrough technology.” Scientists can now easily extend lifespan in flies, worms, and mice, and there’s a lot of exciting research on genetic pathways in humans that might slow down the aging process and presumably protect us from the age-related diseases that kill most people today. “The secret to longer lives is contained in our own genomes,” Olshansky says.
Predictions about medical breakthroughs are notoriously optimistic, of course. When the human genome was sequenced, people predicted personalized medical interventions in a decade. That was 12 years ago. Richard Nixon’s war on cancer has yet to be won. So while you’re waiting, do what you can. Eat right, exercise. Drive safely. Don’t smoke or play with fire. Get that mole looked at. Are you sitting in front of a computer screen now? Stand up and stretch, do some lunges, we won’t laugh. Here’s to your health and long life.
Read the rest of Laura Helmuth's series on longevity. | <urn:uuid:bf824502-e3cf-4b34-9f1d-bd8e2004a356> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science_of_longevity/2013/09/maximum_adult_lifespan_debate_over_how_long_humans_can_live.single.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517181.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212134318-20171212154318-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.967425 | 2,835 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Copyright law provides creators with two broad groups of rights: economic rights and moral rights.
A. Economic Rights
Copyright law protects creators of original works by granting creators the sole right to produce or reproduce any substantial part of the work in any form, to perform the work in public or, if the work is unpublished, to publish the work or any substantial part of it. This means that copyright owners have the exclusive right to control the translation of a work into another language, the adaptation of a work into another form, the communication of a work, the recording of a work, and the public performance of a work.
B. Moral Rights
Even if the creator sells copyright in the work to someone else (i.e. control over the publication and reproduction of the work and the right to receive remuneration), he or she retains moral rights in the work. The work cannot be distorted, mutilated, or otherwise modified in a way that is prejudicial to the creator's reputation or honour. Unlike economic rights, moral rights are personal to the creator, and thus cannot be sold or given away. However, moral rights can be waived by written agreement, e.g., not to exercise the rights. Specific moral rights include:
- the right to prohibit the use of a work in association with a product, cause, or institution in a way that would be prejudicial to the creator's reputation or honour;
- the right to protect the integrity of the work in order to prevent modifications that would be prejudicial to the creator's reputation or honour;
- the right to be associated with a work as its creator;
- the right of the creator to use a pseudonym in association with the work; and
- the right of the creator to remain anonymous.
Authorization to Exercise Rights
The copyright owner has the exclusive right to authorize others to exercise any of his or her rights. Anyone who authorizes the performance of an act that is the exclusive right of the copyright owner, absent a license to do so, infringes the rights of the copyright owner and can be held liable therefore. Authorization may be either express or implied. If someone made copying equipment available, and knew that it was regularly used to infringe copyright, and showed a manifest indifference to that infringement, then a court might well conclude that the person had implicitly authorized the use of that equipment for copyright infringement. For example, York University might be held liable for copyright infringement committed by members of the University community using copiers located on its premises, if a court concluded that York was indifferent to how they were used. Therefore, York University places warning signs on copiers, and tries to educate the community in other ways, in order to make it clear that York does not authorize copyright infringement. | <urn:uuid:a484766c-794a-40ad-bc53-58ea3d555811> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://copyright.info.yorku.ca/what-rights-are-protected-by-copyright-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949035.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329213541-20230330003541-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.954969 | 558 | 3.34375 | 3 |
John Hopkins's Notions on Political Economy
JOHN HOPKINS did not soon forget this lesson, though he was far from deriving all the benefit from it that he ought. He acknowledged that he had not hit upon the right remedy; but, after having long turned the subject in his mind, and talked it over with his neighbours, he came at length to this conclusion:—Let the rich have as many luxuries as they can pay for; but let them give us higher wages for our labour. It is by the sweat of our brow, and by the work of our hands, that every thing is produced. Why, the rich would not have even bread to put into their mouths, unless we ploughed the ground and sowed the seed for them; so it is but fair that we should be better paid for our services. If wages were doubled, we should be as well off again as we are now; and the rich would be but a trifle the poorer, that is all; for double wages would be nothing for a man who is rolling in wealth to pay; and yet it would be a mighty matter for us poor fellows to receive."
Chuckling over this discovery, John sets off for the abode of the Fairy, and begs her, with the stroke of her wand, to cause wages to be doubled. "Are you sure," enquired the Fairy, "that you will have no reason to repent of this request if I should grant it?"—"No, no," said John, "this time I cannot be mistaken; for I have considered the matter thoroughly." "Well, then," replied she, "we will make the trial. But it shall be for three months only. After that time we shall see whether you wish your present scheme to be continued."
As John was returning home, he could not help thinking that, this time at least, he should not meet with a discontented reception from his wife; yet, as he opened the door of his cottage, he looked rather anxiously in her face:—it beamed with joy. "Good news for you, husband!" cried she; "the bailiff has been here to pay your week's wages; and see, he has given me all this money; for he says there's a new law in the land, and every one must pay double wages!" John thanked the Fairy in his heart, for the expedition she had used in complying with his wishes. The news soon spread through the village: all received double wages; and the rejoicing was universal.
John was resolved to make a holyday; so, next market day, instead of sending his wife, he proposed to go to market himself, and to lay out his store of money in clothes for his ragged children. This was readily agreed to, provided he would take a basket of plums, and a bundle of straw-plait which one of his little girls had made, and sell them. To market he went; and what was his delight to learn that plums and straw-plait had risen considerably in price. He little dreamed that this was owing to his good offices; but, on enquiring the cause, he was told that, the condition of the labouring classes being so much bettered by their increased wages, they could afford to buy new straw bonnets; so that straw-plait was very much in demand, and would fetch a good price. "I should not give you so much for it," said the bonnet-maker, "if I was not sure that I could sell my bonnets at a higher price now there is such a demand for them."
"And why are plums risen in price?" enquired John of the fruiterer. "Because I have none left," replied he. "I had as fine a store of plums this morning as ever I had any market day; but there has been such a swarm of young brats with their halfpence to buy them, that they were all sold by nine o'clock; for, do you see, now the fathers get double wages, they have not the heart to deny their children a halfpenny to buy fruit. I began selling my plums at four a penny; but when I found they were likely to fall short, I would not let the urchins have more than three for a penny; and as for your basket, Hopkins, I mean to sell it at two a penny: so you see I can afford to give you a good price for it." John did not quite understand this; "but it shows," thought he, "that I have hit the right nail on the head at last. It seems that as much unforeseen good comes of the Fairy's wand, this time, as there came unforeseen bad luck before." And now that he had sold his plums and his plait, he determined to go to the woollen-draper's to buy cloth for his children's jackets. He looked rather blank when, on entering, he found that cloth had risen in price, and was two shillings a yard dearer than before. He expressed his surprise. "Why, there's no end to my customers this market day," said the draper. "I verily believe half the town means to have new coats, and I have not near cloth enough to furnish them all: so those that will have it must pay the price I ask, or go without." "That's not fair, to my mind," cried John: "the cloth cost you no more than it did last market day; so you can afford to sell it as cheap as you did then."—"Perhaps I could," replied the woollen-draper: but, since I can get more for it, I will. Don't you know, Hopkins, that, when corn falls short at market, the price rises? When there is more of an article to be had than is wanted, why you must sell it for what you can get, though you may chance to make a loss instead of a gain; but when there is less to be sold than is wanted, why you may sell it at an advanced price. That is my case now: many more want the cloth than I can supply; so, why should I let you have it rather than another, unless you pay me a better price? We must make hay while the sun shines."—" To be sure," said John to himself: "I sold my plums and my plait dearer than last market day, though they stood me in no more; and it's natural enough the draper should do the same. Well," said he, addressing the draper, "it's a bright sunshine, and we are all right to make the most of it; but, as my boys can wait a bit longer for their coats, I shall stop till you lay in a new stock of cloth, and then it will be cheaper."—" I won't promise you that," replied the draper. "There's no saying what will come of these double wages, it's such an out of the way thing. It looks fair enough; to be sure; but all is not gold that glitters, as you know, Hopkins."
"I have not had time to turn it well in my mind; but it seems to me, that when I have sold my stock on hand, and go to the manufacturer for more, he will not let me have it on the same terms, seeing there is such a demand for cloth, and that I sell it at an advanced price. Besides," continued he, rubbing his forehead, "a thought just comes across me,—he can't afford to let me have the goods so cheap; for, since he is obliged to pay his workmen double wages, the cloth must stand him in much more; and if he can't get it back from the shopkeeper, why the factory must go to ruin. Is it not so, Hopkins?"—"It looks very like it," replied Hopkins, thoughtfully. "Well, then," continued the draper, "it's impossible for me to say whether the manufacturer will be able to sell his cloth higher, or whether he will be ruined: all I know is, that if I must pay him a higher price for his cloth, I must get it back from my customers, or I may as well shut up shop; ay, and better too; for I should be losing instead of making money."—"Well, then," said Hopkins, "may-hap I had as well buy the cloth now, dear as it is." Having made his purchases, he found that he had scarcely money enough to pay for them. He was sadly disappointed; for he had flattered himself, that, what with the high price he had got for his plums and his plait, and what with the double wages he had received, he might contrive to eke out the money, so as to buy himself a new smock frock, of which he stood much in need; but that was now out of the question.
His wife and children impatiently waited his return. The little ones had strolled to the end of the lane, in hopes of seeing him, and soon ran home with the glad tidings that "father was in sight, with a great big bundle on his shoulders." Jenny had been promised a new thimble, and Jem a penny whistle, if any money was left after the more necessary purchases had been made. John at length arrived; and, after wiping his brows, he began by boasting of the high price he had got for the basket of plums and the bundle of plait; whereupon his wife gave him a hearty kiss, calling him "a good man as he was;" and the children crowded round his knees, and began to untie the bundle he had brought home. The contents fell far short of their expectations; and they rummaged in vain for the presents they had expected. Then followed the indispensable explanation of the rise in price of cloth as well as of other goods. "Humph!" cried the good wife, "if we must pay so much more for every thing we have to buy, I don't see how we shall be any the better for the double wages we get."—"Well, but," retorted her husband, "it's not only me, but Dick and Sally at the factory get double wages too; so there's no room to complain, wife; for, if our means run short, they would be willing and able to lend us a helping hand."
Some time after, Dick came home; but, alas! far from lending a hand, it was to tell the sad news of his being discharged from the factory. "Why, how's this, Dick?" said his father; "were not you satisfied with double wages?"—"I had little need to be so," replied he; "double wages one week, and none at all the next: I would rather by half have had the common wages, without being turned off."—" But why should you be turned off, if you did your duty?"—" Oh, for that matter, there was no fault found with me; only the master had not enough to pay us all, so he discharged half his men, and it fell to my lot to be one of the number."
"Well, but," said John, "by turning off half his men, he can get only half the work done; and then, how can he supply the shopkeepers?"—"He says the shopkeepers won't want so much goods as they did before this new law was made."
"There he's wrong," cried John, "to my certain knowledge: for it's scarce a month back that the draper told me he sold a deal more cloth than he did before the rise of wages, though the price was higher by two shillings a yard."
"That was only just a spirt at first," cried Dick. "When folks first got their double wages, they were so flush of money, they thought there would be no end to their riches; but when they came to find that so many buyers made prices rise, (and more especially when half their families were turned out of work, and they had their children to support idle,) they saw that there was more outgoings than incomings; and that they had enough to do to provide food, without furbishing themselves out with new clothes."
Hopkins felt conscience-struck: he looked blank, and had not a word to say for himself. "No, no," continued Dick: "brisk as the cloth was at first, it's slack enough now, and prices are falling apace."
"That I know to my cost," quoth Dame Hopkins. "Why, last market day I could not sell my fruit nor Jenny's plait for much more than half you got for it, John, when wages first rose. Folks begin to find they have no such store of spare money as they thought for, to lay out in new bonnets, or to give their children to buy fruit."
The fall in price, John thought, was all in his favour; for he had more to buy than to sell. This made him pluck up courage; and he said,—"Why, Dick, we must be better for things coming round to their natural price, so as wages don't lower too; but I should have done wiser to have waited, and have bought the boys' jackets later."—"Wiser still not to have bought them at all," replied his son; "and that's what you would have done had you waited; for times will fall heavy on us now, father, so far as I can see."
"Never be disheartened, lad," cried Hopkins, giving his son an encouraging thump on the back; "you see things all askance, because of being turned off at the factory: but surely," said he, with a hesitation in his voice which he would not let out in words, "such high wages must be a good thing."—"Much good may it do those that get them," muttered Dick, sulkily. "If things don't change, the manufacturers will all be bankrupts; and then there will be work neither at fifteen shillings, nor at thirty. There's well-nigh half the machines at our factory going to wreck and ruin by standing idle; and one of the great steam-engines, that cost master a power of money, lying just like dead. But how is he to help it, while the wages eat up all his profits; ay, and more too? so, the less he works the better; for it's my belief he sells at a clear loss."
"One would think this new law was made to mock us," said the wife; "for it promises fair, and just makes fools of us for believing it."
"It's a rare lesson, however," exclaimed Hopkins, with a sigh; "for it shows that a rise of wages is full of danger and mischief."
"I don't agree with you, there, father," cried Dick: "a rise of wages, in a fair and natural way, is a very good thing. Last year, when our master had more orders than he could well get done, he raised the wages, so as to get more hands; and people came flocking in from all quarters, and quitting other employ, where they did not get so much. Then he could afford to pay us all well, because trade was brisk, and he got good profits. When wages rise because there is a greater demand for workmen, we are all the better for it, master and man too; but when they rise from a foolish and arbitrary law, it does us all harm instead of good; and it is to be hoped that those who made it will soon see the folly of it, and bring us back to the natural wages."
This observation came home to poor John, who kept his own secret, but swore in his heart that, when once out of this scrape, he would never more apply to the Fairy. A few weeks after, Sally, who worked at the silk mills, came home with the same story as her brother. "So, here we are, saddled with two more children," cried his wife; "and this comes of high wages."—"Well, at least I have got high wages to maintain 'em," replied John, who was still unwilling to confess that he had been in the wrong.
As he was speaking, the bailiff entered the door. "Good morrow to you, John," said he:—"why, methinks you do not look in such glee as you did last month, about the rise of wages."—"Nor have I cause," muttered John: "see, here are two of my grown children sent home to me, out of work. But, mayhap," added he, brightening up at the thought,—"mayhap you, Master Barnes, might get 'em some work at the farm. Though they are not used to that kind of labour, I'm sure they will turn their hand to it, and thank ye heartily for it."—"Ah, I might have given 'em work before this change," answered the bailiff; "but my master can't afford to pay 'em double wages; and the new law won't allow us to give less. To say the truth, I am now come upon a very different errand; for, d'ye see, we are trying, instead of increasing the number of our workmen, to do what we can to reduce them. My master says he has too great a respect for you, John, to turn you off: you have worked nigh a score of years for him, and have got such a large family to maintain."—"Thank his honour, kindly," said John. "I have worked for him long and hard, too, Master Barnes. I'm sure I have followed the precepts of the Bible, and earned my bread by the sweat of my brow. Thank his honour—"—"Ay, but, John," interrupted the bailiff, "you stopped my mouth with your thanks before you had heard me out. You know, however willing the squire may be, he can't coin money; so, what is he to do? Now, this is what he has thought of:—he says he will employ you three days of the week, instead of six."—"And what am I to do the other three?" asked John.—"Why, you must seek for work elsewhere."—"Seek, indeed, I may; but I shall not find," quoth John. "Why, there's Dick and Sally both turned adrift; and if they can't find work, an old man like me stands no chance."—"Well," said the bailiff, "if you sit with your hands across three days of the week, you are as well paid for the three others as you used to be for the whole week: besides, his honour is stretching a point for your sake, John; for, d'ye see, he pays you the same wages a week as before, and yet he will have only half the work done." John thought that but poor comfort, when he saw he had two children more on his hands. The bailiff took his departure; and, as he shut the door, the poor wife lifted up her hands, fetched a deep sigh, and said,—"Ah, well-a-day! how little we understand these matters: who would not have thought that, when the law obliged the rich to pay us double wages, it would have made us much richer, and made them only a trifle poorer? but now it seems it will bring us all to ruin together."
"Never fear," said John, "it is the Fairy's doing; it will be all over at the end of three months, and two of them are gone already."
So it was. At the expiration of three months the influence of the Fairy's wand ceased, wages returned to their usual rate, Dick and Sally were restored to their work at the mills and the factory, and John laboured with more good will six days of the week than he had done when he was employed only three, though at double wages.
Moreover, he had learnt how dangerous it was to meddle with things he did not understand: and he came to a firm resolution of never more applying to the Fairy; but to endeavour to get clearer ideas on such matters. This he was in some measure enabled to do through his son Dick, during the time he remained at home; for Dick, working at a factory, and living in a town, had many more opportunities of picking up knowledge than a country labourer, whose life is comparatively solitary. Factory men have so deep an interest in the rise and fall of wages, that they are in the habit of talking the matter over, till at last they get pretty good notions on the subject. They are aware that their own employment depends on the manufacturer being able to sell his goods with profit: they see, therefore, that the prosperity of the master and his workmen go hand in hand. John was surprised that Dick should turn out so knowing a lad, as he had had very little schooling. Dick observed, that working in a factory was like going to school, only that they learnt by talking instead of by reading. "Well, but I should have thought your talk would have run on merrier matters, and that you would not have worried your brains with such difficult subjects," said John.—"Men are sharp witted, father, when their interest is at stake; and if it's fit that they should learn their calling, it's just as fit that they should be able to judge whether their calling goes on well or ill, and the reason why and wherefore."
"It's not all good that's learnt by your talk in a factory, Dick. I've heard say that one bad man will corrupt a whole factory, just as one rotten apple will infect the whole heap."—"It's no such thing," replied Dick; "when men can earn their livelihood fairly and honestly, they are ready enough to go on in the straight road: it's want and wretchedness that leads them into the crooked paths, you may take my word for it."
Return to top | <urn:uuid:a496946d-13dd-436a-984b-7d3a01678e47> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.econlib.org/library/Marcet/mrcJH2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663417.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00379-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991758 | 4,598 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Based on research into climate suitability and employing a species distribution model, this paper examines climatic data from six periods from the mid-Holocene (MH), 1970-2000 (the 1980s), RCP4.5 and 8.5 under 2041-2060 (2050s4.5, 2050s8.5) and 2061-2080 (2070s4.5, 2070s8.5), combined with data from Camellia oleifera specimens. The study uses the MaxEnt model to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of the suitability of C. oleifera growth under climate change scenarios. The suitability results are divided into four levels, from low to high, and the spatial distribution changes of the suitability of each transition period, the change of the northern boundary and the geometric center, and the displacement of the most suitable area are analyzed. The results show that: 1) According to the specimens and growth habits, C. oleifera is mainly distributed in the hilly areas of southern China, with latitude and longitude ranging from 18°31' to 33°15' N and 101°34' to 121°51' E, respectively, and the area is mainly in the subtropical East Asian monsoon climatic belt and has plenty of sunshine and heat. 2) The area under the curve (AUC) values of the training data set and the test data set of the MaxEnt model are 0.848 and 0.817, respectively, and the evaluation results reach the "good" standard, so that this model can be used for climate suitability analysis for the growth of C. oleifera. Taking the distribution probability P≥0.35 as the standard, the annual precipitation ≥1 100 mm, precipitation of the wettest quarter ≥550 mm, a mean temperature of the warmest quarter ≥20℃, a temperature seasonality <8.9, precipitation of the driest month ≥15 mm, a mean temperature of the wettest quarter 17-28℃, and a mean temperature of the coldest quarter ≥4℃ are the seven main environmental factors and ranges suitable for the growth of C. oleifera. Their contribution rates are all over 4%, and the cumulative contribution rate reaches 90.1%. 3) The areas with the highest climate suitability for C. oleifera in China are mainly south of the Yangtze River and east of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with a range of south of 30°N and east of 107°E. In general, the suitable level and above accounted for 34.9%-61% of the study area, and Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong areas are the most suitable. Concerning the suitability changes, the southwest region fluctuates in space, and the most suitable area in the southeast hilly area is relatively stable. The areas of stable type and decrease type account for a relatively high proportion, which is 58.1%-71.5% and 9.3%-33.6%, respectively. 4) The northern boundary of the most suitable region for C. oleifera mainly lies between 24 ° N and 33 ° N in the central subtropical zone, which varied greatly in Qinling Mountains, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Guangxi in different periods. On the whole, it moved to the south from the middle Holocene to the 1980s, and moved northward from the 1980s to the 2050s and 2070s. The geometric center and displacement shifted to the East and North as a whole, and the most suitable center was located in Chenzhou, Hunan Province, in the middle Holocene. In the 1980s, it moved southeast to Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, in the 2050s, it will move northeast to Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, and in 2070s, it will move to the southwest and northeast in the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, but will still be present in Ji'an. 5) When climate scenario data and the MaxEnt species distribution model are used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of C. oleifera climatic suitability in southern China, the results have a good correspondence with similar research results and China's C. oleifera production statistics. This correlation indicates that the results are reliable and can be used as a reference for C. oleifera planting divisions. | <urn:uuid:1db65f1b-c825-4518-9c05-662daed033f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.rddl.com.cn/EN/volumn/volumn_4159.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500456.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207102930-20230207132930-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.918262 | 930 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What Are The Signs And Symptoms Of Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is the eye condition in which the optic nerve of the eye gets damaged due to the increased pressure inside the eye, which is called an intraocular eye pressure. Although Glaucoma can occur at any age it is more common in people above 40 years. Glaucoma needs to be treated promptly before it completely damages the optic nerve that causes permanent loss of vision or blindness. That’s why; Glaucoma is the primary cause of blindness in American people. Unfortunately, the patient doesn’t notice any symptoms until the disease has reached its advanced stage where it causes significant damage to the optic nerve. Fortunately, the progress of Glaucoma condition can be slow down or even stopped through early detection, regular eye exams and a proper Glaucoma treatment that eventually prevent blindness.
Symptoms of Glaucoma:
Here, we give you a brief overview of the signs and symptoms of Glaucoma and so if you experience one or more than one of these symptoms, immediately consult a professional ophthalmologist:
Change in the iris color:
Iris is the colored, ring-shaped muscle that surrounds the pupil of the eye and located between the cornea and the lens. You better know the color of your iris than others and so if you notice any change in the color of your iris, consult the ophthalmologist right away. Changes in the coloration of the iris indicate the increased pressure inside the eye.
Sensitivity to light:
It is normal that people blink their eyes when they see a lot of light. But when you notice any difficulty in seeing a lot of light than before, there is some problem with your eyes. The possible reason of this problem could be increased intraocular eye pressure as you become sensitive to light.
The dark spot in the center of the vision:
If you notice a dark spot right in the center of your field of vision, it is a sign that should be checked right away. A dark spot in the vision indicates that there is high pressure inside your eye and this increased pressure can damage the optic nerve which ultimately causes the permanent loss of vision if left untreated. That’s why it is recommended to see the ophthalmologist promptly when you see the dark spot.
Sometimes, eye pain can be caused by a headache, or in certain cases, it is due to increased pressure in the eyes. The pain in or around the eyes may also be a sign of Glaucoma. If you experience eye pain continuously for few days or if it comes back frequently, immediately consult the ophthalmologist.
Blurred or double vision:
The condition of Glaucoma can have negative effects on your vision and one of the common symptoms of Glaucoma is a blurred vision or double vision. So, if you’re experiencing the hazy or distorted vision or seeing things blurry or double, see the ophthalmologist to have your eyes examined in order to check if these are Glaucoma signs.
Red, itchy or watery eyes:
It is common that a simple irritation makes our eyes red, itchy or watery but if these signs happen to you all the time, you should take necessary measures by consulting ophthalmologist because these may be caused by Glaucoma. Moreover, eye doctors are of the view that inflamed or crusted eyelids may also be linked with Glaucoma.
Some important things to consider:
The key to slow down the progress of Glaucoma and to prevent serious loss of vision or Glaucoma complications is having regular eye examination by the ophthalmologist. These eye exams and checkups help to diagnose Glaucoma at an early stage while slowing down the disease or preventing vision loss. There are various tests that determine whether you have Glaucoma or not and Tonometry is one of these tests that is used to measure the eye pressure.
The eye specialists give Glaucoma guidelines in which they recommend that those people who are at high risk of developing Glaucoma should get screening tests and eye exams more frequently than those who don’t have a risk of developing the condition. If you’re over 60 years, being Hispanic or black, have a family history of Glaucoma, had an eye surgery or eye injury, are nearsighted, taking certain medications such as corticosteroids or have diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure or sickle cell anemia, you are at high risk of developing Glaucoma.
For eye exams and Glaucoma treatment, contact ophthalmologists at Menger Eye Centers:
Menger Eye Centers is the well-known and reputable eye diseases treatment center that has been offering the advanced diagnostic tests and customized treatment of Glaucoma in NYC for over 100 years while preserving the norm to provide the best treatment to each patient. The board-certified, experienced, skilled and highly accomplished ophthalmologists and optometrists effectively and efficiently perform the eye exams. If you’re experiencing the symptoms of Glaucoma, schedule an online appointment by visiting website or calling at 718.386.1818 | <urn:uuid:53e818da-c9dd-4e2d-b206-d2dcd32d95bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.mengereyecenter.com/blog/signs-and-symptoms-of-glaucoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890991.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122034327-20180122054327-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.933917 | 1,087 | 3.125 | 3 |
Type 1 diabetes often begins in childhood. Patients with type 2 diabetes have their insulin resistance measured routinely, but this is currently not common practice in treating patients with type 1 diabetes--especially those with normal weight. Because insulin resistance is known to contribute to cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes researchers in this study investigated whether insulin resistance has a similar effect on adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
In this study, researchers measured insulin sensitivity and heart, blood and exercise function in 12 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and compared these measurements with measurements from 12 control patients without diabetes, but similar in age, pubertal stage, activity level and body mass index. They found that insulin resistance may affect long-term cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes as is found in people with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, results indicate that insulin resistance is directly related to decreased heart and vessel function and appears to impair capacity to exercise.
"Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in adults with diabetes, but until now, little was known about the effects of type 1 diabetes on cardiovascular health in youth," said Kristen Nadeau, MD, of the University of Colorado Denver, and lead author of the study. "Our data suggests that while youth with type 1 diabetes may not present conditions typical of insulin resistance, such as obesity, insulin resistance is present and may affect long-term cardiovascular outcomes in this population."
"Our study is one of the first definitive studies showing the presence of insulin resistance in youth with type 1 diabetes and this may have significant implications for the cardiovascular health of these patients," said Nadeau. "Increasing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in adolescents with type 1 diabetes will direct future research and therapeutic interventions. If insulin resistance is addressed early in the care of patients with type 1 diabetes, it may be possible to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population."
Other researchers working on the study include Judith Regensteiner, Timothy Bauer, Mark Brown, Jennifer Dorosz, Amber Hull, Phil Zeitler, Boris Draznin and Jane Reusch of the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine.
The article, "A Unique Phenotype of Insulin Resistance in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Cardiovascular Function," will appear in the February 2010 issue of JCEM.
Founded in 1916, The Endocrine Society is the world's oldest, largest and most active organization devoted to research on hormones and the clinical practice of endocrinology. Today, The Endocrine Society's membership consists of over 14,000 scientists, physicians, educators, nurses and students in more than 100 countries. Society members represent all basic, applied, and clinical interests in endocrinology. The Endocrine Society is based in Chevy Chase, Maryland. To learn more about the Society and the field of endocrinology, visit our site at www.endo-society.org.
Arlyn Riskind | EurekAlert!
Rutgers-led innovation could spur faster, cheaper, nano-based manufacturing
14.02.2018 | Rutgers University
New study from the University of Halle: How climate change alters plant growth
12.01.2018 | Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. This has made it possible to observe the interaction of multiple photons in a single such pulse with electrons in the inner orbital shell of an atom.
In order to observe the ultrafast electron motion in the inner shells of atoms with short light pulses, the pulses must not only be ultrashort, but very...
A group of researchers led by Andrea Cavalleri at the Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) in Hamburg has demonstrated a new method enabling precise measurements of the interatomic forces that hold crystalline solids together. The paper Probing the Interatomic Potential of Solids by Strong-Field Nonlinear Phononics, published online in Nature, explains how a terahertz-frequency laser pulse can drive very large deformations of the crystal.
By measuring the highly unusual atomic trajectories under extreme electromagnetic transients, the MPSD group could reconstruct how rigid the atomic bonds are...
Quantum computers may one day solve algorithmic problems which even the biggest supercomputers today can’t manage. But how do you test a quantum computer to...
For the first time, a team of researchers at the Max-Planck Institute (MPI) for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, has succeeded in making an integrated circuit (IC) from just a monolayer of a semiconducting polymer via a bottom-up, self-assembly approach.
In the self-assembly process, the semiconducting polymer arranges itself into an ordered monolayer in a transistor. The transistors are binary switches used...
Breakthrough provides a new concept of the design of molecular motors, sensors and electricity generators at nanoscale
Researchers from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS (IOCB Prague), Institute of Physics of the CAS (IP CAS) and Palacký University...
15.02.2018 | Event News
13.02.2018 | Event News
12.02.2018 | Event News
23.02.2018 | Physics and Astronomy
23.02.2018 | Health and Medicine
23.02.2018 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:85055f05-2c6c-4b7e-bd67-a639beafc5e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.innovations-report.com/hrml/reports/studies/cardiovascular-risk-youth-type-1-diabetes-linked-144786.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816178.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225070925-20180225090925-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.890049 | 1,150 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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Tennessee: Homesteads Tower Museum
By Robin Soslow : August 23, 2012 : Updated: August 24, 2012 4:47pm
Homesteads Tower Museum
CROSSVILLE, Tenn. – A scenic drive east of Cummins Falls leads to another community-crafted haven. Cumberland Mountain State Park was built by residents of the Cumberland Homestead Community, a 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps program that turned a patch of the sparsely populated Upper Cumberland Plateau into a planned rural town of self-supporting subsistence farmers.
Their stories are preserved at the Homesteads Tower Museum located a mile outside Cumberland Mountain State Park.
Cummins ranger Jeremy Vaden's great-uncles numbered among the first homesteaders of what became known as the “showplace of the New Deal,” and his cousin appears in the documentary film screened at the museum. Thousands of impoverished mill workers, miners and farmers applied for the 250 homesteading opportunities; the criteria included high character and strong work ethic.
The museum building, completed in 1938, originally housed the project's administrative offices. An octagonal tower of locally quarried Crab Orchard sandstone was built to contain the community's 50,000-gallon water tank. Its winding 97 stairs lead to a platform overlooking the homesteads. Compact galleries reveal the past through vintage photographs, mail-order ads for goods from tractors to hosiery, and original kitchen appliances and pantry items.
Male residents trained as carpenters, stone masons, plumbers, electricians, blacksmiths as well as farmers. They cleared and planted fields, constructed barns, the community schoolhouse and water tower, then built homes of stone exteriors and pine-paneled interiors. By Eleanor Roosevelt's request, the houses had indoor plumbing. They were also wired for electricity, which became available from the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1937. Resident-workers received one-third of their wages in cash, with the rest applied as “credit hours” to the purchase of their homes and farms. Artifacts suggest how women toiled behind the scenes.
One of the CCC's finest achievements still straddles Byrd Lake at Cumberland Mountain park: the handsome Crab Orchard stone arch bridge and dam built in the late 1930s. Its presence, doubled by its reflection in the clear lake, seems inspirited by the hands of a community. | <urn:uuid:485bb004-5a76-4db6-bd2c-139109628dd6> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.mysanantonio.com/lifestyle/travel-outdoors/article/Tennessee-Homesteads-Tower-Museum-3810643.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462070.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00109-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963274 | 506 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Rodents That Tunnel Underground & Then Surface
A little nose poking up out of the ground signals the presence of a tunneling rodent. Damage from these rodents ranges from mild to highly destructive. Trapping a tunneling rodent takes time and patience. Check your county and state laws regarding relocating a wild animal.
A member of the Thomomys species, pocket gophers are a burrowing rodent found across North America and in the northern regions of Central America. Camouflaged by their brown fur, these rodents dig vast systems of tunnels with their powerful front claws. Favoring moist soil, they are often found in gardens, farms and household lawns. Fresh mounds of dirt mark a gopher’s tunnel. Loose dirt from digging the tunnel is pushed to the surface creating the mound. These highly destructive rodents don't hibernate, so garden and plant damage can occur through the year. Gnawing on plastic sprinkler systems, trees and shrubs keeps their continuously growing teeth in check. To trap a gopher, locate the burrow's entrance and place a box or pincher trap directly in front of it. Bait the traps with fresh vegetables then cover it with a piece of sod. Once caught, level the current mounds and watch for reinfestation.
Indigenous to North America, Asia and Europe, moles have enlarged front feet designed to tunnel in moist soil. Roughly 5 to 8 inches long, moles can dig an 18-foot-long tunnel in one hour. Unlike gophers, moles don't damage plants for food. Earthworms and small invertebrates comprise a mole’s diet. Moles eat 45 lbs. of worms and insects annually. The tunnels and mounds moles create to find worms and insects indirectly kill grass and yard plants, thus awarding them a pest status in most people’s minds. Mounds created by moles are raised volcano-shaped piles of dirt. Tunneling just below the surface, moles create a raised ridge of dirt between each mound. Trap moles in the spring and fall when moist soil keeps them close to the surface. Locate active tunnels by collapsing a few tunnels then watch to see which ones are rebuilt within a few days. Place the traps along those tunnels.
Found throughout the Eastern United States, pine voles resemble a small brown mouse. Ranging from 3 to 4 inches long, their stocky bodies still weigh less than 2 oz. Digging an extensive burrow and tunnel system roughly 1 foot below the surface, they are difficult to trap. Eating small plants and flower bulbs, voles can quickly kill raised beds, gardens and orchards. They gnaw on a tree or an ornamental shrub’s underground root system often killing the plant. Trapping is not necessary. Encourage the vole to relocate its burrow to a safer location by tilling the tunnel area or disturbing entrance holes. Disrupt the tunnels and entrance holes for two weeks and the vole will usually move to a new and safer burrow.
Part of the squirrel family, the chipmunk’s striped body is easily identified. Roughly 5 to 6 inches in length, they have five stripes running from the back of their heads to their tails. Chipmunks are found across North America and Asia. Solitary in nature, a chipmunk’s territory may overlap if enough food is available. Well hidden, chipmunk burrows and tunnel systems can stretch over 30 feet long. Tunnel systems include a nesting chamber, a nursery, several food chambers and multiple escape exits. Considered only a minor agricultural pest, chipmunks eat flower bulbs, nuts, grass seed, bird seed and pet food. Trapping is an option if the chipmunk’s presence cannot be tolerated. | <urn:uuid:0a35020a-53c5-4ddd-af9b-66b264c777a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.gardenguides.com/12566524-rodents-that-tunnel-underground-then-surface.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.939911 | 779 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Wi-Fi In Schools, Wireless Radiation Health Impacts and Practical Solutions
A 21st century classroom must bridge the digital divide so that all students are engaged with technology. Low EMF Best Practices for schools allows for full technological access in the classroom while minimizing health risk so that schools and safe technology can work together.
The Low EMF Best Practice safe solution is a fully wired technology network in the school, along with corded phones (not cordless). Wireless technology introduces an environmental pollutant into the school setting and this is not safe for children. All school technology should be fully wired -meaning schools should remove the Wi-Fi/wireless systems and replace them with wires and cable connections.
Millions of children and adults in schools around the world spend significant amounts of time around wireless devices and Wi-Fi. Many schools are introducing Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies and installing industrial wireless routers for tablets. However, wireless devices expose students and staff to microwave radiofrequency radiation that can impact learning and overall health. Studies have found that wireless radiation can damage reproductive systems, impact the immune system, alter brain functioning, and increase cancer risk. Tablets have up to 5 antennae that are constantly emitting short intense bursts of radiation even when not connected to the Internet.
Schools are are becoming increasingly aware that healthy and environmentally friendly facilities foster academic achievement and staff well-being. The solution is Low-EMF Best Practices which allow for safe wired-only internet connections and a “safe tech” curriculum so that they can use their devices more safely at home, as well at school.
PARENT TOOLKIT TO ADVOCATE ON SAFE TECHNOLOGY IN SCHOOL
- Questions and Answers on Wi-Fi and Cell Phones in Schools: This two pager is filled with links and resources on why and how to reduce wireless radiation exposure at schools.
- Checklist on How to Reduce EMF and Wireless Radiation for Schools: A list of actionable steps every school can take to eliminate and reduce EMF exposure at school.
- CHPS Low EMF Criteria:The Collaborative for High Performance Schools has Best Practices for LOW EMF classrooms that details how schools can replace wireless networks with wired networks.
- Letters by Scientists on Wireless and Cell towers for School Administrators: A compendium of letters (downloadable PDF’s) written to school officials regarding wireless and cell towers.
- Letter on School Wi-Fi and Health for Principal
This draft letter compiles the latest research and you can take portions of it or all of it to send it to your school administrator to begin this important conversation on safe technology.
- List of Governments, School Districts and Private Schools Reducing and Eliminating Wi-Fi.
- List of Schools Banning Cell Phones in the Classroom
- Peer Reviewed Published Science on Wireless Radiation,
- Published Science on Wi-Fi Specifically
What videos can I watch to learn more?
Youtube Playlist on Wi-Fi and Health Effects n Schools: News Reports on schools removing the Wi-Fi and scientific lectures on the issue. We invite you to peruse the videos which are great to show at an awareness party.
Printable Resources to Educate Parents
- What Parents Need to Know About Wireless Radiation Factsheet
- BabySafe Project: “Reduce Your Wireless Exposure” English Brochure, Spanish Brochure
- New Jersey Educational Association “Minimize health risks from electronic devices” NJEA Online Article, PDF of Recommendations
- American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendation Protect The Ones You Love Card English, Spanish
- EHT Compendium of Printable Factsheets, Brochures and Fact Sheets on Wireless and Children: This webpage compiles a variety of resources that you can download and print to spread awareness on this issue.
The above video is from the Health in Buildings Conference at the US National Institutes of Health that featured “Best Practices” for school buildings in terms of wired versus wireless technology.
The Environmental Health Trust continues to develop materials for schools and parents on Schools and Safe Technology. We are partnering with schools to decrease children’s wireless exposure by advocating for a fully wired technology infrastructure in classrooms. We do not support the “turn it off when not in use” Wi-Fi in Schools Step as a safe approach. This is a halfway measure and it is not a Low EMF Best practice. While such approaches are a step in the right direction and EHT is tracking these actions as such, they still allow substantial radiation exposures to students for the time that the wireless is turned on. “Turn it off when not in use” will result in hundreds of hours a year of exposure and ultimately will contribute to a students cumulative impact from this radiation. EHT cannot not support such halfway measures in schools as they are not safe and provide a false sense of safety.
Please contact EHT if you would like to discuss your school’s needs and resources with us. We are hoping to foster informed dialogue to support schools and the students they serve. Please review our documents so that we can tailor them to meet your needs — so send us your comments and questions!
Safe Technology in Schools
- Hardwire all devices that connect to the Internet such as computers and tablets.
- Hardwire all fixed devices such as printers, overhead projectors and boards.
- Teach students about how to minimize radio frequency radiation exposures.
- Integrate SAFE TECH into health curriculum.
- Explore the politics of the precautionary principle in ethics and debate classes. (Although EHT considers the issue to require “cautionary” rather than “precautionary” action as harm from RFR is established.)
- Share resources with parents on how to decrease exposures at home.
- Integrate SAFE TECH into your school’s official Bring Your Own Device Policy.
- Hold a staff meeting and PTA meeting to share this information. | <urn:uuid:46e9c8c7-c967-49ca-bc94-984583bdc151> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/wifi-in-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145818.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223154628-20200223184628-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.932892 | 1,229 | 3.4375 | 3 |
According to the specialists of the American Academy of Trichology and Dermatology, an average person loses between 50 and 100 hairs every day. Even though age, stress, and hormones can contribute to hair loss, there are some bad habits that can also harm your hair.
Our hair requires constant care, just like the skin. Beauty and health rules seem to be simple, but not everyone knows how easily we can damage our hair.
Brushes and combs for hair need constant cleaning. They accumulate skin fat, dust, and dirt, becoming a fertile environment for bacteria. Experts recommend that your brush should be cleaned from hair after each combing. Once every 3–4 weeks, you need to wash the comb in a special soda solution.
Combs made of wood or natural bone are considered the most comfortable. They don’t cause the hair ”electrification” and do not damage it if you use the correct combing technique.
When buying a comb for dry hair, pay attention to the tips of the teeth. They should be rounded. Do not choose a comb with painted teeth, because this coating will be quickly erased. A wooden comb has no disadvantages and works for every type of hair. They are most often made from birch, pine, or oak.
Tight hair grippers and elastic bands
You can easily assemble your hair with the help of elastic bands. It is better to buy fabrics that are thicker than 1 cm. Thin and tight elastic bands compress and pull strands, which can lead to brittleness. Trichologists advise not to wear elastic bands that have already lost their elasticity.
Elastic hair spring bands made of silicone are the best for your hair. They don’t squeeze the hair and collect it in a light beam.
Frequent washing, chemical perm, and keratin procedures negatively affect the health of the hair. If you can’t refuse these procedures, at least reduce their number to a minimum. Don’t forget to apply restoring masks, and to use balm and hair conditioner. Before going to the beauty salon, let the specialist know about all the procedures that you have conducted so they can choose a more gentle way of hair dyeing or straightening.
Streams of hot air deprive our strands of moisture. Frequent use of a hair dryer leads to dryness, so it is important not to use it on the highest setting while styling. Adjust the temperature of your hair dryer by directing the air flow to your hand. If you don’t feel any discomfort, then the temperature is right for you. You can apply a special protecting spray, which wraps your hair and protects it from the negative influence of high temperatures.
It is important to get rid of bad habits to return the health of your hair. Don’t forget about proper nutrition and care. GrivaMax Laser Cap is a low-level laser therapy with a wavelength of 650 nm. It provides a beneficial effect on the structure of the weakened hair. The device improves the lymph and blood circulation which helps to restore the hair conditions. | <urn:uuid:38baefa3-1e81-4237-92f3-09e2bda707d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.grivamax.com/four-bad-habits-that-harm-your-hair/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.941902 | 634 | 2.609375 | 3 |
CHE 205 Library Assignment
1. Select a substance from Table B.1 that begins with the same letter as your first name or the nearest possible letter (for example Andy -> Aniline). Find and report the following data for this substance in references other than the course text or CD, and properly cite the references. The information should be neatly organized so that the reader can easily review the information as well as the citations. Complete units should be included where appropriate.
(1) Basic physical properties for the chemical (specific gravity, molecular weight, normal melting and boiling points, Antoine constants, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion, heat capacity). If you find that some physical properties are missing for your chosen chemical, choose another species with complete physical properties.
(2) Examples of how the chemical is used in different industrial applications or in industrially important reactions
(3) Toxicity data
(4) Environmental hazards
(5) At least three companies that manufacture this product
(6) Worldwide demand or sales for this chemical; and
(7) Unit pricing ($/kg, $/gal, etc.) (Note: this should reflect bulk pricing, not pricing of small units from Fisher Scientific, etc.)
2. From the textbook index, select a technical topic that begins with the same letter as your last name or the nearest possible letter (for example Brent -> Bubble point). Find three papers (not web sites) in the recent literature that deal with this topic. Copy and paste their citation information and abstracts. Find these three papers, photocopy or print out their first pages, and attach them to the homework.
Note: Must be done and submitted individually. All references should be cited in APA format.
(1) To find the papers, go to the NCSU Libraries Database Finder and select 1 or 2 databases to search. Some suggested databases to use: EI Compendex,
Web of Science, SciFinder Scholar, or Applied Science and Technology Index.
(2) Check out the grading rubric for this homework
(3) Check out specific library resources available for this assignment | <urn:uuid:5ab94e7f-20ee-45b2-8e89-2124ab4bd402> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/guides/engineering/instructiontoolkit/documents/Library%20Assignment.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894931.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00133-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853714 | 437 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Homeschooling Doesn’t Have To Be Hard. Make It Easy By Following These Tips!
It can be difficult to decide to homeschool. There are a wide variety of different ways to teach and you may have a hard time deciding if you can take on the additional responsibility. The information we present here will help you make this crucial decision with ease.
When your child has a question, don’t answer tera tutors it immediately! Show them how to research the answer on their own, so they can know how to do it when you’re not around. There are many websites offering simple information which children of any age could understand, so point them in that direction.
Include your child’s hobbies in their learning. If they enjoy building model cars, pick up reference books for them to read and include building a car as a project. Teach them about how an engine works, how cars affect the environment and even use the speed and distance a car goes in math lessons.
Kids have to socialize outside of school, especially in a homeschool environment. Plan fun play dates with friends or family members. Walk your kids to any local park and have them interact with other children. Other options are team sports or other organizations.
Does a schedule or a routine work best for your family? A schedule is a plan set by time, while a routine is something habitual. Routines are more flexible than what a schedule is. Find what will work best for your family and get started with it as soon as possible.
Learn the governing rules of homeschooling in your state. Each state will have specific laws concerning how a parent can home-school their theirhome-school their kids. For example, some states mandate that a homeschool is listed as a private school within their state. While other states mandate that homeschooled children are given standardized testing in certain grades. By knowing your state’s laws, you can ensure that you are following your state’s mandates as they pertain to homeschooling.
Give your child a quiet place to study. Make sure there are no distractions. Set-up an area that’s not in the same place that your child plays. Give your child a crate or box to store all their supplies if there are no storage places nearby the study area.
Make sure not to neglect life skills from your program. So you have to incorporate them into your curriculum along with academic studies. Your curriculum guide will probably only list academic plans. But other learning activities such as gardening, planning a budget, opening a savings account, and culinary skills can enrich your child’s overall experience. By incorporating both, you can give your child both sets of skills simultaneously. For instance, when gardening, you can teach about plants and their growth cycles, as well as how environments affect plants.
Use the unit study technique to assist your children in learning as much as possible. This method involves learning just a single topic alone. It lets you go further into each topic. One example of this is a course in classical music that takes a full 6 weeks to complete. At the end of the session, treat your child to a performance. By doing this, your child will have a wonderful experience and memories which will cherished forever.
If you are brand new to homeschool, don’t try to do too much as once. Ease into your routine. For example, during the first few days, focus primarily on one subject. Add additional topics as you feel more comfortable, but make sure you do it in a timely manner so that your children stay on track.
Remember that even public schools may not hit every subject, every day. While math and reading are considered core curriculum, children may only have art once a week and something like science three times a week. Don’t stress yourself out trying to get too much into your day. Experiment a little and find a schedule that works for you.
Make certain that you know what the laws are in your state. Each one is different in their requirements. Some have stringent requirements. Others are more relaxed. You do not want to get into legal trouble because you don’t understand the laws in your state. Contact your local school board for direction.
Find learning materials that work well with your child’s learning style. You do not need to stick with one particular book and work your way through it. If your child is a visual learner, find books that emphasize learning with pictures, puzzles and games. Your children will stay on task and will learn quicker if you alter your teachings to fit their learning style.
With all of this new information at your disposal, you should likely be capable of making an informed decision. Use this information to start your homeschooling experience and prepare them for the road ahead with the confidence. You will soon feel the joy that comes with watching your kids learn what you are teaching them. | <urn:uuid:85699471-2084-4376-b63f-f737cb4348b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://syrakasicilianrestaurant.com/159-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926114012-20210926144012-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.966436 | 1,008 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Implementing international law: An avenue for preventing disappearances, resolving cases of missing persons and addressing the needs of their families
International humanitarian law and international human rights law seek to prevent people from going missing, and to clarify the fate and whereabouts of those who do go missing while upholding the right to know of their relatives. When implementing international law at the domestic level, national authorities should plan carefully before engaging in any policy or legal reform that will address the issue of missing persons and the response to the needs of their families. This article seeks to present a general overview of the provisions of international law that are relevant to understanding the role of national implementation vis-à-vis the clarification of the fate and whereabouts of missing persons and the response to the needs of their relatives. It also presents the role that the ICRC has played in this regard and highlights three challenges that may arise at the national level when working on legal and policy reforms.
About the authors | <urn:uuid:3d62f605-be41-4b74-85a6-3876cb7c881b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.icrc.org/en/international-review/article/implementing-international-law-avenue-preventing-disappearances | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529175.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723085031-20190723111031-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.939217 | 191 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Description: This app lesson will develop science students’ knowledge of climate change and pollution.
Instructional Objective: Students will first perform research and then develop fact-based presentations in response to arguments against global warming.
Step 1: Students, using the Skeptical Science app, will pick an argument that is skeptical of global warming. Students will then read the “skeptic” argument, counterpoints to the arguments, primary source documents, statistics, and other relevant information.
Step 2: Students will further research global warming facts and compile materials for a presentation using the Bing Search app.
Step 3: Students will pick one popular argument from someone who is skeptical of global warming and craft a persuasive presentation using the Microsoft PowerPoint app. The presentation must include information and stats gleaned from their research in step 2. (Teachers can require a “References” slide if appropriate.) The presentation’s focus first centers on presenting facts and then dissuading others from polluting the environment. | <urn:uuid:6a702b34-893e-451c-b191-519774a12209> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://appedreview.com/blog/save-the-world-app-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735860.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804043709-20200804073709-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.852569 | 205 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The month of March 1865, was a season of stirring activity in military circles in and around the Confederate Capitol. During the winter just passed, the Army of the Potomac, commanded by the indefatigable and veteran Meade, and numbering 69,751 effective men, was coiled in heavy folds about the easterly and southeasterly fronts of Petersburg, with the bulk of the rebel Army of Northern Virginia in close contact upon its interior lines. The Army of the James having present for duty, fully equipped, 27,701 officers and men, with the finished soldier, Maj. General Edward O. C. Ord at its head, stretched northerly from the James river, until its, lines included a view of the spires and steeples of Richmond, and scarcely five miles of Virginia's sacred soil lay between the picket lines of the Twenty-fourth corps and the historical capitol of the old dominion, in which the rebel Congress made its laws and turned out for issue to a deluded people its bonds and currency, which a few days' active work reduced from the dignity of a nation's money to a mass of paper curiosities that would not sell for thirty cents a bushel in any part of the world. On the inner circles of these lines lay the veteran divisions of Longstreet, G. W. C. Lee and Ewell. Sheridan's cavalry bearing upon its returns the names of 13,595 invincible horsemen, was rapidly approaching from the valley, and welding into a compact body these three grand armies. Gen. Grant had in hand for his final struggle 111,047 of the best and most effective troops that ever met an enemy or stole a chicken. The field returns of the Army of Northern Virginia, dated February 20, 1865, showed an aggregate present and absent of 160,411 men, but with an effective present for duty of only 57,094.
As auxiliary to the army of Grant, though not within supporting distance, was a magnificent body of travellers, commanded by one Sherman, who were leisurely advancing through the Carolinas towards the doomed cities invested by the Armies of the Potomac and the James. Gen. Sherman gives the number of his troops as 88,948, with ninety-one pieces of cannon. Sherman was relied upon to prevent reinforcements being sent from Joe Johnson to Lee, but further than that, his part in the immediate work in hand was in the nature of moral support rather than participation.
On the 24th day of March Gen. Grant issued his orders for the movements that were destined to capture Richmond, Peters-burg and the confederate Army of Northern Virginia. At first the order left the 6thand 9thcorps in the trenches in front of Petersburg, but all of the Army of the Potomac except the 9th corps, was to be considered as under marching orders. Gen. Ord with two divisions of the 24th corps and one division of the 25th from the Army of the James was to join the moving column, while Weitzel was to command the balance of the Army of the James north of the river and on the Bermuda front. The cavalry with the Army of the Potomac under Crook, and all the cavalry of the Army of the James commanded by Kantz, were ordered to join Sheridan. When the force was mobilized it was found in round numbers that Meade would move with 60,000; Ord with 17,000, and Sheridan with over 12,000, being in all about 90,000.
The orders of Gen. Grant set forth the objects of the campaign, and at the same time contained a blind, that might be used in case of disaster to modify public clamor, and, as the saying is, let the army down easy. On the 29th inst., says the order, the armies operating against Richmond, will be moved by our left, for the double purpose of turning the enemy out of his present position around Petersburg, and to ensure the success of the cavalry under General Sheridan in its efforts to reach and destroy the Southside and Danville railroads. On the night of the 27th, Ord was to proceed to the left of the Army of the Potomac, and relieve the old Second corps, then commanded by Humphrey. When the army moved on the morning of the 29th, Warren and Humphrey were to move across Hatcher's Ran, and at the same time Sheridan advancing by the Weldon and Jerusalem plank roads, far enough to clear the infantry was then to turn north and west against the right and rear of the enemy. The Sixth corps was ordered to remain in the trenches between Ord and Parke waiting, like Lord Micawber, for something to turn up.
The troops were to have four days' rations in haversacks, and eight in wagons. Sixty rounds of ammunition were distributed, and six or eight guns were allowed to a division at the option of army commanders. This paucity of artillery was caused by the nature of the country and the state of the roads. The forces of Parke and Wright were to be massed and ready to attack, in case the lines in front were weakened, and Weitzel was instructed to keep vigilant watch and break through at any point where it might prove at all practicable. A success north of the James, said Grant, should be followed with great promptness. An attack, however, said he, will not be feasible unless it is found that the enemy has detached largely. In that case it may be regarded as evidence that the enemy are relying upon their local reserves for the defence of Richmond.
By these instructions, continues the official programme, a large part of the armies operating against Richmond is left behind as. The enemy knowing this, may as his only chance, strip his line to the merest skeleton, in the hope of advantage not being taken of it, whilst they hurl everything against the moving column and return. It cannot be impressed too strongly upon the commanders left in the trenches, not to allow this to occur without taking advantage of it. The fact of the enemy coming out to attack, if he does so, may be regarded as almost conclusive evidence of such a weakening of his lines. I would have it particularly enjoined upon corps commanders that, in case of an attack from the enemy, those not attacked are not to wait for orders from the commanding officer of the army to which they belong, but they will move promptly, and notify the commander of their action. I would also enjoin the same action on the part of division commanders when other parts of the corps are engaged. In like manner I would urge the importance of following up a repulse of the enemy.
I have thus paraphrased this order of Grant preparatory to the final struggle for two purposes. First, it throws light upon what was afterwards done to bring about the Fall of Richmond, as all the movements were in general as directed in the order, and second, to call attention to the persistence of the Lieutenant-General in carrying out his plan fully matured when he plunged into the Wilderness eleven months before. It was to be a campaign by the left flank still, and if Lee lengthened his right to corresponds Grant saw that he must let go of Richmond and Petersburg, or break in two somewhere. He went in to take advantage of any contingency, and he trusted corps and even division commanders with the discretion, yea, more, he gave them orders to take every advantage of a weakened line, or a mistake in strategy.
Gen. Lee was an astute and farsighted general. He wanted to know the purposes of his adversary, and he saw ominous movements that were mysterious and filled him with forebodings, and he started a scheme similar to the one that drove McClellan from the peninsula in 1862. This scheme was commenced by an attack upon Fort Steadman at half past four o'clock on the morning of March 25th. This attack was successful, and a long line of our works were taken, and many prisoners fell into the hands of the enemy. The gallant commander of the Ninth corps was on the alert, and before the Confederate skirmish line could reach the military railroad connecting Meade's headquarters with City Point, Parke had brought up his division and soon hurlrf the men of Gordon's corps, and Bushrod Johnson's command back and regained all our captured works. Neither Meade nor Grant knew of the attack until Steadman had been retaken. The enemy held an important part of our line for a few hours, but paid as a penalty besides his killed and wounded, a loss Of nineteen hundred and forty-nine prisoners captured by Hartranft when he advanced to take the fort, The enemy were permitted under flag of trace to carry away their dead and wounded. This attack was the first and only unprovoked assault made by Lee after the battle of Spottsylvania.
I said that the order of the commander-in-chief was in part a blind. That this was so, we have the authority of Grant, of Sheridan and of Gen. Horace Porter. The instructions contained a clause which in certain contingencies ordered Sheridan to proceed south along the Danville railroad, and cooperate with Sherman in Joe Johnson's rear. Sheridan was not pleased with that feature, and Grant followed him out and said to him that it was a blind, so that if he did not meet with entire success, the people of the north who were restless and apt to become discouraged, might not look upon a temporary check as an entire defeat of a definite plan.
Those of you who were with the Army of the Potomac when the time came for the movement to commence, doubtless remember the condition of things. It had rained in torrents all night, and continued without interruption to pour all day. Swamps filled up and overflowed. Whole fields became beds of quicksand. Horses and wagons were stalled, and one soldier said if he should be asked in his old age if he had been through Virginia, he could answer: "Yes, in a number of places." Inquiries were made as to when the gunboats were coming up, and in irreverent bummer asked the telegraph operator to inform the government that Grant must be recalled, and Noah be sent to save the army.
The state of the weather and deplorable condition of the roads were most discouraging. The officers generally, in command of corps and divisions, felt that it was no use to undertake offensive operations, but Sheridan was vehement in his opinion that it was just the time to begin smashing things, and Grant agreed with him. It is not my province to give the details at Five Forks, or the splendid work of the Army of the Potomac in breaking, the lines around Petersburg. Every corps of that army covered itself with imperishable honor, and all the fighting and bloodshed in the capture of Richmond was south of Petersburg, but I know nothing about it except the published record and the story of the participants, and that would be hear-say, and would be excluded if I should undertake to testify to it.
I will therefore only say that at 4:45, in the morning of Sunday, April 2, 1865, the thunder of an hundred guns bearing on the works around Petersburg shook the earth like an earthquake. Thirty minutes later the old Sixth corps went through the rebel works, and were pushing the fleeing rebels to the right and left before their victorious columns. Only a few moments were needed to carry the Ninth corps over the outer rebel lines and place itself alongside of Wright's legions. Next our brothers of the Army of the James broke through the entrenchments in their front, and Humphrey led the old Second corps on a gallant charge that routed all armed men who opposed his impetuous advance. At twenty-five minutes past eight o'clock that morning, Grant wrote his dispatch to President Lincoln, announcing his victory, followed by one later inviting the President to pay headquarters a visit in Petersburg. It was only an hour or two after Grant announced his victory to President Lincoln, that Gen. Lee sent to Jefferson Davis, the dispatch that told that the end had come. Davis was in church, and he at once left the house of prayer to prepare for flight.
The foregoing is a brief and mild recital of the stirring events that culminated in the capture of Petersburg and its entrenchments, and led to its necessary sequel, The Fall of Richmond. It was my duty that Sunday morning to go to the picket line directly in front of Fort Gilmer for a tour of picket service. My detachment covered about half a mile of front, and was made up principally of men from the 12th New Hampshire and my own regiment. The rest of the picket line of the 3rd division of the 24th corps stretched from our right to the extreme right of our picket line on the Richmond front. The officers of the 9th Vermont with the picket in order of rank, were Capt. Abel E. Leavenworth, myself and Lieut. Burnham Cowdry. Our line lay between the Varina and the New Market roads into, Richmond. The rebel picket line was but a few rods from us, and the main line, and a very strong one, was within easy rifle range. Fort Johnson with its threatening guns frowned upon the negroes of the 25th corps, and Gilmer faced our position and Laurel Hill farther to the right of our line was so manifestly the key to the rebel line that it seemed to invite an assault. Heavy earth works connected these forts, and outside of their whole line were strong lines of chevaux de frise, with one of abbatis about fifteen feet inside, and torpedoes planted thickly between the two. The day was a perfect spring day. The soft balmy air seemed to give life to animal and vegetable existence. The trees were vocal with bird songs, and the springing grass and leaves inspired us with hope and life and spirits. I remember well that my senior officer on the outpost spent his hour between his detail and guard mounting in sowing oats about his quarters, and left his crop for others to harvest as he never went back from that guard mount to the place where his tent stood. We marched out that morning to relieve the men who had preceded as for twenty-four hours with expectations that before we returned, great events would transpire near us. More than half the force in front of Richmond had gone to the south side a week before. The camp of our cavalry brigade was silent, and we had been under marching orders for days. Not a cloud floated in the clear sky except that in the south there appeared to rise a white, smoky cloud that everybody guessed was made by burning gun powder. Occasionally the booming of a gun would come across the space between us and the position of our friends beyond Petersburg. We supposed a battle was in progress, and strained our eyes and ears for every indication upon which to build a theory of the progress being made, where the struggle was most desperate. I stood most all day near the remaining chimney of a burned dwelling house and watched what could be seen, and it was mighty little I could see or find out in that way. The Johnnies on their picket line near us, paced their beats or stood at their posts in silence. There was no good natured banter or propositions to, trade coffee for tobacco that day, and when I offered half a dollar for a Richmond newspaper, I got only a shake of the bead in reply. Soon after noon the activity took a new direction, bushes were brought by the enemy from their rear and built up the parapet of Fort Johnson until we could not see anything beyond, and this was extended for some distance along the curtain towards Gilmer. Wagons tumbled all day, and we could catch glimpses of marching infantry beyond the works. At four P. M. an engineer officer from Weitzel's staff came to the picket line with the vague news that Grant had won the fight, and we must attack at daylight the next morning. He staked out a small earthwork, and said that after dark he should send out half a thousand negroes to throw up the work, and ordered me to show his stakes to the officer in charge. No one ever came to shovel dirt in that place to my knowledge.
When the night came on, the ominous silence of our opposing pickets became more oppressive. No fires were built, and absolute stillness reigned. The night was absolutely black, not a ray of light was visible, not even a lightning bug gave us his cheerful presence. No match was scratched to ignite cigar or pipe. An occasional staff officer visited us, and the officer of the day stood with us on the most advanced ground covered by a vidette. The weary hours passed, not a man was sleepy at all. Troops marched behind us, and we sent to ascertain the cause and found a brigade massing to charge Laurel Hill at daylight. At two o'clock we heard the first move, near us in the front, and a whispered voice said: "Billy, where are you?" And we exchanged whispered salutations with the first deserter from the rebel army that had come to us that night. He was a bright young man, and said when safely behind our reserve that the jig was up. We questioned him for news, only to find that he had no positive knowledge. He only knew that at midnight the picket line was withdrawn and the men ordered to proceed as silently as possible to their several commands, and he added : "I am a Virginian, and shall not go further south. When the government abandons Virginia it abandons me." We sent the man in to the Division Provost Marshal. As I reached my post again with the advanced vidette, there shot up from Fort John-son, a round, solid column of fire. Apparently it was the size of a tar barrel, and brightly illumined the heavens, and threw into the surrounding darkness a brilliant illumination that tendered every object distinct and vivid. For four or five minutes this signal light burned brightly, and went out almost as suddenly as it appeared. Instantaneously all was bustle and confusion inside the rebel works. Lights were plenty, and we could see that every tent that we could see at all was illumined. Teams and artillery moved briskly towards the river and for an hour all was hurry and confusion in what proved to be the retreat of the whole force. At four o'clock we received orders to take possession of the rebel picket line as soon as we could see where it was, and as the streaks of gray appeared in the east and cast their shadows upon the earth, dispelling enough of the darkness so that we could discern the lay of the land, we advanced forward to the line where rebel watchers had paced when we last saw it. Only six men remained of the two hundred we had seen there the day before, and I never saw a more bewildered set of fellows than these six Rebs. They did not seem to know anything, and to care for little except to get a place of safety. We asked them questions, but they would give us no information, and answered with "We uns don't know," to all inquiries. Selecting the one who looked the best, Col. Bamberger, 5th Maryland, the officer of the day, ordered him to show as the way inside the works. He protested that he should be shot if he did so, but we soon convinced him that he would be shot if he didn't, and he com-promised by pointing out the path upon condition that he should be sent to the rear as a prisoner of war as soon as the first gun was fired against us. Our new guide seemed to suddenly remember something, and cautioned us not to get over the chevaux de frise, as the ground was full of torpedoes there. He showed us the path upon which the pickets came out, and that torpedoes were planted beside it, leaving a clear space of only three feet. We advanced to the chevaux de frise and halted, then faced the line on the left of the path by the right flank and marched in single file through the course pointed out, and around the end of a parapet and by Fort Gilmer, and deployed in the rear of the rebel works. The other part of the line was brought through and deployed and Fort Gilmer was captured with the loss of one life, and not a man was found, in it or near it. One man on the right of our detail, a Maryland soldier, did not halt with the line, but placing his hand on a spike of the chevaux de frise, he vaulted clear over it and struck square upon a torpedo and was instantly killed.
As soon as the line was formed and it had been ascertained that the whole line was abandoned, our line was advanced as skirmishers toward the river, and wheeled to the right and proceeded rapidly towards Richmond. The men were all enthusiasm, and the officers behind the line of skirmishers shook hands with each other as often as presidential candidates are expected to greet the freemen who are to vote for electors at an approaching election. At the junction of the Osborn turnpike and New Market road, about two and one-half miles outside of Richmond, the skirmish line was rallied and pushed forward as rapidly as possible. The next mile was a neck and neck race between our detachment and a portion of Draper's brigade of colored troops. This race taxed the endurance of both sides, but Anglo-Saxon muscles washed by Caucasian blood proved superior to the hardened and abused blacks who had been born in slavery and nurtured under a system that dwarfed the inferior physical build of the African. There would have been a poetic justice to send as the captors of the proud and aristocratic rebel capitol, the despised negro soldiers, clad in the garb of the national army, carrying aloft in dignified power the flag of our nation's authority and greatness, but it was not an hour when men reasoned upon sentiment, and the best men won the race. The mayor and officials of the city came out two miles and made surrender to a staff officer. As the head of the running column approached the river, the rebel gunboat, Jamestown blew up, and threw pieces of the boat beyond the road where we were approaching. At Rockets Gen. Weitzel and part of his staff galloped past us and entered the city, and we followed closely behind the horses. Nearly one-third of the city was burning, and there was a roar of exploding shells in the arsenals that sounded like a battle in front of up. We found the streets packed with the colored people, all jubilant with enthusiastic fervor. Many were kneeling, all were shouting thanks and hallelujahs. It was with difficulty that we could prevent being embraced by the joyful blacks of both sexes. Small Union flags appeared from hidden receptacles. By dint of hard work we pressed through the throng, and marched as rapidly as we could to the house of Jefferson Davis, where we remained for a fall half hour the sole representatives of the Union army, except about forty men from the headquarters guard of Gen. Weitzel and a few staff officers. At the end of that time martial music reached our ears, and upon going to the capitol we saw filing up the streets, the first brigade of the third division of the 24th corps, led by Brevet Brig. Gen. Edward H. Ripley, its commander. The bands were playing patriotic airs, and the march was in a quick step, with every officer and soldier in place, arms at right shoulder. The regimental flags fluttered in the morning air, the movements were executed with precision, and the triumphal entry of the Union army into the treason stained city that for nearly four years had been the capitol of the confederacy, and the home of its executive, legislative and military power, was complete. The scene was an imposing one. The terrific explosion of ordnance stores, the rush and crackle of thousands of burning buildings, made the scene tumultuous and exciting. Tens of thousands of freedmen and women were upon the miles of streets and wherever, the heat would allow them to be, were shooting praises to God, and singing the songs of thankfulness that the full benefits of emancipation were brought to them by the blue coated soldiers of the government. They had waited four full years for this day, and loyalty and religious fervor was manifested by words and acts of frenzy. In the midst of all this the leading brigade marched as steadily as if on parade. As the head of the column reached the eastern gate of the capitol square, it was halted and its commander, Gen. Ripley, passed to the porch of the capitol, and reported to General Weitzel, and received his orders as commandant of the captured city, with no directions except to stop the conflagration and save the city if within the bounds of human possibility.
Having pursued this narrative so far as to have got the Union army in full possession and command, perhaps I should pause here, but there are a few incidents that came under my observation that I wish to refer to as well as to indulge in a few general remarks.
When our detachment arrived at the Jeff Davis homestead, we found it unoccupied and every room in confusion. The rebel chieftain left rather hurriedly but little over twelve hours before we made our morning call. We did not expect to see him that morning, but we thought he might have left a servant to allow us the family silver and linen. He had forgotten that little courtesy, and callers prior to as had left but little movable property. There was a flag staff in the yard west of the house, and lying at its foot, attached to its cords, was a nearly new Confederate battle flag. I took a man with me and cut the ropes and brought away the flag. As I came out through the gate with the flag Col. Bamberger, who had not been relieved as division officer of the day, rode up, and at his command I tacked a corner of the flag under his saddle girth, arid he galloped about the city until the troops came in, with that flag trailing in the dirt. Col. Bamberger presented a unique figure that morning. He had been a tall athletic man, but early in the war was shot through the lungs, and when he could again take the field he was doubled tip so that in sitting upon his horse, his face was within ten inches of the mane of the animal; his back projecting upward more than a foot above any part of his head; and with a broad red sash over his shoulder, and Jeff. Davis' flag trailing from his saddle girth, he typified the battered and decimated military power of the nation triumphantly humbling, arrogant, proud hearted arid murderous secession. After an hour or two, Col. Bamberger returned to me the flag and I brought it home with me. A few years after it was loaned to a companion of this commandery. I hope he still has it and at some future time will present it to the Loyal Legion of this State, to be suitably labeled to indicate where it came from, and be kept at our headquarters.
About ten o'clock that morning as I was passing along a street outside the burning district, a white haired old gentleman with an intelligent face and cultured voice, called to me from the window of a house. He said he desired to learn the wishes of the Federal authorities in regard to citizens, and upon my suggestion that so far as practicable they had better stay in their houses, be replied that such course would doubtless be best. He then asked if I knew Daniel E. Sickles, and upon my reply that I never had a personal acquaintance with Gen. Sickles, but knew him by reputation, he introduced himself as Mr. Radcliffe, and said he was one of the leading counsel for Gen. Sickles before the war, when he was tried for the murder of Philip Barton Key. That trial took place during the last half of Buchanan's administration. Robert Ould, the rebel Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, was district attorney, while the leader for the defence was Edwin M. Stanton, assisted by Radcliffe, James T. Brady, Thomas F. Meagher and others. I talked a few moments with the old gentleman, and as I was leaving he gave me an urgent invitation to dinner, which I accepted conditionally. When the dinner hour arrived I was still on duty in that locality, and I went to Mr. Radcliffe's house and took dinner with him. The table was set with costly china, much of it cracked or broken, coarse white spreads covered the table, and the dinner consisted of bacon, a biscuit made from flour and wood ashes and some acid. and an inferior syrup. That was all. The family consisted of Mr. Radcliffe and three females of uncertain age, each of them most uncompromising rebels. It was evident that to them my presence was not agreeable, and I eat but little, as army rations were quite sumptuous in comparison; but before I left Mr. Radcliffe gave me a very careful narrative of the condition of affairs in Richmond during the last few weeks. The wonder to me was, that the people of that city did not work out their own deliverance long before that time.
The first duty of the troops assigned as garrison was to fight fire. It took but a few moments to get the men at work, and before the sun passed below the horizon the conflagration was stayed, and though the city and surrounding country were filled by the rising smoke for days, the fire was confined to the space where Ripley's brigade had stopped its progress. There has been a great deal written about the source and cause of this conflagration. To us, at the time, it appeared a most ruthless barbarity of the rebel authorities, and I have no reason to change my mind. There is nothing in history more brutal than this attempt to burn the city of Richmond, filled to overflowing with the defenseless women and children of the southern official life. Thousands of the most refined of southern ladies front all parts of that land of chivalry were congregated in the capitol city, with no possibility for escape, and no protectors except excited negroes, until the arrival of the hated invader whose victorious arms bad broken the military power of the rebellion. Under such circumstances, with full knowledge that the destruction of the city would not stay for a moment the downfall of the lost cause, and would injure no one except its own people, the rebel leader deliberately ordered the government warehouses, situated in the thickly settled part of the town, to be fired, and also that the live bridges across the river should be destroyed by fire so far as possible.
In the midst of the bright and dazzling light made by the flames, and breaking the rising smoke, stood Libby prison unscathed and untouched by fire. Its black walls and roof remained when the fire was over, the only building standing in the midst of acres of smouldering rains. Of course the first thing thought of was to release the prisoners in Libby, but we did not get there quick enough, as they had already released themselves. The old prison with its sacred memories of suffering and sorrow was put to its first use in our hands as a place of confinement for rebel stragglers; but it became totally inadequate for that pur-pose as the list lengthened to over seven thousand, and it soon degenerated into one of the curiosities of the rebellion, and stood as a black mark on the pages of our history, until the enterprise of the showman moved it bodily to other scenes where it call be kept and looked upon for a consideration paid to the owner. I do not understand that any of its former occupants desire a reurn to its savory walls, and but few would pay anything to see its materials away from the atmosphere where they suffered and cursed out the days of their confinement. The sacred recollections of Libby include as essential features, the brutal guard, the mouldy and maggoty bread, the smell of tainted meat, and the active insect life that made nerves a nuisance and life a border. Without the incidents of prison life, and the visible comradeship of emaciated, starving men, the old tobacco shed is devoid of interest, and might as well have fed the flames of the 3rd of April 1865, as to have withstood them while nobler and better structures were destroyed.
Perhaps no more vivid account has been given of the scenes in Richmond before our arrival, than that of Capt. Clement Sulivane, C. S. A., and I quote a paragraph:
"By daylight on the 3rd, a mob of men, women and children, to the number of several thousand, had gathered at the corner of 14th and Cary streets and other outlets, in front of the bridge, attracted by the vast commissary depot at that point; for it must be remembered that in 1865 Richmond was a half starved city, and the Confederate Government had that morning removed its guards, and abandoned the removal of the provisions, which was impossible for the want of transportation. The depot doors were forced open and a demoniacal struggle for the countless barrels of hams, bacon, whiskey, flour, sugar, coffee, etc., etc., raged about the buildings among the hungry mob. The gutters ran whiskey, and it was lapped as it flowed down the streets, while all fought for a share of the plunder."
There was a great deal of the manifestation which accompanies hunger among the people, after we got there. It was by no means confined to the poor. Ladies dressed in elaborate toilets begged for food, and would accept a hard cracker with eagerness. The city had been given over to plunder and negroes, and white women and children were staggering in all directions under loads of food, furniture and substantial property. One of the first orders issued by Gen. Patrick as Provost Marshal, was to post a guard on each street corner and stop the carrying of plunder through the streets by persons who could not give a good account of how they came by it. I undertook to execute that order on a few corners near the Davis house, but before I got a guard of twenty men posted, the first of them had accumulated a wagon load of property. In thirty minutes my men had as many fall loads for army wagons of truck, varying in kind and value, from a grand piano to a package of tobacco pipes. I appealed to Gen. Patrick for relief, and after hearing my story, he coolly said: "Change your guard to the opposite corner." This I did, and the piles disappeared fully as fast as they had been gathered. At one place a full barrel of apple jack and an old two-bladed axe were among the trophies; as I changed the guard I struck that axe against the head of the barrel, and the fiery liquid ran down the gutters. Immediately thereafter there appeared a motley crowd of boys, white, black and mixed, who with cups and basins and their bands, sought to save and pour into their open months the mixture of apple jack and dirt that was running away in that paved gutter. Orders to go away were unheeded and apparently unheard, and I drew my saber and sailed in. I hit but one or two before the glitter was clear within my reach, but outside the length of my arm the work of absorbing liquid went on, and as I advanced the youngsters avoided me and fell in behind me until there were no signs of liquor, left except the smell. That experience convinced me that Virginia was not a prohibitory State, and that apple jack was a beverage that could not be destroyed by turning into the gutters of the city.
As night approached I began to think it was time to find my regiment, and marched such men as I could find back out of the city, and after many inquiries and a long march, I found the Second brigade of Deven's division, and took the first place vacant in which to take a nap. The last forty hours bad been full of excitement, of endurance, of continuous work, but when compared with the struggles on the other side of the river which made our entry into Richmond possible, was a safe and peaceful trip to a city where we were not welcome, but where our presence was endured as an evil that could not be avoided.
The fall of Richmond was the downfall of the rebellion. Whatever resistance might take place after that was the hopeless struggle of desperate men. The city was captured by the strategy of the great commander, who pounded the rebel armies into pieces miles away and forced the flight of the Confederate government in all its departments, and our part in the struggle was comprehended in Grant's orders, which required Weitzel to follow up victory on the north side, and force the enemy if the lines should be weakened. The work on the south side was well done; the weakening of the lines was a precipitate withdrawal, and we followed up the victory and seized the prize that for four years had defied us. On to Richmond was no longer the cry of the press, and six days of racing and fighting culminated in the surrender of Lee, and the end of the war between the sections of our reunited country.
Baker, J.C. 1892. THE FALL OF RICHMOND. Paper Presented to the Vermont Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Read September 13, 1892, Published by the Commandery, Volume 1, 16p.
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The condition, sometimes referred to as “scarlatina”, is a bacterial infection that most commonly affects children between the ages of two and eight.
“Although we have seen a small increase in cases this year, scarlet fever is usually a mild illness that can be treated with antibiotics to reduce the risk of further complications and to minimise the risk of its spread to others.”
Scarlet fever is caused by the group A strain of the streptococcus bacteria. The infection enters the body through the throat, which is where symptoms begin.
Most cases (about 80%) of scarlet fever occur in children under 10, however, people of any age can get the illness.
NHS Choices states that generally, scarlet fever is much less common than it used to be, but in recent years there have been a number of significant outbreaks.
PHE stated that between September 2016 and January 2017, 3,325 scarlet fever reports have been made across England (adults and children).
On average, around 300 to 400 cases of scarlet fever are reported to PHE each week across England, with weekly activity this season being “similar or slightly above” the figures last year.
Levels of scarlet fever are typically low during the autumn and early winter, and reach the highest levels in March and April.
Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever
“Scarlet fever’s main symptoms include a sore throat, headache and fever with a characteristic sandpapery, fine, pinkish or red rash,” the PHE spokesperson told HuffPost UK.
NHS Choices atates a high temperature (38.3C/101F or above), flushed cheeks and a swollen tongue can also be signs of the fever.
A rash is likely to appear one or two days later than the sore throat and headache. It usually occurs on the chest and stomach before spreading to other areas of the body, such as the ears and neck.
“The rash may be itchy,” the website states. “On darker skin the rash may be more difficult to see although its rough texture should be apparent.”
When to seek medical advice
“Parents should pay particular attention and if you or your child develops any of these symptoms you should contact your GP for assessment,” said the PHE spokesperson.
“Children diagnosed with scarlet fever are advised to stay at home until at least 24 hours after the start of antibiotic treatment to avoid spreading the infection to others.”
The NHS states: “Your GP should be able to diagnose scarlet fever by examining the distinctive rash and asking about other symptoms.
“They may also decide to take a sample of saliva from the back of the throat so it can be tested in a laboratory to confirm the diagnosis.”
If your child is infected, aim to keep them away from others as much as possible, including taking them out of school. Make sure they don’t share anything they have come into contact with, such as utensils, cups, towels and sheets - and wash these items thoroughly after use.
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Toothpaste. Dental floss. Mouthwash. Electric toothbrushes. These days, there are plenty of products on the market that can help you take care of your pearly whites, but at the turn of the 20th century, oral hygiene was practically nonexistent.
Only 7% of Americans brushed their teeth regularly in 1900—compared to 98% today—says , Johnson & Johnson’s in-house historian.
So why the reticence? Back then, brushing was a messy affair. “It entailed dunking your damp toothbrush into a communal jar of tooth powder—a practice that encouraged the spread of germs among household members,” Gurowitz explains. “Plus, many tooth powders were very abrasive and could damage teeth with prolonged use.”
But that was all about to change, thanks to an innovative product from Johnson & Johnson called Zonweiss.
The Enduring Impact of a Pioneering Paste
By 1887, Johnson & Johnson had already made a name for itself as a healthcare innovator due to its work mass-producing such sterile surgical materials as sutures and gauze.
But it also recognized the need for better (and more sanitary) oral care products, which is how Zonweiss (German for “white teeth”) was born. The cream was designed to be gentler on teeth than more common powders, and it was sold with a small spoon that was used to more hygienically transfer the cream from the jar to a toothbrush.
Two years later, the company identified an even more hygienic and easy-to-use solution: the collapsible metal tube. “The tubes were a then-new innovation being used by artists to house paints, and Johnson & Johnson was one of the first companies to adopt the technology for toothpaste,” Gurowitz says. “This was the original inspiration for the plastic tubes we’re all familiar with today.”
Despite these forward-thinking products, Gurowitz says it was still a struggle at first to get people on board with the idea of using the product regularly due to the lack of public knowledge about good oral hygiene.
“So Johnson & Johnson made a point to teach people to take better care of their teeth by giving out free information, including pamphlets distributed in pharmacies, where most people shopped for personal care products,” she says. “This was one of many educational campaigns the company undertook in that era—and the lasting effects can still be seen today.”
Zonweiss was discontinued in the 1920s, but its legacy lives on in the company's line of innovative Listerine® products, as well as its dental floss, which Johnson & Johnson first mass-produced 120 years ago. | <urn:uuid:a13faf08-514d-476c-b740-18ea2d37ca20> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.jnj.com/our-heritage/how-johnson-johnson-helped-change-toothpaste-history-and-inspired-better-oral-hygiene | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999620.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624171058-20190624193058-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.978784 | 588 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Rainbow Body 101: Everything You Didn’t Know
The old and new testaments of the bible, as well as ancient Greek and Egyptian texts, include stories of those who defied death via forms of ascension, but to many, the most compelling tales of transcendence are accounts from the Tibetan Buddhist rainbow body tradition.
While ascension stories are from the distant past, i.e. Enoch and Lazarus (Old Testament) are debated as to whether they are fact or myth, examples of rainbow body events from this century are documented and available. Some believe that ascension and attainment of the rainbow body are the same things, but arguably, there are differences — the Tibetan Buddhist rainbow body is the result of years of specific, disciplined practice with a motive of profound compassion for all beings.
In Tibet and Central Asia, the Buddhist rainbow body tradition goes back to the 8th century, beginning with the great master Padmasambhava, but 20th and 21st-century documentation show that this is no myth or legend — practitioners, from the highest lamas to the most humble laypeople, have attained rainbow body.
L. The 16th Karma Rangjung Rigpe Dorje. R. Photo of Karmapa during the Black Crown Ceremony.
Modern Proof: The Death of Rangjung Dorje, the Sixteenth Karmapa
As first-world people, we like straight-forward definitions and categories — but Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, which integrated aspects of the earlier, shamanic Bon tradition, embraces no such view. Every instance of death with signs of rainbow body attainment is unique, and no one can accurately predict what will happen after a great master’s breath and heartbeat stop.
Generally, the individual, who entered meditation before death, continues to maintain the meditation posture — they do not topple, slump, or display rigor mortis. The body, particularly the area around the heart, stays warm. This was recorded by medical science in the case of the Sixteenth Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje, who died in a Chicago hospital in 1981.
Head of the Kagyu Lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, the Karmapa shared the same status and importance as the Dalai Lama, head of the Gelugpa Lineage. He traveled to the West in 1974 with the wish to transfer the teaching of the dharma to places it would flourish — earlier, he had prophesied that Tibet would not gain independence from the Chinese and that the Tibetan refugees of the Cultural and People’s Revolutions would not be allowed to return.
The following account is from Karmapa’s attending physician, Dr. David Levy. He said that after noting indications of heart failure on the monitors, the medical team tried to revive Karmapa, but gave up after about 45 minutes. “We began to pull out the tubing, but I suddenly saw his blood pressure was 140 over 80. A nurse screamed, ‘he has a good pulse!’” Levy said.
The team members were incredulous. An older Tibetan lama in attendance patted Levy on the back as if to say, “it’s impossible, but it happens.” Levy said, “it was clearly the greatest miracle I had ever seen.”
Levy reported that 48 hours after the time of death, Karmapa’s chest was still warm. “My hands were both warm, but his chest was warmer,” he said. “If I moved my hands towards the side of his chest, the body was cold, but the area around the heart stayed warm.” He also reported that there was no odor or decay, which typically set in quickly after death. “He stayed in deep meditation for three days, then it ended — he became cold and the process of death set in. The atmosphere changed as well,” Levy said.
These unusual post-death occurrences are accepted as normal in the case of those who reach high levels of attainment — because of this, Tibetans observe a clear precept to never move or touch a body for at least three days after the moment of death, particularly in case of realized beings and meditation masters.
The Karmapa also displayed signs of rainbow body years before his death. In the 1970s, Karmapa traveled throughout the U.S. giving the public Black Crown Ceremony empowerment. This teaching is only given by those of the Karmapa lineage and has been passed to the present via an unbroken lineage from the early 1400s.
During the key moment in the empowerment, while Karmapa was holding the black crown over his head, an attendee snapped a picture. When the film was developed, the image of the Karmapa was transparent — the brocade of his seat can be clearly seen through the ghost-like image of his body. Those in attendance saw nothing out of the ordinary at the time. This image has been widely circulated since and is considered a vivid demonstration of the rainbow body.
Where Did It Come From? Padmasambhava and the Rainbow Body Tradition
Before he died, the Buddha Shakyamuni prophesied he would “return as one even greater than myself.” Later, known as “the second Buddha,” Padmasambhava appeared in Central Asia during the 8th century A.D.
As the story goes, during the year of the Earth Monkey in the kingdom of Oddiyana (Swat Valley, Pakistan), an eight-year-old child appeared in a red lotus blossom in Lake Dhanakosa. The child showed the major and minor marks of a buddha, and immediately displayed miraculous activity.
The king of Oddiyana, Indrabodhi, was childless. He heard about the extraordinary child and took him into his palace to raise him as a prince, naming him “Padmasambhava,” or “Lotus Born.” Eventually, Padmasambhava married and ruled as a prince, but soon realized that mundane political life and spiritual cultivation did not mix — since his appearance, his inborn purpose had been to liberate all sentient beings from suffering.
Whether it was intentional or not, Padmasambhava caused the death of the son of a villainous minister — but unknown to his father and the court, Padmasambhava liberated the boy from the cycle of karma at the moment of death. Nevertheless, Padmasambhava was banished from Oddiyana.
Beyond duality, Padmasambhava perceived the banishment as a precious opportunity to practice meditation; he performed his practices in cemeteries as a constant reminder of the utterly temporary nature of existence — that everything born would die, even the world itself. Padmasambhava quickly gained miraculous powers. Afterward, traveling in India, Padmasambhava took teachings from every master and scholar he met. His realization deepened until he understood the nature of all things from a grain of sand to the sun, moon, and universe.
Meanwhile in the Kingdom of Zahor (Eastern India) a beautiful princess, Mandarava, was born. While still very young, Mandarava renounced her royal status and birthright to practice meditation and the dharma, the teachings of the Buddha Shakyamuni, despite intense pressure to enter a political marriage.
While there are conflicting accounts of how they met, Mandarava joined Padmasambhava in his travels and achieved realization with him in the Maratika Caves. But her father, the king of Zahor, sentenced the two to death by fire. A pyre was built and Mandarava and Padmasambhava were placed on the fire, but the flames transformed into a lake, and in the center, in a blooming lotus, sat the uninjured Mandarava and Padmasambhava. The king, stunned by the miracle, blessed them.
Padmasambhava went on to perform countless miracles, including leaving hand and footprints in stone. In his travels he encountered worldly demons, but rather than killing them, he transformed them into protectors of the dharma and its practitioners. He traveled to Tibet, bringing the Buddha’s teachings and banishing the indigenous religion based on sacrificial offerings. He spent 50 years there teaching the dharma to his 25 disciples and traveling throughout the Himalayas, but he learned that cannibalistic fiends called rakshasas were preparing to invade India.
He announced to his students he would soon be departing to tame the rakshasas. They pleaded with him to stay, but he would not be persuaded. He gave them each final teachings, then departed — in his biography, multiple witnesses describe miracles, including; seeing Padmasambhava mounting a beam of sunlight and soaring into the sky, leaving in a swirling cloud of light, riding a lion into the sky, and becoming smaller and smaller until he disappeared.
He did not age or die — he simply left. But of all the teachings he left behind, Dzogchen is considered the most profound and complete. Ultimately, all 25 of his disciples attained the rainbow body, as did many of their students; but the questions remain: what is the rainbow body, and how is it achieved?
The Method: Dzogchen Meditation
The word “Dzogchen” is derived from the Tibetan “Dzogpachenpo.” “Dzogpa” means “complete,” and “chenpo” means “great.” While these teachings are nuanced and complex, in essence, after receiving “pointing out” instructions from a qualified teacher, the practitioner works through stages of meditation to realize the “self-perfected state of our primordial nature.” Dzogchen has been called “the cream and heart juice of all teachings.”
The first stage, Trekcho, is the persistent cutting through the psychic karmic debris that obscures the primordial awareness within all of us; resistance, resentment, arrogance, pride, vanity, discursive thoughts of judgment and disapproval, delusion, jealousy, and hatred. The second stage, Togal, is a direct dissolution of all karma.
The Treckho stage is required to reach the Togal state. Togal is considered instantaneous, immediate realization with an intense, “point-blank” quality. “It requires enormous discipline, and is generally practiced in a retreat environment. It cannot be stressed too often that the path of Dzogchen can only be followed under the direct guidance of a qualified master,” said Sogyal Rinpoche, author of the “Tibetan Book of Living and Dying.”
There are mixed accounts of the origins of the Dzogchen method; the shamanic Bon tradition that predated Buddhism in Tibet says the teaching came with the Bon founder, Tonpa Sherap, 18,000 years ago. Other masters have said that Dzogchen teachings were received from off-world beings further back in time than is conceivable. As far as Tibetan Buddhism is concerned, the practice came to Tibet via Padmasambhava and has been passed down in an unbroken lineage since then.
In a review of “Rainbow Body and Resurrection” by Michael Sheehy, the author writes: “In Dzogchen cosmology, the cosmos is envisioned as being utterly open and translucent. Movement ensues when the element of air stirs up wind that oscillates rapidly into fire; from fire emerges water, and from water, the solidity of rock and earth are stabilized. With this gravitational collapse into the elemental forces that comprise the cosmos, a spiraling reconfigure matter into worlds wherein embodied beings form.” Think of high vibratory states slowing down until they become dense matter.
While descriptions seem academic and conceptual, there is a simplicity at the heart of Dzogchen (although this explanation is overly simplistic — apologies to Dzogchen students and masters everywhere). From that view, all that we perceive, including our own bodies, is formed by the “Legos,” or building blocks of reality — earth, water, fire, air, and space.
The elements dance together to create an infinite variety of appearances, but beneath the physical lies the true nature of the elements as light/energy. Those who achieve realization via Dzogchen are able to perceive the essence of everything, including themselves, as pure light in perpetual motion. The rainbow reference comes from the colors of the elemental lights; white (space), red (fire), blue (water), green (wind or air), and yellow (earth). As Sheehy says, “Under certain circumstances, the cosmic evolutionary process of matter’s gravitational collapse into solidity can turn itself back into a swirling radiating configuration. Tibetan traditions suggest that meditative technologies can reverse this process of collapse,” or journey from high-vibratory energy to dense matter. In other words, successful Dzogchen practitioners can reverse the manifestation process, refining dense matter to pure light/energy. Notably, some form of elements can be found at the foundation of every tantric, esoteric, alchemical, or shamanic tradition.
Types of Rainbow Body
In commemoration of the death of his teacher in 2013, Dzogchen Khenpo Choga Rinpoche wrote to his students, “My precious teacher, Lama Karma Rinpoche, has passed. I received the extraordinary news from my friends in Tibet that the sacred body of my kind teacher has dramatically shrunk in size. Lama Karma was about 5’9” tall, but two weeks after he passed, his seated body has now shrunk to about 8”, which means his body, including his skeleton, shrank nearly 80 percent.”
Choga Rinpoche went on to explain that his teacher had attained the “Small Rainbow Body,” referring to the shrinking of Lama Karma’s body after death — but “small” is not “lesser.” Choga Rinpoche wrote, “According to Dzogchen tantra, this kind of miraculous display is a sign that he has attained the supreme accomplishment of the buddha in this very life.
“If his body continues to shrink and totally disappears, this miracle will be categorized as Light Body, or Atomless Body. This light body can happen gradually or instantaneously, with or without an eyewitness.”
Further on, Choga Rinpoche described the “Medium Rainbow Body,” saying, “The Dzogchen master’s body dissolves as rainbow light of many different shapes, colors, and different sizes of rainbow spheres, rainbow rays, and rainbow ribbons until the physical body has totally dissolved into rainbow light, leaving nothing besides hair and nails.” Rinpoche cites the examples of Master Nyaklha Rangrik Dorje (“His body is still preserved and is the size of a hand”) and Tasha Lamo, a woman practitioner whose body shrank to about four inches in 1982.
Rinpoche made it clear, though, that all these miracles are signs of “the same supreme accomplishment. Their attainments are exactly equal. These practitioners have attained Buddha in this very life,” he wrote.
While these manifestations are fascinating, we must remind ourselves that genuine practitioners do not attempt attainment for the sake of public spectacle or self-aggrandizement — their common motivation is a profound commitment to the freedom and happiness of all beings. Any merit gained by the dissolution of karma is dedicated to the benefit of the “other” rather than the self.
This view is fundamental to Buddhism and is the beginning and endpoint of rigorous disciplines undertaken for the benefit of all beings.
“Miraculous” activities, such as passing through walls, leaving foot and handprints in stone, reviving the dead, and appearing in multiple locations at the same moment, are considered mere “by-products” of accomplishment; they are not the point, only signs along the way.
To become infatuated with these powers is to risk pride and arrogance. True Dzogchen practitioners hide their accomplishments to avoid attention and distractions. Chasing these abilities, or siddhis, without compassion and dedication to the freedom of all beings, borders on sorcery — the pursuit of supernatural powers for the benefit of self.
The Rainbow Body of Khenpo Acho Rinpoche
Born in 1918, Khenpo Acho was from Eastern Tibet. From 1956 onward, he entered retreat and stayed there for most of the rest of his life. He was known throughout the region as a great yogi and meditation master, and his death was the subject of an article by the Institute of Noetic Sciences in 2002.
“On August 29, 1998, Khenpo Achö, eighty years of age, attained physical dissolution. One day at noon, lying in bed, without having suffered any recent illness, he attained buddhahood, his heart of clear light reality perfected beyond the intellect. As his body dissolved into light, his wrinkles vanishing, he seemed like an eight-years old child with a beautiful complexion.
“After a week had passed, when people came to know of his death, they performed his death puja secretly [rainbow body practices are forbidden by the Communist Chinese] in order to deceive the authorities, and at that time, rainbows appeared inside and outside, and a pleasant aroma pervaded the place. His body gradually diminished in size, and at the end, he attained buddha; not even his nails and hair were left behind. It was just like a bird flying from a rock— people nearby have no idea where it might have gone,” said a witness.
L. Tashi Lamo R. Tashi Lamo’s body after death
Tasha Lamo’s Rainbow Body
While little is said of female masters in the Tibetan Vajrayana tradition, women are certainly capable of achieving the realization that results in rainbow body. Tasha Lamo was the mother of Lokgar Rinpoche of Nyingma Katok Monastery. She became a nun in her later years, and was known as a great practitioner. After she died in India, her body shrank to about 12 inches.
Photograph of Lama Achuk
Lama Achuk Rinpoche’s Rainbow Body Photo
Achuk Rinpoche was a revered meditation master — a “maha siddhi,” or one of great accomplishment. Born in 1918, he was noted for miraculous activity such as leaving hand and footprints in rock. When he died in 2011, his body shrank from 1.8 meters to one inch tall. Even years prior to his death, Rinpoche displayed signs of rainbow body — the image of light appearing on a pink lotus was the result of a student’s simple photo of his master. None of the phenomena seen in the photo were apparent when the picture was taken.
The Rainbow Body of Ogyen Tendzin
Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche, a meditation master from eastern Tibet, was one of the first Tibetan lamas to openly teach Dzogchen in the West. He tells the story of his uncle, Ogyen Tendzin, who achieved Rainbow Body at death.
Namkai Norbu Rinpoche describes watching his uncle in meditation as a child. “I would try to get him to play with me because I was bored,” he said. When he was older, Rinpoche said he spent several weeks studying with his uncle. “I received my first Dzogchen teachings from my uncle when I was seven years old.”
Later, after the Cultural Revolution, Ogyen Tenzin ended up living in a small house with a student bringing him food each week. He was practicing Dzogchen alone. Namkhai Norbu writes that one day, “The student and a Chinese official knocked on Uncle’s door and it didn’t open. They thought maybe my uncle fled. Knocking down the door, they saw his robe on the bed, but as was apparently not there, they looked inside the robe and found a small body. They knew my uncle was no longer alive, but had become a small body. They shut the door and went away.”
After a few days the Chinese official returned and found that the body was gone — only hair and nails remained. “The Rainbow Body still exists even today — it is not only something from ancient times,” Rinpoche said.
10 Ways to Empower Your Indigo or Crystal Children
Indigo and Crystal Children are very sensitive to the energy balances in their environments. This can cause very ranged reactions in their emotions, and be quite debilitating in quality of life. Experiencing these peaks and valleys can be very trying, whether you are a parent or if you yourself are one of these gifted children. It is detrimental to their physical, emotional, and spiritual health to be yo-yo-ing back and forth, so empowering your Crystal or Indigo kids is extremely important for their futures surviving in the world.
Here are a few ideas that you can try that give the essentials of empowerment for your Children:
1. Breathing: the breath moves energy throughout the body. When Crystal or Indigo Children are frustrated, scared, hyper, or generally upset, you can ask them to take a moment. Have them stop what they are doing and breathe deeply by inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth. You can tell them to really exert the out blow like they are blowing their anger. Make it a fun game, and even do it with them.
2. Smudging: cleansing your house to help clear the distracting vibrations is a great way to create a soothing home base environment. When should you do it? Immediately after a tantrum, fight, or dissonance of any kind, after you have a lot of people over and on a regular basis. Make it part of your house cleaning routine, sometimes even daily. You will notice a distinct difference very quickly.
3. Staying Grounded: another very important step, there are many methods of how to get this accomplished. If you are looking for something quick and easy, intention and visualizing are your best bets. They can be done in a fast second at any time, anyplace, without anyone even noticing. One method some practitioners advise is to ask Gaia (or Mother Earth) for her permission for your grounding cord to enter the core of her being. Then, visualize a clear cord or clear rope coming from your root chakra (tail bone area) and entering Gaia.
It grows in length and continues to grow until it has been fully anchored into the core of Gaia. This grounding cord releases negative energy and also brings in positive energy. Set your intention to send all the negative energy down this cord, physically exhale, releasing it into Gaia. After the negative energy has all been released, with intention, bring up the positive life-giving earth energy with a physical inhale. Close by thanking Gaia. Have your kids make a monkey chain cord. It’s the intention that works! | <urn:uuid:52edf2f3-2545-44ff-a8a8-482f292a0c55> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.gaia.com/article/rainbow-body-101-everything-you-didnt-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.968826 | 4,846 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Do Nurse Practitioners Have to Work Under Doctors?
Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are licensed by their State Boards of Nursing and their scope of practice is defined by these boards. The licensing process involves the determination by the board that the NP meets all the state rules for licensure which include having passed the NCLEX-RN, graduation from an approved nursing program and national certification in the specialty area of intended practice.
Scope of Practice Rights For Nurse Practitioners
Currently, 21 states plus the District of Columbia provide full practice authority to licensed Nurse Practitioners, meaning they can practice without the supervision of a physician.
Full scope of practice rights for NPs include:
- evaluating patients
- diagnosing, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests
- initiating and managing treatments
- prescribing medications
NPs can admit patients to hospitals, refer patients to various specialists and promote preventive healthcare measures. They are accountable to the public and the state board of nursing to meet the standards of care in both practice and professional conduct.
The 21 states with full practice authority for Nurse Practitioners besides the District of Columbia are: Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming.
17 states confer reduced practice to their NPs. This means that they are reduced in their ability to practice one or more elements of NP practice, and that the NP must have a regulated collaborative agreement with an outside health discipline. The 17 states with reduced practice regulation are: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, West Virginia and Wisconsin.
The remaining 12 states maintain restricted practice for NPs, meaning that they are restricted from engaging in at least one element of NP practice. Supervision, delegation or team-management by an outside health discipline is required in order for the NP to provide patient care. These 12 states are: California, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
Therefore, in 29 of the 50 states, NPs cannot practice independently from physician involvement. The restrictions can be limited to one area such as prescription of medication, or to the supervision of all advanced practice. Some use the term, “collaboration” rather than supervision. Currently, the states specifying supervision are: California, Florida, Idaho, Maine, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
Nurse Practitioners have been providing comprehensive health services to the populace for over forty years. Numerous studies have affirmed that NPs provide safe, high quality care and that patient satisfaction is equal to that of physicians. Many may wonder, then, why full scope of practice rights are not seen across all fifty states.
One problem arises when outdated state laws and barriers in federal law and regulation prevent NPs from providing the full scope of services for which they were trained. There is a great loss then, in the potential healthcare services that are not being made available when the nation is suffering from a shortage of primary care services.
The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (NP) has worked to remove barriers to NP practice both at the federal and state levels. They are making clear that if these barriers are removed, primary care services can be extended to the public, especially at underserved areas, and the cost of medical care in the nation can be reduced.
Allowing nurse practitioners to practice to the full extent of their knowledge and skills will be a strong force toward the betterment of health of the people of this nation.
To learn more about becoming a nurse practitioner, contact the schools you see listed below for program details. | <urn:uuid:2b7194c5-8a8f-4d61-ac6c-10a57314e663> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.bestnursingdegree.com/nurse-practitioner/faq/np-scope-of-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.945816 | 789 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Of Christmas, The Christmas Truce of 1914 and great paradoxes
Veterans World War I are part of this honor roll Ebenezer Church on Fishing Creek Road in Lower Windsor Township. The Great War, as World War I was called, saw an event that history remembers. The Christmas Truce of 1914 was a moment of peace in a time of war. Also of interest: Hammer-wielding Yorkers helped to nail kaiser’s noggin.
This piece doubles as a Christmas Day blog post and editorial in the York Sunday News ... .
Peace and goodwill are customary - and appropriate - Christmas themes.
Many people have such hope this Christmas Day. Indeed, some see it as a radical peace and goodwill - a kind of paradox.
It's that first-will-be-last and last-will-be-first-type of thing. It's a major theme today - Christmas Day - the day Christians believe Jesus, God's son, came to earth to live among men and women.
As the familiar Christmas story goes, Jesus was born in a manger, a trough from which animals eat, because all the rooms in Bethlehem were sold out.
A popular Christian song says this about those lowly beginnings, Jesus' mother, Mary, and later major works:
"Mary did you know that your baby boy will give sight to a blind man?
"Mary did you know that your baby boy will calm a storm with his hand?
"Did you know that your baby boy has walked where angels trod?
"And when you kiss your little baby, you have kissed the face of God."
In his book "Renaissance," social critic Os Guinness talks about the surprising people who are connected with this baby boy, either closely in that Bethlehem stable or in Israel's past:
"Who else would have chosen as a special servant the tongue-tied Moses; the slip-of-a-lad Samuel; the unlikely youngest-brother-of-eight David; the shy, hypersensitive introvert Jeremiah; the unmarried Mary; or the rough desert-living John the Baptist?"
That teenage mother, Mary, understood the paradox of the proud being humbled in her famed song of praise, known as the "Magnificat":
"He has shown strength with his arm; he has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts."
It's that first-will-be-last-thing again.
The time was Christmas Day - 1,914 years after the birth of Jesus and a time of a great paradox.
Shooting stopped for a short time in the Great War, World War I. Men rose from opposing trenches in Flanders to meet that Christmas Day in an impromptu cease-fire, peace in the middle of war.
Men in enemy uniforms played soccer and swapped rations and smokes before hostile threats of courts-martial, firing squads and the like disrupted the friendly truce.
That great Christmas Truce of 1914 - its 100th anniversary is being celebrated this year - was over.
Word about this moment of peace and goodwill early in the Great War didn't immediately make its way back to York, Pa., where the York Gazette's headline said: "Christmas Day Brings No Rest to Great Armies."
Indeed, the war America entered three years after the truce brought no rest for fighting men from York County or elsewhere. One hundred ninety-five York countians died in combat or from illness in World War I.
Yet, leave it to children to understand paradox - that great things can come from humble efforts.
The Gazette reported soon after that 1914 Christmas Day that the Sunday School of York's Zion Reformed Church (now Zion United Church of Christ) joined in a national campaign for one million members to collect one million nickels buy one million Bibles to be given to one million wounded soldiers in Flanders fields and other the war-ridden parts of Europe.
Hundreds of local church children were part of that effort to collect small change for this national effort to aid the wounded of the Great War.
It was another humble Christmas-time example of radical peace and good will.
Also of interest:
On the 100th anniversary of The Christmas Truce of 1914, read up on the event that brought peace to a very grim war: http://t.co/W6YMlsLOtO -- HISTORY (@HISTORY) December 22, 2014
Other holiday-related posts:
Pre-World War II Thanksgiving holds lessons for York countians today and Henry Laurens' Christmas in York Town: 'I will not quit my post, although I ... fear that I may perish on it' and 'Sandpaper Sisters' rubs readers right way.
Military men leave for Europe and its Great War from the Red Lion Train Station in 1917. This mural can be seen in Metro Bank's Lower Windsor Township office. | <urn:uuid:01f8892a-63b4-409f-8855-9b00c46313d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ydr.com/story/news/history/blogs/york-town-square/2014/12/25/of-christmas-the-christmas-truce-of-1914-and-surprising-paradoxes/31703027/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.947482 | 1,003 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If something is sustainable, it has the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level or the ability to be upheld or defended. In ecology, sustainability is the ability to endure; it is how biological systems remain diverse and productive indefinitely. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. In more general terms, sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes. The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the four interconnected domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture. Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms.
Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions (for example eco-villages, eco-municipalities or sustainable cities), using science to develop new technologies, to adjustments in individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources.
The project Living Lakes of the non-profit organization Global Nature Fund (GNF) is recognized as an “Official Project of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014”. GNF also supports many drinking water projects throughout Africa. In the Ivory Coast, more than 24,000 people now have access to clean and fresh water. People are taught how to treat the water in order to use it in a sustainable way.
In New Zealand, the Longbush Ecosanctuary Welcome Shelter , located near Gisborne on the East Coast, is an innovative environmental education space designed, constructed and operated by a group of passionate volunteers. Access is free of charge and the project aims to promote active stewardship of the natural environment both in conservation areas and in cities.
Celebrating the birthday of a product, which findings of long-term studies have shown retains its waterproofing function for at least 25 years, demonstrates sustainability in building and maintaining these buildings. These roofing membranes will continue to fulfill their functions for many more years to come. And with this, the ability to endure is created. | <urn:uuid:7d5f81dc-5cab-4262-b91d-9d0812369482> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.sika.com/en/group/Publications/ambitions/ambitions21/editor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188891.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00588-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940069 | 422 | 3.703125 | 4 |
At Termate we help customers to understand what is important for electrical insulation components, this time looking at cantilever strength. If you have any topics you’d like us to consider for future articles, please contact our customer support team.
The cantilever strength of an insulator is determined by a cantilever test. The test is intended to evaluate a product’s resistance to a perpendicular force, and it is measured in newtons. Depending on the requirements of the individual test specification, the test employs both destructive and non-destructive procedures.
However, in non-destructive procedures, a specified cantilever load can be used to best represent the ultimate cantilever strength of a standoff insulator when under cantilever forces. Specified cantilever loads are influenced by historical tests where the insulator has failed. The specified cantilever load is either equal to or less than the cantilever breaking load. If you’re seeking to buy an insulator, the specified cantilever load is the value that a manufacturer could choose to best represent the ultimate cantilever strength rating of a standoff insulator.
Other cantilever measurements are also useful in understanding how a standoff insulator may perform in an assembly, such as the maximum design/reference load. This rating determines how much weight can be applied to the insulator every day without damaging the insulator’s service life.
When a short-circuit occurs in a busbar system, the insulator will be put under extreme forces, one of which is a strong perpendicular force. The standoff insulator must withstand these forces and hold the busbar safely. This is only one of many examples of why insulators would need both good electrical insulation and mechanical support properties.
Temperature, for example, can influence the testing outcome of an insulator. Manufacturers can state at what environmental temperature the standoff insulator was tested at. For example, the standoff insulators we manufacture are tested at a normal room temperature (nominal 23 °C).
Cantilever testing should be important for any standoff insulator. They should meet the appropriate clauses of national or international standards relevant to their application, such as for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, BS EN IEC 61439.
Learn more and find detailed technical data on our standoff insulators. | <urn:uuid:8dbb5c27-5d0f-464e-927f-8279632966e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://termate.com/cantilever-strength-of-standoff-insulators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00763.warc.gz | en | 0.893986 | 484 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A yellow compound found in green and yellow vegetables, egg yolk, and fish-liver oil. It is essential for growth and vision in dim light. Also called vitamin A.
- Opt for products that contain skin-lightening ingredients like retinol, vitamin C and licorice.
- Retinoic acid is derived mainly by local synthesis through the enzymatic oxidation of retinol.
- Most skin types can benefit from retinol, a derivative of vitamin A.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:3bbb7565-938b-4f7d-9b1d-f76ce23d4e79> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/retinol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122420.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00214-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90353 | 131 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science.... View more
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 µm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one’s environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of surveillance cameras.
Are you sure you want to leave ? | <urn:uuid:00ae085d-5c3f-4f5e-a237-977818865c97> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ndtinspect.com/groups/thermography/forum/discussion/help-required-in-thermography-inspection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104495692.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707154329-20220707184329-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.882845 | 222 | 3.4375 | 3 |
For USAP Participants
For The Public
For Researchers and Educators
Contact UsNational Science Foundation
Office of Polar Programs
2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite W7100
Alexandria, VA 22314
Going to the edge
Project combines glaciology, oceanography to answer questions about the interaction between ice sheets and the ocean
Posted November 22, 2007
Scientist Bob Bindschadler’s choice for a place to conduct research in West Antarctica shares some of the same criteria as those of his colleagues fanning out across Antarctica for the International Polar Year (IPY).
“It’s a hard place to get to. It’s a terrible place to work,” he says of the crevasse-ridden Pine Island ice shelf, adjacent to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), where he will work this season.
But the possible scientific payoff is also IPY worthy, considering the question he hopes to answer: “How is the ocean tickling the ice sheet and why is the ice sheet responding so dramatically?”
The objective is to study the interaction of the ocean and the fast-moving glacial ice of Pine Island Glacier. Bindschadler and his colleagues believe that, based on satellite imagery, warm, salty ocean water is a key component chipping away at the edges of the continent’s ice sheets and quickening the pace by which glaciers dump ice into the ocean.
“The signature from those [satellite] observations is pretty clear: that the changes are largest at the perimeter of the ice sheet and decrease in magnitude as you go inland,” he explained. “That says to us that the trigger, the driver of these changes, is the ocean.”
Chief scientist with the Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Bindschadler said that until recently the technology wasn’t available to make the sort of measurements scientists need to model ice and ocean interaction below the ice sheet.
Those models are important in predicting how WAIS will react to climate change as global warming ratchets up ambient and ocean temperatures. Conservative estimates predict the ice sheet, if it were to disintegrate completely, would raise sea level by five meters.
Reconnaissance missionBut before anything can happen, the researchers must determine if they can even go to work. The site they’ve chosen is a dynamic area home to the two, fastest-moving glaciers on the continent – Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, both of which pour into the Amundsen Sea.
“Job one is to land and survive,” Bindschadler said. He has identified one area where he believes a Twin Otter can safely land and where he and colleague David Holland from NYU can make some basic measurements.
The site is about 35 kilometers from the calving edge of the 800-square-kilometer ice shelf. That’s close to where they expect to find the grounding line, where the warm dense ocean water hits the ice in contact with the bedrock.
“We’re pretty sure that’s where the melt rates are the highest and where these key processes are most intense,” Bindschadler said.
The idea is to pack light for this visit. The scientists will set up an automatic weather station to beam back climate data through the austral winter. Meteorologists are also interested in the information, as the area represents one of the biggest weather gaps on the planet, according to Bindschadler.
They will also set up two GPS receivers to determine ice velocity and ocean tides. The latter measurement will indicate how much flex the ice shelves are experiencing. Two British field researchers, working farther upstream on the glacier, will spend a week at the Americans’ camp and use ice-penetrating radar to measure the ice thickness and, more importantly, changes in the thickness.
A second, nearby research team will visit with seismic equipment to measure the depth of the water. “That’s something we want to know because that’s critical for setting up next year’s sub-ice instrumentation and for modeling the water circulation underneath the ice shelf,” Bindschadler said.
Looking belowIf all goes as planned, work would begin in earnest the next two field seasons to use a hot water drill to bore through the 500-meter-thick ice and lower instruments into the ocean cavity below.
A video camera is among instrument the scientists will send down the borehole. What does the ice underneath look like? Is it smooth? Is it rough? No one knows, Bindschadler said.
Graphic Credit: Bob Bindschadler
This illustration shows the dynamic between the ocean and ice sheets.
They will also deploy small, oceanographic profilers through the 13-centimeter-wide hole. The profiler will continuously run up and down a cable measuring current, temperature and salinity, transmitting the information up a cable frozen into the borehole to an Inmarsat terminal that beams the data to a satellite.
It’s an exciting study, according to Kelly Falkner, program manager of the newly created Antarctic Integrated System Sciences (AISS) department in the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation. AISS and NASA are co-funding the project.
“That will be the first direct set of observations beneath an ice shelf like this that extend throughout the year,” she said.
Eventually, the research team hopes to bore several holes over the two field seasons to characterize the horizontal currents, another important factor for modeling the interaction between ocean and ice.
This is an example of the sort of science that IPY supports: lots of unknowns with big potential for discovery. How deep will the water be? Will the profiler work? It’s been used in the Arctic, where the ice is only a few meters thick.
“There’s a lot of unknown and a bit of finesse, but these scientific questions must be answered. We have no choice but to try and get the answers,” Bindschadler said.
NSF-funded research in this story: Robert Bindschadler, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. | <urn:uuid:193d7ade-f1a2-40e5-ae7c-b486bacbde15> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/1277/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.913457 | 1,297 | 3.328125 | 3 |
(Don’t forget about Comics Go Pink today!)
Quoted from The State of Breast Cancer:
- Today , a person who has been diagnosed with breast cancer in the earliest stages has a 98 percent chance of living at least five more years, on average, compared to only 77 percent in 1982.
- The overall breast cancer death rate has decreased by about 2 percent each year since 1990.
From “Understanding Breast Cancer” (I recommend visiting this site directly for much excellent information):
- About 207,090 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 54,010 new cases of in situ breast cancer will occur among women in the United States during 2010.
- An estimated 39,840 women will die from breast cancer this year.
- About 1,970 men will be diagnosed and 390 men will die of breast cancer during 2010 in the United States.
- As screening programs have become more common, more cases of breast cancer are being found in earlier stages, when they are more easily and successfully treated. | <urn:uuid:4ec33f5e-5007-47a2-aa83-c5000aa733ef> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://refugefromreality.wordpress.com/2010/10/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00011-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948066 | 209 | 2.875 | 3 |
United Nations International Day of Peace Photo Competition
UN International Day of Peace (9.21)
Since 2015, there are over 50 schools and organisations participated in the programme. This peace activities aim at inspiring the young to become the driving force behind the vision of a united and sustainable world by advancing active learning in mutual respect for others and the world we live in. Schools and organisations can set their own aims, objectives, size and format for their peace initiatives which promote or deliver messages of peace-building, peace-making, peace-bonding or peacesustaining through poems, essays, speeches, art, designs, crafts, songs, music, dances, musicals, drama, films, sports or any creative movement to raise the awareness of peace. | <urn:uuid:e89f0b61-cc1f-4326-9a90-cee02b0877a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://unesco.hk/index_topic.php?charset=eng&did=263355&didpath=/263346/263355 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864303.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621231116-20180622011116-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.918467 | 152 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There is no question that drivers who use their cellphones to make calls, text, map out directions or compose an email while behind the wheel put people in danger. In 2017 alone, more than 3,100 people were killed in distracted driving accidents, and thousands more were injured in similar collisions. Surprisingly, motorists have taken the danger a step further by snapping selfies while driving and then posting them on social media sites.
There are three main types of distractions: cognitive, manual and visual. When drivers attempt to take a selfie, they must take their hands off the steering wheel, which is a manual distraction. As they take their eyes off the road and focus on posing for a pic, posting or writing comments, drivers are visually distracted. Once the picture is taken, drivers may go even further to create a social media post for their selfie and write a caption. All of these tasks combine to take the drivers’ focus off of the road. Drivers who are cognitively distracted are less likely to respond to hazards, such as objects in the road, traffic lights, pedestrian crosswalks, bad weather conditions and other motorists.
A number of social media sites, including Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, have thousands of posts showing drivers’ selfies. There are more than 3,700 posts on Instagram under #drivingselfie and more than 9,700 under #drivingselfies. Unfortunately, these events are not reserved for motor vehicle drivers. People driving motorcycles, boats and even planes can all be found posting a selfie on one of these notorious sites. | <urn:uuid:81c42a7d-8c11-4664-998a-cfc05e2c3ecb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.elkandelkseattle.com/blog/2019/07/snapping-selfies-while-behind-the-wheel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540533401.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211212657-20191212000657-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.966047 | 312 | 3.078125 | 3 |
You, a couple of movies, and a bag of microwave popcorn. Sounds like a perfect night, doesn’t it? It does, until an errant kernel cracks one of your teeth. Unfortunately, that’s often how dental emergencies occur – from small habits such as chewing on ice, hard candy, or popcorn. As you sit in the dental chair to have your tooth repaired, you’ll find yourself regretting your old habit.
Another common cause of dental emergencies, especially among teenagers, results from recreational activities. If you or your teenager is actively involved in a weekend sport or rec league, we highly recommend using a mouthguard to protect your teeth and jaw.
What constitutes a dental emergency?
In teenagers and adults, a knocked-out tooth—or one that has been chipped or cracked—constitutes a dental emergency. The same goes for any serious pain to your teeth, gum, or jaws. In some cases, a filling or crown being dislodged can also create an emergency—if you’re not sure if your problem warrants immediate attention, call our Columbus dental office to inquire.
If you experience a dental emergency, here are the steps we recommend to minimize damage and pain:
1) Call Our Office
You want to call Herrick Dental as soon as possible and accurately describe the problem. Be as specific as possible and be prepared to offer an evaluation of your pain on a scale of 1-10. We will advise you whether you require immediate attention.
2) Stop the Bleeding
If your mouth is bleeding, gently rinse with warm salt water. The salt will aid the clotting process – 1 teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of water is fine. If the bleeding continues, place a moistened gauze pad on the area and apply gentle pressure for 15-20 minutes.
3) Manage the Pain
No need to tough it out. Take an over-the-counter pain medication like Tylenol or Advil. Additionally, we recommend applying a cold compress to the outside of your mouth or cheek. That bag of frozen peas is more than just a side at dinner—it’s a godsend in a dental emergency.
4) Preserve the Tooth
If your tooth is chipped or cracked, hold on to those pieces! Run warm water over them and save them. Similarly, if your entire tooth has been dislodged, you will want to keep it. Do not touch it by the root or make any attempt to remove tissue fragments from it. Instead, run it under water to clean it. Then, if possible, try to put the tooth back in until you can visit our office. You’ll know that you have it in correctly if you bite down and it feels normal. However, you never want to force it. If you can’t get the tooth in, put it in a glass of milk or water to keep the ligaments moist. Don’t delay treatment – seeing a dentist within an hour of knocking out a tooth gives you the greatest chance of saving it.
Ignoring dental emergencies is a bad idea. The sooner you can get to our office, the less likely it is that you will experience permanent damage or a costly repair. And, although we hope we never see you for a dental emergency, we do keep room in our schedule for them. In the meantime, watch those popcorn kernels!« Back to blog | <urn:uuid:fa7e7dfd-97f6-44be-ba99-dcbf1f9eef12> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.herrickfamilydental.com/blog/4-things-to-do-in-the-event-of-a-dental-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.926131 | 704 | 2.515625 | 3 |
While millions of people across the country sign up for online learning, only a few thousand manage to successfully complete their courses. This is because of the common misconceptions about the platform. Sometimes, students have unreal expectations that are difficult to align with the realities of online learning. We list out a few such misconceptions to help you separate fact from fiction:
All Online Courses are Self-Paced:
This is rarely the case. Most college courses follow a strict structure, i.e., the instructor gets to decide on the due dates, the duration of the course and other details. Even when the course is self-paced, there are hard deadlines that students must meet in order to avoid losing out on grades. Students are expected to complete the course within a set period of time.
Online Learning is Easy:
This is probably the biggest myth about online learning. Most courses follow a very tight schedule and are hence very intensive. These courses are demanding and need time. Students are expected to complete reading assignments on time and then follow up with tests, quizzes, and other assignments. All of this requires time and commitment.
Online Learning can be Lonely:
Although you cannot meet the instructor personally, there are several opportunities for you to interact with each other. Most online colleges have an online forum where fellow students can share their concerns and discuss the course. And if you need help with assignments, there are several online class help websites that offer to manage them for you. All that you have to do is to fill in the online contact form and ask, ‘Can you take my online class for me?’ A tutor can complete assignments and earn an A or B for you.
Online Courses Have No Job Prospects:
This was the situation a few years ago, but is no longer true thanks to prestigious universities like Harvard, Stanford, and Ivy League colleges offering online courses. These universities have raised the bar for the online education industry. As a result, employers are now happy to offer opportunities to students with good grades, and don’t really care if the course was taken online.
Online Courses Do Not Transfer:
This is a common worry among students signing up for online courses. However, it is no longer the case. The majority of online classes are transferable to other colleges. Just call them and ask. Before you sign up, remember to speak with an advisor to find out all the details. | <urn:uuid:0d6870bd-0aec-4d16-af4f-8e53d4a632da> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://medium.com/@domyhomework/5-myths-about-online-learning-d5937d539d4b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.955151 | 492 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The most celebrated holiday in the Jewish year, Passover commemorates the Exodus of Hebrew slaves from Egypt to freedom over 3,500 years ago. This colorful book explores the many forms that this weeklong celebration takes worldwide. Deborah Heiligman's rich text details the long lavish meals called seders, at which Exodus is recalled in ritual, prayer, song, and story. The historical significance of the food at these Passover feasts is also explained, and delicious recipes encourage readers to experience the full flavors of this internationally observed holiday. Rabbi Shira Stern's informative note provides parents and teachers with a historical and cultural background of the celebration of Passover.
Let National Geographic be your trusted guide to holidays around the world. This diverse, informative series introduces children to a varied selection of religious and cultural holidays presented from a global perspective. The vivid photography and accompanies author Deborah Heiligman's lively text on ceremonies and celebrations worldwide. Each book is suitable for ages 10 & up and contains 32 pages in a hardcover binding.
Deborah Heiligman is the award-winning author of 19 children's books. She specializes in simplifying complex subjects for young people, particularly in the areas of science and social studies. She lives in New York City. She has also written other books for National Geographic including High Hopes and Babies. | <urn:uuid:4de4911c-1f7d-4aee-9077-33413042f1e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://christian-book-store.christiansunite.com/300182/Holidays-Around-the-World:-Celebrate-Passover:-with-Matzah,-Maror,-and-Memories.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864953.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623074142-20180623094142-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.934504 | 271 | 4 | 4 |
- Green space management: biodiversity/nature conservation
- Climate resilience: increased flood regulation/providing thermal comfort zone
- Water management: reduced flooding/improved water quality
- Participatory planning/governance: community workshops promoting social cohesion and environmental stewardship
- Public health and wellbeing: reconnecting people with nature/improving mental/physical wellbeing through walking/cycling network, meet up places, allotments
Schansbroek lies near the source zone of the Stiemerbeek River and near the coal mine of Waterschei. Former mining activities severely affected natural water management contributing to pollution and flooding for local residents. This was partly related to a change in the topography of the area caused by the mining operations. To protect local residences, rainfall and groundwater has had to be pumped into the Stiemerbeek River. The hydrological impact has also caused water shortage for natural wetland areas negatively impacting the biodiversity of these areas.
The Schansbroek area was also ‘adopted’ by local residents for unofficial grow-your-own activities. The area has since been redesigned in collaboration with local citizens/workers. The aim was to create a multifunctional neighbourhood park for recreation, biodiversity and to restore water management. The 2013 design plan included measures to recreate a ‘wet ecotope’ by restoring a natural dam and ponds, and transforming an artificial reservoir from the former mine. Local citizens requested allotments, children’s play areas, cycling/hiking trails, picnic and meeting areas which were all included in the design.
The new park created enhances the aesthetics of the area and strengthen links to the site making it more attractive to residents and workers at the neighbouring Thorpark. The model for community engagement will be scaled-up for the entire Stiemerbeck valley. | <urn:uuid:1e4bd6f4-b3fd-4f1e-9f90-ee2b3b953aa7> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://oppla.eu/casestudy/19379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147628.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228170007-20200228200007-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.951393 | 374 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Published as part of Verso's Haymarket Series in 1996, Alex Lichtenstein's Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South was the first book-length history of the convict-lease and chain gang systems of penal servitude in the Southern United States. Focusing on Georgia in the years between Reconstruction and the Great Depression, Lichtenstein traces the interwoven development of the region's notoriously brutal carceral forms and it's industrial and commercial expansion. "The postbellum history of Georgia's penal system," Lichenstein writes, "offers a clear illustration of how convict labor helped forge the peculiar New South 'Bourbon' political alliance, by accommodating the labor needs of an emerging class of industrialists without eroding the racial domination essential to planters."
In the text below, the book's epilogue, Lichtenstein expands on his findings in a broader historical consideration of the relation between coerced labor and economic development.
A Georgia road gang in Rockdale County in 1909, shortly after the state abolished convict leasing. (Vanishing Georgia Collection, Georgia Department of Archives and History).
“There is no document of civilization that is not at the same time a document of barbarism.” –Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History”1
Diverse forms of forced labor have been found in many societies, under many conditions. Slavery and penal labor both existed in the ancient world. Serfdom shaped much of the character of premodern European social relations, and persisted well into the nineteenth century in Eastern Europe and Russia. As European societies shook off the last vestiges of feudalism, forced labor was carried to the New World, in a vast arc encompassing both the highlands and plantations of the Americas. In colonial Africa as well, European domination brought with it forms of coercive labor new to a continent that had long known indigenous slavery; and labor relations in industrialized South Africa under apartheid were clearly shaped by colonial strategies of labor extraction up until yesterday. Finally, Stalin's Gulag, and the Nazi labor and extermination camps, stand as horrific examples of forced labor in the modern world. | <urn:uuid:96cd0387-52f3-4e3d-81bf-1fefe6c905c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.versobooks.com/blogs?mentioned_author=1143-alex-lichtenstein | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218203515.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213003-00619-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944123 | 447 | 3 | 3 |
There are several different types of salt. Table salt, for example, is the most common and processed form. It is mined as a rock, evaporated, and processed until it has fine grains. In addition, table salt is typically fortified with iodine. However, there are a few other types of salt, such as Himalayan salt and Kosher salt. Learn about them below. There are many more types of salts, including sea salt, too.
A new study has revealed that sea salt is an important source of microplastics. While previous studies have identified the presence of microplastics in table salts, they have not addressed the source of the contamination. To answer this question, the present study was designed to investigate the role of commercial sea salt as an indicator of MP pollution. It also aimed to determine whether the presence of microplastics during the manufacturing process affects the concentration of the salt. It involved analyzing 39 brands of sea salt collected from sixteen countries/regions across six continents.
Besides its healing properties, sea salt is also used as an effective pain reliever and exfoliant. It is used in nasal and eyewashes and is also an effective pain reliever. These are just a few of the benefits of sea salt and its many applications. If you’re looking for a natural remedy, you can try adding a pinch of sea salt to your bath water and see if that helps relieve your aches and pains.
The first ingredient of table salt is sodium chloride, which is a mineral found naturally in the earth’s crust. Several years ago, researchers found microplastics in sea salt, but it was not known how many of these particles were in table salt. Now, researchers from East Asia and South Korea have investigated 39 different table salt brands. They found that more than 90% of them were contaminated with microplastics. Some of the most common types of salt contaminated with microplastics include Himalayan pink salt, kosher salt, and sea salt.
Many common brands of table-salt contain synthetic chemicals that may contain toxic levels of iodine and other compounds. Commonly known as “iodized” salt, this ingredient is often fortified with iodine, a chemical that can cause thyroid damage. Despite its health benefits, these chemicals may not be good for your health. This article will discuss the harmful effects of table salt and offer alternatives.
Himalayan salt is a natural mineral whose trace mineral content makes it extremely beneficial to the human body. It has 84 trace elements, including potassium, magnesium, chromium, zinc, and selenium, and is widely used in the food industry. Because of its high mineral content, it helps neutralize the pH levels of the body, and it also helps prevent conditions like goiter and iodine deficiency.
Himalayan salt was discovered more than 500 million years ago, when a vast inland sea drained slowly, leaving behind massive deposits of mineral-rich salt. As a result, tectonic activity sealed the seabed under intense pressure and pushed the rock surrounding it upward, creating the mountain ranges we know today. When Alexander the Great was traveling through the area, he stopped at a region called Khewra in Northern Pakistan and noticed the horses licking the salty rocks.
The global kosher salt market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.3% between 2016 and 2024. In North America, the market is primarily driven by the influence of leading chefs, which is translating into greater consumer awareness. North America and Canada are the most popular regions for kosher salt. While Europe is a mature market, growth in Asia Pacific is predicted to be more robust. In addition, consumers are more willing to make lifestyle changes, which will boost expansion of the market in Asia Pacific.
Though it is not a special salt, kosher salt does not undergo any ritualistic processing. Instead, it gets its name from its usage in the Jewish tradition of removing blood from meat. According to Jewish dietary laws (Leviticus 7:26), meat must be blood-free before consumption. The use of kosher salt in cooking and seasoning meats helps preserve the taste of the meat. It also adds texture to dishes, as it is larger and not as easily dissolved in water.
Fleur de Sel
The sand found in Fleur de Sel is rich in minerals and other nutrients that give it a unique flavor and texture. Although the salt is only 94% sodium chloride, it contains trace minerals and vitamins, including magnesium and calcium. It also contains iron (11.1 mg/kg). These trace minerals give Fleur de Sel salts their flavor. The rich flavor and texture of Fleur de Sel salts are the reasons why it is so popular in restaurants and gourmet food stores worldwide.
While Fleur de Sel is a delicate salt, it will dissolve quickly in foods, without losing its distinctive taste or texture. It is often sprinkled on sweets and desserts to add a contrasting sweetness to the dish. It also makes a beautiful topping for baked goods, such as bread and cookies. Here are some ways to use Fleur de Sel salts. You may also enjoy these tips for cooking with Fleur de Sel.
Unrefined sea salt
When you look at sea salt in the supermarket, you will find that it is mostly white, large-grained and slightly refined. Most people aren’t sure how to distinguish between refined and unrefined sea salt, however. Unrefined sea salt can be different colors, depending on the mineral content. Unrefined sea salts are packaged with moisture intact, so they may still have trace minerals.
In pre-modern times, salt was traded for an equal price with gold, and one ounce was worth an ounce of gold. In fact, salt is beneficial for our bodies in more ways than one. It helps with digestion, stimulates salivary secretion, and draws out the nutritional elements in our food. That’s why many people swear by unrefined sea salts. They are a healthy alternative to the processed and refined salts in our modern diet.
Gourmet kosher salt
There are many different reasons to order gourmet kosher salts, from the health benefits of Himalayan pink salt to the unique flavor of Himalayan lava rock. Gourmet kosher salts worldwide offer great taste, great price, and a wide variety of different uses. If you want a salt that will make your next recipe come alive, look no further than Salts Worldwide. This company values its customers’ feedback and strives to provide them with the best products possible.
Fleur de sel is a special type of kosher salt that can only be found in a few parts of the world. It is a high-quality kosher salt that is harvested by hand. The process of gathering the salt consists of skimming the top layer of the pond to collect the purest crystals. This is unlike most other types of kosher salt, which are harvested below the surface.
The light grey color of grey salt is a result of the minerals absorbed by the clay lining the salt ponds. This salt contains magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, iodine, and trace amounts of iron and sulfur. It is slightly moist, which makes it ideal for eating. Chef Michael Chiarello prefers this salt over other varieties. But there are differences between these salts, too. Here’s how you can recognize the difference between them.
Fleur de sel is a by-product of grey salt and comes from Brittany, France. The two types are harvested differently. Grey salt is harvested from the bottom of the salt evaporation ponds, while fleur de sel crystals are extracted from the surface of the water. Fleur de sel is the most expensive of the two salts, but it retains moisture and has a subtle blue-grey tint.
Sea salt is a versatile ingredient that is derived from the evaporation of lakes and oceans. The composition of sea salts differs greatly, but each variety has their own flavor and texture. Celtic salt is especially strong, with its flaky texture and salty, sharp flavor. Besides its many culinary uses, Celtic salt offers several health benefits. Here are just a few of them:
Light Grey Celtic: This variety of sea salt is known for its light grey color, which is a result of the clay lining that surrounds the salt crystals during the harvesting process. It is harvested from mineral-rich clay beds, so the crystals are not pristine white. Additionally, its moistness is unique, making this variety an excellent choice for cooking and seasoning. However, the main difference between light grey and dark grey Celtic sea salt is that Celtic salt is less processed and is higher-quality. | <urn:uuid:d9bc6e19-b3da-420e-bdff-e22abc23fc0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bendingborders.org/types-of-salt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.955353 | 1,788 | 2.71875 | 3 |
GERD – Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Complications, Diagnosis & Treatment
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or commonly known as GERD, is a digestive disorder that effects the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), esophagus and stomach. Esophagus is a hollow tube that carries food we eat from our mouth to the stomach and at the end of esophagus; there is a ring of muscles called Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) which prevents the acidic stomach to leak back into esophagus. When this muscle becomes weak or not closes properly then the stomach acid leak back into esophagus and this action is called Acid Reflux. It causes irritation and inflammation to the lining of esophagus and the chronic, more severe form of Acid Reflux is GERD. It is diagnosed when acid reflux happens twice a week or has prolonged for more than two weeks. Heartburn or acidic indigestion is the most common symptom of Acid Reflux and GERD. Majority of people can control the symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with diet, certain lifestyle changes and medications but some patients may require strong medications and even surgery for GERD treatment.
Read on further to know more about symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, diagnosis and treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease:
What are the symptoms of GERD?
Common signs and symptoms of the condition include:
- Heartburn or acid indigestion, which is a burning chest pain, begins behind the breastbone and moving upwards to neck and throat. You may feel like food is coming back into mouth with an acid or sour taste.
- Chest pain
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Continuous dry coughing
- Sore throat
- Bad breath
- Damage to your tooth enamel due to acidic contents
- Feeling like a lump in your throat
If you start experiencing these symptoms with much severity or frequency then immediately make an appointment with the doctor.
What causes GERD?
Acid Reflux is the most common cause of the disease. Some other causes include:
- Obesity that puts an extra pressure on stomach
- Hiatal Hernia, which weakens LES and reduces pressure (We will discuss in detail about this condition in our upcoming posts)
- Smoking and alcohol
- Pregnancy also play role in GERD symptoms
- Medicines that weaken LES, such as antihistamines, antidepressants, pain-relieving medicines, calcium channel blockers and sedatives
Are there any conditions that increase the risk of developing GERD?
Yes, there are certain conditions that can increase the risk of developing the disease and these conditions are obesity, Hiatal Hernia, pregnancy, smoking, Diabetes, Asthma, delayed stomach emptying and connective tissue disorders.
What complications occur due to long-term GERD?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease may results in serious complications if chronic Acid Reflux persists, which includes:
- Esophagitis: As a result of too much stomach acid, the lining of esophagus becomes inflamed. It may also cause Esophageal Ulcer in which sores and ulcers develop in lining of esophagus and they can bleed, cause pain and create difficulty in swallowing.
- Esophageal Stricture: The scar tissue develops in the lining of esophagus due to the damage to the cells in the lower esophagus from continuous exposure to stomach acid. This scar tissue narrows the wall of esophagus which results in difficulty in swallowing.
- Barrette’s Esophagus & Esophageal Cancer: When the normal tissue in esophagus lining abnormally replaced with different tissue that is similar to the tissue lining the stomach then the condition is called Barrett’s Esophagus. This condition, if remains untreated, may further increase the risk of Esophageal Cancer.
How is GERD diagnosed?
At first, the doctor will diagnose Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease based on the description of your symptoms, frequency and severity of the heartburn. The doctor may also suggest you some other tests to rule out the other possible causes of the symptoms.
When Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease is suspected or known then the doctor performs three major tests or exams, which includes:
- Esophageal PH monitoring: In this test, the doctor measures the amount of acid in esophagus for over a time period of 24-48 hours. This test is also used to rule out the disease if there are no symptoms of Acid Reflux.
- Upper GI Endoscopy: During this procedure, a long flexible tube with a light and camera called Endoscope is used to examine the esophagus. The doctor inserts Endoscope from your mouth which passes through the throat into the esophagus. Endoscopy is used to examine the conditions of Esophagitis (inflammation of esophagus), Stricture (narrowing of esophagus) and Barrett’s Esophagus (abnormality in tissue lining of esophagus). If your symptoms are mild then Endoscopy is usually not done but if they are severe, prolonger and didn’t respond to medication and lifestyle changes then doctor will perform Endoscopy.
- Manometry: This test is used to identify movement and pressure of valve in esophagus and allowing doctors to study the function of LES.
How is GERD treated?
The treatment for GERD focuses on reducing the amount of acid producing in the stomach and reducing the occurrence of Acid Reflux. If you are experiencing mild symptoms then they can be treated with over-the-counter (OCT) medications and certain lifestyle changes. If you don’t get relief within few weeks and symptoms have become severe then doctor may recommend some other treatment options such as prescription-strength medications and surgery.
Let’s see how these treatment options help you to treat Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease:
- Antacids neutralize the stomach acid and may provide you a quick relief, but they wouldn’t heal an inflamed esophagus due to acidic contents. Overuse of some antacids may cause constipation or diarrhea so doctor’s recommendation is necessary before taking them.
- Medications that reduce production of stomach acid are called H-2-receptor blockers. They provide long-term relief and decrease the stomach acid production for up to 12 hours.
- Proton pump inhibitors are medications that block the stomach acid production and heal the damaged esophagus. They are much stronger blockers than H-2-receptor blockers and they give time to esophagus tissues to heal.
Make sure to consult the doctor and get his/her recommendations before taking any of these medications.
If your heartburn and other symptoms still persist and you don’t get relief with initial OCT medications then the doctor may recommend prescription-strength medications. These include:
- Prescription-strength H-2-receptor blockers
- Prescription-strength proton pump inhibitors
- Medications that strengthen LES
Surgery and other procedures:
If the condition couldn’t be able to control through OCT and prescription-strength medications then the doctor recommends surgery in order to avoid more damage to esophagus and stomach. It includes:
Nissen Fundoplication: During this surgery, the LES is tightened by wrapping the top of stomach portion around the outside of the lower esophagus. It reinforces the LES while preventing the Acid Reflux.
Linx Surgery: It is the latest treatment for GERD approved by FDA, in which a device called Linx, which is an expandable ring of metal beads, is wrapped around the junction of esophagus and stomach. It keeps the stomach acid to reflux back into the esophagus and at the same time it allows food to pass into the stomach.
Lifestyle and dietary changes:
Here are some of the suggested lifestyle and dietary changes that can reduce heartburn and other symptoms:
- Avoid foods and drinks that weaken the LES and trigger the heartburn such as fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint, coffee and alcoholic beverages. Avoid those foods that you know trigger your heartburn.
- Maintain a healthy weight by regular exercising and if you are obese then slowly reduce your weight. You can ask the doctor to devise a weight loss plan for you.
- Eat smaller meals while avoiding overeating.
- Don’t lie down or go to bed for at least 3 hours after eating a meal.
- If you experience heartburn at night or while sleeping then elevate the head of your bed by putting wood or cement blocks under the feet of the bed so that the head is raised by 6-9 inches.
- Avoid smoking because it affects the function of LES.
- Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothes especially around your waist which puts pressure on your abdomen and LES.
Experiencing GERD symptoms, consult specialists at GI Endoscopy Practice:
We know that Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease can limit the daily activities and productivity but it is rarely life-threatening disease. Most of the people will find relief with understanding of the actual causes and proper treatment plan that GI Endoscopy Practice physicians are providing to the patients experiencing the problem. If you’re facing the problem of heartburn or other possible symptoms then consult our board certified, capable, experienced, trained and highly recommended physicians in NJ. You will get personalized care and a best GERD treatment plan paving a way for a healthy life. | <urn:uuid:2318d21c-d760-4ebb-9773-3008804877a4> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.giendoscopypractice.com/blog/gerd-symptoms-causes-risks-diagnosis-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218391.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821171406-20180821191406-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.905656 | 2,005 | 3.5 | 4 |
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