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Should I Consider U.S. Citizenship?
As a permanent resident, you have most of the rights of U.S. citizens. However, there are many important reasons to consider U.S. citizenship. Citizenship offers new rights and privileges, but comes with equally important responsibilities. As a citizen you can:
Only citizens can vote in federal elections. Most states also restrict the right to vote, in most elections, to U.S. citizens.
Serve on a jury.
Only U.S. citizens can serve on a federal jury. Most states also restrict jury service to U.S. citizens. Serving on a jury is an important responsibility for U.S. citizens.
Travel with a U.S. passport.
A U.S. passport enables you to get assistance from the U.S. government when overseas, if necessary.
Bring family members to the U.S.
U.S. citizens generally get priority when petitioning to bring family members permanently to this country.
Obtain citizenship for children under 18 years of age.
In most cases, a child born abroad to a U.S. citizen is automatically a U.S. citizen.
Apply for federal jobs.
Certain jobs with government agencies require U.S. citizenship.
Become an elected official.
Only citizens can run for federal office (U.S. Senate or House of Representatives) and for most state and local offices.
Keep your residency.
A U.S. citizen’s right to remain in the United States cannot be taken away.
Become eligible for federal grants and scholarships.
Many financial aid grants, including college scholarships and funds given by the government for specific purposes, are available only to U.S. citizens.
Obtain government benefits.
Some government benefits are available only to U.S. citizens. | <urn:uuid:e132cc44-5d5e-4689-acc0-51d6676d1d6b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.uscis.gov/citizenship/learners/should-i-consider-us-citizenship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461995.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00171-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945291 | 383 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Photo Credits: Vishwatej Pawar
Introduction– Ranging from Israel to Indian Subcontinent, it was a belief that Indian wolf is a sub-species of Grey wolf. However, recent studies have proved that, it is a different species than Grey wolf having a scientific name as ‘canis indica’
Habitat– The species is adapted mainly to grasslands, scrublands and forest areas. In India, it is found in various states like, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Description and breeding– Many times, people confuse between wolf and a fox due to its reddish- brown color. Even black color species of wolves have also been recorded in the Solapur District of Maharashtra. The size of the wolf is somewhere similar to the size of the German Shepherd. The mating process of wolves generally takes place September. They build several dens in the area and keep moving from one den to other to protect their young ones.
Status– It is supposed to be protected as an endangered species under Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act. But it is still hunted due to his attacks on livestock. The greatest threat to the survival of wolf is poisoning and huge habitat loss.
Human Interaction– Various stories of wolves are being told in India, like it steals small children but it is not the case. Even many times, in the movies the sound of wolf is shown as a symbol of fear. Hence even though it is protected, the story of hunting remains the same. | <urn:uuid:1e30e697-79ca-4ebf-9d58-118c6a13e1a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.planetuntamed.com/indian-wolf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.959056 | 323 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Q: Is it true that Connecticut was the first state to enact marriage laws with eugenic criteria prohibiting people with mental disabilities from marrying, and if so, when did the practice end? T.Y., Wethersfield
A: On July 4, 1895, the Connecticut General Assembly passed a law prohibiting any man or woman who was an "epileptic, imbecile or feeble-minded" from marrying or living together as husband or wife, provided that the woman was younger than 45.
Eugenics, a philosophy that believes the human race can be improved through medical and social engineering, was sweeping the nation. The law, the first of its kind in the U.S., was designed to prevent people with mental disabilities from bearing children, hence the provision regarding the woman's age. Forty-five was seen as the outer edge of a woman's child-bearing years.
The law carried stiff penalties: Any person convicted of violating it faced not less than three years in prison. And those who assisted the couple also faced sanctions, including a fine of $1,000, a one-year prison sentence, or both.
Another provision of the law barred sex with people with mental disabilities. "Every man who shall carnally know any female under the age of 45 who is epileptic, imbecile, feeble-minded or a pauper shall be imprisoned ... not less than three years," the law said. Women who had sex with epileptic men faced similar punishment.
The law was repealed by the legislature in 1967.
Sources: Office of Legislative Research, Connecticut State Library
The Courant can answer your statewide questions. Fax your question to 860-343-5220; mail it to Since You Asked, 373 E. Main St., Middletown, CT 06457, or e-mail it to firstname.lastname@example.org. Please include your name and hometown. Courant Staff Writer Daniela Altimari wrote this week's column. | <urn:uuid:93342e47-b442-42bc-8959-9bfe07c191ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2008-02-27-0802260467-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001138.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627115818-20190627141818-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.965479 | 408 | 2.953125 | 3 |
|Published 4,115 days ago|
Exercise caution when relying on candles to light homes
During the winter months, power outages tend to occur more frequently. Candles can light the way for residents without electricity, but most experts indicate that battery powered sources are safer. According to the National Fire Prevention Association, more than 15,000 home fires were started in the United States in 1999 by candles. Nearly 40 percent of the fires were started after the candles had been abandoned or left unattended in the residences.
|Related Articles |
Best viewed with Firefox | <urn:uuid:813630bc-8b77-480e-af60-8394c0c8d5cf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sunadvocate.com/index.php?tier=1&article_id=2292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00170-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967983 | 114 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw once said “We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for our future.” Although I agree in part, since the burdens of the present and the future are always prevalent, it is unforgiveable to shirk the past. Analyzing history and propping open that historical window to peep through can only aid in understanding the contemporary.
It is important to understand the stance of this article. It is not meant to stand as a piece of evidence negating the effects of people on the climate. It’s not a historical “it happened once before” argument to insinuate climate change is a moot point, because it is a roaring point. Since 1850, when the state stood 92,597 people strong, California has only increased in population. As the population grows, so does the expenditure of natural resources and the manipulation of the environment. An apples to apples comparison of the past with the contemporary is futile because of these factors.
Lake Oroville in northern California. July 2011 (top) and Sept. 2014 (bottom).
Drought is no stranger to California. In Kostigen’s National Geographic article, “Could California’s Drought Last 200 Years?” he discusses the dance of weather extremes that plagues the golden state. Several mega-droughts the state has previously faced were created by a shift in the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean—Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The flip-side of the weather coin from El Nino, PDO hinders precipitation and whisks the storms up north, rather than depositing them inland.
Our written record of California’s climate reach back 120 years or so—simply a blink in historical time. Some remember the drought of 1976-1977. Then, there were the dry years of 1987 to1992, and 1928 to 1934. There was a drought in 1580 AD, while Tintoretto was busy painting Danae and European map makers were still under the impression that California was an island. A drought occurred from 900 to 1400 AD during the medieval period—knowledge that can be deduced by examining tree rings, lake and ocean sediments and fossil records. Seashells can be found on the topmost areas of Californian desert mountains, evidence of water’s disappearance, and all the life that was fostered in that water.
Forests on the eastern Sierra lakes and creeks, in a study by Scott Stine of California State University regarding ancient cottonwoods in old lakebeds, sprouted and grew during two severe droughts, between 900 to 1100 and 1200 to 1350 and died when the rain returned and the area was re-flooded.
These droughts displaced indigenous people and caused mass migrations, in pursuit of water, animals and plants. The basic needs for survival are basic— they haven’t changed from the needs of the early pockets of early hunters and gathers. People were forced to move on to survive.
Leaving may seem like an illogical and impossible option for the most present-day and most populous state in the United States. During the dust bowl of the 1930’s, more than 500,000 people were displaced and left homeless, and this rocked the nation. The needs of the citizens became a great burden. Try the 38 million plus that now reside in California.
I am no scientist, but my thoughts lend me to believe that people’s carnivorous attitudes towards our natural resources can only act as a catalyst to these climate changes that may have once been a natural environmental cycle. The 38 million people utilizing the fresh water are not helping things along.
Aerial view of Corona lake in southern California. The fingers of land appearing show low water levels.
Some hypothesize that we are at the beginning of a mega-drought. Perhaps they are correct, or perhaps they simply have a hankering for “the end is near” signs. No one can predict the future, not even Doppler Radar, which rejects our hopes of rain with each sunshine-laden segment of the nightly news.
What we can do is look at the facts and decide that, short term, we are staring in the face of at least a six-year dry spell, when considering the droughts from 1987 to1992 and 1928 to 1934. On the long-term side–a century or two?
The survivalist early humans, the resourceful native populations, and the rough-and-tumble farmers of the dust bowl all had one thing in common: they looked towards the heavens each and every day. They knew about the weather’s happenings. Without water, the animals will move. Without water, the roots will dry up, the berries with shrivel. Without water, the crops will die and the topsoil will fly. It is yet to be seen if the current population of California has what it takes to wake up, shape up and realize. Our day-to-day reality does not require people to know about when the animals are moving higher into the mountains (or coming down from the mountains) for water, and very few are peering into their Farmer’s Almanacs. But at a fundamental level, we should be. Nature is knocking. | <urn:uuid:7b8bea3e-176e-4c83-a767-3394d0b3cc6d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://upstreamideas.org/californias-drought-something-of-the-past/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.961685 | 1,096 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Loma Plata (Menno Colony, Boquerón Department, Paraguay)
Loma Plata, Paraguay is the administrative, economic, and social center of Menno Colony (coordinates: 22° 23′ 0″ S, 59° 50′ 0″ W). Located on non-arable land, in 1937 it became the center of such cooperative enterprises as trade and industry, as well as the offices of the colony administration. It received its name from the Mennonite expedition which explored the Chaco for settlement possibilities in 1921. When the first settlers came in 1927-1928 a large preliminary camp of settlers was located at this place.
In 1988 ca. 2,000 people (550 families) lived in Loma Plata. Originally the central school served as worship center also, but in 1988 three large church buildings served as meeting places for the Menno Colony's multi-congregation church (Mennonitengemeinde) of ca. 1,500 members. The three congregations had choirs, music groups, women's organizations, youth clubs and youth work, and volleyball and football clubs, etc. A large elementary school and a high school with full national accreditation were also located here, as was a Bible school, agricultural school and a school for special purposes. The offices of the colony administration, security services, and agricultural bureau as well as a number of private enterprises including general stores, furniture establishments, an agricultural machinery factory, and various other enterprises were found in Loma Plata.
The producer-consumer cooperative of the colony was headquartered here. This included a cotton processing plant, an oil press, a power station, a plant converting wood to gas, a meat market, and a creamery processing ca. 70,000-80,000 liters (ca. 20,000 gallons) of milk daily. Loma Plata was also the location of a hotel, telephone and radio services, and a 45-bed hospital, including five doctors and a nursing school. Daily bus service to Asunción was maintained as was occasional air service. The colony museum and historical archives were also in Loma Plata. In 1988 ca. 430 Mennonites and 80 Indians were employed by the colony in these enterprises.
See also Filadelfia.
|Author(s)||Martin W Friesen|
Cite This Article
Friesen, Martin W. "Loma Plata (Menno Colony, Boquerón Department, Paraguay)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1988. Web. 24 Sep 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Loma_Plata_(Menno_Colony,_Boquer%C3%B3n_Department,_Paraguay)&oldid=102910.
Friesen, Martin W. (1988). Loma Plata (Menno Colony, Boquerón Department, Paraguay). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 24 September 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Loma_Plata_(Menno_Colony,_Boquer%C3%B3n_Department,_Paraguay)&oldid=102910.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:026e3d33-12e9-4271-8e69-01cd8945f2ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Loma_Plata_(Menno_Colony,_Boquer%C3%B3n_Department,_Paraguay) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689900.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924081752-20170924101752-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.950284 | 707 | 2.59375 | 3 |
about LIFE and Belief - why are we here?
Creation - the Bible's Big Bang Theory
“Creation: Big Bang theory, or what?”
Creation according to God? Or according to science?
Scientists talk about the 'Big Bang theory' of the appearance of the universe. How does the Big Bang theory compare with the Bible's description of creation?
'Big Bang', says Science...
The scientific approach says that in the beginning, before the universe appeared, there was nothing. And at some stage, there came the biggest 'Big Bang' ever: a tremendous explosion of energy, matter and, of course, light. There never was such an enormous explosion of light, either before or after this event.
In scientific terms, in the cosmology of Physics, the Big Bang theory states that that the universe appeared from nowhere as an extremely dense and hot state, about 13.7 billion years ago. This is based on observations indicating the expansion of space, as indicated by the Hubble red shift of distant galaxies, taken together with principles of cosmology.
If we extrapolate these observations into the past, they show that the universe exploded from a 'gravitational singularity' - the tiniest pinpoint of the most extreme density and temperature (as predicted by general relativity) which contained all the matter and energy of the entire universe.
What scientists cannot explain is "Why?"
'Let there be Light', says the Bible
We can read this in the very beginning of the Jewish scriptures
and the Christian Bible, in a book called Genesis. Here are the words
from the New International Version,
'In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day.'
How should we interpret this?
The word Genesis in Hebrew: בראשית, and in Greek: Γένεσις, have the meanings of "birth", "creation", "cause", "beginning", "source" and "origin". Genesis is the first book of the Torah, the first book of the Tanakh and also the first book of the Christian Old Testament. Jewish tradition considers it to have been written by Moses, so it is sometimes also called The First Book of Moses.
Bible scholars generally agree that Moses wrote Genesis under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, during the forty years that the children of Israel wandered in the wilderness (1450 - 1410 BC). This society of semi-nomadic herdsmen lived in that region, in a period that we would call the late bronze age, just entering the iron age. This ties in with descriptions in the Old Testament that refer to bronze, copper, iron, etc.
So, how would God describe the stages of His creation to semi-nomadic herdsmen?
How would you?
The concept of counting in 'hundreds' appears in Genesis 6; the concept of 'thousands' does not appear until Genesis 20. So, how would you explain to bronze-age man the concept of 13.7 billion years? (Can you even imagine it yourself?) Around 3,400 years ago, we would explain creation in "stages" or "phases", so that the listeners could understand; we would probably call them 'days'.
And what is time, to God?
In the New Testament, 2 Peter 3:8 says this, "But do not forget this one thing, dear friends: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day.' "
Try this: If each day of that thousand years is another thousand years, that works out to one of God's days being 365 million years. Repeat the process and you have ten times the scientific age of the universe.
The message for us here is, don't get hung up on God's timescales being the same as ours. Think of it like this: God's days are as long as He decides they will be. He might be looking at our 24-hour day, or his own heavenly timescale of what a "day" is: an aeon, a large period of time. So we don't have to think of creation as being seven, earthly 24-hour days. Think of it as seven of God's really big days, explained to bronze-age man, and you'll get the picture.
Some people get hung up on "And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day" - therefore it was a twenty-four hour day. But the problem with that is, how do we know when it is morning or evening? Why, that's when the sun rises and sets. But the sun wasn't created until day 4, so that just doesn't explain it. Therefore it is symbolic or poetic use of language, not literal.
Remember, the Bible is about God's relationship with man, not a scientific text book. God gave us brains, minds, intellect, intelligence to discover and work out how His creation hangs together. We don't have to create intellectual suicide to be good Christians.
The Bible's Big Bang theory: The First Day of Creation
So the first 'day', the first stage of creation was "Let there be light". And there was the biggest blaze of light the universe has ever seen, in the massive explosion of the Big Bang. What a wonderful description; what a wonderful picture the Big Bang event creates in the mind's eye!
Big Bang and Scientists
I am a scientist; I studied Physics, Electronics and Control
Engineering at four universities. And I have no problem with reconciling
the story of creation as read in the Bible, with the scientific Big
Bang theory. To me, they are the same thing.
More and more scientists are coming to the conclusion that there must be a creator God.
Scenario: Suppose you are a scientist, like me. How would you explain the scientific story to semi-nomadic, uneducated, mostly illiterate tribesmen in the semi-desert regions of Maasailand in Kenya today? Until recent times, they couldn't count beyond their fingers and toes. (I have been there on an evangelistic mission and met these wonderful people.) Wouldn't you explain the scientific creation story in pretty much the same way that God does in the Bible?
Big Bang: something to think about
1: Science explains what happened - they call it the Big Bang theory; but science cannot explain why creation came about, nor where it all came from.
2: The Bible tells us that God decided to create, and He did. It's the same story as science, but it explains the "why?" and the "where from?" And so, here we are today.
Life on Earth
“Science can only discover what God has brought about”
Some fundamentalist Christians think that the earth was created about six or seven thousand years ago.
But read this, from Professor Bob White, Physicist:
"Bob, how old is Planet Earth?"
"The Earth is 4,566 million years old, give or take ten million years. The simplest way of dating the recent past is to count tree rings. We can go back more than 8,000 years by counting them. Counting annual ice layers in the Antarctic takes us back more than 700,000 years. For older rocks we use more than forty different radiometric decay systems. These give us coherent calculations of the age of ancient rocks and of the planet itself. The oldest life on Earth that we know of is about 3.5 billion years old."
"Counting tree rings is one thing. But how do scientists date the universe?"
"The technique depends on a mixture of observations and models.
One way is to use the microwave background that was created at the
Big Bang and observe how it is distributed. From that, you can tell
how long the universe has been expanding, and hence its age. Current
calculations suggest that, give or take a few percent, the universe
is about 13.7 billion years old.
We reach about 100,000 people a year. Please support the work of eThoughts by providing a link from your web site to your favourite eThoughts page. Many thanks, and every blessing to you.
"In the beginning, God..." | <urn:uuid:41f583f5-46f6-4c5b-a55f-165228585dbe> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.ethoughts.org/big_bang.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662197.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00236-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956883 | 1,797 | 3.21875 | 3 |
|The distribution of nickel in the west-Atlantic Ocean, its relationship with phosphate and a comparison to cadmium and zinc|Middag, R.; De Baar, H.J.W.; Bruland, K.W.; van Heuven, S.M.A.C. (2020). The distribution of nickel in the west-Atlantic Ocean, its relationship with phosphate and a comparison to cadmium and zinc. Front. Mar. Sci. 7(article 105). https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105
In: Frontiers in Marine Science. Frontiers Media: Lausanne. ISSN 2296-7745, meer
GEOTRACES GA02; dissolved nickel; dissolved cadmium; dissolved zinc; west Atlantic
|Auteurs|| || Top |
- Middag, R., meer
- De Baar, H.J.W., meer
- Bruland, K.W.
- van Heuven, S.M.A.C.
Nickel (Ni) is a bio-essential element required for the growth of phytoplankton. It is the least studied bio-essential element, mainly because surface ocean Ni concentrations are never fully depleted and Ni is not generally considered to be a limiting factor. However, stimulation of growth after Ni addition has been observed in past experiments when seemingly ample ambient dissolved Ni was present, suggesting not all dissolved Ni is bio-available. This study details the distribution of Ni along the GEOTRACES GA02 Atlantic Meridional section. Concentrations of Ni were lowest in the surface ocean and the lowest observed concentration of 1.7 nmol kg–1 was found in the northern hemisphere (NH). The generally lower surface concentrations in the NH subtropical gyre compared to the southern hemisphere (SH), might be related to a greater Ni uptake by nitrogen fixers that are stimulated by iron (Fe) deposition. The distribution of Ni resembles the distribution of cadmium (Cd) and also features a so called kink (change in the steepness of slope) in the Ni-PO4 relationship. Like for Cd, this is caused by the mixing of Nordic and Antarctic origin water masses. The overall distribution of Ni is driven by mixing with an influence of regional remineralization. This influence of remineralization is, with a maximum remineralization contribution of 13% of the highest observed concentration, smaller than for Cd (30%), but larger than for zinc (Zn; 6%). The uptake pattern in the formation regions of Antarctic origin water masses is suggested to be more similar to Zn than to Cd, however, the surface concentrations of Ni are never fully depleted. This results in a North Atlantic concentration distribution of Ni where the trends of increasing and decreasing concentrations between water masses are similar to those observed for Cd, but the actual concentrations as well as the uptake and remineralization patterns are different between these elements. | <urn:uuid:b8cd3d12-623d-4511-9b37-bbef77c62fa3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://imis.nioz.nl/imis.php?module=ref&refid=322370 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.897701 | 661 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The primary hazards to avoid when using a generator are carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning from the toxic engine exhaust, electric shock or electrocution, and fire. Follow the directions supplied with the generator. (Learn more about carbon monoxide poisoning.)
- To avoid electrocution, keep the generator dry and do not use in rain or wet conditions. Operate it on a dry surface under an open canopy-like structure, such as under a tarp held up on poles. Do not touch the generator with wet hands.
- Be sure to turn the generator off and let it cool down before refueling. Gasoline spilled on hot engine parts could ignite.
- Store fuel for the generator in an approved safety can. Use the type of fuel recommended in the instructions or on the label on the generator.
Local laws may restrict the amount of fuel you may store, or the storage location. Ask your local fire department.
Store the fuel outside of living areas in a locked shed or other protected area. To guard against accidental fire, do not store it near a fuel-burning appliance, such as a natural gas water heater in a garage.
- Plug appliances directly into the generator, or use a heavy duty, outdoor-rated extension cord that is rated (in watts or amps) at least equal to the sum of the connected appliance loads.
Check that the entire cord is free of cuts or tears and that the plug has all three prongs, especially a grounding pin.
- Never try to power the house wiring by plugging the generator into a wall outlet. Known as “backfeeding,” this practice puts utility workers, your neighbors and your household at risk of electrocution.
- Remember, even a properly connected portable generator can become overloaded, resulting in overheating or generator failure. Be sure to read the instructions.
- If necessary, stagger the operating times for various equipment to prevent overloads. | <urn:uuid:fd09887b-8e6b-4e04-9c70-4192599b42d1> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://calfireslo.org/generator-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.904362 | 394 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Interesting, but in some ways horrifying - the hidden world of microbes teeming around us. With new techniques such as genetic sequencing we now know that at least a couple of thousand different species live in our water pipes in biofilms (concentrated microbial communities) that coat our water pipes. About eighty thousand bacteria per milliliter are in our drinking water, with one glass of clean drinking water containing ten million bacteria! And same as with microbes in human bodies, researchers think that a number of these bacteria and other microbes are beneficial and actually help purify the water. From Science Daily:
Researchers from Lund University in Sweden have discovered that our drinking water is to a large extent purified by millions of "good bacteria" found in water pipes and purification plants. So far, the knowledge about them has been practically non-existent, but this new research is about to change that.
A glass of clean drinking water actually contains ten million bacteria! But that is as it should be -- clean tap water always contains harmless bacteria. These bacteria and other microbes grow in the drinking water treatment plant and on the inside of our water pipes, which can be seen in the form of a thin, sticky coating -- a so-called biofilm. All surfaces from the raw water intake to the tap are covered in this biofilm.
Findings by researchers in Applied Microbiology and Water Resources Engineering show that the diversity of species of bacteria in water pipes is huge, and that bacteria may play a larger role than previously thought. Among other things, the researchers suspect that a large part of water purification takes place in the pipes and not only in water purification plants.
"A previously completely unknown ecosystem has revealed itself to us. Formerly, you could hardly see any bacteria at all and now, thanks to techniques such as massive DNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we suddenly see eighty thousand bacteria per millilitre in drinking water," says researcher Catherine Paul enthusiastically.
At least a couple of thousand different species live in the water pipes. According to the researchers there is a connection between the composition of bacteria and water quality."We suspect there are 'good' bacteria that help purify the water and keep it safe -- similar to what happens in our bodies. Our intestines are full of bacteria, and most the time when we are healthy, they help us digest our food and fight illness, says Catherine Paul.
Although the research was conducted in southern Sweden, bacteria and biofilms are found all over the world, in plumbing, taps and water pipes. This knowledge will be very useful for countries when updating and improving their water pipe systems."The hope is that we eventually may be able to control the composition and quality of water in the water supply to steer the growth of 'good' bacteria that can help purify the water even more efficiently than today," says Catherine Paul. | <urn:uuid:73dc7151-ca22-49e6-97fd-8f11cf2e422e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://lactobacto.com/2015/12/18/millions-of-bacteria-in-our-water-and-water-pipes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488534413.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623042426-20210623072426-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.952669 | 579 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What is the 11 Plus ?
The 11 Plus or 11+ is an exam taken by students usually in their final year of primary school (Year 6). It is usually set by Grammar schools who use it to select students for admissions in Year 7.
What does the 11 Plus involve?
The 11 Plus exams usually involve the following tests which are sat by students who attend an exam session at the Grammar school they are applying for:
Creative Writing and Spelling for some schools
Where can I find out more about the 11 Plus ?
Our branch managers will be able to answer most of your questions regarding 11 plus tuition. However, if you want to find out more ask you can also ask your child’s current school, your Local Education Authority, the Grammar or Independent Schools whose selective tests your child will be sitting, and there are many resources online sources of information too.
What teaching methods do you use to prepare students for the 11 Plus ?
We offer focused 11 plus tuition in order to prepare children for sitting the Grammar School entry exams. We prefer to keep to small class sizes, especially for verbal reasoning and non-verbal reasoning lessons as often children will not have experience of this style of question before. This also allows our teachers to pay close attention to each pupil’s needs and address their strengths and weaknesses as they progress through the preparation material. It also allows the students increased exposure to the 11 plus course material and resources.
The Axis 11 Plus teaching model is as follows:
Asses current ability
Master the subject
Enhance core skills
Boost exam performance
Along with face to face teaching, we employ a range of tests to help get students exam ready and boost exam performance, these are supplemented by online learning tools that we offer to all our 11 Plus students. Some of our centres also arrange 11 Plus booster sessions over holiday periods. Please just contact us if you would like more details on when the next one will be.
Here are just a few students (and the schools that they got in to) that we have helped with our 11 Plus programme in earlier years:
Rehab M. (North London Grammar School)
Sara H. (North London Grammar School)
Soe Y. (The Latymer School)
Benjamin T. (The Latymer School)
Sean L. (The Latymer School)
Emily L. (Henrietta Barnett School)
Ayesha M. (Chigwell School)
Berkay K. (St. Aloysius College)
Michael B. (Hymers College)
Ilayda I. (Hymers College)
Samara (St Michaels Grammar School)
Joanna (St Michaels Grammar School)
“Hi, Joanna (my daughter) got through to St Michael’s school. Thank you for all your help.”
Jialin Katie (The Latymer School)
“Hi, Katie got a place in Latymer and she is very happy. We thank you very much for the help and hard work, couldn’t have done this without Axis. Thanks, Weiping (Katie’s mum)”
Henry (Ilford County and Latymer) He has chosen Ilford County.
Jenny (Woodford County) However she didn’t go to Woodford County due to personal circumstances.
Sujaya (Woodford County)
Oscar (The Latymer School)
Jain (North London Grammar School) However she didn’t go to this school due to personal circumstances.
Note: Although some of our hardworking and successful students scored really high they couldn’t get in due to cut off mark which are sometimes only a few points away 🙁
We are currently contacting parents to learn about this year’s results so more students will be added as soon as we reach them!
North London 11 Plus – Important Dates – Last Updated on 25 May, 2018
South London 11 Plus – Important Dates
Some of our centres also arrange special 11 Plus booster sessions over holiday periods. These courses allow for intensive exam practice and tuition over a number of days, in order to help get students exam ready. to Please just contact us if you would like more details on when the next one will be. | <urn:uuid:59647721-6901-4dc4-adb1-59efbd90e01e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.tuitioncentres.org/11_plus_tuition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390755.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526081547-20200526111547-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.942623 | 901 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The crisp autumn air that so delights our senses is cleaner today than it has been in decades, according to a report recently issued by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. This welcome news is yet another reminder that prognosticators of eco-catastrophe are off the mark.
The annual air quality report consolidates a year’s worth of monitoring across the state of six "criteria" pollutants designated by the federal Clean Air Act. The law established standards for the maximum permissible concentrations of the pollutants, and federal regulators track states’ compliance. The criteria pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulate matter.
The report shows that air pollution levels in Michigan continued to decline in 2005 due to emissions reductions from vehicles, fuels, power plants and manufacturers. Four of the criteria pollutants — carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide — registered "well below" the federal standard, according to the report.
Levels of ozone and particulate matter also declined last year, although Michigan is technically out of compliance for these pollutants. Although all counties in the state had previously met the ozone standard, stricter rules imposed in 2004 resulted in the reclassification of 25 Michigan counties (as well as some 500 others nationwide). The state Department of Environmental Quality has since requested that 16 counties be redesignated in compliance for ozone.
Seven counties in Southeast Michigan also have been designated by the EPA as out of compliance for particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers in diameter and less. But on Feb. 22, 2005, officials of the DEQ submitted documentation to the EPA demonstrating that the counties of Livingston, Oakland, Macomb, Monroe, St. Clair and Washtenaw are, in fact, in attainment. Only Wayne County remains out of compliance, according to the report.
Summaries of the good news are as follows:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Emissions of carbon monoxide have been reduced by 20 percent since 1990. As of mid-1999, the entire state has been in attainment for CO. Motor vehicles, including trucks and motorcycles, account for 69 percent of CO emissions in the state. Another 28 percent is emitted from aircraft, marine vessels, trains and off-road two- and four-stroke engines. Michigan’s industries contribute only 2 percent of the total.
The average air quality concentration of lead is now 94 percent lower than in 1983. There are no longer any major sources of lead in Michigan, and the average ambient levels are less than one-tenth of the federal standard. Much of this reduction is attributed to the removal of alkylated lead from gasoline.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
The ambient concentrations of NO2 in Michigan are less than half of the federal standard. All areas in Michigan have been in attainment for NO2 since 1978.
All Michigan counties are currently in attainment for the original federal ozone standard. When data for Michigan’s ozone monitoring sites is averaged for the 2003-2005 period, there are a total of 24 sites out of 27 that either met or fell below the newer, more restrictive standard. This marks a significant improvement from the 2001-2003 period, when only four sites met the tougher standard.
All areas of Michigan are in attainment for particulate matter measuring between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). State data also indicate that only Wayne County is in nonattainment for particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Nationwide, the largest source of SO2 is coal-burning power plants. Most of the coal burned in Michigan contains low amounts of sulfur. Levels of sulfur dioxide in Michigan have consistently registered well below the federal standard.
Significant improvements in air quality have also been achieved beyond Michigan’s borders. Nationwide, over the past 20 years, ambient air concentrations of lead have plummeted 94 percent; carbon monoxide 57 percent; sulfur dioxide 50 percent and nitrogen oxides 25 percent. All this despite a near doubling of vehicle miles traveled, as well as substantial growth in the nation’s gross national product.
That hardly sounds like a nation on the verge of ecological collapse.
Diane S. Katz is director of science, environment and technology policy at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a research and educational institute headquartered in Midland, Mich. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided that the author and the Center are properly cited. | <urn:uuid:7b8a88a8-b962-4ceb-9cce-c105aec7dae7> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=7966 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453656.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00058-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936352 | 930 | 2.75 | 3 |
Two Herpetologists Tell Us Why We Need A Week for Turtles
Posted On: 05-27-2019
No major lab, institute or organisation in India currently works dedicatedly on freshwater turtle and tortoise research, so these two independent turtle biologists started a one-of-a-kind citizen science project to fill this lacuna and share their love for these animals.
Sneha Dharwadkar (left) and Anuja Mital (right) on the field.
By Sneha Dharwadkar and Anuja Mital
Picture a turtle.
It’s likely that the first thing that came to your mind was an animal with its body covered by a shell. Perhaps it had long flippers, a grinning face, and was swimming peacefully in the ocean, eating jellyfish all day. While these sea turtles that most people imagine are truly adorable, we want to talk about a group of equally lovable species that do not live in the ocean. World Turtle Day is celebrated on May 23rd every year, and we have dedicated this month specially to the freshwater turtles and tortoises of India.
Let’s talk turtles!
Freshwater turtles, as their name indicates, prefer a multitude of freshwater sources from rivers, ponds, streams to even sewage tanks! Their bodies have evolved to live in a variety of habitats with the most astonishing array of features such as protruding snouts, soft leathery skin on their shells, and brightly coloured shell patterns of some tortoises. While marine turtles have flippers instead of limbs, freshwater turtles have digits on their limbs, some of them fully webbed. While all turtles prefer some kind of aquatic habitat, tortoises are terrestrial animals. Their shells are more domed and harder compared to turtles. Their limbs are also thick and elephant-like, evolved to walk on the earth.
Turtles and tortoises serve as a critical component of a food web. Freshwater turtles keep the water bodies clean of dead and decaying matter as many of the species are scavengers. Some species of turtles and most tortoises are herbivores or omnivores who help keep the algal blooms in check as well as in seed dispersals! A healthy freshwater ecosystem is incomplete without a turtle.
Turtles and tortoises are also known as Chelonians. The shell of the turtle is a part of its skeleton fused together. Contrary to what many cartoons may show, a turtle (or tortoise) cannot get in and out of its skeleton whenever it pleases. Instead, most turtles and tortoises when threatened, retract their head and limbs into their shell and are safe within a split second! A very cosy home indeed.
India’s rich turtle heritage
India is known to be a mega-biodiverse country, and when it comes to turtles, it continues to amaze. India has 24 species of freshwater turtles, four species of tortoises and five species of marine turtles; it is home to some of the richest turtle hotspots, across north and northeast India. Assam alone harbours 21 species of turtles and tortoises making it the most biodiverse turtle hotspot of the world! Interestingly though, the three species endemic to India, are restricted to rich forested areas of peninsular India and are found nowhere else in the world. The endemic Kerala forest cane turtle and the Travancore tortoise is restricted to southern and central Western Ghats, while the Leith’s softshell turtle is found in the Deccan peninsula.
Despite the diversity and charismatic nature of turtles, they have been so neglected that we don’t know their basic natural history well. Throughout India, the major ecological studies on them can be counted on the tips of our fingers. Sadly, so can the number of turtle biologists, past and present included. People who study herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) called herpetologists or ‘herpers’, rarely ever focus on freshwater chelonians. Their marine counterparts get a lot of fame and glory (and often, funds), that their freshwater counterparts have never known.
Building blocks of citizen science
We started the Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises of India (FTTI) user group on the India Biodiversity Portal (IBP) website, as a means to popularise the ignored turtles and tortoises of India. Both of us are turtle biologists, currently working independently, as no major lab, institute or organisation in India currently works dedicatedly on freshwater turtle research. It began as just a desperate desire to share our love for these animals and has now culminated into India’s only citizen science project on freshwater turtles and tortoises. This one-of-a-kind group has dedicated species pages on all the 28 species in India. Anyone can be a user and can post their pictures to get help on the identification of species. We know now that photos are powerful documentation tools, and accompanied with location details and date of sighting, are a treasure trove of information. As May 23 is celebrated as World Turtle Day every year, we decided to launch a ‘Turtle Spotting Week 2019’ campaign to celebrate! It began on 17 May 2019 and through this campaign, we aim to motivate photographers and citizens to post their pictures on the IBP website or through the Android mobile app. This year, we complete three years of the group with over 220 observations till date from across the country.
We didn’t stop there! To popularise citizen science and provide a platform for turtle researchers and collectives, we started a Facebook page as well. Through the Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises of India page, we also aim to reach out to the general public with interesting turtle facts, information and pictures of turtles they’ve never seen before. We tackle issues such as illegal trade, news updates and current research. The biggest response we get is from people who are shocked to know such beautiful looking turtles exist in this country!
Race against time
We are decades behind in research, awareness and conservation of this group of freshwater turtles, compared to other vertebrate taxa in India. As not much is known about the natural history of most species, management strategies are inadequate, outdated, and to make matters worse the illegal trade of turtles is growing at an unprecedented rate.
Each year, thousands of turtles are illegally smuggled out of the country, often in terribly inhumane ways, stuffed in tiny gunny bags for months on end. Softshell freshwater turtles end up in illegal markets where they are sold and devoured by the end of the day. Many species are protected under the law but few forest officials can even identify turtle species. Little to none training is given to forest officials on how to handle confiscations of illegal turtles and tortoises. Moreover, there isn’t enough information on strategies to rehabilitate them back to the wild. There is very little time left until the end of these species.
To continuing turtle tales…
Through FTTI on Facebook, we hope to build a strong network of turtle experts in different fields ranging from researchers to zookeepers, veterinarians, forest officials and law experts, who can work together in the future beyond the virtual space. The page reaches out to a diverse audience via not only posts on relevant research in the field but also through memes.
Are you a biologist looking for research articles or a palaeontologist interested in turtle fossils? Join us on Facebook, we have got it all! And while Turtle Spotting Week ended on May 23, our citizen science-ing will always go on! Do you have any turtle or tortoise pictures to share? Go on and post it on the India Biodiversity Portal today!
Sneha and Anuja are two herpetologists on a mission to study and save the freshwater turtles of India. | <urn:uuid:eac6878b-df2d-4589-8352-b11b132d6204> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://thelifeofscience.com/tm/2019/05/27/two-herpetologists-tell-us-why-we-need-a-week-for-turtlestwo-herpetologists-tell-us-why-we-need-a-week-for-turtles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541309137.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215173718-20191215201718-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.95142 | 1,618 | 3.5625 | 4 |
What does prestige mean?
Definitions for prestige
This dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word prestige.
a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.
"he wanted to achieve power and prestige"
Delusion; illusion; trick.
The quality of how good the reputation of something or someone is, how favourably something or someone is regarded
Oxford has a university of very high prestige.
delusion; illusion; trick
weight or influence derived from past success; expectation of future achievements founded on those already accomplished; force or charm derived from acknowledged character or reputation
Etymology: [F., fr. L. praestigum delusion, illusion, praestigae deceptions, jugglers' tricks, prob. fr. prae before + the root of stinguere to extinguish, originally, to prick. See Stick, v.]
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
pres-tēzh′, or pres′tij, n. influence arising from past conduct or from reputation. [Fr.,—L. præstigium, delusion—præstinguĕre, to deceive.]
Song lyrics by prestige -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by prestige on the Lyrics.com website.
The numerical value of prestige in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
The numerical value of prestige in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
Examples of prestige in a Sentence
despite the prestige, power, and wealth of pharaoh, he did not eat Arowana at lunch, and his wife did not swim by Louis Vuitton bikini in the Nile .
The prestige of the burial makes this very likely a socially sanctioned union and speaks of a hierarchy so extreme that the only partners worthy of the elite were family members.
Kim does not want to look too dependent on Washington, Beijing and Seoul, as for Russia, the Putin-Kim summit will reaffirm Moscow's place as a major player on the Korean Peninsula. This meeting is important for Russian international prestige.
I think that they are eager to boost their prestige -- not just the prestige of their country, but also their personal prestige globally and domestically, (When) they put their country on display, they put their own sort of personal clout and power on display.
Without a complex knowledge of one’s place and without the faithfulness to one’s place on which such knowledge depends, it is inevitable that the place will be used carelessly, and eventually destroyed. Without such knowledge and faithfulness, moreover, the culture of a country will be superficial and decorative, functional only insofar as it may be a symbol of prestige, the affectation of an elite or “in” group.
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Translations for prestige
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- το κύροςGreek
- پرستیژ, اعتبارPersian
- maine, arvovaltaFinnish
- 名誉, 威信Japanese
- prestige, aanzienDutch
- престиж, авторитетRussian
- anseende, prestigeSwedish
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You need to be logged in to favorite. | <urn:uuid:0c283434-ac3c-4e68-b1a9-8da567fc7bb1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.definitions.net/definition/prestige | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.809639 | 1,674 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Freud - Aim/M&P/Results/Findings (2)
Report the findings of the treatment of a 5 year old boy for his phobia of horses; Freud used a longitudinal case study to investigate Little Hans' phobia. The case study was carried out by Hans' father who was a supporter of Freud. Freud only met Hans once. Hans' father reported via correspondence which Freud interpreted subjectively. Hans was 3 and had an active interest with his "widdler" (Penis) and also those of other people. E.g. he asked his mum if she had a widdler and throughout this period the main theme of Hans fantasies and dreams was "widdlers" and "widdling". His mum told him if he didn't stop touching his widdler, she'd call the doctor who would cut it off. When Hans was 5, Hans' father wrote to Freud saying he was scared of horses, saying they want to bite him and he was also scared of the horses large penis. Hans told his father of a dream/fantasy he had where there was a big giraffe (Hans' dad) and a crumpled one (Hans' mother), and the big one called out because he took the crumpled one away. Freud interpreted this as the morning exchanges in the parental bed. Hans liked getting in his parents bed but his dad didn't like it. Freud and the father believed the long giraffe neck was a "symbol" for the large adult penis. When Hans met Freud, he said he didn't like horses with the black bits around the mouth to which Freud interpreted the horse as a "symbol" for Hans' father as the black bits were representative of Hans' fathers moustache. Hans' was scared of horses falling over. Freud asked Hans' through a series of leading questions to help Hans with his phobia e.g. Freud: "When the horse fell did you think of your dad?" Hans: "Yes, perhaps". Hans' fear of horses declined and Freud believed the 2 final fantasies marked a change in Hans and lead to a resolution of his conflicts and anxieties. 1st, Hans married to his mum, and he was playing with his children. In this fantasy Hans' father was promoted to grandfather. 2nd, he said a plumber came and removed his bottom and widdler and give him a larger one of each. | <urn:uuid:58f94066-526a-4d9a-900b-e81ed965ace3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/ocr_psychology_core_studies_freud_2_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993859 | 492 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Shortage of donors for organ transplants has been a problem and the scientists have been working to perfect techniques to utilize the animal organs in humans.
Blood vessels, tendons and bladders are expected to be used after a break through in transplant surgery. Scientists have overcome the problem of rejection which was coming in the way of using animal tissues in humans.
The procedure involves stripping the animal tissue of its cells by a chemical treatment; this gives a biological scaffold which can be fitted in the human body. As the animal cells have been removed from the part when this is implanted the immune system does not get triggered to reject it. On the other hand, the patient’s own cells will grow into it to create a new tissue. Since the patient’s own cells have filled the scaffold to create the tissue, it would not get rejected and the tissue will be able to regenerate and last longer.
Surgeons have been able to transplant heart valves from pigs into patients for more than a decade but they have a limited life span as they don’t get populated with patient’s own cells and they require replacements within 10 years. With the new technique, the valves can grow with the patient as if they are part of the original heart.
The process of transplantation of organs from one species to another, xenotransplantation is expected to ease the situation. With the increasing shortage of donors, the use of animal organs may be the only hope for patients suffering from heart failure.
The danger of animal virus crossing over and infecting humans is another problem area which needs serious consideration. Scientists fear that not only the patient may get infected with animal virus but the virus may undergo change in the human body and may become more dangerous and spread to the population at large.
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- Scar Tissue Pain After Heart Surgery | <urn:uuid:aa6a2192-a971-437d-bbe3-6cf357e5786d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://rocketswag.com/medicine/transplant/heart-transplant/Heart-Transplant-From-Animals-To-Humans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887849.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119085553-20180119105553-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.924869 | 459 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Impact of Climate Change on the Adaptation of Plant Species in Western Himalaya
By: Dr. Sanjay Kumar*
The Himalaya Mountain is among the most prominent bio-geographical entities that separates Indian subcontinent from Tibetan Plateau. Evolved during the Cenozoic era, Himalaya covers a total area of 750,000 km2 in an arc of about 2400 kilometers in length to wrap northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and the northern and eastern parts of India. The Himalaya harbors 33,050 km2 of glaciers that give rise to at least eight largest river systems including Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra and hence this mountain is also known as “water tower of Asia”. This mountain system is home to about 25,000 species of plants (~10% of the world's total) and acts as ‘sink’ for carbon dioxide through its green and the forest cover. Himalaya in India covers an area of 0.537 million km2 with a width of 250-300 km. Importantly, Himalaya houses 13 of the 825 ecoregions of the world. The Himalayan ecosystem in India supports about 50% of the total flowering plants of which 30% flora is endemic to the region. There are about 816 tree species, 675 edibles and nearly 1743 species of medicinal value found in the Indian Himalayan region. Within Indian region, Himalaya is classified into three major zones: western Himalaya (encompasses administrative boundaries of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and part of Uttarakhand), central Himalaya (comprises of hills of Uttarakhand) and eastern Himalaya (represented in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling). Western Himalaya has two distinct regions. One region has typical mountainous zones consisting of valleys, mid and high mountainous zone, whereas the other region is trans Himalayan zone that houses cold deserts (in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir).
Climate change is impacting the mountain ecosystems including Himalaya, by affecting water resources and vegetation. One of the most evident consequences of climate change is warming that is a major driver ecosystem change. For example, global warming of 1°C to 2 °C might shift southern boundary in Siberia northward and shrink the areas occupied by tundra and forest/tundra in Eurasia from 20 to 4%. Warming of Himalaya was estimated to be @ 0.04ºC–0.09ºC/year wherein Regional Climate Model did suggest the largest warming at highest altitudes in Himalaya. Meteorological data showed a rise of about 1.6°C in air temperature during the century wherein minimum temperature increased at a slower pace as compared to the maximum temperature. Precipitation showed a significant decreasing trend in monsoon precipitation in northwestern Himalaya though winter precipitation indicated an increasing but statistically insignificant trend. Increase in air temperature was possibly a reason for decreasing winter snowfall in some portions of Pir Panjal Range. Plant adaptation studies assume central importance in Himalaya, since vegetation in the region has limited migratory zones; any adverse change in climate might lead to extinction of species, more so since some of the species are at the edge of their spatial distribution.
A change in climate affects plant performance directly and also indirectly by affecting the other associated abiotic and biotic factors. For example, increased air and soil temperature would reduce plant duration, increase the rate of respiration, modulate the pest population dynamics, affect nutrient mineralization in soils, alter nutrient-use efficiencies, increase evapo-transpiration, and affect organic matter transformations in soil and so on. Some interesting questions under the climate change scenario are: which group of plants C3 or C4, will perform better? How the nitrogen fixers versus nitrogen fixers would behave? Will tree species be benefit more and affect the performance of under-story species due to restriction in radiations? Several studies suggested alteration in genetic diversity and species richness towards desirable biospheric properties that would lead to increase in the niche security. A few studies showed exudation of organic matter into the soil leading to stimulation of useful microbes. Such studies in Himalayan zone lead to important conclusions.
High altitude environment is often considered akin to that of preindustrial era and hence, though not in very strict sense, studies along altitudinal gradient would serve interesting site to study the impact of climate change on plant performance and response.
Enhancing CO2 uptake the nature’s way: a solution under climate change scenario
One of the major concerns under the climate change scenario is on how to sequester more CO2 in the high CO2 environment and what role the plants could play and how? Low partial pressure of CO2 at high altitude offer clues. Photosynthesis is one of the major components of carbon sequestration pathway and hence, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency is at least one of the major routes for enhancing carbon sequestration. Interestingly, photosynthesis rate does not exhibit significant alteration with change in altitude in spite of changes in partial pressure of gases. This suggested modulation in photosynthetic metabolism at different altitudes. Radiotracer studies coupled to biochemical and physiological analyses showed that C3 plants recruited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) and a few more enzymes along with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to capture more CO2 at low partial pressure of high altitude. Also, such an efficient carbon fixation mechanism would contribute to compensate for the relatively short growing period of the plants at high altitudes. Using the tools of molecular biology, it is possible to transfer the mechanism in crop plants for enhancing CO2 and it might lead to higher carbon sequestration.
Alleviating the oxidative stress
Global warming and regional cooling are inevitable under the climate change scenarios. Therefore, intense efforts are directed to dissect the temperature responsive plant processes with the possibility to manipulate the processes in desired plant species. Series of publications showed a negative correlation between the level of oxidative stress and plant growth; the species which experienced lesser oxidative stress, exhibited better growth under the harsh climatic conditions. Particularly, the enzymes such as glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were identified to be important. Further studies using plants growing at higher elevations (~4500m amsl) yielded a highly efficient SOD that tolerated very high temperature (~121°C) and functioned from sub-zero temperature to >40°C. Crystal structure of the enzyme showed it to be the most compact amongst the reported SODs. The said SOD improved the performance of arabidopsis and potato under drought and salt-stressed conditions, at least by enhancing lignifications of vascular tissues.
Rise in leaf temperature during drought is usual when the leaf temperature can be as high as 45-50°C in the extreme cases. Under such situations production of superoxide radical is to be expected. Since SOD scavenges superoxide radical, there is a need to have the enzyme that would be stable at these temperatures for reasonable periods. Therefore, a SOD was engineered by replacing one amino acid at targeted position to obtain a highly thermostable protein. The engineered SOD in transgenic plants will confer tolerance to abiotic stresses including high temperature and drought, which are the most prevalent cues during climate change.
A multi-pronged approach for tolerance to environmental cues
There are efforts to develop plants tolerant to environmental cues or insensitive to climate change. This requires knowledge on transferable genetic machinery. The preceding discussion offered targeted approach, which at times, offers limited tolerance to plants against stresses. Hence efforts are being made for a holistic approach to address the problem. Since plants growing in high altitude are exposed to very “harsh” environment, these provided insight into the adaptive mechanisms for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Such plants have evolved strategies to express: (i) a battery of genes such as those encoding chaperons to protect the metabolic machinery, and (ii) modulate the genes that permit growth and development under stress conditions. Therefore, either suitable transcription factor(s) regulating the expression of target genes or co-expression of multiple genes would be desirable for such manipulations under the control of a vector with suitable regulatory elements involving promoters.
A comprehensive knowledge on the responses of Himalayan flora to climate change parameters is crucial not only to strategize conservation policies, but also for bio prospecting activities. There is a need to establish appropriate infrastructure such as artificial rain plots, and series of meterological stations in the region. Efforts on monitoring changes in the past and future will be rewarding. An integrated approach encompassing the fields of ecological genomics, chemical ecology and ecological proteomics will provide fine insight into the plant adaptation mechanisms, particularly when the experiments are carried out in the long term permanent monitoring plots.
*Head, Biodiversity Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176062 (HP). | <urn:uuid:10fae24e-eeea-4789-82f2-c8848ee79eda> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://isebindia.com/13_16/15-1-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145538.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221203000-20200221233000-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.926014 | 1,864 | 3.953125 | 4 |
This graph shows how the amount of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, has changed over time and how it is expected to change in the future.
Click on image for full size
IPCC 2001 Third Assessment Report
The Changing Atmosphere Affects Earth's Climate
The molecules in Earth's atmosphere are always moving and changing as elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycle in and out of the air and change through chemical reactions. Even through the individual elements are changing, the proportions of different elements within the atmosphere stays remarkably stable. This stable yet changing state is called dynamic equilibrium. Even though there is equilibrium, there are seasonal changes in Earth’s atmosphere.
Despite the dynamic equilibrium, scientists have found that the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere has increased over the last 150 years. The rise in amount of greenhouse gases is directly related to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and curing of concrete. Humans are affecting the equilibrium and Earth’s cycles such as the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, fundamentally influencing the planet as a whole.
The chemistry of the atmosphere determines what wavelengths of solar radiation are not able to enter the atmosphere, and how much radiation becomes trapped on its way out of the Earth system. Greenhouse gases trap heat through the greenhouse effect. There were greenhouse gases in the atmosphere long before humans affected the system. Having some greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere is beneficial because they keep temperatures mild and suitable for life. However, as the concentration of greenhouse gases has risen, so has Earth’s global temperature. This is causing changes to environments and ecologies worldwide.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
The Summer 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist
, available in our online store
, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands-on astronomy, and global warming.
You might also be interested in:
An element (also called a "chemical element") is a substance made up entirely of atoms having the same atomic number; that is, all of the atoms have the same number of protons. Hydrogen, helium, oxygen,...more
Less than 1% of the gases in Earth's atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Even though they are not very abundant, these greenhouse gases have a major effect. Carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O),...more
Energy from the Sun can enter the atmosphere, but not all of it can easily find its way out again. This is a natural process called the greenhouse effect. Without any greenhouse effect, Earth’s temperature...more
Leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mitigate climate change, and adapt to changing environmental conditions....more
Climate in your place on the globe is called regional climate. It is the average weather pattern in a place over more than thirty years, including the variations in seasons. To describe the regional climate...more
Television weather forecasts in the space age routinely feature satellite views of cloud cover. Cameras and other instruments on spacecraft provide many types of valuable data about Earth's atmosphere...more
Predicting how our climate will change in the next century or beyond requires tools for assessing how planet responds to change. Global climate models, which are run on some of the world's fastest supercomputers,...more | <urn:uuid:fdcafdd9-4734-47a7-ad21-bdd7386b1c04> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cli_atmchem.html&edu=high | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917663.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00226-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92054 | 706 | 3.796875 | 4 |
George Parker, inventor of the the first successful fountain
pen and founder of the
Parker Pen Company, was born. 1870: The United States
Weather Bureau made its first (and probably
incorrect) meteorological observations. 1884:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was officially
adopted. 1922: A
radio license fee of ten shillings was introduced in Great Britain.
Wernher von Braun was installed as head of the German liquid-fuel
rocket program. 1939: The German
Heinkel He 178 made its first demonstration flight before aviation
ministry members. 1952: The United States exploded the
hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands.
1995: Intel introduced the 32-bit
Pentium Pro microprocessor than ran at a blinding 200 MHz. 2005:
Nokia announced it had successfully made cellular calls over
Wi-Fi in its labs.
| Feb | Mar |
Apr | May |
Jun | Jul |
Aug | Sep |
Oct | Nov |
historical tidbits have been collected from various sources, mostly on the Internet.
As detailed in
this article, there
is a lot of wrong information that is repeated hundreds of times because most websites
do not validate with authoritative sources. On RF Cafe, events with
hyperlinks have been verified. Many years ago,
I began commemorating the birthdays of notable people and events with
special RF Cafe logos.
Where available, I like to use images from postage stamps from the country where
the person or event occurred. Images used in the logos are often from open source websites
like Wikipedia, and are specifically credited with a hyperlink back to the source where
possible. Fair Use
laws permit small samples of copyrighted content. | <urn:uuid:7760d923-1298-45ce-850b-85d375226b4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/history/november/november-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688671.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922055805-20170922075805-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.941135 | 369 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pancreatic cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers in the US and about 7% of all cancer deaths. Because symptoms are often not present in the early stages of this disease, it can be difficult to diagnose pancreatic cancer.
The pancreas is an organ in the digestive tract whose two major functions are to help break down the fats and proteins in food (exocrine function) so that the body can properly use them and to help make hormones such as insulin (endocrine function) that balance sugar in the body.
Tumors can develop in either of the two types of cells in the pancreas, but the cause of pancreatic cancer remains largely unknown. Scientists have identified risk factors for pancreatic cancer, but they are wide-ranging. They include:
- Age; almost 90 percent of patients are older than 55.
- Men have pancreatic cancer slightly more than women.
- People who smoke are two to three times more likely to get pancreatic cancer.
- People who are obese and those who don't exercise much are more at risk.
- People who have diabetes are more at risk, as are those who have chronic pancreatitis, a long-term inflammation of the pancreas.
- Family history; although pancreatic cancer can run in families, genetic links are just beginning to be identified that could be useful in future diagnoses.
Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms
Because symptoms are often not recognized, pancreatic cancer is typically too advanced to eradicate once it is diagnosed. Symptoms can include
- Pain or discomfort in the upper part of the belly or abdomen
- Nausea and vomiting
- Enlarged abdomen
- Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Weight loss and poor appetite
Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis
The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. During the exam, the doctor may feel a lump (mass) in your abdomen.
Blood tests that may be ordered include:
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Liver function tests
- Serum bilirubin
Imaging tests that may be ordered include:
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- Endoscopic ultrasound
- MRI of the abdomen
Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (and what type) is made by a pancreatic biopsy.
If tests confirm you have pancreatic cancer, more tests will be done to see how far the cancer has spread within and outside the pancreas. This is called staging. Staging helps guide treatment and gives you an idea of what to expect.
Multidisciplinary Approach to Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage of the tumor.
Surgery to remove the tumor is the best treatment for pancreatic cancer, if the cancer is diagnosed early enough. If the tumor cannot be removed with surgery, physicians may try chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of therapies in hopes of killing the cancer cells or slowing their growth.
With advanced cancer, the goal of treatment is to manage pain and other symptoms.
At the Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, management of gastrointestinal cancers focuses on preventive measures, early detection and the most advanced forms of treatment.
Some of these cancers are among the most complex and difficult to treat, and patients can take comfort in knowing they are being treated by a team of specialists that is among the most experienced in the country.
It is because of our multidisciplinary approach to pancreatic cancer treatment, that we have been designated by the National Pancreas Foundation as a Pancreatic Cancer Center. Wake Forest Baptist is the only institution in North Carolina and one of just 28 in the country to hold this designation.
Learn more about the Pancreatic Cancer Center designation. | <urn:uuid:66c6d421-bc1a-416e-af5c-5bd9a9efbdb8> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.wakehealth.edu/Condition/p/Pancreatic-Cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.94798 | 787 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Megaloceros, popularly known as the Irish Elk has been misnamed for the species is neither elk nor Irish. This is the name of an extinct deer species, the largest ever. The Irish Elk was as tall as seven feet up till its shoulder and its antlers were spread up to twelve feet. The evolution of this giant deer species took place in the glacial periods while the Pleistocene Epoch was on. The species became extinct because it failed to adapt to the subarctic conditions that existed in the final glaciations or the marked change that took place post the retreat of the sheet of ice. The last deer of the species died almost 11,000 years ago in Ireland. | <urn:uuid:13fd187d-4095-45b6-8f2d-4616de71848e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.interestingfacts.org/fact/irish-elk-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039749054.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121153320-20181121175320-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.974169 | 142 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Major Caleb Stark, Aide de Camp to General Stark
Caleb Stark was born December 3, 1759, at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. He was the eldest son of John and Elizabeth “Molly” (Page) Stark. When the news of the events of April 19, 1775 reached his residence, young Caleb was but sixteen years of age; but the exploits of his fathers filled his mind with a desire for a soldier’s life. He was then living with his grandfather who initially refused to allow him to go and join the growing conflict. In June 1775 his grandfather consented and gave him a horse and he started to travel towards his father’s camp.
Caleb’s father became the first commander of what would become the 1st New Hampshire Regiment, Continental Line. When he reached his father’s camp at Medford, his father told him that he was too young, but Caleb refused to go and wished for his opportunity to serve. He was consigned to the care of Captain George Reid. The next day, the Battle of Bunker Hill was fought in which Caleb participated. Caleb continued under the tutelage of Captain Reid, and occasionally at his father’s headquarters. His father’s headquarters were for a time at the elegant residence of Colonel Isaac Royal, who had fled to safety in the British lines. The house, at 15 George Street in Medford, is National Historic Landmark and is open to the public.
In spring 1776, Caleb received a commission as an Ensign in Captain Reid’s company and proceeded with the 1st New Hampshire to New York and Canada. On the return of the regiment to the vicinity around Ticonderoga, a fatal disease prevailed among the troops, and the adjutant of the regiment fell a victim. This gave an opportunity for a promotion, and Ensign Stark was appointed to fill the position with the rank of 1st Lieutenant.
After the retiring of the enemy to winter quarters, the regiment marched through New Jersey, and joined General Washington on the western banks of the Delaware. Adjutant Stark participated in the brilliant operations at Trenton and Princeton which closed the campaign of 1776. Soon after these events Adjutant Stark, with his father, returned home where they found arrangements had been male to reorganize the regiment, but that he would hold the same position under his father’s command.
Adjutant Stark continued in the 1st New Hampshire after his father resigned his commission and Joseph Cilley was appointed the regiment’s new commander. After the Battle of Bennington, Colonel Joseph Cilley granted Adjutant Stark leave to visit his father and congratulate him on his great martial success. In the action on October 7, 1777 during Saratoga, Adjutant Stark was wounded in the arm. Soon after this, his father had been appointed a Brigadier General in the Continental Army and selected his son to be his aide de camp, but the regimental records of the 1st New Hampshire date his resignation only from June 1, 1778.
Adjutant Stark continued with his father through the rest of the War. He was promoted subsequently to Major in the Continental Army and acted as Brigade Major for his father and as Adjutant General for the Northern Department.
At the close of the war his attention turned to mercantile pursuits in Dunbarton. In 1787, Caleb married Sarah McKinstry. In 1806, he was engaged in the importing business in Boston. In 1811, Caleb Stark started the first cotton mill in Suncook, New Hampshire. Stark practiced law and became a historian, and a member of the New Hampshire State Senate. The term during which he served in the New Hampshire Senate lasted from 1818 to 1819. In 1828, he moved to land in Oxford Township, Ohio that was granted to him for his military service after a long lawsuit against the government. He would later die on August 28, 1838. He was 78 years old.
Frederic Kidder, History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution (Albany, 1868), 121-124; Robert P. Richmond, John Stark, Freedom Fighter (Waterbury, 1976); Luther Roby, Reminiscences of the French War; containing Rogers’ Expeditions with the New-England Rangers under his command, as published in London in 1765; with notes and illustrations. : To which is added an account of the life and military services of Maj. Gen. John Stark; with notices and anecdotes of other officers distinguished in the French and Revolutionary wars (Concord, 1831); Selected Wartime Service Records of Major Caleb Stark. | <urn:uuid:056982e2-d24e-4793-bd23-25adb9fb7208> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.socnh.org/caleb-stark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500215.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205032040-20230205062040-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.986716 | 982 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Precision Mapping for schistosomiasis elimination
Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people, yet it is a highly focal disease, with the likelihood of re-infection necessitating regular treatment of at-risk populations. Mapping methods that do not take into account the focal nature of it's distribution can lead to missed at-risk communities or ove-treating communities that do not need it. This causes several issues, from wasted medicines and resources to treatment fatigue and non-compliance. The answer could be a refined, higher resolution mapping system.
Focality of Schistosomiasis
The transmission of schistosomiasis and it's endemicty occurs where there is a high interaction between people, schistosoma parasites, intermediate host snails and water. It can therefore be said that schistosomiasis is a focal disease.
Once the larval form of schistosomiasis has entered the blood it matures into an adult schistosome. Once matured & paired with a male, female schistosomes release eggs, some of which are passed out of the body via excreta to continue the parasite’s lifecycle in a nearby water body with the intermediate host snail, others become trapped in body tissues, causing an immune reaction and gradual organ damage.
The symptoms as well as chronic inflammation and compromised immunity that lead to secondary diseases associated with schistosomiasis can be catastrophic and can have a devastating impact on the physical and economic health of an area.
Schistosomiasis is a disease of poverty, because of lack of clean water supply, people are often forced to use the same body of water for occupational, agricultural, domestic and recreational activities. School-aged children are particularly vulnerable to infection as the body of water presents a perfect play area.
How Schistosomiasis is currently controlled
Schistosomiasis is controlled in several different ways, via Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices, snail control and last but by no means least, periodic large-scale population treatment with praziquantel which usually takes place over the course of several years. In 2016, 206.4 million people required preventative chemotherapy (PC).
How Schistosomiasis is currently mapped
Mapping is a critical step in understanding where at-risk populations live in order to target effectively. For schistosomiasis, the initial mapping is done by collecting stool and/or urine samples in a sub-sample of five schools per health district, 50 children per school are selected for parasitological surveys. The eligibility of the district for PC is then determined by the mean prevalence that allows the entire district to be classified as nonendemic (Tchuem Tchuenté et al., 2017).
The problem with averages
Using the mean has its limitations, this is because whenever an average is used to represent an uncertain quantity, the results become distorted because the impact of inevitable variations is ignored. (Savage, 2002).
The nature of schistosomiasis’ focality and its dependence of various ecological and epidemiological factors means there exists significant difference in prevalence between subsettings and schools within the same health districts. ’The selection of only a few schools to decide for the entire district’s endemicity leads to some uncertainties and errors if the site selection and sampling are not properly undertaken’ (Tchuenté et al., 2018). This leads to ambiguity surrounding which districts qualify for preventative chemotherapy (PC) with praziquantel, hindering successful and efficient reporting and coverage of populations.
So, that’s the problem, how about the solution? Well, mathematically speaking, using a distribution- a range of relevant values, rather than a single value is much more useful as it enables resource managers to capture a higher resolution snapshot of an area and provide a more targeted and efficient prophylaxis program. Enter precision mapping!
Precision Mapping the solution?
Precision Mapping is defined as conducting sampling at a much finer geographical resolution. Instead of mapping 5 schools in each district, potentially all schools would be examined in every subunit thus eliminating errors caused by missing focal variation, allowing for highly targeted and efficient treatment which allows for a better management of resources. Ultimately, precision mapping allows for a more accurate understanding of disease foci distributions.(Tchuenté et al., 2018)
There is a need for more precise appraisals of schistosomiasis prevalence that current mapping lacks. Addressing this problem using precision mapping will enable a better resources management, definition of target population and thus coverage. Ultimately, precision mapping goes a long way in allowing the schistosomiasis community to overcome this major obstacle on the road towards elimination.
Possible avenues for future research
Acknowledging variation in schistosomiasis distribution across space is critical. However, there is an opportunity to further resource management efficacy in schistosomiasis’ variance across time. Transmission occurs around bodies of water however, due to seasonality i.e. rainy and dry seasons, the size of these fluctuate across time. Natural events such as flooding can increase individual’s contact with infested water which can lead to variation in prevalence across time. It would therefore be useful to explore more dynamic mapping systems which could perhaps enhance transmission interruption and drug distribution. | <urn:uuid:87cf809d-810f-40c0-804c-4bbe62ab40ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.eliminateschisto.org/blog/precision-mapping-for-schistosomiasis-elimination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.932691 | 1,102 | 3.25 | 3 |
Know how to use "fewer" and "less"? Find out.
A deep sense of guilt, combined often with feelings of numbness and loss of interest in life, felt by those who have survived some catastrophe. It was first noticed among survivors of the Holocaust. Survivors often feel that they did not do enough to save those who died or that they are unworthy relative to the perished. | <urn:uuid:daece0bd-a92b-46cc-a855-6b93bf4fa237> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/survivor+guilt?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121983086.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175303-00142-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989873 | 79 | 3.0625 | 3 |
(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
Russia fought Germany for three years (1914-17) before a revolutionary (Bolshevik, later Soviet) government negotiated a peace. In the ensuing Civil War (1917-22), German prisoners in Russia were not returned home. They remained in their camps in Siberia, where Greenfield doctor Charles Canedy saw them. It is probably the summer of 1919, as two of them are wearing shorts. These prisoners are probably walking to a meal, or perhaps they are going to work. They walk roughly three abreast, implying that they have just been counted. The motley assortment of clothing they wear hints at their long captivity. | <urn:uuid:d74d1a0f-06e9-44e6-b2ef-1d8776e41e32> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=15780 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771133.144/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00142-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979651 | 159 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Purchasing the ideal gift for children and other loved ones can be difficult, especially when buying gifts for children with autism. Here are a few helpful things to keep in mind while buying special needs resources for people to make your gift-giving easier:
Concentrate On the Individual’s Interests and Preferences
According to research, individuals with autism can lessen behaviors and improve specific skills by incorporating preferences into their learning and play environments. As a result, parents can leverage their children’s current interests. If a child enjoys dogs, look for dog-themed games, activities, or toys. Water-related activities, like water tables, spray toys, water beads, and grow capsules, maybe a popular. A toy fire truck with a siren, on the other hand, may not be acceptable for a child who is sensitive to loud noises. Ask friends and family members about the person you’re buying a gift for, what that person loves and dislikes in general.
Pay Special Attention to Age-Appropriateness
Always keep the age of the recipient in mind when selecting a present. A teen with autism, for example, may enjoy playing with shape sorters, but given that he is a teen and the toy is designed for toddlers, there are more acceptable toys for him to play with. Look for gifts that are identical to the original toy but have age recommendations appropriate for the person you are buying the gift for.
Pay Special Attention to Developmental Appropriateness
Most toys come with age recommendations, and while these are important, they may not always lead you to the ideal present. When selecting a gift, a good rule of thumb is to think about the age and growth of the person you’re buying it for. When choosing a present, think about what the recipient can do. A sketch pad or buying an adult coloring book, for example, maybe a better gift for the non-verbal teen indicated above who enjoys drawing. If you’re not sure what the person can do, ask friends and family members of the person you’re buying the gift for what abilities they have.
Be Aware of Excesses/Triggers in Your Conduct
Some people with autism engage in activities that endanger themselves or their loved ones. Gifts containing little objects, for example, may represent a choking hazard if a youngster engages in pica (eating non-food items). Gifts with violent content, for example, may not be suitable if a youngster is aggressive toward others, as increased exposure to violence may contribute to future instances of aggressiveness. On the other hand, individuals with sensory-seeking behaviors might benefit from presents that help them refocus their actions in more suitable ways. A swing, for example, could be a terrific approach to address a child’s sensory needs if they rock back and forth. Before selecting a present, inquire with the person’s friends and family to see any behavior excesses/triggers to consider.
Because social deficiencies are a defining feature of autism, aim to buy special needs resources that stimulate social interaction when gift-giving. While practically any activity can be turned into a social engagement, some activities are more socially beneficial than others. Consider the games that can be played in a group instead of purchasing a computer game. | <urn:uuid:d519cc46-99ea-4381-aaf3-9f2a0f0d9d2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://themommymess.com/top-tricks-to-use-while-choosing-gifts-for-children-with-special-needs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.944305 | 670 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Ada is a modern programming language designed for large, long-lived applications – and embedded systems in particular – where reliability and efficiency are essential. It was originally developed in the early 1980s (this version is generally known as Ada 83) by a team led by Dr. Jean Ichbiah at CII-Honeywell-Bull in France. The language was revised and enhanced in an upward compatible fashion in the early 1990s, under the leadership of Mr. Tucker Taft from Intermetrics in the U.S. The resulting language, Ada 95, was the first internationally standardized (ISO) Object-Oriented Language. Under the auspices of ISO, a further (minor) revision was completed as an amendment to the standard; this version of the language is known as Ada 2005. Work is currently in progress on some additional features (including support for program anotations) and is expected to be completed in 2012.
The name “Ada” is not an acronym; it was chosen in honor of Augusta Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), a mathematician who is sometimes regarded as the world’s first programmer because of her work with Charles Babbage. She was also the daughter of the poet Lord Byron.
Ada is seeing significant usage worldwide in high-integrity / safety-critical / high-security domains including commercial and military aircraft avionics, air traffic control, railroad systems, and medical devices. With its embodiment of modern software engineering principles Ada is an excellent teaching language for both introductory and advanced computer science courses, and it has been the subject of significant university research especially in the area of real-time technologies.
AdaCore has a long history and close connection with the Ada programming language. Company members worked on the original Ada 83 design and review, played key roles in the Ada 95 project and Ada 2005 effort, and continue to be deeply involved with the Ada 2012 revision process. The initial GNAT compiler was essential to the growth of Ada 95; it was delivered at the time of the language’s standardization, thus guaranteeing that users would have a quality implementation for transitioning to Ada 95 from Ada 83 or other languages.
Ada is multi-faceted. From one perspective it is a classical stack-based general-purpose language, not tied to any specific development methodology. It has a simple syntax, structured control statements, flexible data composition facilities, strong type checking, traditional features for code modularization (“subprograms”), and a mechanism for detecting and responding to exceptional run-time conditions (“exception handling”).
But it also includes much more:
Unlike languages based on C syntax (such as C++, Java, and C#), Ada allows the programmer to simply and explicitly specify the range of values that are permitted for variables of scalar types (integer, floating-point, fixed-point, or enumeration types). The attempted assignment of an out-of-range value causes a run-time error. The ability to specify range contraints makes programmer intent explicit and makes it easier to detect a major source of coding and user input errors.
Programming in the large
The original Ada 83 design introduced the package construct, a feature that supports encapsulation (“information hiding”) and modularization, and that allows the developer to control the namespace that is accessible within a given compilation unit. Ada 95 introduced the concept of “child units,” adding considerably flexibility and easing the design of very large systems. Ada 2005 extended the language’s modularization facilities by allowing mutual references between package specifications, thus making it easier to interface with languages such as Java.
A key to reusable components is a mechanism for parameterizing modules with respect to data types and other program entities, for example a stack package for an arbitrary element type. Ada meets this requirement through a facility known as “generics”; since the parameterization is done at compile time, run-time performance is not penalized.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Ada 83 was object-based, allowing the partitioning of a system into modules corresponding to abstract data types or abstract objects. Full OOP support was not provided since, first, it seemed not to be required in the real-time domain that was Ada’s primary target, and, second, the apparent need for automatic garbage collection in an OO language would have interfered with predictable and efficient performance.
However, large real-time systems often have components such as GUIs that do not have real-time constraints and that could be most effectively developed using OOP features. In part for this reason, Ada 95 supplies comprehensive support for OOP, through its “tagged type” facility: classes, polymorphism, inheritance, and dynamic binding. Ada 95 does not require automatic garbage collection but rather supplies definitional features allowing the developer to supply type-specific storage reclamation operations (“finalization”). Ada 2005 provided additional OOP features including Java-like interfaces and traditional operation invocation notation.
Ada is methologically neutral and does not impose a “distributed overhead” for OOP. If an application does not need OOP, then the OOP features do not have to be used, and there is no run-time penalty.
Ada supplies a structured, high-level facility for concurrency. The unit of concurrency is a program entity known as a “task.” Tasks can communicate implicitly via shared data or explicitly via a synchronous control mechanism known as the rendezvous. A shared data item can be defined abstractly as a “protected object” (a feature introduced in Ada 95), with operations executed under mutual exclusion when invoked from multiple tasks. Asynchronous task interactions are also supported, specifically timeouts and task termination. Such asynchronous behavior is deferred during certain operations, to prevent the possibility of leaving shared data in an inconsistent state. Mechanisms designed to help take advantage of multi-core architectures are being introduced in Ada 2012.
Both in the “core” language and the Systems Programming Annex, Ada supplies the necessary features to allow the programmer to get close to the hardware. For example, you can specify the bit layout for fields in a record, define the alignment and size, place data at specific machine addresses, and express specialized or time-critical code sequences in assembly language. You can also write interrupt handlers in Ada, using the protected type facility.
Ada’s tasking features allow you to express common real-time idioms (periodic tasks, event-driven tasks), and the Real-Time Annex provides several facilities that allow you to avoid unbounded priority inversions. A protected object locking policy is defined that uses priority ceilings; this has an especially efficient implementation in Ada (mutexes are not required) since protected operations are not allowed to block. Ada 95 defined a task dispatching policy that basically requires tasks to run until blocked or preempted, and Ada 2005 introduced several others including Earliest Deadline First.
With its emphasis on sound software engineering principles Ada supports the development of high-integrity applications, including those that need to be certified against safety standards such as DO-178B and security standards such as the Common Criteria. For example, strong typing means that data intended for one purpose will not be accessed via inappropriate operations; errors such as treating pointers as integers (or vice versa) are prevented. And Ada’s array bounds checking prevents buffer overrun vulnerabilities that are common in C and C++.
However, the full language is inappropriate in a safety-critical application, since the generality and flexibility may interfere with traceability / certification requirements. Ada addresses this issue by supplying a compiler directive, pragma Restrictions, that allows you to constrain the language features to a well-defined subset (for example, excluding dynamic OOP facilities).
The evolution of Ada has seen the continued increase in support for safety-critical and high-security applications. Ada 2005 standardized the Ravenscar Profile, a collection of concurrency features that are powerful enough for real-time programming but simple enough to make certification practical. Ada 2012 is introducing annotation facilities for adding pre-conditions, post-conditions, and invariants to programs. These can serve both for run-time checking and as input to static analysis tools.
Ada Benefits Summary
- Helps you design safe and reliable code
- Reduces development costs
- Supports new and changing technologies
- Facilitates development of complex programs
- Helps make code readable and portable
- Reduces certification costs for safety-critical software
Ada Features Summary
- Object orientated programming
- Strong typing
- Abstractions to fit program domain
- Generic programming/templates
- Exception handling
- Facilities for modular organization of code
- Standard libraries for I/O, string handling, numeric computing, containers
- Systems programming
- Concurrent programming
- Real-time programming
- Distributed systems programming
- Numeric processing
- Interfaces to other languages (C, COBOL, Fortran)
In brief, Ada is an internationally standardized language combining object-oriented programming features, well-engineered concurrency facilities, real-time support, and built-in reliability. An appropriate tool for addressing the real issues facing software developers today, Ada is used throughout a number of major industries to design software that protects businesses and lives. | <urn:uuid:b5a55bfb-1bad-4d66-832a-0b983a22fd97> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.adacore.com/adaanswers/about/ada | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00125-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925292 | 1,939 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Hemodialysis is a medical process that removes waste and excess fluid from patients with kidney problems. The health care technicians that operate hemodialysis machines go by a variety of titles, including dialysis technicians, patient care technicians and hemodialysis technicians. The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not track wages for hemodialysis technicians separately, but the U.S. Department of Labor's O-Net Occupational Information Network indicates they are well-compensated for their work when compared to other occupations.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics places hemodialysis technicians in the occupational category of Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other. The mean annual salary for all workers in this occupational category was $41,830 as of May 2011, according to the statistics bureau. The top 10 percent of health techs earned at least $62,530 per year, while the bottom 10 percent earned annual wages of $25,540 or less.
Hemodialysis Technician Salary
Hemodialysis technicians who provide direct patient care are sometimes referred to as patient care technicians. The Conditions for Coverage of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services requires dialysis technicians who provide direct patient care to become certified within 18 months of their hire date. Annual salaries for certified hemodialysis technicians ranged from $29,800 to $40,800 as of 2012, according to the Mayo Clinic's Mayo School of Health Sciences. Education-Portal.com places the average salary for dialysis technicians at $30,520 per year.
Experience and Environment
A hemodialysis technician's wages can be affected by her level of experience, the type of health care environment she works in, and her shift. Starting wages for hemodialysis technicians range from $15 to $19 per hour, according to the Northern California Nursing Academy. Experienced hemodialysis technicians can earn up to $25 per hour. Those working in large hospitals tend to earn higher wages than those who work in outpatient care facilities. Shift differentials can add between $2 and $3.50 per hour to a technician's wages. The Northern California Nursing Academy notes that hemodialysis technicians who work in urban areas tend to earn higher wages, while those who work in states other than California could earn significantly lower wages.
The National Kidney Foundation estimates 26 million adult Americans have chronic kidney disease and millions more are at risk. Dialysis technicians provide the majority of direct patient care to kidney patients across the United States. As the number of people with chronic kidney disease and renal failure increases, the need for certified hemodialysis technicians also rises, according to the Mayo Clinic. Minimum educational requirements include a high school diploma and completion of an approved training program, which may include on-the-job training.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2011 29-2799 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other*
- Mayo Clinic: Hemodialysis Patient Care Technician
- Education Portal: Dialysis Technician: Job Duties and Info for Students Considering a Career As a Dialysis Technician
- Occupational Information Network: Dialysis Technicians
- Northern California Nursing Academy: Hemodialysis Technician
- National Kidney Foundation: About Chronic Kidney Disease
- National Kidney Foundation: Job Description and Role
- Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:c675c5f5-2f80-4ca0-8498-23aea16fd19c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://work.chron.com/salary-hemodialysis-technicians-6001.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00286-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934598 | 689 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A Myosin Light Chain Mediates the Localization of the Budding Yeast IQGAP-Like Protein during Contractile Ring Formation
Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished through constriction of an actomyosin ring, which must assemble at the correct time and place in order to ensure proper division of genetic material and organelles. Budding yeast is a useful model system for determining the biochemical pathway of contractile ring assembly. The budding yeast IQGAP-like protein, Cyk1/Iqg1p, has multiple roles in the assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring. Previously, the IQ motifs of Cyk1/Iqg1p were shown to be required for the localization of this protein at the bud neck. We have investigated the binding partner of the IQ motifs, which are predicted to interact with calmodulin-like proteins. Mlc1p was originally identified as a light chain for a type V myosin, Myo2p; however, a cytokinesis defect associated with disruption of the MLC1 gene suggested that the essential function of Mlc1p may involve interactions with other proteins. We show that Mlc1p binds the IQ motifs of Cyk1/Iqg1p and present evidence that this interaction recruits Cyk1/Iqg1p to the bud neck. Immunofluorescence staining shows that Mlc1p is localized to sites of polarized cell growth as well as the bud neck before and independently of Cyk1p. These results demonstrate that Mlc1p is important for the assembly of the actomyosin ring in budding yeast and that this function is mediated through interaction with Cyk1/Iqg1p.
K. Shannon and R. Li, "A Myosin Light Chain Mediates the Localization of the Budding Yeast IQGAP-Like Protein during Contractile Ring Formation," Current Biology, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 727-730, Cell Press, Jun 2000.
The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00539-X
Keywords and Phrases
Actin Binding Protein; Fungal Protein; Guanosine Triphosphatase Activating Protein; IQ Motif Containing Guanosine Triphosphatase Activating Protein 1; Myosin Light Chain; Growth, Development and Aging; Metabolism; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Fungal Proteins; Microfilament Proteins; Myosin Light Chains; Ras GTPase-Activating Proteins
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Article - Journal
© 2000 Cell Press, All rights reserved.
01 Jun 2000 | <urn:uuid:a31a9395-cd5e-49c3-b8fc-aab9bac9aab3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/biosci_facwork/93/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.879794 | 584 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the collective consciousness of English Catholics, the story of Sir Thomas More, martyr and saint, is a seminal figure. Sir Thomas, chancellor to King Henry VIII, was tortured and then executed under the orders of the king, for refusing to compromise his Catholic faith by approving Henry’s proposed divorce. As such, he is the most prominent and best known of the English Catholic martyrs of the persecution that followed, under Henry himself, and later under Elizabeth I (and the residual discrimination against Catholics that still persists in English constitutional law).
As Sir Thomas’ break with the king was over an issue of marriage, there is powerful symbolism behind the Conservative MP Damian Collins’ explanation of why, as a Catholic, he planned to vote for equal marriage – because, he reasons, it is what he believes More would have done:
I will be supporting the Same Sex Marriage Bill because I believe in a society where people have freedom of religious expression, but also one where outside of religion people are equal in the eyes of the law. But as an MP of Roman Catholic faith, I have been drawn to considering over the last few weeks, what Thomas More would have made of this issue.
Saint Thomas More, Henry VIII’s Lord Chancellor and a former speaker of the House of Commons is famous for the moral stand he took against his King, even though it cost him his life. It was learning about his example at school which prompted me to choose him as my Confirmation Saint. Thomas More is particularly remembered because he could not in conscience swear an oath recognising the Succession to the Crown Act 1533 which had the effect of annulling one of Henry VIII’s marriages and therefore changing the royal succession. He could not swear the oath because, although he would abide by the Act’s content, he could not in conscience say that he agreed with it. Parliament, he said, had the right to decide matters of marriage, and had the right to require all subjects, including Catholics, to abide by its laws, but it could not have the right to require Catholics in conscience to agree with them. As a result he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and then executed.
Last month press reports of a letter signed by a large number of Catholic clergy who opposed the Same Sex Marriage Bill asserted that if it passed that this could be seen as a return to the persecution that Catholics experienced during the English Reformation, because they would be required to acknowledge equal rights to marriage, against the teaching of the Church. I’m not sure that Thomas More would agree with this, and nor for that matter do I.
The Same Sex Marriage Bill is not seeking to tell the different churches and religions what they should believe, or to restrict them practicing their beliefs as the do now. Churches will not be required to conduct same sex marriage ceremonies if they do not want to. The Catholic Church will remain free to teach that marriage is a sacrament of the Church, it is between a man and a woman, that its purpose is for the procreation of children, and that it is for life. Of course, sadly, many people who are married by the Church are not able to have children, and a great many marriages end in divorce. The law of the State in allowing divorced people to remarry is already against the teaching of the Church, and a form of marriage that the Church would not recognise or perform. So we already have a system of marriage by the churches and the state which are sometimes compatible, and other times not.
continue reading – Damian Collins MP (Con) at Huffington Post. | <urn:uuid:7d64119a-fc87-4e64-a98f-c69d9845866f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://news.queerchurch.com/?tag=catholic-church-in-england-and-wales | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.984403 | 731 | 3.09375 | 3 |
GET THE APP
Description of the Country: The United States of America (USA) commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, It is a federal republic composed of 50 states. The federal district of Washington, D.C., five major territories. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.
Geography of the country: At 3.8 million square miles and with over 320 million people, the country is the world's third largest by total area. The United States is the world's third or fourth largest nation by total area (land and water), The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country.
Status of economy, research and development: The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency and has a mixed economy. The United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovations, calculating in 2014 that workers in research and development add $5 to the GDP for each dollar they earn but finance industry workers cause the GDP to shrink by $0.60 for every dollar they are paid. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation.
Status about the different subjects in which extensive research is going on: The American Center for Reproductive Medicine enjoys an international reputation for excellence and innovation in human infertility research and is dedicated to disseminating its results. Researchers from more than 50 countries who have trained at our Center have published over 515 research articles and reviews in peer-reviewed PubMed, Scopus and ISI-indexed journals. The ASRM has published Fertility and Sterility, a leading peer-reviewed numerous medical journals are in obstetrics and gynecology. Additionally, the Society produces two newsletters, ASRM News, and Menopausal Medicine. Ethical concerns are published regularly by the Society's Ethics Committee. | <urn:uuid:20792f23-23d1-43d2-86ed-2b0a3deb2cf1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.omicsonline.org/reproductive-medicine-journals-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.947757 | 408 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Cause and effect of ww2 essay
The causes of world war i included a cultivating sense of nationalism leading to an arms race between europe's paramount powers, all trying to establish superiority. Cause and effect on world war 1 world war one, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918 the war was between the world’s greatest. Over six million jews lying dead on the streets of europe, shoved in holes, and laying in fields of ashes the death of millions of jews between. Cause and effect: the outbreak of world war ii question what were the causes of the second world war in their attempts to explore cause and effect. Free world war papers, essays, and research papers the causes and effects of world war ii - world war ii was fought between two main opposing forces.
Cause and effects of world war 2 essays september 1, 1939, a day that would change the world forever it was the start of world war 2 germany had invaded poland and. Standard 108 the causes and effects of world war ii for this standard we need to learn that world war ii was a worldwide war between the axis, germany. This is a sample essay on causes and effects of world war 1 find more essays and other academic papers for college and university level on this blog. Free essay: in 1940 italy declared war on france and britain, the first air raids took place, and many countries were invaded and alliances were formed the.
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Cause effect the essay ww2 and of online dissertation printing uk kansas good college essay writing tips xerxes easy way to write an expository essay coursework. Free essay: the desire of several countries was to have élite armies and navies with the superlative weapons britain and germany’s naval rivalry was amongst. Out of all the wars that the world has gone through, none has been more devastating as world war ii but what caused this war well, world war ii had six major.
This is a sample essay on causes and effects of world war 2 find more essays and other academic papers for college and university level on this blog. There were many causes for the beginning of world war ii but one of the most important was the effect that the treaty of versailles had. Complete essay on causes and effects of world war ii there is complete detailed essay on causes and effects of world war ii you can read it here with me. World war ii: causes, and affects in the history of the world there are many occurrences that have changed life and the world, as we know it the history.
To demonstrate a cause and its effect is never that easy in written form check out our cause and effect essay samples to understand how to write an essay of this. | <urn:uuid:c2360317-c429-4573-9636-fdc50cec8662> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://abpapernnex.hyve.me/cause-and-effect-of-ww2-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865438.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623225824-20180624005824-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.953071 | 663 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Saber Tooth Tiger
The saber tooth tiger was a very fierce predator. It weighted about 450 pounds and some grew to a length of 15 feet. There are over one hundred species and sub-species but the smilodons was the biggest of the saber tooth tigers. A hypothesis suggests that tiger's saber teeth were used to deliver a fatal ripping wound to the belly or throat of a prey animal. Saber tooth carnivores may not have tried to grapple with prey. More likely, they delivered one crippling stab wound and then waited for the prey to die. Scientists say that saber tooth tigers probably ate mammoths, antelope, deer, and buffalo. Scientists also think that some saber tooth tigers could have lived in grassy or woody habitats, but others could have lived in icy lands. They lived in many places in Asia and Europe but some tiger remains have been found in the La Brea tar pits in California. | <urn:uuid:16527301-5760-4a44-8c2a-78389c4c7000> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.smore.com/t3e9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218899.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821191026-20180821211026-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.971116 | 190 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Last year, I experienced two months that were very challenging for me as a person and as an academic. One of my sons, who was seven, became very ill and missed a lot of school. When he returned, he was in a wheelchair, and he was very unsure of himself. He didn’t know if he had enough stamina to make it through the day, and he worried that his teachers and his fellow students would be upset with him. No matter how much I tried to convince him that it would be OK, he was too nervous to return, alone, to his classroom.
So, I told him I would shadow him in class for a few days to help make the transition smoother.
It’s been a long time since I was in the second grade, and as I sat through his day, I was very impressed with the level of preparation and organization the teachers exhibited. Some things were the same: the teachers were engaging and exciting, there was a lot of activity, and the kids were overwhelmingly nice, but there were also a few things that were completely new — like the use of technology.
The Promethean board was the most obvious piece of technology in the room, followed closely by a few Apple computers and an iPad. However, when it came to using this technology, I was somewhat concerned by what I saw.
It wasn’t that the teachers weren’t good. They were amazing, actually, but I was concerned that I didn’t see them using most of the technology they had at their fingertips to make what they had even better and more engaging.
For example, they used the Promethean board to bring up the schedule of the day, but not as a teaching/learning resource. I expected to see them bring up things the kids could interact with, show a video, or even bring up some visual resources like maps and pictures — but I didn’t see the teachers using this powerful technology to its full advantage. Most of the instruction was exactly as I remembered it from my years in school — lots of scissors, glue, paper, and worksheets. Worksheets? Yes, worksheets.
What I found out is that these wonderful educators didn’t have time to integrate the technology they had available into their classroom routine. They had been doing things pretty much the same way they had been doing them forever, and they had no idea that some tools were available that would make the time they spent on grading, parent communication, and classroom management much easier and more time efficient.
I tried to talk to them about some of the stuff they could use, but I realized that what I said was overwhelming and strange to them. They simply didn’t have time to learn or explore the resources I suggested, and they weren’t really sure they wanted to. After all, what they were doing was working. Why change?
And that became the beginning of my own self-questioning. Why change? What did these teachers have to gain by embracing technology in their classroom? Why should they spend hours familiarizing themselves with a tool when what they were doing was perfectly fine?
The answer is that the status quo is just fine for them, but I wasn’t sure if their use of classroom technology was sending the right message to their students. In my own classroom I see the outcome of “just fine” educational systems. The students are well educated, it’s true, but they have a strange belief that learning is connected to books and teachers, and leisure is connected to technology.
So, when a “digital native” walks into my classroom, they have all kinds of ideas about how to entertain themselves and socialize with technology, but they have no inkling of how to use technology to improve learning. If our nation is going to survive this new digital world, we have to encourage our students to see technology as a learning tool, and encourage our students to seek out tools to improve and enhance their learning. As Jesse Stommel argues in his video Hybrid Academic Collectives, we must look beyond tradition to embrace what is possible.
As a teacher, I realize that every lesson should be built to reach students’ multiple intelligences in multiple ways — teaching to every learning style as deeply and completely as I can — then recursively adding to my lessons semester after semester to integrate more tools, filling in the learning voids whenever possible. For example, teachers can start by using Promethean and SMART boards to enrich a short reading assignment by displaying a picture of the author, a map of where the author is from, and some information about the background of the reading; the following year they may ask students to participate in the discovery process by looking for information to display and contributing it. The teacher might begin to look at the Promethean board as a window into the larger culture of learners by inviting the author or a children’s literature specialist to speak to the students via Skype or a G+ Hangout; or, in subsequent years, with more preparation, connecting to another class that is studying the same work for a long-distance discussion. Each level of technology use builds upon the next, growing in complexity.
In addition, we need to start thinking of ways to structure assignments so that our students don’t just learn about one or two types of technology, but that they actually begin exploring and evolving in their idea of technology use for their own needs. As Alan Rudi argues in Hybrid Learning: How to Reach Digital Natives, “today’s students do best when you give them a sense of purpose and control over what they’re learning.” Students are very good at finding technology, and the technology they use to entertain or socialize can easily be turned into technology that is used to create, investigate, and publish scholarly work.
The educators tasked to reach these digital natives where they live may not be as savvy with technology as their students are, but they do know about learning. Although this may lead to the teacher feeling overwhelmed or intimidated by their students’ technological prowess, or frustrated that they can’t turn that digital know-how into a greater opportunity, it is not a time to go into self-defense mode. It is very appealing to just stick our heads in the sand and say, “the students need to focus on basic skills” so that we can go back to our comfort zone. This no longer works because digital know-how has already become a “basic skill.” It’s not 1980. Every business and educational institution, private and public, has already embraced technology, and our students can’t hope to compete in a 21st century economy without those skills.
Unfortunately, the majority of educational institutions have institutionalized the head-in-sand approach. In order to protect their authority, many teachers and administrators turn to limitations on technology rather than embracing these powerful educational tools. According to “Cell Phones in the Classroom: Educator’s Perspective,” 62% of US Schools have a ban on smartphones in the classrooms, and according to Social Media Access in K-12 Schools: Intractable Policy Controversies in an Evolving World, “Currently most schools ban social networking and chat rooms, and over a third ban the sharing of visual media files, playing interactive games, sharing music or sound files and posting message on web sites.” The problem is that most of the Web 2.0 educational offerings involve social networking, chat rooms, visual media files, interactive games, music and sound files and posting on websites.
Cell-phone bans go all the way back to the 1980s when pagers and cell phones were rare and expensive. District after district put in bans on pagers and cell phones in schools to prevent gang activity, as most pagers and cell phones were used for the sale of narcotics. At the time, no one could find a good reason for cell phones to be allowed in school, and many laws were passed in states to prevent cell phone use. In the intervening years, although cell phones became cheaper and more widely used, the bans remained in place — mostly because cell phones were considered “disruptive” in the classroom. Those state bans stayed in effect until shortly after September 11, 2001, when the importance of emergency communication took precedence over a distraction-free school day, and parents wanted easier access to communication with their children.
Although most schools have started to allow the use of smart phones before and after school, and during lunch periods, most still ban their use during the school day. For today’s digital natives those bans don’t make any sense. I have been called into school more than once when my high school son’s phone was confiscated in the halls when he tried to access his Google Calendar to record an upcoming assignment, or he texted his friend to ask when a paper was due. “It’s so natural to use my phone, that I didn’t even think about it,” he said in his own defense. He’s also made the argument to his teachers that there is no difference between using a dictionary in his phone and using a dictionary in book form — except for the obvious convenience of using a phone. (It is an argument he has won more than once, by the way!)
Even when students are allowed to use technology in the very controlled environment of a computer lab, schools have shut down YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and even Google in an effort to keep students focused on educational content and to avoid violating the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA). According to Audrey Watters in her article, “Cellphones in the Classroom: Distraction or Tool?”:
Schools and libraries that receive E-rate funding from the federal government are required by CIPA to block or filter obscene material. As a result, most schools implement various levels of filtering, some much more stringent than what CIPA mandates.
The E-rate program is a program that provides discounts to schools and libraries to purchase internet services and computers. Discounts that schools can receive from the E-Rate program are 20-90% off the retail price of computers and internet access. Schools are worried that, if they provide wireless internet access to social networks on their Local Area Network (LAN), that they will violate the CIPA. However, the CIPA mandates only that the school make a reasonable effort to block or filter obscene content, it doesn’t mandate that the school block entire social networks or prevent cell phones from using school wireless to access those networks. Nonetheless, many schools are hesitant to allow social network access to their LAN for fear of jeopardizing much needed technology discounts.
I have seen the “digital natives” in my own classroom struggle with the limitations placed upon them by irrational school policies that limit the use of laptops, notebooks, and mobile devices in school settings. It is truly a ballet of the absurd. Teachers and professors are stuck in the middle as students demand more access to the media they use on a daily basis to get their work done, and IT professionals and administrators, fearful at skirting federal law, shut down entire sectors of the internet with filters and jammers. So, while the motivational speakers and internet evangelists preach about the magic of Web 2.0, most of us have found ourselves locked out of much of that rich content by well-meaning laws and overly protective administrative policies.
It isn’t only those policies that are holding us back. We’ve also been stifled by the public nature of contemporary communication. We know, for example, that publication of student work increases the quality of that work. As a graduate student in Teaching Writing in the 1980s, I was exposed to theCalifornia Writing Project, which put a lot of stock in the publication of student work. At the time, publication took the form of a mimeographed booklet, stapled together, and sent home with the student’s weekly work; but it wasn’t the quality of the publication, it was the very existence of publication that was significant. As Peter Elbow opined in his seminal work Everyone Can Write: Essays toward a Hopeful Theory of Writing and Teaching Writing:
The fact of publication — seeing all your classmates holding in their hands a copy of a class magazine that contains your writing — increases the pressure from peer readers. By the same token, it helps put teacher standards into more perspective.
It wasn’t really until the age of blogs that the idea of publication could really catch on — but it hasn’t. Rather than grasping at the chance to provide our students with the opportunity to produce authentic writing, and beautifully illustrated publications instantly available to anyone with an internet connection, I saw my colleagues wringing their hands in worry that students would produce work that would not exhibit the capabilities of the school, or that they would write “inappropriate,” things in their blogs. I was astonished when the head of the college writing program I was working at insisted that every student’s blog be set to “private” because she feared violating the student’s right to privacy or embarrassing the department. I had to ask, “What is the point of blogging to yourself?” (She wasn’t amused.)
In her defense, I know it may take an educator many years to understand the particular political and administrative challenges to technology in the classroom, and by the time they do, they have lost more battles than they have won. The greatest obstacle in public school systems — both K-12 and college and university systems — is an embedded bureaucracy that works toward preserving the status-quo. Often those who have been in the system for years are the first to wave the white flag of surrender and start teaching without technology, or start looking for a way that they can fly under the radar by compromising the very nature of the technology they are teaching. “Why should I fight?” they say. “Everyone says what they are doing is working fine.”
It shouldn’t be this hard, but it is. This isn’t something a teacher or student, a parent or an administrator can do alone. It is something we must work toward together. There needs to be an ongoing dialogue between the contingent groups working toward bringing the internet into our classrooms in a more meaningful and complete way; and those contingent groups must be fully aware that each group has something they want to get and something they want to protect from the process:
- teachers may fear changing the way they teach and giving up authority in their classroom;
- instructional technology professionals may fear endangering the security of their network, introducing viruses into the system, or overwhelming their capability to provide connections;
- administrators may fear skirting federal, state, or local educational laws, and they may be concerned about how providing better technology infrastructure may affect their budget; and
- parents and students may fear the public nature of the internet and the vulnerability of student information.
Every fear must be discussed in an environment of understanding and cooperation, and everyone must be dedicated to finding solutions to getting our students a safe, open, and growing portal to the internet. We shouldn’t have to fight so hard for what makes logical, educational, and pedagogical sense — but we do, and we owe it to our students to fight with everything we have.
For a practical, hands-on guide to using technology in your classroom, see Michelle Kassorla’s follow-up “A Primer for EdTech: Tools for K-12 and Higher Ed. Teachers.” | <urn:uuid:147d42bf-841c-4a87-8f9d-fc70ee270004> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.hybridpedagogy.com/journal/how-shadowing-my-2nd-grader-led-to-a-new-view-of-tech-in-the-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928586.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00092-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97708 | 3,231 | 2.625 | 3 |
Toothaches have many causes, from gum disease to jaw clenching, but tooth root sensitivity can also cause a tooth to ache.
The tooth root includes the lower two-thirds of the tooth, and it is usually buried in the jawbone. But when gum disease develops, the bacteria that cause the disease can also dissolve the bone around the tooth root. The combination of dissolved bone and receding gums means that more of the tooth root is exposed. Without protection from healthy gums and healthy bone, the root often becomes sensitive to hot and cold and to sour foods. In some cases, the sensitivity is so severe that you may avoid very hot, cold or sour foods.
If the root exposure is not severe, try using a special toothpaste formulated for sensitive teeth that contains fluoride and other minerals. The extra fluoride and minerals will help to strengthen the exposed root and make it less sensitive.
The best way to manage root sensitivity and to prevent gum disease with a consistent oral health care program of twice-daily toothbrushing and daily flossing. Try a soft bristle toothbrush to avoid irritating your gums, which can increase the risk of root exposure and sensitivity.
Don't make your smile wait! Make an appointment now! | <urn:uuid:8d8c288a-da80-4a52-91ff-ae18d6d79375> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://greencaliforniadental.com/post/possible-causes-of-toothaches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.950842 | 254 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Organizations that issue credentials or certify third parties against official standards must also be formally accredited by accreditation bodies. This ensures that their certification practices are acceptable and that they are competent to test and certify third parties in an ethical manner employing appropriate quality assurance. Accreditation is especially important in countries that have a large number of certification bodies and testing laboratories.
Organizations that certify third parties are known as conformity (or compliance) assessment bodies (CABs). Accreditation is an endorsement that a CAB is competent, credible, independent and honest in executing its conformity assessment activities.
The terms accreditation and certification are often used interchangeably, but in the conformity assessment industry, they have very different and specific meanings.
The International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) formal definition of accreditation is “third party attestation related to a conformity assessment body conveying formal demonstration of its competence to carry out specific conformity assessment tasks.” (ISO/ IEC 17000:2004)
Certification is “third party attestation related to products, processes, systems or persons.” (ISO/ IEC 17000:2004)
Common food safety schemes that CABs certify are quality management systems (QMS) based on the ISO 9001 standard, and environmental management systems (EMS) based on the ISO 14001 standard.
In most countries, accredited certification is not mandated, it is a choice. If a certification body is not accredited, it does not mean it is not a reputable organization. A certification body operating nationally in a specific sector might have a stellar reputation and see no advantage in going to the expense of being accredited. However, many certification bodies choose to become accredited, even when it is not mandatory, because company strategies and the marketplace, in particular, put increased value on accreditation.
Accreditation bodies can be established in multiple countries, often by government or with the encouragement of government, to ensure that certification bodies are subject to supervision by an authoritative organization. Accreditation reduces risk for government, businesses and customers because regular surveillance ensures that certification bodies are independent and competent.
Users of certification are protected from poor services when they are confident that the certification body they use is accredited by an body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF).
Accreditation bodies conduct regular visits to certification organizations, and observe their staff conducting food safety audits, to ensure that both the organization and its staff maintain competence in their operations. Accreditation bodies require the organizations they accredit to be free of conflicts of interest or undue influence from interests that may benefit from a certification decision.
Businesses seeking food safety certification should choose a certification body that has been assessed as competent by an IAF accreditation body.
International Accreditation Forum (IAF)
The International Accreditation Forum is the international association of various accreditation bodies in the fields of management systems, products, services, personnel and other similar programs of conformity assessment. Its mission is to develop worldwide programs of conformity assessments to ensure their uniformity and their reliability as well as the competence and impartiality of accredited bodies.
Its purposes are:
• to ensure that its accreditation body members only accredit CBs that are competent to do the work they undertake and are not subject to conflicts of interest.
• to establish mutual recognition arrangements, known as Multilateral Recognition Arrangements (MLA), between its accreditation body members. The role of MLA is to allow companies with an accredited conformity assessment certificate in one part of the world, to have that certificate recognized elsewhere in the world. This allows certified companies to avoid having to be certified in every country where they do business.
List of Accreditation Bodies
A list of accreditation bodies with their contact information and links to their websites can be found here. Generally, the websites of the accreditation bodies contain an up-to-date list of certification bodies they have accredited which can be used for selecting a certification body.
To have more articles like this emailed to your inbox, become a GFSR Member today! | <urn:uuid:f5fbf0f3-88d5-423c-b500-e2f920eae307> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://globalfoodsafetyresource.com/accredited-certification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127133237-20211127163237-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.960038 | 834 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses), railed vehicles (trains, trams), watercraft (ships, boats), amphibious vehicles (screw-propelled vehicle, hovercraft), aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, aerostat) and spacecraft.
What is considered a vehicle?
noun. any means in or by which someone travels or something is carried or conveyed; a means of conveyance or transport: a motor vehicle; space vehicles. a conveyance moving on wheels, runners, tracks, or the like, as a cart, sled, automobile, or tractor.
What are the names of vehicles?
List of Vehicles
- Police car.
- Baby carriage (US)/ Pram (UK)
Is train a vehicle?
No! It needs special road for itself to run. The special purpose roads are called rail roads, common known as tracks. So a train is not technically an automobile.
What are the vehicles in air?
Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors, and hot air balloons.
- The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. …
- A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible.
Are elevators vehicles?
elevator, also called lift, car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers or freight between the levels of a multistory building. Most modern elevators are propelled by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight, through a system of cables and sheaves (pulleys).
Are motorcycles vehicles?
According to the Department of Transportation (DOT), a motorcycle is defined as a motor vehicle with motive power having a seat or a saddle for the rider’s use and designed to travel with not more than three wheels in contact with the ground. As the definition implies, motorcycles can come with more than two wheels.
Is a bus a vehicle?
bus, any of a class of large, self-propelled, wheeled vehicles that are designed to carry passengers, generally on a fixed route. … The bus was a natural outgrowth of the horse-driven coach. Today buses are defined as vehicles that accommodate more than 10 passengers.
Is a skateboard a vehicle?
Skateboards and roller skates are great fun, but they are not considered lawful vehicles. Since they operate at a speed that makes it difficult for motorists to spot and react to, they are not allowed on roads except when crossing the street.
Is a helicopter a vehicle?
A helicopter is a flying vehicle with a system of rotors that lift and propel it. … Like airplanes, helicopters travel through the air — but unlike airplanes, they don’t have wings. Most helicopters have a large rotor blade on top that creates lift by spinning rapidly.
Is a horse a vehicle?
The motor vehicle code defines a “vehicle” as “every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices moved by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.” This definition cannot be legitimately read to include horses.
Is a tractor a vehicle?
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.
What do you mean by aeroplane?
/ (ˈɛərəˌpleɪn) / noun. a heavier-than-air powered flying vehicle with fixed wings.
What is the difference between aircraft and aeroplane?
Airplane and aeroplane are the same thing, but aeroplane is the preferred british spelling. Aircraft refers to anything that can fly, such as a helicopter or hot air baloon in addition to airplanes.
Is helicopter an aircraft?
A helicopter is a type of aircraft that uses rotating, or spinning, wings called blades to fly. Unlike an airplane or glider, a helicopter has wings that move. Unlike a balloon, a helicopter is heavier than air and uses an engine to fly. | <urn:uuid:cf9180b4-eea2-4abd-8a79-f9588e7d3c26> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://northstarchevrolet.com/car-parts/is-aeroplane-a-vehicle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.954104 | 910 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Ancient, deeply spiritual, equally scientific and logical, Ayurvedic medicine is a system of health that has been practised for thousands of years. It is the first and only true holistic system of health, and one which is needed now more than ever. We are in a period of imbalance, both individually and societally, with a huge increase in many preventable diseases of the body and mind such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes, chronic stress, digestive and skin disturbances, depression and loneliness. What is more, we are now seeing more and more young people suffering from what were once considered to be diseases of older age.
The philosophy of Ayurveda suggests that the universe is an interaction of the five elements of Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth, which are grouped into three functional principles, called Doshas. These are Vata, Pitta and Kapha, collectively known as the Tridoshas. They are present in everybody and everything, and can be described through their inherent Gunas (qualities).
The Doshas, and each of their 5 subtypes, have specific roles and sites within the body and mind. When in their normal state quantitatively and qualitatively, they maintain equilibrium, but as soon as they are out of balance, they can affect the tissues, and potentially cause disease.
We all have a unique ‘prakruit’, or constitution, made up of different proportions of all three Doshas. However, whilst two people may be Vata dominant, they will not necessarily present with the same symptoms or suffer from the same imbalances. This is because whilst one person may have more of the ‘cold’ quality of Vata, another may present more of the ‘mobile quality’. This is why we are all so unique when it comes to health, and why some people have more of a predisposition to a particular disease than others.
The Gunas – Qualities
In Ayurveda, the principle of ‘like increase like’ and ‘opposites decrease’ is key to the treatment of imbalances. It is the Ayurvedic practitioner’s mantra. There are 10 opposite pairs of qualities, for example, hot and cold, heavy and light. When we seek to re-balance and bring about equilibrium, we observe the Doshic qualities that have become vitiated within the body and mind, and introduce the opposite ones to readjust.
Agni- The Digestive Fire
Hugely significant in Ayurveda, Agni is the fire found in every aspect of transformation in the body and mind. It is responsible for digestion, absorption, assimilation, and transformation of foods and emotions into energy. Many physical and emotional issues are caused by digestive disturbances, and the pace of modern life means that this is becoming more prevalent. The very first thing we address in Ayurveda is Agni. It is crucial to our understanding of the mechanism of digestion.
It is finally becoming clear to many clinicians, that what we eat is paramount for health. The ancient Ayurvedic texts devote many chapters to the importance of correct nutrition choices for maintaining health and achieving optimum immunity. Ayurveda is the only medicine system that does not give importance to calories, or particular diets. One size cannot fit all. We look at what, where, how, when, and why we eat. Again, the qualities within foods are the key to correcting individual food choices. Ayurveda considers correct eating habits to be medicine for the mind, body and spirit. | <urn:uuid:51902241-0977-437f-9ca4-e0973addd6f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://anala.co.uk/ayurveda-ayurvedic-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572934.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916200355-20190916222355-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.958591 | 740 | 2.640625 | 3 |
After a collision, it’s natural to be concerned about treating everyone’s physical injuries. However, it’s important not to overlook the significant mental health issues that sometimes arise.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most well-known as arising from and related to the trauma of some military service. We now know that it can develop after any traumatic experience. The disorder is characterized by a constant feeling of danger and painful memories. Sufferers may have flashbacks or nightmares and exhibit signs of depression, such as a loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed, feelings of detachment from loved ones, and trouble concentrating throughout the day.
Kids Suffer From PTSD Too
Parents need to know PTSD can strike at any age. In fact, a study conducted by the University of Washington School of Medicine found that children whose parents were seriously injured in a motor vehicle accident were twice as likely to experience symptoms of PTSD as other children even if they experienced no injuries themselves. Simply being exposed to a parental trauma after an injury was enough to increase the childrens’ risk of suffering from PTSD.
Children may display many of the same PTSD symptoms as adults, but parents should also be on the lookout for trouble in school or a regression in developmentally appropriate behavior. For example, a child who was previously potty trained with no issues may start having regular accidents or a child who hasn’t sucked his thumb in well over a year may begin this behavior once more as a form of self soothing.
PTSD Treatment Options
Early treatment is the key to dealing with PTSD symptoms of both children and adults. Sufferers are best served with the assistance of a therapist trained and experienced in dealing with trauma and PTSD.
There are several ways to treat PTSD occurring as the result of a motor vehicle accident. If the patient is a child who has trouble expressing feelings verbally, play therapy or art therapy may be used to help the child deal with the trauma. For adults, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy can help sufferers learn to deal with the upsetting feelings caused by the triggering event. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) can be used as part of cognitive behavioral therapy to help “unfreeze” the brain’s information processing system when it is interrupted in times of extreme stress. Family therapy can help parents and children work through their issues together. And, in some cases, antidepressant medication such as Zoloft or Prozac may also be prescribed.
Holzer Edwards Can Help
The attorneys at Holzer Edwards are dedicated to representing Idaho residents who have been injured due to the negligence of others and wish to seek monetary compensation for physical injuries and/or mental health care. Please call (208) 386-9119 or toll-free at (888) 490-0992 for a free consultation. | <urn:uuid:a1b28d44-d398-42d6-97bf-fd0af7995d4b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://holzeredwardsinjurylawyers.com/2014/06/ptsd-can-arise-from-a-car-accident-be-alert-for-the-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512323.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019041222-20181019062722-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.964854 | 580 | 3.1875 | 3 |
American work ethic essay
What happened to the american work ethic introduction matthew staver for the new york times the owner of this onion field in olathe, colo, had a hard time finding local residents willing to work. French vs american work ethic by heather stimmler-hall | wednesday, april 15, 2009 ooh, a hot topic on many of my tours is the question of the french work ethic the assumption amongst most americans is that the french don't have one i've heard it all (and probably said it myself many times). Americans are set apart from people in other nations we surveyed by their emphasis on individualism and work ethic, as well as their religiosity and optimism. Encyclopedia entry : work ethic essay - work ethic is a set of values or belief based on moral attitude that hard work is worthy of reward it also refers to the workers moral benefit based on one’s earnest and its ability to improve his capacity. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (german: die protestantische ethik und der geist des kapitalismus) is a book written by max weber, a german sociologist, economist, and politicianbegun as a series of essays, the original german text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into english for the first time by american sociologist talcott parsons in 1930.
What's wrong with work ethic in america the decline of work ethic is not uniquely an american problem, but one that is affecting all western nations and a growing number of those in the east. Explain klemens’s definition of the american work ethicdo you agree with his claim that this work ethic is “firmly entrenched as a powerful and valued american social trait” be sure to support your position with specific details taken from your own experiences, the media, your observations of others, and your reading, including the reading selections from this course. Diversity essay: characteristics of cuban-american fundrasing the views expressed herein are those of the author they do not necessarily represent the views of the association of fundraising professionals, or the organizations with which the authors are affiliated. For more than a century much of the world has marveled at the american work ethic and american productivity how long will that continue probably like most corner readers, as a kid, when i wasn.
The ideas of work ethic in this period lay a foundation and basis for ethic during the early american period of franklin, and even work ethic today the idea that man was placed in the garden of eden to work and take care of it (niv, 1973, genisis 2:15) was disrupted by sin and man was ejected from the garden. Social ethics and moral values have been deteriorating over time as a result, the numbers of crimes like murders, thefts, gang rapes, kidnaps, molestation, incidents of snatch and run and illegal practices like terrorism, hoarding, drug abuse etc have seen multifold increase in just few years. All essays are original to exampleessayscomyou won't find them anywhere else on the net hundreds of topics - beat writer's block time saving bibliographies, documentations and works cited.
But it also suggests that american optimism may now be waning in the face of contemporary political and economic challenges “they implanted the american work ethic, as well as the tenacious. A new work ethic 1 describe how typical the attitudes that sheehy reports appear to be in work environments you have experienced 2 explain the implications of the work ethic sheehy describes for the future of american business. Essays tagged: work ethics from their work ethics, to their personalities, to their motivation for living the transient life, the american t the term hobo was coined after the american civil war, when many former soldiers were looking for work many of them turned to migratory farming, and became hoe boys. For the most part, a strong work ethic is family-based and reinforced by early schooling and, as such, is largely impervious to today's rush to reduce unemployment. Work ethic is a set of values or belief based on moral attitude that hard work is worthy of reward it also refers to the workers moral benefit based on one’s earnest and its ability to improve his capacity.
The working life essay the working life essay 1355 words 6 pages the belief that work is morally good is the definition of work ethic provided by the american heritage dictionary work can mean different things to different people usually, when we first think of a word and its meaning, we look at its definition when defining what is. An essay or paper on puritan work ethic the british colonies of north america took their beginnings in the early part of the sixteen hundreds at that time virginia and new england became the first regions to be settled by the english it was the birth of america as a whole, but it also was the beginnings of two distinct ways of life. Examining the japanese work ethic so how much does japan ganbaru anyway the writer basically compares american and japanese universities, and concludes that japanese students do put fewer hours into studying at the university level than americans do.
American work ethic essay
Japanese work ethics vs american work ethics limited time offer at lots of essayscom we have made a special deal with a well known professional research paper company to offer you up to 15 professional research papers per month for just $2995. German sociologist max weber wrote the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism nearly a century ago, attributing the rise of capitalist economies to the protestant work ethic it was an immensely persuasive theory in its time, and derivative explanations have held great sway ever since. 2 the army ethic white paper in response, adp 1 – the army, september 2012, included a new chapter entitled, our professionit identified trust as the foundation for our relationship with the american people and for successful accomplishment of the mission4 subsequently, for the first time, a supporting adrp 1 – the army profession was released on 14 june 2013.
Carnegie also had a vigorous, unwavering work ethic which further embodies traits associated with the american dream carnegie always “did each job to the best of his ability and seized every opportunity to take on new responsibilities” (“andrew carnegie” pbs. Search results important ethical consideration to be made to the ethical standards of the society in which they conduct their work ethical consideration in research seeks to provide ethical protections for research. There is a lot of talk lately about 21st-century skills the ability to communicate, work with figures, take advantage of technology, analyze data and work as a member of a team are key components of those skills.
The decline of work ethic is not uniquely an american problem, but one that is affecting all western nations and a growing number of those in the east however, if we examine the american workplace today with a comparable example from the 1930s, 1960’s, or even the 1990’s, it’s easy to see. Work ethic in american a system of values in which central importance is ascribed to work, or purposeful activity, and to qualities of character believed to be promoted by work webster’s new world college dictionary, 4th edition. The american work ethic is based on that of the original theories of how protestant should spend their money the grounds for protestant work ethic strain from theological perspectives based on scripture, mostly the book of genesis, and calvinists views of work. All papers are written from scratch by only certified and experienced writers the service is available 24/7 please contact our custom service if you have any questions concerning our service. | <urn:uuid:ad3006af-300d-40a1-a132-4b8dbfa3a392> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://uwhomeworkhtep.soalmatematika.info/american-work-ethic-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742483.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115033911-20181115055911-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.964075 | 1,604 | 2.953125 | 3 |
According to scientists at Aarhus University in Denmark, the time has come to invest quickly and massively to make the energy transition more cheap. This can be read in a study recently published in the journal Nature Communications. Aarhus University is one of the top 100 universities denmark knows and is known for their award-winning research and university studies, as well as in the field of clean energy.
The research 'Early decarbonisation of the European energy system pays off' examines the best financial way for the energy transition to take place in Europe. For example, a cumulative carbon budget of 33 GtCO2 for the European electricity, heating and transport sectors is assumed between 2020 and 2050.
The scientists used a supercomputer that was filled with detailed data on the European power grid. Thanks to all the data entered, the scientists were able to create models for the production of electricity, heating and fuel. For example, it was measured how much energy one needs in order to be able to supply all inhabitants with sufficient energy throughout the year.
The Danish scientists asked themselves the following question: What is the cheapest and easiest way to comply with the Paris Agreement? The objective of this agreement is to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The energy transition is an important aspect of this. Among other things, the university investigated the results that could be achieved with the use of nuclear energy and energy from wind, solar and hydropower.
In addition, they examined the following two scenarios:
- Start up energy transition en masse and then let it run steadily
- Slow start-up and as 2050 approaches, accelerate
Marta Victoria, assistant professor of Engineering and energy expert at Aarhus University, explains this further: "We looked at what energy transition we need to achieve the 2050 goal, using the carbon budget."
One of the important aspects of the carbon budget is emissions trading. Emissions trading is emissions trading. These give the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. Applicants and suppliers trade in allowances and thus a CO2 price is established. The permitted amount of emissions is gradually reduced. By 2020, emissions from sectors covered by the EU ETS (Emmission Trade System) should be 21% lower than in 2005. The European Commission has proposed that emissions should be reduced by 43% by 203. With this market instrument, the EU aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way.
According to Victoria and her team, the model makes it clear that the sooner you start, the cheaper the solution eventually becomes. "Ambitious in the short term," says Marta Victoria. In addition, they see solar energy and wind on land and at sea as the cheapest building block to have a fully CO2 free energy system by 2050. They stress that over the next 30 years, considerable use is required on wind and solar energy.
Conditions for success
In order to achieve climate neutrality, a lot more solar and wind power plants will have to be built. In a few years, these plants will have to produce more than 100 gigawatts of clean energy to make the energy transition cheaper. In several places, however, wind and solar systems encounter resistance from municipalities and citizens. The implementation of new technologies and techniques will therefore have to make a significant contribution to accelerating the energy transition.
A short sprint gives you a head start
The research shows that a rapid and powerful switch to new technologies will save money of some €350 billion in the long term. The faster reduction of the available carbon budget can also make a positive contribution to accelerating the energy transition. Although the energy transition remains a major challenge, the commitment to an initial acceleration paints a positive picture for the future!
Want to know more about how AmperaPark contributes to the energy transition? Read more about our sustainable solutions such as our green charging station and the carport with solar panels. | <urn:uuid:1b38fbe1-12d8-4428-ab45-8cd561aacbb9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://amperapark.com/en/uncategorized/ambition-energy-transition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153521.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728025548-20210728055548-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.944139 | 788 | 3.0625 | 3 |
An industrial chemist David Jenkins tells that a rumor started in Zambia that the Depo was contaminated with HIV. Overnight, usage of the drug plummeted. US AID asked the FHI lab to test batches of the Depo to see what was up. Eli Carter told that:
“Our chemist and our virologist who works in another part of FHI, teamed up and they were able to simulate a false positive to show that they could replicate what had happened and prove that there was no contamination of the Depo-Provera.
And I think it also points out how much faith and trust the US AID puts in this lab… that they can call on us and we are able to respond here from North Carolina out to Zambia. We have a country office in Zambia and we worked with the Zambian authorities and facilitated all the preparations for this and monitor the situation…”
One contraption David Jenkins uses a portable lab they’ve acquired to field test for counterfeit drugs. Counterfeits are a huge problem, especially for anti-malarial drugs.
The testing kit has everything needed to test pharmaceuticals in almost any location – even a rural area.Use of a counterfeit anti-malarial drugs can
1) increase the risk you don’t get better and die
2) increase the probability that malaria parasites become resistant to the disease.
That’s happening right now in South East Asia, and there’s a real need to nip it in the bud. FHI is looking for money for a project that would send lab workers into rural areas to test the drugs people are using and make sure they actually contain active ingredient. | <urn:uuid:98289a8e-4219-44c2-aaba-b5fdb88c40b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.surgical-blog.com/compleate-portable-pharmacutical-lab-by-fhi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.964525 | 346 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite hangs in the grasp of the Remote Manipulator System against the blackness of space during deployment from Space Shuttle Discovery, September 1991.
Credit: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
If you're worried about debris falling from the now-defunct satellite headed toward the Earth Friday afternoon (Sept. 23), there's an app that will help you keep track of its descending trajectory.
While NASA said its school bus-size Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is not expected to land near North America — and there's only a 1 in 20 trillion risk that a piece from the satellite could actually hit you anyway — Android users can monitor its plunge toward Earth through an existing app that displays the positions of satellites in the sky.
Another way to track the falling satellite is with the website Heaven's Above, which has a map of the UARS spacecraft's current position and offers a guide for possible sightings that can be tailored to your location. The skywatching website Spaceweather.com also offers a Satellite Flyby app for smartphones and it's Simple Satellite Tracker for computer users.
NASA's UARS satellite is current in an orbit of about 115 miles (185 kilometers) and falling by the hour. The satellite is expected to plunge into Earth's atmosphere sometime late today, NASA officials said.
"Re-entry is possible sometime during the afternoon or early evening of Sept. 23, Eastern Daylight Time," NASA officials wrote late Thursday in an update to the agency's UARS Mission Page. "The satellite will not be passing over North America during that time period."
The satellite is expected to re-enter over a 500-mile (804-km) track of land when it does ultimately fall to Earth. Skywatchers on the ground could be treated to a dazzling light show if the satellite re-enters over a populated region at local nighttime. The UARS satellite's re-entry could be visible during the daylight as well, NASA officials have said.
NASA launched the UARS mission in 1991 aboard the space shuttle Discovery. The satellite spent 14 years studying Earth's upper atmosphere and ozone layer, with NASA decommissioning it in 2005.
The satellite is the largest NASA satellite to make an uncontrolled fall from space since 1979. | <urn:uuid:d0f3b4c1-287f-43dd-9c06-a95b2f3be0a7> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.space.com/13057-android-app-monitor-falling-satellite.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00273-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933258 | 459 | 3.4375 | 3 |
THURSDAY, Nov. 9, 2017 (HealthDay News) — Cats with diabetes, dogs with cancer, birds with high cholesterol or even rabbits who cannot turn around to clean themselves — what do these animals all have in common?
They are either overweight or obese, and it's serious.
"We have a problem — almost all of American pets are overweight or obese," explained veterinarian Dr. Ernie Ward, founder of the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention.
"The latest statistics show that approximately 54 percent of dogs and 59 percent of cats are overweight or obese as determined by their veterinarian," Ward said.
How can you tell if your pet is overweight?
For more common pets, such as dogs and cats, Ward recommends looking at their belly fat.
If their belly is hanging down or dragging on the floor, it's a problem.
You should also be able to feel your pet's ribs — they should feel like the knuckles on your hand when you make a fist.
But for more exotic pets — such as birds, rabbits, ferrets or guinea pigs — it may be harder to tell, and you must visit your vet, said veterinarian Dr. Laurie Hess. She's a bird and exotic animal specialist.
To determine if a pet is overweight or obese, veterinarians use something called the Body Condition Score, or BCS, according to Ward and Hess.
This looks at lean muscle mass, the size of the animal, where they carry their weight and excess abdominal fat.
In her practice, Hess often sees obese birds, rabbits and even ferrets.
"The saddest obese animal I've ever seen was a pet possum that was so grossly obese it couldn't stand up," Hess recalled.
Overweight or obese animals aren't cute, according to Ward.
It's a hazard to their health, shortening their life span, and your wallet as you pay for expensive treatments, Ward and Hess warned.
"Sadly, most of the medical conditions we see in humans who suffer from excess weight, we see in dogs and cats," Ward said.
"Overweight pets can suffer from osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease and many forms of cancer. There is clear evidence that they are associated with excess fat issues, and it affects pets' quality of life," he explained.
"If you want your pet to live a happier life, you have to keep it at a lean weight," Ward said.
There's also a financial burden associated with poor pet health.
Diabetes treatments for cats are a minimum of $1,000-$2,000 per year, and osteoarthritis costs at least $500-$1,000 to treat, according to Ward.
For more exotic pets, such as a bird with a heart condition, Hess explained that you cannot perform heart surgery, so regular blood work and visits to the vet are necessary to monitor their health.
As in humans, proper diet and exercise are the answer to reducing excess pounds and maintaining a healthy weight.
Both Ward and Hess advise that pet owners follow instructions from their veterinarian as to how much food to feed their pet, and replace processed treats with fresh snacks such as baby carrots, green beans, lettuce or other vegetables, depending on the breed.
For pet owners who spend their day away from home, it is important to make sure the pet has enough exercise and stimulation during the day, Ward added.
For some, that could include hiring a pet sitter or walker.
"I have a friend who is a dog walker, and every day she goes to a house where there is an older Amazon parrot between 30 to 40 years old," Hess said. "She is paid to exercise the bird, and he is always excited to see her. He runs around the floor to her while she's there."
Both Ward and Hess suggest speaking to your veterinarian about your pet's weight at every visit.
"If your vet doesn't want to talk about it, find a new vet," Ward said.
For more on pet obesity and how to help an overweight pet, visit the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. | <urn:uuid:9684163a-0b42-4927-932f-107a5dd500f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.eveningwashington.com/2017/11/10/does-your-pet-have-a-weight-problem-heres-how-to-tell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522133.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120213234-20210121003234-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.973387 | 853 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Calling all birders and community scientists! We need your help observing nesting raptors in and around the Batiquitos Lagoon Ecological Reserve. This is a great opportunity to observe wildlife while helping scientists with important research and conservation work.
The Nat and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife are gathering information on birds of prey that are nesting in the area this spring (their nesting season is typically midwinter through the middle of summer). We are specifically interested in the Great Horned Owl, Barn Owl, Red-tailed Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, and American Kestrel.
Between now and the end of July, we need the community’s help to document each nest in the Batiquitos Lagoon Ecological Reserve and the surrounding neighborhoods that are within a mile of the lagoon (roughly bordered by Poinsettia Lane to the north, Leucadia Blvd. to the south, and the Omni La Costa golf course to the east).
Nat scientists regularly monitor nests in and around the lagoon. But we need help from the public because many of these birds nest in backyards or on private property that we can’t access. And with more people getting outside into nature during the pandemic, it’s an opportunity for people to learn about and contribute to science.
The data we gather will help inform conservation efforts at the Reserve. By comparing observations this year against observations last year, we can determine how nest success and the nesting density of raptors has changed, and what nests are being reused in 2021. In addition, we can continue to document when and where raptors are nesting, what trees they use for nesting, and what prey they bring to feed their young.
If you live in this area and know of any nests or nesting raptors in your back yard or neighborhood, please email firstname.lastname@example.org or post your observations to the iNaturalist app using the Birds of Prey at Batiquitos Lagoon Project. New to iNaturalist? Find more information here, including a downloadable guide on how to use the app.
Visit the San Diego County Bird Atlas’ online database to learn more about these birds, what they look like, and their nesting behaviors.
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
Great Horned Owl with young. Photo by Tony Mercieca.
Nat scientists are seeking help from the public to monitor nests around the Batiquitos Lagoon Ecological Reserve.
Red-shouldered Hawk. Photo by Tony Mercieca.
Posted by The Nat on February 26, 2021
Subscribe to our blog. Receive an email once a week that recaps the latest blog posts about our research, exhibitions, cool science news, and more | <urn:uuid:19b39a81-b209-4239-a577-8e4ea55f2446> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nzs2.sdnhm.org/blog/blog_details/help-scientists-observe-raptors-around-batiquitos-lagoon/168/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925115505-20230925145505-00890.warc.gz | en | 0.923565 | 573 | 3.125 | 3 |
These wooden sticks were a cheap and simple resource to create. I found the sticks in Poundland as part of a garden fencing set, and the coloured (insulation) tape on Amazon.
First, I had to detach all the sticks from the metal wire used to attach them together. I then wrapped the tape around each end of the stick, putting the same colour on each end. That was it, the sticks were ready to use!
Here are just a few of the ways in which these could be used:
- Colour matching using the ends of each stick
- Creating shapes
- Creating pictures using natural objects such as leaves and stones
- Good for outdoor/forest school activities
- As chopsticks alongside coloured objects and sorting pots for a physical activity
- Coloured pegs can be used to match to the sticks
- Candles for a mud or playdough cake
- Counting activities
- Magic wands!
I’m sure there are many more activities which could be carried out using these sticks, the children usually have their own wonderful ideas!
I’ve only used them once so far, as a shape making activity. I put pictures of different shapes and asked the children to try and copy the shapes in the pictures. It was a good way to get them naming and recognising shapes as well as matching colours.
Update (June 2017): I recently used these sticks for a very effective music activity during a group session with Pre-school children. I asked them to pick two sticks each and we explored rhythm by tapping the sticks on different body parts, tapping them in beat to a song, and creating a rhythm for everyone to copy. A successful activity which kept the children on the carpet for a long time! | <urn:uuid:ea1e7dd0-22cf-46f4-a8f3-08b47ac1b8d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://calmingpresence.wordpress.com/2017/04/17/coloured-sticks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.973011 | 358 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Spinal Body Stereotactic Patient
What is Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)?
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) is a precise way of delivering a high dose of radiation therapy to a small, localised lesion in the spine. This type of treatment requires a high degree of accuracy.
This treatment uses a standard linear accelerator (linac) with specialised accessories and immobilisation. The machine produces very small and accurate beams designed to deliver the dose of radiation therapy to small treatment targets. The linac will move around the patient to deliver the treatment.
Generally, this type of radiation therapy requires one CT-Simulation appointment and then only four treatment appointments. The first treatment appointment will be a trial run to check patient positioning and the accuracy of the imaging of the spine during a treatment course.
What is involved in the CT-Simulation procedure?
CT-Simulation: This is the first step in the treatment planning process. This session generally will take 60 minutes and involves:
- Immobilisation: This is important to help keep patients still, due to the high degree of accuracy required for this type of treatment.
- Recording the set-up instructions; this is again important for the treatment set-up accuracy.
- CT scanning of the treatment region.
- Finally, an Education Session with the nursing staff. Nurses will discuss any treatment side-effects and the management of these. A separate Information Sheet will be provided.
The next appointment after CT-Simulation is the Verification appointment; this appointment is given at the time of CT-simulation. During the period of time, usually 2 weeks, the Radiation Oncology staff will prepare the treatment plan.
What happens on the treatment day?
The duration of this appointment depends on the treatment plan. Generally, the appointment is 45-60 minutes in duration. Treatment involves multiple ‘arcs’ which involves the machine rotating around the patient whilst the treatment is delivered.
The treatment procedure will involve:
- Set up with immobilisation equipment.
- Recording and verifying the set-up measurements.
- Taking X-rays to verify treatment accuracy.
- Delivery of the treatment.
The staff will inform you when they are ready to commence:
- Staff exit the treatment room during the verification X-rays and treatment; however, patients are monitored by cameras and microphones.
- X-rays will be taken prior to and after each treatment fraction.
- Each arc will take approximately six to ten minutes to deliver.
- Patients do not feel anything during treatment; a buzzing noise will be heard while the treatment arc is delivered.
- Patients need to ensure they lie still during the treatment process.
After treatment care
- Patients will be observed by nursing staff for 30 minutes after treatment.
- Patients are given instructions regarding medications, follow-up appointments, and whom to contact in case of problems/emergencies.
If you have any concerns or for further information, please contact the Radiation Oncology Department.
Tel: 02 4014 3125
Monday-Fridays between 8:00am-4:30pm | <urn:uuid:098fe705-0acd-413f-b23c-96edbf5069b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.calvarycare.org.au/public-hospital-mater-newcastle/services-and-clinics/cancer-treatment-and-support/radiation-oncology/radiation-therapy-treatment/spinal-body-stereotactic-patient/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.909746 | 655 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Brian Thomas Isaac’s All the Quiet Places transports the reader across time and space to a, well, quiet corner of the Okanagan Indian Reserve in the southern Interior of British Columbia in 1956. There, six-year-old Eddie lives with his mother, Grace, and younger brother, Lewis, isolated from most of their community except for his grandmother and maternal uncle, who live in close proximity. All the Quiet Places begins the summer before Eddie enters first grade and follows him into his teens as he experiences bullying as a visibly Indigenous (Syilx) child at his majority-white school, explores his feelings for his white neighbours’ daughter, and endures the return of his absentee father, Jimmy, and the tumult Jimmy creates in their home life.
A lack of electricity – despite Grace’s letters to the Indian Office – means that the quiet places Eddie inhabits are not punctured by the sounds of televisions, radios, or record players. Instead, they are punctuated by the whispering tree leaves, the whooshing water, the chirping birds, the buzzing insects, and the occasional crunch of tires on gravel when the Indian agent visits.
Isaac’s detailed yet direct prose evokes a tranquil world that lulls the reader into a false sense of security. There are fine cracks in this secure world and Isaac provides small yet distinct red flags before shattering it completely with death and loss.
Death is a common motif in the book. The reoccurrence of death underlines the continuities of Eddie’s childhood and adolescence, as well as the parallels between Eddie’s life and the lives of his loved ones. Death also often ushers Eddie into a new phase in his life, signifying upheaval and trauma, rather than rebirth.
On its surface, All the Quiet Places seems like the coming-of-age story of a young boy learning how to live in a world where he is unwelcome. While it is that, its third-person perspective also enables the novel to illustrate how the systemic oppression of colonialism results in a cycle of poverty and trauma that erodes entire families and eventually entire communities.
Isaac steps effortlessly into the shoes of young Eddie. Though All the Quiet Places is Isaac’s first novel, the writing is precise and assured. Through Eddie’s honest – and sometimes apathetic – observations of the world around him, Isaac deftly captures how the angst and uncertainty that bubble within children can quickly boil over when face to face with social inequity and oppression. Once this anger is unleashed, Isaac illustrates, it corrodes the individual, and even their present and future loved ones.
Equal parts enchanting and agonizing, All the Quiet Places is an exceptional debut that not only transports the reader but also transforms them. | <urn:uuid:f8d7812f-48ff-43b4-bec1-78887b535e3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://quillandquire.com/review/all-the-quiet-places/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.96088 | 569 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Smoky shews are often found in higher elevations, typically above 700 m, in or around deciduous montane forests. At the southern edge of their geographic range, it's been reported that they exists at elevations as low as 300 m. They occur in a variety of forest types, on talus slopes, and occasionally some wetter areas (bogs, swamps, bankside of rivers). However, although it appears that they are more abundant in moisture-rich forests, they are much less common (or absent) in seasonally or permanently inundated wetland habitats.
Smoky shrews typically either take over other small mammals burrows to make use of them for themselves, or build rounded nests ca. 5.08 centimeters in diameter on the forest floor, often underneath forest debris. Nests are built using various mammal hair and vegetative matter on sheltered forest floors. (Cassola, 2016; Choate, et al., 1994; Laerm, et al., 2007; Merritt, 1987; Nowak, 1999; Owen, 1984; Webster, et al., 2004)
The average total length of smoky shrews is 111.4 millimeters, with an average weight of 7.6 grams. Average tail length is 43.8 millimeters, and their hind feet are, on average, 13.2 millimeters long. Both male and female shrews are similar in size. Newborn shrews are blind, toothless, lack fur and weigh 0.14 grams. By one month old, they weigh 4 grams. Smoky shrews have a generally flattened skull. Like all shrews, the snout of smoky shrews is elongated, and they have ears that are often concealed within their fur. Smoky shrews have 32 teeth with a dental formula of incisors 1/1, canines 5/1, premolars 1/1, and molars 3/3.
The coloration of smoky shrews is an identifying feature among similar species. In the summer months, the dorsal fur is brown, with a yellow tint, and the ventral fur is pale brown. Their winter coat is dark gray on the dorsal side with silver hues on the ventral side. Smoky shrews molt twice annually, once in preparation for winter and again in preparation for summer. The molt for winter happens in October for a thicker fur as well as a change of color to accommodate surroundings; the other in preparation for summer happens in April or May for a thinner coat with brown fur. The tail of smoky shews is consistently bicolored, following the different hues among the months. The tail is a light brown with yellows hues in the summer months, and dark brown with silver hues in the winter months.
Older shews tend to have fur with whiter tips. The younger shrews are distinguished from the older shrews not only because they are smaller, but also because they have long hairs on the tips of their tails that disappear once maturing to adults. (Best and Dusi, 2014; Choate, et al., 1994; Kurta, 1995; Merritt, 1987; Naughton, 2012; Owen, 1984)
Although it has not been studied in smoky shrews, there are observations of the mating techniques of the masked shrew, Sorex cinereus. Males use high-pitched vocalizations to complete with other males when looking for mates. Usually in groups of three, the male masked shrews will jump in a breeding chase. It’s likely that smoky shrews have a similar mating system. (Maier and Doyle, 2006)
Smoky shrews use leaf litter and other vegetative matter to build a nest in protected habitats (i.e., rotting logs or stumps). Alternately, they may take advantage of an abandoned nest. The nests are 10 to 48 centimeters below the ground or under downed logs. Breeding occurs year-round but is primarily in early spring to early fall, March to October. Smoky shrews have 2 to 3 litters year-round with a gestation period of 19 to 22 days. They produce 2-8 young each litter. Female shrews experience post-partum estrous, when females go into heat immediately after giving birth to a litter. Newborn shrews are blind, toothless, lack fur and weigh 0.14 grams. By one month old, they weigh 4 grams. After one month, the pups are fully weaned and own their own. Most often these shrews do not breed within their first year of life and reach sexual maturity after their winter as young. (Brown, 1997; Elbroch and Rinehart, 2011; Laerm, et al., 2007; Merritt, 1987; Naughton, 2012; Owen, 1984)
The mothers groom, nurse, and regurgitate food for their young. Females take care of the young for up to a month after the young are fully weaned. Young stay in the nest until the mother leaves to mate again. At this point, the young leave the nest to find new nesting sites. Beyond mating, males have no parental investment. (Churchfield, 1990; Elbroch and Rinehart, 2011; Naughton, 2012)
Juvenile and adult smoky shrews are distinguished by weight and tooth, tail, and hair wear. Because smoky shrews do not breed within the year they are born, they most often survive until the subsequent breeding season and live a total of 14 to 17 months. The lifespan on smoky shrews in captivity has not been reported and is not currently known. (Kurta, 1995; Churchfield, 1990; Kurta, 1995; Thompson-Jackson, 1961)
Smoky shrews are constantly active through all hours of the day, and throughout the year. Colder temperatures do not semm to be limiting, as they have been captured in the snow. These shrews typically are not social, but clustering of captures suggest that they might live in colonies. They do not migrate.
When smoky shrews are disturbed, they release a high-pitched squeaking noise, throw themselves onto their backs, and wave their limbs. When searching for food, smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise. (Elbroch and Rinehart, 2011; Owen, 1984)
Home range has not been reported for smoky shrews, and territory size also is unknown. (Owen, 1984)
When smoky shrews are disturbed, they emit a high-pitched squeaking noise, throw themselves onto their backs, and wave their limbs. When searching for food, smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise, which might be a crude form of echolocation. This has not largely been studied in smoky shrews, but other shrews in Sorex have been known to echolocate. Common shrews Sorex araneus are able to use echolocation to find objects up to 200 mm away. Echolocation is especially helpful to shrews when they inhabit abandoned burrows, as it allows them to sense if the burrow is empty. It is also used to aid in finding protective cover when being pursued by a predator. (Forsman and Malmquist, 1988)
Smoky shrews are insectivores feeding on various invertebrates. A North Carolina study reported that centipedes (36.5% of stomach contents, by volume) were the most common food item, followed by earthworms (19%) and adult lepidopterans (19.5%), and ground beetles in the family Scarabidae (10%). Insects (adults and larvae), spiders, isopods, and some fungi are included in the diets of smoky shrews. In captivity, the shrews also could eat salamanders and snails.
Although it has not been directly studied in smoky shrews, the hearts of other shrews in the genus Sorex have been found to beat 800-1200 beats per minute. Due to a high metabolism, shrews must feed day and night to support their appetites. (Choate, et al., 1994; Laerm, et al., 2007; Owen, 1984; Sipe and Browne, 2004; Webster, et al., 2004; Whitaker Jr. and Hamilton Jr., 1998)
Smoky shrews molt their fur twice annually so they have brown with a hint of yellow coat in the summer and gray and white in the winter which provides cryptic coloration. Smoky shrews dwell mostly on the forest floor, small enough to maneuver leaf and other vegetative matter. This habitat allows them natural camouflage. When disturbed, smoky shrews produce a high-pitched noise. The main predators of smoky shrews are bobcats (Lynx rufus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), hawks, falcons, long-eared owls (Asio otus), weasels, northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), and timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). (Choate, et al., 1994; Clark, 2002; Hamilton Jr., 1941; Laerm, et al., 2007; Merritt, 1987; Owen, 1984)
Smoky shrews are insectivores who prey on many insects and their larvae. They are also prey for snakes, owls, weasels, hawks and larger shrews. Smoky shrews are hosts to many parasites including mites (Amorphacarus hengererorum, Orycteroxenus soricis, Xenoryctes nudus, Myobia, Haemogamasus, Protomyobia, Myonyssus jamesoni, Haemolaelaps glasgowi, Euhaemogamasus liponyssoides, Hirstionyssus talpae), chiggers (Euschoengastia whitakeri, Euschoengastia jamesoni), and nematodes (Capillaria hepatica). (Choate, et al., 1994; Laerm, et al., 2007; Merritt, 1987; Owen, 1984)
Smoky shrews may aid in the population control of insects. Masked shrews (Sorex cinereus) have been known to aid in the population control of the larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsoni). It's likely smoky shrews could have a similar impact. (Dent, 2000; Fryxell, et al., 2014; Whitaker Jr. and Hamilton Jr., 1998)
There are no known adverse effects ofon humans.
Smoky shrews are listed as a species of “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List. CITES and the US Federal List list smoky shrews as no special status. The Michigan Natural Features Inventory states that smoky shrews are "Threatened," because there have been fewer than half a dozen captures of these individuals in the state. Current management efforts are in place to maintain forest cover and leaf litter on the forest floor. It's likely that these efforts positively impact smoky shrews. (Cassola, 2016)
Makayla Beckner (author), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, Alex Atwood (editor), Radford University, Marisa Dameron (editor), Radford University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
uses sound to communicate
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum.
an animal that mainly eats meat
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect.
The process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves.
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
parental care is carried out by females
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing.
An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
This terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra-like vegetation.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
active during the night
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.
uses touch to communicate
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
uses sight to communicate
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
breeding takes place throughout the year
US Forest Service. Influence of elevation and forest type on community assemblage and species distribution of shrews in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains. None. None Provided: International Society of Shrew Biologists. 2005.
Best, T., J. Dusi. 2014. Mammals of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
Brown, L. 1997. A Guide to Mammals of the Southeastern United States. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press.
Cassola, F. 2016. "Sorex fumeus" (On-line). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41396A22312838. Accessed September 12, 2016 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41396/0.
Choate, J., K. Jones Jr, C. Jones. 1994. Handbook of Mammals of the South-Central States. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
Churchfield, S. 1990. The Natural History of Shrews. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Clark, R. 2002. Diet of the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus. Journal of Herpetology, 36/3: 494-499.
Dent, D. 2000. Insect Pest Managment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International.
Elbroch, M., K. Rinehart. 2011. Peterson Reference Guide to the Behavior of North American Mammals (Peterson Reference Guides). New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Felix, Z., L. Gatens, Y. Wang, C. Schweitzer. 2009. First records of the smoky shrew (Sorex fumeus) in Alabama. Southeastern Naturalist, 8/4: 750-753.
Forsman, K., M. Malmquist. 1988. Evidence for echolocation in the common shrew, Sorex araneus. Journal of Zoology, 216: 655-662.
Fryxell, J., A. Sinclair, G. Caughley. 2014. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management (3rd edition). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Son Ltd.
Hamed, K., T. Laughlin. 2015. Small-Mammal mortality caused by discarded bottles and cans along a US National Forest Service road in the Cherokee National Forest. Southeastern Naturalist, 14/3: 506-516.
Hamilton Jr., W. 1941. The food of small forest mammals in eastern United States. Journal of Mammalogy, 22/3: 250-263.
Kurta, A. 1995. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region: Revised Edition. East Lansing, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
Laerm, J., W. Ford, B. Chapman. 2007. Smoky shrew. Pp. 95-98 in M Trani, W Ford, B Chapman, eds. The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South. Durham, North Carolina: USDA Forest Service & The Nature Conservancy.
Maier, T., K. Doyle. 2006. Aggregations of masked shrews (Sorex cinereus): Density- related mating behavior?. Mammalia, 70/1-2: 86-89.
Merritt, J., S. Vessey. 2000. Shrews-small insectivores with polyphasic patterns. Pp. 235-251 in S Halle, N Stenseth, eds. Activity Patterns in Small Mammals: An Ecological Approach, Vol. 141. New York, New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Merritt, J. 1987. Guide to Mammals of Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Naughton, D. 2012. The Natural History of Canadian Mammals. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th Edition: Volume 1. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Owen, J. 1984. Sorex fumeus. Mammalian Species, 215: 1-8.
Sipe, T., R. Browne. 2004. Phylogeography of masked (Sorex cinereus) and smoky shrews (Sorex fumeus) in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Mammalogy, 85/5: 875-885.
Thompson-Jackson, H. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Webster, D., J. Parnell, W. Biggs Jr.. 2004. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
Whitaker Jr., J., W. Hamilton Jr.. 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates. | <urn:uuid:bd7d9f92-2e36-42e0-a39c-a122c3d29aac> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Sorex_fumeus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.908947 | 4,131 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Adding online or distance learning courses to the mix can be disconcerting to teachers and principals who are used to face-to-face interaction. Here are some pointers.
Dispel the misconceptions. Many school administrators are likely to have uninformed or misguided opinions about online and distance education. Some may believe that the approach is subpar to traditional classroom-based teaching and that students aren't able or willing to learn successfully on their own.
"One of the key reasons I think our efforts took off relatively smoothly is because we did the hard work of communicating with our school principals in the district right from the start and defined for them what we were and what we were not," says Judy Bauernschmidt, director of student online learning for the 21st Century Virtual Academy, the online learning entity within Colorado's Jefferson County (Jeffco) Public Schools system.
Make sure technology follows academics. Consult teachers and curriculum and academics personnel early on so they can provide input on academic goals and requirements and experiment with the different technologies before a final purchase is made, says Thomas Brenneman, executive director of technology for Kansas City (Mo.) Public Schools. "Having that acceptance and continuity throughout the process makes your chances for success a whole lot higher," he says.
Use your best teachers. Don't place underperforming or new teachers into distance and online classes. Coming up with lesson plans and connecting with students in an online or distance learning course requires experience. Teachers must have classroom management and instructional skills, as well as charisma, commitment, an open attitude and an ability to quickly spot student learning or commitment issues. In this environment, "top classroom teachers become superstars," Brenneman says.
But further development often is needed. Jeffco offers online certification for its teachers and ongoing professional development. KCPS, meanwhile, has created a mentoring program and organizes summer practice sessions so its teachers can test out new approaches among their peers.
Don't lose touch. It's important for students to have someone to call on for help when they need it so they can stay involved in their school. There are many ways schools do this.
KCPS, for example, has an assistant in each of its distance learning laboratories to serve as additional hands and eyes for the instructor and to provide direct aid for students struggling with the material. Millis High School in Massachusetts has an online coordinator to keep tabs on independent learners, intervene if there's an issue, and act as a liaison between students and nondistrict online teachers.
Keep students involved. Even though they're learning on their own time, students should still feel like they are part of the overall student body. Even full-time 21st Century Learning Academy students can go on field trips and attend orientation and other school functions within the Jeffco system. The school also employs community liaisons who connect with students, provide spaces for students to collaborate and handholding for families as they try to acclimate to life in an online school.
Join us on April 16, 2013 for a webinar focusing on outside-the-box thinking and innovative technologies that drive schools’ successful distance learning programs. Learn more and register here. | <urn:uuid:9f25da77-3d1f-464a-82c6-73d6d37f512a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2012/07/5-tips-going-distance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00362-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966653 | 641 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Did you know...?|
Small rovers landed on Mars and found evidence that long ago water flowed freely on the Martian surface.
The StarChild site is a service of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Dr. Alan Smale (Director), within the Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at NASA/ GSFC.
StarChild Authors: The StarChild Team
StarChild Graphics & Music: Acknowledgments
StarChild Project Leader: Dr. Laura A. Whitlock
Responsible NASA Official:
If you have comments or questions about the StarChild site, please send them to us. | <urn:uuid:9c17c9ab-d0b9-4887-9507-2db6bc210ae9> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level1/mars_know.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00051-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813263 | 134 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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DEAD SEA SCROLLS?
Discovered in desert caves from several locations. The first was accidentally discovered by a Bedouin shepherd (1947) in a cave.
Thought to be part of the Essenes Jewish sect lived at Qumran from the mid-2nd century BC to AD 68.
Scholars think the scrolls were not the work of Essene but were a collected library of important Jewish works that was hidden during the Roman invasion of AD 67 to 73.
The scrolls date around 200 BC to 100 AD , the majority were composed during the 1st century BC and 1st century AD.
The Scrolls contain some copies of Old Testament text and all the rest has nothing to do with any thing in the Torah / Old Testament.
The only value these scrolls really have is the fact that "they are very old". Even original copies of letters of a shopping list or fictional stories are priceless to those who collect such things.
Accounts like the Jews in a suicidal revolt against Rome in AD 132-135 was debunked last week on the History channel. The writer of that letter revealed he was not present at the event but he got the info from the few who escaped. By their own words ( in the guy's letter) they were hiding and so it would not have been possible for them to give testimony about something they did not see.
Regardless of any actual validity of
the info in the scrolls they are worth big money. I suppose if someone had the
original Donald Duck subscription I took in the 1950's in 2000 years from now ,
it would be worth millions.
I have always considered the possibility that they were forged and planted. Carbon 14 seems to be a tool of research but even that can be fudged. i.e. a life form subjected to water dripping out of coal will give it a false reading. Anyone with big money and science knowledge could fake such a thing and get away with it.
Consider the curiosity and paying tourist these scrolls have brought in just 10 years. If they would have paid 10 million bucks for them, they got their cash back in spades in just a few years.
"Discovered by a Bedouin shepherd (1947) ". Imagine this. It would be like finding Aladdin's cave of gold. The boy makes one of the greatest historical finds of the century and he is almost unknown.
His face would be plastered on major magazines around the world. He would be interviewed by radio talk shows and would be flown around the world to meet endless big wigs. but this kid "finds the great Dead Sea Scrolls" and he vanishes from the radar of public knowledge?
Except their age, they are not the text written by Moses. they are not some new commandments given to any by God. At best the scriptural part of the scrolls are nothing more than the hand copied bible text of the Catholic monks.
The Essenes themselves were a group like the Branch Divinations ( Koresh gang ). They separated themselves from all others to do their thing. In the time frame ( if not faked ) these scrolls were recorded, Israel was no longer in power. They were under the rule of the Romans & such.
In this transition period till the time of Christ, most of the Israelites had already been scattered through out the Arab nations ( primarily Egypt ).
The text is not the writings of Moses, they were written over 1000 years after the death of Moses.
The scrolls were nothing given to them by God. At best they were an outcast group like the Branch Divinations who hand copied some of the scriptures and recorded events / ceremonies / rules they had made up between themselves.
At the worst, they are just a bunch of concocted fakes to bilk the Lemmings of the world of their money.
The scrolls do nothing to give creditability to the pretend Anglo Saxon European invaders calling themselves Jews, but the little fragments have and will continue to put million$ in their pocket$.
If I live long enough I expect them to find text in their magic scrolls that God commanded we lowly goys must lick between their toes to be accepted into heaven.
After watching the Antique Road Show, I observed how many
fakes people had bought. When archeologist make some great find, ask yourself:
#1 What kind of fame and finical benefit would this guy obtain by a great find.
When experts look for a forgery, they have a big list of test to make. If they can create a forgery that will meet the required test results, bingo they are an instant hero in the archeology world.
Such finds bring fame, speaking engagements, book sales, paying tourist to the great find, training / classes to students that want to know all about the amazing boggle, curiosity and a place in some history book.
#2 How hard would it be for someone with a lot of money and contacts in the scientific field to create a forgery.
#3 Other than your curiosity and the romance of touching or seeing something that belonged to some famous or ancient people of the past, what other real value does the magical boggle have?
Christians are no more idiots than anyone else. They are just trusting and accepting of such things because of their imagination.
Even experts are deceived. Stern magazine paid thousands of dollars to purchase Hitler's personal diary.
This people "Jews" who evolved out of a cult of European Anglo Saxon / Aryan have already conned the religious world into believing they are descendants of the native people of the middle east. They are very good at the con game.
They ( who's religious book states Christ was a bastard and it is a service to God to kill Christians - Talmud ) have an old boat and they named it "The Jesus Boat" ( after "the bastard" Jesus I guess ).
In this account about 1000 Jews held out against
the Romans for three years. The event was supposed
to have taken place about 50-75 AD. Finally the Romans got other Jews to climb
up the bank first so those on top could not throw stones down on them. In the
story at the end the Jews committed mass suicide.
The problem is those who told the story said they were in hiding and where they were in hiding, they could not have been a witness to the account they were "witness to".
At this time in history most of the Israelites had already been dispersed into the Arab countries.
Hmmm about 1000 people living on this big rock. It doesn't like a garden would grow up there. I wonder where 1000 people would get their groceries for three years... call out for pizza?
One of their most absurd tricks to bring idiot "Christians" to spend their money was nothing but a rock. They declared this to be the rock Mary sat on when she was pregnant with Jesus. This crock must have been seen through by even the most idiotic "Christians" because I have not heard any more about this farce for several years. How did they know Mary sat there when she was pregnant with Jesus? Did she leave her buttocks print in the rock? If so, how did they verify the buttock print belonged to Mary?
What ever "great find" pops up next, real or another concoction, ask yourself what actual importance does it have in this life or the next and are those who produce the magic show gonna use it to fill their pocket$. | <urn:uuid:0ab130cd-167f-4c21-b7d0-c8581146ff79> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://biblearabs.1accesshost.com/j0265.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743714.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117144031-20181117170031-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.977464 | 1,565 | 2.734375 | 3 |
According to the chief technical officer at the Gold Standard Foundation, the carbon market is worth saving. However, it requires a significant shift in approach if it is to remain sustainable. The current system is based on a supply and demand model, where emissions are capped, and companies must purchase permits to emit carbon. However, the oversupply of permits has led to a collapse in prices, making it financially unviable for companies to invest in low-carbon technologies. Instead, they are incentivised to continue polluting, as it is more cost-effective.
To address this, the market needs to shift towards a more demand-driven model, where companies are required to reduce their emissions to meet targets. This would create a more stable price for carbon and encourage investment in low-carbon technologies. Additionally, there needs to be greater transparency in the market, with a focus on verifying emissions reductions and ensuring that they are credible and permanent. This would build greater trust among investors and encourage the development of new projects.
The Gold Standard Foundation is calling for a “2030 Gold Standard” that sets ambitious targets for emissions reductions and ensures that all projects are rigorously assessed and verified. This would provide a benchmark for companies to measure their progress against and ensure that emissions reductions are genuine. To support this, there need to be increased investments in renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies. This will require strong government policies that provide a clear regulatory framework and address market failures.
In conclusion, while the carbon market is worth saving, it requires a fundamental shift in approach if it is to remain sustainable. A more demand-driven model that incentivises companies to reduce their emissions is needed, along with greater transparency and verification of emissions reductions. Strong government policies and investments in low-carbon technologies are also necessary to support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The 2030 Gold Standard provides a framework for achieving these goals and creating a more sustainable future. | <urn:uuid:4454b90b-9cc9-4853-8d79-4c3cc104af6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://impactant.fr/the-voluntary-carbon-market-requires-improvement-and-must-exhibit-a-significant-amount-of-modesty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.956049 | 394 | 2.625 | 3 |
In Paraguay Independence day is always on May 14th each year and celebrates their independence from Spain on May 14th 1811.
People celebrate this day by attending parades, dances, carnivals, outside get togethers, and military displays with much patriotism and pride about their countries independence. This independence day holiday is a national holiday with most business and government offices closed.
Jose Gaspar Rodriquez de Francia held a bloodless revolution against the Spanish Empire resulting in Paraguay's independence on May 14 and 15 1811. The Napoleonic Wars had weakened the Spanish Empire to the point in which it could no longer put down independence movements in its colonies. | <urn:uuid:b9d9b4b4-9057-4e24-bf57-f6b05dc7a05b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.calendardate.com/py_independence_day.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160620.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924165426-20180924185826-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.947431 | 135 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Monday, February 25th, 2013
Ayyam-i-Ha: February 26-March 1
Ayyam-i-Ha (also called Intercalary Days) is a period of hospitality, charity and gift-giving for Baha’is that is celebrated from February 26 to March 1. This is a festive time where people give gifts–mainly to children, have parties and focus on charity. Baha’u’llah, the founder of the Baha’i faith, said of Ayyam-i-Ha, “It behoveth the people of Baha, throughout these days, to provide good cheer for themselves, their kindred and, beyond them, the poor and needy, and with joy and exultation to hail and glorify their Lord, to sing His praise and magnify His Name.”
The Baha’i calendar is a solar calendar (365 days in a year, 366 in leap years) consisting of nineteen months, each containing nineteen days. This leaves four days (five in leap years) that do not belong to any month and thus are “intercalary” (literally, “inserted”) days.
Ayyam-i-Ha prepares Baha’is for the fast, which begins March 2 and ends March 20. Like Muslims during Ramadan, Baha’is refrain from food and drink from sunrise to sunset, obligatory for all who are healthy and not traveling, with exemptions for pregnant and nursing mothers and those who are over 70. Fasting is a form of self-discipline and the fast is a time of prayer and meditation, during which Baha’is detach themselves from the things of this world and draw closer to God. Fasting reminds Baha’is of those who are poor and lack food, in order to be more compassionate and encourage charity. Bahai’s fast for 19 days (unlike Ramadan which is 30 days) and there is no obligation to make-up missed days of fasting as in Islam.
There are no prescribed ways of celebrating Ayyam-i-Ha. Baha’is have sought to avoid specific rituals that are not mandated in their scriptures and they have resisted commercializing their holidays. Baha’i families invent their own beautiful traditions each year for the four days of the celebration.
© 2013, The Editors. All rights reserved.
More Great Stuff You'll Love: | <urn:uuid:029cddb4-ad6a-44cc-aa7e-fbb2c9978173> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.incultureparent.com/2013/02/ayyam-i-ha-bahai-february-26-march-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461359.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00257-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955519 | 509 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Every character lives their own story, but within a story not all characters are equal.
Minor & Placeholder Characters
These are the characters that make up most of the people in the world of the story. A minor character performs one or two significant actions, and then fades away. They don’t change or evolve, they simply exist. They are often eccentric or exaggerated, but they lack the complexity of a main or major character. The audience is entertained, but doesn’t miss a minor character when they leave.
Placeholders are bland, often boring. They are the nameless faceless strangers going about their lives. Placeholders are not interesting. If they say or do anything it’s the obvious action, more akin to a generic example or member of a crowd. They exist to provide a background for the primary characters, the main and major characters.
At the top of the hierarchy are the protagonists. This is who the story is about, the characters most affected by the conflict. Over the course of the narrative the main characters are influenced by the story conflict. The events of the story help to reveal and/or change who the character is.
Next are the major characters, characters with a strong relationship with the main characters, either supporting or opposing the protagonist(s). Major characters often advance the plot; taking action, providing information, and generally setting the stage for a main character. Consider the Genie, Abu, or Carpet, from the film Aladdin. These characters often encourage or confront Aladdin, bringing up issues which become the heart of a conflict later in the story.
Together protagonists and major characters make up the primary cast. If the story is a novel major characters may be introduced and removed throughout, and the story may alternate between protagonists, but once an essential character is introduced, their presence in the story is maintained throughout, unless they have been removed permanently, or their reappearance is intended as a surprise.
Consider Two Towers, a book featuring 3 separate storylines. The characters are separated by great distance, but every so often the story makes an allusion or reference to the others, making sure the audience doesn’t forget about them.
Consider the primary villain, Sauron. He never appears directly. Instead he is a voice, a set of instructions, but his presence and his reputation dominate the story. Every choice he makes has powerful ramifications for the rest of the cast.
Relationships & Recollections | <urn:uuid:8ed292c4-5df5-41b6-a03c-e9ede000577b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://writet.blog/2016/08/09/character-hierarchy-102-02/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527828.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722072309-20190722094309-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.955351 | 500 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, "This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: `Let my people go, so that they may hold a festival to me in the desert.'" Pharaoh said, "Who is the LORD, that I should obey him and let Israel go? I do not know the LORD and I will not let Israel go." Then they said, "The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Now let us take a three-day journey into the desert to offer sacrifices to the LORD our God, or he may strike us with plagues or with the sword." Exodus 5:1-3
During Moses' encounters with Pharaoh, God told him to tell Pharaoh that the Israelites needed to take a three-day journey into the desert to worship him. (Ex. 3:18, 5:3, 8:27) This is confusing because it sounds as if they are asking for a long weekend off, and then they'll come back. But in fact, in no place does Moses say that they will return afterward.
Another suggestion is that the phrase "three-day journey" is actually not about the length of time they plan to be away, but the distance they need to travel from Egypt before they worship God. In the Scripture, measuring distance in "days of journey" was common. (See Gen 31:33, Num 10:33, Deut 11:1, 1Ki 19:4, etc.) Moses was likely saying that people must be far away from the false "gods" and oppression of Egypt before they worshipped God, or their awesome God might release plagues and destruction. The Egyptians were the ones in danger!
It seems that Pharaoh was undaunted by Moses' warnings about the power of his God, and he refused to let the Israelites go a safe distance from Egypt. It is easy to imagine that as this holy God approached his people, getting nearer and nearer, the plagues on Egypt became increasingly worse. First the river ran red from some distant danger sweeping downstream, then the insects started swarming, then the animals started dying, then the sky blackened with hail and locusts and utter darkness as this awesome God approached Egypt.
Finally, when the Israelites went ahead and sacrificed a lamb and worshipped their God right in the midst of Egypt, his full power was unleashed on the Egyptians and destruction poured out on the oppressors of his people. Because Pharaoh would not release Israel to worship their holy God, he came to punish their captors and release them himself.
©2006 Lois A. Tverberg, Ph.D., OurRabbiJesus.com. All rights
reserved. This article is copyrighted and may not be redistributed
without the express written consent of the author. To request
permission for use, contact Tverberg@OurRabbiJesus.com. | <urn:uuid:bdaff118-4235-46f3-b089-9e3baf283549> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.egrc.net/articles/Rock/Exodus/GodUnleashed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928019.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00183-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973708 | 593 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If your child is between 6 and 12 months old, they may start to show their first tooth. You feel that this is very exciting, but your child just feels cranky. If they are fussy, show a loss of appetite, or have trouble sleeping, then teething may feel uncomfortable for them. You don’t want your child to suffer, but what can you do? Luckily, there are several solutions to help relieve your child’s pain from teething.
- Gently rub your child’s gums with a clean finger. Carefully applying pressure like this helps to relieve pain.
- Rubbing something cool against the gums can also ease discomfort. Use a cool washcloth or small spoon to rub on the gums.
- Give your child a clean, firm teething ring that is large enough that they will not choke on it. Children who are teething like to chew on hard objects to relieve pain. Some teething rings are even filled with fluids that you can cool in the refrigerator, but do not freeze these teething rings because they can become too hard for your child’s teeth.
- Harder foods can be a solution if your child has started to eat solid foods. Let your baby gnaw on something like a peeled cucumber or carrot. Keep an eye on your child to make sure they do not choke.
- If your child is still experiencing a lot of pain from teething, then see your dentist or doctor. They may recommend medication or other solutions. | <urn:uuid:7a6465da-9beb-428d-915f-1ebb56a94813> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.pricepediatricdental.com/when-teeth-erupt-how-to-deal-with-uncomfortable-teething/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.953759 | 320 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The International Space Station could one day get armed with a laser to shoot down orbiting debris, researchers say. This concept could eventually lead to a laser-firing satellite that could get rid of a large percentage of the most troublesome space junk orbiting Earth. NASA researchers suggest that nearly 3,000 tons of space debris reside in low-Earth orbit, including derelict satellites, rocket bodies and parts and tiny bits of wreckage produced by collisions involving larger objects. Impacts from pieces of junk that are only the size of screws can still inflict catastrophic damage on satellites, since these projectiles can travel at speeds on the order of 22,370 mph (36,000 km/h).
The problem of space debris is growing as more satellites and spacecraft get sent into space. Most spacecraft, including the International Space Station, can withstand impacts from debris smaller than about 0.4 inches (1 centimeter) with adequate shielding. However, ground-based radar and computer models suggest that more than 700,000 pieces of debris larger than 0.4 inches now orbit Earth.
Now researchers suggest the Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO) telescope, scheduled to be installed on Japan’s module on the space station in 2017, could help the orbiting complex detect dangerous debris. They add that a powerful laser under development could then help shoot down this space garbage. The researchers say this system could blast debris from a range of about 60 miles (100 kilometers.
The scientists plan to deploy a small proof-of-concept version of their system at the International Space Station, and could perhaps go up in 2017 or 2018. If the proof-of-concept and full-scale versions of this system are successful, the researchers suggest developing a satellite devoted solely to blasting space debris. Most space debris is concentrated at an altitude of nearly 500 miles (800 km).
BY Charles Choi, SPACE.
May 18, 2015 | <urn:uuid:1d0ad48b-ec70-4943-9ef4-086393a59a4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.livingcoramdeo.com/2015/05/28/space-station-could-get-laser-cannon-to-destroy-orbital-debris/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514113.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211222541-20171212002541-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.93278 | 381 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Sustainability in a nutshellTo understand why consumers have become so passionate about sustainable fashion, let's first find out what exactly does “sustainable” mean?
The Collins dictionary defines ‘Sustainability’ as ‘Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance.’
In other words, not using more natural resources than the planet can naturally replace, and not producing anything that the planet can’t naturally reabsorb.
What is Sustainable Fashion anyway???
'Sustainable' fashion refers to garments that have been made in a way that is mindful of the many environmental issues the fashion industry touches upon.
The standard currently employed by the fashion industry of ‘take, make, dispose’, is at odds with this concept of sustainably.
There are two main categories when talking Sustainability in Fashion;
Green & Clean
Clothing designed and manufactured in an environmentally conscious way. These products pay close attention to the origin of their fibers and dyes, and are often healthier for the people wearing and creating them, providing less exposure to harmful chemicals.
Fair & Ethical
Clothing designed and manufactured with human and/or animal rights in mind. Brands that produce these products usually prioritize a transparent supply chain and often encourage the preservation of cultural heritage through craft traditions.
What Can You Do For Sustainable Fashion?
Our main role in sustainable fashion is to be aware of the impact our fashion consumption has on the environment.
As you keep exploring and shopping, ensure the brands you’re buying from are minimizing their negative impact on the environment while improving the working conditions of their people. | <urn:uuid:f99c221d-431b-4064-bab9-731005fdf04b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sustainboutiqueandchandlery.com/blogs/news/sustainable-what-does-it-mean-to-consumers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.94505 | 340 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Nutrition research can make for attention-grabbing headlines. Here, we cut through the hype – and clarify the real take-home message – for you.
Is your toast trying to kill you?
In January this year, UK’s Food Standard Agency launched a consumer campaign warning about potential cancer risks from eating burnt toast, roasted potatoes and other starchy foods cooked at high temperatures. Time to panic? Despite the not unpredictable media headlines, not quite.
The health warning reprised concerns about the long-know potentially harmful chemical of acrylamide. Acrylamide is naturally found in starchy foods and is formed during cooking as part of the Maillard reaction which turns food a lovely golden brown colour. Acrylamide formation chiefly occurs when foods with a high starch content such as potatoes, root vegetables and bread, are cooked at temperatures over 120°C during frying, roasting or baking.
The new consumer campaign on reducing acrylamide exposure is based on long-standing evidence from animal studies linking the chemical to cancer. But so far in human, the same link has yet to be seen. Still, in 2005, a joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives concluded that there is a possibility of human health concerns with acrylamide even with our generally low intake.
The hype: how the media conveyed the news
The media ran with headlines raising alarm about how your toast could be giving you cancer. How burnt toast and roast potatoes became linked to cancer (The Guardian), Can burnt toast and roasted potatoes cause cancer? (CNN) and Experts in the UK reveal how roast potatoes, toast and hot chips might lead to cancer (News Ltd).
In fairness, the content of the articles did balance the uncertainty of the magnitude of the risk acrylamide played for cancer in humans even with very low exposure levels. Practical advice on reducing acrylamide exposure was consistent in the articles.
The most surprising thing about the headlines was that there was nothing new in them that health and food regulatory bodies in Australia, the United States and Europe have not raised before. The new angle was the stronger wording of the risk and clearly defined advice on reducing exposure.
The truth: The research findings
The cancer fears from acrylamide come almost exclusively from rat studies. So perhaps if you keep rats as pets, it would be best to keep burnt toast off the menu. There is no firm research linking acrylamide found naturally in food to cancer in humans. But the possibility cannot be excluded. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that dietary acrylamide is not related to the risk of most common cancers in humans so if there is a risk, it is likely small.
The American Cancer Society lists acrylamide as a ‘probable carcinogen’. A list of things in our environment that are probable carcinogens would be so long that it would make a person retreat into a bunker for fear. Cancer risk is all about appreciating the big players for the ones you can control. Smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, too much sun, obesity and a poor diet are at the top of the list.
The reality: Putting the findings into practice
While toast contains less acrylamide than potato chips and fries, because toasted white bread is one of the main food sources of acrylamide, it is the food that has attracted the headlines. Work done by FSANZ estimated dietary acrylamide exposure of Australians is in the range considered to be of possible concern to human health so it is certainly worth considering how someone could lower their exposure.
So for yourself and advice to give to clients, here are the key tips on reducing acrylamide exposure.
• Aim for a yellow or golden brown colour when frying, roasting or baking food.
• Toast bread or other foods to the lightest colour acceptable to your taste, noting that the crust will have higher levels of acrylamide. • Avoid keeping potatoes in the fridge before cooking them, as this can further increase acrylamide levels.
• Soak potatoes in water for 15-30 minutes, or blanch in boiling water before frying or roasting. This reduces the components that promote acrylamide formation.
• Follow cooking instructions on food packages to avoid overcooking.
Tim is an Advanced Accredited Practising Dietitian, and career nutrition research scientist and media communicator. Connect with him at www.thinkingnutrition.com.au. | <urn:uuid:bc531501-b29e-485c-b53e-3df93288affb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://dietitianconnection.com/news/clinical/hype-vs-truth-by-dr-tim-crowe-advapd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721225759-20190722011759-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.945333 | 925 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When I started teaching, I did not assign outside reading. Eventually, I tried it, but remained skeptical. I discovered there was a contingent of teachers who were strongly opposed to the idea. “They just don’t want to read,” some would say. “And they cheat,” the same people would continue.
Do students choose to avoid reading? Yes. Do they succumb to the temptation to cheat? Yes. I’m not going to deny it. But the benefits of assigning outside reading far outweigh these concerns though. Here are a couple of stories.
Last year, a student told me, “I am so grateful for this assignment because you helped me find my inner bookworm!” We had great, brief conversations about reading over while she was in my class. Another student told me she made her brother drive to three libraries and finally a Barnes & Noble just to get her hands on a copy of the second book in a series. She found the first book because of the outside reading assignment and didn’t even care if she was to get credit toward the next outside reading for this book.
I waded slowly into the concept of assigning outside reading. Over the past decade, I have not only grown to believe that outside reading is beneficial, but it is a must! If you’re not assigning it, you should. Right away.
As you think it over, here are 4 factors to consider.
Factor # 1: Choice. Most classrooms are filled with text that the teachers sling at students who get little to no say in the matter. Giving the students an outside reading assignment allows the students just a little bit of agency. And we all know that if we get a say in a task, we are far more interested in the outcome.
Factor # 2: Exploration. Right alongside choice is the freedom to explore. This is important in developing readers. They need to be able to peruse and try new things on their own, without their teachers telling them what to do. Of course, you should give them boundaries, but let them go where they want within those parameters.
Factor # 3: Low Stakes. I give the outside reading assignment enough value to get their attention, but I don’t make it so crucial that it will break their grade if they don’t do it. Our students already have tremendous pressure to read better, analyze more, and think deeper. For this assignment, though, I just get out of the way and let them enjoy a book. I have them read a 200 page novel and complete a one-page, five-question write up they submit at the end of the grading period. That’s it!
Factor # 4: Challenge. Even though it’s low stakes, it is still a full book. And it is assigned on top of everything else we do in class. But that means that they have to figure out how to fit it in. It is up to them. And that’s the challenge. It’s not always easy, but it’s an opportunity to stretch. And our students need more opportunities to stretch themselves.
If you don’t assign outside reading, your students are missing out on the possibility of experiencing the above. And the teacher who is still concerned that their students won’t read a book, even one they choose, and that they will cheat, I want you to know those elements concern me too. But instead of focusing on what could go wrong, I choose to focus on what goes right.
If you come back for Thursday’s post, I will show you ways I nudge students into reading their outside reading books all the way through. They resist the temptation to avoid their reading and cheat on the work they submit. And many of them end up enjoying at least one thing they read that year.
Which of the 4 factors persuades you the most? What is top reason that keeps you from assigning outside reading? If you do assign outside reading, leave us a success story in the comment section below. And if you know someone who would want to read this post, please share it with that person. | <urn:uuid:b6845b23-dd27-4af1-aaac-6fe5f7bffefc> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://makethemmasterit.com/2017/07/03/change-your-stance-on-outside-reading-4-factors-to-consider/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358903.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130015517-20211130045517-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.973502 | 860 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to Improve and Develop Your Business English Communication Skills Effectively
Business English Communication Skills Definition:
Effective business communication skills are essential for success in any workplace. From writing presentations and proposals to negotiating contracts and networking with clients, business English communication skills are key to getting ahead in business. Whether you’re a native English speaker or not, honing your business English communication skills can give you the edge you need to succeed.
There are many different aspects to business English communication skills. For example, being able to write clearly and concisely is essential for creating effective reports and proposals. Being able to confidently deliver presentations is also important, as is being able to network effectively with clients and other business contacts. If you want to excel in business, it’s important to work on honing all of these different skills.
How do Business and Regular English Communications Differ?
Many people believe that business English and regular English are the same, but there are actually some important differences between the two. For one thing, business English Communication skills tend to be more formal and concise than regular English. This is because, in business settings, time is often of the essence, so people generally prefer to get straight to the point. Additionally, business English typically uses more technical language than regular English. This is because business settings often involve more specialized concepts and vocabulary. Finally, business English Communications skills also often involve a higher level of precision than regular English. In many business contexts, even a small mistake can have major consequences. As a result, it is important to be as clear and accurate as possible when communicating in business settings.
Types of English Business Communication Skills
When communicating in a business setting, it is important to be clear and concise. Ambiguous language can lead to confusion and misunderstanding, so it is important to choose your words carefully. In addition, business communication often relies on formal language conventions, so it is important to be aware of these when speaking. Additionally, it is essential to be aware of your audience and tailor your professional presentations accordingly. For example, you would typically use different language when speaking to a client than you would when speaking to a colleague. By taking the time to hone your business communication skills, you will be able to effectively communicate with clients, colleagues, and other business contacts.
Listening is a critical business communication skill. Unfortunately, it is also a skill that is often overlooked. Effective listening involves not just hearing the words that are being spoken but also understanding the meaning behind them. It requires paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal cues, and using active listening techniques such as paraphrasing and clarifying to ensure that you are accurately receiving the message. When communicating in business settings, it is essential to be able to listen attentively in order to fully understand the needs of your clients or co-workers. With practice, you can develop the listening skills necessary to be successful in any business setting.
In business communication, reading skills are essential in order to be able to understand and interpret written documents. It is important to be able to fluently read and comprehend business documents such as emails, memos, reports, and letters. These skills can be learned through business negotiation courses which focus on teaching reading strategies specifically for business documents. Through these courses, students will learn how to quickly and accurately read and interpret business documents, giving them a valuable skill set that will be beneficial in any business setting.
Writing skills are especially important in business communication, as they allow you to communicate your thoughts and ideas in a clear and organized manner. There are a few key things to keep in mind when writing for business purposes. First, always use clear and concise language. This will help ensure that your business topic is communicated effectively. Second, make sure to proofread your work before sending it out. This will help avoid any embarrassing mistakes or typos. Finally, remember that business communication should be formal and polite. Taking these tips into account will help you write more effectively for business purposes.
Business English Communication Skills Specializations to Master
Business English: Meetings
One important specialization is business meetings. Meetings provide an opportunity for colleagues to come together and discuss important topics. They can be used to make decisions, share information, and build relationships. To be successful, it is essential to master the skills needed to lead and participate in meetings. This includes things like understanding meeting etiquette, preparing agendas, and handling conflict. With the right English level, business meetings can be a powerful tool for achieving business goals.
Business English: Networking
Networking is one of the most important business English language skills to master. The ability to connect with other professionals and build relationships is essential in today’s business world. Networking can help you find new business opportunities, get introduced to potential clients, and learn about industry trends. Attending networking events and joining professional organizations are great ways to expand your business network. When networking, it’s important to be Professional and articulate. Practice your elevator pitches and small talk to confidently introduce yourself and make a good impression. If you master the art of networking, you’ll be well on your way to success in the business world.
Business English: Making Presentations
Giving presentations is one of the most important business communication skills to master. The ability to stand in front of an audience and deliver a clear and concise message is essential in any business setting. While some people may be natural-born communicators, others may need to work a bit harder to master this important skill.
There are a few key things to keep in mind when giving a business presentation. Firstly, it is important to be well prepared. This means having a solid understanding of the material you will be presenting, as well as creating clear and visually appealing slides. Secondly, you need to be able to engage your audience. This means speaking in a clear and engaging manner and using body language to emphasize your points. Lastly, you need to be able to field questions from your audience. This can be difficult, but it is important to stay calm and answer the question directly.
Business English: Planning & Negotiating
Planning and negotiating are two specializations that can be extremely beneficial for business professionals. Those who specialize in planning are able to effectively map out business goals and objectives, as well as develop strategies for achieving those goals. Negotiating specialists, on the other hand, are experts at finding common ground between parties and reaching compromises that benefit all involved. As you can see, both of these specializations can be invaluable in business settings. Therefore, if you are looking to improve your communication skills, consider specializing in planning or negotiating.
Business English: Marketing & Sales
While there are many different ways to hone your communication skills, studying marketing and sales can be a great way to specialize in this area. Marketing and sales involve business writing skills to craft persuasive messages and then deliver them in a way that is clear and effective. As a result, these fields require strong business English communication skills. By specializing in marketing and sales, you can develop the ability to produce clear and compelling messages that will help you succeed in any business setting.
Strategies for Successful Business Communication Skills Development
1. Determine your English Proficiency Level
Evaluate your current level of English skills to consider how well you can communicate in business contexts. Can you make small talk with ease? Do you understand business jargon? Do you feel confident giving presentations or participating in meetings? If so, then it’s likely that your language level is strong.
2. Establish a clear objective and time-bound goal
A goal is a desired result or achievement. An objective is a specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound target. A business goal is an overarching vision while a business objective supporting that goal is the strategy you implement to achieve it. In order to establish a clear objective, you first need to identify your business goals. Once you know what you want to achieve, you can then work on setting realistic and achievable objectives that support that goal. It’s important to remember that your objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound in order to be effective.
3. Read articles and journals that target your profession extensively
f you want to improve your business English communication skills, one of the best things you can do is to read articles and journals that target your profession. By reading these types of materials, you’ll be exposed to the language and terminology that is used in your field, and you’ll learn how to communicate effectively with clients and colleagues. In addition, reading business-related articles and journals will help to keep you up-to-date on industry trends and developments. As a result, you’ll be better equipped to discuss relevant topics with clients and business associates.
4. Read the news in English Everyday
If you want to improve your business English communication skills, one of the best things you can do is read the news in English every day. Not only will this help you to keep up with current events, but it will also expose you to a variety of different business-related topics from the biggest companies. In addition, reading the news will improve your vocabulary and help you to become more familiar with common business terms and jargon.
5. Watch business reports and programs on television or online
Business reports and programs on television or online can be excellent resources for business English communication skills. They often feature interviews with business leaders and experts, as well as discussions of current business news. By watching these programs, you can learn about business culture and etiquette, gain an understanding of business jargon, and improve your overall communication skills.
6. Utilize social media networking platforms and interact with the global business community
Participate in social media networking platforms that allow you to interact with business people from all over the world. By engaging in business-related discussions, you’ll not only improve your business English communication skills, but you’ll also gain valuable insights into different business cultures and practices. In addition, participating in social media networking platforms is a great way to build your professional network and expand your business opportunities. So if you want to take your business career to the next level, start using social media networking platforms today.
7. Use Business English self-study materials in physical and digital form
While there’s no substitute for live training and practice, self-study materials can be a great way to reach advanced levels of your business English skills on your own time.
There are a number of different business English self-study materials available in both physical and digital forms. Books, audio programs, and online courses can all be helpful in building your vocabulary, grammar, and overall confidence in using business English. Even just spending a few minutes a day with business English self-study materials can make a big difference in your communication skills.
Of course, nothing can replace the value of real-world experience. But if you want to intermediate-level English skills on your own, self-study materials are a great place to start.
8. Take business English courses in person and or online
You can take business English courses in person at a language school or university, or you can take them online. Both options have their own advantages and disadvantages. In-person courses give you the opportunity to practice your communication skills with other people in a real-world setting. This can be helpful in developing confidence and fluency. However, online courses are often more convenient and flexible, allowing you to study at your own pace and on your own schedule. Whichever option you choose, make sure to select a course that is tailored to your specific needs and goals.
9. Read & Study Business Development & Management Books
It is essential that you develop strong business English communication skills. One way to do this is by reading and studying business development and management books. By reading these types of books, you will learn how to effectively communicate with clients and colleagues, and how to manage your business more effectively. In addition, business English books can also help you improve your writing skills. By reading and studying these types of books, you will become a more effective and efficient business person.
10. Listen to Business-Related AudioBooks
Listening to audiobooks can help you learn new vocabulary, become familiar with different accents, and improve your listening comprehension. By immersing yourself in business-related content, you can gain a better understanding of the language and how it is used in a professional context. In addition, business-related audiobooks can provide valuable insights into business practices and strategies. By taking the time to listen to audiobooks, you can develop a stronger foundation for your business English skills and increase your effectiveness in the workplace.
11. Listen to Business Related Podcasts
Podcasts are a great way to learn new vocabulary and gain insights into the business world. And there are plenty of business-focused podcasts out there to choose from, covering a wide range of topics. Whether you’re interested in marketing, sales, or multinational companies, you’re sure to find a podcast that’s right for you. Best of all, you can listen to podcasts at your own convenience, whether you’re commuting to work or working out at the gym. So why not give business-related podcasts a try? You just might be surprised at how much you can learn.
12. Focus on Developing Your Business Vocabulary
Learning new business terms and phrases can help you to communicate more effectively with clients, customers, and co-workers. It can also help you to understand business documents and communications more clearly. If you’re not sure where to start, there are plenty of resources available online and in print. Start by doing a little research on common business terms and phrases, and then make an effort to incorporate them into your everyday business communications. With a little effort, you can quickly expand your business vocabulary and become a more effective communicator in the process.
13. Practice Writing Business Communications Daily
Writing is a business communication skill that often gets overlooked. After all, we use email and instant messaging for most of our work-related writing, so it can seem like there’s no need to improve our business writing skills. However, business writing is more than just sending a quick email or message – it’s about being able to communicate clearly and effectively in a variety of different formats. That’s why it’s important to practice business writing on a daily basis.
14. Subscribe to and read industry email newsletters and blogs
Subscribe to and read industry email newsletters and blogs. This will help you keep up with the latest trends and terminology in your field, and also give you some insight into how native speakers communicate in a business context. Additionally, reading industry publications will help you develop a better understanding of the business world and how it works, which can be very helpful in your career. So if you’re serious about improving your business English communication skills, make sure to add industry email newsletters and blogs to your reading list.
16. Monitor your Progress Regularly with Quarterly Self Evaluations
By monitoring your progress regularly with quarterly self-evaluations, you can ensure that you are continually improving your business English communication skills. This will not only help you in your current role but will also prepare you for future opportunities. In addition, by receiving feedback on your progress, you can identify areas where you need to continue to improve. As a result, quarterly self-evaluations are an essential part of business English communication skills development.
17. Use English Learning Apps & Technology like LillyPad.ai
There are now a number of English learning apps and technologies that can help you quickly and easily improve your language skills. For example, LillyPad.ai is an artificial intelligence-powered app that provides real-time feedback on your grammar and pronunciation. In addition, the app offers customized lesson plans based on your level and needs. With just a few minutes of practice each day, you can dramatically improve your English communication skills using LillyPad.ai or other similar apps and technologies.
Frequently Asked Questions
The ability to communicate clearly and concisely can mean the difference between success and failure in the workplace. That’s why business English communication skills are so important. When you can communicate effectively in English, you’ll be better able to engage with clients, colleagues, and customers.
Business English communication skills are highly valued by employers. By developing your Business English communication skills, you will be able to better understand and convey information in business contexts. This can give you a significant advantage in the job market. In addition, understanding Business English can also help you to more effectively communicate with business contacts from other countries.
Business English is the form of English used in business contexts, such as in the workplace, in business meetings, and in business-related communications. There are many benefits to be gained from taking English lessons to master Business English, including improved communication skills, increased opportunities for employment, and greater access to business resources.
First, make an effort to learn as much business vocabulary as possible. This will help you to understand and communicate business concepts more effectively. You can also brush up on your grammar and punctuation, as well as your email and presentation skills. In addition, try to get some business writing experience under your belt. Even if you’re not a native English speaker, practicing business writing can help you hone your skills and become more confident in communicating effectively in a business setting.
First, focus on improving your communication skills in general. This means working on things like clarity, pronunciation, and grammar. The better you communicate in general, the better you’ll be at business speaking. Second, brush up on your business English vocabulary. There are a lot of specific terms that are used in business settings, and it’s essential to be able to use them correctly. Finally, practice your delivery. This means focusing on things like confidence, eye contact, and body language.
1. Speak clearly and confidently. This means annunciating your words and speaking at a steady pace. Avoid fillers such as “um” and “like”, and take a deep breath before you start speaking.
2. Make eye contact with your audience. This will help you to connect with them and keep their attention focused on you.
3. Use gestures and body language to emphasize your points. Avoid crossing your arms or standing in one place for too long. Instead, use hand gestures to emphasize key points and move around the stage or room to hold your audience’s attention.
4. Practice, practice, practice! The more comfortable you are with your material, the more confident you will sound when presenting it. So make sure to rehearse your presentation several times before delivery day.
This blog has shown you the importance of business English communication skills. These skills are essential for success in the business world. By improving your business English communication skills, you will be able to communicate more effectively with clients and colleagues. You will also be able to better understand business documents and emails. Improving your business English communication skills will help you to be more successful in your career. So if you want to improve your business English communication skills, start today.
Learn from History – Follow the Science – Listen to the Experts
What’s the one thing that makes LillyPad so special? Lilly! She is a personal English tutor, and has people talking all over the world! Lilly makes improving your English easy. With Lilly, you can read in four different ways, and you can read just about anything you love. And learning with Lilly, well that’s what you call liberating!
For learners of all ages striving to improve their English, LillyPad combines the most scientifically studied and recommended path to achieving English fluency and proficiency with today’s most brilliant technologies!
Additionally, the platform incorporates goal-setting capabilities, essential tracking & reporting, gamification, anywhere-anytime convenience, and significant cost savings compared to traditional tutoring methodologies.
At LillyPad, everything we do is focused on delivering a personalized journey that is meaningful and life-changing for our members. LillyPad isn’t just the next chapter in English learning…
…it’s a whole new story!
Do you want to improve your English? Visit www.lillypad.ai.
Bethany MacDonald has contributed articles LillyPad.ai since 2020. As their Blog Lead, she specialises in informative pieces on culture, education, and language learning | <urn:uuid:225e37a1-09af-403a-b012-a9176100a9ad> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.lillypad.ai/business-english-communication-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.945494 | 4,225 | 2.625 | 3 |
When we talk about diabetes or rather management of diabetes, there is an instant reference to the need to maintain normal blood sugar level or control high blood sugar levels, which if left uncontrolled can develop into diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that facilitates conversion of glucose into energy and diabetes affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. When you observe a set of symptoms listed below, you know it is time to seek medical advice and take charge of your health to ensure normal range of blood sugar.
Blood Sugar Symptoms:
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Blurred vision
• Tingling or pain in the hands, feet and/or legs
Effects of Diabetes on Body Systems
Continuously high blood sugar, especially in case of diabetes type 2, leads to various health complications and directly affects the functions of vital organs like heart, kidney, liver and eyes along with nerves and veins. Although diabetes complications take years to develop if the blood sugar levels are not maintained properly, these can be avoided by being proactive about managing blood glucose levels by taking regular readings, leading a healthy and active lifestyle, exercising daily and maintaining good cholesterol and blood pressure readings.
Diabetes and Heart: Type 2 diabetes acts as a major contributing factor towards coronary heart disease. Since high blood sugar leads to increased blood pressure which also results in poorly controlled cholesterol levels, the risk of heart attacks gets increased.
Diabetes and Stroke: High blood pressure and prolonged rise in blood sugar levels leads to stroke and
Diabetes Affects the Eyes too: A complication related to type 2 diabetes, known as diabetes retinopathy is increasingly becoming common among diabetics due to poorly managed blood sugars over a prolonged period of time. Damaging the veins and tiny blood vessels in the eyes, diabetes retinopathy is further complicated by high blood pressure.
Diabetes and its Damage to Kidneys: Kidney is the most affected organ following persistently high levels of blood glucose, blood pressure and even cholesterol. It must be diagnosed within time to be treated through lifestyle changes along with some medication for high blood pressure and cholesterol.
Diabetes and Nerve Damage: Acting as the foundation of all body functions, our nerves get damaged due to lack of balance in blood sugar levels. Known as diabetic neuropathy, this complication is identified by the following symptoms:
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
• Lack of arousal in the penis or clitoris
• Excessive sweating or
• Diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying
Diabetes and Skin Problems: The skin of a diabetic is affected mostly by nerve damage and circulation problems, caused again by fluctuating blood sugar levels. The symptoms include dry, patchy skin, slow healing of cuts, burns and wounds, fungal and bacterial infections and lack of sensation in the foot.
Diabetes management demands a healthy diet plan and active lifestyle. In order to control diabetes and lead a fit, healthy and active lifestyle, it is important for diabetics to consistently monitor their blood sugar levels using a glucometer and ensure to undergo health checkups for various organ related complications. | <urn:uuid:82d2b480-dda7-4778-8247-c9a283f29d7a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.beatoapp.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-effects-of-diabetes-on-your-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.916669 | 637 | 3.359375 | 3 |
DEAF/HARD OF HEARING SERVICES
Service Area Outcome: By participating in the Special Resource Center, students will develop the skills to request and use Deaf or Hard of Hearing services (ASL interpreting, Real-time captioning, Assistive Listening Devices) in a timely, effective and accountable manner.
Interpreters sit in front of the class, usually in an area near the instructor. The
interpreter signs and mouths what s/he hears and voices what is signed. Interpreters
are available for deaf and hard of hearing students taking mainstream classes. Students
can also request interpreter services for:
- meetings with instructors or tutors
- appointments on campus
- special events on campus
- other educational activities
Like hearing students, deaf and hard of hearing students will surely find community college course work more challenging than high school. Any student who foresees having a problem in a class should request support services in the Special Resource Center. Those who want to learn to be more successful can consider enrolling in Educational Development 33. Opportunities to work with instructional aides in developing skill needed to succeed in college are available.
Notetakers sit near the deaf or hard of hearing students and take notes in the class. The Special Resource Center can help you arrange for notetakers and can provide notetaking materials.
Assistive Listening Devices:
A Phonic ear is available to each student who needs sound amplification while the instructor is lecturing in the classroom. Students may borrow the equipment from the Special Resource Center.
Real Time Captioning (RTC):
Real time captioners sit near the students and transcribe what is stated in the classroom via the use of stenographic equipment. Hard copies of notes are available by bringing disks to the Special Resource Center. | <urn:uuid:51d1f9bd-8f6b-4685-a97f-b198080e84d5> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.elcamino.edu/student/studentservices/src/deaf.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121195145-20180121215145-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.910231 | 369 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Case Study—Hallets cove and the sublime
Over time, the word sublime has held a variety of different meanings. It was first popularized by a Roman-era Greek named Longinus in the 1st century and was used to describe language of great, or elevated status. Over time, the term became synonymous with the feeling of awe or astonishment.
English philosopher Edmund Burke further redefined the meaning of the word in his book “A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful”. In this, he explains that the awe-inspiring feeling humans experience comes as a result of fear when confronted with something great, and the sudden subsequent realization that there is no immediate danger. Many of William Turner’s paintings are a great example of this effect. His paintings of ships on a stormy sea, for example, cause the viewer to be caught in the storm. The viewer realizes their position as a passive onlooker, but also is struck with fear and uncertainty as they put themselves on the ship. The state of man and nature becomes blurred, just like Turner’s blurry brushstrokes. It is the oscillating between this understanding and uncertainty that causes a sublime experience in the mind.
Immanuel Kant went a step further in his definition of the sublime in his book “The Critique of Judgment”. In that book, he explains that the awe-inspiring feeling comes when man confronts something great and difficult to understand, but realizes that there is an inner infinity within himself that is greater than what lies beyond. He refers to this as transcendence of the mind over the body.
Recently, the sublime wears a variety of different hats. The Natural sublime is where transcendence occurs as a result of nature. The technologic sublime is where we recognize our own species ability to destroy and save the planet because of our technologic advancements.
The scientific sublime is when water is able to change straight from its solid state to its gaseous state without ever becoming a liquid. There has also been writing on the ecological, the environmental, the digital, and many other types of sublimes.
My project uses Kant as a lens through which to investigate a variety of these sublimes with the goal of synthesizing them into the development of a new sublime.
The site of the project was Hallets Cove, situated in Astoria, Queens, right on the East river. New York as we know it would not exist without the river, and yet, produced the pollution that has ultimately caused the destruction of the river’s ecologies. Our site, interestingly, has an immense potential for fostering these ecologies. It participates in the “edge effect” which is a phenomenon where the greatest proliferation tends to happen on the boarder of two different ecosystems (in this case, land and water). It also is in-between the Long island sound and the New York harbor, which means the direction of water flow and salinity of the water continually changes throughout the day (which is very good for diverse aquatic life). In the 1940s, the edge condition was quite evident in the lives of humans in Hallets cove. Industry existed, people would swim, boat, and fish, and also had housed on the cove. Whereas leisure, living, and industry once existed because of the river/land/ person relationship, now the site is deteriorating and filled with garbage.
In my proposal, I have evaluated the flows of water in relationship to time and manipulated the site to foster the ecologies of plants, animals and people. I did this by using boardwalks as the infrastructure to manipulate the ground plane and create various water swales geared towards specific plan and animal life. In the middle of the building, I have made a large water filter which extends from the river to the sky. It works by vaporizing water at the bottom through heat and freezing water at the top, resulting in a beautifully violent process of purification. This filer is an enclosed microclimate, where time, temperature and water again together to create a scientific sublime. The dwelling spaces are attached to this on the outside. Occupants move in a vortex like circulation pattern around the building making building appear to emerge from the earth. Occupants dwell in the space between the microclimate and the outdoors.
Ultimately the building is representative of the human body and its flows, as well as a microcosm of the earth. The user’s ontology is put into question, where they are the main actor
on the stage of two different performances. The user recognizes his or her interconnectivity with the rest of the building, and the rest of the world. The building is a time machine for the existential, where we realize our abilities to create and destruct, and understands that with our progress as a species comes destruction of the earth and ultimately ourselves. Like the earlier investigations demonstrated, the user realizes that ontological boundaries between man and nature are merely in the mind. Though initially, the inhabitant occupied a literal edge between land and water, the real edge has been relocated into the inhabitant’s mind, and then abolished/blurred. Transcendence occurs of the mind over the body. In other words, through this in between condition we experience the contemporary sublime.
Journey to Transcendence
The primary objective of most buildings is to fulfil their functional requirements i.e. to adequately protect against weather, provide safety and security, and to cater to the intended program. In the context of psychology, Maslow would say these buildings satisfy basic, or deficiency needs, and fail to provide for higher level needs. Higher level needs were originally defined as self-esteem and self-actualization, which are about the need for people to respect themselves and to recognize their own potential. Later in life, Maslow revised his theory and added a higher level of self fulfilment called transcendence, which is where individuals give themselves to something greater or beyond (Lee). In wellness terms, this is described as the spiritual dimension (Hettler et al.). According to Maslow, once transcendence occurs, individuals are able to relate themselves to others, nature, and the cosmos and are filled with a holistic sense of purpose. In his book, A Critique of Judgement, Kant’s talks about a similar effect when he describes the sublime, which is where the mind transcends over the body and an individual’s inner infinity is directly confronted with a great beyond. Architecture has the ability to facilitate or evoke these types of, what I will refer to as, spiritual experiences. When this happens successfully in design, ontological boundaries between man, nature, and architecture cease to exist.
Lack of spiritual experiences are a contemporary wellness issue that have been shown to manifest in stress, anxiety, and depression (Koenig)(Seligman). Additionally, research has shown “Americans who are more spiritually oriented are more apt to engage in various kinds of pro-social behaviors” and “higher levels of spirituality are strongly related with higher life satisfaction across a range of measures” (Jones). Since architecture can create spaces that evoke spiritual experience, it is essential to learn about and implement designs that can help with our contemporary crisis.
Ongoing personal investigations have led me to an attempt at a definion for the qualities of space that evoke and facilitate transcendence. I have a particular interest in the region of southeast Asia where the integration of spiritual space in contemporary society is far more prevalent than it is in the west. Using anthropological, ethical, epistemological, and theological traditions as a basis of understanding transcendent space, I have investigated how architecture use scale, material, organization, light, landscape, and human senses. For example, in Myanmar, I am interested in how Burmese temples are used as focal points for community engagement and symbols of spiritual devotion. I have studied how architects, such as Vann Molyvann, have dedicated their lives to designing buildings that reconcile the spiritual past of Camodia with modern architecture. I have also studied the kuti housing type in Thailand and how these inward facing residential clusters were used to facilitate the spiritual journey of Monks.
The goal is to understand more about the essence of spiritual spaces and discover how these spaces can be brought into everyday architecture. Spiritual spaces cannot just be a luxury of the wealthy or reserved for religious buildings. They are a fundamental requirement for us as humans. An understanding of these spaces enables design which promotes wellness, develops meaning and purpose, and helps us confront relevant contemporary environmental, social, and political issues.
Hettler et al. “THE SIX DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS.” National Wellness Institute, 2 Dec. 2015, https://www.nationalwellness.org/page/Six_Dimensions.
Jones, Robert P., Daniel Cox, and Art Raney. “Searching for Spirituality in the U.S.: A New Look at the Spiritual but Not Religious.” PRRI. 2017.
Koenig, H. G., L. K. George, and B. L. Peterson, 1998, Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients: Am.J.Psychiatry, v. 155, no. 4, p. 536-542.
Lee, Katherine. “Transcendence as an Aesthetic Concept: Implications for Curriculum.” Journal of Aesthetic Education, vol. 27, no. 1, 1993, pp. 75–82. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3333343.
Seligman, M. E., L. Y. Abramson, A. Semmel, and B. C. von, 1979, Depressive attributional style: J.Abnorm.Psychol., v. 88, no. 3, p. 242- . 247 | <urn:uuid:8ff315f4-ce1d-45ef-9250-108d3b17f3ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://tylerkrebs.com/More | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882581.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024110118-20201024140118-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.953929 | 2,031 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Writing An Essay Outline : Writing An Essay Outline Take Time Now To Save Time Later! What is an outline? : What is an outline? An outline is a part of the writing process called “Pre-Writing.”
It is a list that outlines all of the information that you would like to include in your paper.
The list helps you to put all of your information in order before you begin writing. It is the best way to get your mind UNJUMBLED when writing any major paper! How does it do that? : How does it do that? An Outline Organizes The Major Parts Of Your Essay:
Your Thesis Statement-The sentence that tells your reader your ultimate point and what they should expect.
You Major Points-The facts that you are using to prove your main point.
Your Supporting Details-The examples, facts, quotations, etc. that further explain and back up each major point. You should have several for each Major Point.
Your Transitions-The statement or information you will use to transition form one major point to the next. This stops your paper from sounding jumpy or disorganized.
Concluding Thoughts-Any thoughts that you would like to include at the close of your paper to wrap things up and tie it all together. NEVER INCLUDE NEW FACTS OR INFORMATION IN YOUR CONCLUSION! Why Write An Outline? : Why Write An Outline? It will help you organize all of the ideas running around your brain! It will allow you to find any gaps in your research or ideas early
enough to fix them. It will make writing you essay less stressful because you
will KNOW what you have to work with. Professors are often willing to look over an outline for you
to make sure that you are on the right track! Do I Have To Use Roman Numerals? : Do I Have To Use Roman Numerals? No! You can organize your outline any way that you would like.
Use Number or Letters
Use signs or simple pictures (- * v ? ?)
You can even do it on the computer and use the bullet function. NOTE: If you do your outline on the computer, you can use it as the basis for your essay. Just remove the bullets when you are ready and edit what you have already typed!! Where do I start? : Where do I start? Gather all of your research or notes on the topic that you are writing about.
Review it all and decide what your research/information is telling you about your topic.
Form a working thesis statement that describes the point that you want to make about your topic.
Begin to select what information you would like to include in your essay based on what proves your point. Then what? : Then what? Start Writing Your Outline! How? : How? An Outline Organizes Your Information Into 3 major parts in Preparation For Your Paper: What goes in the intro. section? : What goes in the intro. section? The Same Information That Should Be In Your Essay’s Introductory Paragraph What about the Body section? : What about the Body section? The Body Section Outlines The Following Information On Each Of Your Major Points: And the conclusion section… : And the conclusion section… Your Conclusion Section Does The Following: NOTE: You do not have to rewrite the thesis or major points in your outline if you do not choose to, but they should be in your essay’s conclusion! Roxana Dalila Hurtado Abarca : TYPES OF ESSAYS Roxana Dalila Hurtado Abarca How Will My Final Outline Look? : How Will My Final Outline Look? Thesis Statement
1st major point
2nd major point
3rd major point (etc.)
1st major point
Supporting details (3-5)
Transition 2nd major point
Supporting details (3-5)
3rd major point
Supporting details (3-5)
Concluding Thoughts Your Final Outline Should Look Something Like This: Slide 15: Task 1:Look at the essay plans below for the three types of discursive essays, then say what features the plans have in common and how each plan differs from the others. Task 2:Look at the essay topics below, and say whether each topic asks for a for and against” essay, an opinion essay or an essay suggesting solutions to problems. Then, choose two of the topics and make a list of the points you would include in an essay on each topic. : “animals should be treated with the same respect as humans.” Do you agree with this view?
“The generation gap is one which cannot be bridged.” Discuss.
“Do you believe that equality for women means that women should also do such things as military service?
“One language spoken worldwide would lead to better international relations.” Discuss.
Genetic engineering poses a number of worrying problems, both moral and practical. Discuss some of these problems and suggest what could be done to overcome them. “celebrities should be allowed to keep their private lives private, without the invasion of the media.” Discuss.
“Fear and ignorance are the root causes of racial hatred.” Discuss this statement and offer some possible solutions to the problem of racial prejudice.
“The motion picture industry is threatening to destroy culture and tradition.” Do you agree?
“Too much money is spent on sport when it could be used to help the poor.” What are your views on this issue?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of our ever-increasing use of computer technology? Task 2:Look at the essay topics below, and say whether each topic asks for a for and against” essay, an opinion essay or an essay suggesting solutions to problems. Then, choose two of the topics and make a list of the points you would include in an essay on each topic. Task 2 : ` Task 2 Talking about grammar : Talking about grammar Task 3Match the following beginnings and endings. Then, say which technique has been used in each. : Task 3Match the following beginnings and endings. Then, say which technique has been used in each. 1.________
3.-_______ Task 4 Look at the quotations and the essay subjects below. Which quotation would be most relevant to each of the topics, and which type of essay does each topic require? : Task 4 Look at the quotations and the essay subjects below. Which quotation would be most relevant to each of the topics, and which type of essay does each topic require? QUOTATIONS Statements : Too much emphasis is placed en educational qualifications.” What are your views?
Teenagers have an important contribution to make to society.” Discuss.
It is everyone’s responsibility to protect the environment.” Discuss.
People today take material comfort for granted.” Do you agree?
As technology advances, humans are becoming redundant.” Discuss the preblem and suggest what might be done to remedy the situation. Statements _________
_________ When writing a discursive essay, you should: : use formal impersonal style
use topic sentences to introduce the subject of each paragraph
write well-developed paragraphs, giving reasons/examples
use generalisations (e.g.In most countries education ...)
use sequencing (ag. First/Iy, Secondlly, etc)
Use linking words/phrases (e.g. however, although, etc) When writing a discursive essay, you should: For & Against Essays : For & Against Essays Definition : Definition A “for & against” essay is a formal piece of writing in which a topic is considered from opposing points of view.
You should present both sides in a fair way by discussing them objectively and in equal detail Slide 25: A good essay of this type should consist of:
a) An introductory paragraph in which you clearly state the topic to be discussed, without giving your opinion;
b) A main body in which the points for & against along with your justifications, examples or reasons are presented in separate paragraphs; and
c) A closing paragraph in which you state your opinion or give a balanced consideration of the topic. Points to consider : Points to consider Before you start writing your essay you should make a list of the points for & against.
Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence which summarizes the topic of the paragraph.
e.g. In addition, many people feel reading is a relaxing and worthwhile activity.
Do not use informal style (e.g. short forms, colloquial language, etc.) or strong language to express your opinion (e.g. I know …, etc.). Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems that, I therefore feel …, etc.). Slide 27: Well-known quotations relevant to the topic you are writing about will make your composition more interesting.
For example, if you are writing an essay on education, a quotation you may include is: “Education is a progressive discovery of your own ignorance.” (Will Durant)
Note: Although these are balanced arguments, if you feel that either the for or against side is stronger and should be supported, this side should be presented in paragraphs 4 & 5, thus leading the reader to your conclusion. Sample essay : “Censorship is necessary in modern society”. Discuss.
Censorship is an issue which frequently generates a great deal of heated debate, with supporters maintaining that it is vital in order to protect society, whilst opponents claim that it is an unjustifiable restriction of public access to information.
Firstly, all countries have secrets which must be safeguarded for reasons of national security. For instance, if an enemy country were to acquire such highly sensitive information, the effects could be catastrophic. Consequently, governments have to have the power to restrict access to information concerning areas such as the armed forces or particular aspects of foreign policy.
Secondly, it is often argued that censorship is necessary to prevent the broadcast and publication of obscene material which is considered offensive or harmful to public morals. Many people feel that, without censorship the public would be constantly subjected to material that the majority would find offensive. For this reason, the government has a duty to impose certain restrictions on the mass media by censoring films and texts which contain explicit scenes of sex, violence or foul language.
In contrast, opponents of censorship point out that when it is abused by governments, censorship becomes an instrument used to misinform society and maintain power. In order to control the flow of information which riches the public, repressive regimes try to put constraints on the media, thus denying citizens the right to information owing to the fact that governments believe it may lead them to seek greater freedom.
Furthermore, it is generally felt that mature adults are able to make informed choices about what they watch, read and listen to and should, therefore, be permitted to make their own decisions. For example, some comedians make use of offensive language taboo subjects in their performances. Critics of censorship argue that the only people who will watch or listen to such material are adults who have made a conscious decision to do so. Thus, it is claimed, it is unjust to censor material like this since it is not forced upon people who may subsequently be offended by it.
All things considered, it can be concluded that a certain degree of censorship is always necessary. The best course of action would be to attempt to achieve a balance between the requirements of the country and the public on the one hand, and individuals’ rights on the other. Sample essay Questions and comments : email@example.com
Tasks are due before Friday May 8th . Questions and comments | <urn:uuid:72ca04f5-4507-460f-bc2b-50a198f2b960> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/dalilah82-183066-first-certificate-types-essays-entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982948216.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200908-00015-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930006 | 2,439 | 3.125 | 3 |
The term sacrifice is defined as the "act of giving up something valued for the sake of something else regarded as more important or worthy." The sacrifices made by those who embraced Islam are crucial in the rise of our faith and its continuation to this very day. The degrees of sacrifices may vary from one person to another depending on their status, level of faith, and their own abilities. It is no surprise that the people who sacrificed the most for Islam are the Holy Prophet and his Pure Household (peace be upon them all). As their followers, it is mandatory to study the different sacrifices they made if we are to follow in their paths.
Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is one of these role models whose sacrifices are innumerable. It is important to not just restrict our discussion only to "what" sacrifices Imam Ali made, but to also focus on the motive behind the sacrifice and also the tools that ensured the sacrifice was "impactful".
By examining different sacrifices of Imam Ali, we realize some of the common themes that motivated his actions. These include: pleasing God, protecting the religion, protecting God's representative, and improving the Islamic community welfare.
To begin with, the most common form of sacrifice is giving up one's own life. At the early stages of Islam, the disbelievers wanted to destroy the religion. They tortured, killed, and even banished those who followed Islam. Eventually Allah gave the permission for Jihad, and it is at the point that all Muslims had the chance to make their greatest sacrifice. Battle after battle, war after war, the Muslims marched, and Imam Ali was the first in line for battle. He never ran away. He never backed down. Even when the warrior equated to a thousand men, Amr ibn Abduwad during the battle of the Trench, Imam Ali was the only person to respond to his challenge. While many of the companions of the Prophet sat there, Imam Ali risked his life to protect the image of Islam. While the Imam was not martyred in those battles, the fact that he cared less about his own life and was willing to give it up is alone a major sacrifice. How many of us today are willing to stand in the front line of war with the enemy for the sake of Islam?
Protecting Islam goes further than just raising the flag of the religion. Allah sent us His representatives to help keep spread the teaching of the religion. Many of the believers had to migrate from Mecca to Medina at the very beginning of Islam. This alone was a major sacrifice – leaving everything behind. When the Prophet wanted to migrate, Imam Ali made one of the glorious sacrifices in the history of Islam. He slept in the bed of the Prophet knowing that the disbelievers of Quraysh were determined to kill the Prophet. When the Prophet asked the Imam if he was ready to take on that role, the Imam's reply was, "And will you [O' Prophet] be safe?"
The Imam's sacrifices continued and went beyond sacrificing his life, despite it being the highest form of sacrifice. He sacrificed his wealth for the poor. He sacrificed his rest for his people. He gave everything he was able to give in the way of Allah. He did all that to help the Islamic community. Are we following in his footsteps? Are we sacrificing our wealth for a bigger cause? Are we sacrificing our time for a bigger cause?
The Imam did all of that, and he has set the example in how to do it. Allah has engraved this status of Imam Ali in the Qur'an when He revealed on the night of Hijra, "And of the people is he who sells himself seeking means to the approval of Allah." (2:207)
By closely examining the aforementioned sacrifices, there are some common attributes that help make each sacrifice solid and they include: faith, devotion, obedience, strength, patience, and wisdom.
It is through the combination of these attributes that each sacrifice will fulfill its desired impact. Obviously, a true Muslim and follower of Ahlul Bayt will combine these attributes. It is only a matter of reaching the maximum depicted by Ahlul Bayt.
A Final Picture
Having examined some of the sacrifices made by Imam Ali, there remains one major sacrifice that may be considered the hardest of them all. This sacrifice might very well destroy any human being, and it takes someone like Imam Ali to be able to handle it in order for this sacrifice to be complete. This sacrifice is his position after the death of the Prophet.
In his own words: "I found that endurance thereon was wiser. So I adopted patience although there was pricking in the eye and suffocation (of mortification) in the throat. I watched the plundering of my inheritance..." (Nahj al-Balagha, Sermon 3)
Furthermore, history narrates the subsequent attack on the house of Imam Ali, and the oppression that came about upon him and his family, especially his wife.
Which human being can handle his rights usurped right before him, his wife beaten, and his house attacked and burnt? Which human being can be left as an outcast in the city he helped build? Only Allah knows what Imam Ali went through. And he did it for the sake of Allah. He did it in obedience the will of the Prophet. He did it to protect the Qur'an. He did it to protect the Adhan. He did it so Islam reaches us today.
So, if we claim we follow him, we have to first and foremost learn from him. Then we should strive to make sacrifices to please Allah and to protect His representatives. Not long ago, the Prophet's legacy was attacked. What sacrifice have we made? Just recently, the Qur;an was threatened. What sacrifice have we made? Our Imam (may Allah hasten his reappearance) is coming. What sacrifices are we ready to make for his awaited return?
The sacrifices of Imam Ali have inspired many. He has inspired the likes of Ammar ibn Yasir and Hijr ibn Ady. He has inspired Abul Fadhl al-Abbas, Zainab, Habib ibn Madhahir (peace be upon them), and many others. He has inspired great scholars throughout history. He has inspired the Islamic Revolution. He has inspired those who repelled the Zionists in 2006. He has inspired the millions marching towards the shrine of Imam al-Hussain today. All of these and many more are students of the School of Imam Ali. They have the necessary attributes. They have the necessary motivations. The question that remains: what about us? | <urn:uuid:4ff13084-b9c7-4944-9945-a07c267182c6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://islamicinsights.com/religion/religion/sacrificing-for-islam-the-life-of-imam-ali.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00198-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977999 | 1,353 | 3.515625 | 4 |
With the release of the hoverboard in 2015 came 26,854 injuries treated in United States EDs related to the product, with the most commonly affected area being the wrist, according to findings published in Pediatrics.
The types and distribution of injuries sustained while using these products are comparable with those endured while using skateboards, according to the researchers.
“Hoverboards are associated with mainly fractures, especially of the forearm and wrist, contusions and sprains,” Sean Bandzar, MD, an emergency medicine resident at New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University Medical Center, told Infectious Diseases in Children. “Parents of children using hoverboards should be cognizant of these injuries and consider using protective gear such as helmets and wrist pads.”
To examine the types and features of injuries related to hoverboard use and to compare these injuries with those obtained through skateboarding in the pediatric population, the researchers collected data on related injuries in children younger than 18 years. These data, which were recorded between 2015 and 2016, were gathered from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and included information on demographics, body regions injured and ED disposition.
Bandzar and colleagues estimated that 26,854 injuries related to hoverboard use and 121,398 injuries related to skateboard use presented to EDs within the U.S. between 2015 and 2016. The average and median age for hoverboard injuries was 11 years, and the average and median age for skateboard injuries was 13 years. Boys were most commonly injured using these products.
Differences were noted between the injuries related to skateboards and hoverboards, with injuries from hoverboards occurring most frequently in the home and injuries related to skateboards occurring most frequently on the street. For both groups, wrist injuries were the most common reason for ED treatment, and fractures were the most frequently given diagnosis for both skateboard and hoverboard injuries.
Although most children were released from the hospital after diagnosis, 3% required hospitalization.
“I would suggest that pediatricians ask parents whether their children use hoverboards and provide counseling regarding possible injuries,” Bandzar said. “Additionally, pediatricians should encourage that children receive adequate parental supervision while using these products.”– by Katherine Bortz
Disclosures: The authors report no relevant financial disclosures. | <urn:uuid:d4d17700-ba6c-49c1-8599-001315e5fc7e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/practice-management/news/online/%7B07a25be9-c055-42f3-8850-d0485f2061db%7D/more-than-26000-children-injured-by-hoverboards-between-2015-and-2016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256887.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522163302-20190522185302-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.963695 | 477 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The use of products like soyflour, troula yeast and brewers yeast can be used as pollen extenders . They increase the food value of pollen and reduce the unit cost of the feed.
These products are very high in protein and also contain additional amino-acids like iso-leucine and valine, which will extend the nut
The adding of 2 to 3 parts by weight of soyflour to 1 part by weight of pollen, mixing well and feeding as patties, or in open feeders, will reduce the cost of bee feeds.
These products can be used by themselves as a protein source while pollen is being collected by the bees. If no pollen is being collected by the bees, it is important to include pollen in the feed at a ratio of 1:3 by weight.
Oil or fats
Honey bees require small amounts of fats and oils in their diet. Although there appears little research to establish the amount required, it has been shown (Herbert et al 1980) that cholesterol does assist in brood rearing.
It has been observed by Stace and Hayter (1994) that bee foods with 6% vegetable oil content are more palatable to the bees, than those without this level of oil.
Except for expeller press soyflour, most protein meals have only 1% to 2% oil. Ground flora pollens appear toave more at 8% to 10% oil, and eucalypt pollen has 1% to 2% oil.
Since most supplementary feed rations are made from eucalypt pollen, soyflour and yeasts, additional oil could well be an essential requirement.
The addition of small amounts of oil to supplementary feeds in the form of vegetable oil such as cottonseed or soy oil at 4% of the total mixture is recommended.
The addition of multi-vitamin formulations to bee
rations has been shown to be effective in increasing brood rearing and
the general health of the bees. The use of 1% of soluble multi-vitamin
additives has been used successfully (Jones personal comment). However,
over-use of vitamin additives could be toxic to the bees.
Click here to return to the Pollen Index
Click here to return to the Honeybee Ausrtalis front page | <urn:uuid:5d87c442-8872-4e8d-a260-20e66ac26001> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://honeybee.com.au/Library/pollen/extenders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.95809 | 470 | 2.5625 | 3 |
TOPOGRAHHY AND NATURAL HISTORY-BIGINNING-LIMITS DEFINED-POPULATION-ABOVE SEA LEVEL-WATER
COURSES-THE PLATTE RIVER-CLIMATIC FEATURES-DISTRUBING ELEMENTS-INDIANS AND PIONEERS-
FIRST EXPLORERS-INDIAN MASSACRES-FORTS FOR PROTECTION-EARLY WHITE SETTLEMENTS
AND SETTLERS-REMINISCENCES-PRIMITIVE EXPERIENCES-ESTABLISHMENT
OF GRAND ISLAND-SOME FIRST THINGS, ETC.
Years before the Civil War came to establish the Republic on a firm basis, the trails to California and to Colorado led travelers through this district, and before the echoes of civil strife had died away in the South the first locomotive of the Union Pacific signaled the great era of progress.
The area is sixteen congressional districts. The population in 1860 was 116; in 1870, 1,057; in 1880, 8,572; while, in 1890, it is estimated at 18,000.
The measured elevations above sea level, in Hall County and adjoining territory, are as follows: Grand Island, 1,860 feet; Kearney, 2,146; North Platte, 2,796; Columbus, 1,442; Central City, 1,697; St. Paul, 1,796; Scotia Junction, 1,905; Ord, 2,047; Hastings, 1,934; Clay Center, 1,687; Fairfield, 1,782; Wood River, 1,963; Alda, 1,913; Shelton, 2,060; Paddock, 1,760; Chapman, 1,763; Doniphan, 1,948; Hansen, 1,949; Glenville, 1,842; Alma Junction, 794; Edgar, 1,728; Verona, 1,776; Sutton, 1,680; Lyman, 1,645; Lushton, 1,678; McCool, 1,557; Spring Ranche, 1,717; and Holstein, 2,011.
Prairie Creek's two branches afford drainage to the entire northern half of the county. Wood River, which enters the Platte at Alda, waters the west center; while the north and south channels
of the Platte drain the southern townships and the east center. The waters of the Platte percolating through the sandy strata may be obtained in almost every section, at depths varying from five to sixty feet. In 1863 this river was completely dry on the surface for fifty or one hundred miles above and below Grand Island. The Platte has its sources in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming; the south branch rising in the first-named State joins the north branch at North Platte, and flows into the Missouri at Plattsmouth. Its course through Nebraska is marked by a broad shallow channel, the waters flowing at random over a heavy deposit of sand, and sometimes, during the summer months, disappearing in the sand, to water north and south under the prairie, giving moisture to the thirsty soil. The water flowing from the snows of the Rocky Mountains is as pure as water may be, and even after its absorption and diffusion it may be obtained almost in its original purity in comparatively shallow wells, far north and a few miles south of the river's course. Floods in the Platte are contemporary with floods in the Missouri. In the days of the fur-traders flood time was looked forward to for shipping to the Missouri the product of the season's hunt; but the primitive navigators were not always fortunate enough to escape the thousands of sand-bars, and on more than one occasion saw the flood waters leave them forever. Grand Island, extending across Hall County, creates the south and north channels.
The first reference to the Missouri and Platte country was written in 1673 by Father Marquette during his voyage down the Mississippi. When below the present town of Alton, Ill., he had his first glimpse of the Missouri, and described the river this: "We heard a great rushing and bubbling of waters, and saw small islands of floating trees coming from the mouth of the Pekitanoni. The water of this river is so muddy we could not drink it. It so discolors the Mississippi as to make navigation dangerous. * * * The Indians told us that by ascending the Pekitanoni about six days' journey from its mouth we would find a beautiful prairie country twenty or thirty leagues broad, at the end of which, to the northwest, is a small river, which is not difficult to navigate, and which, they said, leads to a deep river flowing into the sea!" This river can not be the Yellowstone. The description points out the Platte and head waters of the Columbia.
For healthfulness this portion of the State is unsurpassed. Its ready adaptation to the various products which contribute to life and its comforts, fertility of soil and abundant yield, are materials features which are well known to the people who live here and enjoy them. The fall seasons of Central Nebraska are similar to those of sunny France. Up to Christmas of 1889 the August costumes of Illinois were sufficient here, and the people enjoyed more sunshine than did those of any State east of the Missouri River. This is not an exceptional case; such beautiful falls are common to Nebraska. Winter sets in about January 1, but the name only terrorizes the stranger; it is a dry, cold winter, bringing with it health. It is a season of social intercourse, bringing piece to all circles.
There are times when the icy breezes of the North sweep over the prairies, chilling to death the unprotected. The blizzard, however, is not confined to Nebraska; it belongs to the country at large, but strikes the prairie with Canadian rigor oftener and more suddenly than it does the hills and valleys of other States. The country is free from malaria, and, indeed, it may be said that disease can not rest in the Platte valley.
During the last thirty-three years only a few severe storms swept over the country, doing little damage to property when compared with the destructive winds of other states.
On November 6, 1857, Lorenz Barnard and Henry Joehnk, of Grand Island, and William Roberts and Billy Painter, of Mendotte, went over to Prairie Creek antelope and duck hunting. When near the pond, due north of Grand Island, Lorenz Barnard and Roberts went up the creek, while the others hunted down the stream. In shooting ducks they crossed the creek several times, and when it began to rain that evening, all started for the settlement. Soon not a vestige of dry clothes remained on them, the wind changed to the north, and a heavy storm set in; it grew
colder and colder. Barnard and Roberts found their way home, but Joehnk and Painter became lost in the storm, and after dark stacked their guns for the purpose of building up a shelter with the high slough grass. The wind swept away each bunch of grass, and to keep from freezing they had to walk round and round all night. Painter, becoming hungry, ate half a duck uncooked, but Joehnk would not touch the unsavory meal. At daylight they found the snow eighteen inches in depth and still falling heavily. So they set out for the settlement, whence some men went forth to search for them, only to be driven back by the storm. Early that morning Joehnk arrived, but so worn out that he could signify only by signs where Painter was. Men went forth in search, found the hunter, brought him in, but the hardships of that night proved too much for him, and November 7, 1857, the first death in Hall County was recorded.
On April 13, 1873, the blizzard was introduced. It was preceded by heavy thunder and rain at 4 P.M. This changed to a terrific snow-storm, which raged for three days without abating. In the groves snow drifted to from fifteen to twenty feet in height, orchards and groves were damaged, many trees destroyed, farmers lost nearly all their stock--some losing from ten to fifteen head, another seventy-five, and a third 100 head of cattle. Deer were found lying dead after the storm, and dead birds were seen everywhere. the winter of 1875-76 was mild and free from snow, and plowing was done in December and January.
In May, 1878, three houses near Wood River were damaged by lightning. Rupert Schwaiger and Elias E. Boodry were killed by lightning, while en route to the city.
The hail-storm of July 8, 1878, originated in Sherman County. Forty-two Hall County farmers who were insured reported $20,000 loss, while the uninsured lost about $30,000. The hail-stones were not large; but owing to the velocity of the wind, their destructive power was terrible. The frame of the the Lutheran Church, just raised in the southeast part of town, and the old building on Front Street (P. Dunphy's) were leveled; several small buildings were blown down and the gardens of Grand Island destroyed. The quantity of water which fell in a few minutes was beyond the experience of every one, and the torrent which swept the main street of the town was two feet in depth.
The hail-storm of July, 1884, destroyed some buildings and damaged the crops in parts of Hall County. The eastern wall of the Union Pacific car shop was blown in, destroying property valued at $10,000, a new building near the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad depot was moved three feet, and from a point north of Grand Island southeast to Doniphan, and beyond that village, growing crops, trees and small buildings, were pounded into the ground, broken or removed.
The storm of June, 1885, destroyed $1,500 worth of window panes--the window-glass in the court-house, Koenig's block and Schaupp's mills being almost all broken. The new agricultural hall was twisted, so as to require rebuilding, the front of Hake's harness shop was blown in, and a strip about two miles in width, from the northwest to the southwest corner of the county, devastated.
The blizzard of January 7, 1886, was very severe, eclipsing that of the first days of the year.
The storm of November, 1886, is said to have been the most severe since the terrible blizzard of April, 1873. Men returning to their homes against the wind became dazed and almost breathless. David Alexander became lost and was nearly frozen before he found shelter. Judge Wilson also last his way; a herd of cattle drifted before the storm, the telegraph wires were torn from the poles, and several unfinished buildings wre damaged by the terrific icy wind.
On January 12, 1888, snow fell steadily but quietly from early morning until about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Then black clouds suddenly darkened the sky, the wind began to blow furiously, and through the evening and long night the thermometer dropped lower and lower as the gale continued to beat against the houses and howl through the prairies.
On January 12, 1890, the mercury was very low; but it was only the second day since the end of
summer that the traveler feared to encounter the north wind. The last days of January, 1890, were days of sunshine--a speck of June introduced into this magnificent winter.
In former pages of this work, relating to the history of Adams County, references are made to the exploration of prairie and mountain by the Spaniards and French. Lewis and Clarke, who, on July 21, 1804, invited the Indians to the camp on the Missouri, thus speak of the Otoes: They were once a powerful nation and lived about twenty miles above the Platte, on the southern bank of the Missouri. Being reduced, they emigrated to the neighborhood of the Pawnees, under whose protection they are now living, on the south side of the Platte, thirty miles from its mouth. Their number is 200, including thirty families, or all left of the ancient Missouris. Five leagues above them resided the Pawnees. They consist of four bands, the first comprising 500 men, exclusive of the 250 Republican Pawnees, who joined the Band No. 1, on their removal from the Republican to the Platte; the third comprised the Pawnee Loups of the Wolf Fork of the Platte, 280 men; and the fourth, driven from the Missouri and Arkansas by the Osages to the Red River, comprised 400 men. Westward, along the Platte, were the Padoucahs and other small tribes.
In 1819 Long's expedition arrived in Nebraska, and in May, 1820, is found on the Platte River, having moved from the Loup villages on May 13, to the valley on the north side of the Platte River, opposite Grand Island. In the Loup villages, the Pawnees had 6,000 horses and their settlements extended ten miles along the Loup Fork or Wolf River.
In 1825 Benjamin O'Fallon, one of the principal partners in the Missouri Fur Company, and the most polished, courageous and upright agent of Indian affairs ever employed by the United States, negotiated a treaty with the Kansas tribe affecting lands on this section. On April 12, 1834, the treaty was proclaimed with the Grand Pawnees, Pawnee Loups, Republican Pawnees and Pawnee Tappee, then residing on the Platte and Loup Fork. This treaty provided for the cession of all their lands south of the Platte. Two years before this, small-pox reduced the strength of the Pawnees, and their village on the Republican was burned by the Delawares, and shortly after the Sioux fell upon them. On June 30, 1834, Nebraska was declared Indian Territory.
The short war between the Pawnees, under Peter Washarrow, and the Kiowas and Comanches under Yellow Buffalo, was carried on here in 1857, the last skirmish taking place in Saline County later. The Pawnees were driven back to their reservation with but little loss.
In September, 1860, a battle was fought on the Island between the Pawnees and Sioux, but so little did the settlers fear them that the work of hauling hay was not stopped. This feeling of security did not last long; for, when the troops were ordered east to participate in the Civil War, the officers advised the settlers to abandon their homes as the Indians would make a total clearance of the whites.
It was February 5, 1862, when it became necessary to chronicle the first massacre of whites by Indians in Hall County. Joseph P. Smith and Anderson, his son-in-law, farmers on Wood River, about twelve miles west of Grand Island, went after some building logs to the north channel of the Platte, about two and one-half miles south of their claims. They were accompanied by William and Charles Smith, and Alexander Anderson, aged eleven, nine and fourteen years, respectively. Anderson, who had taken a load of logs home that morning returned to the woods, where he had left Smith and the boys and two teams, only to find all of them murdered. The old man Smith had seven arrows in his body, and was lying on the ice with his face down, holding each of his boys by one hand. His son, William, was living. He was shot by an arrow and one of his cheeks was cut open from the mouth to the ear. He soon bled to death after being carried home. The other son, Charles, had his skull crushed in and his neck broken, and
young Anderson was found some distance off in the woods with his skull also broken; but the four horses were taken away. The Smith family came from Lake County, Ind., in the fall of 1861, and Mr. Smith had opened a small store in connection with his farm.
On the news spreading abroad, the settlers armed and, jumping into the saddle, scoured the country. Jesse Eldridge and seven other settlers on Wood River captured seventeen Sioux, all armed with bow and arrow. This capture was made eighteen miles east of Fort Kearney , in a dry channel of the Platte, where the red-skins hovered by the high bank, evidently trying to hide from pursuers. They wre turned over to Capt. Johnson of Fort Kearney, who released the murderers, the captain remarking that he would rather see twenty settlers killed than to have Fort Kearney attacked by the Sioux. The rescue was timely, for it was shown subsequently that those red men were not guilty, at least of the Smith massacre.
During the summer of 1864 the Sioux pursued Nat and Robert Martin to the George Martin ranch, eighteen miles southwest of Grand Island. The boys were mounted on one fleet pony and were making good their escape, when an arrow pinned them together. They fell near the ranch, and were about to be scalped when an Indian interfered, saying: "Let the boys alone." The ranchmen defended the house, drove the savages to flight, killed or wounded one, took the boys in and had the arrow drawn from their bodies. Both boys recovered and are still living.
The attack on the Campbell ranch was made July 24, 1867. Peter, the Scotchman, lived ten miles south of Grand Island, on the south side of the Platte. No men being home, the house was captured, a woman named Mrs. Thurston Warren killed by a gun shot, and her son by an arrow. The two nieces of Campbell, aged seventeen and nineteen, were carried away with two twin boys four years old, and a German, named Henry Dose, was killed close by. The Indians robbed the house, killed some stock and escaped unmolested. Months afterward the government bought the two girls and the two boys from the Indians for $4,000, and, as an extra compensation, released a Sioux squaw, captured by Ed. Arnold's Pawnee scouts, at Elm Creek, the same season.
The stories of Sioux vengeance led to almost the total evacuation of the Platte Valley. The Grand Island pioneers did not leave. A log house 24X24 feet, with twenty-five port-holes, had been erected previously by William Stolley, and named Fort Independence. Over this fort the First American flag floated in July of that year. Friends gathered in this building to the number of thirty-five, sufficient fire-arms (seventy-two shots without re-loading), about fifty pounds of powder and other ammunition, sufficient provisions and a well, gave courage to the defenders. An underground stable eighty-eight feet long was constructed for horses and cattle, the company was organized, and cartridge prepared to fit every gun in the rude armory.
This fortification could only afford protection to a few of all the settlers, and the O.K. store of H.A. Koenig and F.A. Weibe (established in August, 1862) was converted into a fort. This old store stood one and a half miles due south of the present court-house. Dr. A. Thorspecken was elected captain and William Thavenet (a resident of Missouri in 1876) appointed engineer. Soon a strong sod breastwork surrounded the building. At each corner was a tower built of green cottonwood-logs, which projected out far enough to cover the line of works. Sixty-eight men and about 100 women and children found a temporary home here; squads were sent out daily to reconnoiter, and piles of bush were gathered here and there over the prairie to be lighted by the outposts as warning of the Sioux advance, and to warn those absent from the fort. The State furnished only seventeen muskets on which the settlers had to pay freight. On August 22, 1864, the First Volunteer Cavalry under Gen. Curtis arrived with one six-pounder. He praised the action of the settlers and their fort, and left them with the cannon, saying that such settlers could defend themselves against all odds. Soon after Capt. J.B. David and twenty men of Company E, Seventh Iowa Cavalry, took possession of this fort, but the wily Indians knew better than to attack it. The settlers suffered
considerably from depredations by David and his command, and when Company E was ordered to Fort Desolution on the Loup, the people breathed more freely.
Eight miles west of Grand Island, Squire Lamb, his son, Henry, and three other men held the stage station on Wood River and never feared the savages, being, it is said, always ready to exchange a shot with them
Elsewhere in these pages the story of the California trail is told. Prior to the days of the argonauts the prairies of Nebraska were little known, and Fremont's references to them contributed much to make a closer acquaintance with the land of the buffalo and Indian undesirable. The fur company's men too, as it was their interest, decried the country. The hunters had some foundation for their tales of hardship and danger. On the evening of June 27, 1842, the Fremont expedition, halted in longitude 22º, F`, 4`` west, and latitude 40º, 39`, 32`` north near the head of Grand Island. On the 28th they met a small party of fourteen men under John Lee, making their way on foot, to the frontier. This party left Laramie's Fork sixty days before, in the American Fur Company's barges, to come down with the annual flood. The flotilla made rapid progress to Scott's Bluff, after which they encountered sand-bars and shallows, and were compelled to discharge the principal part of their cargoes 130 miles below Fort Laramie. They ventured forth again with the balance, and after twenty days struggle with 140 miles of the river, sunk their barges, made a cache of their remaining furs in the trees, and set out on foot for St. Louis.
Some years later a party of Canadians moving across the plains reported unfavorably on the county. It appears that this party was made up principally in Middlesex County, Canada, and included, among others, one of the notorious Allen family. This Allen assaulted a squaw, and the Indian woman dying soon after as the result of his assault, was buried by Allen. The Indians missed the woman and coming down to the Canadian camp, asked for explanations. The members of the party pleaded ignorance, and the red chief gave them thirty minutes to give up to them the murderer of the red woman. Allen was given up and, in the presence of his friends, was skinned alive and the quivering body burned.
This act of justice was described otherwise; the cause being withheld and the savage execution of Allen given as an every-day occurrence. Such stories retarded settlement, so that the pioneers of this central section of the State did not venture in until 1857.
William Stolley, writing in centennial year, states: It was in the winter of 1856-57 when A. H. Barrows, of the branch bank at Davenport, Iowa, of Chubb Bros.. & Barrows, of Washington D. C., called upon me to participate in the location of a town somewhere in the central portion of Nebraska, in the Platte valley. Mr. Barrows alleged that influential and worthy parties, and among them members of Congress, would back this enterprise, with the expectation that sooner or later a railroad must be built up the valley of the Platte, crossing the continent, and that eventually the National Capitol would have to be removed from Washington to a centrally located point. The object of these speculators was to locate a town as near the center of the continent as practicable, there to secure a large tract of land and attempt, in the course of time, to have the capitol located here. They contemplated sending a surveyor and five others to locate and start the town. The surveys did not extend west of Columbus, and the country on the north side of the Platte had but recently been ceded by the Pawnees to the United States, while the Sioux claimed to be the owners of all lands on the south side of the river and along the Blues and Republican. While I declined to become a partner in the town company, I agreed to participate in making the settlement, and considering the dangers to which the pioneers would be exposed, I proposed that in addition to the four or five persons referred to, a body of twenty or thirty able-bodied men be engaged by the town company for self protection in case of Indian attack. This proposition was accepted by A. H. Barrows, W. H. G. Gurley and B. B. Woodward, who empowered me and subse-
quently also Fred Hedde, to engage the number of men proposed. The condition of engagement was that the pioneers should claim and hold 320 acres each wherever the company's surveyor would direct, and the company was to furnish funds for the final payment of the land--the consideration being that the settlers should deed one-half of their claims to the town company. Persons who had no means were to be supplied with provisions during the first year, but were to re-imburse the company so soon as circumstances would permit.
The first settlers comprised twenty-five Germans and Americans. The Germans were Fred Hedde, William Stolley, W. A. Hagge, Christ. Menck, Kai Ewoldt, Henry Egge, Cornelius Alexson, Hans Wrage, Anna Stier (unmarried), Peter Stuhr, Detlef Sass, Johan Hamann, Fred Vatge, Fred Doll, Marx Stelk, Nicholas Thede,* William Stier,* Henry Schoel* and Henry Joehnk,* all of Holstein, Germany; Christian Andreson,* of Schleswig; Herman Vasold, of Thuringen; Theodore Nagel, of Waldeck; Fred Laudman, of Mecklenberg; Henry Schaaf and Matthias Gries, of Prussia; R. C. Barnard, surveyor, and Lorens Barnard, of Washington, D. C.; Joshua Smith, David P. Morgan and William Seymour, of Davenport, Iowa. The surveyor's party consisting of R. C. Barnard, all the Americans, Fred Hedde and Christ. Menck, left Davenport a few days ahead of the main party with one mule team. William A. Hagge and Theodore Nagel were detailed to proceed by river to St. Louis and purchase a supply of provisions, fire-arms, ammunition, blacksmith tools, etc., and have them shipped up the Missouri River to Omaha in time for the arrival of the main party there.
May 28, 1857, five heavy loaded teams drawn by sixteen yoke of oxen, and with the remainder of the parties named, left Davenport in charge of William Stolley. After a pleasant trip, the train arrived in Omaha, on June 18, 1857, and form this the expedition proceeded westward, June 19, except William Stolley, who was compelled on account of business to return to Davenport. The little train passed Fremont June 23, which town had ten log houses, arrived at Columbus, with eighteen log houses, on June 26; crossed the Loup River June 27, at Genoa, about twenty miles up stream from Columbus, and on July 2, Wood River was reached over the wild prairie up the valley, where the pioneer train of Hall County made the first wagon trail. After reconnoitering the country for one day, the surveyor located the place on July 4, the train retracted about seven miles, and on July 5, stakes were driven as well for the town-sites as for claims. The town-site covered partially the present town-site of Grand Island, but the greater part of it was located due south and southwest form where the present town of Grand Island is located and between this and the north channel of the Platte.
On July 7 the party feeling not quite sure of having made a judicious selection, divided into three parties and again reconnoitered. Some went over to Prairie Creek, the other on to what is known as Grand Island, and the third went up Wood River about thirty miles. By July 11 all had returned and the first location was confirmed. A meeting was then called and it was resolved that four log houses should be first built, each 14X33 feet, the inside divided by two partitions, thus making two rooms 14X15 each, and an entrance large enough to answer the purpose of a door. At the same time the breaking of the prairie land had to be attended to as the season was already far advanced. Only about 50 acres were broken the first season. On July 13 the work began in earnest. Some chopped logs, others hauled them out, others prepared wood for the bunging of charcoal for the blacksmith shop, and on July 23 a team was sent to Omaha for more provisions. Saturday, August 15, some of the settlers moved into their new houses, and, on the 27th, all the houses were occupied. These houses were built on the south half of the northwest quarter and north half of the southwest quarter of Section 14, Township 11, Range 9, which in 1876 was part of the Christ. Menck farm. In the meantime another town was located about seven mile west of the first, called Mendotte. Four houses were erected
there by David Crocker, William Roberts, M. Potts and Billy Painter. This town was abandoned soon after, and the site was occupied by David Crocker, who later sold his claim and moved to Santa Barbara, Cal.
On September 21, 1857, four teams were dispatched to Omaha after provisions and clothing expected from St. Louis. Water in the Missouri was so low as to detain the delivery of the goods; but they arrived and were loaded. On the return trip the ferry-boat at Columbus was found wanting, and the teamsters were detained four months there, subjecting the settlers at Grand Island to a severe spell of starvation. On November 10, 1857, a team was sent forward with hay for the provision train detained there, and arrived November 13. Two of the teamsters discovered the approaching team and crossed the Loup at great risk. Subsequently 2,000 pounds of flour was transported across the river and brought at once to the settlement, arriving here November 18, with two of the Columbus party suffering with fever. On January 25, 1858, the supplies arrived amid rejoicing. Meantime some Pawnee Indians visited the settlement, but seeing the destitute condition of the people left immediately. There were neither candles nor soap for a long time, therefore everyone went to bed early, and the washing of clothes was done with home-made lye. A few of the work oxen were killed and used for food. This meat, with the flour, saved the settlers that first winter. In June, 1858, the supply of provisions again failing, the settlers has to live for some time on half rations, besides being compelled to work very hard, as the spring season demanded. One of the early setters, now a well-to-do farmer (Cay Ewoldt) was, in consequence, so reduced that he was compelled to walk by the aid of a stick. On June 24, 1858, ample supplies arrived, and on July 5, more settlers arrived from Davenport, with a train of ten teams, bringing in nearly twenty persons, twenty yoke of oxen, besides a number of milch cows and young stock.
On August 27 about 1,500 Pawnees passed through the settlement, but beyond taking some green corn and potatoes, did little damage.
The day of terrors was January 18, 1859. Three men from Florence (near Omaha), on their way home from the newly discovered gold-fields of Colorado, threatened to burn up the Dutch settlement, and set fire to the prairie. The wind was blowing a perfect gale; the fiends carried out their threat, and in a few hours eight houses were destroyed and the entire settlement barely escaped. The miscreant made good his escape taking advantage of the consternation that prevailed. The principle sufferers by this fire were William Stolley, W. A. Hagge, John and Henry Vieregg, C. Menck, Marx Stelk, Fred Vatge, Hans Wrage, M. Gries and Rudolph Mathieson. The citizens of Omaha sent financial help to the people, but the messenger helped himself, and was never heard of again.
In the fall of 1859 the settlers secured, through the good offices of William Stolley, a contract to supply Fort Kearney 2,000 bushels of corn, at $2 per bushel. Prior to this time corn was shipped from Fort Leavenworth, at a cost to the government of about $4 per bushel. This new system and the trade with the immigrants and California and Colorado travelers insured a good market to the settlers--a good sized cabbage bringing 50 cents, and a water-melon $1. Gold and silver were the only mediums of exchange. Large trains passed daily, and lame cattle or young calves were bought at very low prices by the settlers.
In 1857 the panic swept away the Chubb Brothers' Bank. Difficulties sprang up between the Town Company and the settlers, and the former, after sinking $6,000 in the enterprise, surrendered it. Barrows and Gurley died years ago; B.B. Woodworth resided at Davenport in 1876; the Barnards, Joshua Smith, David P. Morgan and William Seymour left the settlement within a short time after it was formed. G. Schultz died a natural death. Fred Vatge committed suicide and J. Hamann was killed by a train on the Union Pacific track while crossing in his wagon, prior to 1876. Ten members left the settlement: Fred Hedde, Chris. Andreson and D. Sass, who returned prior to 1876; William Stier, N. Thede, F. Laudmann, M. Gries, Theodore Nagel, C. Alexson and H. Vassold, who had not returned up to July 1 of Centennial year.
Fred Doll removed to Howard County, while the others continued to reside here from the beginning. Anna Stier married John Thompson; Mrs. H. Schoel died; Mrs. Doll removed to Howard County; Mrs. Joehnk and Mrs. Andreson were still residents. Nellie Stier, a daughter of William Stier, was born March 3, 1858
In 1862 the Indian troubles hitherto referred to commenced. In the summer of 1864 the Sioux determined on a raid of murder and rapine along the Oregon trail from Fort Kearney to Omaha. They attacked George Martin's ranch, eighteen miles southwest of the Platte, near Grand River, form which his two boys, Nat. and Robert, had just escaped to convey the news of the Sioux advance to the soldiers at Fort Kearney. A party of Indians pursued the boys so closely that an arrow passed through the body of the younger boy and entered the back of the older brother. The remainder of the party killed one of Martin's men, and then moved a few miles east to massacre the Campbell family. In Adams and Clay Counties they carried on their heaviest deviltry.
The first post-office was established in the spring of 1859, with R. C. Barnard in charge. The first weekly stage was put on the Omaha and Kearney route October 1, 1858. It was changed to a tri-weekly in 1860, and to a daily in 1864.
In July and August, 1866, the United States surveys carried on work in this county. Under the act of February 13, 1869, permission was given by the Legislature to O. A. Abbott, H. A. Koenig, John Wallichs and William H. Platte, to dam the Platte River. Prior to this the river was most effectually dammed by the pioneers, who were compelled to cross it at intervals. On May 21, 1870, $15,000 bonds were issued for bridging the river, and the bridge built and finished in March, 1871, on Section 29, Township 10, Range 9. The first school was opened by Theodore Nagel in 1862, at a point one mile south of the present court-house. Six students attended. In 1860 the number of inhabitants was given at 116.
In March, 1871, Charles Christiansen and Peter Mohr opened the first farms on Prairie Creek.
Game was abundant when the county was first settled; buffalo, elk and antelope were to be found in large herds. Gray wolves, prairie wolves, re and gray foxed, wild-cats and badgers were numerous, while deer, hare, rabbit, chicken, turkey, partridge and quail were scarce. The deer were nearly exterminated by the deep snow and severe winters of 1856-57, but continued to increase in number up to 1876, on the numerous islands in the Platte. The abundance of wild meat was a great convenience to the early settlers, and, regularly every fall, mostly in the month of October, parties went out on a buffalo hunt and laid in a supply of meat for the winter. The rivers and creeks were well stocked with beaver, otter, mink and muskrat, while geese, ducks and other fowl swarmed here in the spring and fall. Large numbers of wolves were poisoned with strychnine and trapped with steel traps every winter, and the skins sold at from 75 cents to $3. In one instance I remember a party killed seventy-five wolves about his premises in one winter. One of them was a white wolf, measuring nine feet from nose to tip of tail. this party had lined his log cabin inside and outside with furs. The best of buffalo robes could be obtained at from $2.50 to $3.00 from the Pawnees, who visited the settlements twice annually, and as the roves formed the principle bedding for most of the settlers for a number of years, there was a demand for them.
The winter of 1863-64 was very severe. Snow covered the ground from the middle of November until March. A great deal of corn was snow-covered before it was cribbed and had to be left in the field all winter. Many cattle were lost on account of the severity of the winter, several parties lost limbs, and one man was frozen to death. On August 29, 1863, a heavy frost killed all the corn and potatoes. June 16, 1869, frost damaged the crops.
In 1863 the second saw-mill was built on Wood River; the first wind-mill in Grand River settlement was erected. Prior to 1876 several mills were erected--a grist wind-mill, a saw wind-mill, two water grist-mills, two water saw-mills and three steam saw-mills. In 1876 there were only two--one water and one steam grist-mill--in the county. In 1866 the timber on the islands was
fraudulently withheld from market long enough to secure it for use by the contractors in building the Union Pacific Railroad.
The first artificial grove of trees was set out in the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 28, and on the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 29, Township 11, Range 9, in the spring of 1860. By centennial year some of the trees were from sixty to seventy feet high. In the spring of 1863 the first fruit trees were planted, producing the first cherries in 1867, first peaches in 1871, and first apples and pears in 1872.
In August, 1862, the first swarms of grass-hoppers were noticed here. On July 15, 1864, they destroyed all the buckwheat in the county to the exclusion of other crops, reappearing on August 1, 1864. Again, on July 8, 1866, though numerous, they did not do much injury. In 1868 they once more appeared, and in 1869 destroyed nearly all the corn-fields. On May 22, 1873, they came with a southwest wind, but did not effect much damage. On July 20, 21 and 22 and on August 5 and 6, 1874, they came in swarms, which sometimes shut off the sunlight, and ate nearly all the crops. A State aid society was at once organized, and also a State Grange relief society, subsistence and clothing were sent to the sufferers, Congress appropriated $150,000, and the State $50,000, for relief purposes. On June 24 and August 8 and 10, 1875, the hoppers did considerable damage, but some parties drove them from their fields by keeping up fires around their fields and using pulverized sulfur. It was discovered that this year a worm took possession of the hoppers, killing them.
In May, 1876, ten English sparrows were released from New York by William Stolley, with the hope that they would increase sufficiently to prey upon the hoppers. Unfortunately the birds have so increased as to be as much of a nuisance as the hoppers.
In the history of Grand Island City, many minute references to the pioneers are made. Besides that number are a few who escaped the notice in that chapter. John W. Monroe, who in 1869 became charge of Hall County, and was still supported by the county in 1887, was an express messenger between Omaha and Fort Kearney, in the early years of Nebraska; "Pap" Lamb another old resident of Hall, being his alternate on the route. He was born in New York about 1797. Mrs. Doel, who came with her husband in 1857, and aided in opening the farm, southeast of the city, died in January, 1886. Among the pioneers who attended her funeral were Fred Hedde, John Wallichs, Henry Joehnk, F. Stuhr, Peter Stuhr, M.Stelk, Chr. Menck, D. Sass, Henry Schoel, Kai Ewoldt and Theo. Sievers. William Stolley, though residing here then as well as now, is not named among the attendants. Hy. Schaaf, a member of the first Grand Island colony, died in January, 1885. He, with Pioneer Sass, lived for years in a dug-out on the Egge Farm, until he purchased land three miles east of the city.
In 1866 George Francis Train became impressed with the idea that the capital of the United States should be somewhere on the Union Pacific Railroad, in the neighborhood of Columbus. He advertised the Platte valley so extensively that thousands came hither to buy his lots, which, fortunately fortunately for the immigrants, were only on paper.
Grand Island became a colonizer at an early date in its history. So early as 1872-73, citizens of the village conceived the idea of settling in the middle Loup valley and acted at once on this conception. The great storm of April 13, 1873, caused some suffering and much inconvenience. It is related that sixty men were crowded into the little store building of Frank Ingram for three days. At this time there were only for women in the Loup Valley--Mrs. Al. Brown and Misses Clara and Alice Benschoter and Lizzie Hayes, all of Grand Island.
In February, 1876, expedition parties for the Black Hills were organized at Grand Island, Wood River and other places. The Wood River party comprised Patrick Nevills, J. Nolan, C. J. S. Trout, P. Dugan, J. Dunn, A. A. Baker, J. O'Connor, George Williamson, John Lyons, Miles Lyons, Mark Lyons, J. Haverly and P. Brady. Maj. Foote, of the Grand Island party, returned in March and reported a route between Grand Island and the hills open and guide-boards erected.
Transcribed by Kaylynn | <urn:uuid:7a6a00e9-c7f4-4316-9088-2206b0e03ffe> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/county/hall/ahgp1890hist2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424296.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723082652-20170723102652-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.978234 | 9,249 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Cooking Processes - Sautéing
Sautéing may be also defined as dry frying. Frying proper is effected in a large quantity of fat, oil, butter or lard to enable one to toss things in the pan over the fire. The pan used for this purpose is either a sauté pan, or an ordinary frying or omelet pan. The object of sautéing is partly to sir the contents of the pan and to prevent it from burning.
This must, however, not be performed with a fork or spoon, but my moving the pan frequently backward and forward over a quick fire. A quick and clear fire is needed to cook the article equally throughout.
We sauté potatoes, beans, etc. Liver, to be tossed must be cooked rapidly and kidneys, chicken fillets, etc., are sautéed either in butter, oil or lard. If cut in small, thin pieces, a quick fire is best; if in larger pieces, a more moderate but well-regulated fire is advisable.
Table Talk: The American Authority upon Culinary Topics and Fashions of the Table, Vol. XXVII, 1912, A Series of Articles Published Throughout the Year. Published Monthly by The Arthur H. Crist Co., Cooperstown, NY. A Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Interests of American Housewives, Having special reference to the Improvement of the Table. Marion Harris Neil, Editor.
Sauteing is frying in a small quantity of fat Food so cooked is much more difficult of digestion than when fried in deep fat; it is impossible to cook iu this way without the food absorbing fat A frying-pan or griddle is used; the food is cooked on one side, then turned, and cooked on the other.
Fannie Merritt Farmer, The Boston Cooking-school Cook Book, Revised Edition, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company (1912), p. 22 | <urn:uuid:c0413d53-2cdb-49b3-9db8-db00433312ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.gjenvick.com/Recipes/CookingProcesses/Sauteing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429548.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727222533-20170728002533-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.903683 | 399 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Terminal, sometimes called the command line interface or CLI, is a text-based program for interacting with your computer’s deepest levels. But while it gives users more power, it also ditches the graphical interface we all know and love. This can make learning Terminal tricky, and not a little bit daunting. Fortunately there’s nothing to be anxious about: great power is at your fingertips, and you need only learn the right macOS Terminal commands.
If Terminal is brand new for you, start here. Once you know how to launch Terminal and input commands, you can come back here to expand your knowledge.
Hacking the Mainframe: Getting Acquainted
Before we get started, let’s talk about the working directory. The working directory, as we covered previously, is the directory Terminal is currently using as “home base.” You change your working directory with
cd, and it’s the point from which all file path references are calculated.
Some commands are performed within the working directory, and other commands don’t care about it at all. If a command does care about the working directory (like
ls, for example), you’ll need to run that command from within the appropriate working directory. You can see your current working directory to the right of the colon at command prompt. Remember that the tilde ( ~ ) represents the current user’s home directory and the forward slash ( / ) alone represents your boot drive.
Also note that, when using the commands below, you should omit the dollar sign ($). It’s a universal symbol for “command prompt,” but it’s not part of the command itself.
macOS Terminal Commands: Modifiers
Modifiers adjust existing commands to make them do more things, or do things differently than they might normally.
sudo stands for “super user do,” and it doesn’t do anything on its own. Instead, it gives the command it’s partnered with superpowers. When you type
sudo before a command, the command will be run with administrator privileges, giving you the power to do things you won’t normally do. It also gives you the power to break things very badly, so don’t use sudo unless you know what you’re doing.
After you use
sudo, you’ll need to enter your administrator password. When you do, the input cursor won’t move, but the keystrokes will be captured. Just press Enter when done to execute the command.
Run the last command again, but this time with administrator privileges. And get really excited about it!
Called a “redirect,” the caret sends the output of your command to a file (AKA “file output”) instead of the Terminal window (AKA “standard output”). For example,
ls > filelist.txt will send the output of
ls to a text file called
filelist.txt located in your current working directory. If the file doesn’t exist yet, it will be created.
This symbol, called a pipe, is found above the Enter key on US keyboards or next to the left Shift key on ISO keyboards. It will send the output of one command, like
ls, to another command, like
Flags are options appended to commands and preceded by one or two dashes ( – ). These flags change the way the command operates, adjusting functionality or toggling different features. A few frequent flyer flags are featured further down:
-v: verbose mode, which causes the command to narrate its actions. Useful for debugging problematic programs or monitoring long-running commands.
-r: recursive mode, which causes the command to run itself repeatedly over the contents of a directory or other set of inputs. Useful for applying per-file commands like
chmod to whole folders.
-f: force a command to run, disabling confirmation dialogs. Use with caution!
macOS Terminal Commands: Viewing & Navigating Directories
You’ll spend a lot of time in Terminal moving between directories using
cd and examining their contents using
ls, or list, reports information about the working directory’s contents. We’ve covered
ls‘s basic operation already, so here’s a few more advanced flags.
$ ls -la
The -a flag lists all the contents of directory, including hidden files. The -l flag returns the results in “long format,” which includes crucial information like file size, modification date, permissions and so on.
$ ls -lS
The -S flag sorts long format output by file size. Like all the commands below, the -S flag needs to be run with the -l flag to work. To quickly run more than one flag at once, list them one after another, prepended by a single dash.
$ ls -lh
The -h flag shows file sizes in a “human readable” format, using units like kilobytes instead of block size.
$ ls -le
The -e flag shows the Access Control Lists, or ACLs, associated with a file. macOS’s HFS+ file system uses ACLs to attach advanced file system attributes to files and folders.
$ ls -lt
The -t flag sorts files by the time they were modified, with the most recently modified file displayed first.
We also touched on the basics of
cd, so here’s a few tricks you can try out.
Without any other arguments,
cd returns you to your home directory at /Users/[username]/
$ cd ..
The two periods at the end of the command mean “parent folder,” and they will bump you up one directory level.
$ cd Adobe/Files/Brushes
Changes the working directory to Brushes. Don’t forget that
cd for the specified path within the current working directory. If you want to navigate to a specific path using the root directory as your starting point, you’ll need to start your file path specification with a forward slash ( / ), like /Users/alexander/Documents/Adobe. The root directory starts from your computer’s boot disk (typically Macintosh HD), so the file paths will often be fairly lengthy.
macOS Terminal Commands: Copying, Moving and Deleting Files
$ ditto -V old/folder/location new/folder/location
Copies the contents of first directory into contents of second directory. The -V flag is for verbose, which will cause
ditto to report its progress as it copies files. Of course, you could also specify the current folder as the target destination by using the period ( . ) in place of new/folder/location.
$ cp filename.doc path/to/directory/newfilename.doc
Creates a copy of the file filename.doc in path/to/directory/newfilename.doc. If the filename already exists, the copy operation will not be completed.
$ mv badname.txt goodname.txt
Renames badname.txt to goodname.txt. Since renaming a file is essentially the same as “moving” the file’s bits to a new filename, we use the
mv, or move, command to accomplish this.
$ mv badname.txt path/to/directory/goodname.txt
Moves badname.txt to path/to/directory and renames it goodname.txt. Deletes the original badname.txt file when moving.
$ mv goodname.txt path/to/directory/goodname.txt
Moves goodname.txt to a new directory location without renaming the file.
$ rm -rf contents/
Removes the directory contents and all the files contained within it. The -r flag makes
rm, or remove, operate recursively, while the -f flag shuts off any confirmation dialogs. The more powerful version of this command,
sudo rm -rf, should be used with extreme caution. It can erase your boot drive without warning or complaint, so handle with care.
macOS Terminal Commands: Permissions
Permissions affect which users can view, edit and execute specific files. Files and folders have an owner, which is normally the user that created it, and modes, which control the users that can access the file, as well as what they can do with it.
These commands are the first commands that we’ll use
sudo with. Remember that
sudo elevates us to a superuser, giving us temporary administrator power. This is almost always necessary when dealing with file permissions, since not every file will be owned by your current user.
$ sudo chown -R af path/to/directory/
Change the owner of every file in the given directory to user af. The -R flag makes the command recursive. Of course, you could also run this in your working directory by using the period ( . ) in place of path/to/directory.
$ sudo chmod -R 775 path/to/directory/
chmod stands for “change mode,” and adjust permissions for files and folders. In this example, the -R flag is again used to apply permissions recursively.
File permissions can be represented a few ways, but the “numeric mode” used above (775) is the most common. To learn about the different ways to represent permissions, check out chmod’s man page.
Now that you have these commands under your belt, you should be able to get a little more done with Terminal! However, I doubt you’ll be giving up Finder to start using mv instead. In our next post, we’ll look at expanding your understanding to accomplish more useful tasks.
You might also like: | <urn:uuid:cdc33ae3-371e-4cdf-8889-16c0f7070d99> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.applegazette.com/mac/macos-terminal-commands-must-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578610036.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423174820-20190423200820-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.886774 | 2,076 | 3.078125 | 3 |
S is for Sloth
This little guy is a pygmy sloth. These are the smallest (and cutest?) species of three-fingered sloth and can only be found on a remote, uninhabited island off the coast of Panama. They were only identified as a new species in 2001.
They are thought to be approximately 40% smaller than their mainland counterparts and although the population size remains unknown, these little sloths are considered to be one of the most critically endangered mammals in the world. They average around 3 Kg in weight and are approximately 24 inches long, looking very similar to the brown-throated sloth.
All sloths are built for life in the treetops. They spend nearly all of their time aloft, hanging from branches with a powerful grip aided by their long claws. Sloths even sleep in trees, and they sleep a lot—some 15 to 20 hours every day. Even when awake they often remain motionless. At night they eat leaves, shoots, and fruit from the trees and get almost all of their water from juicy plants.
On land, sloths' weak hind legs provide no power and their long claws are a hindrance. They must dig into the earth with their front claws and use their strong front legs to pull themselves along, dragging their bellies across the ground. If caught on land, these animals have no chance to evade predators, such as big cats, and must try to defend themselves by clawing and biting.
Though they couldn't be clumsier on land, sloths are surprisingly good swimmers. They sometimes fall directly from rain forest trees into rivers and stroke efficiently with their long arms.
The health of sloth populations is wholly dependent on the health of tropical rain forests but tropical rain forests are at risk of deforestation. Without an abundance of trees, sloths will lose their shelter and food source.
- Painted in acrylic, graphite and colored pencil on fabriano Accademia 640gsm paper.
- Dimensions approx. 25cm x 30cm.
RETURNS & INFO POLICY
If you are not delighted with your painting please contact me within 7 days for return and refund.
The painting will be sent out flat in a secure padded envelope by Royal Mail tracked and signed. | <urn:uuid:b34681e3-7d99-4e80-9543-b165f65ee108> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.penelfineart.com/product-page/s-is-for-sloth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.967312 | 470 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Gwendolyn Brooks was:
- The first black* author to win the Pulitzer Prize.
- The first black woman to be poetry consultant to the Library of Congress.
- Poet laureate of the State of Illinois.
She had a love of reading and writing from a young age and was only 13 when her first published poem, “Eventide,” appeared in American Childhood. By 17, she was a frequent contributor to the Chicago Defender, a newspaper serving Chicago’s black population. She published her first book of poetry, A Street in Bronzeville in 1945. Throughout her life, she often wrote with politics and civil rights in mind.
*She preferred this term over “African American.” | <urn:uuid:0aa81827-2460-4f98-871e-d45dc8cd2748> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://nicoleevelina.com/tag/pulitzer-prize/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362891.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203151849-20211203181849-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.973909 | 152 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Hubble images searchlight beams from a preplanetary nebula
The preplanetary nebula phase is a short period in the cycle of stellar evolution, so there are relatively few of them in existence at any one time.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has been at the cutting edge of research into what happens to stars like our Sun at the ends of their lives. One stage that stars pass through as they run out of nuclear fuel is called the preplanetary or protoplanetary nebula stage. This Hubble image of the Egg Nebula shows one of the best views to date of this brief but dramatic phase in a star’s life.
The preplanetary nebula phase is a short period in the cycle of stellar evolution and has nothing to do with planets. Over a few thousand years, the hot remains of the aging star in the center of the nebula heat it up, excite the gas, and make it glow as a subsequent planetary nebula. The short lifespan of preplanetary nebulae means there are relatively few of them in existence at any one time. Moreover, they are very dim, requiring powerful telescopes to be seen. This combination of rarity and faintness means they were only discovered comparatively recently. The Egg Nebula, the first to be discovered, was first spotted less than 40 years ago, and many aspects of this class of object remain shrouded in mystery.
At the center of this image, and hidden in a thick cloud of dust, is the nebula’s central star. While we can’t see the star directly, four searchlight beams of light coming from it shine out through the nebula. It is thought that ring-shaped holes in the thick cocoon of dust, carved by jets coming from the star, let the beams of light emerge through the otherwise opaque cloud. The precise mechanism by which stellar jets produce these holes is not known for certain, but one possible explanation is that a binary star system, rather than a single star, exists at the center of the nebula.
The onion-like layered structure of the more diffuse cloud surrounding the central cocoon is caused by periodic bursts of material being ejected from the dying star. The bursts typically occur every few hundred years.
The distance to the Egg Nebula is only known approximately, with the best guess placing it at around 3,000 light-years from Earth. This, in turn, means that astronomers do not have any accurate figures for the size of the nebula — it may be larger and farther away, or smaller but nearer.
This image is produced from exposures in visible and infrared light from Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3. | <urn:uuid:804af6c9-7b40-4abb-8765-ff1acfa8d1d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.astronomy.com/news/2012/04/hubble-images-searchlight-beams-from-a-preplanetary-nebula | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280746.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950449 | 542 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Software Reviewed by
Title of Software:
Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia
Deluxe Edition, © 1996
Platform/Operating System: MS Windows 3.1 or later,
Windows 95, or Windows NT 3.51 or later
Subject: Multimedia Encyclopedia, an exploring and
While there are certainly some things in this software that could be
accessed and enjoyed by beginner or low intermediate level students, it is more
suitable for intermediate to advanced students.
Again, the younger students would surely find things of interest to them
in this software, but it is more accessible to middle school through adult
Windows System Requirements
8 MB of Ram
(12 MB Ram for Windows NT)
Processor Speed – 486DX, 33MHz or higher
Hard-disk space free: for Windows 3.1, 21 MB, for
Windows 95 or Windows NT, 14MB
Windows Version 3.1 or later, Windows 95, or Windows NT
Graphics Card (w/ compatible monitor) SVGA supporting
256 colors or higher
Peripherals – CD-ROM Drive, headphones or speakers,
mouse, audio board, modem (optional, for on-line access of additional
Time needed to complete: As this is an exploration and reference tool and not a set of
exercises to be completed, there is no set time to complete. A student could
find the information he/she is looking for in a couple of minutes, or on the
other hand, explore for endless hours and not exhaust the information
Learner group size:
This software could be used by an individual student, a pair, or a small
group around a computer. It can also be installed on a network and accessed by
This is very complex software, so there is much to learn. It took me
several hours of exploration before I felt confident in accessing most of what
the software has to offer. Much of the navigation is intuitive in nature, as
well as being clearly marked for the user. I would rate it excellent in user
friendliness, even though it may take some practice time for the user to be
able to navigate successfully to their desired destination.
Prerequisite skills or activities: A student would need to have basic computer
skills to access this encyclopedia and navigate through it. If students choose
to follow web links for further information, some knowledge of the internet
would be helpful. They would also need at least an intermediate level of
English to comprehend most of the articles. However, there is much that lower
level students could enjoy, particularly in the various and abundant media
Encarta 97 is an encyclopedia on two CD-ROMs, with additional
information available via web links to many sites on the World Wide Web,
including Encarta Online and, for an
additional monthly fee, the Encarta Online Library. Also included with the
original cost of the software is a monthly Yearbook and Web Links update.
Encarta 97 Encyclopedia has two main divisions: Media Gallery and Articles. I
will discuss each of them with their components separately although, in fact,
they can be displayed in an integrated fashion on the screen.
Media Gallery There are more than 13,000 different media on the encyclopedia
CDs, including pictures, video, animations, audio, 360° views, maps, charts,
and tables. On the Media Gallery opening screen, a complete written list may be
scrolled through, including graphic images to inform the user what type of
media it is. Or, the user can choose to view a slide show of all or selected
media in the list. Most media have a caption which may be from one-sentence
length to several paragraphs of explanation. There is also a very efficient
search mechanism on this screen, called the Media Pinpointer, where the user
can narrow the search by applying “filters”. These may include any or all of
the following: words, categories, time
periods, type of media, or place in the world.
Collages - There are 20 different collages through
which the user can explore interesting topics, such as biodiversity,
architecture, coral reefs, and children’s literature. Essays can be
accessed about the topic, captions read under most of the pictures, some
sounds or animations to enjoy, and related articles which can be linked
to, both within the CDs or online. It’s an interesting and engaging way to
introduce a topic and a platform from which the learner can explore.
- Timelines -
This is a scrollable screen, beginning from 15,000,000 years ago
until the present day. It has several tracks on the screen so that the
viewer can see what was happening in different parts of the world at the
same time. For example, about 1200 B.C. the Shang dynasty was thriving in
China as the Olmec civilization was developing in Mexico and the Hebrew
people and the Jewish faith was being established in the Middle East.
Scattered on the timeline are images which can be clicked, captions read,
or links followed to read more in depth about these events, nations, and
people. There is also a search feature to find a specific event.
Maze - A challenging multimedia game in which the player(s) weave
their way through the mazes of a castle by answering different questions
of a category and level chosen by the player. The user can link to
different articles within the encyclopedia for help in answering the
Tours - Students can take a guided tour of a subject that is of
particular interest to them, such as world cultures, arts and
entertainment, or science and pseudoscience. Once inside the tour, the
users have many opportunities to explore various media and related
- Atlas -
The atlas opens with a picture of the globe which the student can
rotate with buttons until it comes to the position where the student
wishes to view. An area of the world can be clicked, and then zoomed in
again and again, viewing maps at different scales and levels. The viewer
can click on Asia, then Thailand, then Bangkok, coming down even to a
street map of Bangkok. Each level of map has its own key and scale. Places
on the maps can be clicked and related articles accessed. There are also
video and sounds to be explored of the different places.
- InterActivities -
In this section users can choose from 10 different areas of
interest to explore through various multimedia and game formats. One can
listen to and compare world languages, click on natural wonders of the
world and match them to their location on the globe. Or, click on a
musical instrument, listen to the music, and try to match it with the
country it comes from. The user can explore the concept of fractals, and
learn to draw one of their own. Of course, throughout the program the
student can choose to link to related articles and read more in detail
about the subject.
can choose from more than 30,000 articles on these 2 CD-ROMs, as well as link
to many more on the World Wide Web. The main screen is divided into three
sections: the outline frame, media frame, and article (text) frame. The viewer
can also adjust the screen to view only text, or outline and text only. The
headings of the outline serve as a means to jump to other parts of longer
articles. The media that appear with their related articles can be enlarged for
better viewing. Red words within the articles are hyperlinks to other articles.
Following are some features of the article section of the encyclopedia.
- Dictionary -
Most words in the articles can be double-clicked leading the viewer
to the dictionary with the word and its definition highlighted. Or the
dictionary can be selected from the menu and any word typed in to see its
- Tools -
While reading an article, the viewer can use the Notemark from the
menu to write down important information. At the bottom of the note card
is written the reference information for citing the article. Or, the
student can open a word processor within the encyclopedia to take notes
from the article or copy a portion of it.
- Pinpointer -
This search mechanism is similar to that used in the media gallery.
Articles can be scrolled through, searched for alphabetically by title, or
searched for more specifically by using “filters”. There is also a Wizard for help with
Information” - At any time in the article view, the
user can click on More Information from the menu. They can then choose to
view related articles in the encyclopedia, or updated information in the
Yearbook, or follow links to Encarta Online or other sites on the World
Wide Web in order to access further information on the subject.
As noted earlier, this software is non-ESL specific and is designed for
exploration and reference. If the owner maintains the monthly updates of
articles and web links, it can be an effective and up-to-date research tool for
students. The multimedia aspects of the software make the information more
accessible for ESL students as well as aiding comprehension by targeting
several learning modalities. There is much to stimulate the imagination and
pique the curiosity of the casual browser. Navigation within the program is quite
easy, with a little practice.
Type of Program:
Problem solving, informational, game, student tool, teacher tool,
non-ESL specific, text construction, and exploratory activities, and research
English language areas covered: Reading, vocabulary, listening, cultural
competence, computer and internet, and depending on the activities that the
teacher plans around the use of the software, most likely the skills of
speaking and writing
is a clearly written and illustrated instruction manual included with the
software. The onscreen menus are easy to follow and intuitive in nature.
There is more than one way to find specific information, whether written
or media: scroll through an alphabetical list, search by word, category,
time, or place.
program opens easily and quickly and it is easy to navigate from feature
to feature, or find related articles or media, either within the CDs or
via web links.
theme or subject explorations, such as InterActivity, Collages, and Guided
Tours have onscreen directions for their various activities.
are no lessons, as such, in this software, but the learner can easily move
from one screen to another. Simply by using the forward and back arrows
the user can return to pages previously viewed. The learner is free to
make choices throughout as to what media or articles to view or what links
only work that can be saved is that which the learner produces on the
Notemark or Word Processor, which is accomplished just as it is in
learner can quit at any time from any point within the program.
student may enjoy simply to browse through this vast software. However, to
make it most profitable, I think some sort of direction from the instructor
would be most beneficial. That may take the form of researching to answer
student or teacher generated questions, explore a theme or particular
subject and then to do something with that information, such as give an
oral or written report, write a letter, make a brochure, etc.
there is no work that the learner produces on this software, except
possibly notes taken, there is no report or scores available for the
is no authoring option included in this software.
Feedback As this is not a drill and practice type of software, there is very
limited feedback/response given to the user. There are a few options within the
media gallery that has games for the student to play. Generally, if the user’s
answer is not correct, as in a matching game, the student-moved image will not
stay where the student placed it. But, he/she can try as many times as they
like to get it right before asking for the answers. In other games where
students are expected to answer multiple choice questions, links are provided
to the related article so that the user can find the answer if they so desire.
Content As noted earlier, this program is rich in information given both in
text and various media. For those users desiring more detailed information,
there are generally additional articles which can be accessed. The student then
is free to construct their own understanding of the subject they are studying,
with the added vocabulary support from the multimedia (still images, video,
audio) and the dictionary. The thinking skills addressed with this software
depend mostly on the tasks set by either the student or the teacher. The
software provides for meaningful interaction between the computer and the
students, as well as, if students are working in pairs or small groups to
accomplish a particular task, there will certainly be interaction and
negotiation of meaning and direction amongst them. The software is well
organized, enjoyable, interesting, and factually correct (if the owner
remembers to maintain the monthly updates).
The program has attractive and colorful
screens, as well as a vast store of various media. The sound was easily
understood and added to the understanding of the subject and enjoyment of the
user. It seems that most of the media, text and graphics, as well as maps, can
be printed from the screen or copied into a document.
Examples of how this software might be used in the
research on an assigned topic or subject of interest to the student
thematic collages, guided tours, and interactive activities can be used as
a source of introductory material for a unit of study. The multimedia
nature of the program presents new ideas and vocabulary in an
of a particular place, such as a rainforest, might be used as a
brainstorming session for student creative writing.
can research a particular country or city and then make travel brochures,
including maps, information, and pictures. They could also make a
multimedia presentation including the nation’s national anthem and samples
of the language, both spoken and written.
can find supplemental information of a particular place or era of history
to aid in comprehension of a piece of literature being read.
I highly recommend this software for an ESL/EFL classroom. It’s
stimulating content and multimedia presentation makes language and concepts
more accessible to English learners.
Best Part of the Program: To me the best part of this software are those pieces that help
the user to explore a theme, rather than browsing endlessly through articles.
This would include the interactive activities, guided tours, and collages.
Worst Part of the Program:
the software’s greatest weakness is in another way its greatest strength.
The huge amount of information it offers the learner can be overwhelming
if careful tasks and goals are not set.
- It is
the responsibility of the owner of the software to keep up with monthly
updates to the Yearbook and the web links. While this apparently only
takes a few minutes, if not done, some of the information will quickly
become outdated or inaccurate in our rapidly changing world. | <urn:uuid:1f49e5cc-cf9d-4ab2-9c7b-3e21bda21bfd> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://psarvis.tripod.com/Encarta_Software_Review.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161350.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925083639-20180925104039-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.915125 | 3,209 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Thanks to the industrious Thomas Adams and the then-exiled Mexican President Santa Anna, Black Jack was introduced as America’s first flavored chewing gum in 1884. At the time, the United States was in the middle of a continuous explosion of growth and change, as nearly all of the”Wild West” had been settled and increasingly more railroad lines were stretching toward California and the Pacific Ocean.
Of course, the whole Western World was moving and changing right alongside the young American nation. While Mark Twain was finishing up The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn somewhere in Connecticut, Robert Louis Stevenson was dreaming up Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde both in Scotland and the Western United States. Meanwhile in France, the Eiffel Tower was nearing completion, and a similarly large French gift, the Statue of Liberty, was steaming its way toward Manhattan Island.
So, how did a stick of chewing gum find its place in pop culture amid so much progress and chaos? That’s a good question...
It might be hard to imagine these days, but the world of kid-centric candies and sweets used to be very small and generally unexciting. Most all candies geared toward children were simple and subtly sweet iterations of more “adult” flavors, such as molasses, clove, lemon drops, and “rock candy.” In fact, two of the most popular flavors in the realm of childhood sweets, chocolate and caramel, wouldn’t be widely available until the 1890s and early 1900s. What’s more, packaging for these candies was mostly simple and uninspired, likely because there simply wasn’t much competition.
In this context, Black Jack chewing gum was an exciting breath of sugary sweet air. Licorice was already popular with youngsters in the 1880s, and the Black Jack flavor offered a sweeter, more exciting version of the licorice candies already being sold. On top of that, Black Jack also came delivered in convenient and portable gum sticks, which was totally unique at the time—all wrapped in a striking package with an iconic color scheme and a clear branded logo. Not surprisingly, Black Jack started selling at a break-neck pace, thus giving birth to the flavored gum industry we know today!
By the mid-1800s, manufacturing and production were replacing agriculture as the largest industries in the United States. Life was becoming more urban, and the average American was now earning a good bit more money than just a decade or two previously. This uptick of disposable income eventually gave rise to the country’s first department stores, which would begin to greatly influence everyone’s ideas of luxury and convenience starting in the 1860s and 1870s. By the 1880s, the first cash register was invented, and the world of American retail continued to skyrocket.
Of course, these were all exciting and positive developments for someone introducing a new chewy treat to the American public. Stores and shelf space were popping up all over the country, and the audience of people who could afford small luxuries and treats was getting bigger almost every month. It’s no surprise that by the end of the century, the chewing gum industry was already expanding. The time was ripe for lifestyle products and status symbols to enchant a growing class of American consumers. Some of these items and ideas, like the sprawling department store, have become outdated and outmoded. However, a select few, such as the daringly original Black Jack, have become a permanent part of pop culture.
Curious to know more about the history behind our vintage gums? Be sure to visit our historical timeline! | <urn:uuid:65062330-164f-4d69-989d-803945f3efaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://vintagegums.com/blogs/news/the-world-according-to-black-jack | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703530835.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122144404-20210122174404-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.972972 | 755 | 2.640625 | 3 |
See your mouth in a whole new way.
We are excited to provide our patients with the latest imaging technology to better assist with planning dental implants, extractions, endodontic diagnosis, and TMJ issues.
What is Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)?
The dental CBCT is a more compact, faster, and safer version of the regular medical CT. Through the use of a cone-shaped x-ray beam, the size of the scanner, radiation dosage, and time needed for scanning are all dramatically reduced. The amount of time needed for a full dental scan is typically ten seconds and the radiation dosage is up to a hundred times less than that of a regular medical CT scanner.
Why do you need a CBCT?
A CBCT is a three-dimensional surgical image providing a view from all angles not seen from a regular 2D image. This allows the dentist to obtain vital information for proper diagnosis without exposing the patient to high levels of radiation. For example, when planning and placing implants, having this information beforehand is imperative for determining anatomical variations that can affect the success of the procedure. A CBCT will provide a blueprint for the dentist planning your treatment.
How is a CBCT taken?
A CBCT generally takes ten seconds to capture the photo but you should expect to be seated for about 2-5 minutes for the assistant to set everything up before the image is taken.
What do I wear?
Thankfully there are no dress requirements! The only caveat is that there can be no metal above the shoulders while the image is taken as they may reduce the clarity of the image. These items may include earrings, necklaces, and partials. If you have silver fillings or metal crowns, that is not a concern and will not affect the photo. | <urn:uuid:b040d74c-e853-4805-b9b1-ab5722071046> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.thedentalstudioma.com/3d-imaging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.927885 | 371 | 2.53125 | 3 |
How Nature Makes LightFirst let’s look at some of the questions that we want to answer.
- What’s in bioluminescent creatures that makes the light?
- How do those creatures make that stuff that makes light?
- How can we make that bioluminescent stuff for our toys?
1. The Chemistry of Natural LightHow does nature make light? Bioluminescence is the result of a special chemical reaction between a protein, a light emitting molecule and oxygen. Proteins are very special and complex molecules and are the building blocks of life. In some ways the bioluminescent reaction is similar to reaction that makes water molecules from hydrogen and oxygen (shown to the right), except in the bioluminescent reaction energy is given off in the form of light. Matter = Any stuff you can touch
This is an antioxidant molecule responsible for emitting the light once activated.
This is the activating protein tablet based on ththat found in a small but very bright deep sea creature called the Gaussia Princep.
2. The Biology of Natural LightOK … so bioluminescence requires special proteins. How are proteins made? It turns out that proteins are made in cells, and every living creature is made of cells of some kind. Take a close look at this process below. Of course not every creature’s DNA has the gene (or recipe) for bioluminescent proteins, but for those creatures that do have this gene, these proteins are made in the exact same way.
3. How BioToy Makes Bioluminescent Proteins
Borrowing Nature’s ProcessWhen exploring to try to find the very brightest bioluminescent creature, we discovered many marvelous luminous aquatic animals, but it was a small animal called a Gaussia Princep that shone above the rest. Finding it was a challenge by itself since it is very small and lives at an ocean depth of over 2,000 ft, but pinpointing its glowing genes was even harder. With 30,000 genes in its DNA to have to look through, it took a long time to find what we were looking for. Once we found the glowing genes, we used a method called expression cloning, to make copies of the proteins. Using the example of Sally again, this process is like giving Sally some new books with cake recipes and asking her to start selling cakes. To do it in real life, the glowing gene is inserted into a safe and healthy organism that can read the instructions and produce large amounts of protein. Even after the protein is made we have to make sure it forms into the proper shape, because if it doesn’t, the protein won’t make light. Shaping the protein is called folding and it took us many years of trial and error to get it just right, and to do it in such a way that we can now make large amounts of this protein. | <urn:uuid:059e8cdd-2909-4500-85bf-97db4c68c30e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.biotoy.com/learn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.960378 | 615 | 3.625 | 4 |
Food and infections
During pregnancy it is important to eat healthy and a variety of food. Eating for two is not necessary, but it is unwise to be on a diet during your pregnancy. For advice regarding a healthy eating pattern you can go to www.voedingscentrum.nl.
There are a few things you have to pay extra attention to during your pregnancy.
During pregnancy, aside from healthy and varied eating, it is advisable to take extra vitamin D. You can buy these separate or in the form of a multivitamin. When you buy the latter, buy a multivitamin this is especially meant for pregnancy. This includes the correct amount of vitamin D en folic acid (see below).
Additional folic acid prior to and during the pregnancy is important. Folic acid diminishes the chance of a congenital disorder, such as spina bifida. It is advisable to take a tablet of 0,4 or 0,5 milligram of folic acid a day from the moment you want to become pregnant to 10 weeks into your pregnancy. Folic acid is usually an element in multivitamin for pregnant women. The directions included with the multivitamin will tell you how many tablets to take to get the right amount of folic acid.
During the pregnancy it is advisable to take 1 gram (1000 milligram) of calcium a day. You will get the most calcium out of your daily diet. Do this calcium-check to see if you are getting enough calcium per day.
If you are not getting enough calcium, we advise you to take a supplement. This can eather be calcium in a multivitamine for pregnant women or a separate calcium supplement.
The use of alcohol during pregnancy is harmful to the baby. There is no safe amount to consume. It is advised not to drink alcohol.
Smoking during pregnancy has certain obvious risks. Smoking yourself, or staying in an environment where smoking takes place, can negatively influence your pregnancy. When you smoke the placenta will get less blood. The unborn child receives less oxygen and growth slows down. The intellectual development of the child can also be influenced by smoking. Your child can also be born too early.
After giving birth it is ill advised to smoke in front of the baby. This increases the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It is advisable for both parents to stop smoking. This is not an easy task. If you want help to quit smoking, you can go to your GP.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite that can be found in raw meat, unwashed raw vegetables and cat-poop. If you become infected with toxoplasmosis during your pregnancy this can have serious consequences for your child. It is important to cook your meat well and wash your vegetables carefully. If you work in the garden make sure you wear gloves and, if possible, let someone else clean the litterbox. Wash your hands well before cooking dinner and pay close attention to hygiene in the kitchen.
Listeriosis is caused by the listeria bacteria which, among things, can be found in cheese made from raw milk (au lait cru). Becoming infected with this bacteria can also have consequences for your child. Always carefully read the packaging of your food. Products made from pasteurized or sterilized milk can’t hurt. The listeria bacteria can also be found in raw en prepackaged smoked fish and raw meat.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is commonly found in the saliva and urine of young children. The virus can be harmful to you unborn child. Good hygiene is very important. This means, for example, washing your hands (with soap) after wiping children's noses or changing diapers. It is also advisable to avoid sharing cutlery with your child or to put your child's pacifier in your own mouth.
Eating fish, especially greasy fish, is healthy. The omega-3 fats found in fish are, for example, important for the development of the brain and vision of your child. Also for non-pregnant people it is good to eat fish because the omega-3 fats keep the heart and blood veins healthy.
However, because of pollution fish can contain harmful substances. Especially, heavy metals (such as mercury), dioxins, PCB’s and toxaphene. It is advisable not to have fish more than twice a week. Eating predatory fish and eel from the large rivers is discouraged.
Having too much vitamin A can cause congenital disorders to your child. Vitamin A is especially found in organ-meat such as liver. Try not to eat liver during your pregnancy, and liver products less than once a day.
Caffeine is possible harmful to your unborn child. The more caffeine you consume, the higher your chance of getting a miscarriage and the lower the birthweight of your child. For mothers-to-be it is better not to consume too much caffeine. Women who are breastfeeding should avoid drinking too much coffee. Caffeine goes into the mother’s milk and will make the child restless.
The Voedingscentrum advises not to consume more than 300mg of caffeine a day. Caffeine free coffee, herbal tea and caffeine-free coke is a good alternative for habitual coffee-, tea- and coke-drinkers.
Examples of 300mg caffeine:
• 3 cups of coffee, 1 cup of tea
• 2 cups of coffee, 2 cups of tea and a glass of coke
• 2 cups of coffee, 3 cups of tea
For specific information regarding which products you can or cannot use during pregnancy you can visit www.voedingscentrum.nl.
They also have a very good application called ZwangerHap for your phone which tells you immediately what you can and cannot eat and gives you warning messages in case a bacteria is found in certain products. | <urn:uuid:ef95a963-2be3-42ca-89dc-4b91b28c7dbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.kinderrijkmeerhoven.nl/en/pregnancy/food.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.943822 | 1,271 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Gobi desert on world map. This map shows the generalized location of earths ten largest deserts on the basis of surface area. The sahara is the largest non polar desert in the world. B i is a large desert or brushland region in asia. These regions are characterized by mostly warm to very hot temperatures with cooler winters.
Here is a map of the sahara desert that i designed. The table at the bottom of this page provides the names generalized locations and surface areas of over twenty major deserts. The worlds tropical rainforest the worlds tropical rain forest is located in south and. The desert spans two countries covering parts of northern and northwestern china and up into southern mongolia.
Subtropical deserts of the world. Learn to locate the chain of altai the khentii mounts the source of selenge river or gobi desert on mongolias maps on our website. The gobi from mongolian gobi meaning waterless place stretches across huge portions of both mongolia and china. Gobi also called gobi desert great desert and semidesert region of central asia.
Click and drag the puzzle piece to the appropriate place on the map. Km it occupies land pertaining to algeria. The sahara desert is estimated to be about 9000000 square kilometers. It covers parts of northern and northeastern china and of southern mongolia.
Hints are below the map. It is bigger than the total area of australia and almost as large as continental united states. Covering approximately 35 million square miles 9064958 sq. Although its only the fifth largest in the world the gobi desert is the most expansive arid region on the asian continent.
Scroll by holding the mouse near the edge of the map. | <urn:uuid:3980937f-8916-4e73-b3d0-c8ba7a2feb44> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://bettercandy.nl/gobi-desert-on-world-map.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256215.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521022141-20190521044141-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.907753 | 368 | 3.09375 | 3 |
More accurate navigational aids such as gyroscopes, next-generation sensors including magnetic and gravitational sensors and clocks - will all get a boost from the research from the latest physics Nobel Prize winners, who have been supported for years by the Office of Naval Research.*
Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle were honored for their creation of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) in gases of atomic rubidium and sodium. Their scientific advances built on the work of Albert Einstein who did the math to show that when cooled, particles called bosons would stop flitting around and settle into a shared low-energy state. The researchers demonstrated this, showing that when cooled thousands and even millions of bosons will act coherently as one, allowing scientists to manipulate the "super-size boson."
Cornell and Wieman, physicists working at the University of Colorado at Boulder used a combination of optical and magnetic trapping techniques, combined with a final evaporation stage, to coerce about 2,000 cooled rubidium atoms into a BEC in 1995. Shortly thereafter, Ketterle, working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was able to create an even larger BEC cloud out of sodium atoms using a different technique. BEC allows scientists to create a large group of atoms to show off the wave nature of matter.
* The number of ONR-supported Nobel Prize winners is now 50. For the complete list, please visit the ONR web site. | <urn:uuid:b38246a7-ade8-4d33-b013-de62b03b86ee> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.onr.navy.mil/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2002/Nobel-Laureates-Chill-Out | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864148.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621114153-20180621134153-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.924584 | 301 | 3.171875 | 3 |
An explanation of the dominant factors that shaped recreation before 1800
Before 1800,there were a number of different aspects that shaped recreation. Among them were ‘attitudes to sport’ and ‘recreation’.
Attitudes to sport and recreation changed vastly through the last fifty years of the nineteenth century. The seasons and countryside no longer influenced the recreational activities for most people, although the gentry (leisured class) continued to hunt, fish, and shoot as generations prior to them had done. The gentry had often owned the land which gave them the necessity of time and space-which was absolutely essential for recreation.
Hunting, race meetings and estate cricket matches in the countryside had commenced as they had before 1800. Sport played a special role of a long established tradition of estate/rural life. The lord of manor was master of his own individual domain, and also the local activities based around it. The local of squire was not to be dictated to by any inhumane curate, no mater of their positional status-whether they be working -class or aristocrat who practised abstinence.
The influence of the church was another dominant factor that shaped recreation before 1800. Prior to the 1800’s, the lord of manor was exceptionally powerful and on frequent occasions would determine whether an activity or recreational event would commence or not. The main reason for this was that many labourers were strong Christians and depended on the lord of manors’ approval when participating in recreational activities.
The role of Combat Sports was mildly significant before 1800, as it was a way of preparing young men to be knights in service of their king/lord-it was also a way of training them for frequent wars. Jousting tournaments would often attract the most attention, as Knights would be suited up in tin garments, given a jousting stick (in which they used to remove their opponent) and a shield (which was used to withhold the attack from their opponent). The Knights never used to get paid for it; in fact, it was the exact opposite- they used to fight for honour of the public audience and for enhanced reputation. Contests including the quarterstaff would involve classes of significant power and strength. Activities that would take place are foot races, wrestling, stone throwing and athletic events.
The peasantry participated in:
* Blood sports
* Contests e.g. archery, quarterstaff
* Rebound games off pub/church walls
* Festival games e.g. power games, foot races
The gentry similarly, had the same sporting agenda only they would occasionally be more sophisticated. Only ever in ever in cricket would the upper and lower class collaborate on a sport. Cricket was more significant to the lower class as it was to the upper. An average cricket team would often involve the squire, schoolmaster, parson and a varied selection of local village men combining to withstand the challenge from the opposing neighbouring village. Basically, cricket was the only obvious sport in which both peasantry and gentry would combine.
I have proved that there were a significant amount of dominant factors that had shaped recreation before 1800. Amongst those, which I haven’t mentioned, are The Age of Enlightenment and Recreational Characteristics (both upper and lower classes). I have gathered that although the peasants worked throughout the week they still made time to participate in recreational activities, it was as if they were still at work only not getting a wage at the end of it. The gentry made the point that as long as you’ve got the key essentials for recreational activities then you could take part as you wish- time and space. | <urn:uuid:f0a3c25a-0332-42a1-a590-64bf19c4dbee> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://graduateway.com/an-explanation-of-the-dominant-factors-that-shaped-recreation-before-1800/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.985146 | 745 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Part of owning a business is accounting for income and expenses and there is more than one way to do this. For example, you can follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or choose a non-GAAP method such as cash basis accounting. The format you choose is going to affect the net income you report to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the numbers you provide to current and potential investors.
It is important that you choose an accounting method that provides a reasonable level of transparency and reports your business activity in the most accurate way possible. In other words, choosing the wrong accounting method could be misleading. Here are a few things to know about GAAP versus non-GAAP reporting so that you can choose the accounting method that fits your business.
If you were an investor, would you be able to determine if a business was operating effectively and was profitable based on the financial statements if every company was using a different accounting method, perhaps one that they developed internally? Probably not. Without a set of uniform rules, it would be impossible to determine if the company is a good investment. This is where GAAP comes in. The Financial Accounting and Standards Board (FASB) was responsible for developing GAAP so that there is a standardized approach to accounting. GAAP provides guidelines for recognizing, disclosing and measuring transactions. Investors can easily compare companies that use GAAP to determine which may be a good investment.
Unfortunately, GAAP is not appropriate for every business’ financial reporting needs. In cases like this, businesses are able to choose an alternative method for accounting. However, these companies must disclose their accounting method as non-GAAP along with a report that reconciles the regular and adjusted results of using the chosen method. For example, in most non-GAAP reporting, the accountant will not include expenses that are noncash or transactions that are exceedingly out the ordinary. This method often gives a more accurate view of the ongoing business because it adjusts out the results of one-time or temporary conditions. The downside of non-GAAP reporting is that its use does not always align with both the needs of shareholders and corporate management.
If you are planning on forming a new business, keep in mind that the type of accounting method you choose matters, especially if you plan to eventually bring in more investors. Be sure to choose the method that most accurately presents your company’s operations. | <urn:uuid:3c82a1a1-c6b1-4bed-9335-c53243580a35> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.fglawpc.com/blog/2018/12/should-you-use-gaap-or-non-gaap-reporting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.967759 | 537 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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This is a new design of the Egyptian ankh. The large sized ankh is easy to work with, yet compact enough to take with you on your journeys.
Where does the ankh come from?
The ankh or 'crux ansata' (Latin for cross with a handle) is a cross shaped symbol. It is often depicted in the hands of the Egyptian gods, in the ancient hieroglyphics of the sacred temples in Egypt. The ankh hieroglyphic is the symbol of life. The ankh has the shape of a human body. The eye or loop of the ankh is the head, the horizontal part of the cross is the arms and the vertical part the legs.
What can the ankh be used for? The ankh symbolizes immortality or eternal life. The ankh helps for healing of the body, not just of the physical body (Ba), but also of the lightbody (Ka) or the soul-body. The ankh is a powerfull healingtool that protects and helps to heal trauma's.
The breath of life
The ankh is often depicted in front of the face of pharao Akhenaten, to activate the breath of life. Breathing through the ankh can help guide the powerfull healing energy of the breath. | <urn:uuid:9a37269d-c2f6-496d-adbb-a42d91a04f96> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.shapeways.com/product/EHA4DXDCB/egyptian-ankh-large?li=shareProduct | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.925952 | 283 | 2.625 | 3 |
The oldest fossilised bats ever discovered have given palaeontologists an unprecedented insight into the flying mammals' evolution. The find puts to rest a long-standing argument over which came first, flight or echolocation - the bats' exotic navigation system. The new species of bat could fly, but didn't use echolocation.
"When we first saw it, we knew it was special," said Dr Nancy Simmons at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who was part of the team. "It's clearly a bat, but unlike any previously known. In many respects it is a missing link between bats and their non-flying ancestors."
Scientists have wrestled with three alternative theories for the evolution of bats: flight evolved before echolocation; echolocation came before flight; or both happened in parallel. The new pair of fossils - which date from around 52.5m years ago - resolve the issue.
"There has been much debate about how bats evolved, because there were no specimens to address this issue," said Dr Kevin Seymour at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. "Now the combination of features seen in this species finally gives us an answer: that flying evolved first and echolocation must have evolved later."
Fluttering and gliding
The wing bones clearly show that the animal was capable of a combination of fluttering and gliding flight. But its ear bones are not enlarged like those of modern bats, which use them as part of their echolocation system.
The first fossil was discovered in August 2003 in a quarry in Lincoln County, Wyoming, but the full scientific description appears for the first time in tomorrow's issue of Nature. The species (dubbed Onychonycteris finneryi) is so odd that it has been placed in a new taxonomic family. Its name means "clawed bat" with a nod to the fossil's discoverer Bonnie Finney.
O. finneryi - which is around 12 centimetres from nose to tail - has claws on all five of its fingers. Modern bats have claws on only one or two digits of each hand. Its limb proportions are also unusual, with longer hind legs and shorter forearms than other bats. The researchers believe it was well adapted for climbing in the canopy.
One unanswered question is how O. finneryi could have flown without being able to echolocate. Also writing in Nature, physiologist Prof John Speakman of the University of Aberdeen speculates that the earliest bats were day-fliers who used their eyes to navigate.
"[They] were perhaps forced to become nocturnal by the appearance of avian predators, shortly after the dinosaurs became extinct around 65m years ago. Some then evolved echolocation, whereas others became nocturnal vision specialists." | <urn:uuid:80023179-01dc-4569-9c3e-8332b1062ee4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/feb/13/bat.evolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661277.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00242-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976472 | 580 | 3.828125 | 4 |
April 7, 2003
Declaration of War
Note: this is a post recovered from my old blog, before it died of an insufficient backup. Any comments/trackbacks on it have not been brought over, but can be seen with the original. The date is that of the original posting.
When the Constitution was written, there was not a lot of middle ground between war and peace. The primary armed force of the United States was the militia, which consists of armed male citizens of a certain age (I think 15 to 35 years, but I haven't read the definition in a long time). The army, in fact, could only be funded for two years at a time (this is still true, but now pretty much meaningless) in order to prevent the existence (and related dangers) of a large standing army. In order to make war in anything other than local self-defense, the army would have to be mobilized. In order to mobilize the army, there had to be a Congressional declaration of war.
Beginning during the campaigns to occupy the American West, and continuing with such operations as the putting down of the Moro rebellion in the Phillipines and the occupations of several Latin-American nations during the time before WWII, this line became blurred. Viet Nam was the war that finally muddied the line to invisibility. When Kennedy committed military advisors in a non-combat role, did that require a declaration of war? When Kennedy later authorized them to shoot in self-defense, did that require a declaration of war? When those advisors went on patrol with their trainees, and fired on VC groups setting up machine guns to kill them, did that require a declaration of war? When larger formations were deployed to pacify areas behind the front lines (to the extent they could even be defined), essentially acting as well-armed police, did that require a declartion of war? When those troops were then engaged by large enemy formations, did that require a declaration of war? And so on. The frog was well and truly boiled by that point, yet there had been no declaration of war either by Congress, or via delegated authority (as through the UNSC or invokation of the North Atlantic Treaty's article V). The closest it came was a Congressional resolution, the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which amounted to a declaration of war, but without giving the President clear targets or undisputed authority to prosecute the war.
Finally, America recognized that warfare had become a spectrum. Absolute war and absolute peace rarely exist in the world. Most of the time, in most places, there is some kind of in-between situation. Transportation and the falling cost of increasingly powerful weapons means that ill-clothed tribesmen living in a 12th century culture in mountain caves without a road in a 500km radius could launch rockets with ranges of 30km and large high-explosive warheads. In this kind of world, how do we decide when and how the President can deploy troops in protection of American interests, while still maintaining the Congressional authority and accountability to decide when and where we commit those forces that could result in our destruction, should we lose? The answer to this question was the War Powers act.
Setting aside whether or not the Act is Constitutional (possibly not) or should have instead been passed as a Constitutional amendment with additional details supplied by enabling laws (probably), the War Powers act defined the conditions under which the President could act without the explicit authority of Congress. There are, under the War Powers act, only three conditions under which "the President as Commander-in-Chief [may] introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances:"
- pursuant to a declaration of war
- pursuant to specific statutory authorization
- or in "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces"
The President must: advise Congress in advance and regularly thereafter, report specific information to the Congress every six months (more frequently if required by statute), immediately withdraw troops if Congress so requires by concurrent resolution, and "shall terminate" the combat use of the military "unless the Congress (1) has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of United States Armed Forces, (2) has extended by law such sixty-day period, or (3) is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States."
Clearly, the President is authorized to make war in Iraq, by the second test established in the War Powers act. In October, 2002, the Congress passed a resolution which states in relevant part:
SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION FOR USE OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES.
(a) AUTHORIZATION- The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to--
(1) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and
(2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq.
While this resolution did not immediately declare a state of war to exist between the United States and Iraq, it did authorize the President to commit acts of war at a time of his choosing, as long as certain conditions were met. I am unaware of any way to construe a difference between authorizing the President to commit acts of war that are not necessary for national self-defense, and declaring that a state of war exists, that would make any Constitutional difference. As a result, this resolution was a declaration that a state of war could be brought into existence, should the President decide that this was necessary and appropriate.
I believe that this is why the President did not ask for, and Congress did not pre-emptively make, a declaration of war. A declaration of war is a recognition that a state of war already exists. Since the President still hoped to pursue a diplomatic solution to the Iraq crisis, this form of resolution removed the Constitutional obstacle to war without also demanding a war, as an outright declaration of war would have done.
What this all comes down to is that the Congressional resolution of last October 2002 is Constitutionally equivalent to a declaration of war.
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A review of White as Milk, Red As Blood: The Forgotten Fairy Tales of Franz Xaver von Schonwerth – a translation of the ‘lost’ fairy tales collected by Franz Xaver von Schonwerth, translated by Canadian scholar Shelley Tanaka and illustrated by Canadian illustrator Willow Dawson.
Not Grimm… But Grim
A review of Willow Dawson and Shelley Tanaka’s White as Milk, Red as Blood: The Forgotten Fairy Tales of Franz Xaver von Schonwerth (Alfred A Knopf Canada, 2018).
By Derek Newman-Stille
When I first read the fairy tales recorded by Bavarian folklore collector Franz Xaver von Schonwerth, the tales seemed whimsically short and light even though many of the tales featured the grim characteristics of fairy tales like abuse, murder, violence, hunger, and torture. This underscores the power of translation and the influence that it has on the way we read folk narratives. Simple things like word choice, tone, or presentation on the page can shift our readings of fairy tales.
When I encountered Willow Dawson and Shelley Tanaka’s White as Milk, Red as Blood: The Forgotten Fairy Tales of Franz Xaver von Schonwerth, my reading of von Schonwerth’s tales changed drastically, and I attribute…
View original post 297 more words | <urn:uuid:9606bf1c-12e9-4a17-9a2f-2fc2ff618569> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://speculatingcanada.ca/2018/06/03/not-grimm-but-grim/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.823116 | 277 | 2.875 | 3 |
Russian scientists have recently found more new craters in Siberia, apparently formed by explosions of methane. Three were found last summer. They looked for more using satellite photos… and found more!
“What I think is happening here is, the permafrost has been acting as a cap or seal on the ground, through which gas can’t permeate,” says Paul Overduin, a permafrost expert at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany. “And it reaches a particular temperature where there’s not enough ice in it to act that way anymore. And then gas can rush out.”
It’s rather dramatic. Some Russian villagers have even claimed to see flashes in the distance when these explosions occur. But how bad is it?
The Siberian Times
An English-language newspaper called The Siberian Times has a good article about these craters, which I’ll quote extensively:
• Anna Liesowska Dozens of new craters suspected in northern Russia, The Siberian Times, 23 February 2015.
B1 – famous Yamal hole in 30 kilometers from Bovanenkovo, spotted in 2014 by helicopter pilots. Picture: Marya Zulinova, Yamal regional government press service.
Respected Moscow scientist Professor Vasily Bogoyavlensky has called for ‘urgent’ investigation of the new phenomenon amid safety fears.
Until now, only three large craters were known about in northern Russia with several scientific sources speculating last year that heating from above the surface due to unusually warm climatic conditions, and from below, due to geological fault lines, led to a huge release of gas hydrates, so causing the formation of these craters in Arctic regions.
Two of the newly-discovered large craters—also known as funnels to scientists—have turned into lakes, revealed Professor Bogoyavlensky, deputy director of the Moscow-based Oil and Gas Research Institute, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Examination using satellite images has helped Russian experts understand that the craters are more widespread than was first realised, with one large hole surrounded by as many as 20 mini-craters, The Siberian Times can reveal.
Four Arctic craters: B1 – famous Yamal hole in 30 kilometers from Bovanenkovo, B2 – recently detected crater in 10 kilometers to the south from Bovanenkovo, B3 – crater located in 90 kilometers from Antipayuta village, B4 – crater located near Nosok village, on the north of Krasnoyarsk region, near Taimyr Peninsula. Picture: Vasily Bogoyavlensky.
‘We know now of seven craters in the Arctic area,’ he said. ‘Five are directly on the Yamal peninsula, one in Yamal Autonomous district, and one is on the north of the Krasnoyarsk region, near the Taimyr peninsula.
‘We have exact locations for only four of them. The other three were spotted by reindeer herders. But I am sure that there are more craters on Yamal, we just need to search for them.
‘I would compare this with mushrooms: when you find one mushroom, be sure there are few more around. I suppose there could be 20 to 30 craters more.’
He is anxious to investigate the craters further because of serious concerns for safety in these regions.
The study of satellite images showed that near the famous hole, located in 30 kilometres from Bovanenkovo are two potentially dangerous objects, where the gas emission can occur at any moment.
Satellite image of the site before the forming of the Yamal hole (B1). K1 and the red outline show the hillock (pingo) formed before the gas emission. Yellow outlines show the potentially dangerous objects. Picture: Vasily Bogoyavlensky.
He warned: ‘These objects need to be studied, but it is rather dangerous for the researchers. We know that there can occur a series of gas emissions over an extended period of time, but we do not know exactly when they might happen.
‘For example, you all remember the magnificent shots of the Yamal crater in winter, made during the latest expedition in Novomber 2014. But do you know that Vladimir Pushkarev, director of the Russian Centre of Arctic Exploration, was the first man in the world who went down the crater of gas emission?
‘More than this, it was very risky, because no one could guarantee there would not be new emissions.’
Professor Bogoyavlensky told The Siberian Times: ‘One of the most interesting objects here is the crater that we mark as B2, located 10 kilometres to the south of Bovanenkovo. On the satellite image you can see that it is one big lake surrounded by more than 20 small craters filled with water.
‘Studying the satellite images we found out that initially there were no craters nor a lake. Some craters appeared, then more. Then, I suppose that the craters filled with water and turned to several lakes, then merged into one large lake, 50 by 100 metres in diameter.
‘This big lake is surrounded by the network of more than 20 ‘baby’ craters now filled with water and I suppose that new ones could appear last summer or even now. We now counting them and making a catalogue. Some of them are very small, no more than 2 metres in diameter.’
‘We have not been at the spot yet,’ he said. ‘Probably some local reindeer herders were there, but so far no scientists.’
He explained: ‘After studying this object I am pretty sure that there was a series of gas emissions over an extended period of time. Sadly, we do not know, when exactly these emissions occur, i.e. mostly in summer, or in winter too. We see only the results of this emissions.’
The object B2 is now attracting special attention from the researchers as they seek to understand and explain the phenomenon. This is only 10km from Bovanenkovo, a major gas field, developed by Gazprom, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Yet older satellite images do not show the existence of a lake, nor any craters, in this location.
Not only the new craters constantly forming on Yamal show that the process of gas emission is ongoing actively.
Professor Bogoyavlensky shows the picture of one of the Yamal lakes, taken by him from the helicopter and points on the whitish haze on its surface.
He commented: ‘This haze that you see on the surface shows that gas seeps that go from the bottom of the lake to the surface. We call this process ‘degassing’.
‘We do not know, if there was a crater previously and then turned to lake, or the lake formed during some other process. More important is that the gases from within are actively seeping through this lake.
‘Degassing was revealed on the territory of Yamal Autonomous District about 45 years ago, but now we think that it can give us some clues about the formation of the craters and gas emissions. Anyway, we must research this phenomenon urgently, to prevent possible disasters.’
Professor Bogoyavlensky stressed: ‘For now, we can speak only about the results of our work in the laboratory, using the images from space.
‘No one knows what is happening in these craters at the moment. We plan a new expedition. Also we want to put not less than four seismic stations in Yamal district, so they can fix small earthquakes, that occur when the crater appears.
‘In two cases locals told us that they felt earth tremors. The nearest seismic station was yet too far to register these tremors.
‘I think that at the moment we know enough about the crater B1. There were several expeditions, we took probes and made measurements. I believe that we need to visit the other craters, namely B2, B3 and B4, and then visit the rest three craters, when we will know their exact location. It will give us more information and will bring us closer to understanding the phenomenon.’
He urged: ‘It is important not to scare people, but to understand that it is a very serious problem and we must research this.’
In an article for Drilling and Oil magazine, Professor Bogoyavlensky said the parapet of these craters suggests an underground explosion.
‘The absence of charred rock and traces of significant erosion due to possible water leaks speaks in favour of mighty eruption (pneumatic exhaust) of gas from a shallow underground reservoir, which left no traces on soil which contained a high percentage of ice,’ he wrote.
‘In other words, it was a gas-explosive mechanism that worked there. A concentration of 5-to-16% of methane is explosive. The most explosive concentration is 9.5%.’
Gas probably concentrated underground in a cavity ‘which formed due to the gradual melting of buried ice’. Then ‘gas was replacing ice and water’.
‘Years of experience has shown that gas emissions can cause serious damage to drilling rigs, oil and gas fields and offshore pipelines,’ he said. ‘Yamal craters are inherently similar to pockmarks.
‘We cannot rule out new gas emissions in the Arctic and in some cases they can ignite.’
This was possible in the case of the crater found at Antipayuta, on the Yamal peninsula.
‘The Antipayuta residents told how they saw some flash. Probably the gas ignited when appeared the crater B4, near Taimyr peninsula. This shows us, that such explosion could be rather dangerous and destructive.
‘We need to answer now the basic questions: what areas and under what conditions are the most dangerous? These questions are important for safe operation of the northern cities and infrastructure of oil and gas complexes.’
Crater B3 located in 90 kilometres from Antipayuta village, Yamal district. Picture: local residents.
Crater B4 located near Nosok village, on the north of Krasnoyarsk region, near Taimyr Peninsula. Picture: local residents.
How bad is it?
Since methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, some people are getting nervous. If global warming releases the huge amounts of methane trapped under permafrost, will that create more global warming? Could we be getting into a runaway feedback loop?
The Washington Post has a good article telling us to pay attention, but not panic:
• Chris Mooney, Why you shouldn’t freak out about those mysterious Siberian craters, Chris Mooney, 2 March 2015.
David Archer of the University of Chicago, a famous expert on climate change and the carbon cycle, took a look at thes craters and did some quick calculations. He estimated that “it would take about 20,000,000 such eruptions within a few years to generate the standard Arctic Methane Apocalypse that people have been talking about.”
More importantly, people are measuring the amount of methane in the air. We know how it’s doing. For example, you can make graphs of methane concentration here:
• Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Data visualization.
(Alert is on the very top, near Greenland.)
Carbon cycle gases from the menu at right, and click on
Time series. You’ll go to another page, and then choose
Methane—the default choice is carbon dioxide. Go to the bottom of the page and click
Submit and you’ll get a graph like this:
Methane has gone up from about 1750 to 1900 nanomoles per mole from 1985 to 2015. That’s a big increase—but not a sign of incipient disaster.
A larger perspective might help. Apparently from 1750 to 2007 the atmospheric CO2 concentration increased about 40% while the methane concentration has increased about 160%. The amount of additional radiative forcing due to CO2 is about 1.6 watts per square meter, while for methane it’s about 0.5:
• Greenhouse gas: natural and anthropogenic sources, Wikipedia.
So, methane is significant, and increasing fast. So far CO2 is the 800-pound gorilla in the living room. But I’m glad Russian scientists are doing things like this:
The latest expedition to Yamal crater was initiated by the Russian Center of Arctic Exploration in early November 2014. The researchers were first in the world to enter this crater. Pictures: Vladimir Pushkarev/Russian Center of Arctic Exploration
For previous posts in this series, see: | <urn:uuid:870c0f08-772a-4b59-adb1-f9ceb73327df> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/melting-permafrost-part-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687447.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920194628-20170920214628-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.957529 | 2,709 | 3.140625 | 3 |
MAY 28,2013 What will happen if we are hit by solar Flares?
The sun has kicked into high gear and produced four so-called X-class solar flares over the past week from a solar spot that is expected to come more into alignment with Earth as the sun’s activity peaks this year and next.
The intense solar storms are expected to last as long as until 2020.
Until now, the sun has remained relatively dormant, but with four X-class eruptions in one week, it is beginning to reach its “solar storm maximum” in this latest 11-year cycle of activity.
Scientists of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Solar Dynamics Observatory say that the latest eruptions are the first X-class flares that the sun has produced in this cycle.
Of the four X-class flares, the first registered at X1.2, scientists said. It was the weakest, but as the week continued, more powerful flares registered at X3.2, which scientists say has been the strongest of the year.
The numbers assigned to the flares correlate to their strength. An X2, for example, is twice as intense as an X1, while an X3 is three times as intense.
The strongest flare recorded during the sun’s 11-year cycle was an X6.9. This occurred on August 9, 2011. The second strongest was an X5.4 on March 7, 2012.
The sun is going through Solar Cycle 24, which began in January 2008. So far during Solar Cycle 24 there have been 19 X-class solar flares, scientists say.
Along with the radiation from the flares, there also is a coronal mass ejection, or CME. During a CME, billions of tons of highly charged particles are ejected to interact with Earth’s magnetic field, causing radio blackouts and the shutdown or destruction of vulnerable electrical grid systems and sensitive electronic components.
The initial X-class flares came from the same active sunspot region, which scientists identify as AR-1748. They say it was away from the Earth, although it is possible that their effects could “just glance the Earth’s magnetic field.” As it was, it caused some radio blackout, scientists said.
While the flares spewing from this sunspot went off into space, the AR-1748 is rotating more in alignment with Earth, scientists say.
Scientists said that an increased number of solar flares are expected as the sun approaches its peak of high activity. The Space Weather Prediction Center said that upcoming solar activity is expected to be moderate, with a 50 percent probability of more X-class flares erupting in the weeks ahead.
Because the United States and other Western countries are technologically based societies, with critical infrastructures run by electronics, the increase in space weather activity takes on a high level of importance.
For one thing, the U.S. national grid system is vulnerable in its own right.
But with an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, generated from the sun’s flares – some of which can be up to 10 times the size of the Earth – the unprotected grid, including transformers, electrical components and automated control systems that everyone takes for granted in their everyday lives, could either be severely damaged or fried, taking months if not years to replace.
NASA estimates that a direct hit to Earth from one of these enormous flares would have a catastrophic impact on the nation’s critical infrastructures over a very wide geographical area.
In the first year alone, NASA estimates, such a disaster could cost just the U.S. upwards of $2 trillion. It also would take from four to 10 years to recover – if that even would be possible – and affect the lives of some 160 million people, threatening starvation and death.
Some EMP experts say that such a catastrophic event could wipe out America’s urban centers, due to their total dependency on critical infrastructures for electricity, communications, food and water delivery, oil and gas, transportation, automated banking and financial institutions and even emergency services.
The experts say grocery stores, for example, would have their shelves cleared in a matter of hours due to the panic that would sweep the population. Normally, grocery stores carry a maximum of three days of products before being restocked. However, restocking would come to a halt due to the inability of trucks to function, with fueling stations unable to pump the fuel needed to run the vehicles.
Automated control devices that regulate the flow of oil and natural gas through the hundreds of thousands of miles of pipelines that crisscross the nation would be tripped, causing geographically widespread secondary fires and explosions.
Such an event would not just occur out in a remote field. Fires and explosions also could occur under streets and even into people’s houses.
The inability of fire and medical emergency services to respond would result in further disastrous consequences for the population.
Because automated systems ensure fresh water delivery, all filtering and sewage systems in the urban setting would face the high prospect shutting down, leading to disease such as cholera and dysentery. In addition, there would be little likelihood of medical attention because the hospitals and first respondents emergency equipment which rely on electronics and communications equipment may no longer function.
Hospitals would have backup generators. However, if the generators have electrical starters, they might not function at all. Others may run on gasoline or diesel and only function for as long as there is fuel, which would need to be trucked in by vehicles with automated starters.
NASA estimates that as many as 350 of the large, customized transformers, which maintain a power supply across the nation and are only produced abroad, would be destroyed.
Because they are expensive – some costing as much as $20 million a copy – utilities don’t keep spares on hand. They could take years to replace, especially if a number of technologically dependent countries’ transformers are affected by a direct solar flare impact. | <urn:uuid:ac0b3a37-3c76-4f1e-a80e-98d58b1ae500> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://lewis1946.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/for-one-thing-the-u-s-national-grid-system-is-vulnerable-in-its-own-right/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645362.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317214032-20180317234032-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.9643 | 1,239 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Cat allergies can be mild, or they can make your life miserable. Symptoms can manifest in various different ways, making you sneeze, wheeze or scratch like a person possessed. But don't blame the cat for your reaction, blame your overactive immune system.
Contrary to popular belief, replacing your fluffy tabby with a hairless cat will not guarantee you will not experience the hives, sneezing fits and itchy eyes that make allergies so much fun to deal with. That's because it's not actually the hair you're allergic to, it's the dried saliva or dead skin on it. There are tiny protein strands in a cat's saliva, skin dander and urine that throw your immune system into overdrive, producing the symptoms associated with an allergy. Your body has essentially classified these otherwise harmless proteins as major threats, and kicks your body's defense mechanisms into high gear to eliminate them.
When your body senses this harmless cat protein and goes into danger mode, you experience a variety of side effects of the War on Dander in the form of your allergy symptoms. Some are respiratory, such as wheezing, coughing and sneezing, while others appear on your skin as hives, redness and itching. These symptoms could appear almost as soon as you have contact with a cat, or only hours afterward.
In many cases allergy symptoms are little more than an annoyance, making you miserable for as long as you're around a cat but typically going away with time, a good shower and some allergy medication. But in some cases the allergy goes beyond inconvenient and becomes downright dangerous. Allergy symptoms can trigger an asthma attack, or become so severe you may have trouble breathing. Keep track of your symptoms after exposure to a cat, and see your doctor if they worsen.
Since the allergen responsible for your suffering is found in a cat's saliva, skin and urine, shaving your kitty will not stop your symptoms. The most effective treatment for allergies is preventative, meaning you should avoid being around cats as much as possible, or take allergy medication before having contact with one. Desensitization shots introduce an allergen into your body a little at a time to remove your sensitivity to it, thereby reducing or eliminating the symptoms of a reaction. Regular brushing and bathing of your cat and strict vacuuming to remove all shed hair will help reduce the amount of allergen hanging around, helping you to enjoy your kitty more, allergies and all.
Jane Williams began her writing career in 2000 as the writer and editor of a nationwide marketing company. Her articles have appeared on various websites. Williams briefly attended college for a degree in administration before embarking on her writing career. | <urn:uuid:fb764a60-931d-4199-a847-cdadb2459a3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://pets.thenest.com/hives-allergy-symptoms-caused-cat-dander-6843.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.953719 | 551 | 2.59375 | 3 |
"Thoughts for food," as he called it, could not be a better introduction for his keynote.
JP Rangaswami, renowned author and technologist, gave the audience an inspiring talk on the power of information, and how we should use it to extend our knowledge and the understanding we have about our environment. Born and raised in Calcutta, India, JP has had many lives. Trained in Economics and Statistics, he specialized in developmental economics and became an information technology expert.
In his talk JP shared a fundamental concept that in his own understanding could change the way people interact with each other and share information.
What if we were looking at information as if it were food? In a natural way we understand that as vital food is for life, information should holds the same role. Information should be the root to grow people as individuals and as part of an organisation. When you think about food, you think about ingredients. When those ingredients are combined in the right way and at the right time, the outcome becomes a successful recipe. In every civilization food was a key factor to development. Our civilization is no exception--except that we've added something else: information.
Information is similar to food at it needs step-by-step processing to be efficient and better used. JP describes the processing of information as if it was similar to what we do with food.
- Cultivation: Human civilizations survived because for centuries humans were able to provide food and shelter to their peers as well as themselves. JP argues that even if food stays an ubiquitous conditions, in modern society mankind tends to redefine this equation as "information and settlement. As we farmed food for centuries, we now farm information.
- Preparation: Sourcing information is similar to sourcing food. The volume of data available increases at such a fast pace that technologies helping to collect, store, and analyse became critical.
- Consumption: New devices such as tablets and mobile phones completely change the way we consume information. Mobile devices are probably one of the most important steps in the evolution of computing, and the access to these technologies is increasing. As food became purchased and consumed from supermarkets, for the better or not, information will use technology more and more to facilitate consumption anywhere and at any time.
If you begin to think of all the information that you consume the way you think of food, what would you do differently? | <urn:uuid:71241a7b-e72f-47dc-bc18-f36ce61ea81f> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.tableau.com/about/blog/2013/6/tcceu13-keynote-recap-data-visionary-jp-rangaswami-23684 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660916.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00264-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974935 | 487 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Power interruptions caused by storms or otherwise can strike without warning so what will happen to your phone system, your servers, storage arrays and PC’s in the event of a power failure, or worse, a lightning strike?
Sudden power failures or surges can cause havoc with sensitive electronic equipment or data loss.
Surge protection can help with surges but in the event of a sag or complete failure, simple surge protection won’t help so the answer is an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).
ICS Technologies offers various models of Uninterruptible Power Supply from Cyberpower, APC and Eaton to suit most requirements.
There are three main topologies used in UPS’s made today and these are detailed below.
The simplest type of UPS is the Standby topology. Under normal operating conditions, mains AC power passes straight through the UPS to the critical load maybe with some surge protection. A charger converts mains AC power to DC to charge the battery. In the event of a mains failure, the inverter is used to convert the DC power from the battery to create AC power to support the load.
The Standby UPS can be made very inexpensively, and the efficiency is very high in normal operation as only a small amount of power is being converted from AC to DC to maintain battery charge. When the mains AC power goes out of specification, there is a power disturbance in the output voltage as the power failure is detected, the transfer relay operates, and the output inverter turns on to begin supplying the load by converting the DC power to AC to support the load.
The Standby UPS is normally only used with least critical loads and typically where purchase price plays a significant determining factor for the consumer, such as with domestic PC´s. They rely on the hold-up time of the power supply in the PC being greater than the switching time of the transfer relay in the UPS.
Examples of Standby UPS’s are the APC BackUPS, Eaton 3S and CyberPower BRIC.
The Line-Interactive UPS is similar in operation to a Standby UPS, but with the addition of a multi-tap variable-voltage autotransformer. This ‘buck and boost’ functionality allows the UPS to continue providing power to the critical load during extended under-voltage and over-voltage periods without drawing power from the DC Battery. It achieves this by converting mains AC power that is too high or too low to an acceptable level by adjusting the ratio of the autotransformer.
For example if the input voltage rises to 260 volts, the UPS will sense this and adjust the autotransformer from the default ratio of 1:1 to a reduction ratio of 1.1:1 giving an output voltage of approximately 236 volts which is much closer to the nominal 240 volts.
Under mains AC failure conditions the Line-Interactive UPS operates in a very similar fashion to the Standby UPS, however the inherent electrical characteristics of the autotransformer results in a ride-through affect that reduces the length of the interruption between mains AC failure and the inverter supporting the load.
Line-Interactive products are more expensive than Standby UPS due to the increased complexity; however efficiency is slightly less due to the additional power conditioning functions. Line-Interactive UPS such as the standard APC Smart-UPS are probably the most common UPS under 3kVA protecting non-domestic critical loads.
Examples are the APC SmartUPS, Eaton 5S and CyberPower Professional Tower Series.
The Double-Conversion UPS is considered the premium topology. Under normal operating conditions the mains AC power is constantly being converted to DC by the Rectifier to supply the ‘DC Bus’ and Battery. The DC is then converted back to AC power by the Inverter to supply the load. In the event of a mains AC failure the Rectifier can no longer supply DC to the DC Bus and Battery however the Inverter continues to supply AC to the critical load without interruption as the Battery continues to provide DC for conversion. The critical load is supplied with extremely clean power regardless of what noise or other impairments are on the input so they are specified for use with medical equipment.
This Double-Conversion (AC -> DC -> AC) results in lower system efficiency and greater internal heat generation that generally requires the use of cooling fans running continuously to dissipate. The price that is paid for efficiency however is repaid in increased protection for the critical load. The Double-Conversion UPS not only protects against outages and long-term voltage variations, it also provides an electrical barrier between the mains AC power and the critical load by filtering out noise, spikes, and short duration voltage variations known as sags and swells. Double-Conversion UPS are virtually the industry standard for applications over 3kVA.
Examples are the APC SmartUPS RT, Eaton 9 series and CyberPower Smart APP Online Series.
For best possible protection of your equipment we recommend using a double conversion UPS for areas outside the main centres.
For the home theatre enthusiast, a UPS on your projector is cheap insurance to provide a few minutes of power to allow your the bulb to cool off in the event of a power failure but if you are concerned about your BluRay player, receiver or projector picking up noise from the power then the ultimate protection is a double conversion UPS. Far better than an overpriced power conditioner.
Contact us to discuss an Uninterruptible Power Supply to suit your needs. | <urn:uuid:c12dfa4f-aa19-49c9-8053-3c663739160d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.icstech.com.au/products/uninterruptible-power-supply/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.918497 | 1,146 | 3 | 3 |
January 9th, 2006, 02:44 AM
.NET Framework General: What is the .NET Framework?
Q: What is the .NET Framework?
A: The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development.
- What are the objectives of the .NET Framework?
- To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.
- To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts.
- To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
- To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted environments.
- To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.
- To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code.
- What type of applications can I develop using the .NET Framework?
You can use the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:
- Console applications.
- Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms).
- ASP.NET applications.
- XML Web services.
- Windows services.
- What are the components of the .NET Framework?
The .NET Framework consists of these two components:
- Can I have more information on the Common Language Runtime?
You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code.
- What are the features and benefits of the Common Language Runtime?
- The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the managed code that runs on the common language runtime.
- The runtime enforces code access security. For example, users can trust that an executable embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song, but cannot access their personal data, file system, or network. The security features of the runtime thus enable legitimate Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally feature rich.
- The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type-and-code-verification infrastructure called the Common Type System (CTS). The CTS ensures that all managed code is self-describing. The various Microsoft and third-party language compilers generate managed code that conforms to the CTS. This means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances, while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety.
- In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to objects, releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic memory management resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.
- The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage of the runtime, the class library, and components written in other languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who chooses to target the runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly easing the migration process for existing applications.
- While the runtime is designed for the software of the future, it also supports software of today and yesterday. Interoperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to continue to use necessary COM components and DLLs.
- The runtime is designed to enhance performance. Although the common language runtime provides many standard runtime services, managed code is never interpreted. A feature called just-in-time (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the system on which it is executing. Meanwhile, the memory manager removes the possibilities of fragmented memory and increases memory locality-of-reference to further increase performance.
- Finally, the runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side applications, such as Microsoft® SQL Server™ and Internet Information Services (IIS). This infrastructure enables you to use managed code to write your business logic, while still enjoying the superior performance of the industry's best enterprise servers that support runtime hosting.
- Can I have more information on the Class Library?
The class library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.
The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly integrate with the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types from which your own managed code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.
For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend seamlessly with the classes in the .NET Framework.
As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string management, data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class library includes types that support a variety of specialized development scenarios.
- What namespaces are included in the .NET Framework?
Last edited by Andreas Masur; January 9th, 2006 at 04:35 PM.
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This is a CodeGuru survey question. | <urn:uuid:2cbd4c46-840f-4050-b193-0a3cee217605> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://forums.codeguru.com/showthread.php?371247-.NET-Framework-General-What-is-the-.NET-Framework | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246637364.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045717-00304-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916109 | 1,307 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Astronomers have at last found definitive evidence that the universe's first dust -- the celestial stuff that seeded future generations of stars and planets -- was forged in the explosions of massive stars.
The findings, made with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, are the most significant clue yet in the longstanding mystery of where the dust in our very young universe came from. Scientists had suspected that exploding stars, or supernovae, were the primary source, but nobody had been able to demonstrate that they can create copious amounts of dust -- until now. Spitzer's sensitive infrared detectors have found 10,000 Earth masses worth of dust in the blown-out remains of the well-known supernova remnant Cassiopeia A.
"Now we can say unambiguously that dust -- and lots of it -- was formed in the ejecta of the Cassiopeia A explosion. This finding was possible because Cassiopeia A is in our own galaxy, where it is close enough to study in detail," said Jeonghee Rho of NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Rho is the lead author of a new report about the discovery appearing in the Jan. 20 issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
Space dust is everywhere in the cosmos, in our own neck of the universe and all the way back billions of light-years away in our infant universe. Developing stars need dust to cool down enough to collapse and ignite, while planets and living creatures consist of the powdery substance. In our nearby universe, dust is pumped out by dying stars like our sun. But back when the universe was young, sun-like stars hadn't been around long enough to die and leave dust.
That's where supernovae come in. These violent explosions occur when the most massive stars in the universe die. Because massive stars don't live very long, theorists reasoned that the very first exploding massive stars could be the suppliers of the unaccounted-for dust. These first stars, called Population III, are the only stars that formed without any dust.
Other objects in addition to supernovae might also contribute to the universe's first dust. Spitzer recently found evidence that highly energetic black holes, called quasars, could, together with supernovae, manufacture some dust in their winds (/Media/releases/ssc2007-16/index.shtml).
Rho and her colleagues analyzed the Cassopeia A supernova remnant, located about 11,000 light-years away. Though this remnant is not from the early universe, its proximity to us makes it easier to address the question of whether supernovae have the ability to synthesize significant amounts of dust. The astronomers analyzed the infrared light coming from Cassiopeia A using Spitzer's infrared spectrograph, which spreads light apart to reveal the signatures of different elements and molecules. "Because Spitzer is extremely sensitive to dust, we were able to make high-resolution maps of dust in the entire structure," said Rho.
The map reveals the quantity, location and composition of the supernova remnant's dust, which includes proto-silicates, silicon dioxide, iron oxide, pyroxene, carbon, aluminium oxide and other compounds. One of the first things the astronomers noticed was that the dust matches up perfectly with the gas, or ejecta, known to have been expelled in the explosion. This is the smoking gun indicating the dust was freshly made in the ejecta from the stellar blast. "Dust forms a few to several hundred days after these energetic explosions, when the temperature of gas in the ejecta cools down," said Takashi Kozasa, a co-author at the Hokkaido University in Japan.
The team was surprised to find freshly-made dust deeper inside the remnant as well. This cooler dust, mixed in with gas referred to as the unshocked ejecta, had never been seen before.
All the dust around the remnant, both warm and cold, adds up to about three percent of the mass of the sun, or 10,000 Earths. This is just enough to explain where a large fraction, but not all, of the universe's early dust came from. "Perhaps at least some of the unexplained portion is much colder dust, which could be observed with upcoming telescopes, such as Herschel," said Haley Gomez, a co-author at University of Wales, Cardiff. The Herschel Space Observatory, scheduled to launch in 2008, is a European Space Agency mission with significant NASA participation.
Rho also said that more studies of other supernovae from near to far are needed to put this issue to rest. She notes that the rate at which dust is destroyed -- a factor in determining how much dust is needed to explain the dusty early universe -- is still poorly understood.
The principal investigator of the research program, and a co-author of the paper, is Lawrence Rudnick of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Other co-authors include W.T. Reach of the Spitzer Science Center; J. D. Smith of the Steward Observatory, Tucson, Ariz.; T. Delaney of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; J.A. Ennis of the University of Minnesota; and A. Tappe of the Spitzer Science Center and the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. Spitzer's infrared spectrograph was built by Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Its development was led by Jim Houck of Cornell. | <urn:uuid:67bf811d-3b09-407e-aa8c-a783443431d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/ssc2007-20-10-000-earths-worth-of-fresh-dust-found-near-star-explosion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.946473 | 1,180 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Fact 1: Location
Slovenia is in the south of Central Europe on the Adriatic Sea coast. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.05 million.
Ljubljana is the capital city.
Fact 2: Languages
Slovene is the official language, but Italian and Hungarian are also spoken.
Listen to a song in English and Slovene!
Fact 3: Government
Slovenia is a parliamentary democracy with a multi-party system. The President is elected by popular vote every five years.
Fact 4: Economy
Slovenia's economy relies on its industry (e.g. vehicles, machinery, pharmaceuticals, among others) and construction.
Fact 5: History
Sloveniva split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country in 1991. Slovenia entered into the EU in 2007. | <urn:uuid:5137fc11-afe7-46e2-a6d3-ef1e8341c4b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://tackk.com/y51esq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122159.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00634-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940712 | 204 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Astronotus ocellatus – Oscar
Shops will usually sell the Oscar when they are very young, up to 7 centimeters. Pay attention! They will grow up to 35 centimeters in total length!
The difference between males and females is hard to tell. You can identify the adult female by her oviposter when she is ready to spawn. Sometimes male have dark stripes at the base of their dorsal fin. When they are for sale in the shops they are rather small and brightly colored but the are fast growing. When they mature they lose some of the bright coloring, the black dot on their caudal fin remains.
Rio Paraguay, Rio Negro, Rio Paraná, Argentinië, Peru, Brazilië, Frans Guyana, Amazon.
You can find Astronauts ocellatus or Oscar by its common name, in a vast area in South America. They inhabit the river basins of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers in French Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela. The Oscar can be found in clear water, black water, murky water, still or slowly flowing water, ponds, streams, rivers but they also inhabit the flood plains.
Usually they live over a sandy substrate littered with driftwood and rocks, sometimes combined with plants. Since the study by Kullander in 1986 we believe the variety from Paraguay to belong to the Astronotus crassipinnis species. Besides the “eye” on the caudal penducale they also show eyespots on their dorsal fin.
You will need an aquarium of at least 2 meters length if you want to keep Astronotus ocellatus. You can decorate the aquarium with a thick layer of rounded fine gravel, driftwood, rocks and some strong plants. They like to dig into the substrate and play with the roots and plant. To protect the plants you can put them in pots and put some heavy rocks on top of these pots.
Because they like to dig in the gravel and consume large amounts of food, you will need an excellent filtration system and very regular water changes. Make sure you have a lid on the aquarium as they are excellent jumpers.
Temperature: 23-26 degrees celsius.
In nature fish experience fluctuating temperatures. Keeping the fish for longer periods on their minimum or maximum temperature may shorten their life span.
Astronotus ocellatus has a slightly upward beak which is wide and big. It can eat large chunks of food at a time. In the wild they will eat fish, crayfish, insects (they will sometimes even jump out of the water to get one), musquitos and insect larvae. In the aquarium they will need a varied diet that may consist of fish, squid, mussels, krill, white- black or red mosquito larvae, cichlidsticks, etc. They seem always to be hungry so be careful not to overfeed them.
After a heavy meal the Oscar may take its time to digest its food. They may lay down on the bottom so don’t panic when this happens.
Warning: Don’t keep them together with Corydoras, they will try to eat them en choke on the Corydoras as they will use their spiny rays for defense.
Astronotus occelatus is sensitive to hole in the head disease. To prevent them getting this disease you can add Vitamine C to their food.
Oscars are large, peaceful territorium creating fish, they are peaceful to other species but also to other Oscars. You can keep them as a pair or as a group as long as you keep them with other large cichlids or catfish. Smaller fish will be very expensive food to them.
Breeding Astronotus ocellatus – Oscar
Sexing the Astronotus ocellatus is only possible when they are spawning. If you want to breed the Oscar it is best to start with 4 or more fry and raise them together. Eventually a couple wil emerge from the group. Preferable use different bloodlines to prevent inbreeding.
Eggs are deposited on a flat rock or boulder. The 500 to 1000 eggs are yellowish/white and somewhat sticky. They will hatch in a couple of days. The parents will move the fry to previously dug pits. The first couple of days you can feed the fry with cyclops and newly hatched brine shrimp. As they grow you can start giving them larger foods, as long as it fits their mouths it is ok. The fry will grow rapidly.
Fishfarms have created several breeding forms of the Oscar like the orange/red albino Oscar.
Coby – J. de Lange
J. de Lange
Ben Lee – Amiidae.com | <urn:uuid:a12c2935-d51d-40bc-b2de-bbad163a97a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://aquainfo.org/astronotus-ocellatus-oscar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.937972 | 990 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This site says that water vapor isn't visible.
However, take a look at this picture:
Isn't that water vapor?
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Water vapour is a clear and colourless gas, so it can't be seen by the naked eye.
What you see in the photo in your second link is (partially) condensed water vapour, i.e. fog (or mist). Fog contains tiny, discrete water droplets and light bounces off their surface in random directions, causing the visibility.
Water vapour by contrast only contain free molecules, too small for light to bounce off, so pure water vapour (without any condensate) is invisible, like most gases (some gases are clear but coloured like chlorine gas).
Trouble is caused by definitions of steam and vapour in physics and in common language.
Physical definition of water vapour and steam is gaseous phase of water. In common language it is "the white cloud above pot with warm water in it when it is cold there".
Take glass kettle and put it on a stove and boil the water in it.
You will see bubbles growing in the bottom and disappearing in the water volume. Those bublles contain water vapour only. If you reach boiling temperature in whole volume, such bublles stop vanishing and will run to the top where they pop.
You will also see that those bubbles are colourless instead of being white or grey. That means they are filled with (invisible) colourless gas - water vapour.
Once they pop, the vapour leaves hot water surrounding and enter colder air where it dissolves until it reaches saturation point and no more water vapour can dissolve - so it condensates. Above the kettle it forms "steam", outside it forms fog and clouds. It condensate on any interface it can - lid, dust, water droplet - and form humid air - water droplets mixture. Both phases are colourless but because of different indices fo refraction the light is shattered in there and you can see white (grey) cloud of steam.
Observing the steam raising from the kettle you can see it vanishes. It is caused by high-temperature droplets reaching unsatureated air, evaporating again and forming one colourless phase - humid air.
The bubble forms when (small ammount of) liquid water goes gaseous, the bubble contain water only. There are no gases - there is only water vapour in it. When the bubble pops, the vapour in it will be released to the mixture of gases called air and will difuse in it (increasing absolute humidity). If it was not water but liquid chlorine, chlorine gass will diffuse instead (increasing its concentration in the air). If it was a block of dry ice, carbon dioxide gas is released and dissolves in the air.
When the temperature is below the dew point (driven by humidity and pressure) the water content in the (over)saturated air will condensate. In case of boiling water, the humidity changes (increases) and thus the water in the air condensate and form the white opaque steam cloud. In case of chlorine, you will see yellow transparent cloud. In case of dry ice the heat consumed to warming the block and evaporating the carbon dioxide causes decrease of temperature of the humid air in the surroundings. When the temperature drops below dew point, water will condensate and you will see white, opaque cloud.
The steam cloud is white because water does not absorb light of specific wavelength (colour). It is opaque because of large ammount of small particles that are round or randomly oriented. Thus they are reflecting light to random directions. Cloud made of copper sulfate, $CuSO_4\times5H_2O$, dust will be blue (because of selective light absorbtion) and opaque (because of light scattering).
Suppose we have small volume of hot water vapour only surrounded by cold humid air.
What you will observe strongly depends on tempreature(s), pressure and volumes. If the air humidity is low enough, the water will dissolve without any effects. If the humidity is large enough, the temperature in water vapour and close the border may drop below dew point and because of oversaturated state the vapour may condensate and release another heat (condensation enthalpy). This will form the visible cloud. The water droplets then diffuse in the air and may evaporate (and consume same ammount of heat as it was released during condensation) or dissipate in the volume. In both cases the cloud will become indistiguishable form the rest of the volume.
Your question is partly a language question. Natural language is terribly imprecise and ambiguous. This is the underlying reason for all sciences to develop their own terminology.
In this case two of the four meanings Merriam-Webster lists for vapor are unfortunately almost the opposites of each other.
Yes, the white clouds you see are "vapor" in everyday language, as every adult is happy to point out to a three-year-old. This is the first definition in Merriam-Webster's entry on vapor:
Diffused matter (as smoke or fog) suspended floating in the air and impairing its transparency.
This "vapor" is a fog, just like clouds: Tiny drops of fluid suspended floating in the air.
No, what you see is emphatically not "vapor" in the scientific sense. Scientifically, vapor is defined as
a substance in the gaseous state as distinguished from the liquid or solid state
as the second definition for vapor in Merriam-Webster's states. In order to know what a gas is we can look at its Wikipedia article:
A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).
Water vapor, i.e. water in the gaseous state, consequently consists of individual water molecules which do not reflect or (at this scale) significantly absorb or disperse visible light due to their small size. Because the visible fog, or the clouds, above boiling water, which are called "vapor" in everyday language, consist of little droplets of fluid (not gaseous!) water, they are not "vapor" in this scientific sense. Paradoxically, water vapor in the scientific sense is exactly what you don't see in the picture.
Pretty much every gas can be condensed into a liquid at some temperature, and pretty much every liquid can be "boiled off" as a gas ※. It's just that some go through this transformation at a high temperature and others at a low temperature.
Water's transition point (at sea-level pressure) is 100 degrees C, so you mostly experience it as a liquid. Oxygen, on the other hand, boils at −183°C, so you only see the liquid when it's been condensed with special equipment.
But below its boiling point, water still evaporates into the air in relatively small amounts, until the "saturation point" is reached for a given temperature and pressure. (This is what weathermen are talking about when they talk about "percent humidity".) When water is near the saturation point (near "100 percent humidity") it switches back and forth between liquid and gas, and so tiny droplets of water can end up suspended in mid-air. It is these tiny droplets that you see in fog, clouds, the "steam" arising out of a tea kettle, etc.
※ I say "pretty much" because some materials may go through a chemical transformation of some sort before they reach their "boiling point". | <urn:uuid:f878aaa2-47f2-46a5-a78b-9bd0fceaaf79> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/303804/how-are-water-vapors-not-visible/303851 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.922588 | 1,656 | 3.484375 | 3 |
San Salvador volcano is a composite stratovolcano which at its base has a diameter of approximately 15 km. The elevation of the Boquerón crater is 1893 m and has a diameter close to 1.5 km and a depth of about 500 m. In the interior of the crater lies a small cinder cone that was formed during the last eruption in 1917. Prior to the eruption a small crater lake existed.
Photo of the scoria cone inside Boqueron crater formed during the 1917 eruption, by Fairbrothers, 1979
West of the main crater along a line parallel to the Central American graben (WNW-ESE), four explosion craters are found. The most westerly of these is a maar locally called "Laguna de Chanmico". It has a diameter of approximately 1 km and is at 466 m.a.s.l. The remaining three explosion craters lie on the flanks of the volcano at elevations of 580, 820 and 1100 m.
Along the NNW-SSE trend several explosion craters, cinder cones and eruptive fissures are found. At the SSE end of this trend, an explosion crater locally called "Plan de la Laguna" lies among one of the capital city's suburbs. Several factories and botanical gardens are built inside the crater, while on its rim the United States Embassy was recently built. At an elevation of 1172 m on the southern flank of the volcano, a small cinder cone has active low temperature fumaroles. On the northwestern side of San Salvador volcano, several eruptive fissures have been the center of historical eruptions, having produced extensive lava fields, cinder cones and explosion craters. | <urn:uuid:cc0ad27b-7a94-4501-9b08-41ec0f688775> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/central_america/el_salvador/san_salvador/edifice.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00267-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947035 | 351 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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