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FoodFirst Information and Action Network (FIAN)
FIAN is an international membership based organisation. FIAN uses various working tools to achieve the realization of the right to adquate food. In close co-operation with the affected communities, FIAN persistently approaches the responsible authorities and identifies breaches of right to food obligations.
Case-work and Interventions
At international Fact Finding Missions, FIAN identifies and addresses human rights violations. FIAN interviews people threatened or affected by violations of their right to food and verifies the facts of a situation. Face-to-face contacts to local counterparts are established and serve as a basis for trustful co-operation. On request of those affected, FIAN reacts quickly, analyses the case and mobilises members and supporters worldwide to send out Urgent Action protest letters. Violations are also followed-up in long-term case-work by local FIAN action groups. In close co-operation with the affected communities, FIAN persistently approaches the responsible authorities and identifies breaches of right to food obligations. FIAN’s analysis is based on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as interpreted in the UN General Comments, in particular General Comment 12 on the right to adequate food. Existing recourse mechanisms and legal remedies under national and international human rights law are applied to provide redress to the victims.
Lobby and Advocacy
Reliable contacts and networks, a sound documentation of cases and two decades of experience provide a solid basis for effective lobbying and advocating the right to food. FIAN holds states, international institutions and private actors accountable at the national and international levels. The Right to Food Guidelines adopted by the FAO in 2004 is one of the tools FIAN uses to monitor states’ right to food policies. FIAN tries to improve the existing right to food protection system and to establish new instruments. Intense follow-up work strives to secure the effective implementation of existing instruments, making the right to food politically and judicially enforceable everywhere for everyone.
Information and Education
Targeted information campaigns and awareness-raising on the right to food are at the core of FIAN’s work - to empower social movements and non-governmental organizations to hold states accountable for violations of the right to food, to clarify for governments and other duty-bearers the content and implementation needs of their obligations, and to motivate supporters from civil society to join action against human rights violations. The systematic information gathered from more than 400 individual cases over the past two decades is analyzed and fed into various professional. | <urn:uuid:8a9ef5e1-0c90-4642-b3a6-4504e1f617fc> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://humanrightshouse.org/noop/page.php?p=Articles/12398.html&d=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098468.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00102-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91773 | 518 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This is not intended as an academic treatise—scholars can research and write those! This is a speculative opinion piece of imagination.
If the biblical witness is to be trusted, we know Jesus could read, because he read from the scroll of the prophet Isaiah in his home synagogue in Nazareth. And we know Jesus could write, because he “bent down and wrote on the ground” when a woman accused of adultery was about to be stoned. Columbia seminary professor Anna Carter Florence has pointed out that, having come between her and her accusers, bending down would have forced her executioners to look her in the eye. Maybe it was not only his extemporaneous “Let him without sin cast the first stone” that dissuaded the would-be judges, but also whatever he wrote in the soil at their feet.
But why didn’t he write down all his thoughts and parables on a scroll somewhere, and put the Jesus Seminar out of business? Here are a few possibilities:
There wasn’t time. When one sees fire, the natural inclination is to warn “FIRE!” rather than pen a treatise on the dangers of combustion. Jesus saw the imminence of the inbreaking commonwealth or kingdom of God, and realized transformation (repentance) was needed immediately to embrace it. And once the commonwealth was among us, what need would there be of additional scripture?
Of course, there’s another way “there wasn’t time,” as Jesus died an early martyr’s death at the hands of the Roman Empire, who executed hundreds of Jewish zealots on crosses. By today’s standards, he still would have had time to write a memoir about the trauma of his childhood experiences, from Herod’s slaughter of the innocents to his mother’s reprimand in the Temple (you know, as in “no more wire hangers!”). But philosophies as wise as his are generally written by sages late in life.
Perhaps he needed a good editor. Steeped in the oral traditions of his Hebrew upbringing, with the knowledge that their stories and wisdom were passed down orally through generations before being written down, Jesus might have considered it presumptuous to put in tablets of stone for the world to see teachings he wanted to test among his own people first. Maybe there were others like the Syrophoenician woman who challenged his religious perspectives that limited him initially to “the lost sheep of Israel.” Maybe the Samaritan woman at the well taught Jesus as much about spiritual unity over religious differences as he taught her. And could his strong reaction to Peter’s denial of his anticipated suffering in Jerusalem (“Get thee behind me, Satan!”) reveal his own doubts of his trek toward martyrdom?
It could be that his disciples and the early Christians and his followers throughout the ages served as an editorial prism through which to see his rainbow promise, to harden his break with the religious parties of his time, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, as well as reveal “the new thing” Isaiah had prophesied God doing and “the law written on their hearts” that Jeremiah proclaimed. There may have been copyright issues with his borrowing verses from Moses’ Pentateuch for his core beliefs of loving God and neighbor, though there was no Fox News to call him on his socialistic plagiarism. And his lumping of the scribes with the Pharisees meant they were not likely to take dictation from him.
Actions speak louder than words. Talk about Incarnation! Jesus’ dining with religious outcasts spoke more disturbingly to the religious leaders of his time (and ours), as did his free social intercourse with women, even disreputable ones. His willingness to touch lepers, the hearing impaired, and the blind is worth a thousand of his words. His ability to discern and cast out demons is sorely needed in our own age of addictions and violence. Jesus could have been a mime and we would still get his central message!
“It’s not about me!” Could Jesus’ self-effacing deference to a God beyond our abilities to know, explain, and confine, and his claim to be one of “the least of these” whom we are to clothe, feed, shelter, and visit have made him resistant to writing what would have been a bestseller (eventually) because its inevitable temple merchandising and self-promotion might have distracted us from our own callings to follow him in ministry and mission? Though I would have loved to see him on “The Daily Show” or “The Colbert Report,” maybe he is all the more memorable in his simple plea to “Remember me” when we dine with him in our hearts.
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This month, Presbyterian Promise invited me to write a letter of encouragement to my 17-year-old self as a gay Christian. Click here and scroll down to two such articles.
Copyright © 2013 by Chris R. Glaser. Permission granted for non-profit use with attribution of author and blogsite. Other rights reserved. Check out past posts in the right rail on the blogsite.
Posts you may have missed: | <urn:uuid:d4c97282-7a85-4ee3-9688-a6e78036e5a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://chrisglaser.blogspot.com/2013/05/why-didnt-jesus-write.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064951.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00133-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987238 | 1,122 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The partridge in a pear tree was Jesus Christ.
Two turtle Doves were the Old Testament and New Testaments.
Three French Hens stood for Faith, Hope & Love.
The four calling birds were the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke & John.
The five golden rings recalled the Torah or Law, (Pentateuch) the first five books of the Old Testament.
The six geese a-laying stood for the six days of creation.
Seven swans-a-swimming represented the sevenfold gifts of the Holy Spirit (Prophesy, Serving, Teaching, Exhortation, Contribution, Leadership, and Mercy)
The eight maids-a-milking were the eight beatitudes.
Nine ladies dancing were the nine fruits of the Holy Spirit- i.e. (Love, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Goodness, Faithfulness, Gentleness, and Self Control)
The ten lords-a-leaping were the ten commandments
The eleven pipers piping stood for the eleven faithful disciples.
The twelve drummers drumming symbolized the twelve points of belief in the Apostles’ Creed. | <urn:uuid:514e7090-6a31-4e41-9d18-d81a09cbaccc> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://mysticalcourt.com/2016/12/20/the-twelve-days-of-christmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00833.warc.gz | en | 0.906574 | 246 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Believe it or not, all people will at some point in their lives come across different basic electronic components. Regardless of whether this will be to build an electronic device or merely change a light bulb, there will be a time when the core of electronic gadgets will need to be faced. This article will provide information on the different types of basic electronic components, parts and their function.
A resistor is an that provides a resistance against the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. This item is one of the most basic and most necessary items in any electrical circuit. Despite the need, the resistor is a small item – in fact it is only slighter larger than a penny.
Next to the resistor, the capacitor is the most commonly utilized and significant component for any electronic circuit. This item is a device that will temporarily store electric charges in the circuit. Capacitors are available in many different designs, but the most common include the electrolytic capacitor and the ceramic disk capacitor.
The diode is a device that operates by allowing an existing current flow to pass through the element, but only in a single direction. Larger than the above mentioned items, the diode presents with two terminals known as the cathode and the anode. The current flows through the diode when a positive voltage is applied to the anode and a negative voltage is applied to the cathode. When the voltages are reversed, the current will not flow through the diode.
The transistor is a basic electronic component involved in the control of current flows from a two terminals known as the emitter and collector. The transistor has three terminals with the emitter and collector being two of them, and the base control being the third. The voltage applied for current flow is applied at the base terminal. | <urn:uuid:184f7eb7-e34a-4511-8d41-01be434f9fa2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.webentourage.com/the-different-types-of-basic-electronic-components-and-their-functions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864110.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621075105-20180621095105-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.929299 | 359 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Do you wish to broaden your horizons? Take your notepad out of your pocket. According to the current study, individuals acquire particular abilities substantially faster & quicker if they write them down by paper regardless of how convenient it is to type memos or watch movies on a laptop.
Videos To Help People Learn Handwriting
In this era when people have got a habit of typing everything on a laptop, tablet or smartphone, the skills of handwriting is at its worst and hence many people have seen their handwriting getting poorer. This situation has made experts worried and they have got research as per which one who has lost his skills of writing manually can check a few videos to regain the same and improve also.
However, experts say that it is nothing but the practice that one may have lost due to typing on digital devices and these videos can help them practice in a better way.
“The dilemma to families & teachers is also why our children must invest any effort practicing calligraphy,” stated Brenda Rapp, a behavioral faculty member at Johns Hopkins University.
“Clearly, when you practice, you’ll be a stronger side she stated in a university press statement. “However, because fewer individuals were writing, what appears to care? Is really any other advantage to calligraphy that has nothing to do with reading, writing, or comprehension? It most certainly exists, according to our findings.”
42 individuals were taught the Arabic script by the scientists in a study. The students are divided into 3 organizations: authors, clerks, and film viewers.
Everybody learned the alphabet individually while seeing films of them getting formed and learning their meanings and tones. After that, the film team is shown an on-screen flashing of a word & asked to indicate whether or not it is a certain word they previously saw. The letters were located on the keypad by such writing. The message was written with paper and a pen by the authors.
Both parties were able to detect the characters following four to 6 periods and produced few errors whenever evaluated. This writer’s team on either hand progressed to this degree of competence quicker than the previous categories. Following only 2 days, many people are ready to replicate the ability.
“The major takeaway is that, while they are all proficient at recognizing characters, the handwriting instruction is superior in every way. They also took less effort to get somewhere “Study leader Robert Wiley is an associate lecturer at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and a previous Johns Hopkins University Ph.D. student.
Writing, according to scientists, enhances multisensory learning. Handwriting offers a sensory encounter that unites everything that is learned about characters, combining their forms, pronunciation, and movement patterns.
“By scribbling, you are building a better mental picture which allows you to go scaffold towards such various activates which do not need penmanship,” Wiley noted in the press statement. The report’s subjects are all adolescents. However, certain outcomes are expected in youngsters, according to scientists.
“At present, I had 3 nieces as well as a nephew, so my brothers are asking if we can gift kid’s pencils & markers. Yeah, I suggest, and then allow kids to experiment with the alphabet and actually begin writing these the all while “Wiley stated his opinion”. For Xmas, I purchased kids all fingers paints and encouraged them, ‘Let’s just do the alphabet.'”
The results, according to the scientists, offer ramifications for classes that have shifted to desktops and phones, and also individuals who study English via applications or cassettes. According to the experts, the former must augment this knowledge by scribbling on papers.
Read More: Alpha Xtra Boost Reviews | <urn:uuid:797e0026-c931-4762-9eec-94ada8af1e09> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://washingtonsources.org/videos-help-people-learn-handwriting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571232.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811012302-20220811042302-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.9701 | 776 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Understanding how to articulate your thoughts is a vital component of any education, and NCFCA Comprehensive Guide to Value Debate will equip your students to effectively address life issues using the power and impact of the spoken word. Students will learn how to reason; research a topic; construct, defend, and refute an argument; and communicate in a persuasive way to many different types of audiences. In addition, this course offers students plenty of opportunities to exercise these skills through fun and practical hands-on activities that accompany each lesson. Throughout this course, students will also learn to apply a Christian worldview to the activity of debate and be inspired to use their communication skills in service to Christ.
The set includes the Competitor's Handbook, Coach's Manual,and Parent's Guide. Club leaders, coaches, and parents will want to take advantage of this offer. The set is the ideal resource for anyone who desires to be a better communicator or wants to train and inspire young people to shape their culture through communication skills. | <urn:uuid:8a3a2ab9-6ba9-4615-b21a-6eab1c4dea1d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.ncfca.org/resources/curriculum/ncfca-value-debate-curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574665.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921211246-20190921233246-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.950722 | 200 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Have I Found a Bed Bug?
Bed bugs can be difficult to identify as they are similar to many other small insects. Also, their appearance will change depending on their age and if they have recently eaten.
Adult bed bugs are reddish brown in color and approximately 1/4 inch to 3/8 inch long; they are nearly as wide as they are long. They are about the size of an apple seed. Juvenile bed bugs can be very small and very hard to see.
Bed bugs do not have wings, and cannot fly. Bed Bugs can move very quickly on both horizontal and vertical surfaces
If a bed bug has not recently eaten it is flat and oval shaped. Once a bed bug has bitten someone it swells in size, becoming longer and redder in color; frequently compared to the shape of a cigar.
If you have a bed bug infestation you may also notice cast skins. The cast skin of a bed bug is an empty shell that is left behind when a bed bug grows. This skin will be in the shape of a bed bug but it will be transparent.
Bed bugs are active mainly at night, so it is unlikely that you will see one during the day. They can become accustomed to feeding during the day if they become aware that people are resting or sleeping during the day. Bed bugs may be seen during the day if there is a big infestation, or if the insect you have found is actually a bat bug. Bat Bugs are very similar to bed bugs and are often found in places with bats or birds. Bugs should be sent to a professional for identification.
If you think you have found a bed bug, try to catch it on a piece of tape or put it in a plastic bag, you can then have this bug identified by a pest management professional (exterminator) in your area. This will be the fastest way to get an ID. You can also contact your State Department of Health or State Extension Office to find an expert to identify your sample.
If you find bed bugs, make a note of when and where you saw them. This will help the pest management professional in the inspection of your home and will increase the likeliness that treatment will be effective.
At present, we can only provide sample identification for people living in Minnesota.
If you want to have an insect sample identified by our Extension Entomologist, please send a check or money order for $10.00 payable to "University of Minnesota"
Include your name, address, telephone number, and email contact information. Or, you can download and include the form at the top of this page: "Insect Identification Form"
Bed Bug InformationLine
Rm 219 Hodson Hall
1980 Folwell Ave
St. Paul, MN 55108 | <urn:uuid:f8c8964f-de03-46b6-97f7-ac5859f177d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.bedbugs.umn.edu/have-i-found-a-bed-bug | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739046.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813132415-20200813162415-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.966256 | 566 | 2.6875 | 3 |
As Black history month come to an end, it is important that we remember the African Americans who fought and died for America during its many wars. Few people know that the man credited to be the first one to die in the Revolutionary War was a Black man, by the name of Chrispus Attucks. During the War of 1812, Black soldiers helped defeat the British in New Orleans.
By the end of the Civil War, 10% of the union forces were Black. The 54th regiment, which was an all Black fighting unit, was immortalized in the movie “Glory,” fought a number of important battles, eventually losing more than half of their troops. Two of Frederick Douglass’s sons also fought in the Civil War and Harriet Tubman severed as a scout for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers.
During World War I, Black soldiers were given full citizenship, although they still fought in segregated units. Many credit Black soldiers for bringing Jazz music to Europe and France.
In World War II, Black soldiers had an increased presence. The NAACP pushed for the War Department to form the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron of the U.S. Army Air Corps, otherwise known as the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee airmen were the only U.S. unit to sink a German destroyer. Like the 54th Regiment, the Tuskegee Airmen were immortalized in a movie of the same name.
The Marines first opened themselves to Black volunteers in 1942. To the dismay of the Marines only 63 African Americans joined.
Black officer, Lieutenant Colonel Campbell C. Johnson, decided that he would actively recruit Black Marines. Due to his efforts African Americans began joining the Marines at a rate of more than 1,000 a month in 1943.
Despite the opposition to the Vietnam war from Black leaders and athletes like Muhammad Ali and Martin Luther King, many Black soldiers both volunteered and were drafted to fight in the Vietnam war. Colin Powell joined the ROTC at City College and would go on to be a Captain in Vietnam, later becoming a major. Powell would go on to be National Security Advisor (1987–1989), Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993) and eventually as Secretary of State for George W. Bush in 2001.
Another Black Vietnam veteran who would go on to success was Col. Charles F. Bolden. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1968, he became a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, flying over 100 sorties in Vietnam. Bolden’s flying skills made him an ideal candidate for NASA, which he joined as an astronaut in 1981. After a long and impressive career as an astronaut, President Barack Obama name Bolden the head of NASA. | <urn:uuid:572daafa-75c5-4847-b5c5-1090527c8333> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newsone.com/188331/gallery-remembering-black-soldiers-this-memorial-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975309 | 584 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Touch and hold delay
This setting adjusts the amount of time before your touch on the screen becomes a touch and hold.
A longer touch and hold delay means that you need to keep your finger in the same place for longer before your touch becomes a touch and hold. If you find that you accidentally touch and hold when you intend to tap, consider choosing a longer delay.
To adjust the touch and hold delay, follow these steps:
- Go to Settings > Accessibility > Touch and hold delay.
- Select Short, Medium, or Long.
More about the "touch and hold" gesture
"Touch and hold" is a common gesture on Android devices. It means that you touch an item on the screen and don't lift your finger until the item responds. Many times, touch and hold lets you take action on something on your screen. For example, to move an app icon on your home screen, touch and hold the icon, then drag it to the new location. Sometimes touch and hold is called a "long press." | <urn:uuid:bc7a8389-d03c-40fc-88ba-d6959af1a087> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://support.google.com/accessibility/android/answer/6006989?hl=en&ref_topic=6004781 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892892.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124010853-20180124030853-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.907165 | 211 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Habitat Creation |Wildlife Gardening
Of the birds that visit any garden, some will be only winter visitors, interested in available food, from artificial (peanuts) or natural (invertebrates) sources. It is believed that the widespread habit of feeding birds in winter has helped raise the populations of some commoner birds, such as blue tits, and enabled other species to winter further north than they used to. Blackcaps and siskins now regularly spend winter in British gardens. Whilst other birds that are resident may also nest in gardens. For this they need suitable nest sites, such as hedges, shrubberies, holes in walls and of course nest boxes.
When they do nest, they not only require a safe, well hidden site, but they also need a territory from which to draw food to feed their young. This is likely to be a much greater area than one garden alone, and the more suitable the habitat, the higher the density of birds that can nest there. Since birds feed feed their young on caterpillars and other insects plants native to the area are generally the most productive, since higher numbers of insects can feed on them.
There are no hard and fast rules about feeding birds, but most people prefer to put out food from late Autumn to April. For the rest of the year, birds will find food for themselves, and they are more likely to take correct natural food for their nestlings. | <urn:uuid:dbcc255c-7e09-4687-b3ad-c50e283015dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://wildberks.co.uk/wildlifegardening1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104612.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818063421-20170818083421-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.958095 | 294 | 3.765625 | 4 |
PITTSBURGH – A nuclear dump in Western Pennsylvania could contain far more waste than originally thought, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s inspector general said in a new report.
U.S. Sen. Bob Casey Thursday released the report, which found that missing or incomplete records make it impossible to know how much nuclear material is buried at the site about 30 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. The NRC said the former president of a company that made nuclear fuel at the site believes the documents used for the current cleanup plan “grossly underestimate” the material buried there.
Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp., or NUMEC, made nuclear fuel for submarines at a nearby plant and owned the dump site from 1957 until the 1980s. Shallow trenches were used to dispose of radioactive wastes.
Casey said in a statement that the report “raises serious concerns about the NRC’s oversight” of the cleanup, and he urged quicker action to finish the project.
The Army Corps of Engineers has been involved in the cleanup since 2002, but it halted work in May 2012 when crews discovered unanticipated amounts of “complex” materials like uranium and plutonium. That prompted Casey, a Pennsylvania Democrat, to ask for the investigation.
Daniel Sprau, a radiation safety expert at East Carolina University, said authorities need to determine how much radioactive material is at the site and “need to start cleaning up.” He added that the uncertainty means “the psychological effects are really high” for the surrounding community, no matter what the actual health risks turn out to be.
The inspector general also found that the NRC doesn’t have enforcement authority while the site is under the Corps of Engineers’ purview. The NRC is working with the Corps and the Department of Energy on a new memorandum so cleanup work can resume.
The NRC estimates that the project will be finished in 2020. | <urn:uuid:4fe9b144-a3aa-4a36-828c-0e064c20d808> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.observer-reporter.com/article/20140314/NEWS04/140319554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690112.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924171658-20170924191658-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.946499 | 394 | 2.5625 | 3 |
While we may all want our little ones to be carefree and enjoy their life as they want to, the reality is not so. Kids these days are quite busy with their academics and extracurricular activities. Children have a wide variety of choices and a multitude of options to explore in their lives. This adds on to the pressure of trying out everything and somewhere leads to a lack of focus in a child. This is where chess comes in as a savior in disguise. Chess is the most powerful tool to train the brain to focus. Since each move matters, a child is only concentrated on games at all times. All the other distractions fade away in the background. Continuous practice of chess goes a long way in enhancing the power of focus in children.
Chess is a game of careful planning. Even before your first move, you have to have an idea of where you want your game to go. A well thought out strategy of the beginning, the middle and the end of the game is needed in order to have a chance at winning. As your children start learning and playing the game, they will get into a habit of planning their moves beforehand. Their mind will be trained to plan and strategize, and it will soon become a habit. This planning attitude will definitely shape them into the thought leaders of tomorrow. Thus, chess helps build and nurture the crucial skill of being able to look ahead and map your decisions and influence the outcome in your favor.
It was well said in one of the Indian movies, that everyone seems to have a plan after winning. But no one tells you what to do in case of a failure. Without doubt, truer words were never spoken. We all teach our children to strive for success, to work hard to win. However, we seem to lack the foresight of familiarizing them with failure and how to handle it. Losing is devastating, for all of us. Additionally, every individual’s response to losing is different. It takes a great deal of humility to accept a loss and learn from it. This is where chess works wonders.
Children who play chess, will know and understand how to handle failures at a fairly young age. They will know that no matter how hard we work; the outcome may not be favorable to us always. Chess can teach them to dissect their mistakes and the reason of their failures. It becomes imperative for chess players not to have emotional reactions to their losses. Instead they form a habit of analyzing their game and learn from their mistakes. This is one of the most crucial life benefits that chess offers to our children.
Chess is a great tool for the overall development of children, but it is also just a game. By nature, all kids love playing games. When taught in a playful manner, chess can open up a world of possibilities for your child. It is one of the greatest games that teach problem-solving skills to children. It is true that some basic strategies can be memorized and used for all games of chess. However, the uniqueness of chess is that every game brings in a new set of problems and positions to analyze and conquer. Hence, it is for this very reason that chess should be taught to kids of all ages. The earlier you start, the better it is.
Just like physical exercise strengthens and shapes your body, exercising your brain has its benefits too. Children who play chess regularly, use both sides of their brain. Chess is one of the few rare activities that achieve this feat. Imagine the possibilities of mastering and developing your children’s brains in this manner. This means that the children’s brains get unified and holistic development.
Learning the game of chess is definitely one of the must-have skills in today’s competitive world. When you give your children a chance to learn chess, you ensure a brighter future for them. They grow up to be confident individuals who are proficient at problem-solving and moving ahead in life. They take success in their stride and never falter in the face of failure. | <urn:uuid:5d3fb9db-1f15-40a5-8659-6d5b0934a8ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.schoolconnects.in/blogs/best-chess-classes-for-kids-benefits-of-learning-chess-930-article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.973905 | 819 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The introduction or the first paragraph of any essay is the most important part. That’s because it provides you with a unique chance to grab people’s attention and set the right agenda for the rest of your paper in terms of its content and tone. How to start an essay? Unfortunately, there is no one-fits-all correct way to succeed for all students. It’s possible to start your academic writing in countless ways because you can write essays on a number of subjects. However, there are certain guidelines that can improve your essay introduction if you take them into account.
Start with an attention-grabbing sentence. Although this paper is interesting to you, it doesn’t mean that it will be interesting to the targeted audience. People tend to be picky about what they prefer to read, and it’s hard to impress professors. If your piece of writing doesn’t catch their attention at once, they won’t be interested in reading it. That’s why you should start your paper with the sentence that attracts their attention, but it must be logically connected to the rest of your essay. For example, you can do the following:
Don’t hesitate to draw readers into your essay because a perfect introductory sentence can catch their attention. Keep pulling them into your essay, or they will lose their interest fast. Follow the first sentence with something that logically links your attention-grabbing hook to the rest of your paper. It should expand the narrow scope of the first sentence and focus on a larger context.
In most cases, essays are not descriptive, and they all have a specific purpose beyond them. Some of them may change people’s mind about a given subject and persuade them into taking the necessary action, while others just tell them thought-provoking stories. The main purpose of any essay introduction is telling readers a basic purpose served by the rest of this paper. This way, people can quickly decide whether it’s worth their attention.
How to start an essay easily? Sometimes, it’s great to go a few steps further in the introduction to describe how this piece of writing will achieve its goal. Think about breaking down your essay into specific and distinct sections to make the chosen subject easier to understand for the audience. Students should master this skill because teachers often require doing that, but this method is not always suitable, especially for light-hearted papers, as you may intimidate readers by sharing too much information at once. In this case, simply outline the key topics of discussion to let readers understand the main purpose.
Making a Clear Thesis Statement
In essay writing, a thesis is a single sentence that represents the main point of the whole paper as concisely and clearly as possible. Most assignments require students to include their thesis statement at the end of the essay introduction. All academic papers can benefit from the purpose-defining and concise power of your bold thesis. A general rule is to write it at the end of the essay introduction, but you can put it in other places.
Setting the Right Tone of Your Paper
The essay introduction is not only the best place to discuss the chosen subject, but it’s also a great place to establish how you will do that. Your writing voice is something that can both encourage and discourage other people from reading your essay. If your tone is pleasing, appropriate, and clear at the beginning of essays, people are more likely to read them. However, if it sounds muddled and mismatched, you’re quite likely to fail. When writing essay introductions, making them shorter is almost always the best rule to follow.
How to start an essay successfully? Its introduction is the most effective part to get readers into a central idea, but keep it short. Don’t shorten this paragraph so much that it becomes illogical and unclear to the audience.
Everything depends on the type of essay that you need to write. Although all academic assignments are unique, there are specific strategies that can help students make the most of their papers based on their type.
When writing argumentative papers, your main argument must be summarized. This piece of writing argues a certain point of view trying to persuade others into agreeing with it. That’s why you should concentrate on summing up your argument in the essay introduction. This writing strategy can provide readers with a fast rundown of the logic that you use to support your stance.
This assignment is more emotionally charged than other types of essays, so you can get away with starting it with some metaphorical statement. Stay attention-grabbing, memorable, and exciting when starting your paper to draw the audience into it. You have enough space to be creative because such essays are not based on any mechanical aspects of academic writing, including outlining the right structure and stating a key purpose. Ensure that the first sentence is compelling without sounding too action-packed.
When writing book reports, movie reviews, and other similar papers, there are fewer expectations and rules compared to technical writing. However, the beginning of these essays can still benefit from the overarching strategy, so you can get away with some playfulness, but ensure that your overall focus is described in specific and small details.
Not all academic assignments are exciting and interesting, especially when it comes to scientific and technical essays because they serve a number of practical purposes, such as informing readers about serious subjects. That’s why they must be purely informative, so stay critical when writing them and avoid including colorful images, jokes, and other things that aren’t related to your academic task. Such assignments often contain special summaries and abstracts that tell others what they are all about.
How to start an essay of this type? This assignment differs from others and it requires students to address the most important facts first. Make an effort to concentrate on the pure facts of your story instead of sharing your opinion. The introduction of this paper should be more descriptive instead of being persuasive or argumentative. This writing approach allows readers to learn the basics of your story at once.
When starting to write essays, many students forget that no one asks them to write the introduction first. You can start anywhere if it suits your purpose and as long as you combine the whole paper together. Skip the introduction if you don’t know how to start or what to write in your essay. Once other paragraphs are ready, you get a better grasp of your subject.
Even the best students can run out of interesting ideas. So, if you have hard times when getting started, try this effective technique. Write down all possible ideas to choose the most suitable ones for your next paper. Try freewriting to start writing about anything that comes to your mind.
The first draft of your essay can be easily improved by revising and reviewing it. This step shouldn’t be neglected if you want to submit a perfect paper. Successful students never turn in their assignments without checking them twice. Revising allows them to find grammar and spelling mistakes, fix different portions of essay writing, get rid of useless information, and so on. This task is even more important for the beginning of your essay where even small mistakes can damage it a lot. Be sure to give your essay introduction a detailed revision. | <urn:uuid:ac12e04a-2e51-422e-b650-bf56dce6ca8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://edukateion.org/useful-ideas-on-how-to-start-an-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.944447 | 1,480 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There are more than 80,000 chemicals currently in production in the United States. At my desk as I write this, there are chemicals in the chair I am sitting in, the carpets on the floor, the cleaners used for the room, paint, products on the desk, the container for my lunch, and on and on. Only about 200 of these manufactured chemicals have been tested for safety by the Environmental Protection Agency over the last 30 years, because of lack of resources and the difficulties of the process that the current law has set up to require testing.
That means, in effect, we don’t know how safe many of the products we use every day are for the workers who make them, the people who transport them, and the consumers who use them. We just don’t know. But shouldn’t we, the public, have the right to more and better information in a democracy?
Do you have good information about even basic safety issues regarding chemicals? Here is a simple quiz just to help answer that question for yourself. Perhaps we can easily answer all the questions, but think about the choices people make every day and how little information they have to go on. More to the point, in our society most people likely believe that dangerous materials are carefully managed to ensure children, vulnerable populations, and all of us are kept safe. But they would be wrong…
But now there is a chance to make things a lot better. New versions of chemical safety legislation have passed the House and Senate. Neither version is really sufficient to protect the American public. But taking the best of both bills might give us a chance for real reform.
Who bears the greatest burden
The plants that produce most of those chemicals are surrounded by what are often called “fenceline” communities, people who live near the plants and the transportation infrastructure that is connected to those facilities. While you might think that people moved into an area near the plants and chose to live nearby, the opposite is often true—the community was there and the plants located or grew around the community. Fenceline communities are almost always poor, and usually people of color. They also have documented high rates of public health problems such as asthma, cancer and other diseases—and fewer resources to deal with the incredible challenges that they face. The rules that are supposed to reduce the risks for fenceline communities and the workers in chemical facilities have not been updated in 25 years, though they are under consideration now. The process for updating the rules is moving very slowly. The EPA needs to get a move on.
There are about 30,000 chemical accidents reported every year, resulting in more than 1000 deaths. The number of accidents is known to be under-reported. Of course there are some very high profile accidents, such as in the West, TX or Geismar, LA plants, which resulted in multiple deaths. Some of these are investigated by the federal Chemical Safety Board. But the results seem to get much less attention than, say, an airline accident investigation. We know that the public expects better. Our elected officials need to hear that we expect more.
Too much influence
It is critically important to push for better rules that really protect public health and safety, and do so for all of us. But know too that there is a powerful lobby, led by the American Chemistry Council, that is fighting every step of the way to keep the rules weak. Our report found that the ACC spends about $11 million per year in lobbying to reduce regulation, which means reducing public health and safety, worker, and environmental protections. We shouldn’t make the mistake of assuming that all companies in the industry want to weaken the rules. But the major industry lobbying groups sure seem to continually send that message.
So take the quiz (and do well!) but more importantly—take action! Let our representatives know that we need strong chemical safety laws and the rules that implement them.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world. | <urn:uuid:3428e866-1e05-4f6c-ba52-2cc24a469b36> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://blog.ucsusa.org/andrew-rosenberg/manufactured-chemicals-are-scary-how-much-do-you-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948583808.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216045655-20171216071655-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.974989 | 830 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Cancer in children is rare with an incidence of 140-155 per million per year (age <15 years) (1,2) (Table 1). This translates to ~1 in 7,000 children is diagnosed with cancer each year. For the 15 to 19 years age group, the incidence is 210 per million with a different distribution of cancer diagnosis. Despite the rarity of cancer, malignant neoplasm is the most common cause of death after accidents in children aged 5 to 14 years, accounting for 23% of mortality (7).
The introduction of chemotherapy in the 1960s has allowed the use of multi-modality approach, i.e., in conjunction with surgery and radiation, in the treatment of cancer. As a result, survival from childhood cancers, many of which was fatal in the pre-chemotherapy era, has increased dramatically from 20-30% in the 1960s (8) to 62% in the 1970s (mortality of 4.5/100,000) (3,9) (Tables 1 and 2). The current mortality is 2.6/100,000 and survival is 83%, meaning modern medicine can cure four out of five children with cancer. This is the end result of the tremendous effort dedicated to pediatric cancer research in the last 50 years.
One of the challenges of pediatric cancer research is the small disease population, comparing with adult cancer that is 40 times more frequent. To overcome this obstacle, multi-center clinical trials are essential to generate statistically meaningful results. For example, the Children Oncology Group (COG) represents the world’s largest organization devoted exclusively to childhood cancer research and comprises >200 member institutions, majority of which are based in the US. However, even with multi-center set up, it often takes five years to complete a phase III randomized controlled trial (RCT). Furthermore, it takes another six years to formally publish mature 5-year survival data (10-12). The CCG-1991 study enrolled 3,054 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients from 109 institutions between 2000 and 2005 and detected a <5% difference in survival. Results were published in 2011 (10). The HIT-SIOP PNET 4 Trial enrolled 340 children with medulloblastoma (MB) from 122 European centers between 2001 and 2006 and published the result in 2012 (12). It often takes over a decade for any progress established from clinical trials to become standard of care, and this has not taken into consideration the preceding ten years expended in preclinical and phase I/II studies.
We reviewed eight pediatric malignancies, in which significant advances in treatment were made in the last ten years, and most importantly are leading to improved standard of care. This included four hematologic malignancies and four solid tumors, comprising 60% of childhood cancer. The progresses were disseminated in published literature in the last decade and reflect clinical trials conducted between mid-1990 and mid-2000. We also explored ongoing studies with attention to trials conducted by COG, which have been developed based on knowledge gained in preclinical and early clinical studies in the last decade and discussed some of the more promising molecular targets for each of the eight cancers. Finally, we reviewed seven novel agents that have been most frequently pursued in childhood cancers.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Childhood leukemia has an incidence of 490 per million, of which 80% are ALL making it the commonest childhood cancer, peaking at 2 to 3 years old (1). With contemporary chemotherapy protocols, 5-year survival approaches 90% (Table 1). However, infant ALL with MLL/11q23 rearrangement have significantly worse outcome (EFS <30%) (13). The following is an overview of the recent advances in ALL treatment.
Minimal residual disease (MRD)
The rapidity of clearance of leukemic cells from the bone marrow is a strong prognostic factor (14,15) and is best evaluated by MRD using quantitative flow cytometry or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor rearrangements. These techniques are sensitive to 1×10–5. After two decades of research, MRD is now widely used in risk stratification and provides a validated early measure of treatment response. MRD response to induction is best measured at day 15 and day 33 for pre-B ALL and at day 79 for T-cell ALL (16). Clinical trials currently evaluating treatment modifications based on MRD include the St Jude TOT XVI, AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009, DFCI-05001, COG-ALL0331, ALL-REZ BFM 2002.
Genome-wide analysis and targeted therapy
The collaborative TARGET research program has identified several key aberrations associated with high-risk ALL phenotypes, including BCR/ABL1, JAK, MLL, CRLF2 and IKZF1 (17). JAK kinases activation is present in 10% of BCR/ABL1-negative high-risk cases (18).
One of the best examples of targeted therapy is the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to complement chemotherapy in BCR/ABL-positive ALL, which accounts for 3% of childhood ALL. Continuous exposure to imatinib in an intensive chemotherapy regimen yielded 3-year event-free survival (EFS) of 80%, more than twice that of historical controls (19). Second generation TKIs (dasatinib and nilotinib) with more potent BCR/ABL signaling suppression can overcome imatinib-resistance (20) and are being studied in a number of pediatric ALL studies. A COG phase III RCT of FLT inhibition with lestaurtinib (TKI) with chemotherapy is currently underway for MLL-rearranged infant ALL, which has been shown to express high levels of FLT3 mRNA (21) (NCT00557193). Lestaurtinib, which has also been shown to inhibit JAK2 (22,23), may potentially be active in JAK-mutated ALL.
New formulations of the old armamentarium have been developed to improve delivery and reduce toxicities and can potentially be used in ALL therapy (Table 3). Continuous asparagine depletion has been associated with better EFS than intermittent depletion and a lower incidence of CNS relapse (28). Pegylated (PEG) asparaginase, approved for ALL treatment, has a long half-life and lowers the risk of allergic reactions and anti-asparginase antibody formation while maintaining efficacy similar to conventional E. coli asparaginase (24).
Second generation nucleoside analogues are part of a new repertoire of drugs against ALL. Nelarabine shows specific anti-leukemic effect in T-cell ALL (29) and is currently being evaluated in newly diagnosed (phase III: NCT00408005) and refractory T-cell ALL (phase IV: NCT00866671). Clofarabine is being studied in both de novo and recurrent disease (NCT00372619, NCT01228331). Furthermore, the Interfant-06 Study Group is conducting a RCT (NCT00550992) investigating the novel addition of AML-type therapy during intensification for MLL-rearranged infant ALL.
Intensification of systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy abrogates the need for prophylactic cranial irradiation without compromising survival (30,31). This removes the long-term side effects of radiotherapy-induced secondary malignancies and neurocognitive harm. The isolated CNS relapse rates were <3%. Risk factors for CNS relapse included t(1;19)/TCF3-PBX1, CNS involvement at diagnosis and T-cell immunophenotype.
Monoclonal antibodies are designed to potentiate chemotherapy, particularly in the setting of relapsed leukemia (32,33). This includes rituximab (anti-CD20), alemtuzumab (anti-CD52), epratuzumab (anti-CD22), inotuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD22) for B-cell ALL. Blinatumomab (CD19/CD3-bispecific antibody) are particularly promising for T-cell ALL (34). Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) is an investigational novel approach to relapsed/refractory leukemia. Autologous T cells, which are genetically modified ex vivo to express a chimeric receptor that recognizes a surface antigen on the patient’s own tumor cells, home to the disease sites and persist with time (35). CD19-specific CAR-T cell therapy has been used with success in adult relapsed CLL (36) and has recently been used in two children with refractory ALL, albeit with toxicities (37). Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)—mismatch natural killer cell therapy is also another novel approach (38,39).
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
AML represents 5% of childhood malignancy and 20% of childhood leukemia. While cure of childhood AML has tripled since the 1970’s, current survival of 70% makes it one of the less curable cancers in children. Chemotherapy intensification, response-directed therapy and better supportive care including routine anti-fungal prophylaxis have improved survival by 15% in the last decade, a substantial progress compared to other childhood cancers (Table 1).
AML can be categorized into three genetically defined prognostic groups (40). Favorable risk comprises acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), myeloid leukemias of Down Syndrome (MLDS), core binding factor (CBF) AML with t(8;21) and inv(16), and AML with NPM1 and CEBPA mutations. APL is characterized by t(15;17)/PML-RARA and its unique sensitivity to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide, both of which target the PML-RARA fusion protein (41). Children with Down syndrome (DS) (Trisomy 21) have a 20-times increased risk of developing leukemia and are particularly susceptible to chemotherapy and treatment-related complications (42). High risk aberrations include monosomy 5 and 7, some 11q23/MLL rearrangements and FLT3/ITD. Intermediate risk is neither favorable nor high risk. CBF, APL and MLL represent 50% of pediatric AML.
MLL-rearranged pediatric AML generally has an unfavourable outcome [overall 5-year EFS 44%; overall survival (OS) 56%] (43). However, it is a heterogeneous disease with the MLL gene having over 60 different translocation partners (44) and 5-year EFS ranging from 11% to 92% for different translocation partners (43). t(9;11) (p22;q23)/MLL-AF9 is the most common rearrangement (50%) and has a 5-year EFS of 50%. The 3% of patients with t(1;11) (q21;q23)/MLL-AF1q have the best outcome (5-year EFS 93%). In contrast, t(6;11) (q27;q23)/MLL-AF6 (5% of cases) has the lowest survival (5-year EFS 11%) (43,45).
Internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 results in activating mutations. FLT3-ITD-positive patients have significantly inferior progression-free survival (PFS) than FLT wild-type patients (4-year PFS 31% vs. 55%; P<0.001) (46). However, prognosis is influenced by ITD allelic ratio (AR) (mutant to wild-type ratio) and NPM1 status. Patients with high ITD-AR (>0.4) were reported to have significantly worse outcome than those with low AR (PFS 16% vs. 72%) (46). In contrast, NPM1 mutations were found to improve survival of patients with FLT-ITD. In the UK MRC AML 10 and 12 trials, young adults who were FLT-ITD-positive had significantly better outcome when concurrent NMP1 mutations were present (5-year DFS 31% vs. 15%) (47).
Advances in AML treatment in the last decade include:
- In APL, addition of ATRA to anthracycline monotherapy or multi-agent chemotherapy containing idarubicin and high-dose cytarabine increased survival to 85-90% (48,49). Arsenic trioxide has been shown to be very effective when incorporated into adult APL therapy (50,51). COG is currently conducting a phase III trial of introducing arsenic to a multi-agent regimen containing ATRA, idarubicin, and cytarabine in newly diagnosed APL (NCT00866918) (52);
- Reducing chemotherapy intensity did not compromise outcome in MLDS with EFS ranging from 79 to 83% and OS 84 to 91% in three different studies (53-55);
- Risk-adapted therapy utilizing cytogenetic risk stratification improved outcome, yielding EFS from 56 to 61% and OS from 66 to 75% in a number of large studies (56-59);
- MRD-positivity by flow cytometry after first course of chemotherapy predicts survival. Relapse-free survival (RFS) was found to be significantly worse in MRD-positive (RFS 14-43%) than in MRD-negative patients (RFS 65-85%) in three large studies (57,60,61). AML trials evaluating response-guided therapy based on MRD include NOPHO-DBH AML 2012 (NCT 1828489) and COG-AAML-1031 (NCT01371981).
FLT3-ITD reported in 10% of pediatric AML (40) is a candidate for targeted therapy with TKI. In a phase I study, sorafenib (multikinase inhibitor) in combination with clofarabine and cytarabine induced complete remission in relapsed AML patients with FLT3-ITD (62). In a current COG phase III trial for newly diagnosed AML (NCT01371981), FLT3-ITD-positive patients receive sorafenib.
Targeting CD33 using gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) (Mylotarg®), a calicheamicin-conjugated CD33 antibody, has promising activity in AML. In pediatric AML, GO induced complete remission in 35% of refractory disease (63,64) and was safe in de novo AML when combined with chemotherapy (65). In adults, GO improved survival in newly diagnosed AML in some but not all large studies (65-70). Pediatric trials of GO in de novo AML are ongoing (NCT00372593, NCT00476541).
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
NHL constitutes 6% of childhood cancer and is most common in the second decade of life. NHL can be classified according to phenotype (B-cell vs. T-cell) and differentiation (71). Unlike adults NHL that is generally low/intermediate grade, pediatric NHL is frequently high grade. It falls into three categories: (I) mature B-cell NHL including Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); (II) lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL) (mostly precursor T-cell); and (III) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) (mature T-cell or null-cell). Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is most common, accounting for one-third of pediatric NHL.
Currently, cure from childhood NHL is 90%. The steady increase in survival over the last 40 years was due to the initial recognition that LL was best treated with two years of ALL therapy (72,73) and later on due to increasingly effective risk-stratified therapies evolving from large multi-centre clinical trials including BFM-NHL90 (74), NHL-BFM95 (75) and FAB/LMB96 (76-78). Survival is excellent for low-stage LL (>90%) (74), BL (>85%) and DLBCL (90%) (79). However, survival is inferior for BL with CNS involvement (75%) (76), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma in DLBCL (73%) (80) and ALCL (70-85%) (81,82).
Advances in the treatment of childhood NHL include:
- Reducing multi-agent chemotherapy to only two courses and omitting intrathecal chemotherapy while maintaining an excellent cure rate of 99% in completely resected localized BL (75,77);
- Reducing treatment in early responding patients with intermediate-risk B-NHL (78);
- Use of multi-agent chemotherapy tailored to disease burden and initial response in B-NHL (79);
- Substituting cranial irradiation with high-dose methotrexate for CNS prophylaxis that is essential for T-cell LL, thus avoiding the long-term side-effects of cranial irradiation (83-85).
BL and DLBCL, both mature B-cell phenotype, express high levels of CD20. Rituximab (CD20 antibody) in combination with chemotherapy improved survival in adult DLBCL (86). It is an approved drug for the treatment of DLBCL. In pediatric BL, rituximab has activity as a single agent (87) and can be safely combined with chemotherapy (88). Based on these studies, an international collaborative study INT-B-NHL ritux 2010 (NCT01516580) is currently evaluating rituximab with chemotherapy for high-risk BL and DLBCL in children.
Rituximab may also be useful as a second-line therapy in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) or BL secondary to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation with immunosuppression after solid organ or stem cell transplantation. The benefit of rituximab with low dose chemotherapy has been described in a small number of pediatric refractory PTLD (89,90).
Advanced-stage disease is common in ALCL and has less favourable outcome. ALCL expresses CD30 and frequently harbors the t(2;5)/NPM-ALK aberration. Brentuximab vedotin (Bv) (SGN-35, Adcetris®), an antibody-drug conjugate of chimeric CD30 antibody and monomethylauristatin E, resulted in an objective response of 86% and complete remission of 57% in an adult phase II trial of relapsed systemic ALCL (91). Crizotinib (ALK inhibitor) elicited response in eight of nine ALCL in a phase I pediatric study (92). COG is currently conducting a phase I study of crizotinib in combination with chemotherapy for relapsed ALCL (NCT01606878) and a phase II trial where newly diagnosed ALCL patients are randomized to either crizotinib or Bv with chemotherapy (NCT01979536).
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
HL is the most common cancer in the 15 to 19 years age group and is four to five times more frequent than in the <15 years age group. It is characterized by the Reed-Sternberg multinucleated giant cell or its variants and histologic subtypes are defined by the number of Reed-Sternberg cells, characteristic inflammatory milieu and degree of fibrosis. HL is categorized into classical and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL.
HL was fatal until the 1960s when the MOPP nitrogen mustard containing chemotherapy regimen was introduced (93). The cure rate of HL in children has been >90% in the last two decades and is one of the most curable childhood cancers. Unfortunately, survivors of childhood HL are at significant risk of long-term treatment-related morbidity and mortality. In a study of ~2,700 childhood HL survivor, 23% of deaths were from secondary malignant neoplasms and 14% from cerebrovascular and heart disease. The 30-year cumulative incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms was significantly higher in females than in males (26% vs. 11%) due to the high incidence of invasive breast cancer in female survivors treated with radiation (94). Hence, to reduce long-term side effects while maintaining excellent survival, pediatric oncologists have adopted a risk-adapted approach for HL and attempted to reduce or omit radiation. However, risk assignment and definition of response has not been uniform in clinical trials and has made comparison of outcomes across trials challenging. Study results should therefore be interpreted in the context of risk stratification strategy and chemotherapy regimen, as well as response criteria and timing.
Advances in the treatment of pediatric HL in the last decade include (Table 4):
- Reduction in chemotherapy exposure in patients who are in complete response (CR) after two cycles of chemotherapy, referred to as rapid early responder (RER) (95,96);
- Omission of involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) in low-risk RER (97-99);
- modification of chemotherapy in RER according to gender, based on the principle that less gonadal toxic alkylating therapy in males would reduce the risk of infertility and avoiding IFRT in female would reduce the risk of breast cancer (99,100).
The rapidity of early response is prognostic in HL (96,97,99). Positron emission tomography (PET) has been evaluated as an interim imaging modality in adult HL and was more superior than other response assessments (101). COG has recently completed four HL trials treating ~2,400 patients of different risks while addressing the utility of PET. Mature results are yet to be published. There are also ongoing clinical trials in North America and Europe addressing the utility of PET for rapid early response and the omission of IFRT in RER [NCT01858922, NCT00846742, 2006-000995-33 (102)]. All these trials should provide valuable data on the value of PET to predict outcome and whether EFS can be maintained after adjusting therapy based on early PET response.
Molecular therapy targeting CD30 expressed by the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells may be effective in classical HL. In addition to ALCL, Bv is currently being studied in a number of phase I and II trials for pediatric relapsed HL (NCT01780662, NCT01393717, NCT01492088, NCT01508312) and in newly diagnosed unfavourable risk HL patients (NCT01920932).
MB is a malignant embryonal neuroectodermal tumor in the cerebellum and comprises 15% of childhood brain tumors. Clinical staging stratified MB into standard (60%) and high-risk (40%) (metastases, residual volume ≥1.5 cm2, large cell/anaplastic histology) (103). Current survival is 80% in standard-risk (104,105), 70% in high-risk (106-108) and 50% in children <3 years with MB (109). Contemporary MB therapy includes maximal surgery, adjuvant radiation [cranial spinal irradiation (CSI) with posterior fossa boost] and chemotherapy. Therapeutic approach in young children focuses on delaying or avoiding radiation to minimize the detrimental effects on the immature CNS through the use of multi-agent chemotherapy.
Advances in the last decade and current clinical trials include:
- Standard-risk MB and age >3 years:
- Post-radiation adjuvant chemotherapy allowed lowering CSI dose from 36 to 23.4 Gy while maintaining 5-year EFS at 83% (n=86) (104) and 81% (n=379) (105);
- Current COG phase III RCT (NCT00085735) asks whether EFS can be maintained with 18 Gy CSI and conformal tumor site radiation with concomitant chemotherapy.
- High-risk MB and age >3 years treated with CSI (36-39.6 Gy):
- Chemoradiotherapy using carboplatin and vincristine (CV) followed by maintenance chemotherapy in a phase I study resulted in 5-year PFS of 71% (n=55) (107);
- Post-operative chemotherapy for eight weeks followed by hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy +/– consolidation with myeloablative chemotherapy produced 5-year EFS of 70% (n=33) (106);
- Four courses of post-radiation intensive chemotherapy with hemapoietic stem cell support in SJ-MB-96 study achieved 5-year EFS of 70% (n=48) (108);
- Current COG phase III RCT (NCT00392327) evaluates the addition of carboplatin to chemoradiotherapy and isotretinoin to maintenance chemotherapy.
- MB in young children:
- Histology is an important prognostic factor. In a systematic review of five studies, desmoplastic/nodular (DN) or MB with extensive nodularity (n=108) have significantly better outcome (8-year EFS 55%; OS 76%) than classical MB (n=145; 8-year EFS 27%; OS 42%) in children <5 years (110);
- Thiotepa-based myeloablative therapy eliminated the need of CSI in 50% of young children (<3 years) with non-metastatic MB. 5-year EFS and OS were 52% and 70% (n=21) (111);
- Current COG phase III RCT (NCT00336024) assesses the addition of high-dose methotrexate to thiotepa-based myeloablative therapy in high-risk MB.
- Molecular profiling performed over the last decade has allowed segregation of MB into four distinct groups: WNT, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 and Group 4 (112-115) (Table 5):
- The WNT tumors, of which only 5% to 10% are metastatic, are found in children >3 years with classical MB, and have the best prognosis (OS 90%) (116). Patients may be candidate for reduced intensity therapy;
- The SHH tumors are bimodal in age distribution (<3 years and adult) and have intermediate prognosis (OS 60-80%). DN MB is exclusive to this group (115). Smoothened (SMO) receptor is a target for SHH (117) and vismodegib (GDC-0449), a SMO inhibitor, is a potential therapeutic (118,119). Phase II trials of vismodegib in refractory (NCT01239316) and newly diagnosed MB (NCT01878617) are ongoing;
- Group 3 comprises non-WNT and non-SHH tumors that are MYC-driven. It has the highest incidence of large cell/anaplasia (LCA) histology and metastases and the worst survival (50%);
- Group 4 tumors, of which 35% are metastatic, are largely classical MB with intermediate outcome (OS 75%).
Low grade glioma (LGG)
Glioma is a CNS tumor of glial cell origin and can arise anywhere within the CNS. It consists of astrocytomas, oligodendroglioma and mixed gliomas, and can be classified into low grade (WHO grade I and II) and high grade (WHO III and IV). LGG, most frequently located in the cerebellum, is the most common type of brain tumor (30-50%) (4-6). Pilocytic (WHO grade 1) and diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma (WHO grade 2) are the predominant histology in childhood LGG. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a high incidence (20%) of optic pathway LGG (OPG) (120) and contributes to 60% of OPG (121). The natural history of LGG is not always predictable.
Surgery remains the first-line treatment for LGG and is considered curative in areas of the brain amenable to complete resection. The 8-year PFS and OS are 90% and 99% following gross total resection (122). Incomplete resection and young age are both poor prognostic factors. Partially resected LGG has a10-year EFS of 18% and OS of 87% (123). Infants with diencephalic syndrome from hypothalamic lesion have the worst outcome (5-year PFS 11%; 10-year OS 43%) (124). Patients <1 year old have EFS of 19%, compared with patients aged >5 years with EFS of 64% (123,125). Radiotherapy can provide long-term control of LGG (123,126), but with significant late cognitive and endocrine sequelae (126,127), especially in young children who are more prone to the late effects of radiation (128). In NF1-associated OPG, the risk of second tumor was found to be three times higher in those who received radiation (129).
In the last decade, the growing trend to manage unresectable, progressive, or recurrent LGG with chemotherapy has successfully deferred or avoided radiation in young children. The two most widely used chemotherapy regimen are CV (130,131) or thioguanine, procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine (TPCV) (132,133). In the German study of CV (n=213), 32% experienced partial response (PR) and 75% did not require subsequent radiation. 10-year PSF and OS was 44% and 88%, respectively (123). However, it remains unclear whether chemotherapy improves visual outcome in OPG (134).
COG conducted a phase III RCT of CV versus TPCV (125). Initial response was similar for both groups (1/3 PR, 1/3 stable disease (SD), 1/3 progressive disease). While 2-year EFS was similar at 60% for both regimens, there were increasingly more events in the CV group after two years, resulting in 5-year EFS of 39% for CV and 52% for TPCV. Due to non-proportionality, log rank test for EFS was not significant (P=0.1); however, by cure model analysis, TPCV was more superior to CV (P=0.007). 5-year OS was equivalent (87% vs. 86%). Toxicity profile was different with more CNS toxicity for TPCV. Allergic reaction was only reported in CV due to carboplatin allergy. CV is the regimen of choice for NF1 patients due to potential increased risk of second malignancy from alkylating agents in TPCV. Other agents that has been tested in phase I/II studies for LGG include vinblastine (135,136), temozolomide (137) and bevacizumab and irinotecan (138).
NB, an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Majority of NB is found in children younger than five years. It is well known for its heterogeneity ranging from spontaneous regression, differentiation to benign ganglioneuroma to aggressive metastatic disease (139).
NB is risk-stratified based on age, disease stage and biologic features (140), with survival >90% for low and intermediate risk (141,142) and 50% for high-risk NB (143). MYCN amplification is a well-established molecular prognostic factor and places patients into the high-risk category irrespective of age and stage. A pre-treatment risk stratification system (International Neuroblastoma Risk Group classification system) was developed in 2008 using 13 potential prognostic factors in a cohort of 8,800 children diagnosed with NB worldwide with an aim to facilitate comparison of clinical trials and development of international collaborative studies (140). Standard therapy for high-risk NB includes intensive chemotherapy, surgery, myeloablative chemotherapy with stem cells rescue, radiation and biological therapy. Low or intermediate NB is managed with surgery with or without chemotherapy, with an aim to appropriately minimize therapy.
The following is an overview of advances in NB treatment in the last decade (Table 6).
Low and intermediate-risk NB
Surgery alone was found to be adequate in localized resectable (stage 1 and 2) NB (142,144). In infants <12 months old with resectable tumor (145) or in young infants <6 months old with small adrenal mass (146), observation approach at diagnosis did not compromise survival while upfront low dose chemotherapy without anthracyclines maintained excellent outcome in infants with localized unresectable tumor (147). In intermediate-risk NB, reducing chemotherapy to four cycles in tumors with favorable biologic features did not adversely affect survival (141). Furthermore, chromosome 11q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was found to be a poor prognostic factor (140).
Immunotherapy has provided the best outcome in the setting of MRD. GD2 is a disialoganglioside highly expressed by NB. Immunotherapy with ch14.18 (chimeric antibody against GD2) in conjunction with cytokines and isotretinoin was evaluated in a phase III RCT (n=226). In patients who have achieved at least a PR after myeloablative therapy, immunotherapy was superior to isotretinoin alone (2-year EFS 66% vs. 46%, P=0.01; OS 86% vs. 75%, P=0.02) (148). Immunocytokine therapy using the humanized 14.18-IL-2 fusion protein has been tested in phase I (149) and II (150) studies in recurrent NB.
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan is routinely used to diagnose NB. Metastatic response assessed by MIBG scan was found to predict survival (151,152). A semiquantitative MIBG scoring system (Curie score) showed that patients with a score >2 after induction therapy had a significantly worse outcome than those with scores ≤2 (3-year EFS: 15% vs. 44%; P<0.001; n=237) (153).
Radiolabeled 131-I-MIBG selectively targets radiation to catecholamine-producing NB cells. Phase I studies of 131-I-MIBG in combination with radiosensitizer (154) or with myeloablative therapy and stem cell rescue (155,156) has demonstrated efficacy (25-65% response) in refractory NB. Studies of 131-I-MIBG followed by myeloablative therapy in newly diagnosed NB are ongoing (NCT01175356, NCT00798148).
Whole genome sequencing studies have shown paucity of somatic mutations in the high-risk NB genome and identified ALK and ATRX aberrations in ~20% of high-risk NB (157-159). Crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor, is currently being evaluated alone or with chemotherapy in recurrent NB (NCT00939770, NCT01606878).
Ewing sarcoma (ES)
The incidence of ES is highest in the second decade of life. It most commonly presents as an undifferentiated bone tumor and less frequently as a soft tissue mass (extraosseous ES). The pathognomonic t(11;22)(q24;q12)/EWS-FLI translocation is also found in peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), a more differentiated tumor of bone or soft tissue. These tumors are collectively referred to as the ES family of tumors (ESFT) (160).
In addition to surgery +/– radiotherapy for local control, doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy regimen is essential for effective eradication of micro-metastases in ES (161). Improvement in survival of localized disease in the 1990’s was attributed to the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide (IE) to the standard three drugs [vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (VDC)] in the US (162,163). However, progress has been marginal in the last 20 years and outcome of metastatic ES remains poor. Currently, survival for localized and metastatic ES is 80% (164) and <35%, respectively (165,166).
For localized ES, one advance of note in the last decade is the effective use of “interval compression” of chemotherapy (as opposed to dose intensification). The COG AEWS001 phase III RCT in 587 patients demonstrated 5-year EFS of 73% and OS 83% in the intensified arm (alternating VDC and IE every two weeks), compared with 5-year EFS of 65% and OS 73% in the standard arm (3-week cycle) (P=0.048) with no worsening toxicity (164).
Topotecan and irinotecan, both topoisomerase I inhibitors, have shown activity in recurrent ES. Response was observed in a third of recurrent ES treated with topotecan and cyclophosphamide in two prospective studies (167,168) and in 60% of patients receiving irinotecan and temozolomide in a retrospective study (169). Based on this evidence, the current COG phase III RCT (NCT01231906) examines the efficacy of adding CVT (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, topotecan) to the intensively timed 5-drug (VDC/IE) regimen in newly diagnosed localized ES.
Large tumours, pelvic site and poor histologic response to induction chemotherapy are known poor prognostic factors in localized disease (170,171). The French EW93 study demonstrated an improved 5-year EFS of 45% in a small number of high-risk patients treated with high-dose busulphan/melphalan and hemapoietic stem cell support (172). Furthermore, high-dose chemotherapy may be beneficial in the setting of isolated pulmonary metastases, which has a better outcome than other types of metastases (170,173). Hence, both the recently completed multi-center EuroEwing 99 (NCT00020566) study and the current EuroEwing 2012 (ISRCTN92192408) (174) phase III RCT examine therapy intensification with high-dose busulphan and melphalan in patients with isolated lung metastases and in those with large (>200 mL volume) or poor histologic response (>10% viability) tumors.
Novel targeted therapy is needed for metastatic and recurrent ES. Inhibition of insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) using monoclonal antibody has shown efficacy in relapsed ES. Anti-IGF1R antibody that has been studied in phase I/II studies included figitumumab (CP-751,871) (175,176), ganitumab (AMG-479) (177) and cixutumumab (IMC-A12), either alone or with temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor) (178,179). These studies reported SD and response between 25-50%. COG is developing a phase II RCT (AEWS1221) to assess the feasibility of adding ganitumab to the interval-compressed regimen (180).
Novel therapeutics in pediatric cancer
Our increased understanding of the molecular basis of childhood cancer in the last decade has allowed researcher to define molecular targets and evaluate available therapeutics that are in clinical development for adult cancers. We selected seven novel agents or class of drugs that are most frequently studied in clinical trials involving childhood cancer. In most instances, the agent has a track record in adult oncology and has been subjected to safety scrutiny in adult phase I/II trials, in which a maximum tolerated dose was established. Tables 7 and 8 provide a list of completed and ongoing clinical studies that involve pediatric patients. All but one drug have approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for specific cancers; however, none are pediatric cancers.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a regulator of tumor angiogenesis and is a prerequisite for cancer growth. Bevacizumab, a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, sequestrates VEGF (212). Bevacizumab has FDA approval for adult malignancies including colorectal, lung and prostate cancer (213). In the pediatric population, bevacizumab was most effective when combined with irinotecan +/– temozolomide (184-186). Numerous Phase II clinical trials are ongoing to investigate bevacizumab mostly in combination with other agents in a variety of childhood malignancies.
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway regulates the stability of proteins and deregulated proteolysis has been reported in many tumor types. Proteasome inhibition has been found to selectively induce pro-apoptotic proteins in cancer cells (214). Bortezomib is the first FDA approved proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma (215,216). Multiple preclinical and early clinical trials demonstrated its safety and significant anticancer activity towards haematological malignancies in both adults (217) and children (190,193). Bortezomib is currently being evaluated in a COG phase III study in de novo AML and in a phase II study with arsenic in APL.
Histone acetylation is a reversible process where histone acetyltransferases transfer the acetyl moiety from acetyl co-enzyme A to a lysine while histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove this acetyl groups. HDAC inhibition results in accumulation of acetylated proteins and induces growth arrest, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death (218). Vorinostat is the first HDAC inhibitor approved for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (219). It has also been tested in phase I trials in pediatric solid tumors with predominantly disease stabilization (195,196).
It is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets tyrosine kinases VEGFR, PDGFR and FLT3, as well as the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (220). It is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (221,222). In pediatric early clinical trials, sorafenib combination therapy resulted in 30% response in solid tumors (187) and 75% response in AML (62). Furthermore, next generation TKIs that have been developed to provide increased target specificity and inhibition have been evaluated in adult clinical trials. Pazopanib (223), axitinib (224) and tivozanib (225) are potent VEGFR inhibitors whereas quizartinib and crenolanib are potent FLT3 inhibitors (226).
Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is well established in the treatment of a number of adult malignancies. Erlotinib, a potent EGFR TKI (227), has been approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC and pancreatic cancer (228,229). In early clinical trials of erlotinib combined with radiation, prolonged SD was observed in pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGG) and relapsed/refractory brain tumors (199,200).
Farnesylation is necessary for Ras activation, which triggers activation of the PI3-kinase/AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of solid and hematologic malignancies. Tipifarnib (farnesyl transferase inhibitor) was shown to have anti-leukemic activity in adult phase I/II trials (230,231). There are no ongoing paediatric trials of tipifarnib, most likely due to lack of activity as a single agent in a number of pediatric studies (207-211).
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase and the PI3-kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, motility, survival and transcription (232). mTOR inhibitors include sirolimus (Rapamune®), its analogue deforolimus, and its derivates temsirolimus (Torisel®) and everolimus (Afinitor®). The latter two are approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pancreatic and breast cancer (233). There are quite a number of ongoing pediatric phase I/II trials of mTOR inhibitors in both hematologic and solid malignancies.
Advances in research that evolve into improved standard of care and outcome in childhood cancer is the result of the remarkable effort invested in childhood cancer research. The current 5-year OS of 83% in the US (Table 1) (3) and 79% in Europe (2) represents only a marginal increase over a decade. While cancers that already have an excellent outcome did not show much improvement, 5-year survival of cancers including AML, NB in >1 year, and ALL and ES in 15-19 years old has increased by 10% to 20% in the last ten years (Table 1). Furthermore, progress in oncology is not limited to better survival. Reducing both short and long-term treatment-related complications is as important, given majority of childhood cancer patients will become long-term survivors. This is best achieved by risk-adapted therapeutic approach that has been made possible through identifying clinical and biologic prognostic factors with rigorous research, stratifying patients using these risk factors and modifying therapy according to risk group assignment.
Optimizing delivery of conventional therapeutics has been the driving force behind continuous improvements in pediatric cancer survival in the last 40 years. However, the pediatric oncology field acknowledges that further escalation of conventional therapy is unlikely going to yield improvement in cancers that currently have unacceptably low cure rates. This include AML, high-risk ALL and NB, high-grade brain tumors, and metastatic bone tumors and sarcomas. Advances in medical research technology have led to a rapid increase in our understanding of the genetics of childhood cancer in the last decade and will continue to facilitate identification of molecular targets that can potentially be exploited for therapeutic benefits. As we move into the era of targeted therapeutics, searching for novel agents that target specific genetic lesions in this group of poor prognosis cancer becomes both a priority and a challenge.
Unlike conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies, the premise of effective targeted therapy involves “hitting” the intended target resulting in disruption of specific signalling pathways. Hence clinical trials will need to focus on biologically defined patient subsets, meaning even smaller patient population. It will no longer be feasible to conduct the standard phase III RCT that requires hundreds of patients. The key challenge will be to design trials that can clearly delineate the effect of the new agent under study. Options include single arm study, of which results will be compared with historical control, and phase II randomized trial comparing an active but non-curative cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimen with or without the new agent. National and international collaborative studies will be required to attain sufficient patients and complete trials in a timely manner. Furthermore, new endpoints that utilize functional imaging or molecular biomarkers can be incorporated into clinical trials as a measure of response and MRD. However, these endpoints need to be properly validated to ensure they accurately reflect clinical benefits.
As we continue into the 21st century, our increased understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of childhood cancer will facilitate further refinement of risk-adapted therapy that utilizes molecular and genetic signatures for risk stratification. The ultimate goal is to cure childhood cancer with the best quality of long-term survivorship.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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- Hassan B, Akcakanat A, Holder AM, et al. Targeting the PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013;22:641-64. [PubMed] | <urn:uuid:84c386d2-f864-4606-b84c-0c36fede9363> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/3552/4415 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482038.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205190939-20191205214939-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.817143 | 25,064 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Let's start with the basics. Subwoofers play low notes. Subwoofers have what's called voice coils. Voice coils cause a magnetic field when energised, hence moving the cone. You can have a sub with a few different configurations, typically SVC and DVC. Voice coils will have an impedence, such as 4 ohm and two ohm. For some specialty speakers, they'll have 6 ohm voice coils.
Ohms are a measurement of resistance. For amplifiers, when you put more of a load, the distortion increases. Keep that in mind.
SVC stands for Single Voice Coil.
DVC stands for Dual Voice coil. Dual voice coils MUST
have both voice coils wired up, either in series or parallel.
Both positive leads are wired together, both negative leads are wired together, and leads go out to your amp or another speaker like so:
You'll notice that the speaker is a dual 4 ohm voice coil sub, and wired in parallel. When wiring voice coils in parallel, take the impedance of the voice coils, these being 4, and divide it by 2. That'll give you your impedence. For this example, your impedence will be 2 ohm.
Positive from Coil A is jumpered to the Negative of Coil B. The negative from Coil A and Positive of Coil B go out to your amp or another speaker like so:
You'll notice that the speaker is a dual 4 ohm voice coil sub, and wired in series. When wiring voice coils in series, take the impedance of the voice coils, these being 4, and double it. That'll give you your impedence. For this example, your impedence will be 8 ohm.
The most common dual voice configurations are dual 4 ohm and dual 2 ohm. A single dual 4 ohm sub can be wired to 8 ohm or 2 ohms. A single dual 2 ohm sub can be wired to 4 ohm or 1 ohm. Two dual 4 ohm subs can be wired to 4 ohm or 1 ohm, and two dual 2 ohm subs can be wired to 2 ohm or 1/2 ohm.
Amplifiers come in many shapes, sizes, colors, makes and brands. We'll do the most common ones. There are a few types. Class A/B amps are usually good for 2 ohm stereo or 1 ohm mono. Class D, X, Digital, etc... Are usually monoblocks and good for 2 ohms or less.
MAKE SURE TO CHECK WITH YOUR AMPLIFIER MANUFACTURER TO SEE WHAT LOADS YOU CAN OR CANNOT PUT ONTO YOUR AMP AND PROPER WIRING
Monoblocks are a 1 channel amp. Sometimes they have 2 sets of RCA's in, sometimes only one. Monoblocks are used primarily for subwoofers. These are your Class D, X, Digital, etc... amps. Most are good to 2 ohm. Some are good to 1 ohm, and very few are good to 1/4 amp. Some monoblocks are called High Current. They'll play with higher voltages to them, usually 14.4 volts.
Two Channel Amps:
These are a stereo amps, a left and a right channel. Most stereo amps are good for 2 ohms stereo, and most two channel amps can be bridged to play a subwoofer, and are usually good to 4 ohm.
Four Channel Amps:
Four channel amps are used to run 4 sets of speakers, usually front/rear. They have independent gains on the front and rear. Some 4 channel amps can be bridged to 3 channels or 2 channels. Some can do 2 ohm stereo, and those that can be bridged to 3 or 2 channels can usually run a 4 ohms.
Tuning your amps
The simplest and easiest way to get your amps tuned is to follow these simple instructions. Grab your digital multimeter and a calculator.
output = square root (watts * ohms)
First, take your amp's wattage at load. For example, let's say your amp does 300 watts rms at 4 ohm. That would be 1200. Take the square root of that and you'll get 34.64101615137755, so let's say 34.64. Take your multimeter and set it to AC
volts. Disconnect your speakers from the amplifier. Grab this file here - http://www.realmofexcursion.com/audio/testtones/20Hz_to_120Hz.mp3
- and burn it to a cd. Turn your eq's off, turn your volume to 3/4 of the way up, hook up your multimeter to the + and - of the speaker outputs and play the sine wave. Your peak voltage should hit at the beginning of the cd - adjust your gain till it reads the voltage you figured out earlier, then leave it. Hook your speakers back up, and your gain is set. Don't turn your volume up above this volume or else you'll clip.
Since your speaker outs are AC voltage, you have an AC wave, with a peak and a valley, usually symmetrical. When your signal is clipped, you'll have an extreme valley or peak, deadly for speakers.
Storage devices/Energy makers
Everyone gets the wrong idea about capacitors. THEY ARE NOT A BATTERY. They do store energy, but for car audio, they're used to fill valleys and level out peaks when you have a long bass note. They are used to clean the signal only.
Batteries, without them, your car won't start. Yellow top optimas and deep-cycle batteries are wonderful for car audio. They have higher storage than regular batteries, and they can be discharged and recharged safely. They are also a closed battery, and can safely be put inside a trunk without having fumes.
Our stock alternator puts out around 75 amps at an idle and 120 at around 2000 rpm. They do make higher output alternators but MAKE SURE YOU CHECK
and see what it puts out at an idle. Some will put out stock at an idle and make max at 3000 or 4000 rpm. Make sure the amperage is higher at an idle or else you could cook your alternator, battery, or both.
The BIG 3
This post here - http://www.j-body.org/forums/read.php?f=4&i=117446&t=113629#117446
- written by Wysiwig, is a wonderful resource on the Big 3. You'll notice less dim when the bass hits, quicker starting, and less strain on electrical devices.
This sums it up. If you should have any technical questions, myself, Wysiwig, Soundsgood, Lash, n8ball2013, cavi sedan ls, cavi in kc, unholysavage, and sweetnloud can help you out. If I forgot anything or anyone, I apologise. | <urn:uuid:df47bc73-7238-43dc-a19c-c70857a41d5a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.j-body.org/forums/read.php?f=4&i=118462&t=118462&p=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00352-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925635 | 1,471 | 3.578125 | 4 |
One of my Bastyr instructors was fond of saying “Chinese medicine isn’t just about the treatments. It’s about how you live your whole life.” This medical system was developed over many thousands of years of careful clinical observation and contains several key ideas about maintaining the health and well-being of the human body. These central concepts provide a set of guidelines that can be applied to numerous aspects of daily life. This may not be an exhaustive list, but here are a few of the most important of these foundational ideas.
Balance is Everything:
From the standpoint of Chinese Medicine, there are very few things that cannot become harmful if indulged in to excess. This includes thing that we generally view in a very positive light such as exercise and ‘good’ emotions such as joy and happiness. Periods of strenuous activity need to be balanced with rest. Stress needs to be offset by calm reflection. If one aspect of life becomes unsymmetrical, if it consumes too much of the body’s time, attention and resources then the groundwork is being laid for health issues further down the road. This doesn’t mean that we can or should walk around in a perpetual state of perfect tranquility. The human body is an amazing machine that can do almost anything we ask of it. The important thing is to pay your body back for services rendered in the currency of rest, recovery, care and good nutrition.
The Human Body is One Unit:
The ability of the body to heal any one of its parts is dependent on the health of the body as a whole. If you have a hurt shoulder, it will heal much faster in a healthy body than in an unhealthy one. Treatments that don’t acknowledge this interconnectedness are often guilty of merely masking the patient’s symptoms or, worse, shifting the burden of the disorder to another organ or system. By addressing the body as a whole it is possible to alleviate symptoms while at the same time boosting the body’s ability to heal itself or prevent the disease condition from progressing or recurring.
The Mind and the Body are One Unit:
Here in the West we owe much of our basic world view to the great philosophers of ancient Greece, men like Plato, Aristotle and Socrates. In their view, the relationship between the mind and the body was basically that of a master and his slave. The body was base, vulgar and bestial. The mind was noble, virtuous and idealistic. It was the job of the mind to subjugate the body, bend it to its will and force it to to do what the mind wanted. Science is discovering more and more, however, that this great divide between the body and the mind simply does not exist. The clarity and content of one’s thoughts depend a great deal on the health of the body. Conversely, our thoughts, feelings and emotions have a enormous impact on our overall state of health. These finding correspond nicely to the Chinese medical understanding of the mind and body as one integrated unit. Rather than being opponents battling for dominance the mind and body should be partners working together to produce an abundant life.
These concepts may seem basic, even commonsensical, but as you start bearing them in mind and trying to put them into practice you quickly realize the depth of understanding that underlies their apparent simplicity. | <urn:uuid:dcd589e2-8bb1-46be-a07d-5b37082d814a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://releafacupuncture.com/2013/10/traditional-chinese-medicine-the-big-ideas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530253.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421060341-20190421081246-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.963581 | 682 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A new report out of Cornell University could throw a monkey wrench into plans to increase use of natural gas in the United States. The report says that natural gas produced by high volume hydraulic fracturing has a higher greenhouse gas footprint than conventional gas, oil and coal production.
On Monday, The Hill released a summary of a report by Cornell researchers Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro and Anthony Ingraffea. While the report was embargoed until later in the week, the premature release of the information reveals some potentially damning findings for those advocating natural gas as a cleaner alternative to other domestic energy sources.
The report, titled "Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations," focuses on methane gas emissions produced by fracking wells. Fracking is a process used by natural gas companies to access previously inaccessible pockets of gas by injecting a mixture of water and chemicals deep into the ground at a high pressure. The Cornell study shows that methane levels resulting from fracking are much higher than most believed. “These methane emissions are at least 30 percent more than and perhaps more than twice as great as those from conventional gas. The higher emissions from shale gas occur at the time wells are hydraulically fractured — as methane escapes from flow-back return fluids,” according to the abstract of the report.
The abstract went on to compare the footprint of methane to the footprint left by other domestic energy sources. “The footprint for shale gas is greater than that for conventional gas or oil when viewed on any time horizon, but particularly so over 20 years. Compared to coal, the footprint of shale gas is at least 20 percent greater and perhaps more than twice as great on the 20-year horizon and is comparable when compared over 100 years.”
The timing of the premature release of this report is interesting. For one thing, increasing natural gas production has been a talking point for all sides of the political spectrum on Capitol Hill. President Obama has touted the use natural gas in recent speeches that focused on increasing the amount of energy produced in the United States. The report’s release also comes the day before the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee’s Subcommittee on Water and Wildlife is to hold a hearing entitled, Natural Gas Drilling: Public Health and Environmental Impacts. On Thursday, the House Science Committee had scheduled a hearing on hydraulic fracturing, but that hearing was abruptly canceled on Monday morning.
It will be interesting to see if the Cornell study is mentioned in the Senate hearing on Tuesday, and if so, what members of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee have to say about it. | <urn:uuid:d06bf3ce-3ca3-41a9-a79d-7e9ee8da4e0e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/blogs/report-methane-from-fracking-has-large-greenhouse-footprint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865595.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523102355-20180523122236-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.959093 | 533 | 3.21875 | 3 |
HIS 386L • History of Society in Modern Central Am
This course will explore the role that organized religion and popular religiosity have played in the formation of society, culture, and politics of Latin America. The readings and discussion will examine in detail the pervasive influence of the institutional Catholic Church. They will also investigate the impact that informal religious sectors--from cofradias to messianic movements to African beliefs--have had in the Latin American experience. Finally, the course will examine important shifts in traditional Latin American religiosity that have taken place in the twentieth century, including the emergence of liberation theology, and the growing influence of non-Catholic movements. | <urn:uuid:10427a5c-5616-4378-acbc-2dc720e47fbb> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/courses/archive/10396 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00195-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905273 | 132 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Floating wetlands essentially are container gardens that float on the surface of ponds and lakes. Using flowering plants that are native to South Carolina’s wetlands, floating wetlands have the remarkable ability to manage water pollution and improve the appearance of the waterbody. As a result, they have tremendous potential for use in residential stormwater ponds which are managed not only to protect water quality but also to be attractive landscape features that enhance property values in the community. Floating wetlands can help manage excessive weed growth, algae blooms, and fish kills all the while adding value to the community by improving the look of ponds.
How Do They Work?
A floating wetland is supported by a plastic and foam matrix that floats. Native wetland plants grow through this matrix with their roots suspended in the water. The plants absorb excess nutrients that could otherwise lead to aquatic weed growth, harmful algae blooms, and fish kills. These are common challenges in stormwater ponds because excess nutrients commonly come from lawn fertilizers, animal wastes, car wash soaps and other sources in the community. Floating wetlands also provide habitat for the beneficial microbes that feed on disease-causing bacteria and viruses. In addition to improving water quality, floating wetlands provide many other benefits including:
- food and shelter for fish, frogs, and invertebrates;
- shading which reduces water temperatures and submerged weed growth;
- carbon sequestering and removal of heavy metals;
- habitat for butterflies and song birds;
- reduction of wave energy.
The Garden You Will Not Have To Water!
Floating wetlands provide several water quality benefits, but they also are very attractive. They support many plants that have showy flowers and dramatic foliage. For the avid gardener, floating wetlands provide a new garden habitat which allows them to explore a new palette of plants. For those with less gardening experience, floating wetlands provide a low maintenance, easy to grow container garden that will not need to be watered.
Floating wetlands require very little maintenance compared to traditional landscaping. Once per year just before the springtime (January/February), the crowns of the plants should be cut and removed to prevent the decaying plant material from falling in the water and to encourage vigorous growth in the spring. Cut vegetation should be composted or otherwise disposed of and not placed in the water. Harvesting the plant material removes the nutrients that the plants captured from the water. Pesticides should not be applied to floating wetlands. If unwanted weeds take root in the floating wetland, they may need to be pulled by hand. Floating wetlands should remain in the water year-round. After several years, plants may become crowded and need to be divided to allow for new growth.
There are many very attractive plants that are suitable for floating wetlands. For best results and low maintenance, use perennial plants that are native to South Carolina wetlands and avoid trees and large shrubs. Native plants suitable for floating wetlands include the following:
Pickerelweed, Pontederia cordata
Arrowheads, Sagittaria latifolia or Sagittaria lancifolia
Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginicus
Lizard’s Tail, Saururus cernuus
Alligator Flag, Thalia geniculata*
Golden Canna, Canna flaccida*
White Star Sedge, Dichromena colorata*
Soft Rush, Juncus effuses
Bulrush, Scirpus spp.*
Louisiana, Iris Iris (hexagonae group)
Blue Flag Iris, Iris virginica
Yellow Flag Iris, Iris pseudocoris
Spider Lily, Hymenocallis palmeri
Mallow Hibiscus, Hibiscus moscheutos*
Swamp Sunflower, Helianthus angustifolius*
Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis
Bog Lily, Crinum americanum
River Oats, Chasmanthium latifolium*
Virginia Sweetspire, Itea virginica*
Carolina Bacopa, Bacopa caroliniana
Shade Mudflower, Micranthemum umberosum
Ducks and geese may graze on floating wetlands. In waters that have large populations of waterfowl, consider planting duck-resistant plants. Each duck-resistant plant is marked with an asterisk (*). Also, consider planting several small containers rather than one large garden. Ducks and geese are unable to climb onto small floating wetlands because they tip and wobble.
Many other plants will grow well in floating wetlands, but it is best to avoid plants that are not in this list because they may become invasive, especially illegal plants that are on the South Carolina Noxious Aquatic Plant list (www.dnr.sc.gov/invasiveweeds). | <urn:uuid:7c8c1fc2-5a64-4605-a061-ad2e3a7b37a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/floating-wetlands-container-gardens-for-your-pond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.90387 | 996 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Data Strategy defines a set of choices and actions that, together, define a high-level course of action to achieve high-level goals. It involves business plans to use knowledge to a competitive advantage to support business objectives. A Data Strategy requires an understanding of the data needs inherent in the Business Strategy.
Like many other terms, “data strategy” has several synonyms in data management. They include but are not limited to business data strategy, business data management strategy, information management strategy, business information management strategy, information strategic plan. All these terms refer to the same concept of a single, enterprise plan for the use of organizational data as an essential asset for strategic and operational decision-making. A data strategy defines the approach that the enterprise will take to manage and use its data and information to achieve its business and technology goals and to realize a competitive advantage using this asset. The concept behind designing an information strategy is to ensure that all services are placed in such a manner that they can be accessed, exchanged and distributed easily and efficiently.
Data is no longer a by-product of business processing – it is a critical asset that enables processing and decision-making. A data strategy helps to ensure that data is managed and used as an asset. It sets out a common set of objectives and objectives across projects to ensure that data is used both efficiently and effectively. The Data Strategy sets out common methods, practices, and processes for managing, manipulating and sharing data across the enterprise in a repeatable manner.
Strategic data Management is a methodology that fits within the general information engineering umbrella, addressing two critical phases of information engineering: organizational analysis, and the strategy-to-requirements transformation. When businesses experience digital transformation (DX), they are shifting toward new business models that identify information as a key strategic tool to control apps and drive business decisions. To do that, it is important to turn the data that companies generate and maintain into a strategic capital asset referred to as ‘data assets’. Modern information technology (IT) systems and workloads are not designed to drive the development of data resources. The size of data that must be collected, processed, secured and made available for use, as well as the demands of next-generation applications (NGAs) that IT companies are creating to drive software resource growth, goes beyond the capability of conventional systems in the areas of efficiency, scalability, reliability, mobility, and manageability.
Moving to data-centric business models is designed to enable organizations to turn their data into data capital. According to the more rigorous efficiency, scalability, reliability, mobility and governance criteria of the information-centric paradigm, these organizations will modernize their processing and data protection architecture through the IT transformation process. Most large organizations now consider that, although they can obtain data from multiple divisions, the lack of logical software alignment through information systems makes it difficult or impractical to address cross-functional or cross-divisional questions. This through their ability to take advantage of potential opportunities or to react to market challenges. To overcome this challenge Strategic Data Management and planning are used. It is a formalized, top-down, data-centric design methodology that constructs an organizational structure, its roles, structures, and underlying data as a framework for defining and integrating an interconnected collection of information systems that addresses business needs.
A well-defined data strategy can help you achieve the following:
- Align all aspects of the enterprise to a single-minded “information” target that everyone recognizes.
- Serve as a focal point for individuals to connect with the purpose and direction of an agency.
- Direct daily activities by delivering a constant, clear message as to what is relevant.
- Determine priorities and encourage decision-making.
- Establish the guiding principles by which data is operated.
- The purpose of the data efforts to external stakeholders is clarified.
- Articulate that people are going to and will not spend time.
- Provide a basis, or standard, for allocating organizational resources.
- Facilitate the translation of strategic objectives into organization structure, capabilities, team organization, team composition, and work processes around data.
Many organizations have already engaged in data management programs across different components; sadly, the different areas are not typically organized or synchronized. Data management issues for the company demonstrate how the absence of a Data Strategy can cause significant difficulties in obtaining and using information. A Data strategy provides insight into the connection of each of the elements (or disciplines) to each other. If you’re not organizing the different component tasks, you risk providing a lot of point approaches that can’t work together.
The Power of the Data strategy elements is that they allow you to identify a specific, concrete target in each field of discipline. Taking into account, a feasible Data Strategy begins with identifying the strengths and weaknesses that exist within a Data environment and identify a workable and measurable set of goals which will improve Data access and sharing. The value of a Data strategy is to deliver the best possible solution according to the changes in the organization’s requirements. Data Strategy plan is a road map and a way to meet all existing and future data management needs.
Data Management vs. Data Strategy
As per the Management Book of Knowledge 2.0 (DMBOK2), Data Management is: “The development, execution, and supervision of plans, policies, programs, and practices that deliver, control, protect, and enhance the value of data and information assets throughout their lifecycles.”
As per the DMBOK2, Data Strategy is: “Typically, a Data Strategy requires a supporting Data Management program strategy – a plan for maintaining and improving the quality of data, data integrity, access, and security while mitigating known and implied risks. The strategy must also address known challenges related to Data Management.”
A Framework for Understanding Data Management vs. Data Strategy Needs
Donna Burbank presented a five-level model designed to help her clients understand the relationship between strategic planning and data management, as well as explaining areas where the enterprise may need to evolve to use data strategically and efficiently as possible, as shown in the figure below.
A framework will allow an organization to identify gaps in key areas that need to be resolved before going ahead. The trick, Burbank says, is to find the easiest thing to do with the greatest benefit, which will be different for each organization.
Level 1: “Top Down” Alignment with Business Priorities: Data Strategy
At this level Business Strategies are aligned with Data Strategies.
Level 2: Managing the People, Process, Policies, and Culture Around Data: Data Governance
Data Governance provides a framework for managing people, systems, strategies and information culture. The sophistication of an enterprise at this stage – or lack thereof – will decide the opportunities you have for utilizing the Data strategically, as well as the timeframe for putting it into practice.
Level 3: Leveraging and Managing Data for Strategic Advantage
Level 4: Coordinating and Integrating Disparate Data Sources
Data Integration comes many different questions that need to be asked and answered: Where are all those data sources? What is the inventory of all those sources we need about our customers? How do we know where it is and where it should be? How do we integrate all the different formats? How do we understand it and get the lineage through metadata?
Level 5: “Bottom-Up” Management and Inventory of Data Sources
Relational databases, Big Data, unstructured data, XML, documents, voice, and media, so how do you make sense of that? These disparate sources can be used to inform Business Strategy.
Components of a Data Strategy
To be successful, a data strategy must involve each of the different disciplines within the framework of data management. The data strategy must address data storage, but it must also take into account how data is identified, accessed, shared, understood and used. Only then will it resolve the problems related to making information available and functional so that it can help today’s multitude of storage and decision-making practices.
There are five core components of a data strategy that work as building blocks to comprehensively support data management across an organization:
One of the most basic building blocks for the use and exchange of information within an organization is the creation of a way for defining and describing the material. The storage and processing of information, whether structured or unstructured, is not possible unless the data value has a name, a fixed format and a meaning representation (even unstructured data has such details). Such information should be regardless of how the data is stored It is also important to have a reference and access method for your data metadata. Consolidating business terminology and meaning into a business data glossary is a common way to address part of the challenge.
Most of the organizations have advanced methods for identifying and managing the storage needs of Data, each system receives sufficient storage to support its processing demands.
The bulk of companies use sophisticated methods to schedule resources and assign space for different systems. Unfortunately, this approach reflects only the “data creation” perspective. It does not cover the sharing and use of data.
The flaw in this strategy is that there is never a framework for efficient storage management required to transfer and pass information between systems. The reason is simple, the most obvious exchange of information in the IT environment is transactional in nature.
Most of the information which is shared between two organizations fall into two categories: internally created data and externally created content. The absence of a structured data sharing mechanism usually requires all organizations to handle this area independently, so that everyone generates their own version of the origin.
When companies have developed and information holdings have increased, it has become apparent that holding all data at a single location is not feasible. It’s not that we can’t build a platform that’s large enough to hold the information. The key is to make sure that there is a reliable way to store all the information that has been generated in such a manner that it can be easily accessed and distributed.
When information is generated, it will be exchanged with a variety of other systems; it is important to approach space effectively in a manner that simplifies access. A good data policy would ensure that any content generated is available for future use without forcing every one to produce their own copies.
Most of the application systems have been built as individual, independent data processing engines containing all the data necessary for the performance of their defined tasks. The Data was packed and stored for the convenience of the application that gathered, generated and stored the material.
Data sharing is no longer a specialist technological function to be tackled by system designers and programmers. It has become a business need for growth.
Businesses are dependent on the sharing and distribution of data to support both operational and analytical needs. Information exchange cannot be handled as a courtesy; the processing and data sharing process cannot be viewed as a one-off necessity.
If the Data of an organization is actually a business property, then all data must be bundled and ready for sharing. In order to treat data as an opportunity instead of a strain on enterprise, a strategic plan must approach information provisioning as a standard business procedure.
Process is the component of a data strategy that addresses the activities required to evolve data from a raw ingredient into a finished good.
It is normal for companies to set up a hierarchical information purification, standardization, conversion and implementation department for the data warehouse. Sadly, most people have learned that this method of storage is not exclusive to a data warehouse. Many data users need ready-to-use information–so that these customers end up taking part in the development effort themselves. Developing a code for defining and matching documents across these different sources can be quite complicated, particularly when some systems need information from different sources.
While most organizations have programs to tackle data reuse and integration in application development, they have not based their emphasis on providing information that is ready to be used and facilitates recycling and recycle. It is not feasible (or appropriate) for data users to become programmers. Having information available for use is about providing resources and creating mechanisms to produce information which people can use –without the intervention of an organization.
Few companies have fully developed the strategies and processes required for handling information outside the scope of the program and across the enterprise. While many have started engaging in information management programs, others are still in the early stages of their respective initiatives.
When governance knowledge increases and data sharing and use concerns become more apparent, governance programs also expand in reach.
As these programs grow, organizations that create a collection of information policies, rules and methods to ensure consistent usage, use, and management of data.
Efficient data governance ensures that data is managed, manipulated and accessed consistently, whether it is for the determination of security details, data correction logic, data naming standards or even for the establishment of new data rules. Decisions on how information is stored, exploited or distributed are not taken by an independent developer; they are laid down in the rules and policies of data governance.
It should not be surprising that data governance must be included in a data strategy. It is simply impractical to step ahead–without an organized management strategy–in drawing up a plan and a road map to tackle all the aspects in which data is collected, processed, handled and used. Information management provides the necessary rigor over the quality of the information when changes occur in the areas of technology, storage, and practice involved with the information strategy initiative. | <urn:uuid:41e4e58a-cb59-444f-a87d-b97570179482> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.mbaknol.com/information-systems-management/what-is-data-strategy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.928779 | 2,783 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi hardware. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your Raspberry Pi run. However, Raspbian provides more than a pure OS: it comes with over 35,000 packages, pre-compiled software bundled in a nice format for easy installation on your Raspberry Pi.
The initial build of over 35,000 Raspbian packages, optimized for best performance on the Raspberry Pi, was completed in June of 2012. However, Raspbian is still under active development with an emphasis on improving the stability and performance of as many Debian packages as possible.
Download images from here – http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/
Click below on my latest Linux based videos.
- What is sudo?
- Video Splash Screen
- Network Attached Storage
- How to put your Pi Online
- Serial Console Server
- How to update your Raspberry Pi
- Two Factor authentication (SSH)
- What is SSH
- FTP server
- Installing MySQL and LAMP
- How to backup your Raspberry Pi
- Installing php
- Installing Apache web server
- Installing software (apt-get)
- Installing VNC server
- Mounting devices and transferring files
- How to change the Message of the day
- Changing your password
- Changing the system hostname
- Very basic and useful commands
- How to view your Raspberry pi system’s information
- Raspberry Pi – Enabling SSH on Debian | <urn:uuid:92a81c4b-0a2f-49d5-88e3-ee3f575b25f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.pibeginners.com/linux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215001700-20171215021700-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.878042 | 322 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Too much sodium assaults the heart. To function properly, the average adult only needs to consume a small amount of the nutrient every day – about 2,300 mg of sodium, the equivalent of one teaspoon of salt. Over time, too much sodium can lead to a host of medical issues, including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and kidney disease.
“On average, Americans eat too much sodium every day,” says Deborah D. Price, DO, FACOI, chair of Internal Medicine at Saint Francis Medical Center. “Cutting back on table salt is good, but cutting back on fast food and other junk food – with their unhealthy amounts of sodium – is even better for reducing your daily intake and improving your cardiovascular health. I recommend a reduction or elimination of salt in cooking and on the table. Other seasonings may be used to add flavor to foods. To avoid sodium, eat fresh food and be sure to read labels.”
For more information, visit www.sfmc.net/dev-2015 or call 573-331-3996. | <urn:uuid:5190f767-e3a8-47c7-b162-c6e80fc76078> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.sfmc.net/health-page/high-salt-diet-harms-the-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717959.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00441-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918592 | 221 | 3.15625 | 3 |
save the Blue Tier
blue tier, tasmania: lichens
Random image of Blue Tier lichens
Lichens consist of a symbiotic partnership between an alga (the photobiont component capable of photosynthesis) and a fungus (the mycobiont partner providing a home for the alga as well as contributing the mineral nutrients required for the partnership). OSU has a wonderfully clear presentation of lichens for beginners.
Multiplication is usually vegetative but the fungal component has a spore dispersal mechanism, and presumably a sexual stage as well. From this it stands to reason that at some stage the associated alga cells are capable of surviving independently, at least for a short period, until they form a partnership with the fungus.
Given the close relationship between lichens and fungi it should come as no surprise that some fungi are in fact fruiting bodes of the composite lichen, e.g. the Omphalina genus, and others bear a striking resemblance to common fungi, e.g. Dibaeis arcuata.
Although prolific, lichens do not form a major component of the landscape on the Blue Tier but in the bleak climate of the Artic circle it is the dominant vegetation and provides the main food of caribou and other grazers.
While lichens seem to establish nearly everywhere they possibly can, even on sheer rock faces, one of the better places to view the diversity of foliose lichens is in the myrtle forest near Sun Flats. It is particularly rich because of the high incidence of sunlight on the peripehery of the forest proper.
We have made no great attempt to identify all the lichens found on the Blue Tier - their sheer numbers is rather overwhelming, and beyond our very modest abilities. What we provide here are images of some of the most common and easily identified species as well as a number of unidentified species to showcase the sheer diversity to be found. Literature cited below is highly recommended for anyone interested in persuing the subject further.
For convenience lichens are commonly divided into several
categories based on the growth form - this has no bearing on the
taxonomic relationship. They are:
crustose - forming thin 'skins' tightly adhering to rocks and vegetation;
foliose - forming leaf-like layers;
fruticose - forming clumps;
byssoid - filamentous.
Crustose - thumbnails
Foliose - thumbnails
- Hypogymnia tasmanica
- Pseudocyphellaria billardierei
- Pseudocyphellaria coronata
- Pseudocyphellaria rubella
- Parmelia sp.
- Peltigera sp.
Fruticose - thumbnails
- Bunodophoron australe
- Cladia aggregata
- Cladia retipora
- Cladina confusa
- Cladonia corniculata
- Cladonia pleurota
- Cladonia ramulosa
- Cladonia sp. 1
- Cladonia sp. 2
- Cladonia sp. 3
- Lefidium tenerum
- Stereocaulon ramulosum
- Usnea onocodes
- Usnea sp.
- Kantvilas, G & Jarman, S J, Lichens of Rainforest in Tasmania and South-eastern Australia, CSIRO Publishing, 224 pages, color illustrations, January 1999 ISBN 978 0 642 56802 1
- Australian National Botanic Gardens has a new section on lichens
- New York Botanical Garden provides a good introduction to the subject and provides a number of useful links
- Australian Biological Resources Study maintains a checklist of lichens but we have not found it particularly useful for beginners.
Page URL: http://www.bluetier.org/nature/lichens.htm | <urn:uuid:e854a60b-88d4-403a-9377-7a5ac1c415cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.bluetier.org/nature/lichens.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172156.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00533-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869683 | 814 | 3.15625 | 3 |
by Demetrios Vassiliou and Mary Mercer
When this article was written in October 1997, Demetrios Vassiliou was Director of Outreach, Training, and Technical Assistance at the Minot State University Center for Persons with Disabilities. Mary Mercer was the Project Manager for the Community Staff Training Program. She is now the Community Staff Training Project Director.
North Dakota has a landmass of 70,665 square miles and a population of approximately 625,000 with a population density of nine persons per square mile. Distances between cities are vast. Community centered facilities providing services to persons with developmental disabilities are scattered throughout the state. This training program is a model that uniquely meets the needs of rural states. Using a circuit rider approach, technical assistance is provided to the designated regional trainers who work with provider staff dispersed throughout the state. The training program, with its career ladder options, is available and accessible to every community-based agency and every employee providing services to individuals with developmental disabilities in North Dakota.
Historically, individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities have been separated from the main stream of community life. They were often restricted in their personal freedoms and segregated in institutions without adequate treatment, education, habilitation, or medical care. At the turn of the century in North Dakota, institutions were built to protect individuals with disabilities and to alleviate the burden for their families. Although those institutions were built with the best intent, they gradually became the only service option available for individuals with mental retardation. By 1966, the population at Grafton State School and its San Haven satellite had reached an all-time high of 1400 residents. By the late 70s, North Dakota had institutionalized more persons per capita and spent less on institutional services than any other state in the nation.
In 1980, the North Dakota Association of Retarded Citizens filed a suit against state officials enumerating deficiencies in services to the state's citizens with mental retardation. In the years that have followed, hundreds of residents have moved from the Grafton State School and San Haven State Hospital to community programs located all over the state. It is this transfer of residents from the large institutional settings to smaller facilities in the local communities that has dramaticallyincreased the need for qualified and specialized direct service staff to provide programming in the areas of domestic, vocational, recreational, behavior management, and other skills.
In June 1982, the Department of Human Services began actively to pursue the development of a statewide training system for direct service staff working in community facilities serving individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities. One of the first activities undertaken in developing the Community Staff Training Program was to identify a competency-based training program consisting of self-contained instructional modules that would address the skills and knowledge necessary for direct service staff. After reviewing several training programs, the Kellogg Model Curriculum based on the Value-Based Skill Training Curriculum for Community-Based Mental Retardation Programs developed at the Meyer Children's Rehabilitation Institute at the University of Nebraska Medical Center was selected as the most appropriate vehicle for training.
The training program was initially federally funded for a period of 18 months. When the federal funding ended, the Department of Human Services continued its funding and contracted with Minot State University to implement it.
While similar training programs have come and gone, the North Dakota Community Staff Training Program continues to grow, adapt, and adjust to the ever-changing demands and needs of people with disabilities and those who serve them. Critical to the programâs success has been the collaborative relationships among the Department of Human Services, Minot State University, and community provider agencies.
Each of the three entities involved has well-defined objectives and responsibilities regarding the implementation of the training program. The Department of Human Services contracts with Minot State University and provides funding for the administration of the program. A person from the Department of Human Services is appointed to act as a liaison with Minot State University and community providers. The liaison attends the quarterly DD regional trainersâ meetings and provides feedback to the participants. The Department of Human Services reimburses the community agencies for the salaries of their trainer(s) and pays for printing expenses of curriculum materials and staff time spent in training activities (50 hours per year).
The North Dakota Center for Persons with Disabilities (NDCPD), a University Affiliated Program (UAP) at Minot State University (MSU), the second partner in the training endeavor, occupies a unique position in the state of North Dakota. It works very closely with allied disciplines within the university, as well as with other state agencies and organizations providing services and promoting the interests of people with disabilities. MSU with its UAP and its very strong Special Education programs provides training to trainers and on-site technical assistance. It performs needs assessments, conducts research, and develops training curricula, training videotapes, and other training materials. It maintains the centralized record-keeping system, issues degrees and certificates, and disseminates training materials to agencies and individuals serving individuals with developmental disabilities.
North Dakota community-based agencies make up the third entity in the statewide training program partnership. They hire regional trainers who are responsible for the staff development in each location. Salaries for these trainers are included in the funding provided to them by the Department of Human Services. These state-certified regional trainers are linked to the University and have helped the system remain accountable to changing agency needs. They keep training records and assist MSU staff in surveys and assessments and provide feedback for curriculum development and revision. In addition, they serve on management teams and participate in committees within the local agency.
Staff trainers are responsible for preparing, providing, and/or conducting instructional inservice programs and other training activities for personnel within the agency they serve. Trainers utilize other experts within or out of the agency to train their staff and they schedule training according to the needs of individual staff. The curriculum is designed to allow for the use of a variety of training options, techniques, and methods (i.e., self-instruction, group instruction, and on-the-job training). The option to test-out is made available to staff with previous training/expertise in specific areas.
Individuals selected for the trainer's position must possess a bachelorâs degree or advanced degree in a related field, preferably special education, psychology, social work, or nursing. Teaching and work experience in the area of developmental disabilities are among the criteria considered for selection.
Trainers meet on a quarterly basis to discuss issues and problems related to the statewide training program. In addition, to the routine agenda items related to program mechanics, "Train the Trainer" sessions, workshops, and informational presentations are conducted. This is a good opportunity for the trainers to get acquainted, exchange views and information, and share ideas, questions and concerns regarding training practices.
This network of trainers provides input in curriculum development and revisions that reflect the ever-changing needs of community providers. Since the inception of the training program in July of 1983, the initial Kellogg Curriculum has been expanded and modified resulting in a very comprehensive training program consisting of 37 training modules covering a range of training competencies. Direct input by agency representatives ensures commitment to the future of the statewide training program.
The North Dakota Community Staff Training Program has been structured in such a way as to provide career ladder growth opportunities to direct service staff who have the desire and willingness to develop professionally. Seven levels of competency-based training are recognized in the mental retardation/developmental disabilities system. These are:
Level I: Orientation Training:
Community Service Providers are to provide in-service training to full-time direct service staff, prior to the staff membersâ assuming direct responsibility for the individuals they serve. Although not required, the agency is encouraged to consider this requirement in whole or in part for direct service staff who are part-time or relief.
Level II: Position-Based Competency:
Position-Based Competency is required of all positions in agencies serving individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities. The executive director in cooperation with the staff trainer, must develop job descriptions for each position, stating the competencies necessary for an individual to fulfill the responsibilities of the position.
Level III: Certificate of Completion:
This is issued to staff members who successfully meet the competencies established for the certificate by the Department of Human Services. It requires successful completion of nine core modules, five elective modules, and a course of supervised field experiences. The agency selects electives from the curriculum based on a staff memberâs specific job responsibilities.
Level IV: Advanced Certification:
Staff members of agency organizations who have already acquired the certificate of completion have the option to pursue the advanced certification program. It consists of ten additional modules dealing with a variety of training issues including aging, communication, leisure, behavior management, traumatic brain injury, and basic health. Staff members who successfully complete the advanced certification requirements are issued an additional certificate.
Level V: Associate of Arts in DD
: MSU will award this degree upon satisfactory completion of the designated 27 semester hours of developmental disabilities coursework and 38 semester hours of general education coursework. The A.A. degree coursework is available only to personnel employed in approved residential and day programs serving persons with mental retardation/developmental disabilities.
Level VI: Bachelor of Science in Mental Retardation (Non-Teaching)
Those who desire to pursue this degree after completion of the Associate of Arts degree in Developmental Disabilities must confirm with MSU their intent to attend the university and earn it.
Level VII: Master of Science in Special Education
: Individuals may earn this degree at MSU after successful completion of a graduate course of study in the Severely Multi-Handicapped.
Developmental Disabilities Modules/Coursework
Following is a listing of the developmental disabilities modules/ coursework. Core modules are identified by one asterisk (*) and elective modules are identified by two asterisks (**) in the list which follows. Staff must complete practica that correspond to the core and elective modules submitted for their certification. All modules listed under the Sp.Ed. three-digit headings are the module content requirements for the Minot State University Associate of Arts degree coursework in Developmental Disabilities.
Sp.Ed.101 Introduction to DD Services (3SH)
*895.39 Supporting Individuals with Disabilities in the Community
*895.03 Legal Issues and Developmental Disabilities
*895.40 Team Planning
*895.41 Working with Families OR
*895.42 Job Coach Training Manual
Sp.Ed.111 Health Care in DD I (3SH)
*895.06 Medications Training
*895.07 CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
*895.08 First Aid
**895.45 Nutrition OR
**895.46 Sexuality and DD
**895.47 Oral Hygiene & Dental Care
**895.48 Control of Infection and Communicable Disease
**895.49 Signs and Symptoms of Illness
**895.50 Nurse Assistant Training
Sp.Ed.112 Health Care in DD II (2 SH)
**895.11 Positioning, Turning and Transferring
Sp.Ed.120 Introduction to Behavior Management(3SH)
**895.51 Introduction to Behavior Management
**895.51 Principles of Behavior and Basic Behavior Intervention Procedures
**895.52 Designing and Implementing BehaviorIntervention Programs
**895.15 Writing Behavioral Objectives and Measuring Behavior
Sp.Ed.130 Organization of Leisure (1SH)
**895.19 Recreation and Leisure Training
Sp.Ed.140 Human Development (2 SH)
**895.21 Human Development (Condensed Version)
**895.22 Human Development I
**895.23 Human Development II
Sp.Ed.221 Techniques of Behavior Management (2SH)
**895.55 Assessment and Setting Goals
*895.18 Achieving Goals
Sp.Ed.225 Assisting People with Traumatic Brain Injury & their Families (2SH)
**895.56 Assisting People with Traumatic Brain Injury and their Families
**895.57 Beyond Brain Injury: A Manual for Supported Employment Providers
Sp.Ed.250 Developing Communicative Interaction (2SH)
**895.24 The Framework of Interaction and Communication
**895.25 Recognizing and Responding to the Many Forms of Communication
**895.26 Increasing Understanding
**895.27 Increasing Communication
Sp.Ed.255 Aging and DD (3 SH)
**895.28 Introduction and Overview
**895.29 Medical and Health Issues
**895.30 Transitions and Social Adjustment
**895.31 Legal Issues
**895.32 Issues in Service Coordination
Sp.Ed.222 Supervised Field Experience in DD (4 SH)
*I Individual Program Plans
*II Medication Documentation and Storage
*III Administration of Medications
**IV Positioning, Turning and Transferring
*V Seizure Activity Documentation
**VI ABC Recording
**VII Frequency Recording
**VIII Writing Objectives
*IX Strengthening/Decreasing a Behavior
*X Individualized Instruction, etc.
** Aging and Developmental Disabilities
Compensation For Training Activities
Inservice training must be offered on a flexible schedule and at times that meet the needs of staff. The amount of reimbursable training time allotted to a full-time direct service staff is one hour during the normal work week schedule, which is to be matched by one hour outside the normally scheduled work hours. Successful completion of all modules that are required to attain certificate of completion described earlier qualifies professional and direct service staff for up to a 5% salary increase. Successful completion of an Associate of Arts degree when attained by previously non-degree direct service staff qualifies for a 7% salary increase. These allowances are not mutually exclusive. A staff member may qualify for the 5% increase and subsequently qualify for the additional 7% increase
MSU organizes at least six workshops and a number of state and international conferences to meet additional training needs of direct and other developmental disability personnel as well as primary and secondary consumers. All workshops provide the opportunity to participants to enroll for Continuing Education Units (CEUs). Some workshops may offer undergraduate and graduate credit.
Audio-Visual Media Library
MSU's Department of Developmental Disabilities maintains a central audio-visual media library equipped with a variety of videocassettes appropriate for training. Staff trainers may request to borrow and use them in their training activities.
Centralized Data System
The Community Staff Training Program maintains a computerized database of training activities for every staff member participating in the training program. Staff trainers keep their own computerized data system as well.
Staff turnover appears to be a chronic problem for agencies/organizations serving individuals with developmental disabilities. Surveys of administrators of institutional and community facilities indicate that the recruitment and retention of direct service staff members are considered to be major concerns (Vassiliou, D., & Askvig, B.,1991). A high turnover rate significantly affects the availability of training staff and the costs of training for agencies and the state-funding source. North Dakota is clearly part of this national problem.
Vassiliou and Ferrara (1997) reported a 54% turnover rate in their study of staff (N=610) employed by twenty North Dakota agencies providing services to people with disabilities. There was, however, a considerable variability across categories and positions. Among administrative staff, the turnover rate was 10%. There was a great discrepancy between the rates for full-time (31%) and part-time direct service staff (88%). Part-time employees constitute 46% of the total workforce.
Wages were found to be significant predictor of staff turnover for all employee groups. There was a significant (p<.01) relationship between certification training and length of employment. The average length of employment for certified staff was 69 months versus 25 months for non-certified staff. The number of resignations varied throughout the year. The smallest number of employees (70) resigned in December and the largest number (120) resigned in June. This could be attributed to the large number of students who are part-time employees who leave when classes are over.
It appears that people who leave their jobs are divided into three groups with different characteristics:
Student employees are a temporary work force and will leave regardless of wages, unless they choose the DD services as a profession.
A second group of employees are those for whom DD service work is a job of last resort. These individuals are not particularly interested in the work and they leave when another position becomes available.
The third group of employees enjoys the work, likes their co-workers and the people with whom they work, but are forced out of DD services because of a mediocre salary.Ê Working at the community facility simply becomes a luxury they can no longer afford.
Agencies need to be cognizant of these employee differences.Ê Studentsâ turnover is predictable and agencies must weigh the benefits versus longevity. Turnover rate among less interested employees is healthy.Ê Better screening procedures may reduce the turnover associated with this group. On the other hand, losing dedicated and interested employees is detrimental to the agency and the consumer. Administrators must provide salaries and benefits that are high enough to allow them to continue their employment with the community facilities.
Fourteen years have past since the initiation of the North Dakota Community Staff Training Program. Since 1983, the training program has experienced a steady growth, maturing and evolving to keep pace with the expansion and training needs of the stateâs community-based programs and services. Using a career ladder approach, over 18,000 staff from agencies across the state has received training. Exactly 3,160 individuals have completed certification requirements since the programâs inception. Approximately 100 individuals have successfully completed the Associate of Arts degree in Developmental Disabilities. Some trainees continued their studies and graduated with a bachelors and a masters degree in Special Education/Developmental Disabilities.
Survey of graduates: Twenty-one individuals who completed the requirements for the Associate of Arts degree in Developmental Disabilities were surveyed (1994). Some of the questions and answers are listed below:
- Why did you choose to pursue the Associate of Arts degree in Developmental Disabilities?
- The opportunity was so convenient that I felt I could not pass it up.
- Having the classes offered right at my place of employment was really a big incentive.
- The price per credit was so low it was irresistible.
- It was a wonderful opportunity to get a degree. Many businesses do not offer this. I thought it would increase my chances to advance my career in this agency.
- The training helped me as a case manager. It provided very good practical information. It updated my previous coursework and made my knowledge more current and accurate.
- It made me more qualified in the field.
- I did not have to drive a long distance.
- It was a validation of my 12 years of experience in the field of Developmental Disabilities.
- It increased my knowledge and improved my job performance.
- How did the degree help you in your profession?It allowed me to keep my job.
- The training applied directly to the daily requirements of my job.
- It gave me skills to assist the population I serve and confidence to pursue a higher degree.
- The education has been very valuable.
- I've been assigned more job responsibilities.
- It provided me with a good foundation and I have been given several promotions since I completed the Associate of Arts degree.
- It opened the door to three different jobs in three different cities in the state.
- The training program made me better prepared to work in programs providing services to people with disabilities than training I have received in the state where I now work. I wish they had the same program in this state.
- I got hooked on increasing my educational base. I eventually completed an endorsement in regular education, and earned a Masters Degree.
- The career ladder approach encourages staff members to learn more about their jobs.
- As staff members achieved higher levels of training, I witnessed a growth in self-esteem. They began setting goals for themselves and believed that they could learn and grow.
Marilyn Jensen is the Chief Executive Officer of Knife River Group Homes, Inc. in Hazen, North Dakota. This is an eight bed congregate care home for elderly people with developmental disabilities. When Marilyn began working as a direct care worker for Knife River Group Homes, in 1985, she was realizing a long forgotten dream of working with people with disabilities. After completing her certification in Developmental Disabilities, her family encouraged her to continue studying and complete the composite tests for college credit. She attended classes on weekends, summers, and evenings for the general education credits required and Marilyn became one of approximately 100 individuals who have successfully completed the Associate of Arts degree in DD. Over the next few years she continued to take classes here and there as they fit into her family and work schedule. In May of 1996, Marilyn graduated from MSU with a Bachelor in Social Work. Marilynâs own words: 'For the first time in my life, I feel like I am somebody, and I know it would not have happened if it had not been for the statewide training program offered by Minot State University. It was so accommodating'.
Dora Cowell began her work with children with developmental disabilities as a co-owner of a daycare in a small rural community in southwestern North Dakota.
As a substitute direct service worker for a local developmental disabilities provider, she became involved in the statewide training program. 'The training offered by Able Inc., an agency providing services to people with disabilities, allowed me to work at my own pace and gave me a variety of basic information that provided a solid beginning in the area of Special Education.' Dora ultimately devoted a year to pursuing her Bachelors Degree in Special Education and now teaches Special Education. She is enrolled in a graduate program at MSU seeking a Masters Degree in Learning Disabilities.
In the past 15 years North Dakota has experienced rapid and dramatic changes in the way it treats its citizens with mental retardation/ developmental disabilities. Since 1982, hundreds of individuals with mental retardation, who were residing in the state institutions, moved to communities throughout the state. Group homes, indiidualized apartments, employment opportunities, and rehabilitation services have been established to meet the increasing needs of these individuals. Early in this process, Minot State University was invited by the Department of Human Services to develop and implement a statewide community staff-training program.
A 'train the trainer to train the staff' approach has been used on a statewide basis, to train the staff of community facilities providing services to individuals with lifelong disabilities. The training program is a model that uniquely meets the needs of rural states. Using a ãcircuit riderä approach, technical assistance is provided to the designated regional trainers, who work with provider staff dispersed throughout the state. The training program, with its career options, is available and accessible to every agency and every employee providing services to individuals with developmental disabilities in North Dakota.
The success and the longevity of the training program has greatly depended on the collaboration and synergy that has gradually developed between the Department of Human Services, Community Facilities, and Minot State University. Utilizing the combined expertise, roles and responsibilities, trust, teamwork, and collaboration developed through the years, the collaborative endeavor continues to grow, by assimilating and accommodating the ever changing training needs of staff members and the consumers they serve.
Mitchell, D. & Braddock D. (1994). Compensation and turnover of direct-care-staff in developmental disabilities residential facilities in the United States II: Turnover. Mental Retardation, 32, 34-42.
Vassiliou, D., & Askvig, B. (1991). Factors related to staff longevity and turnover in a facility serving persons with DD. North Dakota Center for Persons with Disabilities, Minot State University.
Vassiliou, D., and Mercer, M. (1994). Career ladder approach to training for community facilities personnel in North Dakota. New Directions: The Newsletter of the National Resource Center for Paraprofessionals in Education and Related Services, Center for Advanced Study in Education, City University of New York, Vol. 15, No. 1.
Vassiliou, D., and Ferrara, J. (1997). Factors related to staff longevity and turnover in facilities serving North Dakota Citizens with Developmental Disabilities. North Dakota Center for Persons with Disabilities, Minot State University. | <urn:uuid:babac362-3dc4-4144-96ab-f3d565b8e3e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.nrcpara.org/career-ladder/staff-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915114318-20190915140318-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.948525 | 5,098 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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In the oil and gas industries, coiled tubing refers to a very long metal pipe, normally 1 to 3.25 in (25 to 83 mm) in diameter which is supplied spooled on a large reel. It is used for interventions in oil and gas wells and sometimes as production tubing in depleted gas wells. Coiled tubing is often used to carry out operations similar to wirelining. The main benefits over wireline are the ability to pump chemicals through the coil and the ability to push it into the hole rather than relying on gravity. Pumping can be fairly self-contained, almost a closed system, since the tube is continuous instead of jointed pipe. For offshore operations, the 'footprint' for a coiled tubing operation is generally larger than a wireline spread, which can limit the number of installations where coiled tubing can be performed and make the operation more costly. A coiled tubing operation is normally performed through the drilling derrick on the oil platform, which is used to support the surface equipment, although on platforms with no drilling facilities a self-supporting tower can be used instead. For coiled tubing operations on sub-sea wells a mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) e.g. semi-submersible, drillship etc. has to be utilized to support all the surface equipment and personnel, whereas wireline can be carried out from a smaller and cheaper intervention vessel. Onshore, they can be run using smaller service rigs, and for light operations a mobile self-contained coiled tubing rig can be used.
The tool string at the bottom of the coil is often called the bottom hole assembly (BHA). It can range from something as simple as a jetting nozzle, for jobs involving pumping chemicals or cement through the coil, to a larger string of logging tools, depending on the operations.
Coil tubing has also been used as a cheaper version of work-over operations. It is used to perform open hole drilling and milling operations. Common coiled tubing steels have yield strengths ranging from 55,000 PSI to 120,000 PSI so it can also be used to fracture the reservoir, a process where fluid is pressurised to thousands of psi on a specific point in a well to break the rock apart and allow the flow of product. Coil tubing can perform almost any operation for oil well operations if used correctly.
The most typical use for coiled tubing is circulation or deliquification. A hydrostatic head (a column of fluid in the well bore) may be inhibiting flow of formation fluids because of its weight (the well is said to have been killed). The safest (though not the cheapest) solution would be to attempt to circulate out the fluid, using a gas, frequently nitrogen (Often called a 'Nitrogen Kick'). By running coiled tubing into the bottom of the hole and pumping in the gas, the kill fluid can be forced out to production. Circulating can also be used to clean out light debris, which may have accumulated in the hole. Coiled tubing umbilicals can convey hydraulic submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells. These pumps allow for inexpensive and noninvasive well cleanouts on low-pressure CBM (coal bed methane) gas wells. These umbilicals can also be run into deviated wells and horizontal laterals.
Pumping through coiled tubing can also be used for dispersing fluids to a specific location in the well such as for cementing perforations or performing chemical washes of downhole components such as sandscreens. In the former case, coiled tubing is particularly advantageous compared to simply pumping the cement from surface as allowing it to flow through the entire completion could potentially damage important components, such as the downhole safety valve. Coiled tubing umbilical technologies enable the deployment of complex pumps which require multiple fluid strings on coiled tubing. In many cases, the use of coiled tubing to deploy a complex pump can greatly reduce the cost of deployment by eliminating the number of units on site during the deploy.
Coiled Tubing Drilling
A relatively modern drilling technique involves using coiled tubing instead of conventional drill pipe. This has the advantage of requiring less effort to trip in and out of the well (the coil can simply be run in and pulled out while drill pipe must be assembled and dismantled joint by joint while tripping in and out).
An additional advantage is that the coiled tubing enters the hole via a stripper, mounted on the injector, which provides a hydraulic seal around the coil. This offers well control capabilities beyond those normally possible with drill pipe, and gives the ability to drill underbalanced.
Instead of rotating the drill bit by using a rotary table or top drive at the surface, it is turned by a downhole MUD MOTOR, powered by the motion of drilling fluid pumped from surface. Drilling which is powered by a mud motor instead of a rotating pipe is generally called slide drilling.
Typically the mud motor will be one component of a Coiled Tubing Drilling bottom hole assembly. The BHA also provides directional survey, gamma, pressure, temperature, and in some cases, petrophysical logs as drilling progresses. The latest generation of advanced Coiled tubing drilling BHAs offer the ability to steer the bit, enabling the well’s trajectory to be corrected in response to the measurements taken by the sensors.
Logging and perforating
These tasks are by default the realm of wireline. Because coiled tubing is rigid, it can be pushed into the well from the surface. This is an advantage over wireline, which depends on the weight of the toolstring to be lowered into the well. For highly deviated and horizontal wells, gravity may be insufficient for wireline logging. Roller stem and tractors can often overcome this disadvantage at greatly reduced cost, particularly on small platforms and subsea wells where coiled tubing would require mobilizing an expensive mobile drilling rig. The use of coiled tubing for these tasks is usually confined to occasions where it is already on site for another purpose, for example a logging run following a chemical wash.
Coiled tubing is often used as a production string in shallow gas wells that produce some water. The narrow internal diameter results in a much higher velocity than would occur inside conventional tubing or inside the casing. This higher velocity assists in lifting liquids to surface, liquids which might otherwise accumulate in the wellbore and eventually "kill" the well. The coiled tubing may be run inside the casing instead or inside conventional tubing. When coiled tubing is run inside of conventional tubing it is often referred to as a "velocity string" and the space between the outside of the coiled tubing and the inside of the conventional tubing is referred to as the "micro annulus". In some cases gas is produced up into the micro annulus. Coiled tubing umbilicals can convey hydraulic submersible pumps, electric submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells for both permanent deliquification schemes and service applications.
Coiled tubing rigup
The main engine of a coiled tubing intervention is the injector head. This component contains the mechanism to push and pull the coil in and out of the hole. An injector head has a curved guide beam on top called a gooseneck which threads the coil into the injector body. Below the injector is the stripper, which contains rubber pack off elements providing a seal around the tubing to isolate the well's pressure.
Below the stripper is the preventer, which provides the ability to cut the coiled tubing pipe and seal the well bore (shear-blind) and hold and seal around the pipe (pipe-slip). Older quad-BOPs have a different ram for each of these functions (blind, shear, pipe, slip). Newer dual-BOPs combine some of these functions together to need just two distinct rams (shear-blind, pipe-slip).
The BOP sits below the riser, which provides the pressurized tunnel down to the top of the Christmas tree. Between the Christmas tree and the riser is the final pressure barrier, the shear-seal BOP, which can cut and seal the pipe.
Worldwide the coiled tubing unit count has increased year on year in the past decade especially in the USA.
Onshore light coiled tubing unit
A coiled tubing unit (CTU) is a self-contained multi-use machine that can do almost anything that a conventional service rig does - with the exception of tripping jointed pipe. There are generally two types in shallow service - Arch and Picker. One uses a vertical elevator with a horsehead on top, and an injector hanging by winch line off it. The Picker units have a picker, and a horsehead bolted directly to the injector.
These type of coiled tubing units have a semi-permanent drum mounted amidships (They are generally tandem drive Class 3 trucks, 40 feet (12 m) long or so)
Coiled Tubing Parts
Custom/generic coiled tubing gripper blocks, skate rollers, arch rollers
- Defining Coiled Tubing
- Intervention and Coiled Tubing Association
- Coiled Tubing Times Journal
- Live video feed from BP's coil tubing operation in Deepwater Horizon oil spill (viewable in IE8)
- An Introduction to Coiled Tubing: History, Applications, and Benefits // ICoTA, 2005
- Coiled Tubing: State of the Industry and Role for NETL // U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2005
- COILED TUBING APPLICATIONS // SPE JPT, June 2007
- Coiled Tubing Manufacturing Process // Quality Tubing, 2013
- The Coiled Tubing Community // The Coiled Tubing Community, 2015
- Coiled Tubing Equipment | <urn:uuid:505049ce-e25e-41f1-80f3-7e68b57a9548> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_tubing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721110117-20180721130117-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.945541 | 2,056 | 2.859375 | 3 |
New Scientist | CCTV cameras are bringing more and more public places under surveillance — and passenger aircraft could be next. A prototype European system uses multiple cameras and “Big Brother” software to try and automatically detect terrorists or other dangers caused by passengers.
The European Union’s Security of Aircraft in the Future European Environment (SAFEE) project uses a camera in every passenger’s seat, with six wide-angle cameras to survey the aisles. Software then analyses the footage to detect developing terrorist activity or “air-rage” incidents, by tracking passengers’ facial expressions.
The system performed well in tests this January that simulated terrorist and unruly passenger behaviour scenarios in a fake Airbus A380 fuselage, say the researchers that built it.
Systems to analyse CCTV footage — for example, to detect violence (with video) or alert CCTV operators to unusual events — have been designed before. But the SAFEE software must cope with the particularly challenging environment of a full aircraft cabin.
As crew and passengers move around they often obscure one another, causing a risk the computer will lose track of some of the hundreds of people it must monitor. To get around this, the software constantly matches views of people from different cameras to track their movements.
“It looks for running in the cabin, standing near the cockpit for long periods of time, and other predetermined indicators that suggest a developing threat,” says James Ferryman of the University of Reading, UK, one of the system’s developers.
Other behaviours could include a person nervously touching their face, or sweating excessively. One such behaviour won’t trigger the system to alert the crew, only certain combinations of them.
Ferryman is not ready to reveal specifically which behaviours were most likely to trigger the system. Much of the computer’s ability to detect threats relies on sensitive information gleaned from security analysts in the intelligence community, he tells New Scientist.
But Mohan Trivedi of the University of California, San Diego, US, is sceptical. He has built systems that he says can track and recognise individual people as they appear and disappear on different floors of his laboratory building.
It correctly identifies people about 70% of the time, and then only under “optimal conditions” that do not exist inside an airplane cabin, he says.
“[Ferryman’s] research shows that a system detects threats in a very limited way. But it’s a very different thing using it day in and day out.” Trivedi says. “Lighting and reflections change in the cabin every time someone turns on a light or closes a window shade. They haven’t shown that they have overcome these challenges.”
Ferryman admits that his system will require thousands of tests on everyday passengers before it can be declared reliable at detecting threats.
The team’s work is being presented this week at the International Conference on Computer Vision Systems in Greece. | <urn:uuid:d687029d-7fcf-4df3-ab32-86a020d13b0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://rinf.com/alt-news/sicence-technology/in-flight-surveillance-in-every-seat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.940553 | 625 | 2.875 | 3 |
We’re off to see a restaurant inside of a garden!
Grade five learned a lot about Hydroponics and organic food culture when they traveled to “The Crop Circle” on February 19th. This is an organic farm-to-table restaurant experience. The proprietors were eager to answer the children’s questions about their unique hydroponics system. They discussed some of the unique challenges of running this technology in Thailand.
Students learned that they can use paper as a cheap organic solution to many problems such as cooling. They also discovered that locally produced Thai clay pebbles make excellent grow media. As well as the fact that there is no need to acquire anything from outside of this country. Thailand already has a 100% sustainable aquaculture environment that the students can plug right into online. Students came away with many new ideas for their own project designs, including the use of frogs over fish in an aquaponics setup which surprised everyone, including the teachers!
Towards the end of the trip, the students enjoyed the food made from the very same vegetables they watched grow in the greenhouse. When asked if they would recommend it for other students and families, the answer was a resounding “Yes!” all around. When asked how this trip would influence their class projects, grade 5 agreed that, having seen how it works in real life helped bring their projects back to reality, and reminded them that they were trying to solve real food issues that affect the everyday lives of normal people.
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The UN World Wildlife Day will be celebrated on 3 March 2017 (WWD2017) under the theme “Listen to the young voices”, announced today by the CITES Secretariat, the global facilitator of the Day as designated by the United Nations General Assembly. Wildlife Africa Will be Celebrating WWD2017. Contact us to be part of it.
According to the United Nations Population Fund, some 1.8 billion people, or nearly one-quarter of the world’s population, is aged between 10 and 24, the age range defined by the United Nations as “youth”. Yet, concerns have been raised about trends in youth’s environmental attitudes, beliefs and behaviour, suggesting a decline in personal responsibility for wildlife conservation and environment as a whole among the youth.
CITES Secretary-General, John E. Scanlon, said “Given the current rate of poaching and smuggling, will future generations one day speak of elephants, rhinoceros and many other endangered species as we speak of mammoths: magnificent creatures belonging to the past? We must not and will not allow this to happen”.
“It is the responsibility of each generation to safeguard wildlife for the following generation. We have not yet succeeded in securing the future of the world’s wildlife. Meeting this challenge will now be shared with the next generation. To succeed we must fully harness the innovation and energy of youth, and combine it with the wisdom that comes with experience, if we are to make the change we need to happen. We are confident that some of the youth will dedicate their lives to the conservation of wildlife which is such a great cause, yet our hope is that all the youth will be personal ambassadors for wildlife conservation — which is key to our future survival: people, animals and plants. This is the message behind the theme ‘Listen to the young voices’”, added Scanlon.
WWD2017 gives us a new opportunity to provide incentives to the youth to tackle conservation issues. It is also an opportunity for them to engage with one another and together forge an inspired path to a better world. The youth can also express themselves in shaping demand reduction strategies to curb illegal wildlife trade for the future, and debate issues around the ecologically sustainable use of wildlife and how one can ensure local benefits.
The UN General Assembly requested the CITES Secretariat, in collaboration with relevant organizations of the United Nations system, to facilitate the implementation of UN World Wildlife Day. The CITES Secretariat will continue to work with UN system organizations and other international and national governments to mobilize the worldwide celebration of the Day in 2017.
In line with the UN General Assembly resolution, the CITES Secretariat reaches out to all member States and organizations of the United Nations system and other global, regional and sub-regional organizations, non-governmental organizations and all interested individuals, to: observe and raise awareness of theme for WWD2017 in an appropriate manner; to associate WWD celebrations to major national and international conservation events, where appropriate; to organize campaigns to reduce the demand for illegal wildlife and their products using targeted strategies in order to influence consumer behavior; and to make use of the WWD logo as widely as possible.
As requested by the new UN General Assembly on Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife adopted in September 2016, the CITES Secretariat will work with the President of the UN General Assembly to organize a high-level thematic discussion at UN Headquarters on the global observance of World Wildlife Day, including on the protection of wild fauna and flora and on tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife.
At the 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES, a first ever Resolution on youth was adopted which calls for engagement and empowerment of the youth in conservation issues. The Resolution also welcomes the Youth Forum for People and Wildlife and South Africa’s Youth and Conservation Programme to engage young people and serve as examples of ways to integrate youth in wildlife conservation.
The World Wildlife Day logo remains the same. It is available, and free to use, in the six UN languages from the World Wildlife Day website. Graphic materials to illustrate the theme will be made available at a later stage.
The hashtags for WWD2017 are #youth4wildlife and #YoungVoices.
About UN World Wildlife Day
On 20 December 2013, the Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 3 March as World Wildlife Day to celebrate and raise awareness of the world’s wild fauna and flora. The date is the day of the adoption of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1973, which plays an important role in ensuring that international trade does not threaten the species’ survival. World Wildlife Day is an opportunity to celebrate the many beautiful and varied forms of wild fauna and flora and to raise awareness of the multitude of benefits that conservation provides to people. At the same time, the Day reminds us of the urgent need to step up the fight against wildlife crime, which has wide-ranging economic, environmental and social impacts.
With 183 Parties, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) remains one of the world’s most powerful tools for wildlife conservation through the regulation of trade. Thousands of species are internationally traded and used by people in their daily lives for food, health care, housing, tourist souvenirs, cosmetics or fashion.
CITES regulates international trade in over 35,000 species of plants and animals, including their products and derivatives, to ensure their survival in the wild with benefits for the livelihoods of local people and the global environment. The CITES permit system seeks to ensure that international trade in listed species is sustainable, legal and traceable.
CITES was signed in Washington D.C. on 3 March 1973 and entered into force on 1 July 1975.
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About فلم سكس تركى
فلم سكس تركى سكس بنات مع رجل They would then get a hold of another vulkodlaks skin and burn it, releasing the vulkodlak from whom the skin came from its curse. فلم سوپر Werewolves were also said to bear tell-tale traits in European folklore.
The combined effect of the Earth`s orbital motion and the tilt of its rotation axis result in the seasons. Pegasus` story became a favourite theme in Greek art and literature, and in late antiquity Pegasus` soaring flight was interpreted as an allegory of the soul`s immortality; in modern times it has been regarded as a symbol of poetic inspiration. Six months later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and experiences winter. سكس بنات مع رجل Based on their measurements, they decided that there are probably four spiral arms in the Milky Way galaxy, although it is still possible that the galaxy has only two spiral arms or that there are two dominant arms that contain both old and young stars, along with two less prominent arms that have only younger stars. The confusion is also because because it`s been hard to figure out the exact distances to nearby stars and the position and geometry of the spiral arms where these stars reside. سكس بنات مع رجل Two-piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes are not on Greek urns and paintings dating back to 1400 BC. Fennoscandian werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze. فلم سكس تركى Changes, powerful and amazing changes will start occurring as you gather the gems of Feng Shui information available to you in this site.
The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though they are also most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that they have also no tail - a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form - and that they retain human eyes and voice. | <urn:uuid:e3910787-fd1a-4ee9-bd6d-473062808bff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tamugaia.com/ssvsch/?v=%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3%20%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00483-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956921 | 495 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The remains of Douglas Castle today
|Designated||12 January 1971|
Douglas Castle was a stronghold of the Douglas family from medieval times to the 20th century. The first castle, erected in the 13th century, was destroyed and replaced several times until the 18th century when a large mansion house was built in its place. This too was demolished in 1938, and today only a single corner tower of the 17th-century castle remains. The castle was the former family seat of the Prime Minister, Alec Douglas-Home. The castle was located around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north-east of the village of Douglas, South Lanarkshire, in south-west Scotland. The remains are protected as a category C listed building.
The Douglas family built the first Douglas Castle, which was constructed of either wood or stone, sometime before 1288. In 1307, during the Wars of Scottish Independence the castle was captured and garrisoned by the English under Lord Clifford. Sir James Douglas, companion of Robert the Bruce successfully recaptured his family seat by storming the castle on Palm Sunday, while the garrison were at chapel. He had the garrison killed and thrown into a cellar, before the structure was burned. The event has become known as "Douglas' larder".
Robert the Bruce rewarded the loyalty of the Douglases, and Sir James' heirs were created Earls of Douglas. Douglas Castle was rebuilt as one of their strongholds, but by the 15th century, the power of the "Black" Douglases had come to threaten the Stewart monarchy. In 1455 James II led an expedition against the rebellious 9th Earl, defeating his forces at the battle of Arkinholm. Douglas Castle was sacked and the family's lands and titles forfeited.
The "Red" Douglases, Earls of Angus, had sided with the king against the senior branch of their family, and it was they who gained the Douglas lands in Lanarkshire. It is likely that the castle was rebuilt soon after 1455. Regent Morton came to Douglasdale in June 1574 to survey the house of the Earl of Angus with a view to repairing it and living there.
In 1703, Archibald Douglas, 3rd Marquess of Douglas was created Duke of Douglas, with his principal seat at Douglas Castle. The castle was again rebuilt around this time, as a tower house and an enclosed courtyard with a corner tower. This castle was destroyed by fire in 1755, with the exception of the corner tower.
From 1757, the Duke began construction of an enormous castellated mansion at Douglas. The architects of this, the final Douglas Castle, were the Adam Brothers (James Adam, John Adam, and Robert Adam). Had it been completed the castle would have been the largest in Scotland. As it was the Duke of Douglas died in 1761, and only around half of the original design was ever completed. The five storey building had round towers to the front and square towers to the rear facade, and stood in a very extensive park spanning the valley of the Douglas Water. The Duke's estate became the subject of a famous and bitter legal dispute, known as the 'Douglas Cause', between his nephew Archibald James Edward Douglas and the Duke of Hamilton. Douglas was eventually victorious and ennobled as Baron Douglas in 1790, and the castle descended through his daughter, and granddaughter, to the Earls of Home. In the 1930s Charles Douglas-Home, 13th Earl of Home allowed the mining of coal in the park adjacent to the castle, in an attempt to relieve desperate levels of local unemployment. Sadly, the mining caused dangerous subsidence to the castle and it had to be demolished in 1938.
The castle today
Today, only a ruined corner tower of the penultimate castle remains, built in the late 17th century. Three storeys and 9m in height, the tower once stood at the corner of an enclosure, estimated at around 40m across. The tower stands on a prominent rise in the valley, to the south of the river, and was retained as a garden folly when the later mansion was built. Below is a small cellar block with glazed tiles on the interior walls. Nothing visible remains of the mansion.
- "Douglas Castle: Listed Building Report". Historic Scotland.
- Salter (1993) states that the castle was "mentioned in 1288", but no source is given.
- Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.4 (1905), p.680.
- The Listed Building Report for the structure gives the date of the fire as 1758.
- Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
- Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
- Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993
- Thorpe, D. R. (1996). Alec Douglas-Home
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In a BBC article published online this week, a study of 14-year old boys revealed that the brain’s “reward hub” was larger in regular players. What does this mean for education and the advancement of “game theory?”
Implications fall on both the positive and negative ends of the spectrum. This reward hub, known by scientists as the ventral striatum, is strongly associated with emotional and motivational aspects of behavior.
On the positive side, recent studies of teens who are regular gamers indicate improved reasoning over their non-gaming counterparts. This is exciting news for teachers if it holds true! This means that when we make learning like video games, our students learn to think more effectively and make quicker decisions that are logic-based. However, I can’t help but wonder which games were played by the teens during this study. Was it Brain Age? Or Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3? Seems like that could impact the results.
On the negative side, scientists believe this same reward hub is also responsible for determining a person’s predisposition to addiction disorders. Could it be possible that, by using gaming theory in the classroom, teachers could ultimately be contributing to a problem? Are we pushing our kids toward Internet or Video Game addiction?
I don’t think either finding is 100% accurate for the entire teen population. It’s really a “Which came first: the chicken or the egg?” question. Do video games improve reasoning while increasing addictive tendency? Or are already good thinkers with addictive tendencies more likely to become gamers? I think we may never get a definitive answer. And I think the chicken – and the egg – agree with me on that.
The remaining question left for educators to ask is, “How do I use game theory to make the learning environment better, but minimize adverse side-effects?”
My answer: Make learning in your classroom fun, rewarding, encourage educational risk taking, and remove the fear of (ultimate) failure – just like a video game. But, for heaven’s sake, don’t leave out the L E A R N I N G.
I was emailed an interesting article today about a study done that tracks the eye movements in people reading websites based on age. They found that the younger generations who have grown up with the internet tend to read in a F shaped pattern, largely ignoring material in the bottom right corner and right side, whereas we “older” generation folks who grew up reading books still read in a Z shaped pattern scanning left to right like we would in a book. This got me thinking about my own students and the things they seem to miss in the novels we study in English class. I often assume they miss things because they being lazy or not reading carefully enough (both of which could still be true), but what if they are also missing things because of the way their eyes are being trained to move across a page (digital and, by association, paper pages)? I’d have to still do more investigating on the matter, but it got me thinking about the handouts I give in class whether they are being designed to best accommodate the digital generation. Any thoughts anyone? | <urn:uuid:f7a7e759-7e5d-4a1e-8a77-7c3c7855d0c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://e21team.wordpress.com/tag/brain-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516480.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023153446-20181023174946-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.961524 | 662 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Here’s something non-dog owners might not be aware of: grapes are lethal for dogs. But cranberries? They’re all good with dogs.
Why is this? Both are berry-ish fruits and seem like they’d cause no harm since, well, humans are immune to any toxicity involved with these treats. How are dogs different?
The reason is a lot more complicated (and mysterious) than we know. As the American Kennel Club explains, grapes are absolutely fatal for dogs. “It has been proven that the fruit can cause kidney failure in dogs,” they explain. “As little as one grape per pound of body weight is enough to cause an issue in some dogs.” This affects all types of dogs—regardless of breed, gender, age, size, etc.—and can be triggered by raisins as well. This may sound trivial but grape poisoning is an extremely urgent emergency for dogs.
So, never give a dog a grape.
But cranberries? Sure! In moderation, of course.
As the American Kennel Club explains, this fruit is good for dogs and can actually prevent UTIs. The science has not been proven behind this either but there is some evidence that it’s a food that can help your pup. Similarly, strawberries (and blueberries and bananas and cantaloupe and apples) are good for dogs as well, promoting healthy weight, anti-aging benefits, and immune system boosts. Who knew?
If curious, absolutely peruse this full list of foods and always check before you feed a dog something random. A lot of things are good (Cranberries!) but a lot of things are bad (Grapes!). Do your homework, ask a pet owner, and always keep an eye on dogs in social situations involving weird foods because it would be a shame if you fed a dog some weird food at a holiday party and they died on Christmas day.
Imagine that weight on your conscience when entering a new year. | <urn:uuid:d7280de0-5839-4569-9b2b-2e9435e9f1fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://1234kyle5678.com/why-are-grapes-bad-but-cranberries-good-for-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944479.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420155332-20180420175332-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.963564 | 417 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Heat treatment has shown to be an efficient approach to enhance certain valuable properties of wood. Latest technological developments have enabled the following to be attained; higher hydrophobic properties, improved elasticity, and enhanced dimensional stability, among other things.
Image Credit: Yuangeng Zhang | Shutterstock.com
The resulting chemical modifications rely on the heating atmosphere and regimes, and involve hemicellulose degradation, alterations of cellulose and lignin structures and chemical wood composition owing to the loss of wood extractives.
Scientists from Institute of Perspective Research Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics of Kazan Federal University, and Nanoscience Department of Institut Neel carried out a study on a range of thermally treated wood species that were obtained from the Central European part of Russia using magnetic resonance techniques, and discovered significant changes in the structure of wood which could not be examined by other techniques.
It is well known that magnetic resonance techniques are non-invasive methods that help gain information regarding the processes and structure within the samples.
The choice of sapwood samples comprised Birch (Betula pendula), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Russian larch (Larix sibirica). Small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) were treated under vacuum by heating at 220°C temperature with different time intervals up to 8 hours.
Electron paramagnetic resonance experiments showed alterations in the quantity of free radicals in samples that were treated thermally. They demonstrated that free radicals EPR signal amplitude relies strongly on the wood samples’ moisture content and lessens as the latter value increases. Further EPR experiments with absorbed ethanol specify a potential association of this effect with the water molecules’ electric dipole properties.
Microscopic techniques revealed changes in the distribution of pore size which indicate deformation and shrinking of cell walls. This method is indirectly linked to the loss of mass and development of stable free radicals that are identified by EPR method. Given that the connection between the wood hardness and EPR signal amplitude was determined for lime, larch and spruce, EPR method could well be used to evaluate the hardness of wood. | <urn:uuid:9e191f92-b7fa-4395-ad4d-0d130bc3fb69> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=45726 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.922896 | 450 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Black Panther Party and the 1960s Black Freedom Struggle: A Panel Discussion with Former Party Members from Oakland to Winston-Salem (Oct. 17)
ASU's Center for Judaic, Holocaust and Peace Studies invites the public to a panel discussion with Barbara Easley Cox, Billy X Jennings and John R. Hayes (aka Ras John), former members of the Black Panther Party (for Self Defense). They are joined by photographer and college professor Suzun Lucia Lamaina, who spent five years working on a social documentary photographic essay about former Party members. The panel tackles the history and legacy of the Black Panther Party and the 1960s Black Freedom Struggle. It will take place in Belk Library and Information Commons, Room 114, on Wednesday, October 17, at 7:30 pm. The event is open and free to the public. No tickets are required.
The Black Panther Party, founded by Bobby Seale and the late Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California, initially focused on police violence in black communities. By the times of the worldwide revolts of 1968, the Party had emerged as a national and global media icon. Thrust into a vanguard role with close to fifty chapters throughout the United States and an International Section in Algiers, North Africa, it helped to build interracial alliances on a global scale. The party considered itself engaged in worldwide revolutionary anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist, and anti-fascist struggles. At the same time, the party also quickly expanded its domestic activism in the form of “survival programs” that offered, among others, free breakfasts and medical services to thousands of black Americans.
Almost from its inception, the Black Panther Party engendered massive controversy. The Nixon administration dubbed the Panthers the “ greatest danger to the internal security” of the United States. Many have spoken for and often falsified the record of the party’s activism. This panel gives a range of former members the opportunity to offer accounts of their own, which also powerfully speak to today’s political struggles. Barbara Easley Cox, a former member of the International Section, will shed light in the party’s work abroad. Billy X Jennings, active at central headquarters and, more recently, the main organizer of the Black Panther Party Legacy and Alumni project, will talk about the party’s leadership and work in Oakland. John R. Hayes (aka Ras John), finally, will illuminate the influential work of the Winston-Salem chapter, the strongest in the South, where he headed the Joseph Waddell People’s Free Ambulance Service. Furthermore, the panel will problematize the party’s anti-Zionist stances that persisted as its members continued to cooperate with leftist Jewish activists.
The panel is part of the accompanying events for the traveling exhibit "Revolutionary Grain: Celebrating the Spirit of the Black Panther Party in Portraits and Stories" by California-based artist Suzun Lucia Lamaina that will be on display in Belk Library from October 15 until December 15. The exhibition commemorates the legacy of the Black Panther movement through powerful portraits and narratives originally published in Lamaina’s “Revolutionary Grain” book. The panel is also part of the Center’s program on the Black Freedom Struggle during this anniversary year and continues the many important discussions on campus about racism, police violence, the challenges of political organizing and racial justice.
The program is co-sponsored by Belk Library and Information Commons; the Africana Studies Program; ASU's Chief Diversity Officer and the Office of the Chancellor; ASU’s Office of Multicultural Student Development; the Black Faculty and Staff Association, the Black Student Association; the Office of International Education and Development; the Humanities Council; and the departments of Art, Anthropology, Culture, Gender and Global Studies, English, Government & Justice Studies, History, Philosophy and Religion, and Sociology.
For more information, please contact the Center for Judaic, Holocaust and Peace Studies at 828.262.2311 or email@example.com.
About the Center for Judaic, Holocaust and Peace Studies
Appalachian State University's Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies was founded in 2002 to develop new educational opportunities for students, teachers, and the community. Located administratively within the College of Arts and Sciences, the Center seeks to strengthen tolerance, understanding, and remembrance by increasing the knowledge of Jewish culture and history, teaching the history and meaning of the Holocaust, and utilizing these experiences to explore peaceful avenues for human improvement and the prevention of further genocides.
The Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies is an associate institutional member of the Association of Jewish Studies, a member of the Association of Holocaust Organizations and of the North Carolina Consortium of Jewish Studies. | <urn:uuid:d77e080d-6fce-4163-84ce-89fd9d031f53> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://holocaust.appstate.edu/node/203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.931964 | 992 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Special Education Advisory Committee SEAC
According to The Education Act, every board of education in Ontario is required to have a Special Education Advisory Committee (SEAC). This committee is made up of volunteer representatives from local associations that work to further the interests and well-being of one or more groups of exceptional children or adults. The SEAC representatives make recommendations to the boards of education about the establishment and development of special education programs and services for exceptional students – including students with ASD.
Where Autism Ontario has a Region, we too have representation on the SEAC. Autism Ontario’s SEAC representatives act as liaisons between our organization and the English and French, public and catholic, school boards across Ontario. Representatives attend monthly school board SEAC meetings and act as the voice for students living with autism in Ontario by raising issues affecting the autism community. SEAC representatives advise school boards on policies affecting students with autism, with a view to getting issues resolved in a timely and satisfactory manner. SEAC representatives are required to speak for the needs of all students in special education and are not permitted to act as advocates for individual students or families.
SEAC representatives are appointed by Autism Ontario and accepted by the school board for a 3-4 year term. During their term, it is the responsibility of the SEAC representative to report to Autism Ontario regularly about SEAC meetings and issues, as well as bring forward issues and topics from the Region. | <urn:uuid:e4417447-2393-44e2-9b15-ff804e117f28> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.autismontario.com/programs-services/positive-advocacy-resources/special-education-advisory-committee-seac | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.97467 | 289 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By Melissa Miller - Women who took extra folic acid in the weeks before and just after becoming pregnant were less likely to have a child with autism, in a new study from Norway.
Because lack of folic acid has been tied to brain and spinal cord birth defects, groups including the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) already call for women who may become pregnant to take daily supplements containing the B vitamin.
The new study "provides an additional reason to take folic acid, in addition to the preventive effect that we already know it has against neural tube defects," said Dr. Pal Suren from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo, who led the research.
"It underlines the importance of starting early, preferably before the pregnancy."
One in 88 children in the U.S. has an autism spectrum disorder, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That number has risen in recent years, but it's unclear whether that's due to more kids with symptoms or doctors who are more likely to recognize and diagnose autism.
The new study, which appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association, followed over 85,000 women and their children, born between 2002 and 2008.
When women were about halfway through their pregnancies, they reported on any supplements or vitamins they'd taken in the few weeks before becoming pregnant and the two months afterward - the time when folic acid is thought to have the strongest effect on development.
By the time their kids were between three and 10 years old, 270 had been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, including 114 with autism itself.
Suren's team found one in 1,000 babies born to women who reported taking folic acid early in pregnancy had autism, compared to about two in 1,000 of those whose moms didn't take folic acid. On the other hand, there was no link between fish oil taken during pregnancy and autism risk.
That suggests it's something about folic acid, in particular, that influences a baby's autism risk.
Researchers said folic acid's effects on genes and DNA repair could explain its role in brain development disorders in growing babies, including autism.
The USPSTF recommends all women who are planning to or could become pregnant take between 400 and 800 micrograms of the vitamin daily. The U.S. and Canada have also required flour to be fortified with folic acid since the late 1990s to cut down on birth defect risks.
Still, "The message for folic acid before pregnancy has been a little bit lost," said Rebecca Schmidt, who has studied prenatal vitamins and autism at the University of California, Davis.
"If you are not even just planning a pregnancy, but able to get pregnant, then you should be taking some sort of folic acid supplement."
Source: Journal of the American Medical Association, online 2/12/13.
Labels: Children's Health, New Research, Nutrition | <urn:uuid:906f6f08-be85-434e-95f8-7db6cfc2ff8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.biohealthscience.org/2013/02/folic-acid-in-pregnant-mothers-shown-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510138.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516140911-20220516170911-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.979279 | 609 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Harnessing Philanthropy to Promote Diversity, Equity & Inclusion in the Nonprofit Sector
There is a glaring lack of diversity within the nonprofit sector and philanthropic community that harms not only minority communities but nonprofit institutions themselves. Research shows people from diverse groups create novel solutions, introduce different thinking patterns and increase performance, creativity and innovation within an organization (Chandler, 2016).
Defining how an organization thinks about diversity is a critical starting point because it can be used to describe differences of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, economic standing, and physical or developmental disability within a group of people. Racial diversity within the nonprofit sector is becoming increasingly important as evidenced by the prediction that by the year 2042, minorities will overtake the majority population in the United States (D5, 2015). This reality is contrasted against the statistics of the philanthropic community and the nonprofit sector in general which remains mostly white: as 79 percent of the foundation workforce and 91percent of the CEOs and Presidents identify as white (see figure below) (D5, 2015). The traditional power dynamics created between philanthropy, nonprofit organizations and the community beneficiaries of the nonprofit work is imbalanced. Such that, philanthropy holds the greatest reward power and nonprofits assert more control over the communities they serve (Spilka, Figueredo & Kioukis, 2014). The question then is how to harness the energy and resources of philanthropy to balance the power within the sector and promote diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI)?
Figure 1. People of color represented within nonprofit sector (Brown, 2015).
Many questions regarding diversity, equity and inclusion within the nonprofit sector and individual organizations must be considered, including how those terms are defined, how may populations that need to be better represented within positions of power be identified and what are the actions that need to be implemented to fully incorporate new and different points of view? D5, the coalition that coordinated a five-year study on the topic, provide the following succinct definitions:
“Diversity is defined as people who bring a unique perspective or life experience to the decision-making table, but focusing particularly on: racial and ethnic groups, LGBT populations, people with disabilities and women…Improving equity means promoting justice, impartiality, and fairness within the procedures and processes of institutions or systems, as well as their distribution of resources…Inclusion refers to the degree to which individuals with diverse perspectives and backgrounds are able to participate fully in the decision-making processes of an organization or group” (D5 Coalition, 2015).
The effects the lack of DEI cause within philanthropy are amplified by the unequal power foundations hold over nonprofit organizations. The distribution and control of resources by foundations gives philanthropy significant power over nonprofits, occasionally causing nonprofits to drift from their mission to accommodate grant requirements (Spilka et al., 2014). The power imbalance and lack of diversity can cause foundations to inadvertently perpetuate a racialized worldview (Stone & Butler, 2000). In an interview, Aaron Dorfman, President and CEO of the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy (NCRP), commented on the mission of philanthropy as “contributing to the creation of a fair, just and democratic world. That’s the measure of success, it’s a very high bar and philanthropy can’t do it all but philanthropy does have an important role to play in advancing [racial justice] conversations” (Costello & Dorfman, 2016).
One problem created by a largely white staff, is the perpetual cycle organizations can get caught in when hiring new staff and selecting new board members, see Figure 2 below. When a majority white board or staff looks to recruit new members, the default networks utilized are personal networks of people already connected to the organization (Brown, 2015). Those personal networks have a high likelihood of being racially similar and homogenous which then leads to applicant pools which are predominately white (Brown, 2015). Unfortunately, this cycle further entrenches the unequal power distribution within the sector. Philanthropy cannot overlook the power dynamics created by unequal representation nor diminish the importance of advancing DEI within the sector. Equipping boards and staffs with the knowledge and ability necessary to have a more nuanced discussion and identify a path forward is a vital first step.
Figure 2. Self-perpetuating cycle of recruitment. (Brown, 2015)
A recommendation for recruitment to promote DEI is to develop best practices for posting and reviewing applications and designing interview questions that ensure a diverse applicant pool and mitigate bias (Brown, 2015; D5, 2015). Just as organizations have best practices and standards in place to minimize risk of corruption and greed within an organization, recruitment practices should be studied and standardized so as to enable minority groups to be considered with minimal interference of an interviewer’s biases. One of those best practices should detail that recruitment cannot be solely based on “who you know” since a homogenous workforce is likely to have a homogenous social network.
The interdependence of the nonprofit sector necessitates that the promotion of DEI can only be achieved if approached on both the sector-wide and organizational levels. David Renz identifies that “complex community issues are solved beyond the walls of single nonprofit orgs, and thus responsive strategies are set beyond the walls of any single nonprofit boardroom” (2013). This is one way the power of philanthropy can be harnessed to promote diversity, equity and inclusion across the sector and work to even out the scale of power.
The current reality of the sector warrants harsh critique, but ultimately there is great promise and endless opportunities for philanthropy to impact the nonprofit sector and the communities they work in, due to the unique position within society it occupies. The freedom of mission to make a discernable difference in the promotion of DEI and provide a model of success for nonprofits and the society at large will become increasingly relevant as the demographics of the country shift. There are leaders already taking bold steps and courageous actions to advance racial justice and it is exciting to imagine the impact possible if others follow in their footsteps and persevere over a long period of time to realize a diversified, equitable and inclusive community.
Brown, A. (2015). The state of diversity in the nonprofit sector. Community Wealth Partners. Retrieved from http://communitywealth.com/the-state-of-diversity-in-the-nonprofit-sector/
Chandler, J. (2016). Nonprofits, you are the champions for diversity, inclusion and equity. National Council of Nonprofits. Retrieved from https://www.councilofnonprofits.org/thought-leadership/nonprofits-you-are-the-champions-diversity-inclusion-and-equity
Costello, A. (Interviewer) & Dorfman, A. (Interviewee). (2016, July 7). Who really benefits when billionaires give away their wealth? Tiny Spark. Podcast retrieved from http://www.tinyspark.org/podcasts/who-really-benefits-when-billionaires-give-away-their-wealth/
D5 Coalition. (2015). State of the work: The road to greater diversity, equity and inclusion in philanthropy. D5 Coalition. Retrieved from http://www.d5coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/D5-SOTW-2016-Final-web-pages.pdf
Renz, D. (2013). Reframing Governance II. Nonprofit Quarterly, Retrieved from https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2013/01/01/reframing-governance-2/
Spilka, G., Figueredo, V. & Kioukis, G. (2014). Foundations facilitate diversity, equity, and inclusion: Partnering with community and nonprofits. OMG Center for Collaborative Learning.
Christy Dargus is passionate about cultivating authentic and engaged community. She received her Master of Nonprofit Leadership and Management Degree in May 2017 from ASU’s College of Public Service and Community Solutions. She completed her undergraduate work at Texas Christian University, earning a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology. Christy was the first Neely Fellow in the Diocese of Arizona and currently works as the parish administrator at St. Stephen’s Episcopal Church in Phoenix. | <urn:uuid:8afb6c11-2245-4d8d-b028-52f8a17e6fe3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://lodestar.asu.edu/blog/2017/07/harnessing-philanthropy-promote-diversity-equity-inclusion-nonprofit-sector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.918817 | 1,712 | 2.90625 | 3 |
(image: Tee Public)
One of the major causes of burnout happens when we’re in situations with minimal amounts of control over what we can do. Nowadays, it can seem like stress and burnout are a normal part of modern day working life. The World Health Organisation listed burnout as an occupational phenomenon and they define burnout as “a syndrome conceptualised as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed”.
During the coronavirus pandemic, there has been a lot of pressure to spend our time focused on productivity. These have been seen in the form of achieving full productivity at work or working from home and also being productive by working on self-improvement. The focus on productivity came from the idea that if you focus on driving forwards during the pandemic, this will help get you get through it. While this is true some people, others will need this time to focus on their mental health and simply do less. Getting through a pandemic is not a one size fits all.
Put simply, you should listen to your body and do what you want to do, instead of what the world says you should be doing. Acknowledging that we are all living in an impossible era is the important first step. There is an adaptation period that needs to happen and this period will be longer for some people than others.
While you should try your best to fulfill your work duties, you are allowed to voice if you are struggling. You do not need to work full time, learn a new language, start baking, take up a new hobby and exercise more if you don’t want to. Take it one step at a time, if you finish work or finish your working from home hours and want to spend your free time on something productive, then do and if you don’t, relax.
How to avoid burnout
While we have covered a little on current pressures to be productive, this section will dive into the absolute fundamentals.
Get enough Sleep
Key workers, those working from home and those who have been furloughed all need sufficient sleep. This can be particularly difficult for key workers who are working long, hard shifts and also for those who are simply stressed out by living through a pandemic.
Typically, during your normal routine, you need six to eight hours of sleep each night.but if you’re doing more than your usual routine, you will need around eight hours a night, plus one period of relaxation during the day. Relaxation can be just sitting somewhere quiet for 10 minutes. If you’re approaching burnout you need eight to nine hours of sleep each night, plus two breaks.
Stress can make it difficult to sleep, so be mindful that to get a good night’s sleep, you’ll need to combat your stress levels.
Exercise More or Exercise Less
Exercise helps alleviate stress which is great for creating a good sense of well being. Those who exercise regularly can experience increased energy and productivity. Regular exercise will help you get a good night’s sleep, which will go a really long way for your mental health.
The most important thing when exercising during a stressful time is that you only exercise when you’ve had enough rest. Otherwise, you may plummet yourself further into burnout, especially if you don’t usually exercise. You need to listen to your body, nobody seems to tell you to exercise less, but if you’re burned out, you should.
Don’t Ignore Stress
Short-term stress that is manageable could easily turn into burnout over time. You should voice your stress to employers if you’re still working and reach out for any available help. You can also practise deep breathing, meditation, and other relaxation techniques that can help calm you.
Keeping your mind on track and continuing practicing positive thinking. Small techniques like these can work surprisingly well. It can be extremely difficult to remove ourselves from high stress and demanding roles, but just by taking five minutes out where you can really make a difference in terms of mental health. This will positively impact on your ability to do your role as well as everyday tasks.
Outside of work, try and not put yourself in situations that may cause you unnecessary amounts of stress. Your brain can only take so much psychological stress at one time.
If productivity is really what you want to improve on during the pandemic, remember that productivity is not the start, it is the end product of other positive actions you’ve taken to get there. Productivity without burnout will happen when you look after your mental health.
This blog was written by writer and psychologist Jade Mansfield – The Worsley Centre, a centre for Psychotherapy and Counselling. | <urn:uuid:6a8695e1-d25a-4dad-a33a-fbfeed4c1f7c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://beurownlight.com/2020/05/11/how-to-avoid-burnout-during-a-pandemic-guest-blog-by-jade-mansfield-at-the-worsley-centre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880878.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023073305-20201023103305-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.96035 | 978 | 2.65625 | 3 |
How often do I need to test my blood glucose?
How often to test blood sugar levels is a common question particularly amongst people that are newly diagnosed with diabetes or that have moved onto a new treatment regimen.
The frequency at which you should test your blood will be dependent upon the treatment regimen you are on as well as individual circumstances.
Blood glucose testing can help you to identify any hypos and hypers and provide information on how to keep your diabetes under control
It is sadly quite common for some people's healthcare team to suggest people with diabetes to test less often or not test at all even when their patients are keen.
Should I test my blood glucose levels?
If you are on medication that puts you at risk of hypos, you should test your blood glucose levels.
Medications that can cause hypos include:
- Insulin (all types of insulin)
- Sulphonylureas (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, glimepiride, tolbutamide)
- Prandial glucose regulators (repaglinide, nateglinide)
This means that all people with type 1 diabetes need to regularly test their blood glucose levels.
If you have another type of diabetes and are not on any of the medication above, there is less necessity to test your blood sugar but there is still plenty of benefit to be had in testing your blood sugar.
- Read about the benefits of blood glucose testing
It has previously been reported by research that some people may find blood glucose testing distressing.
This is more likely to be the case when people have not received education about how to interpret and act upon the results. When people know how to interpret the results, blood glucose testing is usually regarded as a substantial benefit.
Blood glucose testing for type 1 diabetes
The 2015 NICE guidelines recommend that people with type 1 diabetes test their blood glucose at least 4 times per day, including before each meal and before bed.
Your doctor should also support you to test more regularly to ensure you test at the following times:
- Before driving and at least once every 2 hours on longer journeys
- Before, during and after exercise
- Testing more regularly during periods of illness
- During pregnancy or breastfeeding or when planning pregnancy
- If you are having regular hypos
- If you have an impaired ability to spot hypo symptoms
- If you are not achieving the target HbA1c of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
- If taking part in high-risk activities
Blood glucose testing for other types of diabetes
How often people with other types of diabetes should test their blood sugar will vary depending on what medication is taken and personal circumstances.
People on multiple insulin injections per day or on an insulin pump should test as often as people with type 1 diabetes.
If you are on medication that can cause hypos, you should, at the least, be able to test your blood glucose whenever you notice any possible signs of hypoglycemia.
Blood glucose testing is useful for testing how much different meals and activities affect your blood glucose levels. This tends to be of particular use for people with type 2 diabetes.
- Read more about pre and post meal blood glucose testing
Can I test my blood too few times?
Depending on how your diabetes is treated, it is possible to test too little. For example, people with type 1 diabetes that are testing less than 4 times per day are likely to find it more difficult to understand their sugar levels and are likely to experience poorer control than someone testing at least 4 times per day.
Struggling to test your blood glucose levels as often you should can often be linked with psychologiocal issues such as being in denial about your diabetes, experiencing diabetes burnout or suffering from depression.
If you’re on medication that can cause hypos, you must by law test your blood sugar levels before each drive and at least as often as once every 2 hours of a journey. Failure to do this could lead to a hypo at the wheel and a number of road accidents happen every year in the UK as a result of hypoglycemia.
Diabetes.co.uk has been made aware that many people have experienced difficulty with being prescribed sufficient blood glucose testing supplies to adequately manage their diabetes.
- For more on this issue, read our guide on the availability of blood glucose test strips.
Can I test my blood too many times?
A situation in which you could be testing more often than you need is if the testing you are doing is not providing any help in managing your diabetes.
Note that in type 1 diabetes, testing before each meal and before bed is a necessary part of diabetes control as it helps you to keep track of whether or when your blood sugar levels are going too high or too low.
People with other types of diabetes, such as type 2 diabetes, may be testing too often if it is not understood how to make sense of or respond to the results.
If you have type 2 diabetes and would like to have a better understanding of what your blood sugar levels mean, you can benefit from joining the Type 2 Testing Program. | <urn:uuid:7dda7c3b-49c6-4ce0-9e9c-1a50a08f9e8e> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes_care/how-often-should-i-blood-test.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00198-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953189 | 1,064 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Vitamin B3 (Niacin, nicotinic acid, 3-pyridine-carboxylic acid) is one of eight B-Vitamins. Niacin is a precursor to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
NAD is needed to catabolize fats, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol. And NAD is involved in cell signaling and DNA repair.
Studies have shown that supplementing with niacin improves cognitive function, enhances cellular energy, boosts cerebral circulation, increases endurance, switches ‘off’ aging genes, and extends life span.
- Protect brain cells. Niacin as a precursor to NAD and NADH repairs cell and DNA damage. And stimulates your immune system. Niacin boosts the production of Nitric Oxide (NO) which relaxes blood vessels in your brain increasing cerebral blood flow. And niacin acts as an antioxidant helping to eliminate free radicals that can damage brain cells.[ii]
- Brain energy. As a precursor to NADH, niacin provides electrons for ATP synthesis that fuels mitochondria in brain cells. Low levels of niacin result in brain fog, slow mental processing, and cognitive decline.
- Neurotransmitters. Niacin affects cognitive function by stimulating the production of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.[iii] These neurotransmitters are involved in memory, learning, cognition, recall and mood.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin, nicotinic acid, 3-pyridine-carboxylic acid) is precursor to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
Niacin is found in, and critical for the health of every cell in your body. NADH is the reduced form of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), making it the “active” form which can donate electrons.
NADH is the primary carrier of electrons from glucose and lactate for ATP synthesis. ATP is the fuel source for mitochondria. The power supply in each of your brain cells. So you need niacin to produce NADH to transfer the energy from the food you eat into a type of energy your body can use.
Niacin naturally occurs in foods like eggs, fish, meat, milk, peanuts, mushrooms, green vegetables, and yeast.
But only about 2% of dietary tryptophan is converted to niacin. Not nearly enough that your body requires which is why supplementation is needed.
Niacin supplementation has been used to treat addiction, ADHD, arthritis, Alzheimer’s Disease, depression, memory loss and schizophrenia. And for detoxing nearly every foreign substance that can find its way into your fat cells.
How does Niacin work in the brain?
Niacin boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
- Niacin increases cellular energy. Niacin is the precursor to NAD. NAD acts as an electron carrier, meaning it can accept and donate electrons to various enzymes involved in energy metabolism.
NAD is transformed into NADH. NADH then donates its electron to the electron transport chain where a number of ATP molecules are formed.
Using niacin as a supplement increases the available NAD molecules that can take part in energy metabolism. And increasing the amount of energy in each cell.[iv]
By providing the means for ATP synthesis, niacin is involved in cognition, focus, concentration, memory, and processing speed. And niacin plays an important role in mediating brain aging and tissue damage. Even decreasing the damage done by strokes.
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston studied the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10 and niacin in mouse models of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Impaired energy metabolism has been associated with some symptoms of PD.
Researchers administered MPTP which is poison to neurons. It disrupts the energy metabolism of neurons that release dopamine. The affected dopamine cells are also unable to release as much glutamate which results in decreased dopamine in people with PD.
The combination of CoQ10 and niacin protected against both mild and moderate dopamine depletion. The researchers concluded that CoQ10 and niacin improve mitochondrial energy production.[v]
- Niacin increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). BDNF has been termed “Miracle-Gro for the brain”. Higher levels of BDNF have been associated with increased intelligence, mood, productivity and memory.
Researchers at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit tested the hypothesis that niacin could increase synaptic plasticity and axon growth in stroke patients.
Male Wistar rats were purposely given a stroke and then treated with extended release niacin (Niaspan) for 14 days. Niacin increased synaptic plasticity and axon growth as a result of restored BDNF.[vi]
Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism showed that niacin stimulated growth hormone.[vii]
How things go bad
Mild niacin deficiency can be caused by digestive problems that decreases the amount of Vitamin B3 (niacin) or tryptophan that your body absorbs.
If you are gluten intolerant you’re at a higher risk of being niacin deficient. If you have Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or Crohn’s Disease you have an increased chance of niacin deficiency.
Excessive alcohol consumption, birth control pills, anorexia, and those on a vegan diet can be deficient in niacin.
↓ Energy levels decline
↑ Fatigue increases
↓ Anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, headaches and hallucinations
↓ Metabolism declines
↑ Insomnia increases
↑ Irritability increases
Some experts believe a lack of niacin and other B-Vitamins is at least partially responsible for the large increase in mental health disorders and violent crimes in recent decades.[viii]
All of these niacin deficiency-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, age-related cognitive decline, including Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia.
But even if things haven’t degenerated to such a debilitating level, niacin can help.
Niacin to the rescue
Research has shown that people with low niacin levels are far more vulnerable to addiction, depression, heart disease, schizophrenia, and other chronic conditions. Low niacin levels can happen at any age. Even at birth.
Niacin can improve cholesterol levels. Supplementing with niacin has been shown to help those who are at increased risk for heart attacks, stroke and other forms of heart disease.
Niacin can help reduce hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and assist in avoiding heart disease. And niacin helps reduce inflammation.
Niacin plays a role in diabetes treatment because it helps balance blood sugar levels.
Niacin helps to reduce skin inflammation, flare ups, irritation, redness and for treating severe cases of acne.
Niacin can help protect against Alzheimer’s and dementia.[ix] Niacin supplementation is also associated with decreased risk for age-related cognitive decline, memory loss, migraines, depression, motion sickness, insomnia and even alcohol dependence.
Niacin is also used for treating and to help prevent schizophrenia.
Studies show that niacin supplementation lowers the risk or severity of ADHD.
Niacin is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) because it acts as a vasodilator that helps improve blood flow to the penis.
How does Niacin feel?
Niacin supplementation can help relieve depression and anxiety. Circulation should improve and you’ll feel like you have more energy.
People taking statins to control cholesterol report severe side effects. But when adding niacin to their supplement stack, most experience a reduction in blood pressure. And some have stopped taking statins as a result.
Those dealing with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) report combining niacin with St. John’s wort reduced OCD symptoms. And was better than using the SSRI Prozac®, or the benzodiazepine Ativan® (lorazepam).
Taken before bedtime some neurohackers report a reduction in insomnia.
Lower back pain and hip pain may be reduced with niacin supplementation.
Niacin can help reduce severe acne and other skin inflammation problems.
Niacin helps Reduce Bad Cholesterol
Therapeutic doses of niacin have been shown to reduce serum cholesterol. Niacin significantly increases HDL-cholesterol (good cholesterol), decreases LPL-cholesterol (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides. Changes in blood lipid profile considered to be protective of your heart.
Low levels of HDL-cholesterol are one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. And an increase in HDL levels is associated with a reduction of that risk.
The Coronary Drug Project was conducted between 1966 and 1975 to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of niacin in 8,241 men aged 30 to 64 years old. All men had experienced some type of heart problem.
Compared to placebo, patients who took 3 grams of niacin daily experienced an average 10% reduction in total blood cholesterol, a 26% decrease in triglycerides, a 27% decrease in recurrent heart attacks, and a 26% decrease in stroke.[x]
Niacin for Detox
If you are dealing with chronic health issues, chances are good you could benefit from a detoxification program. Even if you’re feeling perfectly ‘healthy’ you could likely use a good detox.
Simply living in our modern society exposes us to thousands of chemicals that have the potential to get into our bodies from the food we eat, air we breathe, water we drink and things we touch.
One study done in Portland, Oregon investigated the effects of a 7-day detox program on well-being in 25 disease-free, healthy participants. The 7-day detox produced a statistically significant (47%) reduction in the Metabolic Screening Questionnaire scores. And a 23% increase in liver detox capacity.[xi] Even healthy people feel better after detox.
In 1977, L. Ron Hubbard developed his “Sweat Program” to facilitate detox. The program includes niacin, sauna and a supplement regimen to restore critical vitamins and minerals to the newly detoxed body.
Niacin affects adipocytes which causes an increase in free fatty acid (FFA) release from adipose tissue (body fat). Release of free fatty acids releases fat-stored toxins for excretion from the body.
Niacin also causes prostaglandin D2 release which dilates small blood vessels in the skin. The same reaction responsible for the “niacin flush”. This dilation increases the movement of xenobiotics (foreign chemicals) for excretion through sweating (which is where the sauna comes into the detox program).
Niacin is also a precursor to NADH which regenerates the master antioxidant glutathione. Niacin reduces inflammation by decreasing reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines.
Niacin helps treat Depression
Niacin is especially helpful if you are taking antidepressants. Drugs to treat depression have an anti-inflammatory effect, including inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway. This metabolic pathway is involved in the production of NAD and NADH.
The inhibition of this pathway increases serotonin as more tryptophan becomes available for serotonin synthesis. More serotonin helps decrease depression.
But this also leaves less tryptophan available for niacin synthesis. Which causes depression and basically cancels out the benefits of using antidepressants.[xiii]
So if you’re on SSRI’s you may want to add niacin to your stack.
Niacin for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction
Dyslipidemia is the name of the condition involving high LDL-cholesterol (bad), high triglycerides (bad), and low HDL-cholesterol (bad). Dyslipidemia is closely related to erectile dysfunction (ED).
Researchers in Hong Kong ran a placebo-controlled trial with 160 male patients with ED and dyslipidemia. Half the men with ED received 1500 mg of niacin, and the other half received a placebo daily for 12 weeks.
The main outcome of the study was a significant improvement in erectile function. And the researchers concluded that “niacin alone can improve erectile function in men suffering from moderate to severe ED”.[xiv]
Niacin is naturally produced in your body from tryptophan. And you get niacin from eating certain foods including beef, chicken, tuna, sunflower seeds, salmon, green peas, turkey, and mushrooms. So niacin is considered non-toxic and safe.
Note that higher doses of niacin are usually divided into evenly split doses 2 – 4 times per day. So 2 gram of niacin daily would be 500 mg 4-times per day.
- Prevention of heart disease: niacin 4 grams per day
- Lowering bad cholesterol and boosting good cholesterol: niacin 4 grams per day
- To slow the progression of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: Niacinamide 25 mg/kg of body weight daily
- Preventing or treating Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency: 50 – 100 mg per day
- To treat pellagra (severe niacin deficiency): 300 – 500 mg daily
- For treating osteoarthritis: Niacinamide 3 grams per day
- For reduced risk of cataracts: 44 mg of niacin per day
- Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease: 100 mg per day. Note that there is no reliable evidence that niacin can prevent Alzheimer’s although there is plenty of evidence that Alzheimer’s patients consistently show low niacin levels.
- Treating erectile dysfunction (ED): 500 mg 3-times per day
- Treating schizophrenia: 3 grams of niacin and 3 grams of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) daily[xv]
Standard niacin (nicotinic acid) is naturally produced in your body. And considered non-toxic.
Niacin can lower blood pressure so if you are on blood pressure lowering medication be cautious about supplementing with niacin.
Niacin may decrease the effectiveness of diabetes medication because long-term use of niacin can increase blood sugar. So you may need to increase your diabetes meds.
Statins are notorious for causing muscle wasting. And when combined with niacin it may increase this muscle wasting problem. You may want to cut back on your statins as you increase your niacin dose. Many stop taking statins altogether when using niacin.
Niacin (nicotinic acid) and sustained-release niacin causes “flushing” in many people. Here we address how to reduce or eliminate the side effect of niacin flushing.
Preventing Niacin Flushing
Regular immediate-release niacin (nicotinic acid) causes “flushing” in many people. And they avoid supplementing with niacin as a result.
Standard niacin flushing results from activation of the niacin receptor G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) in skin Langerhans cells. This leads to the production of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which act on receptors in the capillaries (small blood vessels in your skin).[xvi]
This flushing sensation comes from blood vessel dilation and manifests itself as redness, warmth of the skin and tingling or itching. It happens rapidly and lasts for about 1 hour.
This flushing sensation is NOT an allergic reaction. And only feels uncomfortable. Here are some strategies to avoid niacin flushing.
First, “slow-release” niacin may prevent flushing. But is NOT the answer because it will not provide the LDL-cholesterol (bad) lowering benefits. And can be toxic to your liver when used long-term.[xvii]
Inositol hexanicotinate is commonly referred to as no-flush niacin or flush-free niacin and is preferred by many neurohackers.
Even though I’ve seen a couple of clinical studies claiming this version of niacin has no effect on lipid profiles when it comes to cholesterol[xviii], user reviews consistently report the opposite.
They do not experience flushing with Inositol hexanicotinate even at high doses, and their cholesterol and triglyceride levels all benefited and came within a healthy range.
A newer version of “extended-release” niacin called Niaspan® does not produce the flushing effect. And has been shown to have the same effects on good cholesterol and triglycerides as instant-release niacin.[xix] Niaspan® is prescription-only and is now available as a prescription generic at lower cost.
One effective way to reduce flushing with instant-release niacin and extended-release niacin is to take a 325 mg aspirin tablet 30 minutes prior to taking your niacin.[xx]
You can also try splitting your dose of niacin into smaller doses taken throughout the day. Flushing will be reduced if not completely eliminated. And long-term niacin users note that flushing goes away after about a week of long-term niacin use.
- Niacin (nicotinic acid, (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid) or ‘free-form’ nicotinic acid even at large doses of 3 or 4 grams are nearly completely absorbed by adults. This version causes ‘flushing’ above 50 mg which can be avoided. Refer to the “Side Effects” section of this article on niacin. Doses above 1500 mg per day can be toxic to your liver.
- Niacinamide (nicotinic acid amide) has a similar profile to that of free-form niacin. But unlike free form niacin does not produce a flushing effect. Doses above 3 grams per day can be toxic to your liver.
- Slow-release niacin is nicotinic acid using an ion exchange or wax matrix developed to slowly release niacin to avoid the flushing effect. Liver toxicity has been shown in doses above 500 mg of extended-release niacin.
- Inositol hexanicotinate (IH) is an “extended-release niacin” sold as “Flush Free Niacin” and has 6 molecules of niacin covalently bonded to one molecule of inositol. The IH version of niacin does not produce a flushing effect. Studies show that an average of 70% of the dose you take gets absorbed by your body.
Studies show that the benefits to lowering bad cholesterol with the IH form of niacin are not nearly as effective as free-from niacin.[xxi] But user reviews are the opposite of these clinical findings. No toxicity is associated with high doses of IH.
Slo-Niacin®, is sold over the counter. Niaspan® is an extended-release niacin formula sold as a prescription drug.
Note: Both slow-release niacin and extended-release niacin (inositol hexanicotinate) are marketed and labeled as “Flush-Free Niacin”. But they are not the same and you should avoid slow-release niacin.
Slow-release niacin causes liver toxicity at relatively low doses and does not provide the lipid balancing effects like free-form niacin and extended-release niacin.
Most multivitamins also include some form of Vitamin B3 (niacin) in their formula. But many of these multis don’t contain enough for optimum health. And many have an inferior isolated or synthetic version of the nutrient.
The Performance Lab® Whole-Food Multi offers a nature-identical form of Vitamin B3 (niacin) and is now my favorite daily multivitamin/mineral supplement.
I prefer the Performance Lab® multi because it’s more potent, it’s biologically active and I’ve found to be a far more effective multi compared to every other multivitamin supplement I’ve ever used.
Performance Lab® uses their own priority BioGenesis® vitamins and minerals which are grown on probiotic, plant and yeast cultures in a state-of-the-art lab.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 1000 mg 3-times per pay
We recommend using “extended-release” Niacin as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some Niacin on its own. And you can get it by eating meat, poultry and fish. But studies have shown we don’t get an adequate supply of Niacin from food sources.
Niacin is particularly helpful for vegetarians because very little Niacin is available from vegetables.
Niacin is especially helpful for those suffering Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and ADHD.
I suggest starting with a dose of 500 mg daily. And Niacin is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic. Do your best to use either free-form niacin if you can tolerate the flush. Or even better, use an extended-release version of niacin that has no flush and no associated toxicity.
You need to provide your brain mitochondria with the ATP fuel it is demanding. Or neurons start to break down from the inside. Signs that you’re lacking adequate Niacin is brain fog, slow thinking, fatigue and low endurance.
Some clinics in the USA and other countries are using Niacin therapy as a treatment for addiction, anxiety, depression, chronic stress and even schizophrenia.
I recommend starting with a low dose of Niacin until you build a tolerance to avoid the niacin “flush”. Increase your dose every few days until you get to the dose you find gives you the most cognitive benefit.
At the very minimum every neurohacker should be using a multivitamin every day that includes Vitamin B3 (niacin). The best multi I’ve found and use every day is the Performance Lab® Whole-Food Multi for men or women.
[v] Schulz J.B., Henshaw D.R., Matthews R.T., Beal M.F. “Coenzyme Q10 and nicotinamide and a free radical spin trap protect against MPTP neurotoxicity.” Experimental Neurology. 1995 Apr;132(2):279-83. (source)
[vii] Quabbe H.J., Luyckx A.S., L'age M., Schwarz C. “Growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon concentrations during plasma free fatty acid depression: different effects of nicotinic acid and an adenosine derivative (BM 11.189).” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1983 Aug;57(2):410-4. (source)
[ix] Morris M.C., Evans D.A., Bienias J.L., Scherr P.A., Tangney C.C., Hebert L.E., Bennett D.A., Wilson R.S., Aggarwal N. “Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;75(8):1093-9. (source)
[x] Canner P.L., Berge K.G., Wenger N.K., Stamler J., Friedman L., Prineas R.J., Friedewald W. “Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin.” Journal of American College of Cardiology. 1986 Dec;8(6):1245-55. (source)
[xii] Cecchini M, Root D, Rachunow J, Gelb P. “Chemical Exposures at the World Trade Center Use of the Hubbard Sauna Detoxification Regimen to Improve the Health Status of New York City Rescue Workers Exposed to Toxicants.” Townsend Letter. April 2006;263:58-65. (source)
[xvii] McKenney J.M., Proctor J.D., Harris S., Chinchili V.M. “A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients.” JAMA. 1994 Mar 2;271(9):672-7. (source)
[xix] Knopp R.H., Alagona P., Davidson M., Goldberg A.C., Kafonek S.D., Kashyap M., Sprecher D., Superko H.R., Jenkins S., Marcovina S. “Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia.” Metabolism. 1998 Sep;47(9):1097-104. (source)
[xx] Jungnickel P.W., Maloley P.A., Vander Tuin E.L., Peddicord T.E., Campbell J.R. “Effect of two aspirin pretreatment regimens on niacin-induced cutaneous reactions.” Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1997 Oct;12(10):591-6. (source) | <urn:uuid:a02e4e8f-b71f-4cc3-a84b-84a2dd7566f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://nootropicsexpert.com/vitamin-b3-niacin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257845.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525004721-20190525030721-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.88627 | 5,513 | 2.96875 | 3 |
HOW TO FORWARD PORTS TO YOUR DEVICES WITH IPTABLES
You need to create a basic DNAT on your router. Remember that the router GUI forwards ports from the WAN to LAN. When connected to the VPN you must forward ports from TUN to LAN. Therefore, it is imperative that you do NOT forward ports in the GUI of the router.
- destIP is the IP address of the destination device
- port is the port you wish to forward to that device
- tun1 is the tun interface of your router (please check! on some routers it can be tun0, on Tomato it can be tun11)
- you need to forward both TCP and UDP packets
you need to add the following rules. Please note that the following rules do NOT replace your already existing rules, you just have to add them.
iptables -I FORWARD -i tun1 -p udp -d destIP --dport port -j ACCEPT
iptables -I FORWARD -i tun1 -p tcp -d destIP --dport port -j ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i tun1 -p tcp --dport port -j DNAT --to-destination destIP
iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i tun1 -p udp --dport port -j DNAT --to-destination destIP
Note: if your router firmware iptables supports the multiport module you can use --match option to make your rules set more compact. Please see here, thanks to Mikeyy https://airvpn.org/topic/14991-asuswrt-merlin-multiple-ports/#entry31221 | <urn:uuid:f58b9b5f-25a7-41df-a241-8a4e6f1b3a47> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://airvpn.org/topic/9270-how-to-forward-ports-in-dd-wrt-tomato-with-iptables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.748401 | 363 | 2.625 | 3 |
Greenpeace Report: Deep-sea mining threatens marine ecosystems
The planned large-scale mining of manganese nodules in the deep sea threatens to destroy unique marine ecosystems and extinguish entire species. This is the result of a recent Greenpeace report
Countries such as China, Korea, Britain, France, Russia and Germany are planning to enter the mining industry on the seabed to gain access to coveted metals and rare earth elements. "The deep sea is the largest ecosystem in the world and houses unique creatures that we have barely explored. Mining on the seabed is an ecological catastrophe, "says Dr. Christian Bussau, a marine expert from Greenpeace.
Germany has secured mining licenses for two deep-sea regions, which are currently being researched by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR). On areas as large as the states of Bavaria and half of Rhineland-Palatinate, manganese nodules are expected to be mined in the Pacific and Indian oceans. To harvest the tubers, machine-sized machines have to dig them out of the sediment with huge rollers. In doing so, they also deprive the entire layer of the soil populated with marine life. The huge sediment clouds released in this way could severely disturb the food chain in the sea, cause the death of plankton and small animals, and rob fish of their food base. The entire ecosystem would be endangered.
The possible catastrophic consequences of deep-sea mining are known to the competent International Seabed Authority (ISA). Nevertheless, ISA has approved all 29 sub-licenses previously requested. The Greenpeace report shows that the agency has already granted licenses for an area of around one million square kilometres - larger than Spain.
On the seabed are large deposits of cobalt, copper, nickel and rare-earth elements, which are important for the construction of e.g. digital devices such as cell phones, computers or batteries. The demand for such raw materials is increasing worldwide from year to year. The Freiburg “Öko-Institut” already warns that cobalt could be temporarily short. The metal is in smartphones and solar panels, for example. The undersea deposits exceed the resources on land many times over. | <urn:uuid:5675e97c-8d9c-4d96-94a9-392e54534b87> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blog.divessi.com/granted-mining-licenses-for-one-million-square-kilometers-of-seabed-5459.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219122958-20200219152958-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.936445 | 463 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Dr. Mark Horton, director of the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), announced today that the statewide annual quarantine on mussels taken by sport harvesters from the ocean waters of California for human consumption ended today. Sampling of mussels confirmed that shellfish-borne paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and domoic acid poisoning are at safe or undetectable levels.
The quarantine is issued for the entire California coastline, usually from May 1 through Oct. 31, to protect consumers of sport-harvested shellfish from PSP and domoic acid poisoning. The quarantine applies only to sport-harvested mussels. Commercial shellfish harvesters in California must be certified by CDPH and are subject to stringent sample testing for toxins. Commercial harvesting is stopped immediately if a potentially dangerous level of toxin is found.
PSP is a form of nervous system poisoning. Concentrated levels of the PSP toxins can develop in California mussels and other bivalve shellfish when they feed on certain naturally occurring marine plankton. Shellfish become toxic only when populations of the responsible organism, a dinoflagellate known as Alexandrium catenella, become abundant in ocean waters -- a phenomenon known as a "bloom." Bivalve shellfish feed by filtering the microscopic organisms from the water and concentrate the toxin in their bodies.
Another toxin of concern associated with shellfish is domoic acid. It was first recognized as a cause of poisoning in humans in an outbreak in Canada in 1987 when approximately 150 people became ill and four died after consuming toxic mussels from Prince Edward Island on the Atlantic Coast. The source of the domoic acid in this outbreak was a diatom known as Pseudo-nitzschia pungens forma multiseries. This single-celled marine algae, like dinoflagellates, is a natural food source for filter-feeding animals.
The first documented occurrence of domoic acid on the Pacific Coast of the United States was in September and October 1991 in the vicinity of Santa Cruz on Monterey Bay. Domoic acid was found to be the cause of death of several hundred brown pelicans and Brandt’s cormorants. The birds were exposed to domoic acid by feeding on anchovies, which feed on plankton.
Domoic acid has subsequently been linked to several episodes of severe poisoning of marine mammals along the coast. Several mild cases of human poisoning from domoic acid may have occurred in the state of Washington in 1991 in consumers of toxic razor clams from beaches north of the Columbia River.
Consumers can receive updated information about PSP and domoic acid by calling the CDPH "Shellfish Information Line" at 1-800-553-4133. | <urn:uuid:52395db3-c4c1-4bc8-9009-f5d574e2e97f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/PH07-58.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271648.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00228-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955099 | 576 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Mission provides the Spanish with Faith, Science, and an incentive to expand to other continents. Found as many cities as possible on continents far from your Capital, then build Campuses in them, surround them with Missions, and enjoy the rich spiritual and scientific benefits!
Civilopedia entry Edit
According to the Catholic Church, missions are religious communities devoted to teaching, tending, and helping the local populace, thus supporting Christ’s ideals. Of course, the Spanish, Portuguese and French missions were also devoted to converting the locals and then “civilizing” them through cultural assimilation. The Spanish missions serve as the traditional template, self-supporting enclaves with churches, dormitories, fields and pastures, gardens, barns, workrooms, hospitals and schools. In places these were even fortified, ready to defend themselves from opposition. Most of the missions in the Americas, Asia, and Africa were administered by religious orders such as the Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Augustinians rather than the Church itself, but the effects were the same. Nonetheless, the missions often served as a nucleus around which European colonizing efforts could coalesce. | <urn:uuid:c86699bd-87f9-4034-9bfe-75714a7e9b1f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Mission_(Civ6) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583518753.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024021948-20181024043448-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.973808 | 240 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Stress levels are on the rise as concerns are growing in light of COVID-19. Taking care of yourself and supporting others is crucial for coping, and strengthening as a community during stressful events.
Important Ways to Cope with Stress
#1 – Take breaks.
Take breaks from reading news stories, social media and news broadcasts. It can be helpful to stay informed to an extent. But constantly hearing about the pandemic can cause unnecessary panic and worry.
#2 – Make time for activities you enjoy.
Allow time for activities you enjoy that will ease your mind. Activities like reading a book, doing a puzzle, going for a walk, or meditating will give your mind something else to focus on.
#3 – Practice guided meditation.
Ease mental tension with guided meditations using apps like Insight Timer, Head Space, or Calm. A regular meditation practice helps with reducing anxiety, worry and stress. It also results in better sleep and improves resilience against uncertainty and adversity. See attached for more information and use this link to receive one free month of Calm Premium.
#4 – Eat a balanced diet.
Stay healthy by eating well balanced meals. Avoid alcohol, especially as a means for dealing with stress.
#5 – Move your body.
Exercising, walking outside and practicing yoga are all great ways to stay active, improve your mood and reduce stress. Home fitness is more accessible than ever with Youtube, social media, and apps. Some gyms that have closed in response to COVID-19 are even live streaming workouts on Facebook.
#6 – Stay connected to others virtually.
In this time of social isolation, stay connected with others virtually. Talk with loved ones about how you are feeling and be gentle with yourself. Reach out to others and provide emotional support as well.
Ask for Help if You Need It
If you, or someone you care about, are feeling overwhelmed with emotions like sadness, depression, or anxiety, or feel like you want to harm yourself or others call: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA’s) Disaster Distress Helpline: 1-800-985-5990 or text TalkWithUs to 66746. (TTY 1-800-846-8517).
About Tori Price, ACSM-EP
Tori is an Education Specialist with WakeMed Corporate & Community Health. She is also a ACSM Certified Exercise Physiologist (ACSM-EP). | <urn:uuid:f021324e-8098-4493-a072-d6b83794538c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://wakemedvoices.com/2020/03/6-tips-for-staying-calm-during-a-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739211.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814100602-20200814130602-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.936996 | 511 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Another Country, novel by James Baldwin, published in 1962. The novel is renowned for its frank portrayal of bisexuality and interracial relations, published in a time when these subjects were taboo. Shortly after the action begins, Rufus Scott, a black jazz musician, commits suicide, impelling his friends to search for the meaning of his death and, consequently, for a deeper understanding of their own identities. Employing a loose, episodic structure that has often been compared to that of Beat movement novels, this work traces the affairs—heterosexual and homosexual as well as interracial—among Scott’s friends. In its language and structure, the novel is a departure from Baldwin’s earlier work.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
African American literature: James Baldwin…to treat homosexuality openly, and
Another Country(1962), a best-seller that examined bisexuality, interracial sex, and the many prejudices that enforced hierarchies of difference in American society—confirmed Baldwin’s leadership among those Black American writers at mid century who wanted to move fiction toward a renewed search for personal meaning and…
James Baldwin…was central to his novel
Another Country(1962), which examines sexual as well as racial issues.…
African American literatureAfrican American literature, body of literature written by Americans of African descent. Beginning in the pre-Revolutionary War period, African American writers have engaged in a creative, if often contentious, dialogue with American letters. The result is a literature rich in expressive subtlety… | <urn:uuid:1cd8de5b-f0d9-49e4-bfae-fd0bcf1ec9b1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Country-by-Baldwin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360853.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228115201-20210228145201-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.943706 | 353 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Before Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, there was 1924. This was the year of Hitler's final transformation into the self-proclaimed savior and infallible leader who would interpret and distort Germany's historical traditions to support his vision for the Third Reich.
Everything that would come--the rallies and riots, the single-minded deployment of a catastrophically evil idea--all of it crystallized in one defining year. 1924 was the year that Hitler spent locked away from society, in prison and surrounded by co-conspirators of the failed Beer Hall Putsch. It was a year of deep reading and intensive writing, a year of courtroom speeches and a treason trial, a year of slowly walking gravel paths and spouting ideology while working feverishly on the book that became his manifesto: Mein Kampf.
Until now, no one has fully examined this single and pivotal period of Hitler's life. In 1924, Peter Ross Range richly depicts the stories and scenes of a year vital to understanding the man and the brutality he wrought in a war that changed the world forever.
REF : 9780316383998 | <urn:uuid:e5951acd-6119-47b9-8f4f-413470e69173> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.cultura.com/1924-tea-9780316383998.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828056.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217020710-20181217042710-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.960235 | 227 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Being prepared in the workplace is one of the three corner stones of being prepared. If you are prepared at home, in school and the workplace, you will be prepared for most anywhere. Just as in the home and school, first responders (Fire, Law Enforcement, Medical Services, Public Works) may not be able to respond. Knowing what your business is doing will help ensure your and your families ability to be as prepared as possible.
The International Risk Management Institute has studied the effects of earthquakes on businesses and have found “economic losses from the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes each exceeded the economic losses associated with the World Trade Center disaster. Life losses due to the September 11 attacks have been greatly exceeded by many … “including each of the 1985 Mexico City, 1988 Armenia, and 1999 Izmit earthquakes.” According to OSHA, “the primary dangers to workers result from: being struck by structural components or furnishings, inadequately secured stored materials, burns, gas leaks or electrical shorts, or exposure to chemicals released from stored or process chemicals.” In the workplace there are three things you can do… Plan, Equip, and Train:
- Plan (Safe Zones, Processes, Account)
- Identify and know your safe zones, refuge points and assembly areas.
- Know how to safely shut down your workplace, factory floor and processes.
- Understand how to account for co-workers and staff.
- Equip (The building, property and staff)
- Build personal, department and company earthquake kits.
- Implement mitigation measures to protect equipment and furniture.
- Provide staff personal protective and emergency equipment.
- Train (Reach out and find what your neighbors are doing)
- Train on assessment of the workplace following an earthquake.
- Participate in, or start, regular Safety Meetings.
- Conduct regular earthquake exercises.
Being prepared for an earthquake is the responsibility of each one of us – you are critical to community resilience! Join us as we continue the “Be Prepared” theme:
- January 27th “Be Prepared” A Compendium Of Available Resources.
Thursday January 26th, 2017 is the 317th anniversary of the last Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake. In recognition of this, and to increase earthquake awareness, City of Bellingham Mayor Kelli Linville has proclaimed January 26th as “Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake Awareness Day” | <urn:uuid:1282fb61-7eed-4e40-af8c-a4df35d6ace2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.whatcomready.org/be-prepared-in-the-workplace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146907.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227221724-20200228011724-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.953194 | 500 | 3.03125 | 3 |
(Art) – The Tate Modern is one of the four museums in London named after Henry Tate, an industrialist who in 1889 offered his collection of British art to the United Kingdom. In 1994, a former Bankside Power Station was converted into the Tate Modern by swiss architects Herzog & De Meuron, a house for international modern and contemporary art.
In 2009, Tate modern was renovated and is considered one of the most interesting museums in the world, and a hub for amazing displays of innovation in all varieties of art.
Here are three works of art where color is emphasized and questioned, from artists Maria Lalic, Olafur Eliasson, and Josef Albers. This is a current, 2016 exhibit curated by Ann Coxon with Tate Learning.
History Painting 8 Egyptian. Orpiment 1995
History Painting 8 Egyptian. Orpiment is one of a series of fifty-three works by the British artist Maria Lalic, which are collectively titled History Paintings and were made between 1995 and 2004. Six works from this series, all dating from 1995, are held in the Tate collection (the others are History Painting 14 Greek. Massicot 1995, Tate T07289; History Painting 17 Italian. Naples Yellow 1995, Tate T07290; History Painting 35 C18/19th. Cadmium Yellow 1995, Tate T07291; History Painting 42 C20th. Winsor Yellow 1995,T07292; History Painting 2 Cave. Yellow Earth 1995, Tate T07287). The works in this series are all paintings on canvas, comprising multiple thin ‘glazes’ of paint that have been layered over one another and evenly applied across the whole support. The paintings initially look like monochromes, but upon further inspection other paint layers beneath the surface become visible. Since the canvases’ outer edges are entirely unpainted, the built-up layers can also be seen when the painting is viewed from the side. All of the History Paintings feature smooth but visible brushstrokes, oriented horizontally across the canvas.
Yellow versus Purple 2003
Installed in a darkened room, Yellow versus Purple 2003 comprises a transparent yellow disc of colour-effect glass (750 mm in diameter), which is suspended from a steel cable linked to a motor attached to the ceiling, and a floodlight mounted on a tripod that shines a wide beam of light directly at the disc and onto a white wall behind. The disc and the floodlight are both positioned 140 cm off the floor so that as the light passes through the glass it creates a yellow shadow on the wall behind that changes shape, from a circle to an ellipse and back again, as the disc rotates. At the same time, the particular properties of the glass also serve to reflect the light, producing a purple form that moves along the walls of the room as though orbiting the space. Like the yellow shadow, this purple light changes shape in accordance with the angle of the disc, but it also changes size depending on the distance between the disc and the wall. Viewers are able to walk through the installation so that the shapes and colours cover their bodies. The choice of colours for Yellow versus Purple, and the title’s playful suggestion of competition between them, reflects the fact that they occupy opposite positions on a colour wheel.
Study for Homage to the Square: Beaming 1963
Study for Homage to the Square: Beaming is an oil painting on fibreboard by the German artist Josef Albers. The painting shows a series of three quasi-concentric squares in varying shades of blue. The largest square is painted in bright blue and stretches to the outmost edges of the fibreboard. This large square contains within it a smaller blue painted square, darker and more muted in tone. This, in turn, contains a much smaller blue-green painted square. Set inside one another, these quasi-concentric squares seem to drift towards the bottom edge of the painting.
Source: Tate Modern, 2016.
Curated by Lupita Peimbert – publisher of Lupitanews.com
If you plan to visit…
International modern and contemporary art museum.
Bankside, London, SE1 9TG
Sunday to Thursday 10.00-18.00
Friday to Saturday 10.00-22.00 | <urn:uuid:a5075923-6c86-4a0f-a799-638f94d09c4d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://lupitanews.com/2016/11/10/tatemodern/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145648.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222023815-20200222053815-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.93036 | 879 | 2.75 | 3 |
Runners need to maintain an adequate diet for their health and their performance. They have specific nutrition needs which may vary during their pre and post-training period. One of the common issues which runners usually face is muscle cramps and abdominal disturbances. Inadequate fluid intake and wrong food choices might result in undesirable consequences thereby affecting performance. When a runner begins the race, he or she shouldn't feel stuffed or starved.
A pre-run meal should optimally provide all the required nutrients and at the same time should not leave them feeling hungry, lethargic or weak. To provide a balanced proportion of nutrients, Power Active is an ideal nutritional supplement to have before a run. Runners need an adequate intake of carbohydrates and proteins.
Power Active being a blend of simple and complex carbohydrates ensures supply of both instant and sustained energy for a prolonged period. It increases endurance and delays fatigue. It is perfect for runners. When protein is consumed before a run, it reduces muscle damage and increases the process of recovery. Be it a beginner or an elite runner, Power Active fulfils everyone's demands.
Additionally, vitamins and minerals are equally essential to maintain immunity and prevent any deficiency disorders. During the training period, runners are advised to meet their daily intake of micronutrients as well. Runners are usually exposed to several weather conditions and a weak immune system could hamper their performance during training. They also tend to lose electrolytes and fluids through sweat and if not replaced, it could result in the early onset of fatigue, muscle soreness, and cramps. Power Active delivers those essential vitamins and minerals that contributes in enhancing the runner's endurance and performance.
Presence of minerals like sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium takes care of the body's electrolytic balance, heart, bones, and joints. Vitamins play a significant role in energy metabolism, hence they are crucial for effective utilisation and absorption of food consumed. As the quality and quantity of food and supplements matter, a runner should focus on both at every stage to avoid hitting the wall. Power Active is easily digestible and doesn’t cause the stomach any harm. As weight is one of the biggest issues in a runner's life, they aim at maintaining the desired body fat percentage, to avoid hindering their stamina and aerobic capacity. Power active, unlike the supplements, contains L-carnitine. This amino acid has the potential to utilise the body fat to derive energy, hence, burns the excessive fat found in the body. While running, large amounts of lactic acids are produced and fatigue sets in.
L-carnitine magnifies the runner's performance by reducing the production of lactic acid. Running, being an endurance sport requires large consumptions of carbohydrates as compared to other nutrients like proteins and fats. It is important that the body utilise all the carbs effectively. Taurine, one of the ingredients present in Power Active, improves insulin sensitivity and reduces resistance. Besides, several radicals are produced in response to the oxygen consumed during running. Taurine being a powerful anti-oxidant scavenges these free radicals, reduces oxidative damage and stress. Some of the other benefits of taurine that could prove beneficial for runners are improving the runner's aerobic performance, increasing muscle force, improving lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and favouring glycogen re-synthesis.
With such an impressive nutritional profile and benefiting ingredients, Power Active is an ideal pre-run and post-run drink for recovery. It’s a perfect blend of carbs which helps restock lost glycogen stores and whey protein that provides immediate muscle recovery. Consuming Power Active an hour before the race assists runners by assuring an ongoing supply of fuel to boost performance, keeps stress hormone — cortisol down and favourable hormones up. Power Active is a convenient and delicious chocolaty supplement taken to stay active before, throughout and after the run.
- Balshaw, T.G., Bampouras, T.M., Barry, T.J., & Sparks, S.A.(2013).The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners. Amino Acids.44(2), 555–561
- De Carvalho, F.G., Galan, B.S.M., Santos, P.C., Pritchett, K., Pfrimer, K., Ferriolli, E., Papoti, M., Marchini, J.S., & de Freitas, E.C.,(2017).Taurine: A Potential Ergogenic Aid for Preventing Muscle Damage and Protein Catabolism and Decreasing Oxidative Stress Produced by Endurance Exercise. Front. Physiol.,Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00710/full | <urn:uuid:03b68654-1194-416c-a152-16de5387d865> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.steadfastnutrition.in/blogs/news/power-active-for-runners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.925448 | 1,006 | 2.765625 | 3 |
by Rabbi Arthur Waskow, The Shalom Center
From the evening of Tuesday, June 3, through the evening of June 5, Jews will be celebrating the festival of Shavuot, which in most of Jewish life today is focused on the revelation and acceptance of Torah at Mount Sinai.
And since Shavuot became transcribed in Christian tradition into Pentecost, perhaps Christians as well as Jews might learn from reexamining this holy day.
The Hebrew word “Shavuot” means “Weeks.” Its name comes from the festival’s timing in regard to Passover: It comes after a “week of weeks,” seven weeks and one day, beginning on the second night of Passover.
In Biblical Israel, Shavuot was the celebration of a successful spring wheat harvest. For seven weeks, the community anxiously counted its way into the precarious abundance of harvest. The counting began on Passover as each household brought a sheaf of barley to the Temple, for the barley crop ripened before wheat.
On the 50th day, there was a unique offering at the Temple—two loaves of wheat bread—regular leavened bread, not unleavened matzah, on the only occasion all year when leavened bread was offered.
This agricultural celebration of Shavuot fit into the broad pattern of Biblical Judaism. During the Biblical era, spiritual leadership of the People was held by a hereditary priesthood defined by the body from birth and skilled in the body-rituals of bringing various foods (beef, mutton, matzah, grain, pancakes, fruit) as offerings to a physical place.
Then the People Israel was severed from the land and from its ability to bring earthy offerings of foods of the Land of Israel to the Temple. During the same crisis when the People was deprived of its original, indigenous sacred relationship with the Earth, it was introduced to an alternative form of sacredness. From Hellenistic philosophy, it became clear that adept use of words could make connection with the Divine. And words could be carried from place to place, land to land.
So spiritual leadership was redefined. It was handed to a meritocratic lineage of men skilled in words–the Rabbis. In accordance with this profound transformation, the Rabbis redefined Shavuot as no longer the celebration of spring wheat, but the anniversary of Revelation of the Word.
Just as Passover—the anniversary of Liberation from slavery—offered the whole people the opportunity to renew its commitment to freedom from the many Pharaohs that haunted Jewish history, Shavuot as Revelation offered the People the opportunity to stand again at Sinai, every year, and make new Torah—midrash.
But this transformation of Shavuot left the festival almost bereft of ceremony, a hands-on ritual that could engage people bodily and emotionally. Passover has the Seder and its foods; Sukkot, the fall harvest festival, has the building of a leafy, leaky hut; Rosh Hashanah, the ear-filling, heart-stopping blasts of the ram’s horn; Yom Kippur, a 26-hour fast; Hanukkah, the lighting of a growing blaze of candles. Shavuot—what?
Words. Powerful words, but still only words. Reading the Ten Utterances of Sinai. Reading Ezekiel’s weird ecstatic experience of God in the form of a whirling chariot, crowned by a rainbow of flashing colors. Reading the Scroll of Ruth, about the transformation of a poverty-stricken immigrant from a despised pariah people into the ancestress of King David and therefore of Messiah.
When what we now know as Judaism and Christianity were just beginning to diverge, on Shavuot there was a gathering to celebrate the holy day. According to Christian tradition, in that gathering Words suddenly dissolved and multiplied into hearing and speaking the 70 different tongues of all humanity.
Shavuot became “Pentecost” (which means “Fiftieth Day”). The Holy Spirit—Ruach haKodesh, perhaps the Holy Breath that appears in every language—beckoned the emerging Church to speak to the many peoples in their many tongues. In following that path, Christianity gained a great deal—but left behind, even more than Rabbinic Judaism, the Earth-connection.
In another mystical experience more than a millennium later, the Jewish mystics in the town of Tzfat (Safed) 500 years ago embraced an all-night “teach-in” of the many faces of Torah. From the all-night learning could come both exhaustion and exhilaration—exhaustion, emptying out of the ego; exhilaration, unifying each person’s “I” into the higher, deeper, fuller, universal “I” of Sinai.
Some Jewish communities practice that all-night learning still. Perhaps for some it does engage the body. Still, the body and the Earth are under-involved—though we live in an era of crisis for the Earth, the Earth we overwork.
So perhaps the time has come to move beyond the word-focus of Rabbinic Judaism—not abandoning words but reintegrating Wheat and Word, the Food that comes into our mouths and the words of Torah that come out of our mouths.
There is a parallel pattern of 7×7+1 in Torah that especially calls us to un-earth the earthiness of Shavuot. This pattern of seven weeks and the fiftieth day is a microcosm of the pattern of Sabbatical/Shmita Years and the Jubilee or Home-bringing Year, about which we read and I wrote last week: In that pattern of a landed, indigenous people, every seven years, the Land and the People rested from organized agriculture and all debts were annulled. Then, in the year after the seventh seventh year—the fiftieth year—there was again a pause from all agricultural work (which made the Shabbat pause two years in a row).
Going even beyond this Sabbatical pause,during this 50th year there was a total redistribution of land, each family returning to its ancestral holding. The rich gave up being rich, the poor gave up being poor. Seven times seven, plus one. 7×7+1=50. Imagine a whirling slingshot, round and round, higher and higher—and then: Lift-off!
This pattern of 49 days plus 1 day begins by affirming that it comes “B’Har Sinai” – “On Mount Sinai.” So we have an additional powerful reason to connect these patterns. What can the 49+1 years of both social and eco-social transformation that lead to Jubilee/Home-bringing teach us about the 49+1 days that lead to Harvesting Torah? How can we unify the earth-Shavuot of wheat harvest with the word-Shavuot of Torah?
One first vision of a tiny practice that could bring new power to Shavuot: Each household bakes two loaves of bread to bring to the communal reading of that Moment on the Mountain.
As we share the bread with each other, touching the loaves and touching the others who are touching the loaves, we share with each other, with our partner the Earth, and with our Highest Selves, the One:
From Earth we receive,
To the One we give:
Together we share,
And from this we live.
–Rabbi Arthur Waskow
For a dozen creative and transformative essays on Shavuot, see https://theshalomcenter.org/treasury/111 | <urn:uuid:ae8829fc-0b59-4e37-b218-3501c9c6deee> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://rosemarieberger.com/2014/05/15/rabbi-waskow-preparing-for-sinai-uniting-earth-and-heaven-words-and-wheat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816138.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225051024-20180225071024-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.95566 | 1,621 | 3.25 | 3 |
Join George Maestri for an in-depth discussion in this video Adding facial expression, part of Character Animation: Dialogue.
…Now, we have the basic timing of the scene in place.…So let's just go ahead and play this to see where we're at.…So we have the character in a neutral pose,…who turns his head to look at something.…Turns back, slowly changes his expression.…Antics and then reacts.…So let's dial in the basic facial poses.…Now these are pretty much going to follow the main poses of the head motion.…
And we'll just use this as a starting point.…So the first thing I want to do is just get an initial expression on his face.…So, maybe I want to drop the eyelids a little bit here.…kind of relax his face a little bit.…And maybe even kind of give him a nice relaxed brow.…Maybe one of the brows is up a little bit.…And we can maybe pull them down in the corners just a little bit,…just again to show he's relaxed.…And we can play with our emotion.…
Maybe the position of his mouth.…And again, we just want to get a nice general position.…So I want to make sure I key his mouth, his eyes and his brows.…So again, I want to try and keep this as a held pose.…
- Understanding the role asymmetry plays in facial expression
- Conveying basic and mixed emotions
- Planning shots
- Blocking out timing
- Reading dialogue
- Animating lip sync
- Adding blinks and eye movement
Skill Level Beginner
1. Facial Anatomy and Emotion
2. Animating a Silent Shot: The Double Take
3. Animating Dialogue
4. Animating a Full-Body Shot Containing Dialogue
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Plastic was to the 1960's what cryonics was to the 1980's -- symbolic of the Future. While freezing one's head after death never really made it to the mainstream, plastics are all around us. With a couple of recent developments, plastic may well again be the wave of the future.
MIT has just announced the development of a new method for creating and forming plastics. Normally, plastic shapes are made at fairly high temperatures, melting polymers and pouring them into molds. Plastic objects made in this way have limited recyclability, as the heating and cooling process weakens the polymers -- so called "thermal degradation." The MIT method can shape plastics at room temperature using high pressure, resulting in "baroplastics" which can be reshaped with no thermal degradation. Plastic objects created with this process require less energy to be produced, too. Less energy use, more recyclable... works for me.
But squeezing plastics into shape isn't the only recent breakthrough. An Engineering professor at USC has invented a low-temperature method of doing plastic sintering, more popularly known as 3D printing or fabbing. 3D printers are a relatively recent invention, using powdered polymers (and, occasionally, metals) and a high-powered, laser to build up objects layer-by-layer. Originally used for rapid prototyping, 3D printers are now used by aerospace companies for direct manufacturing of components. The USC method dramatically reduces the heat necessary for sintering, which in turn greatly lowers the cost.
This is pretty big news. 3D printing, if brought down to consumer-level prices, would reshape the way we make and use various home and office products. If all you need to make a toy or kitchen device is a fabber, a supply of raw polymer powder, and a design file, how long before we see "Napster Fabbing?" Things get even more revolutionary if the plastics used can be easily recycled to be used for the next bit of 3D printing.
And we're not just talking about dolls, garlic presses, and iPod pouches. Electroactive polymers -- "flexonics" -- allow for electronic circuits to be embedded in fabbed objects. This would make printing out a new individually-fit ergonomic keyboard, for example, just as easy as printing out a coffee cup.
Although the next wave of plastic manufacturing sounds promising and very interesting, it still does not offer any solution to som of the basic problems that the plastic industry has created; waste. already plastics could be recycled much more than they are, but it has not happened yet for a veriaty of different reasons, both social and economical. The Plastics that have captured my imagination and suggest a positive future with a reasonable change in the consumers habits seems to be bioplastics.
Bioplastic got a bad name in the late 90's becuase they were selling lawn bags that biodegrade, which they did, unfortunately they biodegraded into microscopic plastic polymers that poisoned the ground and water. Since then there have been great advancements in the field of bioplastic, now the polymer (the building block) biodegrades instead on bond that holds them together (the morter). furthermore the polymers are now created from corn, an anually renewable resource, instead of petroleum which most plastics are made from. They have also figured out how to control how long the bioplastic will last before it will start to biodegrade.
For more information and positive test results look up the 2000 winter Olympics in Sidney Austrial were all the venders had to use packaging that was either recyclable or biodegradable. The main reason why we aren't seeing bioplastic in our daily lives is because it is still very expensive, and without either legislation or technology advancements to help even out the price, bioplastics will remain in the shadows.
Call me cynical and/or paranoid, but I somehow doubt that we'll ever see a Napster Fab (Fabster?) movement. Instead, we'll get a systems that lets us license furniture for limited periods, subject to annual fees. Electroactive polymers, combined with DRM, would mean that you could build objects that warp into useless shapes if you fall behind on your payments.
Another world *is* here: Bioplastic in our daily lives
Wild Oats Natural Marketplace (grocery stores) introduced "Made from Corn" plastic containers in its Portland, Oregon area stores last May. They've since expanded to other their markets as well.
The containers are biodegradable, but not in home compost bins, which don't get hot enough. Wild Oats collects the used containers and then transports them to a facility where they are composted.
The containers are made from Cargill Dow's NatureWorks PLA.
For more, please see: http://www.wildoats.com/app/cda/oat_cda.html?pt=Department&departmentId=29
Biodegradable and compostable granulate for bioplastic products
i want hear more technical side of the plastic in the future.
i am student needed information regarding bio platics in detail also soe technical data regarding tht.
need to know stuctures mechanisms etc for some bioplastics i.e. PLA orPHB NOWHERE HAS THEM!!!
thta would be cool thanks | <urn:uuid:740719de-357e-43c1-b16c-8b65468da9d1> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000133.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378724.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00023-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950501 | 1,115 | 3.65625 | 4 |
By studying fossilized mollusks from some 3.5 million years ago, UCLA geoscientists and colleagues have been able to construct an ancient climate record that holds clues about the long-term effects of Earth's current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a key contributor to global climate change.
Two novel geochemical techniques used to determine the temperature at which the mollusk shells were formed suggest that summertime Arctic temperatures during the early Pliocene epoch (3.5 million to 4 million years ago) may have been a staggering 18 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than today. And these ancient fossils, harvested from deep within the Arctic Circle, may have once lived in an environment in which the polar ice cap melted completely during the summer months.
"Our data from the early Pliocene, when carbon dioxide levels remained close to modern levels for thousands of years, may indicate how warm the planet will eventually become if carbon dioxide levels are stabilized at the current value of 400 parts per million," said Aradhna Tripati, a UCLA assistant professor in the department of Earth and space sciences and the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences.
The results of this study lend support to assertions made by climate modelers that summertime sea ice may be eliminated in the next 50 to 100 years, which would have far-reaching consequences for Earth's climate, she said.
The research, federally funded by the National Science Foundation, is scheduled to be published in the April 15 print issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a leading journal in geoscience, and is currently available online.
"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identifies the early Pliocene as the best geological analog for climate change in the 21st century and beyond," said Tripati, who is also a researcher with UCLA's Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. "The climate-modeling community hopes to use the early Pliocene as a benchmark for testing models used for forecasting future climate change."
The poles are exhibiting the most warming of any place on the planet, and the effect is most severe in the Arctic, Tripati said. The poles are the first regions on Earth to respond to any global climate change; in some sense, the Arctic serves as the proverbial canary in the coal mine, the first warning sign of fast-approaching danger.
Ice sheets and sea ice in polar regions reflect incoming solar radiation to cool the Earth — a phenomenon that makes the poles incredibly sensitive to variations in climate, she said. An increase in Arctic temperatures would not only cause the ice sheets to melt but would also result in the exposed land and ocean absorbing significantly more incoming solar energy and further heating the planet.
Without a permanent ice cap in the Arctic, global temperatures in the early Pliocene were 2 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the current global average. This suggests that the carbon dioxide threshold for maintaining year-round Arctic ice may be well below modern levels, Tripati said.
What fossilized shells can tell us about climate
The research was conducted on mollusk fossils collected from Beaver Pond, located in the Strathcona Fiord on Ellesmere Island, at northernmost point of Canada, which is well within the Arctic Circle. Named for the numerous branches discovered with beaver teeth marks that have lasted for millions of years, Beaver Pond has proven to be a treasure trove of fossilized plant and animal specimens that remain remarkably well-preserved within a peat layer encased in ice, Tripati said.
Climate scientists typically determine ancient temperatures by analyzing the composition of core samples drilled miles into the ice sheets of Greenland or Antarctica.
"Ice cores are a remarkable archive of past climate change because they can give us direct insights into how the poles have responded to variations in past greenhouse gas levels," Tripati said. "However, ice core data is available for only the past 800,000 years, during which carbon dioxide levels were never above 280 to 300 parts per million. To understand environmental change for earlier time periods in Earth's history when carbon dioxide levels were near 400 parts per million, we have to rely on other archives."
By measuring the isotopic content of oxygen in a combination of fossilized mollusk and plant samples, it is possible to determine the temperature at which the specimens originally formed, Tripati said. While this method enables climate reconstructions dating back millions of years without the need for ice core samples, it is uncommon to find a site that contains both plant and shell specimens from the same time and place.
Additionally, Tripati and her co-authors have pioneered a new method for measuring past temperature using only the calcium carbonate found in fossilized shells. Determining how much of the rarest isotopes of carbon and oxygen are present in the mollusk sample yields results consistent with the original method, which required an associated plant specimen.
Conclusions drawn from the two techniques used in this study also agree with three entirely different approaches used in a recently published study by several of the co-authors to determine the average temperatures at the same site. Given the consistency among many distinct processes, this new method can be considered a reliable technique for use on samples from a variety of time periods and locations, Tripati said
Samples were collected from Beaver Pond by co-author Natalia Rybczynski, a paleobiologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature and adjunct research professor at Carleton University.
Adam Csank, a graduate student in the department of geosciences at the University of Arizona, is the first author of the study. Other co-authors include William Patterson, professor of geological sciences at the University of Saskatchewan; Robert Eagle, a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology; Ashley Ballantyne, a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Colorado–Boulder; and John Eiler, professor of geological and planetary sciences at the California Institute of Technology.
is California's largest university, with an enrollment of nearly 38,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer more than 323 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and five faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize. | <urn:uuid:0441f7ec-f257-446e-84ab-b2d9c1efc32e> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ancient-fossils-hold-clues-for-199756 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982925602.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200845-00275-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948972 | 1,293 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Romeo and Juliet (1595)
1599 second quarto of Romeo and Juliet
- First official record: version of the play published in quarto in 1597. The play was not entered into the Stationers' Register at the time, not appearing until 22 July 1607.
- First published: version of the play published in quarto in 1597 as An excellent conceited tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet (printed by John Danter for Cuthbert Burby). A revised version, "newly corrected, augmented and amended," was published in 1599 as The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet (printed by Thomas Creede for Burby). This text was republished in 1609 (by John Windet for John Smethwick) and 1622 (by William Stansby for Smethwick). The Folio text appears under the title The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet.
- Additional information (publication): the 1597 quarto text has traditionally been considered a bad quarto, and was one of the original texts in relation to which Alfred W. Pollard coined the term. However, in his 2007 edition of the quarto text for the New Cambridge Shakespeare: The Early Quartos series, Lukas Erne argues that although the text does exhibit many signs of memorial reconstruction, there is also evidence of authorial revision, and he believes the Q1 text is a closer representation of the play as it would have been performed at the time than either the longer Q2 or the 1623 Folio text (which was set from Q2).
- First recorded performance: 1 March 1662 at Lincoln's Inn Fields, performed by the Duke's Company. Samuel Pepys wrote of the production (the first since the reopening of the theatres), "it is the play of itself the worst that ever I heard in my life, and the worst acted that ever I saw these people do."
- Evidence: as there is virtually no external evidence (other than the quarto text which establishes 1597 as a terminus ante quem) with which to date the play, most arguments tend to centre on references within the play to topical events, publication dates of Shakespeare's influences, and stylistic evidence. A much discussed possible topical allusion is the Nurse's reference to an earthquake which took place eleven years previously (1.3.24-36). The specificity of this reference has led many scholars to argue that Shakespeare must have been referring to a real earthquake. Originally, Thomas Tyrwhitt suggested the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake, which would place the composition of the play in 1591. Sidney Thomas, on the other hand, argues it may refer to a quake on 1 March 1584, mentioned in William Covell's Polimanteia, which was published in 1595 and with which Shakespeare was apparently familiar. This would suggest a date of composition of 1595. Influences on the play include Samuel Daniel's Complaint of Rosamund (1592) and John Eliot's Ortho-epia Gallica (1593), suggesting the play could not have been composed earlier than 1593. A colloquialism-in-verse test places it closest to Richard II, Ants Oras' pause test places it immediately after Love's Labour's Lost and immediately prior to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and a rare word test links it most closely to Love's Labour's Lost. Stylistically, the play is also firmly situated within the 'lyrical plays', which are all dated 1594–1595. This would correspond to the 1584 earthquake (assuming Shakespeare had in mind a particular quake at all), and suggest a main composition date of 1595. However, in her 2000 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare, Jill L. Levenson argues that the play was most likely composed over several years, possibly covering a span as wide as 1593–1599. | <urn:uuid:4e6d6fbd-4ae5-469f-a81c-e51bfddf88ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.oxfraud.com/RAJ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697439.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019164943-20191019192443-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.971423 | 813 | 2.71875 | 3 |
When our bodies have become too acidic, the last thing you want to do is eat a lot of acid forming foods.
It is important to understand that they are not necessarily acid foods.
Unsure about the difference?
Check out the information about body pH balance.
These foods are important to know if you are trying to reverse the process of low-grade acidosis or just increase your overall body pH to make it more alkaline.
Almost all processed foods top the list, especially those that contain:
You're not surprised, are you?
So put down that soda and twinkie and listen up!
The easiest way to figure out which of these foods are the most acidifying is to consider how many of the nutrients have been removed (and, in most cases, replaced with chemicals).
Or, as in the case with soda (or pop, coke, whatever you call it), there were never any nutrients there to begin with.
I am REALLY anti-soda, so I might as well get this out now.
Your body is made up of roughly ten gallons of water. Your body tries very hard to keep that water slightly alkaline. But if you drink just 8 oz of soda, it would be enough to make that water's pH one thousand times more acidic than it should be.
Thankfully, our bodies do not let that happen. But it puts a tremendous amount of stress on our tissues and organs to neutralize all that acid. And that is just from 8 oz of soda. How many people do you know that drink soda all day long?!
And diet soda is even worse because of all the artificial sweeteners added. Drop the soda habit. Your body and your waistline will thank you.
Yes, I said healthy. Don't think that the solution is to eliminate all acidifying foods from your diet. Being too alkaline is just as bad as too acidic. Remember - our bodies need balance.
We should be eating a variety of protein-rich foods like eggs, grass-fed beef and other pastured meats, fish, and dairy to supply the critical amino acids.
So if you are looking to reduce the acid load in your body, simply select the less acid forming foods more often.
All grains are acidic, but:
All meats are on the acidic side, but:
Most dairy products are acidic, but:
Now that you are aware of the highest acid forming foods, check out the alkaline forming foods.
Feb 25, 17 10:22 AM
My Symptoms are: Symptoms started two weeks after unprotected sex: Burning during urination Redness in urethra Month later: Heart palpitations, Chest
Feb 25, 17 10:15 AM
Hi, A few days ago, I started taking 6000 mg/ day of vitamin C. I divide is in 4 doses, each one dissolved in a glass of water (250 ml). Should I worry
Subscribe to my FREE newsletter: | <urn:uuid:097f4e9a-b3f0-4de8-9960-eed65d703c2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.approachwellness.com/acid-forming-foods.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647244.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319234034-20180320014034-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.956041 | 607 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a new and more efficient means to communicate terrorist threats to the American public in January 2011. The new system replaced the national threat levels which were categorized by color codes. The new system is captured by two categories:
- Current Alerts
- Expired Alerts
These alerts will include a clear statement that there is an "imminent threat" or "elevated threat." The alerts will also provide a concise summary of the potential threat, information about actions being taken to ensure public safety, and recommended steps that individuals and communities, businesses and governments can take.
NTAS alerts will be based on the nature of the threat: in some cases, alerts will be sent directly to law enforcement or affected areas of the private sector, while in others, alerts will be issued more broadly to the American people through both official and media channels—including a designated DHS webpage (www.dhs.gov/alerts), as well as social media channels including Facebook and via Twitter @NTASAlerts. Additionally, NTAS has a “sunset provision,” meaning that individual threat alerts will be issued with a specified end date. Alerts may be extended if new information becomes available or if the threat evolves significantly. | <urn:uuid:afaeb3d5-a884-4936-a85c-ac36bce7e6eb> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.salisbury.edu/police/emergency/homeland_security.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745486.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119064334-20181119090334-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.954399 | 261 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Интересна римска тегловна мярка от АР „Деултум-Дебелт“
An interesting Roman weight unit from Archaeological reserve ‘Deultum – Debelt’
Keywords:Roman lead weight, AR Deultum – Debelt, Antoninus Pius
An interesting object made of lead was found during the archaeological investigations in the summer of 2013 in the archaeological site of Dobelt, part of Archaeological reserve Deultum – Debelt. It has cylindrical shape and its bottom has been broken in antiquity.
There are traces on the edge of the object suggesting an iron application or a handle. In its current condition the object weights 877 gr. Two imprints from the obverse of Emperor Antoninus Pius’s coins (138-161) are preserved on the surface of the cylinder. According to one of the available analogies, it was considered the that imprints were made of coins struck in 160-161, during the last years of the Emperor’s rule. The object can be interpreted as a standard for weight measures. It weighs two or more Roman pounds. A similar object has never been previously found at the territory of Bulgaria.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2014 Petar Balabanov, Elina Anastasova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The authors retain full copyright on the articles or other publications.
All materials are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License, under which materials may be distributed or reproduced freely, provided the original is unchanged and is quoted correctly. | <urn:uuid:a8cd9b4d-9651-4336-b9f2-f1d6b3f23e7a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://be-ja.org/index.php/journal/article/view/be-ja-4-1-2014-51-56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.904522 | 390 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Topping out at an HDI value of 169, the country of Burundi is far from attaining the coveted term of “developed.” Life expectancy sits at a young 44 years, adult literacy is about 60% of the country with school enrollment at just 36% of the population in either primary, secondary, or tertiary education, and Burundi’s GDP per capita wallows at $677. Burundi’s GDP is roughly $39,000 less that that of the US. ‘Why?’ you ask. Burundi has a history of ethnic conflict much like is neighbor Rwanda, it has faced overpopulation problems, and large numbers of Internally Displaced People (IDPs). Germany gained the Burundi region in the partitioning of Africa, however after the First World War the region was given to Belgium. As part of the Belgian Colonial Empire, Burundi remained apart from the clutches of colonialism. In this regard Burundi is unique because it is not a product of colonialism. The country was ruled by a monarchy with a dynasty of kings. Colonial Belgium made a pact with this dynasty in order to control the people, however this dynasty faced numerous coups and a fragile rule as the polarization of ethnic groups continued. Burundi gained independence in 1962, but did not democratically elect a President until 1993. The President was assassinated before his first 100 days in office were finished.
The unique conflicts that Burundi has faced created an interesting economic situation for the country as well. Agriculture is the main source of profit with over 90% of the country being subsistence farmers. Therefore Burundi’s import purchasing power relies heavily on the weather conditions for growing coffee and tea and the international prices for their top commodities. The Tutsi minority controls the government and benefits from the coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu minority (85% of population). Since ethnic tensions have subsided, civil war has ended, and political stability has returned aid flows have increased along with economic activity. However as the CIA World Fact Book states, “[…] underlying weaknesses – a high poverty rate, poor education rates, a weak legal system, and low administrative capacity – risk undermining planned economic reforms.”
Burundi could have benefited from the ‘development’ agreements of the various UN bodies, some failed and some still existing. UNCTAD seeks to promote “the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.” Yet UNCTAD’s main activity is to gather information and data to promote policies that could possibly benefit ‘developing’ countries. As far as the NIEO, I have to agree, just this once, with the words of former President Reagan that the NIEO is dead. The NIEO began with great plans to bring multilateral policies to the ‘developing’ world. It would stabilize and raise the prices for ‘developing’ world commodities of the G-77, which are the countries relying on foreign exchange. This would have improved the purchasing power of ‘developing’ countries with the creation of a commodity trade market. Burundi would have especially benefited since it relies completely on the trade of coffee and tea. However the NIEO died when the G-77 made concessions in order to gain the support of the ‘developed’ world.
ISI and EOI are in direct competition, however EOI gains the upper hand in the way of success stories. ISI, although it relies on trade in the economy, is considered a development policy as it promotes a mercantilist idea of keeping trade local or within the country instead of importing goods. EOI is attributed to the success of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore with the dropping of tariffs, floating exchange rate, and government support of exports. Both policies, in the case of Burundi, are not feasible. Since Burundi relies on the coffee and tea trade and the majority of the population is farmers, the country cannot use ISI. Oddly enough the main import of Burundi is food due to the previous ethnic conflicts and flood of refugees. Switching to an economy of import substitution makes no sense. In the way of export-oriented policies Burundi is already there, but it does not hold the power to be able to influence the international prices.
Burundi remains extremely dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid from donors to deal with its economy and development issues. The country’s economy is not strong enough or diverse enough to support the country and the nearly seven million people it holds. Agriculture may still be the maim industry, but it has not been able to withstand the increasing population and civil war. There are a number of development trajectories in Burundi most facilitated by the World Bank. Projects currently active in the country deal with infrastructure, economic management and reform, agriculture rehabilitation, reintegration from conflict, and community and social development. These projects and goals are all positive in nature, but their effectiveness is yet to be seen as the country builds on its relatively new political stability.
Human Development Indicators Country Fact Sheets: Burundi. UNDP. 2006. HDI http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_USA.html. (date accessed 28 March 2007).
Burundi: Governments of the World. BookRags. 2006. . (date accessed 28 March 2007).
CIA World Fact Book: Burundi. CIA World Fact Book. 2007. . (date accessed 28 March 2007).
UNCTAD. 2007. . (date accessed 28 March 2007).
Sneyd, Adam. New International Economic Order (NIEO). McMaster University. 2004. . (date accessed 28 March 2007).
World Bank Projects and Operations. World Bank. 2007. . (date accessed 28 March 2007).
One thought on “burundi: the agricultural dilemma”
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How to Complete an Assignment on Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Without Any Errors?
Light Emitting Diodes: definition
Light emitting Diode is a two-lead semiconductor source of light. This is a positive-negative junction diode that has the ability to release light when activated. It can bring about an effect known as electroluminescence where the electrons recombine within the electron holes to and release energy in the form of photons. This happens when suitable voltage is applied. The energy band gap of a semiconductor determines the color of the light emitted by a LED.
LEDs have various uses in the present day and have proved to be a much useful invention. Electrical engineers need to know all about so that they can use this knowledge in future. Students who need to work on LED assignments face confusion every now and then. To help students overcome their fear of assignments and to enable them to share their burden of work, myhomeworkhelp.com extends expert Light emitting Diode assignment help to students. Come get it now to forget about your stress related to the assignments.
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Since the institution of nationwide folic acid fortification of enriched grains in the mid 1990s, the number of infants born in the United States and Canada with neural tube defects has declined by 20 percent to 50 percent.
Concurrent with the institution of fortification, however, the rate at which new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in men and women increased, report researchers at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (USDA HNRCA) at Tufts University.
Joel Mason, MD, director of the USDA HNRCA's Vitamins and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, and colleagues analyze the temporal association between folic acid fortification and the rise in colorectal cancer rates, and present their resulting hypothesis in an article in the July issue of Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.
"Nationwide fortification of enriched grains is generally considered one of the greatest advances in public health policy," says Mason, who is also an associate professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts.
"But since the time that the food supply in North America was fortified with folic acid, we have been experiencing four to six additional cases of colorectal cancer for every 100,000 individuals each year compared to the trends that existed before fortification.
"Our analysis suggests that this increase is not explained by chance or by increased cancer screening. Therefore, it is important to analyze risks and benefits of fortification, and encourage scientific debate in countries that are considering instituting or enhancing folic acid fortification."
Mason and colleagues analyzed data from national cancer registries, one in the United States and another in Canada. The US data were derived from the nationwide Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry that publishes cancer occurrence rates and survival data, covering approximately 26 percent of the population.
The Canadian data were obtained from Canadian Cancer Statistics, an annual publication by the Canadian Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute of Canada.
In 1996 and 1998, there were abrupt reversals in the 15-year downward trends in colorectal cancer rates in the United States and Canada, respectively. Since peaking in 1998 in the United States and in 2000 in Canada, the rates have not returned to their earlier levels.
Although folic acid fortification of enriched grains - including bread, cereal, flour, rice, and pasta - did not become mandatory until 1998, large food companies began voluntary fortification in 1996, first in the United States and later in Canada.
Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth. After intestinal absorption, folic acid is converted to methyltetrahydrofolate, found naturally in foods such as leafy green vegetables, legumes and citrus fruits. "The body's response to folic acid appears to be complex," says Mason.
"While fortification of the food supply is clearly beneficial for women of child-bearing age and their offspring, it is possible that it may, coincidentally, be linked to the increase in colorectal cancer rates. Our report is intended to create a foundation upon which to further explore that possibility."
As Mason and colleagues note, there is a compelling body of scientific evidence suggesting that habitually high intakes of dietary folate are protective against colorectal cancer. Mason explains, however, that "There are several reasons why we may have inadvertently created the opposite effect with folic acid fortification.
First, folate's pivotal role in DNA synthesis also makes it a potential growth factor for cancerous or pre-cancerous cells, and when administered in large quantities to individuals who unknowingly harbor cancer cells, it could paradoxically enhance cancer development.
The addition of substantial quantities of folic acid into the foodstream may have facilitated the transformation of benign growths into cancers, or small cancers into larger ones," he says. "Second, the fact that a synthetic form of folate is used for fortification may be important," suggests Mason.
"As the total amount of folic acid ingested increases, the mechanism that converts folic acid to methyltetrahydrofolate can become saturated. The leftover folic acid in the circulation might have detrimental effects, as it is not a natural form of the vitamin."
At a time when many countries are debating whether or not to institute or enhance folic acid fortification, Mason and colleagues urge caution and debate.
"We must examine the effects of folic acid fortification on the population as a whole, which includes better defining the nature of the relationship between folic acid fortification and colorectal cancer," says Mason. "Improved monitoring and further research in this field is important to our understanding of the long-term public health effects of fortification." | <urn:uuid:89f3faf0-00bc-47e0-8d10-568448780725> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Folicacid-Fortification-Very-Beneficial-23421-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00869.warc.gz | en | 0.960025 | 984 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A gutter has one main purpose, to protect a building by channeling water away from its foundation. The gutter also helps to reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and crawlspaces, protects painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water, and provides a means to collect rainwater for later use.
Gutters are also very effective at keeping building egress areas clear of falling water. Going into a house entrance below water running straight off the roof in a heavy down pour is literally like taking a shower. This major reduction in moisture also helps to keep entrance surfaces dry and free of moss, slime, algae and other growths likely to cause slips.
Rain gutters can be made from a variety of materials such as cast iron, lead, zinc, galvanised steel, painted steel, copper, painted aluminium, PVC (and other plastics), concrete, stone, and wood.
Water collected by a rain gutter is fed, usually via a downspout (traditionally called a leader or conductor), from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected. Water from rain gutters may be collected in a rain barrel or a cistern.
Your home will last longer and have less leaks with gutters, and with gutter protection from Yes! you won't have to climb a ladder to clean them every year. | <urn:uuid:dde3afd4-5223-4890-bc2f-417162764e00> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://yesenergysolutions.com/gutters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512693.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020101001-20181020122501-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.959519 | 278 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Sons of Fëanor
— (Fëanor’s character displayed in his sons)
Fëanor was born in Valinor, the son of Finwë and Míriel. Following the birth of Fëanor, his mother was spent. Saying to Finwë: ‘…strength that would have nourished the life of many has gone into Fëanor.’ (The Silmarillion, ch. 6) Thus she was released from life, for it had become a grief to her and her spirit departed to the Halls of Mandos. Following this, Finwë married again and had two more sons, Fingolfin and Finarfin; however Fëanor had no love for them. Fëanor means ‘spirit of fire’ and he was powerful in many areas – mind, craft and strength; his legacy, though filled with grief, reached to the Third Age. It was during the time he spent in Valinor that Fëanor created many things of craft, the greatest of these being the Silmarils. In these three jewels Fëanor had managed to capture the light of the Two Trees. During this time Melkor was released following his three ages of bondage. He began to spread rumours and whisperings amongst the Noldor, of rebellion against the Valar. Though being strong in mind, Fëanor heeded these whisperings and began to openly speak of rebellion, repeating the lies of Melkor that they had been forced to Aman so that Men could rule Middle-earth. Going to his father, Fingolfin told of these things to the King, and Fëanor, entering as they spoke, drew his sword on Fingolfin. For the drawing of the sword on a kinsman, Fëanor was banished from Tirion by the Valar for 12 years. Shortly following Fëanor’s release from banishment, Melkor stole the Silmarils, killed Finwë and with the help of Ungoliant destroyed the Two Trees.
In reaction to this, Fëanor marshalled the Noldor and they left the Valinor. Leading an attack on the Teleri elves, Fëanor stole their ships and led half the Noldor across to Middle-earth on these. He did, however, leave Fingolfin and those that followed him behind. These were then forced to make their way to Middle-earth by crossing the Helcaraxë.
Many of Fëanor’s actions were kept alive in memory largely due to the involvement of his sons in events that followed his death and the oath he swore was never forgotten. Each of Fëanor’s sons carried certain characteristics inherited from their Father, and though their Mother, Nerdanel (who longed to understand minds rather than master them) had passed on her gentleness and wisdom to some, she did not pass it on to all.
In the initial description of his sons, we can already see some of Fëanor’s physical characteristics. ‘He (Fëanor) was tall, and fair to face, and masterful, his eyes piercingly bright and his hair raven dark; in the pursuit of all his purposes eager and steadfast’ (The Silmarillion, ch 6). Of these attributes we can already see four shown in the initial description of his sons. ‘The seven sons of Fëanor were Maehdros the tall…; Celegorm the fair. And Caranthir the dark; Curufin the crafty…’(The Silmarillion, ch 5). Throughout the Silmarillion Tolkien kept, in a way, the character of Fëanor alive through his sons and their individual portrayals of their father.
Maedhros, the eldest, was masterful and had the strong leadership abilities of his father. This is shown in the way he dissuades his brothers from rash deeds and rebukes the harsh words of Caranthir. He makes peace with the house of Fingolfin and offers the Kingship of the Noldor to Fingolfin, saying ‘If there lay no grievance between us, lord, still the kingship would rightly come to you, the eldest here of the house of Finwë, and not the least wise.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). However this also shows that Maedhros is not like his father in his desire to rule. Due to drawing a sword on his half-brother, Fëanor was banished and told to remember ‘who and what’ he is. However, rather than do this, Fëanor becomes bitter toward the Valar and his brother. Finally, after his banishment, Fingolfin extends his hand saying ‘I remember no grievance’, but Fëanor merely looks at the hand and doesn’t even speak until Fingolfin says ‘Half brother in blood, full brother in heart will I be. Thou shalt lead and I will follow. May no new grief divide us.’ It is only at this point that Fëanor speaks, saying ‘So be it.’ This action in itself shows his desire to be in control and his lack of ability to see when he has done wrong or feel regret for it. We also see from these two events one of the underlying differences between Maedhros and Fëanor –their desires to rule.
Through Maedhros we see a blend of his father’s zeal coupled with his mother’s gentle wisdom, however, like all his brothers, he does not escape the oath that he swore. His wisdom and non-assuming manner hold Maedhros in good stead for many years. When winning small battles, he never takes it as a sign of Morgoth’s weakness but is rather ever watchful for the armies of Morgoth to come forth with revived strength. He also shows wisdom in allowing men to aid in the fight against the enemy. Though some of these prove treacherous, the wisdom is shown in the fact that he realised that the Noldor alone could not overthrow the gates of Thangorodrim. This is also unlike his father who ‘looking out from the slopes of Ered Wethrin with his last sight he beheld far off the peaks of Thangorodrim, mightiest of the towers of Middle-earth, and knew with the foreknowledge of death that no power of the Noldor would ever overthrow them.’ However despite this he still ‘laid it upon his sons to hold their oath and avenge their father.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13)
Maedhros, like his father was a great warrior and had an enormous zeal for life, a fire that burned within. This is shown in his recovery from the torment of Morgoth ‘His body recovered from the torment and became hale, but the shadow of pain was in his heart; and he lived to wield a sword in his left hand more deadly than his right had been.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). And in the battle of Beleriand, ‘Maedhros did deeds of surpassing valour, and the orcs fled before his face; for since his torment upon Thangorodrim his spirit burned like a white fire within and he was as one that returns from the dead.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 1)
Of all the brothers Maglor was the least like his father. He was patient and very much a follower of his elder brother Maedhros. Maglor was renowned for his singing and counted the greatest musician second only to Daeron of Doriath. The oath tormented him constantly and caused him to follow his brothers to fulfil their quest. However he expressed his grief for the havoc he had caused constantly through laments. By the end of the First Age he wished to be released from his oath, but Maehdros convinced him that this was not possible and Maglor ended his days singing sadly along the shores of the sea.
Caranthir was the ‘…harshest of the brothers and the most quick to anger…’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). For the most part Caranthir received much of his father’s fiery passion and temper. He was swift to anger and as his father not easily persuaded through counsel. However he did obey the will of Maedhros but in his heart did not always agree. Though Maedhros made peace with the sons of Fingolfin and Finarfin, Caranthir loved them not and would not trust them. In this Caranthir shares his attitude with that of his father who after leading the Noldor forth from Aman and despite his words of allegiance to them, left those that followed Fingolfin without boats, thus forcing them to cross the Grinding Ice.
Caranthir was the first of the brothers to have relations with the dwarfs. However ‘Caranthir was haughty and scarce concealed his scorn for the unloveliness of the Naugrim (Dwarfs).’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). In spite of this, his people and the dwarves gained much through the friendship they had and many riches came Caranthir’s way from the mines of the dwarfs.
At the coming of Men, Caranthir paid little heed to them and the elves and men of Haleth dwelt peacefully for a while. However, when the orcs came upon the men of Haleth they fought valiantly, and Caranthir, though late, realised the strength of Men. Therefore he offered the people of Haleth leave to stay in his realm, however this Haleth would not grant as she was unwilling to be guided or ruled. Though being accepting of different races, Caranthir still shows more of his father’s desire to rule rather than understand people.
Curufin and Celegorm
The sons Curufin and Celegorm very much inherited their father’s fiery passion and followed the oath with extreme fervour. Together they dwelt in the land of Finrod Felagund for many years. When Beren arrived in the land and requested aid for his quest the brothers were angered greatly and spoke in open disgust of his idea, threatening to slay any friend or foe that dared lay a hand on a Silmaril.
These brothers also showed their father’s passion to rule people. When Lúthien requested their help, they captured her, planning to use her to barter with Thingol for her hand in marriage. They did this as they would not try again to regain their treasure ‘either by craft or war without all the elf-kingdoms under their rule.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 19). Their haughty nature is also shown prior to the fifth battle where they demanded Thingol return the Silmaril won by Lúthien and Beren. Due to their rash words, only a small company from Doriath aided the Noldor. The defeat of them at the Fifth battle may not have been so great had not the sons of Fëanor created division amongst those who also opposed Morgoth. They show the arrogance of their father in their behaviour prior to the Fifth battle as they do not listen to the counsel of Maedhros, who believed all those opposed to Morgoth needed to unite. The manner of Fëanor’s departure from the Undying Lands shows his continued arrogance and like these two sons, the ability to underestimate Morgoth by causing dissension amongst possible allies.
Amras and Amrod
Beside that fact that they worked together and aided their brothers in the fulfilment of their oath, not a lot is known about Amrod and Amras. All the actions they do can be drawn back their allegiance with their brothers and commitment to their oath. For this reason it is difficult to see any of Fëanor’s characteristics displayed in these two sons.
Despite the varying character traits of Fëanor’s sons, the oath caused them all to fail alike. They are all tormented by it, to the extent that they slay their own, as they had done in Aman centuries before. Following the defeat of the Fifth battle, the brothers filled with the torment of their oath attack Dior in Doriath, preparing to claim the one Silmaril not in the confines of Morgoth. It is in Doriath that Caranthir, Curufin and Celegorm are slain. In these brothers, Tolkien has shown Fëanor’s weak traits, such as jealousy, anger and arrogance. These traits coupled with the oath, consume their beings.
Following the attack on Doriath, Maedhros is saddened and feels great regret for the actions that he was a part of. He even spent many hours searching for the children of Dior who had been left in the woods, but this was to no avail and he left Doriath with great remorse. Before long though, rumour of the Silmaril was once again abroad. It had passed into the hands of Elwing daughter of Dior, who had escaped and now lived at the Grey Havens. Remembering his regret, Maedhros withheld his hand and constrained his brothers. As time passed by, the unfulfilled oath came back to torment him and his remaining brothers and they made war on the people of Círdan. It is here that Amras and Amrod are slain. However Maglor and Maehdros are victorious, though they do not win the Silmaril for it once again escaped them.
In the brothers of Maedhros and Maglor we see the oath has a slightly different effect. They are still bound to it but not with the passion of their brothers and though they remain true to the oath, they are weary of the task and it becomes a burden of sorrow to them. This is despite them finally gaining a Silmaril each at the end of the First Age. As can be seen the oath of Fëanor largely affected all the sons, but in the sons, despite their similiar upbringings, different characterists of Fëanor can be seen in each one. | <urn:uuid:b736b5c3-f3a4-4c52-a818-519e89bb7e0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.councilofelrond.com/middle-earth/the-sons-of-feanor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.986271 | 2,999 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Vitamin D, which is actually a collection of five compounds, is essential for strong immunity, healthy bones and normal cognition. However, due to indoor lifestyles, concerns of skin cancer and dietary factors, vitamin D deficiency is at epidemic proportions in the United States, affecting an estimated 70 percent of individuals, according to the book "Medical Nutrition and Disease: A Case-based Approach" by Lisa Hark. An early sign of vitamin D deficiency is loss of appetite, although heavy mega-dosing with vitamin D supplements can lead to toxicity and reduce appetite also.
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Vitamin D Recommendations
According to the National Institutes of Health, recommended daily levels of vitamin D has been recently increased to reflect the results of a growing body of scientific research. The newer recommendations include 400 international units, or IU, of vitamin D per day for infants, 600 IU for adults up to the age of 70 and 800 IU for those older than 70. These recommendations are meant to avoid deficiency symptoms, and some health authorities argue that higher levels, at least 1,000 IU daily, are needed to promote health. According to “Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Metabolism,” 10,000 IU of supplemental vitamin D2 per day is considered safe, although Caucasian skin exposed to summer sunshine will produce that much vitamin D3 in under 30 minutes. This physiological capacity suggests the body needs and can process high levels of vitamin D.
Symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency
The main cause of vitamin D deficiency is inadequate sun exposure, mainly due to indoor lifestyles, fear of skin cancer and wrinkles, use of sunblocks and living in climates that don’t get enough UV-B radiation from the sun. Early symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include loss of appetite, which may be related to other symptoms, such as nausea, fatigue, weakness, depression and heavy sweating, according to “Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health.” The general uncomfortable state of vitamin D deficiency may make food unappetizing, as it has not been shown that vitamin D is related to the hunger reflex.
Symptoms of Vitamin D Toxicity
Vitamin D toxicity is very rare and cannot occur from too much sun exposure, which causes the skin to produce vitamin D3. For this reason, supplementing with vitamin D3 is the obvious choice. However, many manufacturers offer vitamin D2 within supplements, and heavy mega-dosing can lead to toxicity in theory, as it is stored in the body as a fat-soluble vitamin. The site, VitaminDCouncil.org, estimates that perhaps 40,000 IU per day would cause toxicity in an adult, although that figure would be less with kidney and metabolic diseases. The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a buildup of calcium in the bloodstream, which can cause nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
Vitamin D Food Sources
Dietary sources of vitamin D2 could cause toxicity in theory, but in practice it is exceeding rare. According to the “American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide,” great sources of vitamin D include fish, especially salmon, mackerel, cod and tuna. Other good sources include beef and pig liver, shrimp, egg yolks and fortified products, such as milk, cereals, grains and orange juice. | <urn:uuid:55c3ee20-919c-4f64-a8b5-ebc2c3997ade> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/385701-vitamin-d-loss-of-appetite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593051.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722061341-20180722081341-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.943553 | 685 | 3.21875 | 3 |
‘Real Americans’ have always been rebels: a guide for progressive patriotism
by Micah White in The Guardian newspaper March 2017
to see the full article Click Here
Thomas Jefferson, an author of the Declaration of Independence, once wrote in a letter to James Madison, architect of the US constitution and bill of rights, that “a little rebellion now and then is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as storms in the physical”.
Jefferson also advocated only mild punishment for rebellions so as to avoid discouraging them too much. And, in a wakeup call to today’s Americans, Jefferson famously advocated revolutions every two decades, writing in 1787: “God forbid we should be 20 years without a rebellion … What country can preserve its liberties if the rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance?”
Abraham Lincoln echoed Jefferson during his inaugural address in 1861 when he said: “This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to dismember, or overthrow it.”
And so too did Ulysses S Grant in 1885 when he declared: “The right of revolution is an inherent one. When people are oppressed by their government, it is a natural right they enjoy to relieve themselves of the oppression if they are strong enough, either by withdrawing from it, or by overthrowing it and substituting a government more acceptable.”
Nowadays, the right of revolution is as inalienable as ever, yet it is rarely acknowledged by those in power. Unlike presidents Jefferson, Lincoln and Grant today’s leaders are loathe to concede that if their government is oppressive, then the people have a duty to revolt. Notice how Barack Obama is fond of praising protesters’s right of assembly but stops far short of celebrating the right of revolution.
All this leads to the final epiphany that we, the people, have a patriotic duty to defend our country whenever our governments conflicts with a higher, democratic ideal. | <urn:uuid:9a61b4bc-d9c4-4059-916d-7d54e3c8d41e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://jimsbbs.org/2017/03/15/real-patriotism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.962788 | 446 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Mindapples are an organisation whose aim is to build a positive culture for mental health. We’ve been working with them since our first Health Event, bringing their e-learning to colleagues to help guide us in understanding our minds and what keeps us at our best.
Why not check out the different e-learning modules on Academy Online.
- Feed your mind
- Manage your moods
- Handling pressure
- Get motivated
- Know yourself
One of the first things Mindapples ask people to do is to think about their ‘five-a-day’ for their mind. We all know we should eat at least five portions of fruit and veg a day to keep our bodies healthy, but what do we do every day to keep our minds healthy? These will be things that are meaningful to you and make you feel happy, calm, relaxed- whatever your mind needs. These are your Mindapples!
Everyone’s Mindapples will be different and sometimes they might be complete opposites! For example, one person might want to spend time with their family and friends to relax, while someone else might prefer to take an hour to be by themselves. The important thing is that you do what works for you.
Mindapples is a way of bringing the research-based five steps to mental wellbeing (keep learning, give, be active, connect, and take notice) to life and making them more meaningful to individuals.
If you want to find out more about Mindapples you can visit their website here: www.mindapples.org | <urn:uuid:4d60e5d9-51bb-4689-957d-3db4517fd15c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ourtesco.ie/2018/05/28/colleague-health-event-mental-wellbeing-e-learning-is-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202642.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322094932-20190322120932-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.955783 | 325 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is a typical day for a knight?
A Noble’s life was similar to a Kings, except they were of a lower rank. A Knight’s daily life: Knights woke up at dawn. They attended morning mass and ate breakfast. Afterward, they would go to weapon practice, and practice his fighting skills.
What do Knights do in the Middle Ages?
Knights were considered elite soldiers in battles, wars and crusades, but when not in such situations, they usually acted as law enforcement officers of the local lord’s court or that of the queen.
How do the knights live?
Commonly, knights lived with lords in their castles. Medieval Knights received lodgings, weapons, food, and other privileges in exchange for their military services and protection. Knights who were granted fiefdom by the king or high-ranking nobles were known as Vassals.
What did knights do for fun?
There were many athletic events at festivals and other occasions. These included archery, jousting, hammer-throwing, and wrestling. In some areas they played early versions of football (soccer), cricket, bowling, or golf.
What was a knight’s life like?
As for their day to day lives, they appear to have mostly spent their time doing things like keeping the peace (when they weren’t ruining it), managing their estates and workers on their lands (if they had them), hunting, partying, competing, training, and, of course, occasionally off campaigning for God and/or lord.
How did the knights live?
What were knights living conditions?
What homes did knights live in?
At the time of Chr tien de Troyes, the rooms where the lord of a castle, his family and his knights lived and ate and slept were in the Keep (called the Donjon), the rectangular tower inside the walls of a castle. This was meant to be the strongest and safest place.
What would a knight do in their free time?
Other ways to pass the time and impress one’s peers were hunting in the local forest or deer park, falconry, jousting, needlework, composing poetry, playing music, and watching professional acrobats, jugglers, and jesters.
What was a knights job?
Often, a knight was a vassal who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback.
What is the main job of a knight?
Frequently, members of the noble class, knights were responsible for defending their feudal lord’s territory from rivals and keeping the local serfdom in line with the lord’s rule. They were an elite class of warriors that used weapons such as longswords and lances and specialized in armored combat from horseback.
What is a knights home like?
The castle was a private fortress protected by the knights. The nobles’ families lived within the part of the castle called the keep. The upper floors were for the bedrooms of the lord and his family. The lower floors were where the visiting knights stayed, generally in a very large room.
How do you live like a knight?
20 Rules for a Knight
- 20 Rules for a Knight. Solitude.
- Solitude. Create time alone with yourself.
- Humility. Never announce that you are a knight, simply behave as one.
- Gratitude. The only intelligent response to the ongoing gift of life is gratitude.
Where did a knight sleep?
What were knights duties?
knight service, in the European feudal system, military duties performed in return for tenures of land. The military service might be required for wars or expeditions or merely for riding and escorting services or guarding the castle.
What did knights do in their free time?
Article. Thanks to their favoured position in life and the labour of the peasants on their estates, nobles in an English medieval castle had plenty of leisure hours which could be frittered away by eating, drinking, dancing, playing games like chess, or reading romantic stories of daring-do.
What were the duties of knights?
A knight was supposed to show bravery, strength and skill in battle (this was called prowess), to respect women, to defend the weak and the poor, to be generous to others and loyal to his lord, his family and his friends.
What was life like for a knight?
What were a knight’s duties?
Medieval knights had to go through years of training in the use of weapons, horsemanship, and warfare. Frequently, members of the noble class, knights were responsible for defending their feudal lord’s territory from rivals and keeping the local serfdom in line with the lord’s rule. | <urn:uuid:8a938b92-3e0e-4916-a4e5-776c2219dced> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bigsurspiritgarden.com/2022/11/20/what-is-a-typical-day-for-a-knight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00829.warc.gz | en | 0.983971 | 1,032 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A cat's gender and breed do not always predict the individual's temperament. Keep your options open when deciding upon whether or not to adopt a particular breed or gender.read more
Excessive meowing and anxious/hyper behavior can be symptoms of hyperthyroidism, a problem with your cat’s thyroid gland. With a senior cat, however, something else might be going on. Hyperthyroidism can develop in older cats, but the behavior you describe -- especially the confusion -- suggests your pet could be suffering from feline cognitive dysfunction (FCD).
According to the ASPCA, FCD affects more than 55 percent of cats aged 11-15 years, and more than 80 percent of cats aged 16-20 years. Research is still needed to better pinpoint the causes, but it is thought to be similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Just humans with Alzheimer’s, some cats can suffer from more mild forms of FCD that progress very slowly, while others get a more severe version of the condition.
The ASPCA provides a checklist of behaviors that may indicate your cat has FCD. They include:
It’s important to properly diagnose your cat, because these behaviors can also be tied to other health problems. If FCD is diagnosed, your veterinarian might prescribe a medicine like selegiline hydrochloride (brand name Anipryl), or an antianxiety drug appropriate for cats. There is no real cure for FCD, but these medications can sometimes make life more comfortable for your senior cat. | <urn:uuid:7b7ec9bf-030d-4081-91fa-ed93a8c7113b> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.thedailycat.com/worldnowweb/behavior/behaviorproblems/cat_anxiety/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976017.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00108-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900467 | 316 | 2.78125 | 3 |
How about a new perspective?
Story and Photography by Cindy Shapton
Do you ever look at weeds and wonder why this or that plant is considered a weed while other plants, such as bermudagrass, are not?
It’s all in the angle I suppose, “One man’s treasure is another man’s junk,” and all that. Perhaps, before we insisted on weed-free lawns and gardens, the “weeds” may have been considered a natural and integral part of a healthy, sustainable ecosystem that benefited the lawn, garden, man, and beneficial insects.
My granddaughter quotes Peppa Pig’s definition of a weed being “a cheeky plant growing in the wrong place.” Hmm, what if that cheeky plant was really growing in the right place? I know, it sounds too crazy to be true, but let’s have an open-minded discussion about five weeds that are or are trying to grow in your yard or garden – just for fun.
Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule)
First of all, if this weed is so bad why does it have such a cute name? I mean really, henbit, or its other common name, giraffe head, sounds like a character in a children’s story. This “weed” is in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Henbit has a square stem and scalloped leaves that wrap around or clasp the stems (a key fact to henbit identification). Although henbit doesn’t smell minty, it is a nutritious salad green.
You will be glad to know that there are no poisonous look-alikes, but it is sometimes confused with purple dead nettle, another member of the mint family (L. purpureum), but no worries, that “weed” isn’t poisonous either.
Chickens like this plant, hence the name, as do hummingbirds and box turtles … no idea if giraffes fancy it. Honeybees and bumblebees gather the nectar and pollen from the early blooms, so perhaps henbit could be beneficial in orchards, attracting pollinators at peak bloom time.
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
I consider this herb a happy ground cover. You can see it making itself right at home, spreading out in the yard and garden beds in late fall into spring. Chickweed enriches the soil as it accumulates potassium and phosphorus. It is also a valuable food supply for pollinators in the spring. It may look a bit untidy, but it will die back when the weather heats up, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
This herb originated in Europe and was employed by beekeepers to attract honeybees. The French named it dent de lion, or tooth of the lion, which refers to the iron-rich toothed leaves. Dandelion has been used for food and medicine (entire plant) for hundreds of years only to come to this country to be totally overlooked and cursed by gardeners for its ability to sprout up in disturbed soil and lawns.
But the lowly dandelion offers so much. The edible roots grow deep, breaking up hardpan and bringing nutrients up to the topsoil, making lawns healthier. As the roots decay, they make perfect tunnels for earthworms as they increase air and water in the soil and break down organic matter to feed plants, all while making fertilizer in the form of castings. If you have an abundance of dandelions, dig up the roots, roast and grind them as a coffee substitute.
The flowers feed ladybugs and other beetles when their normal food source is unavailable. If that’s not enough, flower buds sautéed in butter taste like mushrooms and flowers battered and fried are tasty fritters filled with natural antioxidants. Besides, what other plant is so much fun for children as they blow those fluffy seed heads and make wishes. Neighbors especially love this.
If you absolutely must dig the dandelions from your yard or garden, toss them into the compost pile so they can at least nourish soil in the future.
Plantain (Plantago major)
This broadleaf herb was brought to America by early settlers from Europe, and can be found almost anywhere, usually growing in disturbed or compacted soil.
This invaluable plant accumulates minerals and deposits them in soil. Often called the beekeeper’s friend, it’s known to take the hurt out of bee stings simply by chewing a leaf and spitting it on skin (remove stinger first). A simple remedy that works on nearly any type of insect bite or sting.
White clover (Trifolium repens)
Homeowners often inadvertently encourage this plant by cutting grass too short, which causes the grass roots to also shorten and then wither during the first dry spell, allowing the clover to move on in. But don’t get discouraged – clover roots have a symbiotic relationship with a bacterium that actually converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Clover is often planted as a “green manure” to add nitrogen back to the soil. This amazing weed also draws in phosphorus and puts it back into the soil.
It has a creeping growth habit, forming a thick mat that beneficial insects such as parasitoid wasps, spiders, and ground beetles use as shelter. Lacewings lay their eggs in clover and ladybugs and pollinators, especially honeybees, feed on its nectar.
Perhaps our conventional wisdom should be re-examined now that we know that some “weeds” help loosen soil, create organic matter, slow erosion, fertilize, heal and nourish our soil, plus feed and house beneficial insects. All of this is great news for those of us who strive to have a perfect weed-free garden and lawn … perhaps we should relax a little and enjoy the benefits these “weeds” provide. | <urn:uuid:165d522c-71e5-4c06-b0e3-f27c544a66f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.louisianagardener.com/weeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.948617 | 1,266 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Webster's Dictionary, 1913
[ Latin retro
, adverb , backward, back. Confer Re
-.] A prefix or combining form signifying backward , back ; as, retro act, to act backward; retro spect, a looking back.
Retroact intransitive verb [ Prefix retro- + act .] To act backward, or in return; to act in opposition; to be retrospective.
Retroaction noun [ Confer French rétroaction .]
1. Action returned, or action backward. 2. Operation on something past or preceding.
Retroactive adjective [ Confer French rétroactif .] Fitted or designed to retroact; operating by returned action; affecting what is past; retrospective. Beddoes. Retroactive law or statute (Law) , one which operates to make criminal or punishable, or in any way expressly to affect, acts done prior to the passing of the law.
Retroactively adverb In a retroactive manner.
Retrocede transitive verb [ Prefix retro- + cede : confer French rétrocéder .] To cede or grant back; as, to retrocede a territory to a former proprietor.
Retrocede intransitive verb
[ Latin retrocedere
backward, back + cedere
to go. See Cede
.] To go back.
Retrocedent adjective [ Latin retrocedens , present participle] Disposed or likely to retrocede; -- said of diseases which go from one part of the body to another, as the gout.
[ Confer French rétrocession
. See Retrocede
.] 1. The act of retroceding. 2. The state of being retroceded, or granted back. 3. (Medicine) Metastasis of an eruption or a tumor from the surface to the interior of the body.
Retrochoir noun [ Prefix retro- + choir .] (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension of a church behind the high altar, as a chapel; also, in an apsidal church, all the space beyond the line of the back or eastern face of the altar.
[ See Retrocopulation
.] Copulating backward, or from behind.
Retrocopulation noun [ Prefix retro- + copulation .] Copulation from behind. Sir T. Browne.
Retroduction noun [ Latin retroducere , retroductum , to lead or bring back; retro backward + ducere to lead.] A leading or bringing back.
Retroflex, Retroflexed adjective [ Prefix retro- + Latin flectere , flexum , to bend, to turn.] Reflexed; bent or turned abruptly backward.
Retroflexion noun The act of reflexing; the state of being retroflexed. Confer Retroversion .
Retrofract, Retrofracted adjective [ Prefix retro- + Latin fractus , past participle of frangere to break.] (Botany) Refracted; as, a retrofract stem.
Retrogenerative adjective [ Prefix retro- + generative .] Begetting young by retrocopulation.
[ French rétrogradation
or Latin retrogradatio
. See Retrograde
.] 1. The act of retrograding, or moving backward. 2. The state of being retrograde; decline.
[ Latin retrogradus
, from retrogradi
, to retrograde; retro
back + gradi
to step: confer French rétrograde
. See Grade
.] 1. (Astron.) Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet. Hutton.
And if he be in the west side in that condition, then is he retrograde . Chaucer. 2. Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; -- opposed to progressive .
"Progressive and not retrograde
It is most retrograde to our desire. Shak. 3. Declining from a better to a worse state; as, a retrograde people; retrograde ideas, morals, etc. Bacon.
Retrograde intransitive verb
[ imperfect & past participle Retrograded
; present participle & verbal noun Retrograding
.] [ Latin retrogradare
: confer French rétrograder
.] 1. To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet. 2. Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.
Retrogradingly adverb By retrograding; so as to retrograde.
Retrogress noun [ Confer Latin retrogressus .] Retrogression. [ R.] H. Spenser.
[ Confer French rétrogression
. See Retrograde
, and confer Digression
.] 1. The act of retrograding, or going backward; retrogradation. 2. (Biol.) Backward development; a passing from a higher to a lower state of organization or structure, as when an animal, approaching maturity, becomes less highly organized than would be expected from its earlier stages or known relationship. Called also retrograde development , and regressive metamorphism .
Retrogressive adjective [ Confer French rétrogressif .]
1. Tending to retrograde; going or moving backward; declining from a better to a worse state. 2. (Biol.) Passing from a higher to a lower condition; declining from a more perfect state of organization; regressive.
Retrogressively adverb In a retrogressive manner.
Retromingency noun The quality or state of being retromingent. Sir T. Browne.
Retromingent adjective [ Prefix retro- + Latin mingens , present participle of mingere to urinate.] Organized so as to discharge the urine backward. -- noun (Zoology) An animal that discharges its urine backward.
Retropulsive adjective [ Prefix retro- + Latin pellere , pulsum , to impel.] Driving back; repelling.
[ Latin retrorsus
back + vertere
, to turn. Confer Retrovert
.] Bent backward or downward.
Retrospect intransitive verb
[ Latin retrospicere
back + specere
, to look. See Spy
, and cf
.] To look backward; hence, to affect or concern what is past.
It may be useful to retrospect to an early period. A. Hamilton.
Retrospect noun A looking back on things past; view or contemplation of the past. Cowper.
We may introduce a song without retrospect to the old comedy. Landor.
Retrospection noun The act, or the faculty, of looking back on things past.
[ Confer French rétrospectif
.] 1. Looking backward; contemplating things past; -- opposed to prospective ; as, a retrospective view.
The sage, with retrospective eye. Pope. 2. Having reference to what is past; affecting things past; retroactive; as, a retrospective law.
Inflicting death by a retrospective enactment. Macaulay.
Retrospectively adverb By way of retrospect.
Retroussé adjective [ French, p.p. of retrousser to turn up.] Turned up; -- said of a pug nose.
[ Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Retrovaccination noun (Medicine) The inoculation of a cow with human vaccine virus.
[ Confer French rétroversion
. See Retrovert
.] A turning or bending backward; also, the state of being turned or bent backward; displacement backwards; as, retroversion of the uterus.
» In retroversion
the bending is gradual or curved; in retroflexion
it is abrupt or angular.
Retrovert transitive verb
[ imperfect & past participle Retroverted
; present participle & verbal noun Retroverting
.] [ Prefix retro-
+ Latin vertere
, to turn. Confer Retrorse
.] To turn back.
Retroverted adjective In a state of retroversion.
Retrude transitive verb
[ imperfect & past participle Retruded
; present participle & verbal noun Retruding
.] [ Latin retrudere
to thrust.] To thrust back.
[ R.] Dr. H. More.
Retruse adjective [ Latin retrusus concealed, past participle of retrudere .] Abstruse. [ Obsolete] Dr. H. More.
Retrusion noun The act of retruding, or the state of being retruded.
In virtue of an endless remotion or retrusion of the constituent cause. Coleridge.
Retry transitive verb To try (esp. judicially) a second time; as, to retry a case; to retry an accused person.
Rette transitive verb See Aret .
[ Obsolete] Chaucer.
Rettery noun A place or establishment where flax is retted. See Ret . Ure.
Retting noun 1. The act or process of preparing flax for use by soaking, maceration, and kindred processes; -- also called rotting . See Ret . Ure. 2. A place where flax is retted; a rettery. Ure.
Retund transitive verb [ Latin retundere , retusum ; prefix re- re- + tundere to beat.] To blunt; to turn, as an edge; figuratively, to cause to be obtuse or dull; as, to retund confidence. Ray. Cudworth. | <urn:uuid:2535ec79-bb21-4b93-9481-582b3db0926e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/R/69 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00018-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.790785 | 2,056 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Due to restrictions in terms of internet browsing in the communist country of China, many mainstream websites have been blocked including some of the most widely used applications worldwide such as Facebook, Twitter and Google. These restrictions left a large gap in the market for social media outlets and search engines. Robin Li is a Chinese man in his late 40s who jumped on this opportunity and developed the search engine, Baidu.
Baidu was founded in 2000 when CEO and founder Robin Li accused the creators of Google of stealing his idea. He raised 1.2 million dollars from a number of investors in Silicon Valley and took ‘his’ concept to Beijing to develop. Initially, Baidu was a search engine for large websites, however towards 2004 it became a platform for all Chinese users. By 2010 Baidu was the top search engine in China, surpassing Google and other major search engines. Nowadays Baidu accumulates 80% of Chinese search engine market share, with over 500 000 000 users every month. Baidu’s server expands its market share with small percentages of usage in countries such as South Korea, Japan, United States and Hong Kong.
(CEO and Founder of Baidu Robin Li presenting at Baidu conference)
The creation of Baidu has profited from the strict censorship of China and will continue to expand, cornering a large percentage of the Chinese population who prior have not had access to useful search engines. This is seen as essential because of the rapid increase in technology, to ensure the developing, yet forefront nation, does not get left behind global progression. Developing an internal search engine allows this process to enable researchers, academics and students, whilst maintaining the social and political values that define China as a communist state. Furthermore, this service allows for the development of the population to enhance significantly, particularly the younger generations who have grown up in the age of technology. This will allow them to be educated more extensively and keep up with their peers in other countries, without corrupting the values of the nation.
Overall, innovator and social entrepreneur, Li, has revolutionised media viewing in China, which allowed for people to use extensive engines rather than sub parr alternatives, which has been seen to be essential due to the extreme restrictions placed on internet browsing within China. This reflects a growing awareness among younger generations to pursue global trends, becoming more reliant on technology and actively profiting on the potentials of the internet despite extensive surveillance and censorship.
Written by Josh Stevens
Success Story 2016, Robin Li Success Story, viewed 1 November 2016, <https://successstory.com/people/robin-li>.
Fu, F. 2016, ‘The list of blocked websites in China’, Sapore Di Cina, viewed 1 November 2016, <http://www.saporedicina.com/english/list-of-blocked-websites-in-china/>.
- 2013, ‘The whole story of Baidu’, Marketing China, viewed 1 November 2016, <http://marketingtochina.com/the-whole-story-of-baidu/>.
Go-Globe 2015, Baidu Statistics and Trends (Infographic), viewed 1 November 2016, <http://www.go-globe.com/blog/baidu-statistics/>. | <urn:uuid:515c70dd-22f7-443e-a1ba-17f0e16fbef3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://beijingglobalstudio.wordpress.com/2016/11/09/baidu-connecting-china-to-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948618633.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218161254-20171218183254-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.93687 | 693 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Universe and Solar System Questions and Answers Papers pdf will be available here for download. Therefore, all the contenders can make use of this chance and start to download the Universe and Solar System Solved Question Papers. Because by solving the Universe and Solar System Objective Model Papers you can improve your knowledge.
Also, check for download the Universe and Solar System MCQ Papers with Solutions from the link provided below. The Universe and Solar System Quiz helps you to prepare well for the exam topic wise and obtain very good marks.
Therefore, go through this post thoroughly and download the Universe and Solar System Last Year Question Papers. All these questions on Universe and Solar System are collected from previous year papers and compiled by us.
Questions and Answers on Universe and Solar System
1. Which of the following does not belong to the solar system?
2. Which is the coldest among the following ?
3. The moon is showing its same face to the earth because
(A) It is not rotating about its own axis
(B) Its rotation and revolution are opposite
(C) Its periods of rotation and revolution are the same
(D) Its rotation is faster than its revolution
4. Among the following, the celestial body farthest from the Earth is
5. Pulsars are
(A) stars moving towards the Earth
(B) stars moving away from Earth
(C) rapidly spinning stars
(D) high temperature stars
6. Biggest planet of solar system is
7. ‘Super nova’ is
(A) a comet
(B) an asteroid
(C) an exploding Star
(D) a black hole
8. Which planet in our solar system is nearly as big as the earth ?
9. Which of the following is called “Blue Planet” ?
10. Which planet in our solar system is nearly as big as the earth ?
11. Which planets do not have satellites revolving around them ?
(A) Mars and Venus
(B) Mercury and Venus
(C) Mars and Mercury
(D) Neptune and Pluto
12. The planet which has the highest surface temperature is
13. Light from the Sun reaches us in nearly
(A) 8 min
(B) 2 min
(C) 6 min
(D) 4 min
14. A spinning neutron star is known as
(A) White dwarf
(B) Black hole
15. When the moon completely covers the sun, it is known as
(A) the Antumbra
(B) the Umbra
(C) the Penumbra
(D) None of these
16. The darkest portion of the shadow cast during an eclipse is
(D) Black hole
17. Which is the second nearest star to the Earth after the Sun?
(C) Proxima Centauri
(D) Alpha Centauri
18. The outermost layer of the Sun is called
19. Which planet is called evening star?
20. The planet revolving east to west is
21. The planet emitting green light is
22. The number of zodiacs is
23. Which of the following is known as the Morning Star?
24. Which planet orbits closest to the earth?
25. Solar energy is received by the earth through
26. The planets on either side of the Earth are
(A) Mars and Jupiter
(B) Mercury and Venus
(C) Venus and Saturn
(D) Mars and Venus
27. Which planet looks reddish in the night sky ?
28. Isohels are the isopleths of
(B) flowering time
29. Which one of the following is the largest planet ?
30. The mass of Jupiter is approximately
(A) one tenth of the solar mass
(B) one thousandth of the solar mass
(C) one hundredth of the solar mass
(D) half the solar mass
31. The planet nearest to the Sun is :
32. On which of the following planets water cycle is available ?
33. The asteroids revolve round the Sun in between :
(A) Earth and Mars
(B) Mars and Jupiter
(C) Jupiter and Saturn
(D) Saturn and Uranus
34. Which of the following is called the twin of the earth ?
35. Which amidst the following planets has its orbit closest to Sun ?
36. The light from the Sun reaches the Earth in about—
(A) 8 seconds
(B) 8 minutes
(C) 10 seconds
(D) 10 minutes
37. The surface temperature of the sun is estimated as
(A) 6000 °C
(B) 12000 °C
(C) 18000 °C
(D) 24000 °C
38. Which one of the following planets has no moon?
39. Which one of the following is called a red planet ?
40. Brightest planet in our solar system is
41. The Milky Way Galaxy was first observed by
(B) Maarten Schmidt
42. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Pluto is not a Planet now
(B) Pluto was discoverd by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
(C) Pluto has been given the number 134340
(D) All of the above
43. Which is the hottest planet in the Solar System ?
44. The largest planet in our solar system is
45. The four largest planets of the Solar System in decreasing size are
(A) Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn and Uranus
(B) Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune
(C) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
(D) Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn and Neptune
46. The number of staellites of the planet is Mercury is
47. The planet that takes 88 days to make one revolution of the sun is :
48. The total number of planets revolving around the sun is
49. In a solar or lunar eclipse, the region of earth’s shadow is divided into
(A) Five parts
(B) Four parts
(C) Two parts
(D) Three parts
50. Day and Night are equal at the:
(A) Prime Meridian | <urn:uuid:8ec969a8-82d5-4f30-9475-b09d94c050c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.examyear.com/universe-and-solar-system-questions-and-answers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500294.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205224620-20230206014620-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.761442 | 2,008 | 3.09375 | 3 |
If, like a lot of people, you didn’t have the chance to walk on the moon, you could have the opportunity in a near future to put your logo on the moon. So what do you think of that?
This new advertising idea called Moonvertising comes from the company Rolling Rock, who was planning to put its logo on the moon via a laser beam on March 21st, when there was a full moon.
Apparently, this idea was just to raise up curiosity because they didn’t do it. Apart from the fact that it is technically impossible to put a logo on the moon via laser beams, this idea goes definitely too far. It is unbelievable to see that some companies are ready to go that far just to get more money.
Here are some reactions to this idea:
“Realistically, it’s not possible to do what they want to do. The Moon is a quarter million miles away, and lasers spread. Even tightly focused beams will spread out hugely by that distance. That means the power gets spread out, so the laser is pretty dim by the time it gets to the Moon. Then, the light has to be reflected back to the Earth. The Moon is really not terribly reflective; its average albedo is about 12%, which means it reflects only 12% of the light that hits it. So you lose 7/8 of the light you send there anyway. Of course, a laser powerful enough to overcome all this would probably have military applications, since it would have enough power to slice an incoming missile in half. I imagine the FAA might be a little concerned about planes in the area, too.”
“I THINK TECHNOLOGY IS GOING A LITTLE TOO FAR. WHILE ITS KINDA COOL IN THEORY… WHATS NEXT? I MEAN COME ON REALLY. THIS ISNT METROPOLIS! BATMAN DOESNT EXSIST… AND I WANNA BE ABLE TO LOOK AT THE MOON WITHOUT A BEER LOGO ON IT”.
And you, what is your opinion? | <urn:uuid:392ae637-ba4a-4705-9636-447d61787fbb> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.ppiblog.com/moonvertising-how-far-are-we-going/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.967854 | 435 | 2.640625 | 3 |
To show pupils that in God’s eyes, the greatest of all is the servant of all.
- Mark 9:35 – the last will be first.
- John 13:1-17 – Jesus washes the disciples’ feet.
You will need:
- Some sheets of A4 paper for making paper aeroplanes.
- A bowl of water and a towel for the feet washing exercise.
1. Ask the pupils: ‘Who is the greatest?’ Say that for some people the answer might be…(say the name of a popular, successful football team); or for someone else it might be…(say the name of a singer or group who has recently had a number one hit). Give one or two examples of your own favourite celebrities – possibly provoking some groans from the audience!
2. Comment that everyone will have a different answer, according to their interests and allegiances.
3. Continue by asking, ‘But who is the greatest here?’ Say that today, you are going to find out.
The great aeroplane contest
1. Ask for three or four volunteers to take part in a ‘Who is the greatest?’ contest.
2. Explain that you want the volunteers to make a paper aeroplane from the A4 paper provided. They will then launch their aeroplanes from a raised point in the room (eg standing on a chair, or on the stage). The winner (‘the greatest’) will be the person whose paper plane travels the furthest.
3. Act as commentator whilst the contestants make their planes, building up the excitement and drama of the contest. When they are ready, ask each competitor to launch their planes in turn. Ask the audience to allow each plan to land and then the pupil nearest should pick up the aeroplane and hold it aloft as a ‘marker’ showing the next contestant the distance he/she must try to beat.
4. When the contest is over, announce the winner and reward them with a ‘tremendous’ prize (hand them a sheet of A4 paper) – an aeroplane! Give everyone a round of applause. Keep your volunteers at the front. Ask the winner how it feels to be the greatest (great designer, great scientist, great inventor and great test pilot) – officially!
- Comment that it’s a good feeling to be ‘the greatest’, getting all the glory and lots of attention. Then say that the Bible has something to say on the subject. Read these words from the Gospel of Mark: ‘Whoever wants to be first must place himself last of all and be the servant of all’ (Mark 9:35, Good News Bible). Say that this seems a strange way to describe greatness.
- Jesus’ way of looking at things is not the same as ours. On one occasion he demonstrated this to his disciples by getting down on his hands and knees and washing their feet! An amazing thing to do – as you can imagine – considering they were living in a hot country and had been wearing sandals. Jesus said that he expected his disciples to do the same sort of things for one another, and that the most important people actually live as though they are the least important!
- Bring out the bowl of water and the towel and ask the winner of the paper aeroplane contest how he/she feels – considering that they are ‘the greatest person’ here – about washing the feet of the losers. If the winner agrees, let him/her do this! If they are obviously uncomfortable about doing it, take the heat out of the situation by saying that we don’t have to wash one another’s feet literally! Whatever you ‘winner’ decides to do, point out that there are lots of other ways we can act as servants to one another (give some examples).
- Comment that when people are asked to list those who they consider to be great, today or in the past, those included are nearly always people who have served others in some way.
- Challenge ‘the winner’, and everyone else, to think of how they could serve others today. | <urn:uuid:2873e2d1-1f35-4946-afbe-14924bcadda8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.biblebasedassemblies.com/who-is-the-greatest-serving-others/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.961489 | 876 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Written by Stacey Taggart, Contributing Writer
The importance of getting a good night’s sleep is understated in our busy society. The expectations that we have of ourselves and others are increasing, and in an effort to do all and be all, we end up burning the candle at both ends.
Being deprived of sleep is very detrimental to us physically, mentally, emotionally, and even spiritually.
“Sleep isn’t a luxury… It’s a biological necessity!” – Unknown
The Benefits of Sleep
We know what a lack of sleep can do to a child. An overtired child is cranky, irritable and inconsolable. And we all know how we feel when we don’t get enough sleep, but we may not know how important sleep really is for our bodies, minds and souls.
Sleep is restorative, rejuvenating and regenerative :: Every part of the body benefits from – and requires – sleep. The body’s ability to rebuild itself during sleep is amazing! Damage is repaired on the cellular level during deep sleep stages. Sleep is your body’s opportunity to restore itself from the effects of stress, toxins, ultraviolet rays and other harmful exposures that occur during the day.
Sleep reduces illness and disease :: Due to our body’s ability to rebuild itself, the immune system greatly depends on sleep to function. With other systems of the body in rest mode, the immune system can go to work fighting and protecting. With a lack of sleep also comes a depressed immune system allowing harmful germs and exposures to wreak havoc on our systems.
Sleep reduces stress :: As we prepare for sleep, our body releases the calming hormones, serotonin and melatonin. These hormones help us relax and also cause the stress hormones, adrenaline and cortisol, to deplete, reducing the stress our bodies feel.
In contrast, being sleep deprived puts our body in a state of stress as it releases the stress hormones so that it can function under those less-than-ideal circumstances.Having these hormones being pumped through our body too frequently is extremely detrimental to our health. When we sleep, we give our body and minds the opportunity to rest and restore from the day and adjust and balance hormone levels.
Sleep can help control weight :: When our hormone levels are out of balance from lack of sleep, it increases our appetite, making us eat more than we would if we weren’t sleepy. There is also concern that lack of sleep changes the way our body digests carbohydrates, which can cause weight gain.
Sleep improves memory function :: While our body is resting, our brain is working! When we sleep, our brain analyzes the events of the past day, making connections and creating links. These links become our memories! By getting sufficient quality sleep, we are giving our brain the opportunity it needs to process and commit new information to memory.
Sleep = Safety :: Brain fog caused by lack of sleep can cause car accidents, falls, medical mistakes and much more. Researchers have found that a sleepy driver behind the wheel is just as dangerous as a drunk driver.
Sleep balances emotions :: Sleeping gives our brain the opportunity to correct and adjust all the hormone and chemical levels that the body requires. Having proper levels of these vital elements helps us remain balanced and steady throughout the day, with increased ability to handle the day-to-day stresses. Not getting enough sleep can leave us feeling irritable, irrational and impatient.
Image by juanktru
How much is enough?
Research shows that the average adult needs between 7 and 9 hours of sleep per night. However, the exact amount of sleep that our bodies require is very individualized, varying from person to person. This can also change rather frequently as we face different situations in our lives that may require more or less sleep.
For example, if you are sick or going through a particularly stressful period of time, you need to allow for more sleep. Children, teenagers and the elderly, as a rule, need more sleep than healthy adults.
Experts say that finding the right amount of sleep requires a little experimentation. By varying your bedtimes and wake times, you can find the right amount of sleep that leaves you feeling well rested and energized throughout the day.
As your situation and circumstances change, you might need to adjust your sleep times to allow enough time for adaquate sleep, without sleeping too much. Sleeping too much can be just as detrimental to your health and well being as being sleep deprived, so find the right balance that works for you.
“A satisfying sleep, like a satisfying meal, can leave one happy and content, without feeling too full, and with room, perhaps, for just a little more.” – Jim Horne, sleep expert
That’s great, you might be thinking, but I can’t sleep! Far too often, sleeping is not as simple as it sounds.
Image by pdam2
8 tips to help you get your zzz’s
Make sleep a priority :: Look at sleep as the restorative period that it is rather than an inconvenient obligation. Give your mind, body and soul the opportunity to rest and rejuvenate.
Establish a routine :: Bedtime routines aren’t just for children. Try to go to bed at the same time each night and wake up at the same time each morning, regardless of the day of the week or if you’ve had a rough night’s sleep. Wake up within 30 minutes of your waking time each day of the week. This will help your body clock set itself correctly.
Relax :: Can’t sleep? We’re not able to will ourselves or make ourselves go to sleep. We need to lie down, close our eyes and relax, waiting for sleep to overtake us. But the relaxing part of that equation often fouls up the entire formula. Drink a cup of chamomile tea or warm milk, take a warm bath or read a book for a few minutes before turning off the light. Give yourself time to slow down and unwind, letting your body know it’s time to prepare for sleep.
Add a mind purge :: When I can’t sleep because I’ve got too much on my mind, I’ve found that simply having a pad of paper and a pen by my bed comes in handy. Thoughts, plans and worries can often interfere with our ability to relax and fall asleep. Write down everything that comes to mind in a 1 to 3 minute period. As simple as it sounds, it will enable you to free your mind of those thoughts and avoid carrying them to bed with you. With less on your mind, you are free to relax and drift off to sleep.
Body movin’:: Getting some form of physical activity during the day will help your body differentiate between daytime and nighttime, making it easier to get to sleep and stay asleep when you want to. Avoid strenuous exercise and activity within 4 hours of going to bed so your body will be able to relax in time for sleep.
Eat well and wisely :: Ditch the Standard American Diet and eat real food. Make your noon meal the largest of the day rather than your biggest meal being a few hours before you are going to try to sleep. Digesting a large meal will keep you awake and unable to drift off to sleep.
Make your bedroom a restful place :: Keep your bedroom free from unnecessary clutter and distractions. Remove the TV and designate another area of your house for your desk and computer (or put them behind doors if they must stay in your room) so as to free your mind from thinking about work and other things.
Limit caffeine (or better yet, quit it all together) :: Use coffee, pop, caffeinated teas and even chocolate in moderation. Caffeine is a powerful stimulant. Even if you only drink caffeine in the mornings, it makes it more difficult to fall asleep at night and affects the quality of sleep that you are able to get. It is difficult to quit (I know! I used to be a Diet Coke junkie.) but it’s worth it.
If you can’t get going in the mornings without your cup of joe, try Dandelion Root tea as a worthy coffee alternative. Do the same only make iced tea as a replacement for Diet Pop! Dandelion Root tea sounds odd perhaps, but it’s yummy!
What about those less-than-ideal nights?
Unfortunately, we all know the frustration of a short night’s sleep. Whether it’s a new baby, sick kids, noisy neighbors or irritating insomnia, we’ve all been there. Here are two tips for surviving those terrible nights:
Don’t worry :: The stress and anxiety over getting a poor night’s sleep will actually be harder on you mentally and physically than the poor night’s sleep itself. Practice an attitude of acceptance and go about your day. Try to remain as positive and optimistic as possible and you’ll get through a less-than-ideal day much more ideally!
Strategic naps will save you :: Even if you’re not necessarily a nap taker, a strategic nap will help you get through your day, minimizing your struggle from a poor night’s sleep. Getting a 10 – 20 minute nap (or two, if necessary, one in the morning and one in the afternoon) will help you feel refreshed and energized, ready for the next portion of your day. Be careful, however. Napping anywhere from 30 minutes to 2 hours puts your body through sleep cycles that will cause you to wake up feeling groggy and perhaps worse than you felt before. Aim for the power nap to get you through your day.
We all know how wonderful we feel after a great night’s sleep, and unfortunately, we all know how terrible we feel when we sleep poorly. In our fast-paced, over-worked and stressed-out society, getting a good night’s sleep is crucial. Our bodies, minds and souls depend on our ability to sleep for rejuvenation, repair and restoration.
Make a New Year’s Resolution to make sleep a priority this year! Your mind and body will thank you.
What tips do you have for getting a great night’s sleep? How do you make sleep a priority?
Top image by pedrosimoes7
Other Related Posts You May Enjoy
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- What it Means to Be Well
- My Journey to Burnout: Proof That I Really Can’t Do It All
- Developing the Exercise Habit
- Staying Motivated to Excercise
- Finding Fulfillment in Being A Mother Only
- Naturally Neutralizing Stress: Herbs that Calm
- The Terrible Thirst of Depression
- Treating Depression Naturally: Supplements, Herbs, and Foods for Feeling Better
- Panel Discussion on Burnout and Fatigue: 3 Women Get Real About Their Struggles part one and part two
- What is Adrenal Fatigue and Do I Have It?
- Adrenal Fatigue: Help and Resources for Healing
- How to Create the Perfect Sleep Environment | <urn:uuid:f2131a5f-c0bf-4d96-bdce-ff6da99efe54> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://keeperofthehome.org/the-benefits-of-sleep-8-tips-for-getting-quality-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060803.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928122846-20210928152846-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.936491 | 2,327 | 2.90625 | 3 |
PTC thermistors can be used as current-limiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses. Current through the device causes a small amount of resistive heating. If the current is large enough to generate more heat than the device can lose to its surroundings, the device heats up, causing its resistance to increase, and therefore causing even more heating. This creates a self-reinforcing effect that drives the resistance upwards, reducing the current and voltage available to the device.
PTC thermistors are used as timers in the degaussing coil circuit of most CRT displays and televisions. When the display unit is initially switched on, current flows through the thermistor and degaussing coil. The coil and thermistor are intentionally sized so that the current flow will heat the thermistor to the point that the degaussing coil shuts off in under a second. For effective degaussing, it is necessary that the magnitude of the alternating magnetic field produced by the degaussing coil decreases smoothly and continuously, rather than sharply switching off or decreasing in steps; the PTC thermistor accomplishes this naturally as it heats up.
A degaussing circuit using a PTC thermistor is simple, reliable (for its simplicity), and inexpensive.
NTC thermistors are used as resistance thermometers in low-temperature measurements of the order of 10K.
NTC thermistors can be used as inrush-current limiting devices in power supply circuits. They present a higher resistance initially which prevents large currents from flowing at turn-on, and then heat up and become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow during normal operation. These thermistors are usually much larger than measuring type thermistors, and are purposely designed for this application.
NTC thermistors are regularly used in automotive applications. For example, they monitor things like coolant temperature and/or oil temperature inside the engine and provide data to the ECU and, indirectly, to the dashboard.
NTC thermistors can be also used to monitor the temperature of an incubator. Thermistors are also commonly used in modern digital thermostats and to monitor the temperature of battery packs while charging. | <urn:uuid:459ed3de-1747-456f-a602-f422e646e8d3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.exsense.cn/1/show/125.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077810.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414095300-20210414125300-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.947282 | 448 | 3.25 | 3 |
Interesting Bits and Pieces about the Mycobiome
I found a new article[i] yesterday on the mycobiome (yeast). To sum it up – we know next-to-nothing about what comprises a healthy one. 🙂
There were a few very interesting items in it that deserve mention:
- I already knew that there were differences in the bacterial microbiome between babies fed formula versus breast-fed, in large part because of the prebiotic elements (the oligosaccharides) and immune proteins found in breast milk Breast-fed babies have more beneficial bacteria including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacill Interestingly, in vitro studies show that these prebiotics also impact the virulence of yeast infections, preventing Candida (C.albicans) from invading intestinal epithelial cells. This has yet to be studied in actual humans yet, however.
- Antibiotics do not only affect the bacterial microbiome, but the mycobiome as well. One longitudinal study over the first 3 years of life showed that antibiotics cause an immediate change in the bacteria of the intestine, and while they do not directly affect the fungi, their use results in “…increased rates of fungal colonization, fungal overgrowth and changes in fungal community…” (Any woman who has developed a vaginal yeast infection after a course of antibiotics is only too familiar with this phenomenon.) It was the proposed mechanisms of action that I found interesting, including the fact that bacteria actually produce anti-fungal molecules. Killing them off then allows more fungi to grow.
- And vice versa: “…fungi affect bacterial colonization is also true,” as studies in which animals are colonized with candida show an altered bacterial repopulation.
- Thus, just like we know the macrobiome (helminths) and microbiome have a bi-directional relationship, so does the bacterial microbiome and the mycobiome. (It’s probably safe to assume then that since the presence of helminths positively affects the bacterial microbiome, their presence would also help keep fungal overgrowth in check. I do wonder if there’s not also a direct relationship…but that research is probably decades away.)
- The fecal mycobiomes of obese versus lean children and adults differ. Administration of Saccromyces boulardii (a probiotic yeast) has been shown to reduce obesity in humans and animals.
- It looks like the fungi of the intestines play a role in the development or prevention of allergy. I wonder then if this isn’t part of the reason that antibiotics given in the first two years of life is highly associated with allergies later on.
- There is a clear fungal signature in pediatric patients who develop inflammatory bowel disease. Whether or not this is a cause or effect of the diseases is not yet known.
Considering how all these biomes work together as a whole, I have to believe that improving the quality of the bacterial microbiome and supplementing a macrobiome would lead to an improved mycobiome.
In the autism community, antifungals are often used for years at a time. While a minority of children are positively affected, it is still a large number, and there was always some question about why they worked. Reading this, I have to believe that it’s not just the direct effect of potentially reducing yeast overgrowth in these immune compromised children but also, the indirect effect on the bacterial microbiome, which we know for certain is a part of the disorder.
[i] Ward, TL, Knights, D, Gale, CA. Infant fungal communities: current knowledge and research opportunities. BMC Medicine. 2017:15:30. | <urn:uuid:92dff1c9-b40a-4cf2-8d18-9b2479abddb5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://biomebuzz.com/2017/03/10/interesting-bits-and-pieces-about-the-mycobiome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.945411 | 772 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Strands of Fate
A ornate Lyre, with threads of gold
Apollo seeking an instrument of the most perfect quality, to accompany his poetry and tribute to Zeus worked to craft a golden lyre. The body made for the most ancient oaks turned gold by the touch of Midas and the threads of life cut by The Fates, and stolen by Hermes to string the instrument. But at the moment Apollo plucked the threads of the Lyre did he realize the horror he had created. Casting it from Olympus into the sea, he left it to Poseidon so that neither mortal nor god should hear its music. | <urn:uuid:4ca63841-2498-469b-a240-8174182364a5> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | https://argos.obsidianportal.com/items/strands-of-fate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00238-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952068 | 127 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- Countries are starting from different baselines and in different conditions on their energy transition journeys.
- The World Economic Forum's System Value framework can help guide this process in emerging markets - who can also learn from those further along.
- Here's how these countries can start to accelerate their progress towards a clean energy future.
The energy transition is more pressing than ever – and as governments look to economic recovery in the wake of COVID-19, they are recommitting to their energy transition plans and investing to drive faster progress.
But different countries are starting from very different baselines. One example is varying levels of electricity access; close to 900 million people are still without reliable access to electricity, while Sub-Saharan Africa’s access to electricity rate is around 45%. Plus, the lion’s share of energy demand growth will come from emerging markets over the next decade.
In these markets, significant investment is needed to fund this extra power generation capacity. But energy must also remain affordable, given its importance in driving economic growth and providing a basic standard of living. An orderly transition is needed – one that balances the imperatives of energy transition, sustainability and economic justice.
Have you read?
The pace of energy transition also varies
Countries are not only starting from different baselines; they’re also operating in different conditions. Many emerging markets have large domestic reserves of coal, oil and gas. This typically results in a fossil-fuel biased generation mix, driving up the opportunity cost of transitioning to a sustainable energy future.
The pace of energy transition naturally has huge implications for employment and economic opportunity. But as countries mature along the energy transition journey and integrate more renewables into the energy mix, they are at the same time able to enable economic growth and transition to a more sustainable, affordable and resilient energy system. This is the “path to maximizing system value.”
The path to maximizing system value
Over the past 10 years, a typical path has emerged – a way to move from a traditional energy system to a zero-carbon emission system. From the System Value work at the World Economic Forum, three key stages have been identified:
1. Variable renewables expansion, increased efficiency and supporting investments in the grid and interconnections.
2. When variable renewables expand to the point that instantaneous variable renewables often exceed 50% of electricity consumption, then it’s time to increase digital flexibility – for example, storage, ancillary services markets, wider electrification of transport and heating, plus demand optimization.
3. Finally, net-zero energy mix. To achieve net zero requires an integrated energy system and solutions beyond electrification of other sectors like transport and heating, such as hydrogen and carbon capture, use, and storage.
Countries and regions are at different stages – but the good news is that they can learn from those ahead of them on the journey.
Accelerating the transition in emerging markets
So how can emerging markets make the greatest strides towards the energy transition? Countries are already seizing the opportunity to stimulate growth and move toward zero carbon at the same time.
For instance, India is setting up renewable energy zones to attract foreign investment and ease the way for solar and wind deployment.
On transport and industrials: China is electrifying transport, including trains and electric buses, to support clean cities and light duty electric vehicles. Brazil is using incentives to promote sustainable biofuel development, with a focus on economic growth and employment.
As these responses develop, emerging economies can look to these policy experiences, and consider how to:
1. Make the most of complementary natural resources (think hydro supporting solar growth) to accelerate decarbonization.
2. Leverage industrials-funded power purchase agreements (PPAs) or renewable zones to attract foreign investment and private funding, fuelling expansion of the renewables industry.
3. Collaborate across sectors – for example, look at collaboration opportunities across the energy and transport sector to build out the electric vehicle (EV) industry and its enabling infrastructure.
What's the World Economic Forum doing about the transition to clean energy?
Moving to clean energy is key to combating climate change, yet in the past five years, the energy transition has stagnated.
Energy consumption and production contribute to two-thirds of global emissions, and 81% of the global energy system is still based on fossil fuels, the same percentage as 30 years ago. Plus, improvements in the energy intensity of the global economy (the amount of energy used per unit of economic activity) are slowing. In 2018 energy intensity improved by 1.2%, the slowest rate since 2010.
Effective policies, private-sector action and public-private cooperation are needed to create a more inclusive, sustainable, affordable and secure global energy system.
Benchmarking progress is essential to a successful transition. The World Economic Forum’s Energy Transition Index, which ranks 115 economies on how well they balance energy security and access with environmental sustainability and affordability, shows that the biggest challenge facing energy transition is the lack of readiness among the world’s largest emitters, including US, China, India and Russia. The 10 countries that score the highest in terms of readiness account for only 2.6% of global annual emissions.
To future-proof the global energy system, the Forum’s Shaping the Future of Energy and Materials Platform is working on initiatives including, Systemic Efficiency, Innovation and Clean Energy and the Global Battery Alliance to encourage and enable innovative energy investments, technologies and solutions.
Additionally, the Mission Possible Platform (MPP) is working to assemble public and private partners to further the industry transition to set heavy industry and mobility sectors on the pathway towards net-zero emissions. MPP is an initiative created by the World Economic Forum and the Energy Transitions Commission.
Is your organisation interested in working with the World Economic Forum? Find out more here.
Energy companies need to respond with new business models
As the energy transition progresses, energy companies must think beyond traditional retail supply models. Think of Queensland, Australia, where a large percentage of houses already have rooftop solar panels, driving down their need for grid-supplied energy. It’s the equivalent of what has already happened in telecoms, with around half of US homes already entirely wireless and no longer needing telecoms connections.
So how will energy companies respond in the future? Answer: diversify and challenge legacy industry models and boundaries. Become an energy services company, or a home services company… join multiple products per customer, and create stickiness to generate new revenue streams and drive margins.
Customer experience is at the heart of this future vision, with loyalty harder than ever to secure and maintain. Meanwhile, policy-makers and regulators can help energy companies navigate this challenging landscape with regulatory stability – and allow them to really drive towards a clean energy future.
Decarbonizing energy is not an if, it’s a how. Countries and businesses are moving ahead with renewables – because standing still is more of a risk than pressing ahead. | <urn:uuid:edc749c3-d715-4760-95da-3612bca4c080> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/energy-transition-system-value-emerging-markets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923044248-20210923074248-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.924248 | 1,433 | 2.625 | 3 |
DIALOG: THE CONCEPT
The search for ethical knowledge is enhanced in dialog.
Dialog is itself enhanced many fold when ideas, beliefs, opinions are tested in a
live forum because ideas, beliefs, opinions are measured by the twin elements of
fact and logic.
Facts are materially provable and logic is an intellectual tool.
Through dialog ethics evolve in a society. The more open is dialog, the more
advanced is that society’s ethics.
With advanced ethics the abstract arts of philosophy, jurisprudence and
mathematics are enhanced. Through these arts a society is better able to
assimilate knowledge of the physical universe. Thus all civilizations are born. And
Knowledge brings power. Power allows domination of the world.
Alas, power also corrupts morally to bring out the vices of tyranny in a society’s
leadership so as to safeguard its status quo. Moral corruption and tyranny curb
And, without dialog a society slides back into the morass of backwardness and
EXCELLENCE AND THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION
Values divide themselves into two sets: virtues and vices. These two sets collide
within a person and the outcome is “character”. It is one’s character that defines
a person in all their complexity.
What then gives rise to excellence in character? It is the pursuit of perfecting
one’s character. But, perfection has no boundaries, no limits, is infinite.
Therefore, excellence is a many-splendored endeavor!
Excellence is a never ending journey to understand one’s own hazy and even
fearsome areas of the mind: needs, wants, desires, greed, jealousy, anger,
revenge, power, status, pride, arrogance, intolerance, rigidity, tyranny, violence
and battering, cruelty, sadism and masochism, lying, cheating, hypocrisy – and
the rectifying of those parts of the mind in both thought and action.
After that there is the matter of fear. What is fear? How does it come about? How
can it be curbed? Excellence involves the admitting, the acceptance and the
curbing of fear against all odds when siding with the truth in all Truth’s varied
forms. This demands great faith and faith is built on good action.
The way of the samurai (the fidayeen, the jihadi) is death.
Therefore, excellence demands action based on an unshakeable faith as well as
the highest intellect to set into motion a personal exemplariness which cannot but
force a smile upon God’s Visage.
DESCARTES, YOU ERRED!
I was an embryo in my mother’s womb long before I acquired the faculties of the
mind. At birth I did not think, I simply was. I felt the sweet love of ‘mother’ in the
soft embrace, the secure arms, the caressing lips, the crooning voice. Thus my
intellect came to understand: motherhood!
Descartes, you err when you say, “I think therefore I am”.
It is: “I am! Therefore, I think”.
THE ART OF THINKING
Intellect is neither aptitude nor skills. It is the ability to live a good life! But, what
determines a good life in a constantly changing world? Thought!
Thinking is the ability to separate facts from assumptions so as to better
understand, to better opine, to better predict, to better act.
Thinking objectively is the measure of one’s capacity to elevate oneself in life, in
love, in work, in parenting, in leadership, in times good and bad.
To think is to go on journeys exploring the areas of logic, ethics, religion,
language, jurisprudence, politics, science: indeed to all areas of knowledge.
There is but only one pre-requisite to thinking. It is the desire to know the
answers to your own innermost questions.
Date posted: 2009.
For profile of the author and to read his other compositions please click:
Salim-el-azhar Ebrahim: Epigrams I (includes profile)
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Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) constitute a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the skin. CTCL has an annual age-adjusted incidence of approximately 6 cases per million people. In the United States, approximately 1,000 new cases of skin lymphoma are diagnosed each year. CTCL affects males twice as females. Moreover, CTCL is more likely to affect people between the ages of 40 and 60. However, less likely, but 5% of all cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cases occur in children, as per National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Also, It has been observed that African-Americans are more prone to catching the disease than any other geography.
As per the DelveInsight assessment, amongst the seven major geographies, the total incident population of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market was approximately 7.4K cases in 2021. In the United States, the CTCL population was projected to be more than 3K cases, accounting for the largest proportion in the seven major geographies in 2021.
The most prominent type of CTCL is mycosis fungoides, accounting for the maximum number of CTCL cases in the United States and other countries. Several factors determine a patient’s CTCL treatment plan. The type and extent of skin lesions present (patches, plaques, or tumors), the number of Sézary cells in the blood, and transformation to large cell type or folliculotropic cancer (involving the hair follicles) all influence cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment options.
Current Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Treatment Landscape
The approaches for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment (Mycosis fungoides and Sezary Syndrome) depends upon the disease stage. There are four major stages of disease progression, and different stages have different severity.
The early stages require topical treatment due to less severity. The therapies majorly include corticosteroids, retinoids, imiquimod (Aldara), Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet-An Irradiation (PUVA), and total skin electron beam therapy.
In later stages, systemic therapies are preferred as the disease is widespread and resistant to topical treatment. Systemic therapies are majorly introduced inside the body via IV, transplants, and chemotherapy. The drugs used for cutaneous T- cell lymphoma treatment include interferon-alpha injections, stem cell transplants, alemtuzumab (MabCampath), and other chemotherapy regimens.
The duration of action of most of the therapies does not persist for a longer period, and therefore most of the drugs for CTCL treatment possess a shorter half-life.
Presently, the FDA-approved drugs for CTCL treatment include Istodax (romidepsin), Valchlor (mechlorethamine), Uvadex (methoxsalen), Targretin (bexarotene), Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin), Poteligo (mogamulizumab) and Zolinza (vorinostat).
Moreover, several leading pharmaceutical giants, including Soligenix, Philogen, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, 4SC AG, Medivir, Innate Pharma, BeiGene, Galderma R&D, Angimmun, Codiak BioSciences, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Equilliumand, and others are also involved in developing novel therapies for CTCL treatment.
FDA-approved Therapies Available in the Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Market
Uvadex (Methoxsalen): Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals
Methoxsalen is a naturally occurring photoactive substance found in the seeds of the Ammi majus (Umbelliferae) plant. It belongs to a group of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins. In February 1999, FDA approved Uvadex for the palliative treatment of the skin manifestations of CTCL that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment. In December 2021, Mallinckrodt announced the results of a retrospective, observational medical chart review study assessing real-world treatment outcomes among CTCL patients who initiated therapy with extracorporeal photopheresis.
Targretin (Bexarotene): Valeant Pharmaceuticals/ Bausch Health
Targretin (bexarotene) is a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activate retinoid X receptors (RXRs). In December 1999, FDA granted marketing approval for Targretin (bexarotene) capsules for treating cutaneous manifestations of CTCL in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. In March 2001, Targretin received a marketing authorization valid throughout the EU. In January 2016, Minophagen Pharmaceutical announced that Targretin Capsules (bexarotene) 75 mg had been approved in Japan by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the CTCL treatment.
Potelegio (Mogamulizumab-kpkc): Kyowa Hakko Kirin
Poteligeo is used to treat adult patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides (MF) or sezary syndrome (SS) after at least one prior systemic therapy. It is marketed in Japan for relapsed or refractory CTCL treatment. Mogamulizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody composed of complementarity-determining regions derived from mouse anti-human CC chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody and framework regions and constant regions derived from human IgG1. In August 2018, the FDA approved mogamulizumab-kpkc (Poteligeo) for treating patients with CTCL who have received at least 1 prior systemic therapy. The approval is specifically for patients with mycosis fungoides or sezary syndrome, two subtypes of CTCL. The FDA based its decision on results from the Phase III MAVORIC study. In November 2018, the European Commission decided to grant marketing authorization to Poteligo.
Valchlor/Ledaga (Mechlorethamine): Helsinn Therapeutics
Valchlor is an alkylating drug indicated for the topical treatment of Stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides‐type CTCL in patients who have received prior skin‐directed therapy. Mechlorethamine HCl is a white to off-white solid that is very soluble in water and methanol, partially soluble in acetone, and generally not soluble in organic solvents. Mechlorethamine, also known as nitrogen mustard, is an alkylating agent which inhibits rapidly proliferating cells. In August 2013, the FDA approved Valchlor to treat stage IA/IB mycosis fungoides-type CTCL. In March 2017, the European Commission granted marketing authorization to use the drug under the brand name Ledaga (chlormethine gel) for mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment.
Adcetris (Brentuximab Vedotin): Seagen
Adcetris (Brentuximab vedotin) targets CD30 using our proprietary antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. CD30 is found on the surface of most classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells and in several types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma but is not commonly found in healthy cells. In November 2017, FDA approved Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) to treat adult patients with pcALCL and CD30-expressing MF who have received prior systemic therapy. In January 2018, Takeda Pharmaceutical announced that the European Commission extended the current conditional marketing authorization of Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) and approved Adcetris for treating adult patients with CD30-positive CTCL after at least one prior systemic therapy.
Expected Roadblocks in the Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Market
The disease is progressive and leads to life-threatening complications despite genetic advancements. Therefore it is quite difficult to understand the root causes and produce treatment pipelines. As CTCL comes under rare diseases, it becomes difficult for a company to conduct appropriate tests and trials.
Despite limited clinical trials and understanding of the CTCL population, many competitors in the drug development space are working on different classes of therapeutics. Therefore, therapy should stand out regarding cost, efficacy, and other relevant parameters to impact the skin neoplasms market.
What Lies Ahead in the CTCL Treatment Market?
Several pharmaceutical companies are working to develop an effective and affordable therapy for CTCL treatment. The anticipated launch of these therapies will boost the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market. In addition, the lack of curative treatment also presents an excellent opportunity for companies to develop CTCL therapies that will drive the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market.
According to the latest published report by DelveInsight, the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market size in the seven major markets [US, EU5 (France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and UK), and Japan] was estimated to be USD 399 million in 2021, which is further anticipated to increase by 2032. Moreover, the expected growth in the United States is stagnant and can grow at a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period (2022–2032).
Furthermore, compared to other indications, CTCL has a favorable prognosis, which aids in preventing treatment-related complications. The disease tends to develop resistance to medications, necessitating the development of a more efficacious drug that will significantly boost the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market in the coming years.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare type of blood cancer. It begins in a type of white blood cell called the T-lymphocyte (T-cell). T-cells help prevent infections and other diseases.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma symptoms include the formation of patches and lumps on the skin, enlarged lymph nodes, hair loss, thickening of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and rash-like skin redness over the entire body that is intensely itchy.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment options include topical chemotherapy, radiation therapy, photo-chemotherapy, vitamin A derivatives (retinoids), and chemotherapy. These treatments may be used alone or in varied combinations.
In the seven major geographies, the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market size is estimated to be approximately USD 399 million in 2021.
Currently, the FDA-approved drugs available in the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market include SGX301 (Soligenix), WP1220 (Moleculin Biotech), and Lacutamab (Innate Pharma). | <urn:uuid:f0d7096e-0017-4358-b5b9-f8498b761758> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-treatment-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00829.warc.gz | en | 0.914264 | 2,324 | 2.671875 | 3 |
James Sylvester Scott (February 12, 1885 ? August 30, 1938) was an African-American ragtime composer, regarded as one of the three most important composers of classic ragtime, along with Scott Joplin and Joseph Lamb.
He was born in Neosho, Missouri to James Scott Sr. and Molly Thomas Scott, both former slaves. In 1901 his family moved to Carthage, Missouri, where he attended Lincoln High School. In 1902 he began working at the music store of Charles L. Dumars, first at menial labor, but before long demonstrating music at the piano, including his own pieces. Demand for his music convinced Dumars to print the first of Scott's published compositions, 'A Summer Breeze', in 1903.
In 1906 he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where Scott Joplin introduced him to publisher John Stillwell Stark. The first Scott rag that Stark published, 'Frog Legs Rag', became a hit, and Scott became a regular contributor to the Stark catalogue. In 1914 Scott moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he married Nora Johnson, taught music, and accompanied silent movies.
With the arrival of sound movies, his fortunes declined. He lost his theater work, his wife died without child, and his health deteriorated. Though it is said he continued to compose, he published nothing after Stark's retirement in 1922. He died in Kansas City, Kansas and was buried there in the Westlawn Cemetery.
Scott's best-known compositions include 'Climax Rag', 'Frog Legs Rag', 'Grace and Beauty', 'Ophelia Rag' and 'The Ragtime Oriole'. Text source : Wikipedia (Hide extended text) ... (Read all)
Cookies allow us to personalize content and ads, to provide social media-related features and analyze our traffic. We also share information on the use of our site with our social media partners, advertising and analytics, which can combine them with other information you have provided to them or collected in your use of their services. Learn more and set cookiesClose | <urn:uuid:4ef27068-02d6-4684-ae16-a656ffc61a25> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.free-scores.com/Download-PDF-Sheet-Music-james-scott.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823236.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210013115-20181210034615-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.971924 | 425 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Demystifying feline pain management
That's why Sheilah Robertson, BVMS, PhD, MCVS, CVA, DACVA, DECVA, former professor of anesthesia and pain management at the University of Florida and current assistant director of the American Veterinary Medical Association's (AVMA) animal welfare division, says it's so important for veterinarians to take time to diagnose pain in cats. And her advice is pretty simple: Look for it, recognize it and measure it.
Currently there's no gold standard for assessing pain in cats, although uniform scales to objectively measure pain are being developed and validated. But in the meantime, it's important for veterinarians to observe feline behavior for clues and to be able to recognize the difference between stress or fear and pain, particularly when it comes to acutely painful conditions.Robertson states that part of the observation process not only involves keeping an eye out for abnormal feline behavior, such as maintaining a tense, crouched posture or showing difficulty getting into a comfortable position, but also looking for signs of normal behavior, such as stretching or playfully engaging with caregivers. "If a cat is trying to retreat or hide, I'd suspect that cat was in pain and take a closer look," Robertson says.
In general, key indicators of acute pain in cats include changes in posture, position in the cage, activity level, attitude, vocalization, appetite, facial expression and reaction to palpation. Researchers working with mice and rabbits have also identified what can be described as a "pain face," which in cats may include noticeable changes in the eyes, ears and whiskers. Robertson also points out that observing a cat before a painful procedure may yield important clues to the animal's typical demeanor and behaviors, giving the veterinarian a better indication of whether the cat is comfortable after the procedure or if medical intervention is necessary. | <urn:uuid:742ffd13-6804-48d9-a323-4f42fb06bdf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/demystifying-feline-pain-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111313.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00066-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953176 | 376 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Unpaid wages are wages which have been earned through work, but not paid out to the employee. Employers may be required by law to pay employees on a set schedule and to provide pay for all hours worked. Employees who do not receive pay when they expect it or who are shorted on their pay may be able to sue for unpaid wages. There are a number of options available to people who believe that their employers owe them money.
While people may hope that they will never need to make a claim for unpaid wages, it is advisable to think ahead and to keep very good records so that any disputes can be quickly resolved. Employees should make note of the hours they work, including overtime hours, and they should keep written authorizations for overtime so that there can be no disputes later about overtime pay. In addition, employees should keep their paystubs so that they can be compared against their records and also against tax documents received at the end of the year. Any discrepancies should be discussed immediately with the employer.
A classic example of unpaid wages can come in the form of shorted hours. An employee may receive a paycheck which is smaller than it should be because the employer failed to pay for all the hours worked or did not provide overtime pay. In other cases, employees may not receive paychecks at all. Bankruptcy is also a situation in which unpaid wages can become an issue, with the business failing to provide compensation for its employees because of its financial situation.
Sometimes unpaid wages are a mistake. It is generally recommended that employees bring errors in their paychecks, including paychecks returned for insufficient funds, to the attention of the employer before taking legal action. An honest mistake may have occurred and it can be quickly remedied. For example, an employer may have forgotten to transfer funds into the payroll account at the bank on payday, causing the paychecks to be returned to people who attempted to deposit them. In this case, the employer would be liable for any fees incurred when the employee attempted to deposit the check.
If an employer does not respond to a request to address unpaid wages, the situation can be reported to government representatives who work for agencies which protect workers, such as the Department of Labor in the United States. These representatives may be able to help employees recover their wages. Finally, a lawyer can be consulted to take the case into court. It can be expensive to sue for unpaid wages and this is something which should be considered before taking legal action.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:83f13da4-c3c6-4767-8b27-71fce7a4f3ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-unpaid-wages.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538824.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00268-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979796 | 559 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ideally, children's toys will provide entertainment and education at the same time. Building toy tractor from plastic bottles encourages children to think creatively and reuse common household items. Simple items that you would normally recycle can become a toy. The benefit of using recycled materials is that once the child is finished with the toy, it can be completely recycled.
Lay the milk jug on its side with the handle facing up. The handle portion of the jug will be the front of the tractor. Draw a square on each side of the tractor toward the back end or bottom of the milk jug. These will be windows for the tractor.
Cut out the squares for the windows with a craft knife.
Punch a hole on the bottom of the sides at the front and back of the milk jug for the wheels. Create an "X" shaped opening with a craft knife. Slide one dowel through each hole to create an axle for the wheels.
Apply modelling cement to the bottom edges of the bottle caps and jar lids. Two caps or lids will form a wheel. The cap and lid openings will join together to create a solid wheel. Assemble the caps and lids respectively to form two lid-wheels for the rear of the tractor and two cap-wheels for the front. This will leave you with two lid-wheels for the trailer. Allow the cement to dry.
Drill a 1/4-inch hole through the centre of each wheel. Slide the wheels made from jar lids onto the dowel at the rear of the tractor body. Slide the wheels made from juice caps onto the dowel at the front of the tractor body. Wrap masking tape around the ends of the dowel to prevent the wheels from slipping off.
Cut a juice or detergent bottle in half lengthwise with a craft knife to create a wagon or trailer for the tractor. Punch an "X" shaped hole through the back sides of the trailer. Slide a dowel through to create a rear axle for the trailer. Slide the remaining wheels onto the dowel. Secure the wheels with masking tape.
Cut a 2-inch tab out of the bottom of the milk jug. Pull it down and punch an "X" shaped hole in the end of the tab. Thread the wire through the tab.
Drill a 1/4-inch hole through the juice bottle opening. Thread the wire through the holes in the opening and tie it off by wrapping the wire around a couple of times.
Add detail to the tractor by painting it with craft paints.
Use caution when cutting with a craft knife. The blade is razor sharp. | <urn:uuid:301aa5fe-ca40-4aca-9a25-3e4d51d8af7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6783185_build-toy-tractor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202125.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319183735-20190319205735-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.910927 | 536 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Part of speech:
The definition of future is something that is going to happen.
The definition of next is just before or after.
To gain (a prize) by succeeding in competition or contest.
To gain victory or success; win mastery
To get the better of; conquer; overcome
Rise is defined as to wake up, stand up, go to a higher place or increase in amount.
To gain or obtain as the reward of action, conduct, work, etc.
To succeed, thrive, grow, etc. in a vigorous way
To produce or achieve the desired effect; be effective; succeed
To be victorious; win
To master is defined as to become an expert in something or to gain control over something or someone.
Flourish is defined as to grow well, to succeed, to make big wave-like movements.
To produce a click or series of clicks.
To gain as an objective; achieve:
To achieve success or recognition:
The definition of achieve means to accomplish a goal or to do something you set out to do.
To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as, to accomplish a design, an object, a promise.
Result is defined as to happen or end in a certain way as a consequence of something else.
(Chemistry) To replace (an atom, radical, ion, or molecule) in a compound during a reaction.
To be subsequent to
To cause to be set aside or dropped from use as inferior or obsolete and replaced by something else
To remove or uproot in order to replace with something else
To be worthy of.
Vanquish is defined as to defeat or overcome.
To go over the top of (a rise of ground, etc.)
To be at the top of; surmount
To outmaneuver is defined as to defeat an opponent or to move faster than the opponent.
To get the better of; defeat
To put an end to forcibly; subdue:
To bring into a certain order; systematize
To be of use or advantage to; help:
To leave behind or get ahead of, as in a race
To get possession or control of by or as by winning a war
To gain strong influence or control over; dominate
(--- Sports) To catch or get possession of (a pass or a kicked ball, for example).
To come to; reach:
To benefit is defined as to be helpful to others, or to receive help from others.
To reproduce convincingly.
To come to have as one's own; get possession of
The definition of obtain is to get or acquire.
To get hold or possession of; obtain; acquire
To add up to; come to
To go after and bring:
Go is defined as to move or leave.
To regulate as to time; to accompany, or agree with, in time of movement.
Find another word for succeeding. In this page you can discover 61 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for succeeding, like: ensuing, following after, next in order, following, future, next, preceding, winning, working, triumphing and thriving. | <urn:uuid:f492662d-467a-49db-bb2d-10ffb6165add> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/succeeding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.940485 | 678 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Summary: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affects over 10 million people in the US. Find out the symptoms and treatment options available.
Source: Boston University
This Sunday, November 3, most of America will be traveling back in time—by an hour. That’s when daylight saving time ends and we set back our clocks, signaling the transition into late fall and winter.
With this changing of the clocks, daylight ends earlier. When this happens, some people may experience emerging feelings of sadness and sluggishness, and fluctuations in weight. If you suffer from these symptoms, you may have seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression related to changes in the seasons. SAD affects an estimated 10 million Americans, with women four times more likely to be diagnosed with it than men. Fortunately, there are treatments available that have proven effective in treating the disorder.
How does one distinguish between SAD and ordinary sadness? What are the possible treatments? And what do scientists know about the underlying causes of the disorder? For answers to some of those questions, BU Today talked to Sanford Auerbach, a School of Medicine associate professor of neurology and psychiatry and director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Boston Medical Center.
What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
SAD refers to changes in mood that occur when symptoms fluctuate according to the season of the year. Most commonly, it refers to depression associated with the winter months, typically fall and winter. It’s thought to be related to the fact that during the winter months we have shorter days. What are the symptoms?
Typically they are associated with mood changes—depression, for instance. People who suffer from SAD may find that they have difficulty waking up in the morning, that they have less energy, that they have an increased appetite. It may be more difficult for them to concentrate. Maybe they have less motivation to do things.
The flip side of it is that the opposite happens in the shorter months, like spring and early summer, where people will perhaps sleep a little less, are maybe more energetic, maybe more active, maybe even in some cases a little more “hypomanic,” a little on the manic side.
From a technical perspective, it’s not just a matter of being depressed in the winter months. It’s also being manic, if you will, in the longer days. So basically, it’s a disorder of mood that seems to be linked to the seasons.
How do you recognize that you are suffering from SAD and not something else?
That’s tricky, because although people have latched onto the fact that in a lot of cases it’s related to the light cycle, there are also a lot of other things that go on—work changes, holidays, colder weather—that may be more stressful for some people than others. So there are many factors. The way you recognize it is that over the course of several years, you see that there’s a recurrent theme: every four months, you start to have these changes in mood. So after this happens maybe three years or more, then you could consider that it’s SAD.
How many people suffer from SAD? Are certain individuals more at risk than others?
When you look at temperate climates, I think it’s estimated that 5 percent of the population may have this. Certainly for people who live in areas where you don’t see such great variation in seasons, it’s not as likely to occur. The extreme would be people who live in equatorial areas. There, the times don’t shift much. They have close to 12-hour days all year round. Whereas people farther north or farther south can have very long days in the summer but very short, or nonexistent, days in the winter.
What are the treatment options for people with SAD?
There are a couple of options here. One is to use some sort of light therapy. You can get easily available light boxes. Usually the prescription is to be exposed to 10,000 lux. One lux is one candle-foot power—the amount of light that you get if you’re one foot away from one candle. Usually they’re full-spectrum lights, and usually the intensity varies according to how far it is from you. You want to sit in front of it in the morning for about 30 minutes each day. Morning exposure tends to be much more powerful than exposure in the evening or the middle of the day.
The other option is to treat it like depression. A lot of things that have been shown to be effective for depression are effective for SAD, like the usual sort of antidepressants.
Are there ways to prevent SAD or mitigate its symptoms?
Start treating it before it happens. Or, in the winter, move down to South America.
What do doctors and scientists still not know about SAD?
I think that figuring out what it is about the light that these cells in the back of the eye particularly implicated in this, needs to be studied a bit more. And some of those pathways are being studied more.
People are also trying to figure out, is it the light intensity? A few people have adjusted light gradually, like a sunrise—is that more effective or less effective?
What about the genetics of it? How can you predict who’s at a greater risk than others for this? One of the troubles of the light therapy is it varies a little bit from person to person, from researcher to researcher. The idea is to sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes, but that requires some lifestyle changes and a time commitment.
What do you hope for in the near future regarding SAD research?
I think it’s important to appreciate the impact of light on mood, but also cognition. They are very closely related because cognition does fluctuate with mood. What is the effect of these seasonal affective disorders on things like memory and cognition in general? Is it better to take your harder courses in the fall semester or the spring semester?
About this neuroscience research article
Source: Boston University Media Contacts: Madeleine O’Keefe – Boston University Image Source: The image is in the public domain. | <urn:uuid:8f033bf8-aa5a-4430-9efe-f44b0751f231> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://neurosciencenews.com/seasonal-affective-disorder-1515/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.960048 | 1,299 | 3.375 | 3 |
Low- Level Laser Therapy also known as photobiomodulation, cold laser therapy and laser bio stimulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-level lasers to stimulate cellular function. Laser treatment has been tested for over 40 years, and has been shown to aid in damaged tissue regeneration, decrease inflammation, relieve pain and boost the immune system. This means there is a good chance laser therapy could be your pain solution, allowing you to live a more active lifestyle.
The use of Low-Level Therapy (LLLT) has its roots in the late 1960's. The first to use the laser were ophthalmologists and then dermatologists. However, it was not long before many other medical professions began to see the use of the laser in their fields. However, in 1968, Endre' Mester invented 'laser bio stimulation'. He believed that lower-powered beams could produce cold effects in tissues. He used lasers at low output powers to experiment on cellular behavior. By 1969, he had done a now-famous study on the healing properties of lasers with non-healing or slow-to-heal ulcers which were not healing with conventional therapies. Then Freidrich Plog in Canada used the laser for pain and I.B. Kovacs showed its effectiveness in wound healing acceleration.
Soon thereafter, the LLLT made its way into the Health Canada and FDA for approval for pain reduction. Today, LLLT has many different uses including sprains, back and neck pain, arthritis, chronic pain, nerve pain, ulcers, post-operative care and burns. LLLT has been shown to increase cellular function and regeneration, including cells that create muscle tissue.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use sunlight to produce energy. The energy is then changed through cellular respiration to ATP, which is the fuel for all living things. Unlike what many think, not all laser treatments are heat oriented. LLLT is photochemical and works similarly to photosynthesis. LLLT stimulates the enzyme cytochrome coxidase, which, like sunlight for plants, produces ATP. ATP is needed for all human cells to function and controls other biochemical molecules that lead to cell aging and cell death. With LLLT, the cells metabolism is increased and they survive longer. This suggests the possibility that disease or injuries, since all occur at a cellular level, could be influenced.
Although we’ve seen it in movies for years, the idea of healing with light seems like something far off in the future. Nothing could be further from the truth. LLLT is already on the road to treating a wide variety of ailments, book your consultation today at Atlantis Chiropractic here in Woodbridge to see if this therapy is right for you. | <urn:uuid:131221a5-232b-4a04-bcb5-00716302104d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.woodbridgechiropractor.ca/blog/chiropractic-works-with-dr-birk/2017/03/27/the-benefits-of-lowlevel-laser-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824119.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212203335-20181212224835-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.962536 | 563 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A brief history of Woodford
The oldest construction in Woodford is out to the west at one of the highest points in the parish. Near the parish boundary with Great Addington are some historic barrows. There is insufficient evidence to date them properly, however, they are thought to be Neolithic (c 3000BC). Known locally as Three Hills they are easy to see from the road.
A number of Roman artifacts have been found in the area now occupied by Church Street
The name Woodford immediately suggests that the village was named after a wood and a ford. The village still has a wood and a ford. The ford however, is more than a mile from where the settlement is most likely to have started (in the area now known as Church Street), and the wood (known locally as The Shrubbery) cannot be described as ancient woodland. Records suggest that it was planted around 1700.
The village most likely was named after the wooded slopes of the valley that most probably existed 1000 years ago and possibly a ford across the river. (The Ancient Rockingham Forest extended to the River Nene at that time). The river was obviously not controlled and would have been bordered by marshland and reed beds. Anecdotal evidence suggests that even as late as the 1950s the river was quite shallow near the Church (in comparison to other parts) which could suggest there was some sort of crossing at this point. Additionally this is very close to the green lane which extends across the fields from Ringstead and stops rather abrubtly one field away from the river
During Saxon times (800-1000) a system of open fields was laid out. This later evolved into a three-field system whereby crops were grown in two fields on a three year rota enabling a different field to remain fallow. Each villager would have had strips of land in each field and some would also have had grazing rights. Some of these strips of land became a series of low ridges caused by ploughing which mounded the soil to the centre of the strip causing a dip between each strip of land. There is still evidence of this type of farming in the Leys and can be viewed if one walks across the field from Newtown to either the end of Rose Terrace or Whittlesea Terrace. A further example was evident in the field now occupied by Paddock Road and Windmill Close
Eventually it became apparent that this type of farming was inefficient and a series Enclosure Acts were passed by Parliament. This practice gained momentum during the reign of King George II (1727-60). The Woodford Enclosure took place in 1764 different areas of land were enclosed by hedges and fences and divided between 44 owners. A copy map of the field system is on display in the Church and also at the Northamptonshire Record Office. The original is at Boughton House.
Other pages featuring historical information are:
or visit Woodford Online | <urn:uuid:f4de96ad-2a2f-4f84-bddb-1c22fc300d19> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.woodfordpc.co.uk/history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163438.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00168-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988192 | 606 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr. 2005;146(6):732–7.PubMedCrossRef
Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(40):1–16.
Ströhle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm. 2009;116(6):777–84.PubMedCrossRef
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Marsh HW, Richards GE, Johnson S, et al. Physical self-description questionnaire: psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1994;16(3):270–305. | <urn:uuid:b84f3e92-af37-4fe0-a2d8-e9f1e95c7016> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40279-014-0229-z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982946797.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200906-00044-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.715086 | 5,503 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A new biography explores Dante as public intellectual.
In his posthumously published Shakespeare on Love and Friendship, the critic Allan Bloom ruefully observed that, by contrast with the Bard, certain great canonical writers hold little attraction for most young American readers today. Those writers include such giants of their respective national literary traditions as Molière, Goethe, and Dante. If Bloom’s point was partly an indictment of modern youth culture, it was also a comment on the relative accessibility of Shakespeare and those other writers to what Bloom called a “common consciousness.” In addition to the obvious fact that he wrote in Italian, Dante indulged in a playful obscurantism that makes unraveling the cryptograms in the Commedia or identifying the invalids in the Inferno all but impossible for the unguided reader. As a result, few contemporary Americans readers have any understanding of the motives or vision behind the great poet’s luminous imaginings of the spiritual afterlife.
To begin with, the facts of Dante Alighieri’s life (1265–1321) are not well known. What we do know of the Florentine poet comes to us mainly by way of certain gossips who wrote a generation after his death. But that is gossip, and no matter how often Dante’s biography is told, the same pesky gaps in our knowledge of the poet’s personal life remain. So historians must embellish, or, as Marco Santagata does in his contextually rich account, adorn their findings with bold conjecture. | <urn:uuid:4dc41658-fbf5-471c-908c-5ca05486cf6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://hedgehogreview.com/issues/the-cultural-contradictions-of-modern-science/articles/dante-the-story-of-his-life-by-marco-santagata | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531462.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421120136-20190421141900-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.954346 | 319 | 3.25 | 3 |
Memory Game - Charley Harper's Animals
From beagles and bobcats to tigers and toucans—animal-loving youngsters can find their favorites and sharpen their memory skills by matching 36 images by artist Charley Harper (American, 1922–2007). Kids of all ages can enjoy playing the game and learning from the accompanying booklet about familiar and exotic creatures.
Sample booklet text:
Black bears usually live in forests and can climb trees. They’re not always black, though; they can be brown, blue-gray, cinnamon, blond, or even white. Bears stuff themselves with plenty of fruit, nuts, roots, insects, and vegetation during the summer and fall, then spend the winter hibernating in their dens.
Caterpillars change into butterflies through a process known as metamorphosis. Depending on their species, some butterflies may grow to nearly 12 inches in diameter. Butterflies feed on nectar, sap, and juice from fruit. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica.
72 colorful 2½ in. square cards (36 pairs)
Box size: 3 x 3 x 4¼ in.
This item is published by PomegranateKids®, an imprint of Pomegranate Communications, and is CPSIA compliant.
⚠️WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - small parts. Not suitable for children under 3 years. | <urn:uuid:82d1b777-ecf3-4bcc-852d-ba9f7b6f9990> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://birdinhand.com/products/memory-game-charley-harpers-animals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.921642 | 285 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This article mainly introduces the understanding and analysis of node. js event monitoring and triggering, and compares node. js and jQuery's practical skills on event monitoring in the form of examples, which helps to deepen the
In node. js development, the Node Supervisor is used to modify the monitoring file and automatically restart the application.
In the development or debugging of Node. when you modify a js application, you always need to press CTRL
Node. the selling point of js is "asynchronous single-thread". Although many mainstream Web backend programming languages have good support for asynchronous programming, only Node. js forces asynchronous all IO. Python and Ruby also have such a framework, but because it is inevitable to use a library containing Synchro
database serviceEighth: monitoring performance and issues? diagnose and handle configuration-related issues in a RAC environment? Optimizing Oracle RACNineth Talk: Adding and removing Nodes and instances? conditions to prepare the new node and verify the node's satisfaction? adding new nodes to the cluster? create an instance in a new
Comparison of Character Processing Performance between Node. js and PHP and Python, node. jspython
Test Cases are divided into functions and classes for reading a large string of characters one by one.
Look at the data is not very intuitive then look at the following chart ...
We can see the computational performance on C + + > Golang > Node. js.
C + + single core and multithreading efficiency are almost golang one times
Golang single-core and multithreaded performance is almost one-fol
By using non-blocking, event-driven I/O operations, node. JS provides a great platform for building and running large-scale network applications and services, and is also widely welcomed. Its main features are the ability to handle large, high-throughput concurrent connections to build high-performance, highly scalable Internet applications. However,
http://ourjs.com/detail/52a914f0127c763203000008As everyone knows PayPal is another large company migrating to the node. JS platform, Jeff Harrell's blog, node. js at PayPal explains why the migration came from Java: one-time increase in development efficiency (2 people who do 5 of their lives with less), One-fold
system.It turns out that some workloads are unevenly distributed between worker processes on Solaris and Linux. To alleviate this situation, the node. JS v0.12 has changed, using the rotation method by default. This article is described in more detail.Faster timers, fastersetImmediate(), Fasterprocess.nextTick()setTimeout()And its friends now use the time source not only faster, but also immune to clock of
1. Avoid using s
This is a creation in
Article, where the information may have evolved or changed.
Previously seen in the performance comparison test article, is about node. js and Golang HTTP module, simple HelloWorld function, the original text in this:
After this article,
We have noticed some interesting content in the Io.js v2.0.0 RC Bulletin. This community version of node. JS is also based on the V8 engine, and the major version is committed much more frequently than its parent project (node. js).As we mentioned before, we have been keen to develop the Raygun API with
Performance optimizationsPerformance optimizationOriginal: https://strongloop.com/strongblog/performance-node-js-v-0-12-whats-new/January, 2014/in Community, node. js v0.12, strongnode/by Ben NoordhuisThe long development cycle of
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and provide relevant evidence. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. | <urn:uuid:ffde7178-4f48-40f7-b35a-958269811433> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://topic.alibabacloud.com/zqpop/node-js-performance-monitoring_181343.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.897863 | 1,079 | 2.625 | 3 |
You could say that an aphorism is a perverse or paradoxical proverb; a corrective for experience. Auden says they're an aristocratic genre of writing (Viking Book of Aphorisms). Hollingdale in his introduction to Lichtenberg Aphorims says they’re ‘philosophical,’ while epigrams are not, and they have the impact of the punch line of a joke, For example:
There are truths that go around so dressed up you would take them for
lies, but which are pure truths none the less.
The world offers more correction than consolation.
God who winds up our sundials.
Georg Chrisotoph Lichtenberg
A proverb is “a short pithy saying in common use, a concise sentence, which is held to express some truth ascertained by experience or observation and familiar to all.” Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
Webster’s Second: A proverb is an adage couched usually in homely and vividly concrete phrase; as, “accused (in the phrase of a homely proverb) of being ‘penny-wise and pound-foolish' The Spectator".
"An adage is a saying of long-established authority and universal application," Webster's Second. Shorter Oxford shows "adagial" - maybe similar to "proverbial"? and cites Lady Macbeth, 'And live a coward in thine own esteem,
Letting “I dare not” wait upon “I would”
Like the poor cat i’ the adage?'
An apothegm is “a terse, pointed saying embodying an important truth in a few words,” Shorter Oxford; “a terse and sententious aphorism,” Webster’s Second
Liddell & Scott say of the Greek apophthegm, “to speak one’s opinion plainly; metaphorical of vessels when struck.”
A saying "is a brief current or habitual expression of whatever form," Webster’s Second. | <urn:uuid:6fe94bc5-84d7-4e08-8e12-165cdfd9dd2f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/73199/what-is-the-difference-between-a-proverb-an-adage-and-an-aphorism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92597 | 441 | 2.859375 | 3 |
- in ancient Rome, a small tablet of wood, ivory, etc. used as a token, ticket, label, etc.
- any of the small pieces used in mosaic work
Origin of tesseraL, square piece, cube from Classical Greek (Ionic) tesseres (for tessares), four: see tetra-
Origin of tesseraLatin from Greek neuter of tesseres variant of tessares four ; see kwetwer- in Indo-European roots.
c. 450 bc mosaic mask made with turquoise, coral, and stone tesserae
From Latin tessera (“a cube, a die with numbers on all six sides"), from Ancient Greek Ï„ÎσσαÏες (téssares, “four"). | <urn:uuid:90d081f3-5acf-44a4-9662-0c08990af1e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/tessera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210463.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816054453-20180816074453-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.718705 | 188 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Pythagorean Theorem is used to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, a calculation which affords many practical uses, such as within the fields of construction, land surveying and navigation. The relationship between the two legs of a right triangle and the hypotenuse, shown by the equation a2 + b2 = c2, is known as the Pythagorean triplet, and its use in ancient megalithic construction is believed to predate the discovery of writing. The ancient Egyptians used a rope marked in the Pythagorean triples of 3, 4 and 5 to create right triangles and some evidence points to a possible use by Babylonian mathematicians.Continue Reading
Modern builders may mark adjacent lengths of a frame 6 feet and 8 feet from a corner, and then adjust the length between the end points to 10 feet to meet the relationship of the Pythagorean triplet 6-8-10. When all three of the values of a Pythagorean triplet are divisible solely by the greatest common denominator of 1, the triplet is said to be coprime or primitive. Some examples of primitive Pythagorean triplets are 3-4-5, 5-12-13 and 7-24-25.
Another way of expressing the Pythagorean Theorem is that the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of its legs. A useful application of this formula is derived from rearranging it so that the length of any one of the three sides of a right triangle can be determined, provided that the lengths of the other two sides are known.Learn more about Trigonometry | <urn:uuid:4af9fe70-c72d-4e5b-b222-66d7f3044b0e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.reference.com/math/pythagorean-theorem-used-2eef08f4194d96ed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949036.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427041028-20180427061028-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.922958 | 345 | 4.21875 | 4 |
OUR LADY OF CZESTOCHOWA
“Our Lady of Czestochowa” has been Queen and Protector of Poland for 600 years. Also called the “Black Madonna,” the Virgin Mary is depicted as “The One Who Shows the Way.” Her right hand points to her son: the way, the truth, and the life. Legends like to say St. Luke painted the icon on a cypress table from the house of the Holy Family.
OUR LADY OF CZESTOCHOWA
The community soon purchased property on Madison Avenue between Halsted and Dowd Avenues and began construction of a wood-frame church. Completed that summer, the first St. Hedwig Church was dedicated by Father Charles Ruszkowski on August 6, 1914. Father Czarkowski's pastorate was a short one, lasting only until August 1915. During the next nine years, the parish welcomed three other pastors, Father J. T. Kasinski (1915-1918), Father Joseph Zielinski (1918-1919), and Father Francis Kozlowski (1919-1924). On July 4, 1924, the parish welcomed its fifth pastor, Father Michael Konwinski.
During Father Konwinski's pastorate, St. Hedwig Parish, like many other Polish parishes in the Cleveland Diocese, experienced a degree of internal conflict. In February 1925, the community split over the election of the parish council. Two years later, the tensions rose again, when four councilmen resigned over a dispute regarding control of daily parish affairs. While it teemed with internal dissent, the parish continued to grow, building a new combination church/school (1927) and welcoming teachers from the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Third Order of St. Francis (1927).
On April 18, 1929, Father Stanley Sobienowski replaced Father Konwinski. Dissent continued in the parish, leading Father Sobienowski to write to Bishor Schrembs in May 1932, suggesting that he might be more useful to the Diocese at another parish. Father Sobienowski left St. Hedwig Parish on July 26, 1933, leaving the parish to the temporary care of the Franciscan Fathers. On March 3, 1934, the parish welcomed its next pastor, Father Joseph C. Rutkowski. During Father Rutkowski's pastorate, the parish purchased a four-suite apartment building, which it used as rental property. After seeing the community through the difficult years of the Great Depression, the Second World War and the advent of the Cold War, Father Rutkowski left St. Hedwig Parish on September 4, 1957.
Under the direction of its next pastor, Father Bruno Ejchost, St. Hedwig Parish continued to develop, purchasing a two-family home on an adjacent piece of property which its converted into a convent for the sisters. Father Ejchost's tenure as pastor came to an untimely end with his death on May 26 1963. The community's new pastor, Father Edmund Kuczmarski administered to a community in the midst of change. With costs constantly rising, Father Kuczmarski was forced to close the parish school in 1968. Father Kuczmarsk died on February 5, 1973, and was succeeded by the parish's current pastor, Father John J. Bryk. One of the first issues addressed by Father Bryk was the conversion of the community's upper hall into a church. After the construction of a new facade, and the installation of chandeliers from the olc church, new mosaic Stations of the Cross, and stained-glass windows, Bishor James A. Hickey rededicated the building on June 1, 1975. In the last two decades, the St. Hedwig Parish has continued in the spiritual and communal tradition of its founding families, while becoming an increasingly diverse faith community.
ST. HEDWIG PARISH, LAKEWOOD, 1905
The first Polish-Catholic residents of Lakewood, Ohio began arriving in the early 1890s, settling around Madison Avenue and West 117th Street. Coming from similar societal backgrounds and interacting daily at the National Carbon Company, the Poles joined the Slovak-Catholics in celebrating the Eucharist at SS. Cyril & Methodius Parish.
Over the next three years, the city's Polish population grew. In December 1909, Bishop John R. Farrelly responded to the requests of the Polish-Catholic community for their own nationality parish and established the St. Hedwig Parish, appointing Father Thomas Czarkowski its first pastor. During the next nine years, the fledgling community welcomed a number of priests, who celebrated Mass in a variety of locations, including a Protestant church, a former motion picture house, and a private home on Halsted Avenue. | <urn:uuid:d9a9fa35-db34-4b6e-9502-088bcfb5a3df> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.thesanctuarymuseum.org/chowa-hedwig-window | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.951083 | 1,000 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Parent Information Phonics
In EYFS we aim to develop the full potential of all our children as confident, literate readers and writers. If children are to develop as competent readers and writers, it is vitally important that they have a secure understanding of the letter sounds and spelling system of the English language. Phonic skills need to be developed in a systematic way, based on a stage approach.
Below you will find further information about phonics and some fun ideas for practising phonics at home.
What is phonics?
Phonics is the name most used to describe how children are taught to read and write in learning settings today. It concentrates on teaching the main sounds in English, not just the alphabet.
When phonics is usually taught and what we do at school
Phonics is usually introduced in Reception and continued until the end of Year 2. For our nursery-aged children it is about giving them a good start – through play and experiences, helping to prepare them for their reception year, and exposing them to what is to come. So we help them to explore and experiment with sounds (part of Phase 1). We do introduce the children to letters and most importantly we help them to recognise the sound the letter makes but there is no pressure for them to know these at this stage. As a first step, children need to be able to hear sounds in spoken words and then replicate them orally.
As children move into their reception year we begin to differentiate between sounds and become familiar with rhyme, rhythm and alliteration all part of Phase 1 before moving onto Phase 2. For this group of children we will normally have a phonics session each day and follow the six phase programme, introduced by the government called Letters & Sounds. We use Jolly Phonics to help teach phonics.
The Letters and Sounds programme focuses on securing word recognition skills, essential for children to decode (read) and encode (spell) words accurately and language comprehension. It is structured into six incremental phases.
- Phase 1 - Activities are divided into seven aspects, including environmental sounds, instrumental sounds, body sounds, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, voice sounds and finally children are introduced to oral blending and segmenting.
- Phase 2 - Children learn 19 letters of the alphabet and one sound for each. They start to blend and segment sounds to make simple words.
- Phase 3 - Children learn the remaining 7 letters of the alphabet with one sound for each. They also begin to learn graphemes that have 2 letters for each sound (e.g. th or ch) or 3 letters for each sound (e.g. igh or air).
- Phase 4 - No new grapheme-phoneme correspondences are taught in this phase. Children learn to blend and segment longer words with adjacent consonants, e.g. swim, clap, jump.
- Phase 5 - Children learn more graphemes for the phonemes which they already know, plus different ways of pronouncing the graphemes they already know.
- Phase 6 - Children continue to work on spelling, including prefixes and suffixes, doubling and dropping letters etc. As well as letters and sounds the children are introduced to tricky words – ones that do not follow phonic rules and to read and write words, captions and sentences.
- Phase 6+ - Children develop their knowledge about the history of spelling and the English language. They are taught a range of strategies and approaches to help improve and practise spelling.
Progression and Delivery
Using reliable assessments of children’s developing knowledge and skills we judge the rate at which the children are able to progress through the phases and adapt the pace accordingly. The children are encouraged to apply their phonics skills through daily shared/guided reading and writing and as opportunities arise across the curriculum throughout the day.
During the autumn term we work on Phase 1 and begin Phase 2. By autumn half term we start our phonics groups. Children are groups across Oranges and Lemons classes and each group works on phonics teaching and activities related to their stage in learning and development of phonics skills. Usually at this point we have phase 1 and phase 2/3 groups. It is important to remember that boundaries between the phases should not be seen as fixed and it is possible that some children will be introduced to the next phase graphemes before being secure at the phase before.
Spring term sees some children working more securely within Phase 3 now with others still working within Phase 2. Some children in Phase 2 will still be consolidating their ability to tune into sounds (auditory discrimination), listen and remember sounds (auditory memory and sequencing) and talk about sounds (developing vocabulary and language comprehension).
We use phonic progress tracking sheets to provide an overview of children’s progress through the phonic phases. Regular monitoring of the tracking sheet allows us to ensure that all children are making expected progress, including children in the most vulnerable groups. This is also used to identify children who are not making expected progress and therefore early intervention can be put in place.
Some phonics terminology
There are 44 phonemes (sounds) that need to be learnt. Once children have an understanding of these initial sounds, they can begin to use this knowledge to segment and blend. Some words in English have an irregular spelling and cannot be read by blending, such as “said”, “was” and “one”. Unfortunately many of these are common words. The irregular parts have to be remembered. These are called the tricky words.
Phoneme - the smallest unit of sound
Grapheme - the sound written down
Grapheme - is matching sounds with the letters that represent them
Blending - joining the sounds together to form a word
Segmenting - chopping the sounds up so it can be spelled
CVC word - a word made up of a consonant - vowel - consonant e.g. cat
Digraph - two letters that make one sound eg. th, ng, ee, oa
Trigraph – three letters that make one sound eg. igh, ure
Set 1 – the, I, no, go, to, into
Set 2 – he, she, me, my, they, was, her, all, we, be, you, are
If you are unsure about anything or have any questions please come and see us. | <urn:uuid:c05d3fa2-d03d-4cc1-a432-258c2638e503> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.terrington-st-clement.norfolk.sch.uk/page/?title=Parent+Information+Phonics&pid=95 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601211701-20230602001701-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.947212 | 1,327 | 4.21875 | 4 |
OTTAWA — After decades of digging through archival material and talking with the relatives of people of Italian origin detained in Canada during the Second World War, Montreal historian Joyce Pillarella says Canada's long-awaited apology gives her family and others the moral justice they have been waiting for.
Pillarella started learning more than 20 years ago about the struggles of the more than 600 people who were interned when she found a postcard sent from her grandfather who was confined at a camp near Fredericton, N.B.
She then started combing through Canada's national archive before she started talking to the families of those affected.
"When I was starting to do cold calls to try to find families, a lot of people didn't want to talk to me," she said in an interview with The Canadian Press.
"What I realize now is that they didn't want to talk because they felt insignificant, their story was insignificant. They were afraid of being judged wrongly. There was the shame of the story."
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is set to deliver a formal apology in the House of Commons Thursday for the internment of Canadians of Italian background during the Second World War for several years at three camps in Petawawa, Ont., Minto, N.B., and Kananaskis, Alta. The apology is not expected to come with individual compensation.
Justice Minister David Lametti, the first Canadian justice minister of Italian heritage, said the internment happened following an order-in-council that was promulgated by the then-justice minister Ernest Lapointe, and it resulted in taking hundreds of people of Italian origin from their families and declaring about 31,000 as "enemy aliens."
"Not a single person was ever convicted, and in addition, people weren't afforded due process," he said in an interview.
"There wasn't anything other than the fact that their name may have appeared on a list somewhere."
Pillarella said the Canadian government asked the RCMP to prepare lists of Canadians of Italian heritage after Italy invaded Ethiopia in the mid-1930s.
She said Italian-Canadians had to do a lot of their business through the Italian consulates at the time.
"People had to be sympathetic with the consulate or at least appear to be, because otherwise they're not going to get anything done," she said.
Lametti said people were put on RCMP lists for having made donations to the Italian Red Cross or for being members of certain labour groups.
"It is true that the Fascist Party did have organizations in Canada but, in the 1930s, they were popular," he said. "It didn't mean that people were disloyal to Canada. In fact, Italian-Canadians generally were very much disappointed when Italy joined Germany in that war effort."
Joan Vistarchi, whose father Salvatore Vistarchi was interned between June 1940 and March 1943, said the RCMP arrested her father in his Montreal apartment without giving him any reason.
"He was put on a train, and he didn't know where he was going. Nobody would say where they were going, but he ended up in the Fredericton internment camp in New Brunswick," she said.
Vistarchi noticed as a child her father would remain very silent on June 10 every year. She asked her mother what was wrong with her dad but her mother would wave it off by saying, "I just don't think he's feeling well today."
When Vistarchi became a teenager, she learned that her father's sadness on June 10 was because he was detained on that day.
"It was kept pretty silent for a long, long time, and then, only little pieces came out," she said. "To his dying day, (my father) wondered why was he imprisoned or put in an internment camp."
Pillarella contacted some 150 families across Canada to collect the stories of the people who were interned during the war.
She said the suffering of the women and the children left behind could be even greater than that of the men who were detained in internment camps.
"For the women in the 1940s, there were big families usually, I mean it was common (to have) six, seven, eight children. The breadwinner was gone," she said. "Taking care of a household in the 1940s was a big, big job. … It's not like today where we have appliances."
She said families of Italian origin were stigmatized as "state enemies" and had to battle to survive as kids had to get pulled out of school, and women ended up finding domestic work on top of taking care of their big families.
"People didn't want to hire Italians. They didn't want to rent to Italians," she said. "There were people that were afraid to help (Italian-Canadians) because they thought 'Oh my god, the RCMP is watching. My husband's gonna get interned also."
Cinna Faveri said her father, Rev. Libero Sauro, was interned in September 1940 and was released in December of the same year. Four of his seven sons were serving in the Canadian military at the time.
Two of her brothers were airmen serving in England, and another one was a signalman fighting in Italy and Holland, she said.
She said her family, unlike most in the Italian community in Canada, was comfortable talking about what happened.
"Whenever I mentioned it to anybody, my close friends, my new friends, anybody, they're shocked," she said.
"They don't know it. Nobody knows about it."
Lametti said it's critical to share the stories of these families through commemoration and education.
"We're sorry," he said, adding his message to families was "as your parents made sure that this stood as something that would make you better Canadians, we're hoping to tell your story, so that all Canadians can be better."
Faveri said the apology is necessary even if it's too late.
"It's far too late in coming. But, because for historical reasons, it has to come, even if it's late."
Vistarchi said the apology is important because the names of people who were interned are going to be cleared, and the descendants will be given some kind of closure.
"However, I really feel in my heart of hearts, as much as I really am grateful for this apology, that it would have been nice if one, at least one, of these internees had been alive to hear this. They're all dead," she said.
"Those are the ears that should have heard this apology."
This report by The Canadian Press was first published May 24, 2021.
This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Facebook and Canadian Press News Fellowship.
Maan Alhmidi, The Canadian Press | <urn:uuid:c10b4683-25a7-421f-8779-484aa4ddf2d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.tricitynews.com/national-news/canadians-of-italian-origin-find-justice-in-apology-for-internment-during-ww2-3805486 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.994522 | 1,432 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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