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At this point it’s common knowledge that smoking is not good for your health. While tobacco smoking remains the most prevalent form, smoking cannabis has grown in popularity nationwide.
Reports and research suggest that the use of marijuana and other cannabis products in the United States has almost doubled since 2013, with an estimated 13% of adult Americans now consuming cannabis products, either medically or recreationally, on a regular basis. While a Federal ban remains in effect, many states have enacted legal consumption laws, providing an avenue for individuals to gain more easy access to marijuana and a wide array of cannabis products.
With this rise in consumption, more and more attention is being paid to the health risks that may be involved. Understanding the implications of your oral health of regular use of cannabis is essential.
As more and more states introduce legalized use of cannabis, new and different products are coming to market. While the vast majority of cannabis is smoked, new products are widely available, including edibles, where cannabis is baked or otherwise processed into foods that are consumed, and topical products, creams, oils and ointments that contain THC, the active compound in cannabis.
How does smoking cannabis affect my oral health?
Anytime you introduce a new substance to your teeth and oral cavity there could be implications, especially if smoking is involved. Several studies have reported that chronic use of marijuana likely leads to higher incidences of gum disease, cavities, oral cancer, gingivitis, and periodontal disease.
Health care practitioners generally voice concern about the negative impacts to your oral hygiene when it comes to smoking both marijuana and tobacco products, but by limiting smoking and practicing good oral hygiene techniques it is possible to prevent the more harmful impacts smoking can have on your oral health.
Below are the more common ways that cannabis smoking can negatively affect your teeth and mouth, and tips to limit the impact.
What are some of the more common oral health issues that arise from smoking cannabis?
Research has shown that regular cannabis use, which is defined as using cannabis at least once a month, can result in an increased risk of attachment loss. Attachment loss is the leading indicator of periodontal disease. Many regular cannabis smokers are unaware of the potential damage that can occur to the periodontium. Also, patients with other risk factors for a periodontal disease like diabetes will see even more elevated risk with cannabis use.
Another common oral health problem that arises from regular cannabis use is xerostomia, commonly known as cottonmouth. One of the chemical compounds in cannabis has the effect of sending signals to brain receptors to temporarily limit saliva production. Saliva is critical to oral health and hygiene in that it helps prevent cavities and reduces the chances of oral infections. Saliva also plays a critical role in preventing halitosis, or bad breath and in preventing the build-up of plaque on teeth.
The most visible and prevalent risks of smoking cannabis, however, are loss of teeth, yellowed and stained teeth, and gum disease. Smoking can also cause oral edema, signs of which include tenderness and pain on and under your tongue, difficulty swallowing, and pronounced drooling. Smoking cannabis may also case small sores, or cankers, to develop and has been shown to cause bleeding, tender and painful gums.
If you experience any pain or discomfort at any time, it is critical that you consult with your dentist immediately.
What about mouth and neck cancers?
All kinds of smoking, whether tobacco or cannabis, introduces carcinogens into your oral cavity that will greatly affect your teeth and gum health. Burning plant-based materials involve high temperatures that irritate oral tissues and can lead to cellular disruption in some cases. Since many cannabis smokers are also tobacco smokers, it’s difficult to study whether one or the other carries more significant risk.
One known oral abnormality that can result from regular use is leukoplakia or cannabis stomatitis. This condition may result in the development of malignant neoplasias and should be closely monitored by your dentist. Cannabis smokers are also at elevated risk of aggressive head and neck cancers, which studies have linked to regular cannabis use, though research into the linkage is still underway and somewhat inconclusive at this point.
How can I help prevent cannabis-related oral health issues?
The best and most effective way to prevent cannabis-related oral health issues is to practice a regular oral hygiene regimen. Brushing twice daily and flossing regularly is critical. Also, regular topical fluoride has been shown to decrease the risks. To combat cottonmouth, many dental professionals recommend chewing sugar-free gum, which has the effect of stimulating saliva production.
And of course, making sure you have your regular cleanings and screenings with your dentist is the best line of defense. Proper professional care will always help you maintain a great smile. Give us a call at Westerville Dental Associates to learn more or schedule an appointment at 614-882-1135. | <urn:uuid:febc35e3-ed7f-4d09-a249-effc82906ab4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.westervilledental.com/cannabis-and-your-oral-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679518883.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211210408-20231212000408-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.944171 | 1,015 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Deliberate Practice for Programmers
By: Amy M Haddad
You’ve probably heard of deliberate practice: an intentional and informed type of practice that’s used to enhance performance.(1) It means entering your practice with purpose, rather than mindlessly going through the motions. Setting specific goals, receiving feedback, and getting outside of your comfort zone are some of the core parts of deliberate practice.
The popularity around deliberate practice is rightly earned: research across a variety of fields has shown its effectiveness.(1)
But something is missing from the deliberate practice conversation: how can you apply deliberate practice to programming?
I answer this question in this blog post. I offer three ways you can apply core tenets of deliberate practice to programming. That way, you can gauge your progress and get the most from your programming hours.
Practice vs Deliberate Practice
Not all practice is equal.
When most people think of “practice,” they think of mindless repetitions. A basketball player shoots jump shot after jump shot. A pianist plays “x” song again and again. Eventually they'll get “good enough” and do not have to think about it.(1)
But this type of practice comes at a cost: they’ll eventually hit a plateau and stop getting better.(1) That is because repetition alone does not result in expertise.
Deliberate practice is purposeful, and it requires your full attention. Instead of zoning out, you’re fully focused on a specific goal, which is characteristic of deliberate practice. Receiving feedback and getting outside of your comfort zone are others.
This example drives home the point.
- Sets out to program today
- Selects a problem that’s easy to complete
- Periodically pauses to check phone and respond to texts
- Sets out to complete “hailstone” problem recursively (recursion is hard for Programmer B)
- Will program for one hour
- Makes notes of places to refactor while solving the problem
- Once the problem is complete, Programmer B studies the code of others who’ve solved the same problem; makes notes about what was learned; compares the solutions and identifies what could’ve gone better
Who do you think will be better after a month of practice?
Deliberate practice isn’t about practicing harder by clocking a certain number of reps. Rather, it’s about practicing smarter. Getting good at anything requires more than just reps. It’s also how you go about it: the quality of your practice matters.
Below are three ways you can incorporate deliberate practice into your programming routine.
1. Set an Objective.
Have an objective each time you program. Examples include:
- Find bug in ‘x’ program
- Refactor ‘y’ class
An objective is specific: it’s a particular outcome you want. The best way to identify your programming objective is to work backwards. Say you’re going to program for an hour. Ask yourself: “What’s the one thing I want to get done during that hour?” The answer is your programming objective.
I find it helpful to take it a step further to define the small steps to take in order to hit the objective. For example, say your objective is to add CSS to the index page. Now think about the steps you’ll need to take or the resources you’ll need to make that objective a reality.
Setting an objective on the outset is critical. First, you’ll program with purpose because you’ve got a small, but manageable task at hand. As a result, you’ll use your time and mental energy more efficiently and effectively.
A second reason why an objective is useful is for the immediate feedback it provides, which can help you gauge your programming progress. When your programming time ends, look back at your objective, and think about the answers to these questions:
- Did you hit your objective?
- How far did you get?
- Where do you need to pick up next time?
The answers to these questions will help inform your next programming practice session.
2. Get outside of your comfort zone.
Instead of opting for the problem that’s easy for you to solve, opt for the one that’ll challenge you a bit.
For example, say you’ve solved a problem iteratively. Now solve it recursively, if recursion is something you find challenging. The idea is to get outside of your comfort zone. Because each time you do, you redefine what’s possible.
I distinctly remember the first time I ran eight miles. It was a very cold February day, and I was filled with fear because I’d never run that far. But I did it, and as a result I reset the bar of my limits. That gave me confidence to hit my next milestone: 13 miles. Then 15 miles. Then 18 miles, and so on. I gradually increased my mileage, each time pushing myself just a little more outside of my comfort zone.
And that’s the point. Getting outside of your comfort zone doesn’t mean jumping into the deep-end if you can’t swim. It doesn’t mean moving from the “easy” problems on LeetCode to the “hard” ones in a day.
Rather it means setting an objective that’ll challenge you enough. Say you’ve written a React project using functions. Redo the project using classes, if classes are hard or new for you.
Yes, getting outside of your comfort zone is hard. You probably haven’t done what you’re setting out to do or can’t do it repeatedly with perfection. However, it’s definitely within your grasp—if you bring your “A” game.
It’s also uncomfortable—at first. But eventually the light will go on in your mind. You make the connections. You spot the patterns. You’ve re-defined what’s possible.
3. Find a coach, even if you have to improvise.
It’s no surprise that a personal teacher or coach offers many benefits. They can provide feedback and practices you can work on.(1) They can also tell you what areas to focus on.
But what if you don’t have a personal programming teacher or coach?
The solution is to find an expert, or someone who you think is a great programmer. Fortunately in our field, there’s a large supply. Let them be your coach or teacher—they don’t even have to know about it.
Study Expert's Habits
That’s because many programmer’s share their ideas through books, articles, and blog posts. Of course, GitHub is also a useful source of information. Use the information that’s publicly available to study great programmers: their learning habits, programming practices, and learning paths.
If you have a particular programmer in mind, then reach out to them. Ask about what topics they learned and when. Find out about learning strategies they used. Or simply ask what they’d do differently if they had to start all over again.
Experts can be useful to get answers to some big picture questions you have. Use these answers to inform your own learning journey.
Study Expert's Code
You can also use great programmers as a teacher by studying their code. After you solve a problem, study the solutions of others who’ve solved the same problem. LeetCode and Exercism both offer community solutions to study and learn from. By studying the code of great programmers, you can learn the traits of well-written programs and pick up on new techniques and methods.
Reading code is a topic I’ve written about before. But it’s worth yet another mention here because it’s a great way to get the most from your improvised teacher: the code of a great programmer.
The idea is to solve a problem. Then, find a programmer who’s solved the same problem and study their solution: summarize each line of code by writing a comment in your editor.
Let a few days pass, and re-solve the problem. Use the comments you typed out as hints to guide you along the way. Finally, compare your new solution to the one you studied, and make any necessary changes.
This is a learning technique that I borrowed from Benjamin Franklin, who used a similar approach to get better at writing. I’ve modified and customized for programming. This technique touches on several key parts of deliberate practice: using a teacher, getting outside of your comfort zone, and getting feedback.
As a result, you’ll get better at reading code. You’ll also pick up ideas on good design, add new tools to your programming toolbox, and sharpen your programming skills.
Learn to Self-Assess
But there’s something more at work here: you’ll learn to self-assess. It’s easy for someone else to point out your mistakes and areas of improvement. But, without a teacher, we need to learn how to self-assess. On the road to getting better, you’ve got to learn how to spot mistakes and fix them.
That’s why the last step in the reading code practice mentioned above matters. Once you’ve re-solved the problem, compare your new solution to the one that you studied. Spot your mistakes, understand why you made them, and fix them.
Another way to get practice with self-assessing your work is to be your own teacher. After you complete a problem, walk through it and verbalize the solution out loud. Explain what you did and why. This is a great way to spot areas of improvement and check your understanding. If you can't clearly explain a line of code, that may be a sign of a trouble spot to focus on.
Make your Programming Hours Count
“The very great achievers, a Napoleon, a Leonardo da Vinci, a Mozart, have always managed themselves,” recognizes Peter Drucker. To Drucker’s point, it’s up to us to take ownership of building our programming skills. That is, we must manage ourselves.
In this context it means getting the most from our time spent programming, which boils down to a single phrase: deliberate practice. “Anyone can improve,” writes psychologist Anders Ericsson, “but it requires the right approach.”(1) So if you’re going to spend the time practicing, make it deliberate.
(1) Ericsson, Anders, and Robert Pool. Peak. New York, New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2016.
← back to all posts | <urn:uuid:a278f639-e962-46b0-a2cc-fb754b127d12> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://amymhaddad.com/deliberate-practice-for-programmers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.935825 | 2,288 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Several research laboratories utilize acetonitrile in High-Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC). Most HPLC waste contains large amounts of water (up to 90%). This makes the waste expensive to dispose of for two reasons. First, water increases the volume of waste to be disposed; second, the presence of water decreases the thermal value, requiring incineration of the waste solvent.
Environmental Health & Safety project goal for acetonitrile is to implement solvent distillation to reduce hazardous waste generation. Researchers benefit by reusing the distilled acetonitrile by reducing solvent purchases. This project began in September 1998.
The acetonitrile distillation program was initiated through waste minimization assessments. Laboratories generating acetonitrile waste responded with great interest and are participating in the program. Some have even altered laboratory processes to accommodate (separate alcohol out) the distillation program. These laboratories have also assisted with the implementation of quality control (containers for reuse) and methods used to measure quality of distilled solvent. Since the start up of the program the two largest generators have not had to purchase acetonitrile for use.
1,403 liters per year of acetonitrile were recovered.
Details of Reductions
Additional Information :
In the last four months, the acetonitrile distillation program produced 51 liters of reusable acetonitrile from 535 liters of HPLC waste. A solvent reuse value of $1,122 for 1998 was shown to researchers and disposal savings of $140 to the university. C
Attend a workshop and
The Zero Waste Network is one of eight Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange P2RxCenters , serving as a national network of regional information centers: NEWMOA (Northeast), WRRC (Southeast), GLRPPR (Great Lakes), ZeroWasteNet (Southwest), P2RIC (Plains), Peaks to Prairies (Mountain), WSPPN (Pacific Southwest), PPRC (Northwest). We are a proud member of the National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. | <urn:uuid:493d952e-bd3c-4754-9c96-7e3c1df4f06c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://zerowastenetwork.org/success/story.cfm?StoryID=712&RegionalCenter= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300441.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00040-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902559 | 423 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A model of influenza transmission and treatment suggests that, if the current swine flu pandemic behaves like the 1918 flu, antiviral treatment should be reserved for the young. Researchers writing in the open access journal BMC Infectious Diseases found that, in this situation, providing the elderly with antiviral drugs would not significantly reduce mortality, and may lead to an increase in resistance.
Stefano Merler, from the Bruno Kessler Foundation, an Italian research organization, worked with researchers from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità to model the effect of antiviral treatment on the spread of influenza.
He said, "Although it is too early to confidently predict some important features of the ongoing influenza pandemic, the use of antivirals is confirmed to be the most effective single intervention, in the absence of vaccines. It requires, however, a very large stockpile of antiviral drugs. Our work demonstrates that even in countries where the antiviral stockpile is not sufficient to treat 25% of the population, the minimum level suggested by the WHO, it is possible to reduce morbidity and excess mortality by prioritizing the use of antivirals by age".
Merler and his colleagues modeled the effects of flu outbreaks of varying virulence, finding that, depending on the behavior of the virus, treatment of over 65s may not lead to any significant reduction in the cumulative number of cases. He said, "Although a policy of age-specific prioritization of antiviral use will be controversial ethically, it may be the most efficient use of stockpiled therapies. This is of particular importance for countries where the amount of drug stockpiled is well below the WHO's suggested level". Obtaining early estimates of the overall impact of the epidemic and of age-specific case fatality rates can thus be crucial for optimizing the use of antivirals during the ongoing influenza pandemic.
More information: Age-prioritized use of antivirals during an influenza pandemic, Stefano Merler, Marco Ajelli and Caterina Rizzo, BMC Infectious Diseases (in press), http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcinfectdis/
Source: BioMed Central (news : web)
Explore further: Potential risks associated with widespread use of pandemic influenza drug | <urn:uuid:3b18abd8-9c87-4dff-bbae-3542f1ad457c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://phys.org/news/2009-07-antivirals-elderly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672328.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00048-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917318 | 462 | 3.5625 | 4 |
On June 29, 1945, American fighters launched a raid on the Sasebo Naval District, an expansive base on the island of Kyushu in southern Japan. The Japanese defenders fired more than 600 artillery rounds from 13 air defense posts and 167 rounds from three heavy machine guns. They felled four American aircraft but were ultimately unable to stave off the attack.
The base suffered severe damage in the raid. However, a sprawling underground tunnel complex — the air defense command center for much of southern Japan — remained intact.
After the surrender of the Japanese a few months later, American GI boots touched Sasebo soil. They found the complex with its infrastructure and communications equipment protected by concrete walls several feet thick, steel blast doors, and underground tunnels that stretched across the city. They decided the only way to disarm the facility and render it ineffective was to watch it burn.
Today, thanks to time and a lack of human interference, the command center, blackened walls and all, is impeccably preserved, like the newly discovered tomb of a pharaoh in Egypt, an invaluable window into World War II and the Imperial Japanese war machine of the day.
Those seeking World War II historical sites in Japan need not look very far. History is everywhere, whether it be the kamikaze air bases in the south or the atomic bomb museum in Hiroshima. While the command center’s tunnels reportedly spider web below the city, its main rooms are located directly across the street from Sasebo Naval Base, home to ships from the U.S. Navy’s 7th Fleet, under a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force base. In fact, one tunnel’s entrance is in view of the main gate to the U.S. base.
The tunnels reportedly connect to nearby Nimitz Park, which features sports fields shared by the American guests and Japanese civilians; some of the outlying American and Japanese military facilities; and possibly even the American Navy base itself. However, these deeper connecting tunnels that surely saw runners ferrying messages back and forth during the air raids are flooded and cannot be explored, JMSDF officials said.
During the war, the command center gave orders and managed the air defenses for Kyushu, mainland Japan’s southernmost island, and even extended to western Honshu, up to Hiroshima, and to western Shikoku, JMSDF officials said. As the American forces closed in toward the end of the war, it is likely the command center’s focus switched to offensive operations.
Vice Adm. Rokuzo Sugiyama was the center’s last commanding officer and he oversaw servicemembers, officers, a commissioner, the chief of staff, and female workers, JMSDF officials said. The air defense center boasted a revolutionary air conditioning system that pumped cool air to every room in the complex. Covered in rust, it can still be seen today.
The main room had a huge map to manage air defenses, according to JMSDF officials, and was the command hub. In an adjoining room, there were phone lines connecting the command center with air bases in Omura, Sasebo, Kanoya, Hakata and Kagoshima so that orders could be exchanged and information relayed.
Now, the eerie, burned-out complex must be navigated using flashlights. The concrete floor is crumbling in some spots, and tiles are loose.
Debris decorates the complex. Mostly illegible writing in English and Japanese is scrawled onto the walls.
The drainage system is still there. The bathrooms are partially caved in, but guests can see the open stalls and toilets and the sign overhead designating the one with privacy for officers. In the corner, unmoved since shortly after World War II, is the sign left by the American occupying forces designating the newly burned facility off limits. It is covered in more than 50 years of dust.
In the middle of one of the corridors is a small, stairway winding down even deeper into the abyss. This narrow stairwell is tricky to navigate, but the room at the bottom opens up to a large stairwell that descends even further underground. This allegedly connects with facilities all over the city.
However, that is where my tour ends.
A flashlight can penetrate the water, which has risen almost to the top of the stairwell, for about 10 feet, but after that, nothing but blackness.
The Japanese have set up a few portable lights in the command center in case they have to enter. Several spools of barbed wire and supplies are stored, but other than that, it remains locked, officials said.
It’s not open to the public, but JMSDF occasionally escorts visitors on request.
What will become of the facility? Will the JMSDF offer tours en masse someday? Will it become a museum? Will it be filled in?
“What does the JMSDF plan to do with it?” I asked the JMSDF officer who served as my guide through my translator. He paused, and said one word.
I didn’t even need to ask for a translation.
“Nothing,” he said.
And that is exactly what is so beautiful about the complex.
Stars and Stripes’ Elena Sugiyama contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:a0747f8c-1e79-4874-9934-35744b7f022c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.stripes.com/military-life/japan-take-a-rare-look-into-abandoned-wwii-site-1.182140 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983580563.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201940-00033-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961897 | 1,100 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
Theoretical Chemistry is a branch of science, which creates hypothetical speculations that are a piece of the hypothetical munititions stockpile of current science, for instance, the idea of compound holding, substance response, valence, the surface of potential vitality, sub-atomic orbitals, orbital cooperations, particle enactment. Present day theoretical chemistry might be generally separated into the investigation of concoction structure and the investigation of compound flow. Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that utilizations computer recreation to help with tackling compound issues. It utilizes techniques for hypothetical chemistry, joined into productive PC programs, to figure the structures and properties of atoms and solids. It is important in light of the fact that, aside from moderately late outcomes concerning the hydrogen atomic particle, the quantum many-body issue can't be fathomed logically, significantly less in shut shape. While computational outcomes typically supplement the data acquired by synthetic investigations, it can now and again foresee until now surreptitiously concoction marvels. It is generally utilized as a part of the outline of new medications and materials. | <urn:uuid:76a71516-c8d2-4806-8dd7-282682836d53> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://chemistry.euroscicon.com/events-list/theoretical-and-computational-chemistry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517628.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024001232-20181024022732-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.933915 | 226 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Fresh Ideas for Opening Day
Have you done the same first-day-of-school activities for years? Toss out those stale ideas! If you're looking for fresh ideas, these five lessons might fill the bill. Included: Students discover their learning strengths, create magnificent works of art, have fun following directions, more.
More Back to School Ideas
Be sure to check out our Back-to-School Archive for more activities and tips for the first days of school.
Ten fun activities for subs (and regular teachers too).
Lesson Plan of the Day
See lesson plans posted on recent days:
A puzzle race builds cooperative group work skills. (Grades K-8)
Have fun making up new words, writing definitions for them. (Grades 3-12)
Fun activity reinforces estimation, number lines, mean, median, more. (Grades K-12)
Ten strategies for creating lively debates in the classroom. (Grades 3-12)
Read slaves personal accounts of slavery; write a slave's account of freedom. (Grades 3-12)
See more Lesson Plans of the Day.
Learning Game of the Week
Read the Teacher's Mind game reinforces vocabulary, more.
Box Cars and One-Eyed Jacks Math Games With Joanne and Jane
This week: Fishing for Division Facts.
Older students and younger buddies team up for yearlong fun.
Vicki Cobbs Show-Biz Science
You can tell a person's shoe size without looking at his or her foot.
Special Activities for Back to School and More
Make a Bulletin Board Friendship Quilt
We Fit Together
A Citizenship Flag
Healthy Teeth Experiment
From the Learning Machine
Explore the coolest resources on the Web.
From the Math Machine
Time to Move is a fun Web site for teaching measurement and sorting. (Grades 1-2)
From the Science Machine
Use Energy Vampires to explore the topics of energy and electricity. (Grades 2-6)
From the Reading Machine
I Spy City reinforces vocabulary. (Grades K-4)
Teacher-Submitted Lesson Plans
Teacher Lesson #1
Use a popular children's book to alleviate first-day-of-school jitters.
Teacher Lesson #2
Game teaches number line; positive, negative numbers.
Teacher Lesson #3
Fun activity teaches importance of continuity in writing.
Teacher Lesson #4
Students write text for wordless picture books.
More Lesson Ideas
Book Report Makeover
Backpack-tivities (Homework Activities)
Technology Lesson Plans
Bulletin Boards That Teach
You Fit Right In! -- It takes every student to complete this back-to-school bulletin board puzzle.
Month of Fun: August
See some timely, fun, and educational Web resources for kids:
Matthew Henson Cloze Activity (Grades 3-5)
Presidents & Vice Presidents Matching Game (Grades 4-12)
Wacky Web Tales: Summer Reading Report (Grades 3-12)
Ramadan: Crescent Moon Coloring Page (Grades K-2)
August Word Search (Grades 3-6)
Left Handers Cloze Activity (Grades 4-8)
Science Prefixes and Suffixes Matching Game (Grades 6-12)
Just for This Month!
See our August Month of Fun, August Word Search, and August Coloring Calendar. PLUS! Create your own work sheets for this months holidays and special days. | <urn:uuid:2c5d718f-24c4-478c-81a5-8a8e68a99a6b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/0805_TEST_index.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091925.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00276-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828076 | 746 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Here you have the picture of a monastery. There are some concepts and vocabulary that you will have to add to the vocabulary of the unit.
The parts in English are:
Sala Capitular: Chapter House. It was the place where the monks met to talk about important issues.
Claustro: Cloister. It was a kind of atrium next to the church that distributed the refectory, the monk cells...
Hospedería: Guests quarters or also hostelry.
Biblioteca: Library. Also called Scriptorium: because it was the place were old books were copied.
Refectorio: Refectory: The place were the monks ate.
Granero: Granery. The place where the cereal was kept.
Monks Cells: The place where the monks slept.
Bodega: wine cellar or winery. The place where they made wine and they keep it.
Cuadra: Stable: is the space where animals (mainly horses) were taken after. | <urn:uuid:3c4c5aa8-8cac-4d9a-91b0-b2e6fb29865a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://geographyandhistorybilingualspace.blogspot.com/2014/12/a-monastery-2-eso.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948596051.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217132751-20171217154751-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.972083 | 215 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Grafting plants can solve bacterial wilt problems in a field of tomatoes and can significantly reduce damage from rootknot nematodes, but that doesn’t mean that profit will follow, says Virginia Tech Horticulturist Josh Freeman.
“I’m not an evangelist for grafting, but I can make a field of tomatoes whole by switching from non-grafted transplants to grafted plants.
“We’ve seen tomato fields with 95 percent or higher loss from bacterial wilt and by using grafted plants, we can cut the loss to less than five percent. But, that doesn’t mean the field will be profitable” the Virginia Tech specialist says.
Freeman, who works extensively with growers on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, says he got interested in grafting because of a worsening problem with bacterial wilt.
Fumigants are widely used, but new regulations have reduced fumigant use rates and growers and not getting the same results they used to with high rates of methyl bromide.
Using soil fumigants has become a costly proposition and many small growers simply cannot afford them anymore. “We seem to be in the waning era of using these soil applied pesticides for many growers,” he says.
“With fumigants, we are buying time on a tomato crop. By the time the grower gets three-fourths or so through the growing season, roots have made it out of the fumigated area and the crop is exposed to diseases that can take out virtually all the production.”
Virginia growers, Freeman says, have no good varietal options that have resistance to bacterial wilt.
With resistant cultivars, growers get softer, small fruit and other negative qualities that can make their crop unmarketable. So, in cases like that grafting is an obvious answer.
The big downside of grafting is cost.
For a small vegetable grower the cost of grafted transplants may be 45 cents or so per plant if they graft themselves versus 10-12 cents for seeded transplants.
However, in a bigger commercial operation, the cost of commercially produced grafted transplants may be 75 cents or more versus 8-10 cents for seeded transplants.
“The big upside of grafted transplants is that we can build a plant that has a disease resistance package tailor made for a specific field and a specific combination of disease problems.
“It may take a plant breeder decades to get the same disease package into a plant and we can do it with grafting in a matter of minutes,” Freeman says.
Grafting is a natural process that joins the top part of one plant (scion) to the root system of another plant (rootstock) without any genetic modification. As tissues heal, the two plants fuse, combining the rootstock’s vigor and disease résistance with the scion’s exceptional fruit quality and flavor.
Some of the benefits of transplants include:
• Stronger, more vigorous plants;
• Improved yields in disease prone areas;
• Superior defenses against soil-borne diseases and pests, including nematodes.
North Carolina State University Horticulturist Frank Louws is spearheading a cooperative effort among several universities, growers and agri-industry leaders to develop grafting of plants for various vegetable crops grown in the U.S.
“As part of a large grant, we held an organizational meeting recently, expecting a couple dozen people from the Southeast to attend.
“We had more than 100 people from all over the world attend our meeting. That’s an indication of the interest the vegetable industry has in grafting,” Louws says.
“Grafting technology can produce more reliable plants than conventional seeding — we know that and can demonstrate that in the field,” he adds. “What we don’t know is how to provide enough plants at a low enough cost to make the technology profitable on a wide scale of commercial production.”
One of the markets to profit most consistently from grafting is organic production of heirloom tomatoes.
Researchers at North Carolina State Universityfound through a series of field tests that heirloom tomato varieties grafted onto tomato root and main stem stock of modern disease-resistant varieties provided an effective management tool for growing heirlooms where locally existing diseases would otherwise preclude or greatly diminish the crop yield.
Improved heirloom yields
Grafting to sturdy root and main stem stock also improved the yields of the heirloom tomato varieties where there was not disease pressure, which makes growing unique and interesting tomatoes — even by organic methods — considerably more economically productive for small market growers, and allows home gardeners a wider choice of tomato selections.
One company, Mighty ‘Mato has taken grafting to a new level for both organic and commercial growers.
Indiana-based Mighty ‘Mato is the first national brand featuring grafted tomatoes and grafted vegetables. Worldwide, over 1 billion vegetables are grafted annually, primarily for commercial production.
“My advice to commercial vegetable growers, who are interested in looking at grafting, is to move forward with trepidation.
“We don’t have enough testing done to know a lot about how one rootstock will perform under different production and environmental conditions,” Freeman says.
All rootstocks are not created equal. Some claim to have great resistance to bacterial wilt, for example, but when he put them in field tests in Eastern Virginia they failed. “We’re just not in a position to have looked at enough rootstocks to know which is going to work over a wide production area,” he adds.
Freeman says researchers know even less about vigor than about disease packages on various rootstocks.
“If you are growing in a high tunnel versus an open field, you are looking for different things and the same rootstock will likely have different results from one growing system to the other.
“In a high tunnel situation, growers are usually looking for 10-12 harvests and plant vigor over a long growing season is important.”
“In an open field production, uniformity may be more important because the grower is harvesting fewer times.”
Louws and Freeman agree that the key to including grafting into commercial operations is to know the problem.
“If a grower knows for sure there is a certain disease problem in a field of vegetables, most likely we can solve his or her problem with grafted plants.
“Again, whether fixing the problem means fixing profitability depends on a lot of things and successful grafting of plants may make the profitability problem worse, Freeman says.
“Grafting is already a routine part of several small, mostly organic vegetable producers in North Carolina, so we know it can work in some operations.
“When we go to commercial production, there is a whole new set of challenges, many of which are being addressed by the multi-state, multi-year grafting project that is currently under way in North Carolina and a number of other cooperating states,” Louws adds. | <urn:uuid:a50163af-9f32-4372-b780-3c8b1d502f4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.southeastfarmpress.com/vegetables/grafted-tomatoes-solve-disease-problems-might-not-be-profitable?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00503-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942679 | 1,503 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The debate about proliferation of URIs representing the same thing keeps on rolling on various Semantic Web lists, going back again and again to the same questions. How does one discover existing URIs for a thing, if any? Is it a good or bad practice to mint a new URI for a thing which already has one? How do one link URIs identifying the same thing? Many smart and conflicting answers have been given, largely depending on the viewpoint on Web architecture and the main use of URIs in the mind of their authors. Web pragmatists and linked data evangelists tend to consider that proliferation of URIs is not necessarily a good idea, but something we are bound to live with, whereas experts in knowledge representation tend to consider it should be avoided by all means. Trust, persistence, quality of resource descriptions, use and abuse of owl:sameAs have been discussed over and over, with no obvious technical answer.
Since life provides the oldest, proven, efficient ways to store, maintain, replicate and use information, I've tried to figure if we could not learn from biology. Interestingly enough, biologists are not more able to come to a consensus about what a species is than Semantic Web gurus to agree on what is behind a URI. Somehow, the two issues are very similar. They deal with persistence of information over time. With the disclaimer that I am not a biologist, let me assume here the definition of a species as the set of individual expressions of some common genetic pool. Protection and persistence of the species genetic pool is the main occupation of any form of life. Strategies to achieve this goal present an awesome diversity, but in this variety one can find some constants. Among those are the basic facts that individuals are bound to a short life span, so the protection of the genetic pool is best achieved by assuming mortality of individuals, and ensuring duplication and replication of the information in as many individuals as possible. Not by defending a single representation behind firewalls.
How does that apply to the Semantic Web? A URI, along with the resource description it provides, can be seen as an individual expression of a species concept. As any human artefact, or any living individual, or any physical manifestation in this world, this expression is bound to be a transient. The agent who created and maintain the URI is bound to disappear, among other things. It will be less costly, as life tells us, to have copies of the information in as many expressions as possible all over the place, than to protect this specific one. Consider a URI not as the unique representation of a thing, but as an individual expression of a species. | <urn:uuid:5f3989cf-3af0-4238-907b-8d15fe9a84ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://bvatant.blogspot.com/2009/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260358.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527005538-20190527031538-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.942854 | 533 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Researchers plan to commercialize as soon as possible
Potential investors are showing interest in a new geothermal energy production system that two University of Minnesota researchers hope to commercialize.
The patent-pending, renewable way of generating electricity from underground heat also would help clean up the atmosphere, according to the researchers.
The system combines a novel approach to geothermal energy production with the emerging practice of geologic carbon dioxide sequestration, or storing the greenhouse gas deep below the Earth’s surface to keep it from reaching the atmosphere and contributing to climate change.
The system could lead to a vast expansion of geothermal electricity generation in parts of the world where conventional geothermal energy production doesn’t work technically or economically, according to research by Assistant Professor Martin Saar and graduate student Jimmy Randolph of the U’s Department of Earth Sciences, part of the College of Science and Engineering. Potential new generation sites include the Dakotas, east Texas and the Canadian province of Alberta.
They hope to commercialize it as rapidly as possible, Saar said, and are working with the U’s Office for Technology Commercialization on plans and timing for a possible startup company and for attracting potential investors.
Saar said Tuesday that he has heard from a number of private equity and venture capital investors since he and Randolph had their research published in May in the academic publication Geophysical Research Letters. They applied last year for a patent for what they call their carbon dioxide-plume geothermal, or CPG, system.
“It might make the most sense to keep the technology within the university for the short term as we build up the initial pilot projects and then eventually do the startup,” Randolph said.
‘We’re very bullish about it’
Russell Straate, associate director of the Venture Center at the U’s Office for Technology Commercialization, said an experienced entrepreneur in the center’s CEO in residence program has been coaching Saar and Randolph for a couple of years on a possible startup company. They have already had discussions with potential commercial and industrial partners.
“We’re very bullish about it,” Straate said. “The U.S. and other countries in the world need this kind of technology to supplement energy supplies. It makes a lot of sense to us.”
Finding money to drill test wells and do other fieldwork is the greatest challenge the system now faces, Straate said. The federal Energy Department did not accept a recent grant application from Saar and Randolph, which could slow their work, although the department did encourage them to pursue other grants.
“There are some unanswered questions that need to be addressed before companies or individuals will be comfortable investing a lot of time or money in taking this forward,” Straate said.
Mark Fritsch, a former Xcel Energy engineering and management executive and now president of energy industry consulting firm Current Compass, said the system looks promising in theory but getting to commercial use may take longer than the researchers estimate. A carbon cap-and-trade program could help finance the U system by creating a market where it would get paid for sequestering carbon dioxide.
Runar Nygaard, assistant professor of petroleum engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology, said such a cap-and-trade program would improve the commercial potential he sees in the U’s system.
“That can truly be a game changer for technology like this,” Nygaard said. “In principle I don’t see any major obstacles for this technology to succeed. I really like their idea. It’s a very novel approach. Nice work.”
Finding common ground
Saar and Randolph began their research after coming up with the idea for the CPG system in 2008 while driving to northern Minnesota together to do unrelated field studies. It struck them while they were discussing the work each had done on a variety of subjects including geothermal energy capture and geologic carbon dioxide sequestration.
Saar and Randolph have identified a number of advantages to their approach to geothermal energy production.
As a continuous power source available essentially on demand, they said, geothermal energy could play a significant role in offsetting base-load sources such as natural gas, coal or nuclear energy or other, more visible renewable sources such as wind or solar because of their intermittent nature.
While a novel concept, the system is based on existing technologies, Saar said. Research results — with extensive computer modeling of subsurface fluid and heat transfer and with input from university experts in energy policy, applied economics and mechanical engineering — have been favorable.
Still, Randolph said, the system potentially is three to six years away from having an initial pilot — a small-scale power plant operating in the field after site analysis and field testing, and perhaps drilling test wells and doing preliminary carbon dioxide injection experiments. The pilot plant likely would operate for a couple of years before the system advances to a larger scale.
Carbon dioxide vs. water
The researchers’ approach to geothermal electricity generation involves using carbon dioxide instead of water to capture underground heat and use it to produce power. In the conventional geothermal process, water is pumped to hot, relatively shallow subsurface areas, producing steam to run above-ground generators.
The CPG system injects carbon dioxide, under high pressure in a liquidlike state, into deep, extremely salty, and thus unusable, aquifers or reservoirs found under layers of impermeable rock.
The carbon dioxide, heated by naturally occurring geothermal energy, remains trapped there, except for a portion that is piped up to the surface to generate electricity before being pumped back down for storage, or sequestration.
Because carbon dioxide has a higher mobility than water, it transfers heat more efficiently than water, Saar said, permitting economical electricity generation in regions with lower subsurface temperatures. This technology, he said, should make geothermal energy production possible in more areas of the United States and the rest of the world than when water is used.
In addition, Saar said, significant amounts of water typically are lost underground in water-based geothermal systems while subsurface carbon dioxide loss or storage is a desired goal, resulting in a carbon-dioxide-sequestering geothermal power plant.
Another advantage of using carbon dioxide in highly permeable, porous underground aquifers, compared with so-called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which have received a lot of publicity lately, is that these aquifers require no hydro-fracturing, which significantly reduces the risk of inducing small earthquakes, Saar said.
The research effort got a boost in 2009 when it received a $600,000 grant from the Initiative for Renewable Energy and the Environment (IREE), a program of the U’s Institute on the Environment.
Acting under a legislative charge, IREE distributes about $5 million a year from Xcel Energy’s Renewable Development Fund, which is financed by ratepayers, to help launch early-stage, high-potential renewable energy projects, said Rod Larkins, special projects director for IREE at the institute.
Saar’s system is a perfect fit with the institute’s goals, Larkins said.
“One of our focus areas in recent years has been to capture waste streams and turn them into energy,” Larkins said. “The key thing beyond that was that this seemed to be a unique program. This is an opportunity for the state of Minnesota and the University of Minnesota to be a leader in this new approach to generating energy.”
The IREE grant paid for preliminary computer modeling and helped bring together the team of university experts working with Saar and Randolph. It also helped leverage a $1.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to explore subsurface fluid-mineral interactions involved in the process.
“This is seed money, if you will, which we use to leverage additional investment from federal resources,” Larkins said. “Our goal in the long run is to end up with a 10-to-1 investment rate — for every dollar we invest in University of Minnesota faculty for basic research in renewable energy, we expect to get $10 back from the federal government in investment.”
Geothermal energy basics from National Renewable Energy Association are available here. | <urn:uuid:055db878-4284-41a6-b26c-a87a145c9ccc> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://finance-commerce.com/2011/07/university-of-minnesota-researchers-find-new-way-to-generate-geothermal-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00061-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945555 | 1,740 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Until this moment I didn’t knew what mean the word stereotype. Then I looked into the vocabulary and read: Stereotypes are ideas held about members of particular groups, based solely on membership in that group. They are often considered to be negative or prejudicial and may be used to justify certain discriminatory behaviors. More benignly, stereotypes may express sometimes-accurate folk wisdom about social reality.
Various stereotypes had been pullulated from ancient times. We meet stereotypes every day. For example, I think now about Marylin Manson. In my opinion, he on the scene and in real life is the same. I know that this is wrong, because I judge about him only of his behavior production and likeness. All stars procreate stereotypes about themselves. They want that all world know these famous persons exactly like that sort of which they present themselves.
The most popular stereotypes are that blondes are pinheaded, but sexy. The women aren’t serious and good workers in jobs where need logical thinking, but men always are right and resolved, plump and they never bags cry! I think that stereotypes are desultory.
- Promote Tolerance, Encourage and Understanding! What I can do to Eradicate Racism, Homophobia, Xenophobia, Sexism and All Intolerance from My Community
- What are stereotypes?
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu: | <urn:uuid:e3c0cc61-0efc-4a15-944b-325d7e47ccf0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.atlants.lv/eseja/stereotypes/234713/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189771.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00578-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946242 | 307 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Shoulder bursitis is the inflammation of the shoulder bursa, a sac-like cavity filled with a fluid that reduces friction in joints. The fluid that cushions against friction is called synovial fluid. They are usually available in moving areas such as tendons, bones as well as muscles around joints.
The shoulder is one of the largest joints in the body with a large amount of bursa. It turns out, it is also the common part of the body which is affected by bursitis. If you start feeling pain, tenderness, heat and swelling in your shoulders, you should pay a shoulder specialist a visit and establish exactly if you have shoulder bursitis or not. Movement may also be limited if you suffer from shoulder bursitis. You could also experience pain in the morning or after a physical activity.
Subacromial bursitis is another condition that can cause shoulder pain. Subacromial bursitis usually occurs when bursa is trapped and compressed in the confines of your bone (acromion) and rotator cuff tendons during shoulder movements. Bursitis shoulder treatment is always the best way to heal from the injury.
Causes of Shoulder Bursitis
It is usually caused by a strenuous activity of the shoulder area. Repetitive and strenuous activities such as lifting, throwing, or digging can cause the condition. Sports such as football, baseball as well as basketball have been found to have high incidences of the bursitis. A single serious trauma or injury such as falls or collisions can cause shoulder bursitis. Inflammatory conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis can also contribute to shoulder bursitis. It is interesting to note that bursitis can also occur for no known reason.
How to Prevent Shoulder Bursitis
It all starts from changing some lifestyle routines to reduce the risk as well as severity of shoulder bursitis. Patients should avoid heavy lifting as much as possible and take regular breaks from strenuous activities such as painting or digging.
Shoulder specialists also advise regular exercise that helps to strengthen shoulder muscles. It is also advisable to warm up your shoulder before taking part in a strenuous activity to reduce trauma to the shoulder area. Some stretching and moving of the shoulder muscles ad arm muscles after a physical activity can also reduce muscle inflammation.
Treatment of Shoulder Bursitis
If your shoulder aches, you should look for medical treatment as soon as possible. If bursitis treatment is delayed, calcium deposits will build up in the soft tissues called calcific bursitis. Calcific bursitis can lead to limit movement of the shoulder permanently.
The treatments usually starts with handling the inflammation. Ice compresses is applied to the area to reduce inflammation and also reduce swelling. A patient can be fitted with shoulder sling to support the joint and reduce movement. It is advisable for patients to take rests. A pain relief medication is also prescribed by a doctor as part of the treatment.
It may call for the removal of bursa from the cavity to relieve pressure. The process is usually known as aspiration. Shoulder surgeons can advise on the proper shoulder treatment program to take. The program usually includes physiotherapy, acupuncture, massage and chiropractic. The shoulder bursitis can turn to the worse and call for surgical removal of the damaged bursa. | <urn:uuid:92e992a7-ebdd-4f83-85ab-7d2e328f2c06> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.healthtracking.us/medical-services/all-shoulder-bursitis-treatment-questions-answered-by-a-shoulder-specialist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668910.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117091944-20191117115944-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.958943 | 701 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The airline industry all over the world is generating high revenues due to the low oil prices and more efficiency brought about by the rampant technological advancements. The population of North America is approximately 565 million, and is home to some of the largest airlines in the world due to the high demand. Many of the largest airlines in North America have been in existence for more than 90 years.
The largest passenger airline in North America is American Airlines. In 2016 alone, American Airlines was boarded by 197.8 million passengers traveling to various destinations in the world. This high demand for the airline generated an income revenue of about US$ 40.18 billion. American Airlines facilitates over 6,700 flights daily and is an employment of over 110,000 people. It has a fleet size of 939 which is the highest among the four largest airlines in North America. America Airlines flies to 350 destinations in the world.
Delta Air Lines
The second largest airline by passengers enplaned in North America is Delta Air Lines. The airline, which was founded more than 90 years ago, has been distinctively successful. It is responsible for about 5,400 flights per day and in the year 2016 ferried over 183 million passengers. The airline’s headquarter is in Atlanta, Georgia. In the year 2016, Delta Airlines generated US$ 39.6 billion income revenue. Delta Air Lines employs about 80,000 employees and has a fleet size of 856.
Southwest Airlines is the third largest in North America with 723 fleets, 3400 flights per day and over 151.7 million passengers as at the end of the year 2016. In the year 2016, Southwest Airlines generated US$ 20.4 billion. South West airline has employed 53,536 people. Its headquarters can be found in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Airlines flies to 101 destinations.
The fourth largest airline in North America is United Airlines whose parent company is United Continental Holdings. Its headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois and it has a total of 86,000 employees. In the year 2016, United Airlines generated revenue worth US$ 36.556 billion. The United Airlines had over 143 million passengers using its services in the year 2016.
Which Are The Largest Airlines In North America?
|Rank||Airline||Country||Number of enplaned passengers, 2016||Fleet||Destinations|
|1||American Airlines||United States||198,714,575||932||339|
|2||Delta Air Lines||United States||183,741,787||842||322|
|3||Southwest Airlines||United States||151,740,357||723||101|
|4||United Airlines||United States||143,177,000||729||342|
|6||Alaska Airlines||United States||41,945,000||286||118|
|7||JetBlue Airways||United States||38,263,104||227||97|
|10||Spirit Airlines||United States||21,618,039||95||57| | <urn:uuid:955c9c0f-fcb4-4fc6-82a5-dcc9fcec9a9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-largest-airlines-in-north-america.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100232.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130193829-20231130223829-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.884878 | 625 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Creating Spaces of Home: Haitian Women's Journey of Migration, "Lakay!"
Bolles, A. Lynn
MetadataShow full item record
The literature on Haitian women immigrants has not offered a comprehensive portrayal of their experiences in America, but has treated their plight as a neutral entity, void of differences. Even more distressing, there is a lack of focus on the Haitian women's experiences in the U.S. based literature. However, the true experience of many Haitian women migrants is that they have been either the first to migrate and or the focal point of the migration process in terms of recruitment. This study addresses the specificity of Haitian women's experiences in the Washington, D.C. area, not one of the long established immigration centers in the U.S. An intersectional approach that maps the simultaneity of gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, class and legal status on the lives of these immigrants allowed theories of space, identity and notions of home to be developed. How did this group of women attempt to create "Lakay" in the metro Washington, D.C. area? Taking an ethnographical approach, this project centralizes an American immigrant population that has occupied a marginal if not invisible space by theorizing Haitian women's experience and giving them a voice in the broader framework of migration studies. Furthermore, the project will illustrate Haitian women's migration stories through examining their roles within their family, the community and transnationally through an analysis of the cultural understanding of Haitian women as central pillars of society. In particular, this ethnographic study explores the everyday lives of Haitian women as immigrants and also provides an in-depth analysis of their social worlds. We find that Haitians in the Washington, D.C. area were not visible due in large part to the small population size, the dispersal of the community, both factors that contributed to the lack of prominent social institutions that have historically drawn immigrants to an area. Despite this, the participants have created a space of home in Washington D.C. in which their investment in the community lies mainly in the churches and organizations to which they belong. From a transnational perspective, home for the participants is also simultaneously located in the U.S. and in Haiti, where they long to return. | <urn:uuid:1bbcfb75-ada4-483f-a108-5d270f0a3f8a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/12559 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.958114 | 459 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Are these characteristics worth celebrating?
To be fair, even in like 4th grade we were taught Columbus wasn't that great, but yes, I'm sure many schools glorify Columbus, which isn't good
Columbus was heroic, albeit not a nice person
Bravery isn't always a good thing.
Christopher Columbus led four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in wooden ships not designed to take the punishing waters of the Atlantic ocean.
Heroic is a synonym of brave
When he met the indigenous people, he used violence and he enslaved them.
Columbus was not the heroic figure that he is often known as.
What is the point in celebrating this characteristic? If his Heroism didn't lead us to a good place, why do we celebrate it?
First of all while it was known to some people that the earth was round, it's circumference had been known since the ancient Greeks. this made it extremely unlikely that Columbus could sail all the way to India unless he found someplace to replenish his stores of food. also as the other proof of the target statement points out, the trip across the Atlantic was extremely dangerous. so I don't think it can be denied that Columbus was brave and heroic.
heroic is not a synonym of a good person. in fact most heroes are considered heroes for their wartime accomplishments, killing many people. So the arguments that Columbus did bad things are pretty much irrelevant to the topic statement here that he did heroic things. if the author of this topic wants to change the topic statement in some way this could continue, but currently the topic statement maintains Columbus was heroic, and that seems to be pretty clearly true and proven.
also this was not the beginning of American slavery. the indigenous peoples often kept slaves.
When Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492, his intentions were acceptable. He was planning on going to India to obtain Spices. Yes, he was brave in that he went off the unpopular opinion of the world being round, but this was already proven with science so this doesn't necessarily make him brave. When he got to the New World that he thought was India, he met the Native Americans. He enslaved them, used violence to get what he wanted, and he was the beginning of American Slavery. Slavery is something that we now realize is something that should not have been done as we could have progressed much further as a nation. If Columbus hadn't used violence, slavery might not have been so prominent in early America
Christopher Columbus led four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in wooden ships not designed to take the punishing waters of the Atlantic ocean. Also, there were many people across Europe who did not believe he could do it. Although he did not treat the indigenous people right, Columbus was the one that created the bridge between the old and new world.
sailing across the Atlantic Ocean when it had never been done before within memory or history, and when many people believed it would lead you to fall off the end of the world was undoubtedly a brave act. indeed Columbus and all his men were near starvation and would have starved if they had not hit the New World, a serendipitous discovery. they never would've made it to India.
Heroes in general are celebrated for their accomplishments and the benefits that come from those accomplishments. Columbus's discovery of the New World created many benefits for Spain, the country that sent him, and for the later settlers of the New World, although it was not so great for the indigenous people. heroes in general are people, and like all people they have their shortcomings and sins. this does not prevent them from being recognized as heroes. Indeed heroes are more often than not figures in warfare who slaughter their opponents, who probably are not happy about it.
Columbus sent thousands of peaceful Taino "Indians" from their island to be sold in Spain. Many of these people died on the way. Columbus imposed iron discipline on what is now the Dominican Republic. In response to unrest and revolt, Columbus ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed. He ordered the dismembered bodies to be paraded through the streets. | <urn:uuid:77439065-04fe-45d7-9b85-7f29a2d46b94> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://tssciencecollaboration.com/graph/Was-Columbus-really-the-glorified-figure-that-we-were-taught-about-at-a-young-age/936/0/-1/-1/0/0;jsessionid=38716CE0E3EB41753346E15221EFE9C4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.989485 | 844 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Lino cutting and printing dates back to the early 1900's when artists in Germany used the technique for printing wallpaper. The technique has since developed with some beautiful pieces of art created across the world.
Lino cutting involves gouging out the lino with a specialist tool. Everything on the lino which is uncut will be printed in ink so you need to think about your design in advance. Even Picasso has worked in this medium.
Time: 20 minutes
Age: Over 10's
Level: Hard (but not too tricky)
Lino cutting tool
Think about your design in advance. You can either draw it first onto your piece of lino or just go free hand. Don't forget that everything you gouge out will not be printed in ink.
Using the lino cutting tool, gouge out your pattern. It's very important that you cut away from your body and hands as the tool is sharp and could easily slip.
If you have different nibs for your cutting tool then it's worth experimenting with them first
Apply some ink to your ink palette and spread it out with the ink roller until it becomes velvety.
Use the ink roller to apply the ink to the lino, ensuring an even coverage.
Press the lino onto a piece of paper, card or whatever you want to print.
Apply pressure all over the piece of lino. If you have a spare clean ink roller, this is ideal to run over the lino to make sure that everything has been pressed down.
Carefully lift up the lino to reveal your pattern.
If some areas don't seem to have been cut deep enough or you want to add more detail, you can easily do this. However, once removed, the lino can't be replaced.
You can experiment with different colours of ink or backgrounds or even let your first print dry and then add another lino cut in a different colour over the top.
A basic lino cutting set is not expensive if you want to have a go. I purchased mine from Handprinted for £18 which included everything I needed to get me going.
The great thing about your cut lino is that you can use it again and again. I've already used my design to make cards and to jazz up a paper bag. | <urn:uuid:31121978-1a86-4fae-9d98-b82476280bc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://mykidcraft.com/lino-cutting-and-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390448.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526050333-20200526080333-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.951791 | 472 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Excludes data from the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut.
*A blended family contains children of both spouses (married or common-law) from one or more previous unions or one or more children from the current union and one or more children from previous unions. Includes legally married, common-law, and same-sex spouses.
Source: CICH graphic created using data adapted from Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 1999, 2004 and 2009. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89f0115x/89f0115x2013001-eng.htm -accessed July 24, 2017.
In 2009, 1.3% of women in ‘intact’ couple families with children – that is a couple with biological children – reported that they had been victims of spousal violence in that relationship in the last 12 months.
That was the case in 3.1% of blended families* and in 1.1% in couples without children.
Family violence is a serious public health issue. It can cause a range of short-term or long-term health problems, and can even result in death. The impacts of family violence can be physical, mental, cognitive and behavioural. If a child lives with abuse or is exposed to violence in the home, the effects on health can last a lifetime. Infants and young children suffer many effects of family violence – injury, problems with parent-child bonding, and mental health problems including anxiety, behavioural problems, problems at school and problems with friends.1
1Public Health Agency of Canada. The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children – Where Does it Hurt? 2007. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/sfv-avf/publications/rcmp-grc/fem-vioeffects-eng.php -accessed July 24, 2017. | <urn:uuid:3cf9f697-70cd-4b0f-a1c1-767395881dd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://cichprofile.ca/module/8/section/3/page/percentage-of-women-who-self-reported-spousal-violence-by-family-type-1999-2004-and-2009/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710533.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128135348-20221128165348-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.930903 | 396 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How is A-I and technology advancing our conversations and life tools for our seniors?
In a world of COVID-19, our senior communities have been hardest hit. While most of us are social distancing, which means we are saving lives, it creates numerous challenges, especially for our older population.
News reports show technology being commonly used to communicate with seniors on video chats using FaceTime or Zoom conferencing. When staying at home, many are now using high tech wearables to count steps and monitor blood pressure. According to AARP, 51 percent of older Americans say they bought some tech product in the past year, with the most common item being a smartphone, followed by a computer or laptop.
However, how many seniors are truly comfortable using the latest technology?
We look into the future and find out with Keren Etkin, a Gerontechnologist. She lives in Israel and we talk about Zoom (while being connected on Zoom), telemedicine, and a device that turns our tv into something like an “Alexa.” | <urn:uuid:8202a70e-fec2-47b2-a269-d498ba74f512> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.dianapierce.com/a-i-and-future-technology-for-senior-health-and-living/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.950892 | 218 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Issue details NFPA’s effort to strengthen codes and standards
September 8, 2011 – The September/October 2011 issue of NFPA Journal®, the official magazine of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), features a special 10th anniversary report of 9/11 detailing how the tragedy led to improvements in city infrastructure and NFPA codes relating to first responder safety, high-rise building safety, and emergency preparedness.
"9/11 will always be considered one of the worst days in American history, and it will also certainly be one of the most important days in the history of NFPA because of the further safeguards to the built environment, and support for emergency responders that followed the attacks," says NFPA President James Shannon. "NFPA has been a very important part of the country’s effort to do everything we can to prepare, in case anything like 9/11 ever happens again."
The attacks on 9/11 made life safety organizations, including NFPA, realize the lengths terrorists would go to harm the U.S. and its residents. NFPA took an all-hazards approach to emergency response, outlining procedures and protections against such large-scale threats as chemical and biological warfare.
This all-hazards approach led to many provisions and even the creation of new codes and standards that deal with first responder safety, high-rise building safety, and emergency preparedness. NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services, for example, now requires all SCBA gear to adhere to certifications that provide respiratory protection against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks.
9/11 brought new emphasis to NFPA’s work as emergency preparedness became a matter of national interest. NFPA 1600®, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs, was recognized as a voluntary national preparedness standard by the 9/11 Commission.
Along with the issue, readers can view video interviews featuring President James Shannon, Senior Fire Investigator Robert Duval and Public Fire Protection Division Manager Ken Willette. James Shannon describes how NFPA’s focused sharpened after 9/11, Robert Duval tells his first-hand account assessing damage at ground zero, and Ken Willette discusses the experience of the fire service following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.
About the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA is a worldwide leader in fire, electrical, building, and life safety. The mission of the international nonprofit organization founded in 1896 is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.
Subscribe to NFPA RSS News feeds
Contact: Lorraine Carli, Public Affairs Office: +1 617 984-7275 | <urn:uuid:7f0ca9d0-41be-47c5-a5dc-6fbf70ae5a2a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.nfpa.org/press-room/news-releases/2011/nfpa-journal-highlights-post-9-11-fire-and-life-safety-improvements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00167-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925912 | 586 | 2.625 | 3 |
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See also: înjection
- The act of injecting, or something that is injected.
- A specimen prepared by injection.
- (category theory) A morphism from either one of the two components of a coproduct to that coproduct.
- (construction) The act of inserting materials like concrete grout or gravel by using high pressure pumps.
- (figuratively) The supply of additional funding to a person or a business.
- The troubled business received a much-needed cash injection.
- (mathematics) A relation on sets (X,Y) that associates each element of Y with at most one element of X.
- (programming) The insertion of program code into an application, URL, hardware, etc.; especially when malicious or when the target is not designed for such insertion.
- a SQL injection exploit allowing a malicious user to modify a database query
- (space science) The act of putting a spacecraft into a particular orbit, especially for changing a stable orbit into a transfer orbit, e.g. trans-lunar injection
- (set theory) A function that maps distinct x in the domain to distinct y in the codomain; formally, a f: X → Y such that f(a) = f(b) implies a = b for any a, b in the domain.
- (specifically, medicine) Something injected subcutaneously, intravenously, or intramuscularly by use of a syringe and a needle.
- (steam engines) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum.
- (steam engines) The cold water thrown into a condenser to produce a vacuum.
(computing) Insertion of program code into an application, URL, etc.
act of injecting, or something injected
medicine: something injected
set theory: one-to-one mapping
injection f (plural injections) | <urn:uuid:318e5b22-8c90-44bc-a0a8-d205529558e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/injection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.825626 | 416 | 2.953125 | 3 |
(Scientific Name: Pholiota nameko
) A brown capped mushroom with a white stem that grows in groups of clusters of numerous stems and caps closely aligned. Very popular in Asia where it originated, this mushroom is now cultivated thoroughout the world. Shiny orange in color, the cap of the Nameko develops a slimy gel coating that is desirable to some consuming this mushroom, but may be undesirable to others. As the mushroom is cooked, it blends in with some foods, but if sautéed, the Nameko becomes somewhat slippery-textured and sticky, which may not be appealing for various food combinations. Fresh Nameko mushrooms are available October to February while the canned Nameko mushrooms can be found in Asian food stores throughout the year.
When selecting fresh mushrooms, choose those that have shiny, fresh looking caps and avoid any that have shriveled stems. Fresh Nameko mushrooms are best when cooked and eaten as soon as possible after purchasing. They can be stored for two or three days if wrapped loosely in plastic and kept in the refrigerator. | <urn:uuid:f8e21d8f-9549-4e24-9703-c84a162970bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--33539/nameko-mushroom.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930895.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00288-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946772 | 215 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Guidelines and Grading (Middle School)
Chinese中文 Guidelines and Grading
- Come to class on time: when the bell rings, you must be in your own seat and be prepared to learn Chinese.
- Prepare to study and learn: You must bring your own Chinese binder, when you come to class.
- Respect one another: Everyone learns at a different pace and in a different way. There is no place in this class for ridicule. Help someone when you see he/she needs some help. If a fellow student causes any trouble for you or interferes with your learning, please bring it to my attention immediately.
- Do your best: In this class you will be learning Chinese. The only way you can learn and master the language is to speak Chinese as much as possible. Do not be afraid of making mistakes. Through mistakes you will learn. You are expected to make an effort to speak Chinese, to do your best, and not to laugh at other students’ efforts or mistakes.
Grading: Grades are based on homework, in-class assignments, quizzes, tests, and projects
- Homework is due at the beginning of the class on the due date. Penalty will be applied to the homework when it is turned in late except in the case of absence. You will lose 25% of the points when it is one day late, 50% of the points when it is within 5 days late.
- All homework and handout should be kept in your Chinese binder. Complete and corrected homework should be kept in your personal folder (with your name on it) in the classroom. I will check the folder for completeness and organization.
- If turning in assignment sheet after the due date you should write clearly at the top “Late 1 Day” (if you turn in only one day late) or “Absent” (if you were absent on the due date).
- If you were absent, it is your responsibility to find out about the missed homework and assignments. They will be posted on the Google Classroom.
In-class assignments are usually finished before the end of a class period. If you do not finish, it is your responsibility to finish the assignment as homework. If you have any trouble finishing it by yourself, ask for my help during lunchtime.
Short quizzes will be given often and cannot be made up. However, the lowest score will be dropped at the end of each grading period. Please see me if excessive absences interfere with more than one quiz.
Tests will be given at the end of each unit. If you miss a test you need to schedule a specific time to make up the test on the first day you come back from your absence.
You are required to stay on task during work time, including group work time. The late project penalty is to lose 10% of the points per day.
Excellent citizenship is not only to complete homework and projects in a timely manner, but also to demonstrate excellent attendance, preparedness, effort of learning, respect towards others and safe behavior in class.
Luh Jang Chen 陸璋 | <urn:uuid:af7b073c-2b8a-4ab4-8ed9-6ee32ca56ebf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog2.huayuworld.org/ashbrook1997/2023/09/01/1708/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957164 | 680 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Malevich, Casimir or Kasimir
, 1878-1935, Russian painter. Malevich worked first in a style related to fauvism
and then as a cubist before he founded suprematism
in 1913. He created nonobjective paintings composed of bare geometric forms—often just a single square on the flatly painted surface. Characteristic is his famous White on White
(Mus. of Modern Art, New York City). His written theories were published in Germany in 1928 as The Non-Objective World
(tr. 1959). His controversial work was influential in the development of abstract art. Officially praised after the 1917 revolution, from about 1930 on his work was condemned by Russia's Stalinist regime.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press | <urn:uuid:cf158046-0d11-4318-800d-350673657923> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.reference.com/browse/Malevich | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246646036.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045726-00310-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963688 | 165 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Taking care of your teeth and oral hygiene will greatly reduce the discoloration and staining of your teeth.
Preventive teeth whitening accentuates on the ongoing hygiene procedures and daily practices to prevent tooth discoloration and other dental diseases and conditions, as well. Combining at-home oral care by patients with chair side treatments and counseling by dental professionals, one may achieve extraordinary results in obtaining whiter teeth and a beautiful smile.
Preventive Tooth Whitening Strategies
Preventive oral care strategies for children and adults include a number of in-office and home care activities, including:
At-home oral hygiene. Number one prevention technique for whiter teeth and in general is brushing and flossing at least twice a day (or after every meal) to remove dental plaque, a film-like coating that forms on your teeth. If not removed, plaque can build up and produce dental tartar, a hardened, sticky substance with acid-producing bacteria that causes tooth discoloration and staining, as well as, tooth decay and can lead to gum disease.
Fluoride use. Fluoride strengthens teeth and prevents tooth decay. A lot of dental offices provide fluoride treatments, and dentists recommend using fluoride toothpastes and mouth rinses at home.
Diet. A balanced diet is essential for white teeth and overall dental health. Foods with sugars and carbohydrates feed the bacteria that produce dental plaque, which in turn causes tartar buildup.
Regular dental visits. Visiting your dentist regularly for checkups and consultation is essential in finding out dental problems in their early stages.
Dental cleanings and screenings. Prophylaxis (dental cleaning) every four to six months is advised to remove dental plaque and stains, as well as to check for signs of tooth decay.
Orthodontics. Crooked teeth or a bad bite (malocclusion) are hard to brush and floss. Correcting your bite with orthodontic treatment will prevent the formation of plaque and reduce the chances of future dental issues.
Smoking and drinking. Smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol negatively affect the health of your teeth. Apart from bad breath, tooth discoloration and plaque and tartar buildup, smoking is known to cause gum disease, tooth loss and even oral cancer. | <urn:uuid:3e53e90c-cd5e-4f14-a6be-851ca2a366af> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.zoomteethwhiteninglosangelesca.com/zoom-teeth-whitening/preventative-teeth-whitening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160853.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925004528-20180925024928-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.927929 | 473 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Rosalind Franklin was the most important person in the story of DNA’s discovery. She was the first-ever member of the human race—or any other species on earth—to see the secret of life. She answered Schrödinger’s question “What Is Life?” with a photograph she took on May 1, 1952. She pointed her camera at a single strand of DNA…. There was nothing else like [her camera] anywhere in the world….
Franklin knew what she had, but she did not run through the King’s College corridors shouting some equivalent of “Eureka!” She was determined not to leap to conclusions. She wanted to work through the math and have proof before she published, and she was determined to keep an open mind until she had gathered all data. So she gave the image the serial number 51 and continued her work…. Then Maurice Wilkins [Franklin’s associate at King’s College] showed picture 51 to James Watson and Francis Crick, and the three men were awarded the Nobel Prize for a woman’s work.
It was the same when Marietta Blau, an unpaid woman working at the University of Vienna, developed a technique for photographing atomic particles. Blau could not get a paid position anywhere, even though her work was a major advance in particle physics. C. F. Powell, a man who “adopted and improved” her techniques, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. Agnes Pockels was denied a college education because she was a woman, taught herself science from her brother’s textbooks, created a laboratory in her kitchen, and used it to make fundamental discoveries about the chemistry of liquids. Her work was “adopted” by Irving Langmuir, who won a Nobel Prize for it in 1932. There are many similar stories. A lot of men have won Nobel Prizes in science for discoveries made in whole or part by women….
For centuries, white men have tried to persuade other people that white men are superior. In the process, many white men have become convinced of their own superiority.
How a Fly a Horse
By Kevin Ashton
Yet, the issues dealing with diversity in tech goes much deeper than teaching computer programming or tech companies hiring practices and I address some of those issues in an article called “A Lack of Diversity at Google
The lack of diversity at Google has… to do with the company’s core structure, which would remain bluntly antagonistic toward behavioral and political diversity….
We don’t have the KGB on our neck, but the end result comes out pretty much the same. People who have independent ideas or who think the wrong kind of thoughts are cut out.
“Journalism is printing…” is not an actual Orwell quote but it does capture the essence of his suppressed introduction to “Animal Farm.”
Google is introducing new SDKs for Android
and the Unity game engine
today that will make it even easier for developers to create new apps.
The class will include a VR app for Sphero
. The following is some of the other new material that will also be included in class.
At Larchmont Library we conducted five sessions with local 5th – 8th graders on the following Wednesdays: October 15th, 22nd, 29th, November 5th, and 19th. This is the game that they created:
It is very important that children learn computer programming as Douglas Rushkoff wrote in Program or Be Programmed:
When human beings acquired language, we learned not just how to listen but how to speak. When we gained literacy, we learned not just how to read but how to write. And as we move into an increasingly digital reality, we must learn not just how to use programs but how to make them. In the emerging, highly programmed landscape ahead, you will either create the software or you will be the software. It’s really that simple: Program, or be programmed.
…and since childish people are the easiest customers to convince, the manufacture of childishness, extended into adulthood, had to be the first priority of factory schools. Naturally, teachers and administrators weren’t let in on this plan; they didn’t need to be. If they didn’t conform to instructions passed down from increasingly centralized school offices, they didn’t last long.
We think of things as helpful that actually aren’t and think of other things as unhelpful that in reality leave us stronger and wiser.
~ David and Goliath
Everyone can create.
Creators spend almost all their time creating, persevering despite doubt, failure, ridicule, and rejection until they succeed in making something new and useful. There are no tricks, shortcuts, or get-creative-quick schemes. The process is ordinary, even if the outcome is not.
Creating is not magic but work.
Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact: Everything around you that you call life was made up by people that were no smarter than you and you can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use.
Once you learn that, you’ll never be the same again.
The Achievement Gap
For decades, educators have struggled to close the “achievement gap,” the persistent differences in test scores, grades and graduation rates among students of different races, ethnicities and, in some subjects, genders.
According to an American Psychological Association article
, a group of social and cognitive psychologists have approach this problem not based on the idea that at least some of these disparities are the result of faulty teaching or broken school systems, but instead spring from toxic stereotypes that cause ethnic-minority and other students such as women to question whether they belong in school and whether they can do well there. While such a major problem might seem to require widespread social change to fix, the psychologists are finding evidence that short, simple interventions can make a surprisingly large difference.
Jean Jennings (left) and Frances Bilas set up the ENIAC in 1946. Bilas is arranging the program settings on the Master Programmer. (Courtesy of University of Pennsylvania)
Women pioneered computer programming — but too often, that’s a part of history that even the smartest people don’t know.
Genes do have a huge influence on everything we are, but that influence is constantly subject to interaction with our environment. Intelligence *is*, very simply, a set of skills that a person acquires or does not acquire in his or her life. IQ is a snapshot of where that person’s skills are in that particular moment.
“The more hours of TV a girl watches, the fewer options she thinks she has in life.” ~ Geena Davis | <urn:uuid:938374c8-a519-4c5a-9ba4-d1f2383f894a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://startuptown.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/tech-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.966299 | 1,419 | 3.171875 | 3 |
January 4, 2001
Welcome to the Third Millennium.
Old Challenge. What would days and seasons be like on a planet shaped like a cube instead of a sphere?
Answer. Each face of the cube would be a single time zone, with the sun rising and setting at the same moment everywhere in that face. Also, the height of the sun in the sky, the primary cause of our climates, would be the same everywhere in that face. Therefore, as Rich Mickelsen points out, there would be little variation in temperature, little wind, and "we probably would have suffocated in our own pollution by now."
If the axis of rotation went through the middle of opposite faces, those two whole faces, on the top and bottom, would have one, half-year-long summer day and one, half-year-long winter night, just as at the poles of our round earth. In the four faces on the sides, the sun would pass directly overhead only on the first day of spring and the first day of fall, just as on the equator of our round earth.
If the axis of rotation went though opposite corners, the three faces on top would have winter while the three faces on the bottom had summer.
There would be other major new influences on the climate. As Rich Mickelsen points out, the edges would be Huge mountain ranges, thousands of miles high, reaching up into space, dwarfing Mt Everest, which is just about five miles high. Separate civilizations would be isolated around the oceans in the "valleys" at the centers of each face.
Old Riddle (Walt Wright). What's next in the sequence 77 49 36 18 ?
Best Answer (Rich Mickelsen). 08 = 1x8 (since each number is the product of the digits of the previous one), followed forever by 00.
New Riddle (Cihan Altay). What is next in the sequence of hours of the day:
17:14, 12:01, 07:04 ?
New Challenge (Nathan Wright). In a sequence of random digits, what is the probability that the first two fives have exactly two digits in between them?
Send answers, comments, and new questions by email to Frank.Morgan@williams.edu, to be eligible for Flatland and other book awards. Winning answers will appear in the next Math Chat. Math Chat appears on the first and third Thursdays of each month. Prof. Morgan's homepage is at www.williams.edu/Mathematics/fmorgan.
THE MATH CHAT BOOK, including a $1000 Math Chat Book QUEST, questions and answers, and a list of past challenge winners, is now available from the MAA (800-331-1622).
Copyright 2001, Frank Morgan. | <urn:uuid:9f2f8258-16ba-41f3-ae16-32ba791d5a4e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://maa.org/frank-morgans-math-chat-square-earth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541170.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00416-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956028 | 579 | 3.125 | 3 |
Steaming Broccoli Is One Of The Easiest Ways to Cook It!
This superfood can be prepared in a way that's fast, easy, and diet friendly, too.
One of the easiest ways to cook broccoli, or other vegetables for that matter, is by steaming. Steaming is the process in which water, when brought to a boil, becomes a gas which is what you use to cook your food. That's because this superheated gas is hotter than the boiling water it once was. But despite its high temperature, the vapor is a gentle way to cook without any leeching of the nutrients contained in the food.
That's why steaming is a diet-friendly method of cooking food. Not only does the food cook gently and still contain most, if not all, of its inherent nutrients prior to cooking, there is no need to add ingredients to cook it. It is just water after all.
Best of all, it's super simple. All you need is something to steam in-your rice cooker, a microwave, a large pot, or even a frying pan will work in a pinch. If you've have a steamer, you're set. Just follow the manufacturer's instructions on how to use it. Once you have these ready, time to steam.
Here's what you do:
Cut the florets from the broccoli. Trim the stem until the tender center is exposed. Slice the tender stem into sticks. Add these tender pieces to the florets. Discard the rest. Make sure the pieces are relatively similar in sizes to ensure even cooking. Set aside.
In the rice cooker:
Place the broccoli in the steamer insert that fits inside your pot. Pour enough water so that the bottom of the steamer insert isn't touching the water. Place the steamer insert with the vegetables in the rice cooker. Cover and turn on to bring the water to a boil. Once the rice cooker begins to steam, give it a few minutes (5 minutes should be enough) before checking for doneness. Remove from the cooker. Serve.
In the microwave:
Place broccoli in a microwave-oven safe container. Pour enough water to cover the florets, then place the lid on top of the container without locking it in place. This will allow steam to escape if necessary. Place the container in the microwave and cook for 1 minute on High. Check for doneness then cook for another 1 minute if necessary. Remove from oven and serve. (Careful when lifting the lid as the steam will be hot.)
In a pot:
Place an oven-proof bowl on the bottom of a large pot. Fill the pot with enough water to come up halfway up the side of the bowl. Cover and bring to a boil over high heat. Meanwhile, place broccoli on an oven-safe plate. Lower heat to a simmer and place plate of broccoli on top of the bowl and above the simmering water. Cover and steam 5 minutes or until tender. Turn off heat and remove from pot. Serve.
In a frying pan:
Pour in enough water to cover the bottom of a frying pan and add broccoli. Cover. Place over medium heat and let the water come to a boil then lower heat to a simmer. Simmer about 5 minutes or until tender. Check for doneness and steam for another minute or two until the desired doneness is achieved. Turn off heat and serve.
Want more flavor? Chop up a few cloves of garlic and toss with broccoli. Toss in other vegetables. You can also drizzle the vegetables lightly with olive oil or sesame seed oil for a side dish that you now know is fast and easy to not only prepare but also to cook. | <urn:uuid:2d6ca742-272e-4b04-894a-b7f8758a51be> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.yummy.ph/lessons/cooking/how-to-steam-broccoli | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524972.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716221441-20190717003441-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.931828 | 765 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The fourth trimester refers to the first three months after a baby is born. During this time, the mother and baby are adjusting to life outside of the womb. It is important to understand that the baby's needs are different than they were in utero and the mother's body is recovering from childbirth.
During the fourth trimester, the baby's main focus is on developing their sense of trust and attachment to their parents, as well as learning how to feed, sleep, and communicate. The baby's brain is developing rapidly, and they are learning to process and respond to various stimuli.
The mother's body is also recovering from childbirth. The uterus is shrinking back to its pre-pregnancy size, and the cervix is closing. Hormones are also shifting, which can affect the mother's mood, energy levels, and milk production.
It is important for the mother to take care of herself during this time by getting enough rest, eating well, and seeking support from her partner, family, and friends. A lactation consultant can help with any breastfeeding concerns.
It is also important for the parents to be patient and flexible as they learn to understand and meet their baby's needs.
During the fourth trimester, the mother's body experiences a number of hormonal changes as it adjusts to the postpartum period.
First, there is a significant drop in progesterone and estrogen levels. These hormones were high during pregnancy to maintain the pregnancy and support the development of the fetus. After birth, they rapidly decrease, which can cause feelings of sadness, anxiety or depression known as postpartum blues or depression.
Oxytocin, a hormone that is released during labor and breastfeeding, is also present in high levels during the fourth trimester. Oxytocin promotes feelings of bonding and attachment between the mother and baby, and also helps the uterus contract and return to its pre-pregnancy size.
Prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production, increases during the fourth trimester. It also has a calming effect, which can help the mother feel more relaxed and less stressed.
Thyroid hormones also change during the fourth trimester. The levels of thyroid hormones may temporarily drop after birth, which can cause fatigue and sluggishness, but they usually return to normal within a few weeks.
It's important to remember that every woman's body and experience is different and some may not experience any of these hormonal changes as severe or at all.
If you are finding yourself feeling low and unable to connect with others you may be suffering from postnatal depression.
What is postnatal depression?
Postnatal depression (PND) is a form of depression that can occur in the weeks or months following childbirth. It is a serious condition that affects both the mother and the baby.
Symptoms of PND can include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair, difficulty bonding with the baby, lack of interest or pleasure in activities, difficulty sleeping, changes in appetite, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
PND can be caused by a combination of physical, emotional, and social factors. Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy and after birth can play a role, as can a lack of social support, financial stress, relationship difficulties, and a history of depression or other mental health conditions.
It is important to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know is experiencing PND. Treatment options include counselling, therapy, and medication. Support groups can also be beneficial. It is important to remember that PND is not a sign of weakness or poor mothering, it is a common and treatable condition with the right support and treatment. You can get more information and support on PND from Pandas foundation. | <urn:uuid:d80e4b10-c258-472a-9a2c-6c7848e3dd97> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://latched.uk/blogs/mumlife/understanding-the-fourth-trimester-from-adjustment-to-recovery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.967447 | 774 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Embedded systems aren’t what they used to be. Whereas once isolated in their own environment, embedded systems within the likes of heavy machinery, vehicles, industrial equipment and even medical devices, are now more interconnected and externally connected than ever before.
The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving new market demands and technology trends like ubiquitous connectivity, consolidation of functions, and automation. While these trends offer opportunities, they also present challenges for embedded system manufacturers. As these devices become more connected and complex, the attack vectors and attack surfaces increase exponentially. This leaves manufacturers of embedded devices struggling to stay ahead of the pervasive and growing threat of cyberattacks.
The challenges of cybersecurity are inherent in embedded systems on both the software and hardware fronts. According to Forbes, “Traditional IT security does not work with IoT devices, because their processors are often too small for firewalls, they can use multiple communication channels and connectivity types and can have easily accessible online interfaces that are a goldmine for malicious actors.”
My recent white paper, The Past, Present and Future of Cybersecurity in Embedded Systems, explores embedded systems of the past, which were simple and generally isolated from the outside world. The paper looks at how present-day systems are becoming increasingly complex and interconnected and examines some of the potential threats of the future. The whitepaper primarily focuses on today’s embedded systems which can control more features within a device through automation, contain sensitive information, and have become inherently more susceptible to cyberattacks. Together, these factors put much more pressure and responsibility on embedded system designers and manufacturers to protect both the systems and their end users.
The building blocks for a secure system include encryption, communication, lifecycle management, identity management, threat defence and software updates. This all starts with the security design as it allows the development teams to define mechanisms for all layers (hardware, drivers, OS, middleware and user applications). The design should have mechanisms to detect and respond to different types of threats that might arise from inside and outside the system. it must also consider mechanisms to securely communication, update, and authenticate.
The paper explores the types of vulnerabilities that will put systems at risk, and provides data compiled using BlackBerry® Jarvis™, a cloud-based, binary static application security testing (SAST) solution, along with other independent sources. The Jarvis assessment uncovered vulnerabilities in commonly used automotive industry software, showing that insecure software accounts for approximately 70 percent of them. Further, programming errors that can lead to buffer overflow—a vulnerability that can cause data exposure, data loss and possibly control over the system—are at the top of the list of exploits that take advantage of the insecure software.
Embedded System security involves an overall culture change for any organization, which starts at the product concept phase and goes all the way to postproduction and maintenance. This can mean a major cultural shift for most organizations. But specific cybersecurity standards are being developed to help guide the shift. And there are recommended processes you can use when adopting a security culture and strategy within your development team.
The paper contends that the embedded operating system is the foundational piece for cybersecurity in any embedded system as it is generally the centerpiece of cyberattacks. It discusses three of the basic mechanisms that any embedded operating system should include. These mechanisms are often called the Three Musketeers, as they can help reduce the risks associated with insecure software that can lead to buffer overflows.
Read the white paper to learn how security has evolved from the early days of embedded systems, to get insights on how it should be progressing, and to gain a better understanding of vulnerabilities and mitigation techniques to better manage security risks within your embedded systems today and into the future. | <urn:uuid:ca2b1705-4009-4881-84b7-852a45962ebb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blogs.blackberry.com/en/2020/09/getting-embedded-security-basics-right-today-to-protect-your-systems-into-the-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154796.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804045226-20210804075226-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.9474 | 755 | 2.78125 | 3 |
While I’m on a techno-skeptic riff, I thought I’d follow up Monday’s thinkpiece with a post on some current developments and practical actions for making computers a little more sustainable.
Computers are the enablers of the information age – the vast majority of our workforce now uses one daily. While they save millions of person-hours every day by speeding up tedious tasks, they’re also one of our largest consumers of energy. Server farms, in particular, are huge energy hogs: in 2005, the massive banks of servers needed to keep sites Google and Yahoo running consumed 5,000 megawatts of electricity in the US, most of it lost as waste heat.
Energy isn’t the only environmental issue with computer use. For one thing, the manufacturing process of a PC is resource intensive and involves an array of toxic substances; Phoenix-based ecological architect Tom Hahn estimates that the production of one laptop uses 40,000 pounds of raw materials. Finally, the disposal of “e-waste” presents a few problems. If they don’t end up in a landfill, computers disposed of in the States are often taken apart by hand in Africa, where the toxins inside make workers ill and pollute water sources.
As with most other elements of our society, computers don’t have to be nearly as wasteful and dangerous as they are today. Last Saturday, John Brandon at Extreme Tech explained how to build an energy- and resource-efficient PC from the ground up using widely available components, most of which are better performing to boot. Yesterday, Worldchanging’s Jeremy Faludi interviewed Scott Phipps at VIA, a Taiwanese chip manufacturer with the goal of “carbon-free computing”. With chips that use 1/6 the power of a Pentium and a commitment to reforestation and renewable energy investments to offset projected CO2 use, VIA is thinking creatively about how to deal with the substantial envrionmental issues posed by our most useful machines.
Fortunately, though, you probably don’t need to start from scratch to make a serious dent in your own computer’s impact. First off, get rid of your screensaver and set your desktop to go right into sleep mode. Make sure to turn off your peripherals when you’re done (printer, monitor, etc) – if left on, they’ll draw power even when not in use. A program at Harvard institutionalizing these simple actions is estimated to save the campus $45,000 per year, cutting emissions by 50,000 pounds.
Perhaps the simplest solution of all: use your computer less. Think carefully about the time you spend “plugged in,” whether at work or at home, and try to make the most of it. If you can, participate in Shutdown Day on March 24th: so far, 26,000 people have pledged to make their day computer free. | <urn:uuid:0f6ed16b-0cca-4463-a3f8-a6a07abee941> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://wildgreenyonder.wordpress.com/2007/03/07/powering-down/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187717.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00094-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925183 | 612 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Is the Cloud Right for your Business
Many large technology giants are pushing cloud services as the next big thing. They promote these services to be some sort of panacea for small and medium-sized business owners.
The promise is that companies can reduce costs and enjoy leading edge software and other virtualization by sharing these services in the cloud. The objective is to greatly reduce the expenditures involved with desk-by-desk purchases for office, CRM and other products. Long-term it provides a savings for on-site server upgrades and maintenance.
For those not familiar with the cloud, the wiki dictionary defines it as "the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network (typically the Internet".)
End users can access cloud-based applications through a web browser or a light-weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and user's data are stored on servers at a remote location.
Many claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance. They say it enables IT to adjust resources more rapidly to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.
How does it work? Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network. The foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and the sharing of services.
Four types of cloud computing are available to meet most business needs.
One is the Public Cloud. Public cloud applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are free or offered on a pay-per-use model with access only available through the Internet.
Another is the Community Cloud. The Community Cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns. They are managed internally or by a third-party. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.
The Hybrid Cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple models. By utilizing "hybrid cloud" architecture, companies and individuals are able to obtain local usability without dependency on Internet connectivity. Hybrid cloud architecture requires both on-premises resources and off-site (remote) server-based cloud infrastructure.
Finally there is the Private Cloud. It is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party. It is hosted internally or externally. Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment. When it is done right, it can have a positive impact on a business, but every one of the steps in the project raises security issues that must be addressed in order to avoid serious vulnerabilities.
While the cloud has some benefits for email, marketing campaign tools (such as e-newsletters), Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM) and office applications, maintaining an entire network in the cloud is still cost-prohibitive.
Based on today's pricing structures a more efficient option is for a small to medium-sized business to purchase their own hardware and have it co-located at a data center or on the premises of the company.
The concept of virtualization (one physical computer with many virtual servers running on it), would provide a cost savings if a company were to build out the infrastructure themselves. Purchasing virtual servers from a large corporation like Amazon is still a more expensive offering.
Regardless of which direction a business chooses they must be managed by skilled engineers.
For smaller companies establishing or maintaining a relationship with an IT or Managed Network Services firm is appropriate to analyze and recommend which facets of the cloud are appropriate for their needs.
In addition the IT firm can oversee cloud functions and provide day-to-day technology assistance such as 24 x 7 remote support, unlimited on-site support, a help desk, and even a Virtual CIO.
Larger organizations can take advantage of the tech firm's team of engineers and utilize their knowledge and skill set to assist with any transition whether it includes complete virtualization or the development of a Hybrid Cloud model.
While the cloud is well publicized and certainly appealing, it may not be appropriate nor economical for every organization. Business owners should consult with a technology professional to determine if the cloud is a good fit for their business operations.
Article Source: https://EzineArticles.com/7430721 | <urn:uuid:fdd3f472-a5e5-43c4-8196-fbe333e34060> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.throttlenet.com/the-cloud/is-the-cloud-right-for-your-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660020.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118090507-20190118112507-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.945036 | 939 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Othello and Faustus Blame Term Paper
Othello and Faustus: To blame or not to blame Trust is an essential part of a peaceful society. The way people act decides whether they are trustworthy or not. One who manipulates trust to deceive people is to blame for the disturbance. Those who places trust in the wrong person are also to blame. Placing trust in an unworthy person is the initial fault as it opens the protagonist to deception.
Thus they base their actions according to the false information which condemns them. The person who is to blame is viewed as a villain rather than a hero.The object of the misplaced trust is decides to what extent they are to blame. Othello and Faustus place their trust in unworthy people.
Othello is a trusting man, causing him to trust a deceiver who wishes him harm. Iago explains his plan for Othello in this way, “After some time, abuse Othello’s ears/ that he is too familiar with his wife. / To be suspected—framed to make women false. / The Moor is of free and open nature/ that thinks men honest that but seem to be so;/ and will as tenderly be led by th’nose/ as asses are. /” (A1 S3 L390-393).Iago plots to manipulate Othello when he states he will abuse Othello’s ears.
He states that he will convince Othello that Cassio is having an affair with his wife and describes that he picked Cassio because he seems like the type of man to commit this offence. This quote also shows the excessive trusting nature of Othello. Iago believes that it would be simple to deceive Othello because Othello is honest to the point where he believes no one is dishonest. Iago will be able to lead Othello into believing Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona.Iago’s plan would cause the downfall of Cassio and Othello which is perfect for Iago’s motives. Othello’s trusting personality causes him to misplace his trust in a deceiver, which is the beginning of his downfall. Othello’s flaw of trusting is an excess of a good trait, placing more blame onto Iago.
Faustus places his trust in himself because he is prideful. He was knowledgeable in every acceptable branch of knowledge. Faustus is presented in the prologue in this way: “That shortly he was graced with doctor’s name,/ excelling all, and sweetly can dispute/ in th’heavenly matters of heology;/ Till swoll’n with cunning, of a self-conceit,/ his waxen wings did mount above his reach/ and melting, heavens conspired his overthrow” (prologue L16-21). The quote shows that Faustus was praised with the title of doctor after surpassing everyone in the subject of divinity, which is the most important branch of knowledge at the time. The quote continues to describe Faustus’ pride to be swollen, which means it has grown larger than it should be. Pride is the deadliest of the seven deadly sins and Icarus, who was prideful, reached beyond what he was capable of.
Icarus flew too close to the sun even though he was warned by his father. This resulted in the melting of his waxed wings and ultimately killing him. Icarus bears the blame completely for his downfall. This quote shows that Faustus shares the same pride as Icarus.
If Faustus were to fall because he were to reach beyond his capabilities with the knowledge that he should not, Faustus would bear all the blame and be viewed as a villain. Faustus understands theology better than everyone, but he chooses to be prideful. His excellence causes him to be prideful and believe he is better than what he truly is.Pride is viewed as a negative trait and will cause the reader to lean towards viewing Faustus as a villain rather than a hero. The misplaced trust cause Othello and Faustus accept false knowledge.
Othello vows to kill Desdemona because he trusts Iago. Othello expresses his plans as, “Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace,/ shall nev’r look back, nev’r ebb to humble love,/ till that a capable and wide revenge/ swallow them up. [He kneels. ] Now, by yond marble heaven,/ in the due reverence of a sacred vow/ I here engage my words. /.
.. Damn her! Come, go with me apart.I will withdraw/ to furnish me some swift means of death for the fair devil. /” (A3 S3 L454-458 & 473-475). Being a trustworthy man, Othello would never break his promise. He begins to say that he has thoughts of murder for his revenge.
He continues to say that he refuses to think otherwise. He chooses to have an unwavering mind of having revenge. He makes a vow with Iago and he vows to kill Desdemona as soon as possible. His promise to kill Desdemona is based on the false information Iago has given him. Othello is mentally prepared to commit a fault that will condemn his future because he trusts Iago.Othello is partially to blame for this mistake because he vows to take revenge based on circumstantial evidence.
He is stubborn to set his mind to one path. Faustus accepts false information because he believes that he knows everything about divinity. In his demonstration of the types of knowledge, his ignorance causes him to overlook essential details. “Jerome’s Bible, Faustus view it well. Ha! The reward of sin is death? …If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and there is no truth in us. Why, then belike, we must sin, and so consequently die.
Ay, we must die an everlasting death… What will be shall be! Divinity, adieu! ” (A1 S1 L36-43) Faustus starts his speech on divinity with pride. He states that he has viewed the bible without overlooking anything. As he reads a passage from the bible, he shows that he does not view it well. He reads that those who sin are damned and men must sin. Therefore, he decides that all men are damned. He overlooks repentance and shows how his pride is fatal.
Repentance is the key to divinity because it is the only way to save one’s soul. Faustus overlooks divinity as another branch of knowledge he has mastered.His knowledge causes him to be prideful and place his trust in himself. He neglects the concept of repentance and dismisses divinity. By dismissing divinity, he would be unable to review the whole passage to understand if he had missed anything. His pride causes him to believe that there is no salvation and pursues a path that will condemn him.
Faustus is completely to blame because he has an excess of pride, which is a bad trait. His trait led him to accept false knowledge so he bears all of the blame. The actions that condemn Othello and Faustus are based on false information.Othello commits murder because he believes Desdemona was false to him. Othello is lead by false information that was given to him from Iago.
Othello announces, “She’s like a liar gone to burning hell! ‘She’s like a liar gone to burning hell! / ‘Twas I that killed her/… ‘Tis pitiful; but yet Iago knows/ that she with Cassio hath the act of shame/ a thousand times committed. Cassio confessed it;/ And she did gratify his amorous works/ with that recognizance and pledge of love,/ which I first gave her. I saw it in his hand. / It was a handkerchief, an antique token/ my father gave my mother” (A5 S2 L128-129 & 207-214).
Othello admits he killed Desdemona because he is honourable and refuses to avoid punishment by with killing Desdemona by lying. He says that he killed Desdemona, but without shame because he believes he has done so for a good cause. He states his reasons, which were all based on information that Iago has given him. Othello justifies his actions with events where Iago was deceiving him. Iago and Cassio were talking about Bianca, but Iago tells Othello it was about Desdemona.
Iago also says that he has seen Cassio wipe his beard with Desdemona’s handkerchief.Othello’s evidence is all based on Iago’s deception and false evidence which is later proved wrong by Emilia. Othello wrongfully murders Desdemona and is condemned.
Othello lost his loyal wife, his status and his respect that was gained through many years of service. Othello bears most of blame because he accepts Iago’s uncertain information and stubbornly devotes himself to revenge. He focuses on Iago’s information and is unable to see through Iago’s obvious lies.
Iago still bears little, but some of the blame for giving the false information.Having rejected divinity, Faustus chooses necromancy, which condemns him. He pride causes him write the terms for the devil. Faustus states the terms as, “I, John Faustus of Wittenberg, Doctor, by these/ presents, do give both body and soul to Lucifer,/ prince of east, and his minister Mephostophilis/, and furthermore grant unto them that,/ four and twenty years being expired and these/ articles above written being inviolate, full/ power to fetch or carry the said John Faustus,/ body and soul, flesh, blood, or goods, into their/ habitation wheresoever. By me John Faustus/” (A2 S1 L108-117). Faustus dictates the terms of the contract.
He sells his soul to Lucifer for twenty four years of leisure and the obedience of Mephistophilis. His pride causes him to not realize his eternal soul is worth much more than twenty four years of pleasure. In the end, he states that the terms were by him, repeating that it was him who created the terms.
He remains prideful and sells his soul to Lucifer to pursue his path of necromancy. Faustus made this decision because he believed in himself and based his action on the false knowledge.His overlooking of divinity causes him to damn himself. He is completely to blame for his actions because the devil did not influence Faustus. Faustus knew exactly what he was doing because he creates a contract that will condemn him and dictates its terms to Mephistophilis. The blame for the downfall depends on the characters final actions.
Othello’s honour wills him to right the wrong. Othello shows his honourable personality by saying, “I have done the state some service, and they know’t. / No more of that.I pray you, in your letters,/ when you shall these unlucky deeds relate,/ speak of me as I am. Nothing extenuated, nor set down aught in malice. Then you must speak/ of one that loved not wisely, but too well;/ Of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought ,/ perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand,/ like the base Judean, threw a pearl away/ richer than all his tribe… I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, killing myself, to die upon a kiss (A5 S2 L334-344 & 354-355).
Othello tries to make a last attempt to justify his actions and regain his honour.He talks about his past deeds and about how honourable he was. He also asks that his unfortunate deeds should not be excluded in his report.
He tells Lodovic to report on his love, and that he was not wise in his love, but he was madly in love with Desdemona. Othello admits that he was jealous and was not thinking logically when he doubted Desdemona’s loyalty. Othello was perplexed in the extreme, causing him to charge Desdemona with groundless evidence. Othello describes himself like Judean. Judean refers to Judas, who was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus.Judas betrays Jesus, condemning himself to hell.
Othello says he has killed Desdemona which has condemned him. He continues to be loyal to Venice and now that he has become an enemy of the state, he decides to kill himself. His last line was dedicated to Desdemona, saying that there is nothing he can do to repent for killing her, but he is willing to sacrifice himself to right the wrong. Othello understands his mistakes and tries to justify his actions.
Seeing that he has taken the life of an innocent person, he decides that it is only fair he takes his own.This shows that Othello bears a little bit of the blame because he shows he truly had no intent of killing Desdemona and admits he is wrong. Iago bears most of the blame because he deceives Othello, an innocent and honest person. Hence, Iago is viewed as the villain whereas Othello is viewed as a hero. Faustus’ destruction is brought upon himself due to his rejection of repentance. Faustus demonstrates his pride even when he knows he is wrong by saying, “But Faustus’ offense can ne’er be pardoned.
/ The serpent that tempted Eve may be saved, but/ not Faustus! A5 S2 L42-44). Faustus continues to be prideful and states that his offense can not be excused. This is related to the point when Faustus rejects divinity.
Divinity shows that he can repent, but he overlooks it again. He believes in the false information and his pride causes him to believe that his actions were more significant than the serpent’s actions, which damned all of humanity. Faustus pride believes he is more superior to the very devil he had sold his soul to. Faustus understands that he is wrong, but refuses to acknowledge it.Faustus bears all of the blame for his downfall because he has allowed himself to be led by pride. Faustus is offered another chance to repent and save himself from damnation, but his pride convinces him to discard this opportunity. Faustus is viewed as a villain for not repenting to God and refusing to save himself after he is condemned.
Othello trusted Iago, which led him to believe false information. The false information caused Othello to condemn himself, but Othello recognizes his mistakes and tries to right the wrong. Faustus is prideful and trusts himself, causing him to make an error in his studies.The error leads to Faustus’ condemnation, but Faustus is capable of saving himself many times by repenting unlike Othello. Othello did not have a second chance where as Faustus had many chances.
Faustus discards all of his opportunities and refuses to accept the fact that he is wrong. Othello bears less of the trust because he was unable to save himself after he realized he has been condemned, but tries to right the wrong. Faustus bears all of the blame because he is condemned, and is capable of saving himself, but chooses not to. Thus, Othello is viewed as a hero while Faustus is viewed as a villain. | <urn:uuid:fad708d1-03dc-41ca-9670-969cf409537a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://freebooksummary.com/othello-and-faustus-blame-term-paper-45317 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740423.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815005453-20200815035453-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.980999 | 3,308 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Devex Examines Challenges To Meeting Global Goal To End TB By 2035
Devex: Overcoming challenges to a TB epidemic
“The World Health Organization’s 2016 Global Tuberculosis Report found the burden of the disease is greater than previously thought, calling into question ambitious global goals to end the epidemic by 2035. … TB research and development remains severely underfunded, according to the report. Additionally, investments in low- and middle-income countries for TB care and prevention fell almost $2 billion short this year of the $8.3 billion needed. It’s predicted this annual gap will widen to $6 billion in 2020 if funding levels don’t increase, the WHO report found…” (Cousins, 11/7).
The KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report summarized news and information on global health policy from hundreds of sources, from May 2009 through December 2020. All summaries are archived and available via search. | <urn:uuid:196a3f4f-6b39-4ead-932c-4a4f4d1c12af> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kff.org/news-summary/devex-examines-challenges-to-meeting-global-goal-to-end-tb-by-2035/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.883624 | 198 | 2.609375 | 3 |
SADC Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections
SADC region has made significant strides in the consolidation of the citizens’ participation in the decision-making processes and consolidation of democratic practice and institutions. The Constitutions of all SADC Member States enshrine the principles of equal opportunities and full participation of the citizens in the political process.
The Southern African countries, building upon their common historical and cultural identity forged over centuries, agreed to encapsulate their commonality into a single vision, that of a SHARED FUTURE. In this context, in 1992 the Southern African countries meeting in Windhoek, the Republic of Namibia, signed a Treaty establishing the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Article 4 of the Treaty stipulates that “human rights, democracy and the rule of law” are principles guiding the acts of its members. Article 5 of the Treaty outlines the objectives of SADC, which commits the Member States to “promote common political values, systems and other shared values which are transmitted through institutions, which are democratic, legitimate and effective. It also commits Member States to “consolidate, defend and maintain democracy, peace, security and stability” in the region.
The Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation provides that SADC shall “promote the development of democratic institutions and practices within the territories of State Parties and encourage the observance of universal human rights as provided for in the Charter and Conventions of the Organization of African Unity [African Union] and the United Nations.”
In addition, the Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ (SIPO), as the implementation framework of the Protocol, emphasizes the need for democratic consolidation in the region. The development of the principles governing democratic elections aims at enhancing the transparency and credibility of elections and democratic governance as well as ensuring the acceptance of election results by all contesting parties.
The Guidelines are not only informed by the SADC legal and policy instruments but also by the major principles and guidelines emanating from the OAU/AU Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa – AHG/DECL.1 (XXXVIII) and the AU Guidelines for African Union Electoral Observation and Monitoring Missions – EX/CL/35 (III) Annex II. | <urn:uuid:2d89482f-3377-4f95-bd16-3de202b7eb3d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://veritaszim.net/node/2315 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703581888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125123120-20210125153120-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.918628 | 469 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A survey on general pulmonary symptoms and acute and chronic lung diseases in an urban community was conducted using the American Thoracic Society-Division of Lung Diseases-78 Standardized Questionnaire on Respiratory Symptoms translated into Filipino. A total of 1160 individuals were chosen randomly, interviewed and examined. Results show that the most prevalent symptoms in both adults and children were acute cough and rhinitis. The most common respiratory-disorder was acute upper respiratory symptoms, diagnosed in 57% of children and 36% of adults. Inboth age groups, asthma was noted in approximately 9%, tuberculosis in almost 10% of the adults and 14.5% of children, and chronic airways disease in 3% of adults. Among adults the risk factors found associated with the development of chronic airways disease were age equal to or greater than 40 years, the male sex, and smoking. Among children, passive smoking was associated with higher prevalence of acute upper respiratory symptoms, especially in those with hyper-reactive airways. Information gathered from studies such as this should be considered in the formulation of health measures, either preventive or therapeutic, especially with those related to the smoking epidemic and environmental pollution.
To identify risk factors that predispose to the development of the identified symptoms and of acute and chronic lung diseases. | <urn:uuid:8a05696e-5483-4c0c-890e-9647725a15f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.uz.herdin.ph/index.php?view=research&cid=40531 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204077.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325153323-20190325175323-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.961862 | 260 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Fluids & Filters
The life-blood of your engine, engine oil consists of various weight mineral or synthetic oils combined with additives for engine protection. Oils may come in single or multi-grades and meet various oil performance standards. Multi-grade oils usually start out as single-grade base oils, such as SAE 10W (Society of Automotive Engineers is a large standard-setting organization for the automotive industry). Then viscosity-index improvers are added to modify viscosity. The end result is an SAE 10W-30 oil capable of flowing like a 30W oil at cold temperatures and a 10W oil at higher temperatures. The American Petroleum Institute also has classifications for oil, which are intended to address the formulation for different engine applications. You may see these designations also mentioned in your owner's manual or on the oil filler cap of the engine. The SH designation was designed for 1996 and older engines. This designation is now obsolete. The API SJ designation was introduced in 1996 and applies to all automotive engines currently in use. The SL designation was released in 2001 and offers improved performance for 2002 models, such as fuel economy and control over engine deposits. There are numerous other designations, but they are generally obsolete or do not apply to today's cars.
Engine oil lubricates, cleans, and cools critical parts of the engine. The oil's additives also help to suspend dirt, where it can be drained at the next oil change.
Periodic oil and filter changes keep your engine clean on the inside. Motor oil can become contaminated by dust, metallic shavings, condensation, and even antifreeze. Additives break down over time and can also act as contaminants. The best advice is to follow the guidelines provided in the vehicle owner's manual, but every 5,000 kilometres or 3 months is a good rule of thumb for oil and filter changes. Many car manufacturers today are recommending extended oil drain intervals for some drivers. However, if you regularly make short trips in your car, drive in stop-and-go traffic, idle for extended periods, drive in dusty or dirty air conditions, tow a trailer or live in a cold-weather region, it's best to stick with a 5,000- kilometre/3-month regimen. | <urn:uuid:cb34a2aa-b709-4d32-9916-8444a8835c23> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.mastermechanic.ca/inspection/engine-oil.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817999.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180226025358-20180226045358-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.955011 | 469 | 2.5625 | 3 |
There are a lot of purposes behind communication. It can be informative: “You have a meeting at 3:00pm.” It can be argumentative: “I think we should or should not allow gay people to marry.” It can be interesting: “The cost of making pennies and nickels has nearly doubled over the past several years. This means it cost more to make them then they are worth once in our pocket (or lost in our couch).”
In all of these (and others) communication is trying to create meaning.
When we think about creating meaning in communication, you must realize that meaning does not stand by itself. Meaning is always nestled within something else. Meaning is a vapor that is ambivalent unless it can be captured and contained within some kind of housing.
The art of communication is housing meaning within words, sentences, elements of speech, etc. Communication is powerful when we effectively house meaning in a unit that is accessible to the audience.
Let’s consider our first example: “You have a meeting at 3:00pm.” What would it look like to make this statement more meaningful?
The first route I want to consider for housing meaning is in an academic house. It might look a little bit like this:
“Consider this enigma. The problem with any schedule is that one must systematically and categorically arrange their time to balance both their personal and professional lives. As such, it is imperative to note that although one might wish to have a respite from their labors, any hopes for a respite will end at precisely 3 o’clock in the afternoon.”
In this example, meaning is housed within complex sentences and vocabulary. One who can comprehend this paragraph is delighted by the synapses that go off in their brain as they work to comprehend a rather simple truth in a complex way. At the heart of this, you have a meeting at 3:00pm, but it’s made interesting and thus has greater meaning. The meaning does not come from the 3:00pm meeting date, but from the housing that communicated that reality.
One can see this type of meaning-creating in scholarly books. One might argue that professors increase the value of their words, by decreasing the readability of them. Many times this is necessary for understanding complex thoughts; other times this is just smart people being lazy. This method is important (and useful) for those who find this mode accessible.
The second route for creating meaning is in proverbial house. Consider this same information from this perspective.
“There is a time and a place for everything. Some days are meant for living and some days are meant for dying. Some days are meant for working and some days are meant for playing. Some days are meant for family and other days are meant for friends. And some days are a little of everything. Today is a good example of this diversity. I spend part of my day at work, part with my family, and part by myself. This is the rhythm of life. And I do not have to enjoy every moment, for every song has its downbeats. At exactly 3:00pm this rhythm will hit yet another downbeat as I begin the final meeting of the day—a meeting I would rather not be attend.”
In this example, meaning is captured in simple sentences that try to suggest profound truths. They are easy to understand, but you still walk away feeling like you learned something (or were reminded of something you already knew).
The most common place for this language is within sermons and books. When done well, both of these can captivate you with their understanding of the world by their use of simple wordplay.
Good preachers can create meaning using simple words; bad preachers try to create meaning using complex words within complex sentences that mean nothing to most of us.
There is a final route worth considering. Consider this final example:
“I’m not one to hate meetings. In fact, I typically love them. I look forward to them. I know this makes me a kind of unlikely person, but what can I say? I love getting together with other people and discussing what we’ve been working on; I love making plans for the future, and dreaming with my coworkers.
When I rolled out of bed at 8am, I was looking forward to my 3:00pm meeting. It had been on the calendar for weeks, and I am in charge of setting the pace for this meeting. But a lot can happen between 8:00am and 3:00pm. It turns out my mother has cancer. She was waiting for the tests to get back and they weren’t looking good.
Her tests got back this morning, and I found out about it at lunch.
I lost my appetite.
My mom lives on the other side of the country and so I plan to fly out tomorrow morning. But that means I need to finish the workday and get even more things covered in my 3:00pm meeting. I really just want to go home.”
Compare how you feel about the 3:00pm meeting after each example? Which one conjures up more emotion? More compassion? More significance? Which one is more meaningful?
Meaning can be housed in big words, or profound proverbs, but I think the best place to house meaning is in stories. Although private and intimate by nature, stories are truly the most assessable, public housing for meaning.
Can you think of other ways of housing meaning besides these three forms? | <urn:uuid:4329c263-d0e3-4bae-936c-13a15fb5d648> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://joegraves.org/2013/05/09/three-ways-to-create-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.975092 | 1,158 | 2.859375 | 3 |
One of the founders of modern calligraphy, Edward Johnston regarded lettering, writing, and illuminating as not only desirable ends in themselves but also as practical avenues to mastery of typography, decoration, and design. In this classic, profusely illustrated guide, he distilled his expertise into a series of easy-to-follow lessons that will benefit any student of calligraphy, book design, or art. Part I is devoted to writing and illuminating. Early chapters cover the fundamentals of acquiring a formal hand: choosing paper, ink, and quills; holding the pen; spacing and planning a manuscript; and more. The author then turns to the techniques of producing a manuscript book: tools and materials, methods and proportions, margins, and other methods. Part II offers a detailed discussion of lettering: the qualities of good lettering, methods of construction and arrangement, spacing, proportion, and other matters. Two appendixes cover the uses of lettering in book bindings, wall inscriptions, monograms, and title pages as well as the techniques involved in lettering on metal, wood, and stone. | <urn:uuid:0e15a405-8064-4c1a-adab-97ebce676d1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://m.doverpublications.com/0486285340.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573189.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524173011-20220524203011-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.939454 | 223 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Bluewater, an innovator of residential water purification technologies, has praised the Environmental Working Group, a Washington, D.C.–based non-profit, non-partisan organization, for creating a national Tap Water Database in the United States. Bluewater said the EWG project – which aggregates and analyzes data from almost 50,000 public water systems in all 50 states and the District of Columbia – sets a benchmark for similar initiatives enabling people in other parts of the world to discover what harmful chemicals may exist in their drinking water.
“A great many people in the USA, Europe and elsewhere just don't know about the contaminants that can exist in their tap drinking water and which may accumulate in their bodies to spark health issues decades later,” said Bengt Rittri, a Swedish environmental entrepreneur and founder of Bluewater. He said it should be everyone’s right to have a detailed insight into the quality of their tap water so as to avoid ingesting potential contaminants such as lead or chemicals like hormones and hormonal disruptors.
The growing risk of contaminated drinking water has been flagged in a number of new research studies. For example, a 2016 study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology Letters said millions of Americans may be drinking water with unsafe levels of industrial chemicals known as PFAS’s, which have been linked to high cholesterol, obesity, hormone disruption and even cancer. And a recent joint European Environment Agency/WHO report noted that standards of treatment and disinfection of drinking-water is inconsistent across Europe and said reliable data is lacking on the quality of the source water and drinking-water supplied.
The EWG’s Tap Water Database allows users to simply enter their zip code or local utility’s name, to find all contaminants detected in tests by the utilities themselves and reported to federal or state authorities. EWG researchers, who have built a reputation for ambitious data-mining research projects focused on the environment and health, spent the last two years collecting data from state agencies and the EPA for drinking water tests conducted from 2010 to 2015 by 48,712 water utilities.
According to EWG, a glass of tap water all too often also comes with a dose of industrial and agricultural contaminants that have been linked to cancer, brain and nervous system damage, or developmental defects. The body says that while the vast majority of utilities are in compliance with federal regulations, their water may still contain contaminants in concentrations exceeding the levels that scientists claim pose health risks.
The safety of America’s drinking water hit the headlines in the summer of 2015, when extremely high levels of lead were discovered in the water supply of Flint, Michigan.
In a January 2016 response to the Flint lead crisis, Bluewater donated several of its second-generation residential water purifiers to two community care centers in the city. Bluewater’s water purifiers remove toxic metals such as lead as well as chemicals, microorganisms and pharmaceutical by-products from water, rejecting practically everything down to 0.0001 micron (that’s around 500,000 times less than the diameter of a human hair).
For more information, please contact
David Noble, Bluewater’s head of PR and communications, at email@example.com or +44 7785 302 694. | <urn:uuid:b8812fec-f623-47eb-a1a1-c5130d2310b8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.mynewsdesk.com/us/bluewater/news/a-new-database-detailing-pollutants-in-virtually-all-us-public-water-systems-is-a-benchmark-for-other-countries-says-bluewater-254824 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814827.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223174348-20180223194348-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.944718 | 673 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Canadians and Americans are at war with themselves. A battle in that war involves President Trump’s attempt to close the border to those from seven troubled countries. Another is revealed through one of Canada’s Conservative Party leadership candidates who once touted a hotline for Canadians to rat on their neighbours and now wants mindreading to shape immigration policy. As soldiers in the war for our soul, we must consider who we are. We must decide whether we wish to swap our values for a false sense of security and lives of fear or, rather, share our bounty with those whose homelands are in crisis. As always, the past contextualizes the present. So, let’s draw lessons from our response to a catastrophe that struck another people in peril.
In the early 1800s, rich English families owned 95% of Irish farms. The absentee landlords had middle-men subdivide them into smaller and smaller plots while charging higher rents. About half of rural Irish families suffered crushing poverty. Potatoes were the staple crop with most folks and farm animals living on little else. At the same time, English factories were stealing work from pre-industrial Irish towns. About 2.4 million of about 8 million Irish were unemployed.
A bad situation turned to crisis when, in 1845, potato plants turned black. Potatoes shrivelled and became inedible. British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel ordered a commission to investigate but found neither cause nor cure. To address the ironic crisis of farmers without food, Peel ended Corn Law tariffs to lower food prices. It had little effect. Poor Law revisions split Ireland into 130 parts, called unions, and each was assigned a workhouse. Desperate urban poor traded prison-like conditions for housing and food while famine ravaged the countryside.
Starving tenant farmers were evicted from their homes for non-payment of rents. Soldiers marched the families away as landlords had houses knocked down to avoid taxes and keep the desolate from returning. Between 1849 and 1854, 250,000 people were swept from the land. Sixteen middlemen were shot by farmers resisting the mass evictions. London sent more soldiers.
The English gentry and business elite felt Peel was spending too much money and time on Ireland and voted his party from office. The new prime minister, Lord John Russell, cancelled food shipments to Ireland and ended Irish relief. The man in charge of the crisis, Assistant Secretary of the British Treasury Sir Charles Trevelyan, said the Irish needed to self-fund future relief programs and allow the market place to right everything. Linked to the British government’s belief in laissez-fair economics was its faith in providentialism. Trevelyan made the idea clear when he explained the Irish crisis as, “a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence, one which laid bare the deep and inveterate root of social evil.”
While the English blamed victims and debated ideology, hunger’s effects caused dysentery, fevers, and dropsy. Typhus, called Black Fever by those it was killing, turned a sufferers’ skin thin, brittle, and black. The Russell government created soup kitchens but, because they had to be paid for by dwindling Irish taxes, they were too few and most too far from rural areas. An increasingly common sight was entire families who had set out to find food and work – blackened skeletons in rags – laying side-by-side in ditches where they had died.
Landlords began hauling delinquent tenants to the docks. The first waves left for Canada. The hellish journeys lasted 40 – 90 days with cramped passengers suffering pots for communal toilets, thin and often rancid gruel, and all the while robbed of sleep by screaming hungry, babies and the incessant coughing of the sick and dying. Approximately 5,000 families carried loved one’s bodies from the fetid below-decks to ships’ rails where, after a few words of scripture, they were tossed into the roiling Atlantic. The vessels were dubbed Coffin Ships.
The emigration peak came in 1847 when 100,000 starving Irish migrants arrived in Quebec City. At one point in June, 40 Coffin Ships bobbed in a two-mile line waiting to be processed. Makeshift hospitals on Grosse Île helped emaciated people trying to survive their fifteen-day quarantine. But mass graves betrayed the growing tragedy. When Coffin Ships kept coming, some were waved through to Montreal and some further on to Kingston. Churches and charities did what they could to help the sick and settle the rest. Within weeks of arriving in Canada, 11, 543 died.
Desperate Irish families were also arriving in America. Unlike in Canada, where the majority were Protestant, most of those arriving in the United States were Catholic. This fact caused consternation among the predominantly Protestant public and public officials and spurred harsh immigration restrictions. Captains had to somehow guarantee that no passengers would ever become wards of the state. Passenger fares rocketed to three times that of ships heading to Canada and regulations restricted the number of people that could be aboard each ship. But the ships kept coming and the numbers swamped the rules. New York became home to more Irish people than Dublin.
As Irish immigrants moved into more American cities, anti-Irish, anti-Catholic prejudice and discrimination grew. This was nothing new. George Washington had spoken out against anti-Irish, anti-Catholic sentiments as far back as 1776. But in the 1840s, anti-Catholic street riots in New York and Philadelphia had raged for days. A sign appeared on store windows and factory gates: “No Irish Need Apply.”
Anti-Irish xenophobia played a significant role in creating a new political party called the Know-Nothings. Later renamed the American Party, it demanded a closing of borders to all immigrants, a 21-year waiting period for citizenship, and that foreign-born Americans be permanently banned from voting and holding public office. In 1855, the American party won 43 seats in the House of Representatives. American Party member and Massachusetts Governor Henry J. Gardiner attacked Irish and other immigrants as, “aliens born, aliens unnaturalized, and aliens entirely ignorant of our institutions.”
Irish migrants faced similar problems in Canada. The resentment and reaction were seen in Toronto. Between June and October 1847, 38,000 Irish economic refugees overwhelmed the city that had a population at the time of only 30,000. Many Irish families moved quickly through Toronto to join established Irish communities in places like Peterborough County, but that didn’t stem anger regarding the city’s changing demographic. George Brown was the influential owner and editor of the Globe and future Father of Confederation. He spoke for many when he observed, “Irish beggars are to be met everywhere, and they are ignorant and vicious as they are poor…They are lazy, improvident and unthankful; they fill our poorhouses and our prisons.”
Barred from integration, Toronto’s Irish congregated in Cabbagetown and in nearby Corktown, named after the county from which many had come. Many businesses refused to hire Irish people with the powerful anti-Catholic Orange Lodge bolstering anti-Irish feelings. To defend themselves, the Irish created the Hibernian Benevolent Society. Toronto witnessed 29 riots involving Orange Lodge members and Irish migrants. Orange Day parades and St. Patrick’s Day celebrations always sparked violence.
Irish Potato Famine Monument in Toronto (Photo: Toronto Star)
The potato famine reduced Ireland’s population from 8.4 million in 1844 to just 6.6 million six years later. About one million died of starvation and related diseases. Between 1845 and 1860, 360,000 Irish migrants settled in Canada and 1.7 million in the United States. It took a couple of generations, but the prejudice and discrimination directed at them slowly faded as they became contributing members of society and, in America, soldiers in the Civil War. The xenophobic hatred they endured remained but its cruellest wrath was refocused on newer newcomers.
So here we are again. Some want to help and others are eager to direct fear and hatred at the latest group of ‘others’ to arrive in search of better lives. Syrians and others from countries torn by war, political corruption, and economic catastrophes are the new Irish. Muslims are the new Catholics. They are gazing up at us in our fort, constructed years ago, without permission, in an Aboriginal tree. Mr. Trump and some seeking Canada’s Conservative Party leadership are urging us to push down the ladder. It’s up to us.
If you found this column interesting, please share it with others. You could also consider my other columns at http://www.johnboyko.ca or even my books available online at Chapters or Amazon or bookstores (if you can still find one). | <urn:uuid:a771553a-ae83-4065-9bc0-afe1f93c1f72> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://johnboyko.com/tag/immigration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038073437.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413152520-20210413182520-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.970306 | 1,843 | 2.75 | 3 |
What’s more, Vähk warned, the EU’s aim for countries to landfill no more than 10 percent of municipal waste by 2035 will unintentionally bolster incinerators’ appeal. “There’s a lot of pressure on minimizing landfill,” he said. That’s worrying, “because we don’t want to move from landfilling to incineration.”
It all comes as the EU is pushing to reduce waste, particularly plastic, by ratcheting up targets for composting and recycling, mandating that plastic bottles contain 30 percent recycled content by 2030, and banning—as of this July—single-use items such as cutlery, cups, and stirrers. The EU has also adopted a new “circular economy” plan that aims in the longer term to encourage better product design so reuse and recycling are easier.
Continued incineration, critics argue, could threaten those goals. Once built, they say, incinerators cannibalize recycling, because municipal governments are often locked in by contracts that make it cheaper to get their rubbish burned than to sort it for recyclers.
One nation now grappling with the legacy of its long embrace of incineration is Denmark. The country, one of Europe’s biggest waste producers, built so many incinerators that by 2018 it was importing a million tons of trash. The plants generate 5 percent of the country’s electricity and nearly a quarter of the heat in the local networks, known as district heating systems, said Mads Jakobsen, chairman of the Danish Waste Association, which represents municipal authorities and waste companies.
Pushing to meet ambitious carbon-cutting goals, Danish lawmakers agreed last year to shrink incineration capacity by 30 percent in a decade, with the closure of seven incinerators, while dramatically expanding recycling. “It’s time to stop importing plastic waste from abroad to fill empty incinerators and burn it to the detriment of the climate,” said Dan Jørgensen, the country’s climate minister.
But in focusing only on Denmark’s own carbon footprint, Jakobsen said, the country’s politicians had failed to consider what would happen to the waste Denmark turns away. And with loan repayments still due on many plants, he said, “I’m also concerned about the stranded costs. Who’s going to answer for those costs? Will it be the citizens in my municipality?”
Two regions of Belgium are also seeking to reduce incineration capacity. But few other parts of Europe are following suit. Indeed, some countries are planning new plants. Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania landfill most of their waste, and will probably need more incineration capacity, said Razgaitytė. Italy and Spain are among the others that may also build new plants, she said.
In central and eastern Europe, “there is very strong pressure and a lucrative market for new incinerators,” said Paweł Głuszyński, of the Society for Earth, a Polish advocacy group. Poland has about nine incinerators now, plus a similar number of cement plants that use processed waste as fuel, he said. Around 70 new projects are seeking approval, he said, including proposals to convert old coal plants to burn garbage instead. Poor enforcement in Poland means emissions of toxins such as dioxins and furans often reach hazardous levels, Głuszyński said, but tightening EU rules may help,
Britain, too, seems intent on pushing ahead with an expansion of burning, with dozens of new projects under consideration. Collectively, they would double current incineration capacity.
There are hints, though, that some of what’s on the drawing board may not materialize. Wales said last month it would put a moratorium on large new waste-to-energy plants, and consider an incineration tax. In February, Kwasi Kwarteng, Britain’s secretary for business, energy and industrial strategy, refused an application for a new incinerator in Kent, east of London, although he allowed expansion of an existing plant. In his decision, he said the project could hamper local recycling, reasoning that encouraged incinerator opponents. | <urn:uuid:86132405-2fa3-4628-8499-0571cad07a29> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://afarnews.com/in-europe-backlash-heats-up-over-garbage-incinerators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487641593.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618200114-20210618230114-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.95111 | 878 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In the Northern Hemisphere Winter Solstice, usually December 21, heralds both the time of deepest darkness and the beginning of the return to light. It is a liminal day offering a transformation from darkness to light.
In the mid-latitudes in the ten days after the winter solstice the hours of sunlight increase by only a few seconds up to a minute or so. The world slows down allowing a time to relish the quiet of long nights and the inspiration of winter dreams.
Our ancestors through out the world honored an aspect of the Dark Goddess at this time. Inanna, ancient Sumerian Goddess, played many roles for Her people. She was maiden, queen, gift giver, lover, and wife. She became a Dark Goddess when she heard the call of the Underworld, which was ruled by Her sister, Erishkigal. She passed through the seven gates and entered Her sister’s realm, naked and bowed low. She died and was reborn. But She was transformed by Her experience of the darkness, gaining maturity, depth and clarity of vision. She was required to choose an alternative to take Her place, assuring the cyclical nature of transformation. This was not an easy choice but She chose Her husband, Dumuzi. Out of all Her relations he was the only one who had not mourned Her death but instead had rejoiced in the resultant increase in his power.
One of the most well known stories about the transformative nature of this time of darkness is the Greek myth of Demeter and Persephone. Demeter, Earth Goddess of Grain had a daughter, Persephone. Persephone lived in the golden glow of her Mother’s love and protection.
But like all youth she was compelled by curiosity and divine force to begin a journey of completion. Persephone was walking in a meadow one day and she saw the beautiful narcissus flower – the flower of death. As she reached down to pick the flower, the earth split open, releasing Hades, the Lord of the Underworld. Hades then took Persephone, willingly or otherwise, in a Spiral Dance into the shadows of the underworld.
During this time Demeter was wild with grief. She searched and searched for Persephone. When She learned the truth of her abduction She caused all vegetation to die and wither on the vine. Finally, with Zeus’s urging, Hades relented and released Persephone. But before She reached the Land of Living she ate six pomegranite seeds thus sealing her fate of eventual return.
Like Inanna, she returned changed. She was filled with wisdom and knowledge of existence outside of her Mother’s realm. She had learned the power of transformation; from death to rebirth, from dark to light, lost to found, chaos to clarity, fear to transcendence. And she was the one who must return to the Underworld for six months every year, recognizing the transformative power of darkness and the cyclical nature of transformation.
The ancient Celts also recognized a goddess at this time. The Cailleach (KAL-y-ach), which literally translates as the “Veiled One” is an ancient Dark Goddess whose origins are unknown. When the Celts arrived in Ireland and Scotland She was there. She is the embodiment of winter, clothing the land with the whiteness of snow, ending the time of growth with the time of death and darkness. As “The Veiled One”, in the quiet, dark of winter, She rules the hidden worlds, reigning over our dreams and inner realities.
In one of Her stories, The Cailleach, as an old hag, seeks love from the hero. If he accepts Her, She then transforms into a beautiful young woman, symbolizing the transformation occurring in the depths of winter when the seeds lay dormant in the earth. Yet alive within this dormancy is the promise of rebirth in the spring, when Brigid picks up the mantle of the Goddess.
The Cailleach is the guardian of the life force, finding and nourishing the seeds, commanding the power of life and death. She personifies death and the transformative power of darkness. She leads us through death to rebirth.
The Winter Solstice is a perfect night to light a candle and meditate on the wisdom of these Goddesses. They invite us down the path toward our inner darkness, through the barren surface into the unconscious depths where healing and new life begins. They teach us that we must take charge of this journey of transformation fueled by our dreams, introspections and inspirations. They teach us that on the other side of every fear we find freedom; we must die to our old ways in order to be reborn. This quiet, dark time allows us to arrive at deeper levels of understanding and perception. May your night be warm and filled with dreams of inspiration.
Judith’s deck of Celtic Goddess Oracle Cards is available now. You can order your deck on Judith’s website. Experience the wisdom of the Celtic Goddesses!
Judith Shaw, a graduate of the San Francisco Art Institute, has been interested in myth, culture and mystical studies all her life. Not long after graduating from SFAI, while living in Greece, Judith began exploring the Goddess in her artwork. She continues to be inspired by the Divine Feminine in all of Her manifestations. Originally from New Orleans, Judith now makes her home in New Mexico where she paints and teaches part-time. She is currently hard at work on a deck of Celtic Goddess cards. Her work, which expresses her belief in the interconnectedness of all life, can be seen on her website at http://judithshawart.com | <urn:uuid:d0fd29c1-f8b4-4a5b-b665-eb44b8ae36a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://feminismandreligion.com/2013/12/21/winter-solstice-when-darkness-nurtures-light-by-judith-shaw/?replytocom=26659 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057524.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924110455-20210924140455-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.957409 | 1,161 | 3.328125 | 3 |
This app was removed from the App Store.
Everyday Mathematics® Baseball Multiplication™ 1-12 Facts
iOS Universal Education
The Baseball Multiplication 1–12 Facts game by McGraw-Hill offers a quick and easy way to practice and reinforce basic multiplication facts (1–12). This facts practice game runs on the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch.
Two players, representing 2 teams, play a 3-inning baseball game as they practice their 1–12 multiplication facts. The players take turns at bat. On most turns, the player at bat is pitched a pair of numbers. The player multiplies the numbers and then enters the product on a keypad. If the answer is correct, the batter hits a single, double, triple, or home run. On some turns, the pitch will result in an out instead of a pair of numbers. After 3 outs, it is the other player’s turn at bat. After 3 innings, the player with the most runs wins!
Features of Baseball Multiplication 1–12 Facts:
- 2 players (for extra practice, a single player can play as Player 1 and Player 2)
- 3 innings of competitive game play
- Practices basic multiplication facts from 1 to 12
- Correct and incorrect answer feedback
- Guided/Unguided play
- Full tutorial
- Compatible with iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch
Look for these other Everyday Mathematics® Games Apps:
- Addition Top-It™
- Subtraction Top-It™
- Name That Number™
- Beat the Computer™ Multiplication
- Equivalent Fractions™
- Monster Squeeze™
- Baseball Multiplication™ 1–6 Facts
- Divisibility Dash™
Everyday Mathematics® web site: everydaymath.com | <urn:uuid:c57212ca-9aa3-4ce9-bac8-601747946521> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://appshopper.com/education/everyday-mathematics%C2%AE-baseball-multiplication-1-12-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872766.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528091637-20180528111637-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.891903 | 376 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Exercise is as important for those with diabetes as it is for anyone else. The goal of most exercise regimens should be to work out at a moderate intensity for 30 minutes at least five days a week.
Patients with diabetes, however, need to take several exercise-related precautions:
• If you already have problems with your leg or foot nerves, choose exercises that will stress them as little as possible such as biking, swimming, rowing, or even chair exercises.
• If you do not have foot problems, take preventive measures. Choose athletic shoes that fit well and are not too tight, and wear comfortable cotton socks. After your workouts, visually check your feet carefully for any cuts, blisters, sores, or minor irritations. Because people with diabetes can be less sensitive than others to foot pain, you need to do this so you can treat any irregularity at its inception, before it develops into something difficult to heal.
• Avoid working with heavy weights if you have high blood pressure or diabetes-related blood vessel or eye complications.
• Track your blood sugar before, during, and after exercise. To avoid possibly damaging blood sugar swings, you need to learn how your body responds to exercise. Work with your physician to determine specific guidelines for you to follow.
• Prepare for any incidence of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) while you are exercising—as at any other time—by always having a source of 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates on hand. The most portable include two tablespoons of raisins, five pieces of hard candy, or three five-gram glucose tablets. Consider having a second helping available, in case you still do not feel better 15 minutes after taking the first.
• Stay hydrated by drinking lots of fluids before, during, and after exercise, as well.
If you have diabetes, see us for an individualized program that will take into account your current fitness level and fitness goals. Such a regimen will help maintain your blood sugar levels, and increase your strength and range of motion, flexibility, gait, balance, posture, joint mobility, and soft-tissue tightness, to reduce the risk of falling and the injuries caused by those falls.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kim Gladfelter, MPT, OCS, FAAOMPT
Women's Health Physical Therapy Specialist at PhysioFit Physical Therapy & Wellness
Kim Gladfelter is a physical therapist, Pilates instructor, educator, author, and co-founder of PhysioFit Physical Therapy & Wellness. She is known as a keen, well-rounded expert of healing through movement and women’s health specialist in the Silicon Valley area.
Kim has helped men and women of all ages to stay active and feel their best. She also writes about managing pain in her health columns, blogs and the local Los Altos Town Crier newspaper as well as reaches out to the local community, support groups, schools, libraries, and sports centers to advise and educate on body awareness and therapeutic exercise. | <urn:uuid:f517c8b4-a2b7-4bbe-9547-bfdf351daaf5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://physiofitpt.com/safe-exercise-for-patients-with-diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.958255 | 621 | 2.8125 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- transitive v. To make into, treat as, or give the character of an institution to.
- transitive v. To make part of a structured and usually well-established system: a society that has institutionalized injustice.
- transitive v. To place (a person) in the care of an institution.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. to establish as a normal practice
- v. to commit a person to confinement in an institution
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To turn into an institution; give institutional form or order to.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- v. cause to be admitted; of persons to an institution
Sorry, no etymologies found.
"But if you concentrate on blocks or certain neighborhoods, then you kind of institutionalize the block, and that's not the goal for people with disabilities, and it's not the goal for our neighborhoods, either."
To enhance the U.S. ability to "infiltrate and combat enemy forces," the panel calls on Gates to "institutionalize" programs that develop "indigenous capacity to infiltrate and disrupt local terrorist networks," including "mapping complex and social landscapes, understanding relationships among key actors in insurgencies, [and] identifying the key goals of marginalized groups that could lead them to be recruited by terrorists."
We have to find a way to "institutionalize" the Tonies of the world so all children are educated to their fullest potential, not just the few who were lucky enough to be born with parents who have the resources to negotiate school systems and provide all sorts of outside support.
Spirituality belongs to itself, not old men in dresses (theologians) who "institutionalize" what should be eternally transcendent.
This session will highlight the multiple approaches taken by the ACCESS Project to "institutionalize" universal design for learning principles and measure their effectiveness.
Responding to GOP claims that he pulled back from bipartisan talks and that his financial reform bill would "institutionalize" government bailouts, Senate Banking Committee Chairman
Republican Leader Mitch McConnell has said it would "institutionalize" government bailouts.
We "institutionalize" people with mental illnesses.
Individual faculty members and student groups have long been involved with Providence schools, but Brown began to "institutionalize" the relationship and broaden its scope after the University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice recommended three years ago that Brown make new commitments to the district, said Professor of Education Kenneth Wong, who chairs the department.
In his speech President Vazquez underlined the need to "institutionalize" the future steps for a fluid transition process so that the whole action is done "responsibly, is transparent, open and comprehensive" to the benefit of citizens and for the good international image of Uruguay. | <urn:uuid:528b6909-770a-41a5-a006-91801c5bf9d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/institutionalize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678190.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00206-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942097 | 619 | 2.9375 | 3 |
2.21 Ancient people and metals
Finding the correct rocks to dig out of the ground does not happen by accident. In this section you will look at how ancient and modern humans have found the metals they need.
Have you ever wondered how geologists find minerals and work out where mines should go? And how did ancient people like those of the Bronze Age find metals?
Copper was the first metal to be worked by humans. In northern Iraq, 8000-year-old copper beads have been found. Then, 6000 years ago, gold was used in burial sites in Bulgaria, and apart from a lead bracelet that is 5500 years old, the only metals humans used for over 4000 years were gold and copper. But why?
The simple answer is that these metals, and a few others, occur in their ‘native forms’ – as a naturally occurring piece of metal, not combined with other elements to form a mineral. These ancient people wouldn’t have had to extract it from the rock themselves. They probably found them as nuggets in rivers, just like people do today if they go panning for gold (if they are lucky!). Later, they would have found layers of the native metals in the rocks (we call these ‘veins’) and mined those.
Once the majority of these nuggets had been exhausted, new sources of these metals had to be found. The main reason copper was used a lot was because its ore minerals (minerals that contain metals) are easy to find because of their amazing colours.
Do you know the colour most typically associated with copper (apart from the coppery orange–brown colour of the native metal)? It’s a blue–green colour. You may have seen it on buildings or statues and not actually known it was copper. The copper oxidises when exposed to the ‘wet’ atmosphere, producing a pigmentation commonly known as verdigris. The most famous example of a copper object showing this colour is probably the Statue of Liberty in the USA.
Natural copper minerals also have blue–green colours, such as malachite and chalcopyrite, so these were easy for ancient humans to find.
Can you think of any other buildings or statues near you that are the same colour as the Statue of Liberty? | <urn:uuid:0844bcd7-35f0-47b5-bbe6-44586bf3bb51> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=65872§ion=22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00820.warc.gz | en | 0.977174 | 476 | 4.09375 | 4 |
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Only a healthy pet is a happy companion. Assuring your pet's daily well-being requires regular care and close attention to any hint of ill health. The American Veterinary Medical Association therefore suggests that you consult your veterinarian if your pet shows any of the following signs:
* Abnormal discharges from the nose, eyes, or other body openings.
* Abnormal behavior, sudden viciousness, or lethargy.
* Abnormal lumps, limping, or difficulty getting up or lying down.
* Loss of appetite, marked weight losses or gains, or excessive water consumption.
* Difficult, abnormal, or uncontrolled waste elimination.
* Excessive head shaking, scratching, and licking or biting any part of the body.
* Dandruff, loss of hair, open sores, or a ragged or dull coat.
* Foul breath or excessive tarter deposits on teeth.
Heartworm has been diagnosed in dogs in all parts of the world and is actually very common. This may be due to the fact that heartworm has a virtual 100% prevalence rate in unprotected dogs living in highly endemic areas. Heartworm, also known as Dirofilaria immitis, is transmitted by mosquitoes. The mosquito injects a microscopic larvae which grows into an adult worm six to eighteen inches long inside the heart of the affected dog.
The worms can cause mild symptoms, such as coughing, but with time, more severe symptoms such as congestive heart failure, weight loss, fluid build up in the abdomen, fainting spells, anemia, collapse, and death usually occur.
Luckily we have several excellent medications which can prevent heartworm if given as directed. There are oral medications which need to be given monthly, and which also help protect against some intestinal parasites. There is one topical medication which is also applied monthly. An injectable medication, ProHeart, which is administered every six months, is back on the market after being withdrawn for several years.
Even if a dog has been given preventatives, it is still important to have annual checkups for heartworms by doing a blood test. Many people are not totally compliant about giving the preventive medication on time, and no medication works perfectly. If a dog has heartworms and it is given a dose of preventative, there can be a reaction that is detrimental to the dog, even deadly.
Heartworms were once thought to be rare in cats. Now we know the incidence is anywhere from 10% to 50% of the canine rate. Heartworm disease in cats is different than in dogs. Cats usually test negative on the routine blood test done in the hospital, the worms are smaller and usually do not produce microfilaria which are like baby heartworms that circulate in the bloodstream. Veterinarians have to do different tests, sometimes more than one, to diagnose heartworms in cats.
The symptoms in cats are different also. Cats usually have asthma signs or cough, even vomit. Cats can die acutely. The treatment for adult heartworms in dogs is expensive and potentially harmful to the dog. This is why it is much better to just prevent them in the first place. There is not a treatment for adult heartworms in cats. Many veterinarians are now recommending monthly heartworms preventative for cats in addition to dogs, since heartworm can be such a serious problem.
A common parasite, fleas are found in almost every area of the world and can be found on dogs, cats, and many other mammals. They survive year to year even in cold climates because they live on pets, in buildings, and on wild animals.
There are four stages to the flea life cycle. Eggs are laid by an adult female flea which is on a host. The eggs roll off into the environment and after a few days they mature into larvae. Larvae survive by eating eat flea feces, flea egg shells, organic debris, and other flea larvae. They can crawl and move as far as six inches per day. After a few days, and once conditions are conducive, larvae mature into pupae. Pupae have very thick shells and are very resistant to environmental conditions. After a few days, and once the pupae detect a host is present, they mature into adult fleas that hop on another host.
There are many types of flea treatments. Unfortunately, there is no one drug or chemical that can kill all four stages of the flea. There are several types of good products to kill adult fleas: Activyl, Frontline, Advantage, Comfortis, Capstar, Revolution, and others. Older products of various formulations of synthetic pyrethrins are also available, some of which are highly toxic to cats. Lufenuron and methoprene are chemicals that work on immature stages of the flea, although there is no chemical that will kill the pupal stage.
Fleas are the number one allergen of dogs and cats and can cause severe skin disease and itching. Another reason fleas should be treated is due to the fact that they can carry and spread several serious diseases, such as tapeworms, Cat scratch disease (Bartonella), murine typhus, and the bubonic plague.
Your veterinarian can help you with a flea control program depending on what kind of pets you have and the level of flea infestation. Control may involve treating the environment as well as the pets. Contact your veterinarian today for more information about the treatment options available for your pet!
Sign up using the form below or call 702-823-4000 to make an appointment.
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I really like this place. Staff is always friendly, great custumer service over the phone. Even do is really far from me its worth the drive and I always recommend it to my friends and family. | <urn:uuid:d41ce450-91b8-4e5f-bed1-6e8e2afd4cfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://caringhandsvetlv.com/services/preventative-care.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122739.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00454-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945629 | 1,326 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Today, 29th September is Michaelmas Day, the feast day of St Michael which has become a combined feast for the archangels Michael, Raphael and Gabriel. The traditions of the Christian feast of St. Michael and All Angels are heavily blended with much more ancient traditions of harvest time and the necessity to appease the harvest deities.
In Scotland, Michaelmas is a harvest festival and in certain areas a traditional harvest bannock, or “Struan Micheil” made of oats, barley and rye (the fruits of the harvest) It should have been prepared yesterday, Michaelmas Eve, in readiness for blessing by the priest today. A type of unleavened bread it is cooked before the fire on a stone or griddle.
But, if the ritual and method of making are not exactly right, all manner of evil may fall upon your kith and kin in the coming year. The awful responsibility for the faultless production of the bread falls upon the eldest daughter of the household.
This involves a peck (8 Imperial quarts) of flour milled from grain, in equal proportion to those grown on the farm, being mixed with an appropriate amount of sheeps’ milk into dough, which is then placed on a “struan-flag” a large flat stone and placed before the fire. During the baking a batter of cream, eggs, and butter is daubed over the dough to enrich it.
The traditional dinner for Michaelmas is goose. The geese, fat from grazing the harvest stubble at this time of year, are a part of the livestock that has to be culled before the onset of winter. Michaelmas, being one of the old quarter days of the rural calendar, the four days in the year when rents and tithes were paid, and servants were hired or paid.
Many agreements specified livestock such as goose as payment. It is also how Michaelmas came to be the time for electing magistrates and also the beginning of legal, university and school terms.
“Eat a goose on Michaelmas Day,
Want not for money all the year”
Therefore we need a good traditional goose recipe. Sage and onion are the best known traditional accompaniments as are apples (since it is also apple harvest time.)
This recipe then uses apples and remains loyal to the Scottish theme. It comes from Scotlands first cookbook, Mrs McLintocks ‘Receipts for Cookery and Pastry‑Work’ published in 1736. Please be aware that green in this context means young and fresh rather than decomposing flesh.
To smother green Geese.
Take a young fat Goose, fill their belly with butter, Apples, Cinnamon and Nutmeg, sew up their belly, and boil her in strong broth, then coddle two Dozen of large Apples, pare them, and take out the core, beat them well with Sugar, Cinnamon, and a little fresh butter and white Wine, when the goose is well boiled, lay her in the Plate, and put the Apples over her.
“The Michaelmas Daisies, among dede weeds,
Bloom for St Michael’s valorous deeds.
And seems the last of flowers that stood,
Till the feast of St. Simon and St. Jude”
It is also the last day of the year on which blackberries may be picked. Overnight the berries will have been afflicted by the breath of the devil and therefore have become deadly to the soul! | <urn:uuid:1576ab62-1e32-40a0-a1f2-50471190002f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://grannyrobertsonscookbook.com/2015/09/29/michaelmas-goose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.951 | 726 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Back in the days when sugar barons own large pieces of land that makes a hacienda, Negros was the biggest sugar producer in the country. The wealth of the island of Negros is from its volcanic soil, which is ideal for agriculture. The collapse of the textile industry in the 19th century attracted Spaniards from Spain and Manila, the French and people from neighboring provinces, which started the sugar industry. But what are known as the Negrense Hacienderos (sugar barons) are from its neighbor Ilo-ilo in origin and ancestry.
The expansion of the sugar industry in the 1850’s and the opening of the Suez canal flooded Bacolod with European fineries and artworks. Baroque churches and sprawling mansions rose across the Negros landscape and Spanish culture blossomed in the tropics.
Silay’s most famous landmark is the Church of San Diego.
The Negrenses lived the good life in those days. The golden years of the sugar magnate, however came to an end in the 1980’s and the sugar industry swiftly declined leaving many tycoons landless.
Many however held on to their ancestral homes, turning them to galleries or museums. Some actually still live in it like that of our hosts’ residence, where we stayed during our stay. The house was once used as a set for Oro Plata, Mata, a well-acclaimed film of period setting.
Silay and its neighboring towns such as Talisay abound in well-preserved ancestral homes and aside from staying in one, we dropped in on some. Come, let’s explore some of these houses together.
Balay ni Tana Dicang
One house that is in perhaps the best state of preservation is the stately 1880 “bahay-na-bato” (literally house of stone) of Don Efigenio Lizares y Tyeres and Doña Enrica “Dicang” Alunan y Labayon built in coral stone and various hardwood. Engaged in the production of sugar and owning several haciendas, they built their 1st house of modest size, it however was burned down by the guerillas during World War I. What is standing today is their 2nd house built in 1880 in Talisay, larger than the first hence the name Balay Dako (big house). The couple had seventeen children, Efigenio died in 1902, leaving his widow to raise fifteen children (2 died early) on her own for the next 4 decades. Kapitana Dicang as she was popularly known (which was later shortened to just Tana Dicang) assumed the management of the haciendas and continued to acquire more. She was an extremely enterprising lady, apart from being a great haciendera, she was a grocer, cigar manufacturer and a famous confectionery as well. How she raised her children was one that was instilled in stern discipline in the family and her sons and daughters took her word as law.
The bust of Don Efigenio and Tana Dicang
That’s a set of encyclopedia.
Windows were made of capiz shells
This recently opened balay, although not as famous as Balay Negrense, echoes the lifestyle of past splendor down to the chinas, furnitures and other accessories.
The ground floor houses K (for Kapitana) gallery and the stairway leads to the entrance hall on the 2nd floor. The floors are from “balayong” wood custom cut – meaning the floor planks stretched from one point to the other in one piece.
Balay ni Tana Dicang 36 Rizal St., Talisay City Negros Occidental For details call: (34)4952104
More houses to come… For a glimpse of other worlds, click here. | <urn:uuid:548252c6-75ad-46c6-b329-106a8e0609d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://zeal4adventure.com/2009/04/21/negros-heritage-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986703625.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020053545-20191020081045-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.975244 | 814 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The snippet from Henry James’ “The Art of Fiction,” he represents a novel (and other examples of art by extension) as a flower saying that some of these works of art have the smell of reality. He then his alters his metaphor to a nosegay (Henry James). While nosegay can refer to a posies specifically or a small bouquet of flowers in general, James uses words like air, air-borne, atmosphere, suspended, faint, and particle to play up the smell related aspects of the word, nosegay and bring one’s attention to the smell related meanings of the word such as sweet smelling flowers, herbs, or perfume (Oxford English Dictionary). When James relates a finished piece of art to a nosegay, he is saying that realist art (while not actually real) has suspended within its unreality the faint air-borne particle that reminds the audience of the atmosphere of reality. Therefore, art can never truly represent the real.
In James’ “The Real Thing,” the Monarchs are unfit subjects for realist representation in sketches because they are already a convincing representation of reality. The artist initially assumes that the Monarchs are celebrities, and the porter’s wife announces them as “a gentleman—with a lady” (The Real Thing, Chapter 1). However, throughout the story he receives several hints that they are not the upper-class individuals that they seem to be. They had once made a living taking portraits for advertisements but had fallen on hard times. Now, they have no money. They live in a small apartment. They are forced to beg the artist for work. And once the artist realizes that he cannot do anything with them, he continues to employ them as charity (Chapters 1-3).
If they were actual aristocrats, they would not have been working for their wages in the first place. And if they had fallen on hard times, they would have been taken in by their relatives or friends who had room and money for them. The simple fact that they had no family or friends to give them somewhere to live shows that they only pretend to be aristocracy. But the Monarchs ability to act and dress refined is so good that that artist never questions their airs of aristocracy. Therefore, the reason that the artist is unable to convincingly draw them any other way than the way they look is because he is being influenced by Henry James’ nosegay effect. The Monarchs have created an atmosphere with suspended particles of the scent of aristocracy. | <urn:uuid:5ade31fe-e38d-416c-b44c-77359b6cd744> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://therichardbraxton.wordpress.com/2015/09/09/the-nosegay-effect-how-to-smell-real/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.981513 | 518 | 3.140625 | 3 |
For a busy, burgeoning country like China; bursting at the seams with people, buildings and vehicles, it comes as no surprise that they struggle with pollution. For the mountainous regional city of Liuzhou, the pollution levels have not yet reached dire straits, but if they do not address this issue pronto, the city’s atmospheric health will of course get worse over time. Liuzhou’s Municipality Urban Planning department has commissioned a design firm to create a 175-hectare Forest City which will run along the Liujiang River in the northern part of Liuzhou. Towers that will be covered in thousands of trees and a million plants; more than 100 different species. The idea has become known as “Vertical ForestING”; a trend that is perhaps set to take over architecture the world over. The concept is based on giving back to nature, as well as perhaps slowing down climate change and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
On June 26th it was announced that Italian design firm Stefano Boeri Architetti will create what they call a ‘forest city’ thaty will be able to help address the smog levels. The idea is that the neighbourhood will comprise of plant covered towers to help reduce pollution levels. But we are not talking about a few measly trees. The skyscrapers will hold a whopping 1100 trees and thousands of cascading shrubs on the rooftops and balconies. That means that the plants that will be used in each tower would cover approx 7000 metres squared on flat land! How incredible is that!!?? On top of that, the majority of the buildings energy requirements will be fueled from renewable sources such as solar power. The direct result of the plants within the tower structures will absorb 10000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, as well as 57 tonnes of pollutants each year. This is as effective as taking 2100 cars off the roads.
The two tower complex, called Nanjing Green Towers is modeled on a similar concept that Boeri designed and completed in Milan in 2014. They also have a similar concept being executed in Switzerland in the coming year. Luizhou’s “forest city” set in China’s mountainous region is set to be a reality by 2020. Whilst the impact that two towers will have on the pollution levels of the city will be minimal, they serve a blueprint for creating whole ‘forest cities’. If the Chinese government is able to change the mindset of growth and progress to include creating green cities, not simply perpetuating the problem of expanding, exceeding limits and putting such immense pressure on the surrounding natural environment, then buildings such as these may help combat the pollution problem in the future.
Boeri writes; “The diffusion of plants, not only in the parks and gardens or along the streets, but also over building facades, will allow the energy self-sufficient city to contribute to improve the air quality (absorbing both CO2 and fine dust of 57 tons per year), to decrease the average air temperature, to create noise barriers and to improve the biodiversity of living species, generating the habitat for birds, insects and small animals that inhabit the Liuzhou territory.”
What do you think- do these forest cities have a place in the world in the future? Or do you feel it is a misguided waste of time and energy? | <urn:uuid:b9deb2b8-91d6-4e23-b919-ad3fdbeacb65> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.floristwithflowers.com.au/blog/2017/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517376.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023195531-20181023221031-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.96211 | 681 | 3.15625 | 3 |
“Eight Days A Week,” “Nowhere Man,” “Hey Jude,” “I Should Have Known Better,” “Blackbird,” “I’ve Just Seen A Face,” “Help,” “Rocky Raccoon.”
As you, my knowledgeable reader, knows; these are all titles of songs recorded by The Beatles. And, if you were to look each of them up in a Beatles’ songbook, you would find that their (original) publishing company Northern Songs credits them all as having been written by John Lennon & Paul McCartney.
The truth of the matter is that, except at the very beginning, John and Paul did not actually write songs together. As producer George Martin told Lennon biographer Ray Coleman in 1985: “They never really collaborated. They were always songwriters who helped each other with little bits and pieces. One would have most of a song finished, play it to the other, and he’d say: ‘Well, why don’t you do this?’ That was just about the way their collaboration worked.”
In 1989, author William J. Dowlding wrote Beatlesongs. In his book, Dowlding chronicles every song written and recorded by The Beatles and claims to be “the first attempt to quantify the contributions they (John, Paul, George and Ringo) made.” More specifically, as Dowlding explains in the book’s introduction: “Credit for each song’s creation is apportioned based on all the information that could be amassed.”
For instance, according to Beatlesongs, “Eight Days A Week” is 70% by Paul and 30% by John. “Blackbird” is 95% by Paul and 5% by John. “Nowhere Man,” “I Should Have Known Better” and “Help” are 100% by John. “Rocky Raccoon,” “Hey Jude” and “I’ve Just Seen A Face” are 100% by Paul.
The songs on the list at the beginning of this post have one other thing in common: they are all songs that I use often in my teaching. Year after year, I continue to find that (amazingly and thankfully) they are also songs that budding teenage guitarists are still excited to learn how to play. Among the songs that I most frequently introduce to my students are “Eight Days A Week,” “Blackbird” and “Rocky Raccoon.”
In a recent guitar lesson, after putting the finishing touches on “Blackbird” in preparation for performing the song in an up-coming student concert, a student asked me: “What did guitar students learn how to play before The Beatles?”
As I put the finishing touches on this blog post here in New Hampshire, it is Monday evening, June 18, 2012. Wherever he is in the world, Paul McCartney turned 70 years old today.
Happy Birthday Paul.
Thanks for the songs!
P.S.: Do you, dear reader, have a favorite “Paul song?” Leave a comment! | <urn:uuid:5937605b-b5db-4f20-bac1-ea0aa6ac205a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://sixstrstories.com/2012/06/19/this-historic-day-in-music-paul-mccartney/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887535.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118171050-20180118191050-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.975478 | 691 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Internal Combustion Engines create Carbon Monoxide through incomplete combustion of
gasoline, diesel, or propane fuels. CO concentrations can and often exceed OSHA
Permissible Exposure Limits but are not monitored and therefore lead to serious injury and death.
SAM monitors CO concentrations, alerts the operator, and shuts down
the application prior to a medical emergency.
Two Carpenters Died Of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Secondary To Running A Gas Powered Engine In A Confined Space (Basement Of A Home)
Hundreds of people have been poisoned because small gasoline-powered engines produced hazardous concentrations of CO even in open buildings.
Two employees of a pharmacy in Vermont fainted within four hours after arriving for work; at a local hospital emergency department, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning was diagnosed.
Copyright © 2018 SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES - All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending | <urn:uuid:bf9d9039-45c5-40e7-9e88-493fae194e95> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://safeairmonitors.com/learn-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.891993 | 181 | 2.859375 | 3 |
JCU Master of Science Candidate for Marine Biology Kelley Meehan has some excellent advice if you’re getting into the water with Australia’s incredibly diverse sea creatures.
“I know it looks super fun and seems like it's a memorable, ‘cool’ experience to touch a shark on the Great Barrier Reef, or hold a sea star, or pat a seal or whale, or pick up a sea turtle. I'm here to explain to you why you need to NOT DO THAT.
1. You are a danger: humans are reasonably robust mid-sized creatures with a developed musculature and strong bones. It is incredibly easy to unintentionally break, crush, or otherwise harm smaller, more delicate creatures (read: coral, sea stars, sea cucumbers, jellies, etc.) Sea stars can die if removed from water for too long, so don't kill it because you wanted a selfie. You don't know how to hold wildlife safely and you WILL hurt it. (A)
2. You are IN danger: compared to some ocean beasts, humans are pansy china dolls. A small shark can bite enough to incur large amounts of blood loss and stitches, not to mention a significant hospital stay and possible death. A large shark can take your limbs off, or kill you with one well-placed bite. A bikini or a neoprene wetsuit is not going to protect you. Leave them alone. (B)
3. Humans carry germs: the bacteria on your hands and oils on your skin can be toxic to various marine life. Additionally, there are indications that human viruses can be passed to and harm coral reefs. (C)
4. Marine animals are venomous. A strike from a Cone shell is more toxic than most snakes and can kill you in minutes. Blue Ringed octopi and stonefish are also incredibly deadly. (D)
5. Touching and, even worse, feeding wildlife can cause them to abandon their natural instincts to avoid humans and boats, putting them at risk of infections, boat strikes, and other human dangers. Additionally, this can cause species to become aggressive after they learn people = food (think dingoes on Fraser Island). This also damages their ability to find food naturally. (E)
Now, some frequently asked questions:
1. What if it's for research?
Research interactions are conducted under rigorous ethics laws by trained scientists or students. These interactions can include tagging and are done to further knowledge. These are not for fun, and are limited to the minimum possible interaction.
2. What if it comes up to me and touches me?
If it wants to touch you, it's allowed to, and that is reasonably acceptable. However, understand this is not a normal behaviour, and you should not encourage it. If an animal comes up to you, you should not interact with it if possible. That being said, don't shove it away either. That's bad, too. Try to get away yourself.
3. Kelley, you hypocrite, you have animal pics on your social media?
I do have animal pics online. Why? I am working towards a Master of Science, majoring in marine biology, after completing an undergrad degree in the same field. I have training in marine animal handling and husbandry, which is conducted under supervision by professionals. Any pictures on my social media were taken during supervised research. Additionally, I volunteer weekly at a wildlife sanctuary and regularly interact with animals there under supervision by trained professionals. There are some photographs from this, as well. I have also had an exceptionally rare instance of a sea turtle approaching me on the reef. I did not instigate this nor did I try to touch it, but backed away until I hit the reef itself. At no point did it touch me, nor did I touch it.
I have photos online because this field is my life, not for the likes.
Don't touch it. Just don't. Do the right thing. Not the ‘cool’ thing.”
Give Kelley a follow on Instagram to keep up with her adventures on the Great Barrier Reef: @kelley_meehan
If you’d like to get up close and personal with Australia’s sea life, in a responsible way, consider JCU Marine Biology.
Allison WR (1996). Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 15(4), pp. 215-218.
Barker NHL, Roberts CM (2004). Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation 120(4), pp. 481-489.
Lord D (2017). Why shark attacks could be on the rise around the world. Atlanta Journal Constitution [online: https://www.ajc.com/news/national/why-shark-attacks-could-the-rise-around-the-world/BBeH5zATHFszvTqxm9km4K/]
Florida Museum (2018). International Shark Attack File. University of Florida [online: https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/]
Lipp EK, Jarrell JL, Griffin DW, Lukasik J, Jacukiewicz J, Rose JB (2002). Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44(7), pp. 666-670.
Sutherland KP, Shaban S, Joyner JL, Porter JW, Lipp EK (2011). Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Elkhorn Coral Acropora palmata. PLOS ONE 6(8), e23468.
Kohn AJ (2016). Human injuries and fatalities due to venomous marine snails of the family Conidae. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 54(7), pp. 524-538.
Queensland Museum (2019) Stonefish. Queensland Museum Network sponsored by Queensland Government [online: http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Animals+of+Queensland/Fishes/Venomous+fishes/Stonefish#.XEU1Js8zYWp]
Orams MB (2002). Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts. Tourism Management 23(3), pp. 281-293.
Burns GL, Howard P (2003). When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia. Tourism Management 24(6), pp. 699-712. | <urn:uuid:dee98e35-5996-4abc-880c-fc58b65c58fa> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.jcu.edu.au/brighter/articles/what-not-to-do-on-the-great-barrier-reef | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.917729 | 1,393 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Quick Appointment Form
Other common findings are xerostomia (decreased salivary flow,dry mouth)
Sharp teeth Sensitivity to hot and cold Early precancerous lesions like leukoplakia, lichen planus Oral fungal infections like candidiasis
*Can dental pain elevate blood sugar level?
Dental pain (pulpitis) increases more on lying down. Dental pains are more during night hours compromising the patients sleep, chewing efficiency and oral hygiene.The above conditions will lead to stress that elevate blood sugar level.
Dirt deposits (plaque and calculus) will lead to gingival inflammation. Gingival inflammation when untreated will lead to periodontal disease. Periodontal disease progresses to bone loss leading to mobility of teeth and tooth loss.
*If missing teeth are not replaced what are the sequel ?
If missing teeth are not replaced the remaining teeth migrate to the edentulous space causing disturbance to the occlusion of tooth contact.
*What is the importance of chewing properly when eating?
Diabetic patients are recommended to take greens ,vegetables and fibre rich food and less carbohydrate.. Patients who are partially edentulous, with loose mobile tooth or dental pain chew their food partially and swallow which leads to indigestion , acidity,gastric problems etc… Patients with above problems tend to eat soft food which are less in fibre content and more in carbohydrate which can elevate the blood glucose level.
*How often to have a dental visit and why ?
It is mandatory to have a regular dental check up once in 6 months which can avoid major dental problems like periodontitis. Oral prophylaxis(professional cleaning).
Patients with regular brushing habits,mouth gargling habits can also deposit plaque and calculus which is the causative factor for periodontal disease. Regular brushing cannot approach all surfaces of teeth and hence thorough cleaning is needed from time to time. Dental cleaning can prevent dental diseases and their progression.
Dental treatments available in our setup:
- 1.Dental consultation
- 2.Oral prophylaxis (Cleaning)
- 3.Simple and surgical extraction
- 4.Incision and drainage of dental abscess.
- 5.Flap surgery and curettage
- 6.Dental fillings(cosmetic fillings)
- 7.Replacement of teeth.
- a.Partial & Full replacement
- b.Dental implants
- 8.Temperomandibular joint problems
- a.soft splint ,hard splint therapy
- b.Bite raising therapy
- 9.Oral biopsy
- 10.Root canal therapy and crowns.
Brush twice a day, Floss and use a Mouth rinse for a healthy and happy smile
Proper Brushing Method | <urn:uuid:30cf339b-b281-4d62-927c-ff6e59ca4853> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://drmohans.com/patient-care/diabetic-dental-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171900.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00203-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86067 | 586 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Editor's Note: Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicate that several species formerly placed in Oporornis (tolmiei, philadelphia, and formosus) are more closely related to Geothlypis species than to Oporornis sensu stricto. See the 52nd Supplement to the AOU Checklist of North American Birds for details. Future revisions of this account will reflect these changes.
A relatively common breeder in disturbed areas of North America's boreal forest, the Mourning Warbler is an early successional species that nests in clearings caused by humans or by natural disturbances. Second growth in these clearings is dense, dominated by shrubs, thickets, and deciduous and conifer saplings, with little or no canopy. This warbler feeds primarily on insects by gleaning foliage, on or near the ground, where it also nests. It winters in Central and northern South America, where it also prefers disturbed areas with thick undergrowth. A secretive species, very little is known about its migratory behavior and ecology.
A member of the genus Oporornis—along with the Kentucky (O. formosus), Connecticut (O. agilis) and MacGillivray's (O. tolmiei) warblers—the Mourning Warbler is the only member of this genus whose breeding range comes into at least minimal contact with breeding members of all these other three species. The Mourning Warbler is closest in plumage and behavior to its western counterpart, the MacGillivray's Warbler. The species status of these two warblers has intrigued ornithologists for years. Some authorities considered them subspecies based on morphological similarities and suspected cases of hybridization. Others have considered them distinct species because of their erratic contact on the breeding grounds, distinct song types, different patterns of geographic variation in song, and differences in skeletal dimensions. Recently, Irwin et al. (2009) described a hybrid zone in the southern Peace Region of British Columbia near Dawson Creek. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA, chromosome markers and plumage are consistent with extensive hybridization in the zone of overlap. This region deserves special attention, especially analyses of song variation within the contact zone and reactions of females and territorial males to playback of allopatric versus sympatric song types.
Much of what we know about the breeding biology and life history of this species is based on an early study by Cox's (Cox 1960) in Minnesota. More recently, Mourning Warblers have been the subject of many studies of ecological forestry and the impact of different forest management practices on bird communities in boreal Canada and the northeastern United States. These studies have shown this species to be a resilient one, capable of adapting to a variety of different silvicultural practices. It immediately colonizes new clearings, usually within 1–2 yr of tree harvesting, but numbers begin to decline 7–10 yr later. Some ornithologists have expressed concern over this and other fugitive species that chase early second growth, rapidly appearing and disappearing with natural ecological succession in boreal forests. Extensive human exploitation in the form of logging, mining, oil exploration, agriculture and prescribed burning continues to provide a constant supply of breeding habitat throughout much of the breeding range. This warbler may be one of North America's few Neotropical migrants that has benefited from human disturbance. | <urn:uuid:7d7f6725-2dd5-476a-b465-1a5dd20eba5e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/mouwar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216718.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820160510-20180820180510-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.937292 | 696 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Weather change has grow to be a frequently mentioned concern above the past a long time, but in the very last 12 months there has been much more and more discussion about it. The purpose for this is that there is scarcely a working day which goes by now with out there currently being a main information tale about abnormal temperature patterns.
Just this Summer and Autumn (2007), we have observed floods in the British isles, and in the US. Drought in elements of Australia has been even far more acute that usual, and Greece and California have seasoned huge forest fires. Nonetheless, by far the most dramatic has been the completely sudden extent of the melting of the north west passage in the Arctic, and we have all seen the satellite images displaying a considerably shrunken ice cap right across the entire Arctic location.
International climate change is the single biggest environmental risk facing the earth. Local climate alter can happen by natural means, and numerous argue that regardless of the bulk scientific view that the lead to is human exercise, the trigger is normal. Other folks argue that the increase on carbon dioxide in the environment sounds as if it has risen massively, the real sum in comparison with the other gases is nonetheless really modest. They purpose that as it is even now a quite modest proportion of our atmosphere, how could it be obtaining the influence attributed to it?
Even so, in spite of inquiries of this type, the weather change or global warming we have seen does match the increase in human inhabitants and action given that the begin of the industrial revolution, and it would be a unusual male certainly who could deny that. Hence, most of us are starting to acknowledge worldwide warming as a truth, and furthermore that human caused weather modify is a truth.
Climate adjust impacts will selection from influencing agriculture, additional endangering foodstuff security, sea-degree increase and the accelerated erosion of coastal zones, in addition escalating intensity of normal weather conditions extremes. The reality of local climate alter, and mankind’s causal position in the method, are specifics that must now be universally approved.
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are most likely to further speed up the rate of climate adjust. Sadly, it will be the bad, the younger, and the weak who will experience most. Young children in creating nations are very likely to confront the greatest dangers from local weather alter.
Even so, we must not despair. There is considerably to be done, and significantly that can be carried out which will make a variation. The Kyoto Protocol is the worldwide prepare to decrease weather alter air pollution. Europe has led the diplomatic initiatives which created the Kyoto agreement. It is much from perfect but it is the only display in city which can generate change in the developing nations.
Prosperous nations around the world, like the US and Australia don’t want to get action to cease local weather alter. That is understandable, as their economies will suffer if it puts weighty added expenses on organizations. It is argued that it is not established nevertheless that the additional stress will really yield the diploma of enhanced sustainability our globe will want in order to get better in time to stay away from the worst consequences. But, this kind of sentiments are turning into less widespread.
Such concepts have been strongest in the US. Nonetheless, previous US vice-president Gore now shares the Nobel peace prize for his work on climate adjust. An election marketing campaign is commencing for George Bush’s successor, and even Bush is mellowing toward active help of weather alter alleviation insurance policies.
Throughout the whole US, neighborhood governments are also progressively addressing local weather modify with their very own remedies, providing a lot room for optimism.
It was made a decision at Kyoto that the developed nations would decrease their emissions, and that they would also shell out the building nations to stay away from or decrease their growing emissions of carbon dioxide. It was reasoned that the ideal way to get this to function would be to create a market place out of “carbon credits”, the carbon tonnages saved by investment from the west. https://thriveglobal.com/stories/upenn-student-local-climate-change-health-concern/ would enable the high carbon emitting organizations in the created nations offset their continued emissions at home by paying out for emissions savings abroad. This would have the added advantage of raising the earnings of the poorest nations.
The British government, which is persuaded that local weather modify has to be tackled, is leading the United Kingdom in its formidable self-set targets for emissions reductions. Numerous other European nations also have equivalent insurance policies in spot. Scandinavian countries are even far more advanced in their emissions reductions programmes than the Uk.
So, the science is distinct: climate adjust is going on, and it is linked right to human action. To carry local climate adjust to a halt, global greenhouse gasoline emissions must be reduced drastically. But by how a lot, and how shortly have to we adjust our behavior?
Several of the temperature knowledge and computer designs utilized to forecast local climate adjust are themselves unsure, but authorities now agree that the entire world wants to respond extremely speedily now, or the issue of control will become exponentially much more hard.
The price connected with the results of local climate change is projected to boost significantly above time with increasing temperatures, and the lengthier we delay the worse it will be. To point out that is basic common perception.
The Planet Wildlife Fund (WWF) is one of the organisations which is doing work globally and in the British isles to elevate recognition about the causes and impacts of local weather change and the accessible solutions. Wildlife organisations tension that biodiversity will be severely afflicted by weather adjust and sea-level increase, with an increased threat of extinction of very several species.
For some species however, the local climate will be excellent, but at excellent human cost. The unobtrusive mosquito’s tale illustrates a sobering consequence of local climate adjust. Much less frosts and usually warmer temperatures will enable the spread of diseases like malaria into far more temperate climates. The species best suited to adapting might not be the ones individuals want to endure.
In common, we can lessen our demands on character and the tonnages of carbon dioxide emitted by adopting sustainable development. Sustainable development can enhance the capability for adaptation and mitigation, and reduce vulnerability of societies to the impacts of climate modify. Humans are previously adapting to local weather alter, and additional adaptation efforts will be necessary for the duration of coming a long time.
New technologies are part of man’s adaptation and are being developed which are ‘green’ and will assist decrease or even reverse weather adjust effects. These systems will help us to be greater stewards of the setting, and they will assist us to confront the severe challenge of worldwide local climate modify.
There is significantly that can be completed to end catastrophic local climate adjust but decisive motion is required from governments and industry now. Right now, action is taking place at each and every stage to lessen, to steer clear of, and to better understand the dangers related with climate modify.
Local climate Adjust for Greater or Worse is a web website which was released to support you understand what weather alter is and how you can get motion to fight it. Without having motion, local climate alter will cause the extinction of countless species and destroy some of the world’s most precious ecosystems, placing hundreds of thousands of people at danger. Ailments, declining crop yields, and all-natural disasters are just a handful of of the other impacts of local climate change that could stick to and devastate the world’s most vulnerable communities.
Delaying emission reduction measures boundaries the options to attain reduced stabilization levels and raises the threat of significant weather modify impacts. Please act now to inspire your politicians to get urgent action.
If you hold sympathy with this post, and discovered it exciting, we are sure that you will appreciate, even more, a check out to our internet web site. Just carry on down this website page and comply with the hyperlink under, and find out how you can consider incredible action to make a big difference. | <urn:uuid:5088c3a9-41e1-49df-a1cf-5d0a9c11f9d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://clyckmail.com/the-situation-for-action-from-local-climate-alter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889574.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025154704-20201025184704-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.949583 | 1,643 | 2.984375 | 3 |
"...[In] a high performing learning organization...physical setting, technology, work processes, management style, and organizational philosophy and values are in harmony. Together they create a dynamic workplace that supports diversity in work patterns, values cooperation and collaboration, encourages creativity and hard work, and measures a specialized kind of performance."
Becker and Steele, 1995
As our environments are put to use, users face a host of issues related to their new organizational "home." Knowledge workers must design for themselves, ways to meet the demands of:
environments are designed to facilitate organizational transformation.
We standardize the principles--but not the design--because the design has
to be made in terms of the context of local cultural and work requirements.
As a result, the organizational demands on the environment also change.
Our system of rapid prototyping allows us to rapidly design, build and
equip an environment. As time passes, with feedback from the users,
we alter the re-equip the space, maintaining the armature. The environment
becomes one which is truly enduring--managing continuous change to increase
productivity, creativity, and comfort. By appropriately responding
to user feedback, we are able to provide work environments that are healthier,
promote more creativity, and increase human happiness in the workplace.
"Bottom line: This the the greatest opportunity we as individuals have had in all of history to design our own lives, our work, and our personal living environments to meet our own needs and dreams.
Harry S. Dent, 1995 | <urn:uuid:f02f20d1-59fb-4cfa-88e5-49990c1edf9d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.aiboulder.com/Services/Use.html/Use.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011134261/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091854-00009-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901157 | 316 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The academic year is over and my junior PRIMES STEP group finished their paper about a classification of magic SET squares. A magic SET square is a 3 by 3 square of SET cards such that each row, column, and diagonal is a set. See an example below. The paper is posted at the arXiv:2006.04764.
In addition to classifying the magic SET squares, my students invented the game of SET tic-tac-toe. It is played on nine cards that form a magic SET square. Two players take turns picking a card from the square. The first player who has a set wins.
One might think that this game is the same as tic-tac-toe, as a player wins as soon at they have cards from the same row, column, or diagonal. But if you build a magic SET square, you might notices that each magic SET square contains 12 sets. In addition to rows, columns, and diagonals, there are sets that form broken diagonals. The picture below shows all the sets in a magic SET square.
There are more ways to win in this game than in a regular tic-tac-toe game. My students proved that ties are impossible in this game. They also showed, that, if played correctly, the first player always wins.Share:
SET tic-tac-toe is tic-tac-toe over a torus. We can see that 5 points/cards are enough to get a whole line by a counting argument. As 2 points define a line, if we were to get 5 points with only 2 points per line we would get at least 10 lines. There are 12 lines, but some are parallel, having 4 different directions. There are 3 lines in each direction. We could try to divide the expected 10 lines as 10=3+3+2+2 or 10=3+3+3+1, this is, a partition of the 10 lines with each summand representing the number of lines with 2 selected points for each of the four directions. However, if we have 2 points in all the lines of a given direction then we have at least 6 points.26 June 2020, 1:51 pm | <urn:uuid:f170547f-defe-4be0-9343-f00f0dffb483> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://blog.tanyakhovanova.com/2020/06/set-tic-tac-toe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.970208 | 478 | 3.265625 | 3 |
KENTE WEAVING - Developed around 17th century A.D by the people of Asanti the Kingdom, Kente is a colorful Ghanaian traditional fabric that is worn generally on important ceremonies, festivals among other sacred occasions. One of the most popular indigenous cloths of Ghana, Kente cloth is famous for its multicolored and geometric designs. The history of Kente weaving in Ghana extends back more than 400 years. Add to that, there are numerous types of Kente each with its own symbolism and name that tells the culture, history and the social practice of the weavers of the cloth. Moreover, the village of Bonwire is popular for Kente weaving in Ghana and is located 20 Km east of Kumasi. In addition to being the leading Kente weaving center in Ghana, the community's Kente shops as well as weavers are a tourist attraction. Not to mention the fact that you can find a plethora of stores selling African Kente cloth. There are generally five Kente weave patterns namely, Adwin, Nkyeretire or Nkyereano, Faprenu, Ahwepan or Hweepan and Akyem, on which the various diverse and intricate patterns originate. Add to that, there are around 50 types of Kente patterns with most expensive and renowned of all the patterns in the Asanti culture being Adwene asa, which means the skills of the artist have been exhausted.
Kente is woven on ancient hand looms and the weaver operates the loom with their hands and feet. Also known as Kete, Kente cloth is also the national dress of Ghana and is classified as a national treasure. | <urn:uuid:685576ca-b40c-41df-85b4-66a67f6963eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://eazzyway.com/smartblog/29_KENTEY-WEAVING.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496694.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220210649-20190220232649-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.967379 | 342 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In 2011, approximately 370,000 fires were reported in the U.S. These fires caused over 2,500 deaths and nearly 14,000 injuries. House fires were responsible for almost $7 billion in damage during 2011 alone. Unfortunately, these statistics are not atypical. Each year, families lose their homes to fires that could potentially have been prevented. Understanding the causes of home structural fires can help save property and lives that would otherwise be lost to these destructive events.
The National Fire Protection Association has identified ten primary causes for house fires in the U.S. While rankings may vary slightly from year to year, these ten activities and conditions pose the greatest risk of igniting a potentially deadly house fire.
Most of the primary causes for home structural fires in the U.S. are preventable. Homeowners can take a number of steps to reduce the risk of fire and to protect themselves and their loved ones in the event that a fire does occur.
• Space heaters should be placed at least three feet away from furniture, walking paths inside the home and walls.
• For those who smoke, restricting this activity to the outdoors can significantly reduce the risk of starting a fire. Never smoke when sleepy or in bed.
• Keep a functioning fire extinguisher in the kitchen and in any other room that contains cooking or heating equipment.
• Schedule an inspection of the home’s electrical system by a trained professional to identify any potential problems before they become critical.
• Keep all fire sources secured where children cannot access them.
• Establish a family fire escape plan and practice following the designated escape routes. By planning and practicing in advance of a fire, family members can act more quickly and confidently if the need ever arises.
• Retain a copy of important legal documents, insurance policies, family photos and other necessary paperwork in a secure location away from the home.
Even if the house appears structurally intact, wait for the go-ahead from a qualified professional before entering the home after a fire. The interior of the house may still have areas of standing water, so it is essential to watch out for slick areas when navigating the areas affected by the fire. Here are a few other tips to keep in mind after a fire.
The damage and injuries caused by a house fire can be devastating. By taking steps to prevent fires and by establishing a proactive plan to deal with them effectively, families and individuals can protect themselves against property loss and personal injury due to these catastrophic events. | <urn:uuid:5a4704aa-c00f-4c16-b7de-48ea8658d2e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://executiveadjusting.com/services/fire-damage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141732696.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203190021-20201203220021-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.957076 | 506 | 2.765625 | 3 |
For this case study, you ideally will need to recruit a healthy adult competitive athlete. This person can be a recreational sports athlete, college athlete, or other type of active athlete. Alternatively, you can even use yourself. Note that this is just an academic exercise, so the person you are working with does not need to follow the program.
Go through Steps 1 to 8 from Unit 17, provided below, and develop nutritional guidepnes for your subject, dependent on the season that he/she is in. Then provide a discussion as to why you made your recommendations.
Show all calculations that may apply, using the methods in the course textbook related to the Steps. Make note of the person’s age, gender, sport, and athletic season.
Step 1: Determine body composition.
Step 2: Determine daily caloric expenditure range for training days and non-training days and for competition days.
Step 3: Determine the bioenergetics the sport primarily demands for peak athletic performance; Athlete- Type; Anaerobic – Immediate Energy System; Anaerobic Glycolytic; Anaerobic Glycolytic – Oxidative Glycolytic; and Oxidative. Some examples of sports are included below.
Step 4: Determine daily protein intake estimate and the foods and supplements to achieve it. Remember from your lessons that protein requirements can differ among different Athlete-Types and among individual athletes. This gives a scientific reason for making protein intake a priority for sports nutrition programs, in addition to other factors.
Step 5: Determine daily carbohydrate estimate and the foods and supplements to achieve it. Remember to plan for carbohydrate beverage intake before, during, and after practice and for sport events as appropriate. Modulate carbohydrate type and amount with meals and snacks to meet specific nutrition goals.
Step 6: Determine fat (essential fatty acids) intake estimate and plan, and select foods and cooking methods to achieve it. Keeping fat intake under 30 percent of total daily calories will be an ongoing skill to master. For certain sports, maintaining low fat intake during the season—between 15 and 20 percent of total daily calories—can be challenging and requires extra effort to make sure athletes are ingesting adequate amounts of the essential fatty acids: Linoleic and Alpha-linolenic acids. Add healthy sources of essential fatty acids in addition to EPA and DHA as required for health.
Step 7: Maintain proper fluid intake estimate to meet daily requirements, as determined by amount of physical activity, environmental factors, and specific athletic training, performance, and health needs.
Step 8: Determine the needs for using special sports nutrition and dietary supplement products.
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
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By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more | <urn:uuid:9661ff9a-7cdd-4134-bebf-8c5920c921ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.homework-aider.com/sports-nutrition-case-study-reading-homework-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363149.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205065810-20211205095810-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.929117 | 770 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The appliances are sorted into 6 fractions:
- Refrigerators and freezers that can contain Freon (CFCs) and other harmful gasses/oils;
- Other large household appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, airing cupboards, stoves, ...);
- Computer and TV screens that contain a cathode-ray tube;
- Other appliances (mobile phones, clothing irons, videos, lighting equipment, flat screens, ...);
- Corona discharge bulbs;
- Smoke detectors.
Specialised and certified processing companies sanitise (remove hazardous substances), dismantle (separate and sort certain non-harmful substances) and process the appliances in an ecological manner. Then, industry makes new products out of the recycled materials (ferro and non-ferro metals, synthetics, glass and scarce raw materials). | <urn:uuid:3d35b1ec-dd4d-4b79-abac-0ebe6d395a29> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.recupel.be/en/blog/how-to-properly-sort-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499842.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131023947-20230131053947-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.845803 | 173 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Natural Habitats Creating Green PETS in Schools
Natural Habitats Creating Green PETS in
Stanmore Bay Primary School in Whangaparaoa will be the pilot school for the first sustainable Green Wall project completed in New Zealand. Affectionately named Green PETS, the Green Wall is made from recycled plastic polyethylene terephthalate bottles. The plants grow in a ‘top secret’ Natural Habitat nutrient media mix, with its own irrigation system.
Graham Cleary said, “It’s a simplistic idea, the community working together to collect, recycle and build a sustainable garden in the vertical plane. We have created a habitat for small animals and insects while instilling intrinsic environmental values in our next generation. Our aim is to reduce our carbon footprint using everyday items to create a beautiful edifice”.
The projects’ components shall be sourced, constructed, planted and installed at the school. The children, teachers, parents and whanau will be actively involved in the process from planning, collecting and recycling the plastic bottles, to the construction and planting of the wall through including the installation.
The school children will collect the plastic drinking PET bottles for recycling and participate in the construction of the wall with adult assistance.
The PET green wall project will promote education in:
• Horticultural practices
• The environment
• New Zealand native plant species
• Creating eco systems and food sources for plants, insects and birdlife
...as well as working collaboratively with the community on a community based project. We also aim for this school to be proud of their achievements of being the first to fully construct this recycled green technology in New Zealand.
The PET Bottle Greenwall Project was developed from an idea Mark Paul, Australia’s own Green Wall guru and founder of The Greenwall Company, had while working with his Brazilian licensee Bruno Resendez de Silva in schools in the Favellas in Rio de Janeiro. The outcomes there were dramatic with long lasting impact for the residence of this very hostile urban environment.
Why Natural Habitat’s are promoting Green PETS:
• Creating a home and
food source for birds and bees through specific plant
• Young people and their families are encouraged to think about the topical matter of their environment, and sustainability
• A proven concept that involves young children nationwide in creating a living legacy
• It’s an investment in educating and inspiring young people about their environmental responsibility
• A common household waste item is productively recycled
• Kids are taught basic skills in horticulture, craftwork, and team play
• Job creation, and work skills for aspiring young horticulturists / landscapers
Green Walls Background:
Since storming into public view in Paris in the early 2000s, Greenwalls have become one of the most talked about and coolest pieces of architecture ever since, and they are good for the environment.
Green Walls (also known as Living Walls, Green Facades, Bio Walls or Vertical Vegetation) are an innovative way of greening a vertical surface - they are magnificent to look at, have health benefits, contribute towards a company’s green star rating. They make a bold visual statement, which assists companies in becoming a leader in sustainability.
Natural Habitats (NZ) and Mark Paul’s The Greenwall Company (Australia) have been the leading innovators and installers of these beautiful pieces of functional art in the Southern Hemisphere. Leading corporates in Auckland, Melbourne and Sydney have snapped them up because of the branding association of Green Walls to the exemplary ideals they aspire to. Local installations include Britomart, Westpac, Goodman and Google to name but a few.
Natural Habitats is New Zealand’s largest and leading integrated landscape company. They are renowned for the quality of their work and recognized for their award winning landscape design, build and care. In New Zealand, Natural Habitats are at the forefront of the movement towards green technology in architecture. To find out more visit www.naturalhabitats.co.nz. | <urn:uuid:025a98a3-c577-4480-8466-c5b171659424> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/ED1311/S00085/natural-habitats-creating-green-pets-in-schools.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900030.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00052-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933753 | 830 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Though there are many Ramayanas, the one penned by Valmiki is said to be the earliest. It was written in the Treta Yoga, aound 4400 B.C. The text as available to us now consists of 24,253 verses and is divided into seven kandas or Books. Each kanda is subdivided into sargas or chapters (total number of sargas being 647) and these comprise shlokas or verses. Though the work is almost entirely in the shloka or the anustubh metre, bigger metres like indravajra or upendravajra have also been employed.
The seven kandas in Valmiki Ramayana are:
Three pathas or recensions of the Valmiki Ramayana have been discovered so far: the Daksinatya (southern), the Gaudiya (Bengali) and the Vayavya (north-western).
There are some well-known commentaries on the Valmiki Ramayana in Sanskrit. They are:
>> Tilaka or Ramabhirami by Nagoji Bhatta
>> Siromani by Sivasahaya
>> Bhusana by Govindaraja
>> Tattvadipa, by Mahesvara Tirtha
>> Ramanujiyavyakhya, by Kandala Ramanuja
>> Vivekatilaka by Varadaraja
>> Dharmakutavyakhya by Tryambakaraja
>> Ramayana-kuta-vyakhya by Ramananda Tirtha
Most of these commentaries have been printed and are available on this website.
A ceremonial recitation of the Ramayana, especially during the Ramanavami (in April) and the Navaratri (during September-October) celebrations, is believed to confer great religious merit.
The influence of the Ramayana of Valmiki has been so powerful and deep that quite a few other Ramayanas have come into existence in course of time, thereby enriching our Ramayana literature. Of these, mention must be made of the Adhyatma Ramayana (4200 verses) considered to be a part of the Brahmanda Purana. Cast in the form of a dialogue between Shiva and Parvati, the Adhyatma Ramayana is a highly devotional piece of work and contains quite a few philosophical discourses including the well known Ramagita.
The /book/details/ananda-ramayana-attributed-to-great-sage-valmiki-sanskrit-text-english-translation-and-introduction-two-volumes-IDF389/">Ananda Ramayana (12,000 verses), is another popular work. It is also in the form of a dialogue, first between Parvati and Shiva, and later between Ramadasa and his disciple Visnudasa. This work contains a number of stories popular even now, such as those of Gokarna, the famous pilgrimage centre in Karnataka and the of the raksasa brothers Ahiravana and Mahiravana of the nether world who tried to help Ravana.
Then there are some other Ramayanas, also in Sanskrit, like the Adbhuta Ramayana (1355 verses) the Yogavasistha Ramayana (32,000 verses), the Tattvasangraha Ramayana and the Sangraha Ramayana.
Other Indian languages also have been enriched by the Ramayanas based on Valmiki’s Ramayana or its adaptations. The most famous is Ramacaritamanasa of Tulasidas (in Hindi) the Ramayana of Kamba (in Tamil), the Ramayan of Krttivasa (in Bengali), the Ramacaritam and the Kannassa Ramayanam of Ceraman and Kannassa (in Malayalam), the Ramavatar of Guru Govind Singh (in Punjabi), the Ranganatha Ramayana (in Telugu), the Ramacaritra of Girdhar (in Gujarati), the Saptakanda Ramayana of Sarala Das (in Oriya), the Ramayana of Madhava Kandali (in Assamese) the Torave Ramayana of Narahari (in Kannada) are some of the more well-known Ramayanas in the vernaculars.
Ramayanas outside India
The story of Rama, either in its original form as de depicted by Valmiki in his Ramayana, or in a metamorphosed form, has travelled widely outside India. The following list of works – by no means exhaustive – gives an idea of this movement:
>> Ramayana Kakawin (Javanese)
>> Hikayat Seri Rama (Malaysian)
>> Ramakien (Thai)
>> Pha Lak Pha Lam and Khvay Thuaraphi (Laos)
>> Hobutsushu (Japanese)
>> Ramasvamedha (Nepali)
>> Janakiharana (Sinhalese)
Q1. What is the
main purpose of Ramayana?
Ramayana brings to the fore the major precepts of
Hindu Dharma and appeals to the readers the importance of character and
righteous conduct for the order and regularity of the world. At the same, one
may discern in it hidden symbolism and implicit teaching. The epic also exerted
great influence upon Hindu
and drama, apart from serving as major conduits for the dissemination of
popular religious themes and moral precepts to the public. It is deeply
interwoven into the sociocultural history of India.
Q2. What are
some interesting facts about the story of Ramayana?
The original Ramayana was written by sage Valmiki
during Treta Yuga in the Sanskrit
language. Sage Valmiki is considered to be a contemporary of Lord Ram. At no place
in Valmiki Ramayana, Valmiki ever mentioned that Ram is a God. He is just a
mortal human character in his story. In fact, even before Ramayana, it
was named “Sitayas Charitam Mahat”
wherein the story was meant to be central to Sita. However, in order to make
people see an ideal person who sticks to Dharma so that they can emulate him
despite all adversities, it was called “Ramayana”.
Q3. What are
the 7 parts of Ramayana?
The Hindu Epic Ramayana
is divided into seven kandas (books)
which deals with the major events in the life of Lord Rama. Ramayana
was penned by Sage Valmiki and is written in a 32-syllable meter called “Anustubh”.
The 7 Kandas
of epic Ramayana are:
I. Bala Kanda :
Bala Kand begins with the story
of Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya, performing Putrakameshti Yagna - a fire
sacrifice for attaining a child.
Kanda : Ayodhya
Kand of Ramayana narrates the arrangements for the coronation of Lord Rama
and his exile into the forest for 14 years for the sake of his father's honour.
Kanda : In Aranya
Kand, Sage Valmiki tells the story of Lord Ram’s life in the forest and the
kidnapping of Sita by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka.
Kanda : Kishkindha Kand narrates the
story of Lord Ram and Hanuman. The story of vanara
King Vali (also known as Bali) and Sugriva of the kingdom of Kishkindha
also features in this kanda.
Kanda : Sundara
Kand depicts the story of the Hindu Monkey God Hanuman and his travel to
Lanka in search of Sita.
Kanda : Yuddha
Kand narrates the battle of Lord Ram and King Ravana.
Kanda : It depicts
the story of the birth of the two sons of Lord Ram - Luv and Kusha and their
coronation as the throne of Ayodhya.
Q4. What is the
moral of the story Ramayana?
Ravana was highly intellectual, but a cruel and
arrogant king. He kidnaps Lord Rama‘s wife, Sita, to claim revenge from him and
his brother Laxman for having cut off the nose of his sister Surpanakha.
However, in the end, Lord Rama
wins the battle and rescues Sita. No matter how bad the circumstances are in
life, good wills always prevail over evil. In today’s modern life, many of us
have stopped believing in the ideals laid out by our venerated scriptures.
However, in reality, these lessons are truly enlightening and important to lead
a life by good karma. By following these lessons, we are sure to experience
peace, harmony and contentment in life.
Q5. Which is
the oldest Ramayana?
The oldest version is generally recognized to be the
Sanskrit version attributed to the sage Narada, the Mula Ramayana. Narada
passed on the knowledge to Valmiki, who authored Valmiki
Ramayana, the present oldest available version of Ramayana.
Q6. How many
types of Ramayana exist?
Many versions of the Ramayana have been written
since Sage Valmiki first composed his epic. Since then, over 300 original
Ramayanas have been composed in Sanskrit as well as in several regional
languages of India. In all, there are 25 Sanskrit
Ramayanas. One of the earliest vernacular Ramayanas is Kamban's Tamil epic
written in the 9th or 12th Century. There are many tribal versions including
the famous Bhil Ramayana.
Email a Friend | <urn:uuid:0d7184e1-4c03-4096-8cf1-1b94fad3144e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.exoticindia.com/book/hindu/ramayana/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.928984 | 2,206 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Pomeranians are our friends so we must care for them through all their different life stages. If you are a new dog owner, then you might be wondering “When do Pomeranians lose their baby teeth?”. But don’t worry, we’ve got you covered.
So, when do Pomeranians lose their baby teeth? Pomeranians are born toothless and remain so until after about 6-8 weeks when they get their first set of teeth, or “baby teeth”. After about 4 months, they tend to lose them like most other dog breeds to make room for their permanent set which grow durings months 6-8.
In this article, we will answer all pressing questions about Pomeranians losing baby teeth and how to help. But, before we delve into that, let’s talk about why they lose them.
Why Do Pomeranians Lose Their Teeth?
Losing baby teeth is a natural part of life for most animals and baby Pomeranians are not an exception. While there is not a specific date on which all their baby teeth will fall out, it usually happens around the 4-5 month mark and this can be an uncomfortable time for both you and your pup since there will be many changes that you will both have to get accustomed to.
In general, baby teeth are developed to make nursing more comfortable for the mother. Just imagine breastfeeding a baby with fully grown teeth! That is bound to hurt. When the natural breastfeeding stage has passed and the puppy is ready to move on to solid foods, these baby teeth become useless as they are too soft and fragile to chew, and could break, which would be quite painful for your Pomeranian.
In response, the body naturally starts to develop bigger, stronger, and more resistant teeth that will grow and push out the old baby teeth. This will then allow your Pomeranian to eat solid foods and avoid chipped and broken teeth.
As mentioned before, your Pomeranian is not expected to have all permanent teeth until around 6-8 months old, so you will be seeing a lot of gums for a while. If they have not fully grown by month 8, don’t fret. This is not a cause for concern as you might just have a late bloomer on your hands. Just be patient and allow nature to take its course.
What Happens When Pomeranians Lose Their Baby Teeth
When Pomeranians lose their baby teeth, there are several changes that they will go through that you will have to prepare for. To determine the best course of action in terms of caring for your puppy, you will have to know what to expect. Some of these include:
Pain, Discomfort, and Itching
When a baby Pom loses their baby teeth, they’ll experience some level of pain, discomfort, or itching. To relieve the pain and discomfort, they will seek comfort by chewing anything they can get their paws on. That means your shoes, your house, and even your fingers will be at risk. This is because they don’t know what will help and will chew and chew until they find out their answer.
Bleeding and Drooling
It’s normal to see a bit of blood on a baby Pom’s gums where a baby tooth fell out and there will be traces of it on whatever was chewed. If it is excessive then something might be wrong. You can also expect excessive drooling when Poms lose their baby teeth.
It isn’t uncommon for your teething Pom to experience an upset stomach or diarrhea. Stomach pains can be caused by a lack of appetite and general nausea. Poms can experience diarrhea when they swallow excess drool and gum blood. It can also be caused by the many different objects they choose to chew on and what is ingested behind your back.
During this time, you have to be extra careful. Try to avoid feeding the regular diet for up to 12 hours until the stool hardens and stomach pains stop. Be sure your Pom drinks plenty of fluids, especially water, to avoid dehydration since this can cause more problems and discomfort.
What You Can Do About It
As a dog owner, it isn’t a nice feeling to see your dog in pain. So, kudos to you for finding out how you can help!
When Pomeranians begin to lose their baby teeth, here are some things you can do to make this natural process easier on everyone:
You should equip your Pom with the right chew toys, including dental chews, that encourage the growth of strong, healthy teeth and jaws. Some chew toys that are great for teething Poms are:
- Textured to scratch itchy gums.
- Flavored which will be attractive to your dog.
- Squeaky and provide entertainment.
Chew Proof Home
Avoid losing your favorite items to a teething Pom by:
- Putting away shoes.
- Locking your doors.
- Keeping important documents out of reach.
- Tucking away electrical cords.
- Combing floors for any small objects that could be swallowed.
- Placing childproof locks on low cabinets and cupboards.
- Building a time out pen to discourage bad behavior.
Numbing Gel and Ice Cubes
Numbing gel offers pain relief and discourages bad behavior. Add it directly to the gum or on a chew toy.
Poms can also lick an ice cube to relieve discomfort and stay hydrated. You can even make flavored cubes by freezing low salt chicken stock that will make licking more attractive.
Train Away Bad Habits
When your Pom tries to chew something that it shouldn’t, you should discourage this bad habit. To do this, you will need to interrupt, redirect, focus, then reward.
- Interrupt: Shout “no” or “bad” in a loud voice. Clap or pull the object away.
- Redirect and focus: Offer to make a trade with a chew toy.
- Reward: Show affection by offering a treat or say “Good boy/girl” in a happy tone.
Trips to the Vet
Trips to the vet allow your Pomeranian to get examined by a professional who can detect any problems early on and offer useful advice specific to your Pomeranian.
Let It Happen Naturally
Don’t try to remove a loose tooth since that can cause even more pain as the tooth can break at the root and cause an infection.
Risk of Retained Teeth
With teething, there is always the risk of your Pomeranian retaining baby teeth. This isn’t a good thing since it can cause overcrowding and discomfort.
Determining if your Pom has retained teeth is quite easy and isn’t something you need a vet to identify. All you have to do is look inside of their mouth and if you see a baby tooth where an adult tooth should be. If both are there then there are retained teeth.
The danger of retained teeth for Pomeranians is that they can displace the new set of teeth and cause them to grow at an abnormal angle. It may also cause jaw deformation and problems chewing.
Retained teeth may also cause scraping against the sides and roof of your Pom’s mouth, which not only causes discomfort but can also cause cuts that run the risk of infection.
As soon as you locate retained teeth, you should tell your vet. That’s the only way you can ensure your Pom’s health and comfort. They’ll be able to remove them and advise you on how to care for your dog during this time.
When baby Pomeranians begin to lose their teeth, you’ll be fully equipped to handle what this phase throws your way. Remember that this is a natural process and that you should let it happen in the way that nature intended. Assist your Pom by offering them chew toys or pain relief, but never try to remove them on your own. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:dabb6d59-41d1-4c67-8d02-4441771161cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://spinningpom.com/when-pomeranians-lose-their-baby-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540584491.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214042241-20191214070241-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.941954 | 1,686 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Even products advertised as 'green' or 'natural' or 'safe' use general descriptors on their labels like preservative, color, fragrance, or solvent. What do these words mean? The Environmental Working Group's new Guide to Healthy Cleaning is challenging the status quo.
The nonprofit Environmental Working Group has been asked thousands of questions regarding potentially toxic components of cleaning products, reports EWG Senior Scientist Rebecca Sutton, PhD. The EWG is well known for its highly detailed Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (www.EWG.org/SkinDeep), which offers free detailed data on & ratings of the components of some 75,000 cosmetic and personal care products.
Now the EWG has created a similar, easy to search source of data on more than 2,000 cleaning products – a Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.EWG.org/Guides/Cleaners). It grades each product, from 'A' to 'F', and provides info and ratings on laundry detergents, cleansers, dish soaps, furniture and floor care products, even air fresheners, and much more.
The big problem in developing this guide – and one the EWG is actively working with interested manufacturers to address – is labeling that uses essentially meaningless generic words rather than chemical names. [Our own supposedly eco-friendly laundry liquid got a grade of ‘F’ partly for “non-specific ingredients” on the label.]
Following is an excerpt from EWG President Ken Cook’s message to the cleaning industry:
CLEANING INDUSTRY: Simple Steps to Improve Your Grades
"Since we released the new online EWG's Guide to Healthy Cleaning, with ratings of more than 2,000 different products, many consumers and several companies have asked us why some products get low grades. The answer is different for every product. Our grading system is based on these factors:
• Hazardous ingredients that pose threats to human health
• Little or no specific ingredient information on the label
• Contains ingredients restricted in some states and the European Union
• Products that release volatile chemicals.
Our grading system emphasizes full disclosure of contents right on the label.
We believe consumers should be able to read product ingredients when they are out shopping. They shouldn't have to spend time on the Internet or, worse, call the company.
Some products, including those marketed as 'green' or 'natural' or 'safe' scored poorly because their labels use only generic descriptions such as preservatives, color, fragrance or solvent. What do those terms mean? They indicate the use of any one of numerous possible ingredients, but we don't know exactly which ones. Nobody can say without a detailed list of ingredients.”…. Read more here.
By providing your email address & zip code at http://www.EWG.org/guides/categories/9-Laundry, you can receive email updates, tips, and alerts from EWG regarding either cosmetic or cleaning product components. | <urn:uuid:c41b6b27-eb63-4530-a7fb-2e35454acec9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.prohealth.com/fibromyalgia/library/showArticle.cfm?libid=17646 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00190-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920611 | 617 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Honore Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Honore Name Meaning
French (Honoré): from a medieval personal name (Latin Honoratus ‘honored’). The name was borne by a 5th-century bishop of Arles and a 6th-century bishop of Amiens, both of whom became popular minor saints and contributed to the frequency of the name in the Middle Ages. The surname was taken to Denmark by French Huguenots who migrated there in the 17th century.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Moore, Honor, Hone, Monge, Bonomo, Howard, Honold, Hodor, Tenore | <urn:uuid:21c821e0-0353-4be1-bbd1-0177a8d51e73> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=honore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210362.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815220136-20180816000136-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.944741 | 147 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Japan National HolidaysImage by Emma Wilson
Part of the Golden Week holiday, Greenery Day represents a day to show appreciation of nature.
Greenery Dayみどりの日・みどりのひ is celebrated as a day to commune with nature and be grateful for its blessings. Originally established in 1989 and held annually on April 29 until 2007 when it was renamed 昭和の日しょうわのひ・Shōwa Day in remembrance of the Show Emeperor Hirohito’s love of plants.
Greenery Day in Japan falls in the middle of ゴールデンウィークGolden Week, one of the longest holiday periods in Japan running from the 29th of April to the 5th of May. Warm weather solidifies its hold on the land from this time, temperatures tend to be very pleasant and 晴れはれ・sunny weather prevails.
Golden Week is also 米こめ・rice planting season and when the first crop of 緑茶りょくちゃ・green teais harvested. Known as ichibancha一番茶・いちばんちゃ this first picking of green tea is widely regarded as the tastiest of the three yearly pickings (the other two pickings, nibancha二番茶・にいばんちゃ and sanbancha三番茶・さんばんちゃ occur in July and September). | <urn:uuid:e0cf17f8-f4a5-4041-a0bd-1a05f131ad02> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://study.gaijinpot.com/lesson/holidays/greenery-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313428.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817143039-20190817165039-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.906439 | 338 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The United States Congress designated the Pole Creek Wilderness (map
) in 2009 and it now has a total of 12,529 acres
All of this wilderness is located in Idaho
and is managed by the Bureau of Land Management.
The landscape within the Pole Creek Wilderness, in the southwest part of Idaho near the Oregon border, is diverse, ranging from river canyons over a thousand feet deep to vast expanses of sagebrush and grassland plateaus. This ecosystem provides habitat for sage grouse, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, songbirds, raptors, and numerous rare plant species. The river canyons in Owyhee County have been called the largest concentration of sheer-walled volcanic rhyolite and basalt canyons in the western United States. Many of the canyons are more than 1,000 feet deep, nearly twice as deep as the Washington Monument is tall. River enthusiasts come from around the country to challenge the famous white water rapids of these rivers.
Map: Pole Creek Wilderness | <urn:uuid:d037ac97-eab7-457d-a533-b38fa618acd5> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=739 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274866.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00097-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927769 | 213 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Antarctica is a continent covered by ice. Within its beauty of intricately shaped snow crystals precipitating from the air to sculpted icebergs floating in the ocean, the 4000-m thick ice sheet covering the continent contains stories of past climate. The ice records past volcanic events, contains samples of ancient dust and air, and tells us stories of our planets climate history.
Over the last 10 years, a team of scientists, engineers, and support staff have worked together to drill an ice core 3405m deep through the center of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - the WAIS Divide Ice Core. We have made new observations and generated new ideas about climate history from this ice core and related studies.
the velvet ice team is taking the next step : using the borehole to explore the ice deep within the ice sheet.
Many scientists have been involved in WAIS. The Velvet Ice team is just one team of several exploring the past climate history and linking to present and future ice sheet changes. WAIS Divide Ice Core Website - the main website for the project.
VeLveT Ice - eVoLution of Fabric and Texture in Ice at WAIS Divide
Our team is working on understanding the relationship between ice microstructure, impurities, and ice flow and their connection to climate history.
What does that mean? Ice in an ice sheet begins its journey as snowflakes and makes its way through the ice sheet as more snow is deposited on top of it, and the ice flows downward and outward towards the ocean. During their journey, ice crystals grow, shrink, and change their orientations. We are trying to find out exactly how these characteristics of the crystals are connected with the way the ice flows and the climate in the time period that the snow was deposited.
Collaborative Science In order to do this, we need to approach our question from many different angles. To see the change in crystal properties, we use data from others who have looked at "thin sections" of ice from the ice core in a microscope, and we will be helping another group use a sonic logger within the borehole. To understand ice flow, we use an acoustic televiewer to examine how the borehole diameter and tilt changes over time, combined with GPS measurements at the surface. We are also partnered with a group that owns an ApRES (phase sensitive radar) which measures the vertical strain rates (changes in the height over certain depths) over large areas. We use reconstructions from the isotopes of the ice core to get a picture of the past climate. All of these pieces come together to give us a better understanding of what is happening in the ice at WAIS Divide.
Icedrill.org is the home of the U.S. Ice Drilling Program
The public outreach component of this organization has a wonderful website here. With lesson plans, learning expeditions, and links to lots of photo galleries, videos, and other sites. And more videos at NSF's Science360. | <urn:uuid:46de7513-049d-4d81-913a-56ba02a4c3d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://exploreice.org/wais-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314696.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819073232-20190819095232-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.945448 | 609 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Making the Nation in the Gilded Age: A Conversation with Richard White
The story of the Gilded Age is really a story of how Americans conceived of “home” following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, according to historian Richard White in The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896. As the latest offering in the Oxford History of the United States, White’s book suggests that to understand the making of modern America, the sagas of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age must be told together in a way that links the North American spaces and resources they routinely brought into collision.
I spoke on the phone with Professor White on November 17. In addition to discussing the place of Lincoln’s antebellum hometown—Springfield, Illinois—in the American imagination, our conversation turned to the nation’s nineteenth-century environmental crisis, one that White depicts as deepening with the Civil War and its aftermath. As the United States grew richer, more powerful, and more inegalitarian, it also became deadlier. Life spans shortened, the nation’s physical well-being diminished all while disease, filth, and poor working conditions spread. Perhaps few cities better represented these changes than Chicago—where Lincoln accepted the Republican Party’s Presidential nomination in 1860—a city that represented the hopes of the North’s small, independent producers. By the turn of the century, their world had yielded to a very different vision of home, one where the thick smoke of bituminous coal clouds and the long shadows cast by skyscrapers and tenements obscured the struggles of the industrial wage earners toiling below.
Stream or download our conversation here. Interview highlights, edited for clarity, follow.
Jesse Gant: Could you give us the bare-bones introduction to the story The Republic for Which It Stands tells?
Richard White: This is a book that takes the story of the United States from the end of the Civil War to 1896. This is a point in which American ideology—the idea that Americans have of what they want their country to be—meets a recalcitrant reality. It’s an attempt to forge a free-labor republic, which is going to be based on a homogeneous citizenship and enforced by the federal government, in which the United States will essentially be a series of Springfields, Abraham Lincoln’s hometown. And instead, what they get is an industrial nation that is more and more diverse: diverse ethnically, diverse religiously, diverse racially. And it is not going to be the world that they imagined; it’s going to be an industrial society. In many ways, what I see taking shape is our modern world. And it’s taking shape in a way that nobody ever anticipated in 1865.
JG: There were parts in the book where you talked about the limits of the transnational, can you say more about that?
RW: One of the things that has fascinated me for the last 20 years has been the issue of scale. What scale do we write? Local, regional, national, transnational? One of the frustrating things in a lot of American historiography is that people adopt a scale as if it’s a kind of conversion experience. The national, the transnational, or the regional become a religion. But in fact, they are tools; and they’re useful for certain problems, and not so useful for others.
We’re in the midst right now of a great transnational moment where historians are emphasizing the transnational and the globe. Well, the transnational and the global are really important when you look at certain kinds of issues, but when I’m looking at the late nineteenth century United States, certainly there are transnational influences, but much of what happens to the United States is going to be a reaction to some tariff, for example. The tariff is an attempt to seal off American industry from competition from abroad. But at the same time, we don’t seal ourselves off from immigration from abroad, and we don’t seal ourselves from ideas from aboard. Some things go through, other things go out. Some things are largely going to be national developments, others are going to be transnational developments.
JG: We also have this turn early on in the book toward home. Can you comment on Springfield’s place in this book a little more and on Springfield’s houses and how they function?
RW: The book opens with Lincoln’s funeral, and Lincoln’s funeral is about going home. It’s about going home to Springfield. At first, I thought of Springfield as a place, a small town in Illinois. But I began to realize that Springfield was much more important, that it symbolized a set of ideas which occur over and over again in all kinds of discussion in the Gilded Age: the importance of “home.” Home is the site of the American republic.
I began to think that the United States in the Gilded Age was a collection of homes. Americans conceived of the republic, not as a collection of individuals, but as a collection of homes. And if you’re put outside of the home, you’re on very dangerous ground in the United Sates. It’s a place where you could begin to lose rights very quickly. So, Springfield becomes a site of the American imagination.
JG: Edge Effects listeners are going to be interested in the environmental aspects of this story, and the stories of environmental crisis that you draw out. One idea that really emerges in the book is the notion of the nineteenth century as a kind of broad environmental crisis. Can you say more about this idea?
RW: As I wrote the book, I came to the environment obliquely. I’m an environmental historian, but my initial concern was trying to establish something as mundane as: did real wages increase during the nineteenth century? I found that it’s impossible to say whether they did or not. I became very disillusioned with the kind of usual economic measures to measure American well-being. But I came across another set of literature which is pretty robust and pretty well developed on the health of Americans. And it turns out that during the nineteenth century as a whole Americans are getting shorter, they’re getting sicker, they’re living less long, and their children continue to die at uniformly high rates. And I tried to figure out why this is happening and it turns out to be a quite complicated story.
The easy answer for before the Civil War is tuberculosis. But tuberculosis is gradually being brought under more control, although never under complete control. After the Civil War, the argument seems to be that what is happening is not only urbanization, but in other parts of the United States, there is a decline in water quality. The spread of diseases (particularly water-borne diseases) is having an immense effect on American health and American well-being. This is going to be true whether you’re an immigrant or whether you’re native-born. One of the nice things is that many of the statistics measure only the native born. Their lives are getting worse; it’s not just immigrants. I began to conceive of the whole period as a sustained environmental crisis—an environmental crisis which is affecting human health and the health of other species with whom we share the country and the planet.
I began to conceive of the whole period as a sustained environmental crisis—an environmental crisis which is affecting human health and the health of other species with whom we share the country and the planet.
JG: Let’s talk a little more about the water-centric stories that you tell. How did the nineteenth century, in particular on questions of water, help configure the stories you tell?
RW: Water is central to the late nineteenth century in the most basic sense. People need water to drink and people need water to dispose of their waste. At a really simple level, you can’t do both in the same body of water, but Americans tried. You can’t really defecate in and then drink out of the same place; it doesn’t really work out that way.
So part of the engineering in a place like Chicago is going to be to draw water in from Lake Michigan from far enough out to be able to bring in pure water while disposing of water in other places. But as you begin to do that you realize you’re facing some real basic political problems. Under the old Jacksonian liberal version, those who created waste were responsible for dealing with the consequences of it. That really doesn’t work when you have Chicago slaughterhouses (which are the main industry in Chicago) polluting the Chicago river. You can’t force them to clean up, so what you do—and Robin Einhorn has developed this brilliantly—is you make it a matter of public good and public health. But by defining it as public, you’re taking over private costs and putting them on the public as a whole: slaughterhouses don’t have to pay for the clean-up, everybody pays for the clean-up. At the same time, you’re creating a tax burden that’s going to favor the polluters over those who are bearing the effects of pollution.
The same kind of thing will happen when you try bringing in clean water. Well, how do you distribute it? It goes first to those who are willing to pay the hook-up cost and to pay the taxes necessary to bring the water in, so that those who bring the water in and get the benefits of the water tend to be the middle and upper classes and not the poor.
So, what you’re finding is the environmental consequences and the environmental costs are going to be allocated in a very unfair manner.
JG: Can you talk a little bit about the role of the coal industry in your account?
RW: By the 1880s, coal replaced wood as the major energy source in the United States. Coal provided a much more efficient source of energy, but the cost was pollution on an absolutely amazing scale. It led to places like Pittsburgh where the lights were on in the middle of the day because you couldn’t see in the middle of the day. It’s the kind of thing people talked about as a change that came in their lifetime: this sense of a dim, grey, and dismal America. By changing their energy source, people changed all kinds of things about their lives. And this too, of course, had an effect on human health.
JG: You’ve spent a lot of time studying the American West. How did places further West play out in the story of the environmental crisis?
RW: I’m a western historian. And in some ways putting the West into context in the Gilded Age was a little sobering. The West is certainly ideologically important to how Americans think of themselves. One of the things that happens by the end of the century is that American westering tries to replace the Civil War as the great event in American history through which we understand country. The American West is going to be important, but it’s not going to be important because huge numbers of people are going there; more people are going to the cities, some of which are western cities, than are going to the West. And in terms of resources, I found out that, well, western resources are important, but not all that important.
The United States has plenty of copper, coal, and trees until late in the century, so the drawing down of western resources is really going to come at the end of my story. And it’s one of the reasons why I argue here, and in other books, that the American expansion into the West was, in many senses, premature.
JG: What are some of the things that surprised you in researching and writing this book?
RW: One, and we’ve mentioned this, is the centrality of the home. The home is hiding in plain sight. I looked at this word over and over again: people say “home” and people talk about the home. And I paid no attention to home. When I started paying attention to home it became the key that unlocked the whole period: that’s how Americans judged whether change was good or bad; that’s how people judged whether people were Americans or not Americans, whether they in fact lived in what dominant society considers a suitable home. This becomes the key for me for understanding a whole section of American values throughout this whole period. So one of the things that surprised me was the centrality of the home, which I regard as one of the central themes of the book.
Featured image: A factory outside of Springfield, Illinois proudly announces its proximity to Abraham Lincoln’s home. Photo courtesy of Jesse Gant, 2017.
Podcast music: “Gloves” by Julian Lynch. Used with permission.
Jesse Gant is a Ph.D. candidate in United States history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He divides his time between Madison, Wisconsin, and Saint Louis, Missouri, as he completes his dissertation, At Freedom’s Edge: Black Activism and the Old Northwest in the Civil War Era. Website. Twitter. Contact.
Richard White is the Margaret Byrne Professor of American History in the Department of History at Stanford University. He is the author of numerous books including Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (W.W. Norton and Company, 2011), The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge University Press, 2010), and has contributed to the Spatial History Project at Stanford University. Professor White’s most recent book, The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896, was published as part of the multi-volume series, the Oxford History of the United States. He is a MacArthur Fellow and two of his books have been finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. Website. Contact. | <urn:uuid:7ab84741-b642-461e-b7ab-e15ec5f9d82d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://edgeeffects.net/richard-white/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103989282.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702071223-20220702101223-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.961913 | 2,947 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Step into Piano is phase II in our early childhood music program. Ideally, children will have completed a year or two of Step the Beat prior to entering Step into Piano, but this is not required. With Step into Piano. we offer a group option for children to begin learning basic piano skills. Children will work with various tools to learn notes on the keyboard as well as the staff. They will practice using rhythm and begin learning to read music. Each class will have keyboard time where children work directly on the instrument. The benefit to this program is children learn basic piano skills in a more affordable (and often more fun) group setting. They emerge better prepared for private lessons in piano as well as other instruments.
Step the Beat is rooted in the music philosophy of Hungarian Zolton Kodály. Kodály's approach to music education is based on teaching, learning and understanding music through the experience of singing and giving direct access to the world of music without the technical problems involved with the use of an instrument. The base music material, which has proved to be the most potent and effective is a country's own folksong material and the finest art music. We use these folk songs to introduce concepts to children such as pitch, intervals, notes and rhythm. Our approach to music education is child centered and taught in a logical, sequential manner. There is no "method" per se, but rather more a series of guidelines. With each successive session of Step the Beat, concepts become complex and include additional layers of learning.
Once these basic skills are mastered separate from the instrument, children can move into specific instruments with more confidence and significantly less frustration. We have also developed our next level class, Step into Piano as an in-between option for students who have excelled at Step the Beat, but need a bit more time before moving to private lessons.
If you are interested in customizing a program for your preschool or elementary school either as part of your curriculum or as an extra-curricular activity, please contact us for further discussion.
Our preschool music programs in Chicago offer early childhood group classes - Step the Beat and Step into Piano - and are available to integrate into your school music curriculum or as part of after school programs. These programs offer an innovative approach to beginner piano lessons and group piano classes. We also offer guitar lessons for kids. We encourage you to Contact Us! to learn how we can customize a program for your school's needs.
Our unique group lesson designed for early childhood preschool music education. Through our combined teaching experience of more than 50 years, the instructors of Musical Chairs have created innovative introductory music lessons designed to build a strong music foundation prior to beginning private instrument instruction. Step the Beat students gain an early love for music through our interactive, fun and age appropriate approach. Our 4 areas of focus are:
Summer Programs for Kids * Adult Music Lessons Chicago * Lincoln Square * Ravenswood Copyright © 2015 Musical Chairs Studio, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6a28cb73-b414-4fb1-903b-c0f5bad883e0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.musicalchairsstudio.com/programs-for-schools.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145648.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222023815-20200222053815-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.951988 | 602 | 2.796875 | 3 |
According to a new study, a certain type of coffee bean (Coffea canephora) has an ingredient that breaks down bacterial plaque, which may help protect you against tooth decay and gum disease between trips to the dentist.
But we’re not sure how much of an impact this may have on the oral health of coffee drinkers.
A Certain Special Bean Breaks Down Plaque
Researchers from Rio de Janeiro wanted to analyze the effect of coffee bean extract on plaque growing on teeth. They used baby teeth that had been contaminated with bacteria using saliva samples. They then treated the teeth in four different ways. One had the coffee extract. Another was treated with distilled water. The third group was treated with an antibiotic, while the fourth group had nothing done to it.
At four and seven days, they tested the hardness of the enamel on the teeth as well as the calcium content in the water. They found that bacteria levels decreased in both the coffee extract and the antibacterial treatment groups. Although the antibacterial agent was stronger, the coffee extract produced significant benefits.
Researchers noted that this is a great discovery because people typically drink coffee at much stronger concentrations than many of the medicinal infusions that are recommended, meaning that it might be more effective as an everyday prevention technique.They also proposed the extract could be used to create natural mouthwashes, toothpastes, and other treatments.
Another Cup of Joe?
Does this mean that you should order another cup of coffee? That depends. There are still many potential negatives of coffee drinking when it comes to your teeth.
First, of course, there is the problem of staining. On the plus side, though, teeth whitening is very effective against coffee stains.
Next, coffee can be fairly acidic. This means it can etch your teeth and cause erosion of your dental enamel, so you don’t want to drink too much coffee.
And if you drink your coffee with cream and sugar, it’s likely that you are probably doing more harm than good, because the food will allow bacteria to reproduce and overpower the preventive power of coffee.
Still, it’s good news for coffee drinkers who no longer have to worry about the impact of coffee on your teeth.
But if you are looking for a dentist in San Diego to help augment the preventive power of coffee, please call 619-299-5925 for an appointment at Strober Dental today. | <urn:uuid:385c6033-5c17-43b0-b371-28c890870f10> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.stroberdental.com/blog/coffee-may-good-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448146.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728083322-20170728103322-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.959655 | 501 | 3.03125 | 3 |
There is not always a manual or book to assist in the things we partake in through life but when becoming a teacher, fortunately, there are books that can help master different skills and there just so happens to be many books available when discussing classroom management. The Classroom Management Textbook for Elementary Teachers is directed more towards brand new teachers. This textbook assists teachers with their classroom managing skills by providing and supporting teachers with new approaches and strategies they can implement for better classroom management.
According to the list: 15 Awesome Classroom Management Books, a teacher can learn instantly that classroom management must contain a balance with discipline and compassion demonstrated in the first 6 weeks of school enforced by using positive reinforcement among many other skillsets and strategies in order to achieve successful classroom behavior.
Managing a classroom with the specific strategies and skills learned while becoming a professional can make the day or break it. A failure to withhold the proper skill in managing a classroom can lead to the result of many struggling children and the diminishing of material children will be able to learn that school year as planned by the district curriculum. This is one of the most important instructions a teacher can teach children because it affects their entire means of looking at morality as well as respect.
Not managing a class well can lead children into thinking it is okay to act out of line when there is no line to follow. Limiting the classroom was one of the other books listed in the list mentioned previously. Without the handle on the classroom and the students, many teachers cannot make it through the school year and seek professional help from colleagues and textbooks that help improve their skill in classroom management.
A teacher must have patience, kindness, compassion, and balance in order to manage a classroom well. As a person, it is important to know that many children are coming from different cultures, different rules, and different homes. Some children have siblings, and some do not, some have attentive parents, and some do not, many are encouraged to do homework while others are not. In order to maintain the class, one must keep these thoughts in mind. Kindness can go a long way. Especially when the student does not experience kindness outside of school. For this reason, it is important to look into books like Dream Class by Michael Linsin which demonstrates that there are different groups of students and each group will understand things differently, will learn differently and will act differently. And this book is also mentioned in the list discussed previously.
These books are important because no one is perfect and as humans, mistakes are made but when one educates themselves, more mistakes can be avoided through wisdom and the ability to make new decisions. The better a teacher is with classroom management, the more successful the students are. | <urn:uuid:bc374f39-24bd-43b1-a67d-1aa17993b88e> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.educationmagazines.us/kids-education/books-that-help-teachers-learn-and-perfect-their-classroom-management-skills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529406.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723130306-20190723152306-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.972682 | 547 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Glycine is an amino acid that is primarily used in anti-aging skin care products because of its ability to improve moisture retention, increase collagen production, and promote skin repair and regeneration. It can also be used as a buffering agent.
Glycine is the simplest possible amino acid with only a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. As an amino acid, glycine functions as a building block in the production of proteins. Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, which means it can be synthesized within the human body. Glycine should not be confused with another ingredient that is commonly used in skin care products called “glycine soja”, which is soybean extract.
In cosmetics and personal care products, glycine primarily functions as an anti-aging ingredient based on its ability to improve moisture retention, increase collagen production, and promote skin repair and regeneration. It can also be used as a buffering agent.
After topical application, glycine and other amino acids can effectively penetrate the skin because they have an average molecular weight of 110 Daltons. This is well under the 500 Dalton rule, which states that compounds that are above 500 Daltons have a much harder time penetrating into the skin.
One way that glycine benefits the skin is by improving moisture retention. Glycine and other amino acids are naturally present in skin as part of the Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF). In addition to amino acids, the NMF is composed of various small compounds such as sugars and electrolytes that work to keep skin’s surface intact, supple, and hydrated. Specifically, amino acids work together with aquaporins (the body’s water transport system) to move moisture throughout skin. Therefore, topical application of amino acids like glycine helps to improve moisture retention in the skin.
Glycine is often used in anti-aging skin care products because of its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by stimulating collagen production. One of the major factors that contributes to the formation of lines and wrinkles is a decrease in the amount of collagen in the skin. The body produces less and less collagen with age. In fact, after the age of 20, a person produces about 1 percent less collagen in the skin each year. Moreover, environmental free radicals can degrade collagen proteins. The result is skin that becomes thinner and more fragile with age. Collagen has a triple helix structure composed of glycine and two other amino acids, proline and hydroxyproline. Using ingredients that stimulate collagen production, such as glycine, can help to maintain skin firmness and promote skin repair and regeneration.
Lastly, glycine can function as a buffering agent, which means it is used to establish and hold the pH level of a cosmetic formulation. In chemistry, pH stands for ‘potential hydrogen’ and it refers to the level of acidity or alkalinity in a given solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. Adding glycine to an acidic or alkaline solution will make it neutral.
The safety of glycine and the other alpha-amino acids has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. Due to the normal presence of glycine in the body and its use as a direct food additive approved by the FDA, the Panel focused their review on dermal irritation and sensitization data. Dermal data on products containing glycine indicated that this ingredient is not a dermal irritant or sensitizer. Thus, the Panel concluded that glycine and the other alpha amino acids were safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products.
References: Wikipedia “Glycine”, Paula’s Choice “Amino Acids for Skin”, Cosmetics Info “Glycine” | <urn:uuid:e12adf8a-6a7b-45f0-98dc-4722bd678ffb> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://thedermreview.com/glycine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987835748.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023173708-20191023201208-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.945661 | 815 | 2.75 | 3 |
The basic idea of a joystick is to translate the movement of a plastic stick into electronic information a computer can process. Joysticks are used in all kinds of machines, including F-15 fighter jets, backhoes and wheelchairs. In this article, we'll be focusing on computer joysticks, but the same principles apply to other sorts of joysticks.
The various joystick technologies differ mainly in how much information they pass on. The simplest joystick design, used in many early game consoles, is just a specialized electrical switch.
This basic design consists of a stick that is attached to a plastic base with a flexible rubber sheath. The base houses a circuit board that sits directly underneath the stick. The circuit board is made up of several "printed wires," which connect to several contact terminals. Ordinary wires extend from these contact points to the computer.
The printed wires form a simple electrical circuit made up of several smaller circuits. The circuits just carry electricity from one contact point to another. When the joystick is in the neutral position -- when you're not pushing one way or another -- all but one of the individual circuits are broken. The conductive material in each wire doesn't quite connect, so the circuit can't conduct electricity.
Each broken section is covered with a simple plastic button containing a tiny metal disc. When you move the stick in any direction, it pushes down on one of these buttons, pressing the conductive metal disc against the circuit board. This closes the circuit -- it completes the connection between the two wire sections. When the circuit is closed, electricity can flow down a wire from the computer (or game console), through the printed wire, and to another wire leading back to the computer. | <urn:uuid:dd290f87-a8f1-45a0-a611-5fee8e4e37e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/joystick1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806455.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122031440-20171122051440-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.939153 | 345 | 3.96875 | 4 |
New research reveals the mechanism by which an experimental drug can protect the kidneys from sudden damage, called acute kidney injury (AKI). The findings, which appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN), show how the drug may be able to save many lives and cut medical costs related to the condition.
AKI, which affects millions of people worldwide and increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease and dying early, is most often caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to the kidney (called ischemia). This can occur in many clinical situations, including shock, trauma, sepsis, heart attack, and during heart surgery. Taking high potency statins to lower cholesterol is also linked with an increased risk for AKI. Unfortunately, there are no approved drugs that reduce the incidence or severity of AKI.
Ischemia damages cells' mitochondria, which make a form of energy called ATP that keeps cells alive and functioning. When mitochondria are damaged by ischemia, cells have a limited ability to regenerate ATP when blood flow is later restored. This causes cell death and inflammation.
In studies designed to investigate potential drug targets for AKI, Alexander Birk, PhD, Shaoyi Liu, MD, and Hazel Szeto, MD, PhD (Weill Cornell Medical College) and their colleagues recently reported that a novel agent called SS-31 (also known as Bendavia™) can accelerate ATP recovery after ischemia and reduce AKI, but its mechanism of action remained unclear. Their latest research—which uses chemical, biochemical, and structural biology approaches—shows that Bendavia helps protect a unique fatty compound, or phospholipid (called cardiolipin), on the inner mitochondrial membrane that is critical in the pathway that leads to ATP production. Cardiolipin helps form the foldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane that are studded with protein complexes involved in ATP production. The loss of cardiolipin during ischemia causes mitochondria to lose their membrane folding and reduce their ability to produce ATP. Using a method called transmission electron microscopy, the researchers were able to confirm that treatment with Bendavia prior to kidney ischemia dramatically preserved mitochondrial membrane foldings and accelerated ATP recovery to protect cell structure and function.
"Recent studies have shown that AKI has more than doubled since 2000, causing nearly 39,000 deaths in 2009 alone. The discovery of a therapeutic agent that can minimize AKI will have enormous medical and economic impact," said Dr. Szeto. "Bendavia is a first-in-class mitochondria protective agent that holds promise in preventing not only AKI, but also ischemia-related injury in multiple organs," she added. Bendavia is currently being evaluated in several phase 2 clinical trials in the United States and Europe for heart and kidney disease.
In an accompanying editorial, Andrew Hall, PhD (University of Zurich, in Switzerland) wrote, "It seems clear that SS-31 can ameliorate adverse changes in mitochondrial structure and function in ischemic AKI, with the result that tubular cell structure and overall kidney function are better preserved."
More information: The article, entitled "Cardiolipin as a Novel Target to Re-Energize Ischemic Mitochondria," will appear online on July 11, 2013, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012121216.
The editorial, entitled "Maintaining Mitochondrial Morphology in AKI: Looks Matter," will appear online on July 11, 2013, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2013050519. | <urn:uuid:71d677d4-e27e-4dc8-979c-edf4b99ca4cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-07-drug-unique-kidney-injury.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930256.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00319-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943431 | 742 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The TAO of Java
Summary: In this laboratory, you will have an opportunity to enhance your understanding of the dictionary ADT and of binary search trees by exploring a binary search tree implementation of dictionaries.
Code Files from Previous Lab:
New Code Files:
In this laboratory, you will use a package entitled
a. In a terminal window, type
You should see messages about files being copied to a temporary directory.
b. Start Eclipse.
c. In Eclipse, build a project named Temp from
d. In the Temp project, you should see a package named
Drag that package to your Code project.
e. Delete the Temp project.
You can now work with the new package.
a. Sketch the binary search trees that would be created by adding the following lists of indices (each list creates a separate tree, assume the elements are added in order).
b. Is there a better or worse order to put values into a binary search tree?
c. Estimate the running time of
in terms of the number of elements in the tree or the depth of the
tree (or both).
Clearly, these nodes are insufficient, by themselves, to implement
binary search trees. What we need to do is to wrap them in
a class that builds the trees and uses them to support the
a. What fields would you expect that class to have?
b. Binary search trees assume that keys are ordered. How do you plan to compare values to determine what is smaller or larger?
c. How would you expect to implement the
get method? (You
need not write code, just sketch a strategy.)
d. How would you expect to implement the
put method? (You
need not write code, just sketch a strategy.) Note that,
put modifies the tree.
to compare that implementation to your suggestions.
f. Explain the strategy used for
As you may recall,
DictTester.java, provides a a generic tester for
TestBST.java, uses that generic tester to provide a tester customized for binary search trees.
Compile and run
TestBST and confirm that it
produces the results you expect.
a. Write a new tester for binary search trees that prompts the user for a sequence of key,value pairs, inserts each pair into the tree, and then print out the tree.
For example, we might use this tester as follows.
ji NewTestBST d a b c e Please enter the key,value pairs, one per line. Enter a blank line when you are done. > d,Dog > a,Apple > b,Binary > c,Cute > e,Echo d => Dog L a => Apple L R b => Binary L R R c => Cute R e => Echo
b. Use the tester to check your answers from exercise 1.
As you may recall, the general strategy for removing a key/value pair from a binary search tree is somewhat complex.
slide upthe right subtree of that leftmost node.
a. Write a method,
BSTNode find(BSTNode top, K key), that finds the node with the designated key. (Hint: You may want to factor out the code from
b. Write a method,
BSTNode leftmost(BSTNode top), that finds the leftmost node in a subtree. (Hint: You find the leftmost node by repeatedly following the left branch until there is no left branch.)
c. Write a method,
void slideRightUp(BSTNode top), that
slides up the values from the right subtree.
d. There are a few special cases for removal. One is that there is no right subtree. Another is that there are no subtrees at all. Determine what you should do for those special cases.
e. Put it all together into a
remove(K key) method.
f. Suppose we start with a full binary tree. What do you expect to happen if we repeatedly remove the value at the root? Confirm your answer experimentally.
As you may have noted, binary search trees only work well when elements are split nearly evenly between subtrees. (Similarly, each subtree should have about the same number of elements in each of its sub-subtrees, and so on and so forth.)
Design (but do not implement) a strategy for keeping the number of elements in each subtree approximately equivalent.
Monday, 11 April 2005 [Samuel A. Rebelsky]
Tuesday, 12 April 2005 [Samuel A. Rebelsky]
Wednesday, 13 April 2005 [Samuel A. Rebelsky]
Tuesday, 11 April 2006 [Samuel A. Rebelsky]
Wednesday, 12 April 2006 [Samuel A. Rebelsky]
This page was generated by
Siteweaver on Wed Apr 12 09:00:40 2006.
The source to the page was last modified on Wed Apr 12 09:00:39 2006.
This page may be found at | <urn:uuid:cfce97c0-17fc-457f-b19c-7ec502b9a0eb> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.cs.grinnell.edu/~rebelsky/TAO/Labs/bst.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.879909 | 1,062 | 3.375 | 3 |
When we say “big data”, many think of the Hadoop technology stack. Is this the big data stack?
Well, not anymore. Big data concepts are changing. The data community has diversified, with big data initiatives based on other technologies:
- NoSQL databases like MongoDB, PostgreSQL and Cassandra running huge volumes of data.
- Cloud-based data warehouses which can hold petabyte-scale data with blazing fast performance.
- Even traditional databases store big data—for example, Facebook uses a sharded MySQL architecture to store over 10 petabytes of data.
The common denominator of these technologies: they are lightweight and easier to use than Hadoop with HDFS, Hive, Zookeeper, etc. Some are offered as a managed service, letting you get started in minutes.
Towards a Generalized Big Data Technology Stack
We propose a broader view on big data architecture, not centered around a specific technology. How do organizations today build an infrastructure to support storing, ingesting, processing and analyzing huge quantities of data? This is the stack:
The Data Layer
At the bottom of the stack are technologies that store masses of raw data, which comes from traditional sources like OLTP databases, and newer, less structured sources like log files, sensors, web analytics, document and media archives.
Increasingly, storage happens in the cloud or on virtualized local resources. Organizations are moving away from legacy storage, towards commoditized hardware, and more recently to managed services like Amazon S3.
Data Storage Systems
A few examples:
- Hadoop HDFS—the classic big data file system. It became popular due to its robustness and limitless scale on commodity hardware. However, it requires a specialized skillset and complex integration of a myriad open source components.
- Amazon S3—create buckets and load data using a variety of integrations, with 99.999999999% guaranteed durability. S3 is simple, secure, and provides a quick and cheap solution for storing limitless amounts of big data.
- MongoDB—a mature open source document-based database, built to handle data at scale with proven performance. However, some have criticized its use as a first-class data storage system, due to its limited analytical capabilities and no support for transactional data.
The Data Ingestion & Integration Layer
To create a big data store, you’ll need to import data from its original sources into the data layer. In many cases, to enable analysis, you’ll need to ingest data into specialized tools, such as data warehouses. This won’t happen without a data pipeline. You can leverage a rich ecosystem of big data integration tools, including powerful open source integration tools, to pull data from sources, transform it, and load it to a target system of your choice.
Big Data Ingestion Tools
A few examples:
- Stitch—a lightweight ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tool which pulls data from multiple pre-integrated data sources, transforms and cleans it as necessary. Stitch is easy to setup, seamless and integrates with dozens of data sources. However, it does not support data transformations.
- Blendo—a cloud data integration tool that lets you connect data sources with a few clicks, and pipe them to Amazon Redshift, PostgreSQL, MS SQL Server and Panoply’s automated data warehouse. Blendo provides schemas and optimization for email marketing, eCommerce and other big data use cases.
- Apache Kafka—an open source streaming messaging bus that can creates a feed from your data sources, partitions the data, and streams it to a passive listener. Apache Kafka is a mature and powerful solution used in production at huge scale. However it is complex to implement, and uses a messaging paradigm most data engineers are not familiar with.
The Data Processing Layer
Thanks to the plumbing, data arrives at its destination. You now need a technology that can crunch the numbers to facilitate analysis. Analysts and data scientists want to run SQL queries against your big data, some of which will require enormous computing power to execute. The data processing layer should optimize the data to facilitate more efficient analysis, and provide a compute engine to run the queries.
Data warehouse tools are optimal for processing data at scale, while a data lake is more appropriate for storage, requiring other technologies to assist when data needs to be processed and analyzed.
Data Processing Tools
A few examples:
- Apache Spark—like the old Map/Reduce but over 100X faster. Runs parallelized queries on unstructured, distributed data in Hadoop, Mesos, Kubernetes and elsewhere. Spark also provides a SQL interface, but is not natively a SQL engine.
- PostgreSQL—many organizations pipe their data to good old Postgres to facilitate queries. PostgreSQL can be scaled by sharding or partitioning and is very reliable.
- Amazon Redshift—darling of the data industry, a cloud-based petabyte-scale data warehouse offering blazing query speeds and can be used as a relational database.
Analytics & BI Layer
You’ve bought the groceries, whipped up a cake and baked it—now you get to eat it! The data layer collected the raw materials for your analysis, the integration layer mixed them all together, the data processing layer optimized, organized the data and executed the queries. The analytics & BI is the real thing—using the data to enable data-driven decisions.
Using the technology in this layer, you can run queries to answer questions the business is asking, slice and dice the data, build dashboards and create beautiful visualizations, using one of many advanced BI tools. Your objective? Answer business questions and provide actionable data which can help the business.
BI / Analytics Tools
A few examples:
- Tableau—powerful BI and data visualization tool, which connects to your data and allows you to drill down, perform complex analysis, and build charts and dashboards.
- Chartio—cloud BI service allowing you to connect data sources, explore data, build SQL queries and transform the data as needed, and create live auto-refreshing dashboards.
- Looker—cloud-based BI platform that lets you query and analyze large data sets via SQL—define metrics once set up visualizations that tell a story with your data.
The Entire Stack in One Tool?
Should you pick and choose components and build the big data stack yourself, or take an integrated solution off the shelf? Until recently, to get the entire data stack you’d have to invest in complex, expensive on-premise infrastructure. Today a new class of tools is emerging, which offers large parts of the data stack, pre-integrated and available instantly on the cloud.
Another major change is that the data layer is no longer a complex mess of databases, flat files, data lakes and data warehouses, which require intricate integration to work together. Cloud-based data integration tools help you pull data at the click of a button to a unified, cloud-based data store such as Amazon S3. From there data can easily be ingested into cloud-based data warehouses, or even analyzed directly by advanced BI tools.
Panoply, the world’s first automated data warehouse, is one of these tools. Panoply covers all three layers at the bottom of the stack:
Data—Panoply is cloud-based and can hold petabyte-scale data at low cost.
Integration/Ingestion—Panoply provides a convenient UI, which lets you select data sources, provide credentials, and pull in big data with the click of a button. Panoply automatically optimizes and structures the data using NLP and Machine Learning.
Data Processing—Panoply lets you perform on-the-fly queries on the data to transform it to the desired format, while holding the original data intact. It connects to all popular BI tools, which you can use to perform business queries and visualize results.
Analytics & BI—Panoply connects to popular BI tools including Tableau, Looker and Chartio, allowing you to create reports, visualizations and dashboards with the tool of your choice.
Most importantly, Panoply does all this without requiring data engineering resources, as it provides a fully-integrated big data stack, right out of the box.
Big Data—Beyond Hadoop
For a long time, big data has been practiced in many technical arenas, beyond the Hadoop ecosystem. Big data is in data warehouses, NoSQL databases, even relational databases, scaled to petabyte size via sharding. Our simple four-layer model can help you make sense of all these different architectures—this is what they all have in common:
- A data layer which stores raw data.
- An integration/ingestion layer responsible for the plumbing and data prep and cleaning.
- A data processing layer which crunches, organizes and manipulates the data
- An analytics/BI layer which lets you do the final business analysis, derive insights and visualize them.
By infusing this framework with modern cloud-based data infrastructure, organizations can move more quickly from raw data to analysis and insights. Data engineers can leverage the cloud to whip up data pipelines at a tiny fraction of the time and cost of traditional infrastructure.
As an analyst or data scientist, you can use these new tools to take raw data and move it through the pipeline yourself, all the way to your BI tool—without relying on data engineering expertise at all. | <urn:uuid:2d4cecb2-a911-47a1-8e51-ee9b9137c8f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://blog.panoply.io/the-big-data-stack-powering-data-lakes-data-warehouses-and-beyond | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826145.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214162826-20181214184826-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.888139 | 1,977 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An example of something subtractive is taking 2 from 6.
- tending to subtract
- capable of or involving subtraction
- that is to be subtracted; marked with the minus sign (?)
Origin of subtractiveMedieval Latin subtractivus
- Producing or involving subtraction.
- a. Of or being a color produced by light passing through or reflecting off a colorant, such as a filter or pigment, that absorbs certain wavelengths and transmits or reflects others. See Table at color.b. Of or being any of the primary colors cyan, magenta, or yellow.
- Of or being a photographic process that produces a positive image by superposing or mixing substances that selectively absorb colored light. | <urn:uuid:035d9cea-4b1c-413d-bc06-74bf2e50eb68> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/subtractive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00288-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884775 | 148 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Comedic lecture with Simon Watt as part of the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 2014.
Simon Watt thinks frogs are among the most fascinating and freaky species on our planet. There are frogs that are among the most lethally poisonous animal on earth, frogs that break their bones and pierce their flesh to act as knives, frogs that soar through the skies and even frogs that can survive freezing.
Frogs are useful too and studying them has led to some surprising benefits for us. Research into their biology has helped create the first pregnancy tests, cloning technology, psychedelic drugs, potential cures for cancer, magnetic levitation and a new wave of antibiotics.
Frogs might be brilliant but, sadly, they are dying out. In this comedic lecture Simon Watt explored why frogs are better than most people he knows and how studying them has changed the world.
This event is suitable for adults only.
Enquiries: Contact the events team | <urn:uuid:eb9cc602-af05-4163-89e1-f821a4fe05cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2014/07/simon-watt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.960057 | 191 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland
The Civil Service (Irish: An Státseirbhís) of Ireland is the collective term for the permanent staff of the departments of state and certain state agencies who advise and work for the Government of Ireland. It consists of two broad components, the Civil Service of the Government and the Civil Service of the State. Whilst these two components are largely theoretical they do have some fundamental operational differences.
The civil service of the Irish Free State, as the predecessor of Ireland, was not formally established by law. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 did however provide that the Government of the Irish Free State became responsible for those who were discharged or retired from the civil or public services in the new state, except a few exempted personnel recruited in response of the Anglo-Irish War. The exact status and compensation of such people was further codified in law by the Civil Service (Transferred Officers) Compensation Act, 1929. This had the effect that the state became responsible for essentially all former Dublin Castle administration civil servants based in the new state.
The first attempt at formally regulating the civil service was the Civil Service Regulation Act, 1923 which was essentially a transitional arrangement and in 1924 was replaced by the Civil Service Regulation Act, 1924.
The result of these acts was the Civil Service Commissioners (later the Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners), a commission of three persons charged with determining the standards for entry to the Civil Service of the Government of Saorstát Éireann. Entry to the civil service was generally by competitive examination, and a number of qualifications such as ability, age, character, health and knowledge could be predefined. Applicants also had to meet nationality requirements. The competitive examination system was created to ensure that the appointment of people to the institutions of the state would be based on merit only, and as such limiting any spoils system type influence. In retrospect however this often became criticised as being a rigid system in which promotion was based primarily on one's seniority and not on the ability of forward thinking or risk taking. A result of this was that the civil service became regarded as retaining its British outlook until well into the 1950s, T.K. Whitaker was among a new generation of civil servants who would "break the mould" and cast off this image.
The Civil Service of the Government is the direct descendant of the Civil Service of the Government of Saorstát Éireann, as provided for in Article 56, of the Constitution of Ireland; one of the Transitory Provisions intended to ensure continuance of institutions of the state.
A significant reform of the civil service occurred by the Civil Service Regulation Act, 1956 and Civil Service Commissioners Act, 1956. These two acts however were deeply controversial in that they placed in statute law the requirement that many women would face mandatory retirement on marriage (the requirement was previously a regulation since 1924). This provision was finally rescinded by the Civil Service (Employment of Married Women) Act, 1973.
In 2004 the Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners was abolished and replaced by two separate bodies, the Commission for Public Service Appointments, a standards-setting body, and the Public Appointments Service, a central recruitment agency for the Civil Service. Since this time government departments have been allowed to recruit directly, though most still avail of the services of the PAS.
All civil servants are expected to be impartial, and to act within the law. A member of the Civil Service is expected to maintain political impartiality and all grades must not seek nomination or election to the European Parliament or Houses of the Oireachtas. Certain grades are also barred from seeking nomination or election to local authorities.
Civil servants above the clerical grade must not take part in public debate outside their normal official duties. For instance privately contributing to newspapers, radio, or television would be considered a violation of this principle. All civil servants, including those on career break or retirement are subject to the Official Secrets Act 1963, as amended, exceptions to this include the Freedom of Information Act.
Civil servants must not take part in anything that may involve a conflict of interest, and if they seek outside work must bring it to the attention of their line manager who may refuse the request. Civil servant grades and positions defined as "designated positions" under the Ethics in Public Office Acts must make a disclosure of interests where they have a relevant interest.
The grading structure is heavily based on that of the British Civil Service. Traditionally the Administrative Officer grade was the highest grade at which one could join the civil service, with higher grades filled by internal promotion. Entry positions are recruited openly by the Public Appointments Service (formerly the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commission). The Social Partnership agreement Towards 2016 allowed for a proportion of the previously internally filled positions to be advisertised and filled externally, at the grades of Principal Officer, Assistant Principal and Higher Executive Officer. Many positions at Assistant Secretary level (generally the second most senior grade in a Government Department) have also been advertised externally in recent years.
In some departments or offices, particularly at senior levels in the Civil Service of the State, different titles (such as Director or Commissioner) may be applied to positions instead of the traditional grade. There also exists the grades of Services Officer, Staff Officer, Administrative Officer, and Second Secretary which only exist in certain departments or offices. Specialist or technical positions may have a different grading structure.
It has become practice in recent times for some outside advisors to also work in government departments, such as 'programme managers', however the conditions and remuneration of such individuals varies with government.
Civil Service of the GovernmentEdit
The Civil Service of the Government (Irish: Státseirbhís an Rialtais) is the body of civil servants which advises and carries out the work of the Government, through the Departments of State, of which there are fifteen; one for each Minister of the Government. The permanent head of a department is known as the Secretary General (equivalent to a Permanent Secretary in the British Civil Service). The head of the civil service is the Secretary General to the Government, who is also Secretary General of the Department of the Taoiseach.
The largest reform of the civil service occurred in 1984 when the abolition of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs led to the halving of civil service numbers. The affected personnel, mainly postal and telecommunications workers, were transferred to An Post and Telecom Éireann respectively.
Civil Service of the StateEdit
The Civil Service of the State (Irish: Státseirbhís an Stáit) is a relatively small component of the overall civil service, and its members are expected to be absolutely independent of the government, in addition to normal political independence which is expected.
Civil servants in the offices of the Office of the Revenue Commissioners, Office of Public Works, Comptroller and Auditor-General of Ireland, Courts Service of Ireland, Director of Public Prosecutions, Garda Síochána, Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission, Legal Aid Board, Houses of the Oireachtas, Irish Naturalisation & Immigration Service, Information Commissioner and Ombudsman are all considered to be part of the Civil Service of the State. Certain other offices are also prescribed under the Civil Service of the State.
- Section 71(3) Part 3, Garda Síocháná Act 2005
- Civil Service Code of Standards and Behaviour, Standards in Public Office Commission, Dublin, February 2005.
- Guidelines on Compliance with the Provisions of the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 and 2001, Standards in Public Office Commission, Dublin, June 2005. | <urn:uuid:dc034fea-1699-43b8-b6a7-83058626f0c5> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.966797 | 1,572 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Many believe that self-driving cars will take over American roads in the very near future. If these changes are to happen, however, automotive companies and government regulators must work closely to ensure the rollout of these vehicles is as safe as possible.
If one is to believe the media, self-driving cars aren't a matter of if; they are a matter of when. In recent years, domestic and foreign automakers, transportation companies like Uber and Lyft, and even technology companies like Google have invested many millions in self-driving technology. While self-driving technology seems inevitable to many, there are still many questions on how self-driving vehicles would fit into American roads and highways. | <urn:uuid:4be0cf51-9b94-4e30-8fb8-594267e15681> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.cliffordlaw.com/mt-bin/mt-search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=77554&tag=self-driving%20cars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.982838 | 136 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Thistles are characteristically seen in pastures and along roadsides with their sharp prickly foliage that run the length of the plant. The small flower on the top of each thistle stem is seen ranging in colors from mauve and white to pinkish purple. Thistles vary in terms of climate preference and grow in moist, wet soils as well as dry, arid climates. Thistle seed is also popular for feeding wild birds and is a favorite of finches.
Pasture thistle, a type of thistle, is a perennial wildflower that grows 1 to 3 feet in height. Its fragrant flowers are white to light magenta in color and grow 2 to 3 inches wide. These striking blooms emerge late spring to summer and prefer dry soils often seen in pastures, hence the name pasture thistle. The foliage of the pasture thistle is long and hairy with shallow, spiny lobes that are green in color.
Swamp thistle is a perennial wildflower that grows in wet woods and swamps. It's rose and purple colored blooms are clustered and attached to hollow stems with sticky bracts. The flowering season begins in the summer and lasts through the fall. The foliage on the swamp thistle is long with deeply cut leaves that are prickly and green in color. Swamp thistle grows between 2 and 8 feet tall.
Yellow thistle is a perennial wildflower that grows between 2 and 5 feet tall. Yellow thistle begins to flower in late spring and lasts through the fall. The 3-inch blooms are yellow with spiny bracts that are white or purple in color. The foliage on the yellow thistle ranges from 2 to 5 inches with bristly leaves that come to a sharp point. When young, the foliage has a woolly texture. Yellow thistle prefers sandy soils and grows in fields, salt marshes, roadsides and savannahs.
Bull thistle is a biennial plant that grows 3 to 6 feet in height. Its purplish pink flower blooms grow up to 2 inches in width with stiff and rigid spines that resemble a shaving brush. The flower emerges in summer and lasts through the fall. The foliage on bull thistle is spiny with deeply lobed leaves that are pale green in color. These wildflowers are often seen growing in pastures and along roadsides. | <urn:uuid:25c3781e-11a9-4389-8b85-ba374991a4f4> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.gardenguides.com/95443-different-types-thistles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00031-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957794 | 485 | 3.5625 | 4 |
kidzsearch.com > wiki
Martin Van Buren
|Martin Van Buren|
|8th President of the United States|
March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
|Vice President||Richard Mentor Johnson|
|Preceded by||Andrew Jackson|
|Succeeded by||William Henry Harrison|
|8th Vice President of the United States|
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
|Preceded by||John C. Calhoun|
|Succeeded by||Richard Mentor Johnson|
|10th United States Secretary of State|
March 28, 1829 – May 23, 1831
|Preceded by||Henry Clay|
|Succeeded by||Edward Livingston|
|Born|| December 5, 1782|
Kinderhook, New York, USA
|Died|| July 24, 1862 (aged 79)|
Kinderhook, New York
|Political party||Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil|
|Spouse(s)||Widowed Hannah Hoes Van Buren (daughter-in-law Angelica Van Buren was first lady)|
|Children|| Abraham Van Buren |
John Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (1812–55)
Smith Thompson Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States. He was the first president born after the United States Declaration of Independence, making him the first president who was born as a U.S. citizen.
Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York, in 1782. Van Buren studied law by working for Francis Sylvester and later became a lawyer in 1803. In 1821 he was elected as a member of the United States Senate, representing New York. President Andrew Jackson selected him as the Secretary of State in 1827. In 1832, he became Vice-President for Jackson, and in 1836, he became the 8th President of the United States. During most of the time he was president, the economy was in very bad shape, and he was blamed for it. He was the first president to have been born a United States citizen, since all of his predecessors were born British subjects before the American Revolution.
Van Buren lost the next presidential election in 1840 to William Henry Harrison. In 1848, he ran again to be president as a part of the Free Soil Party, but he did not win. Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, of heart failure, on his Lindenwald estate.
Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, New York, south of Albany. Van Buren was the third born of five children. His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a farmer and a tavern owner. His mother was Maria Hoes Van Buren, the granddaughter of a Dutch immigrant. Martin Van Buren went to school at the Kinderhook Academy in the village where he lived. At Kinderhook Academy, he excelled in English and Latin. Van Buren left the school when he was 14 years old.
As a lawyer
In 1796, Van Buren started working in the law office of Francis Sylvester, an attorney that worked in Kinderhook. He kept the office clean, copied documents and did other jobs. While he was working there, he learned about law. After six years under Sylvester, he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of William P. Van Ness. Van Buren passed the New York State Bar Exam in 1803, and became a lawyer.
Five years later, Van Buren became the surrogate (legal officer) of Columbia County. There was no fixed term of office. That is, Van Buren would be there until the opposition party was able to elect someone else in his place. Van Buren held the office about five years until he was removed on March 19, 1813.
Van Buren represented New York in the United States Senate from 1821 to 1828. He left the Senate to become the governor of New York in 1829. On March 5, 1829 after he became the governor, President Andrew Jackson made Van Buren the Secretary of State, so Van Buren was only the governor for two months.
From 1833 to 1837, he was the Vice President. (Jackson was still President at this time.) Also was leading member of and gained much voting support by Free Soil Party.
Just a few months after Van Buren became president, there was a financial crisis called the Panic of 1837. Van Buren believed in limited government, and did not respond in a way that many people wanted. Many people blamed him for the economy becoming worse, and this made him less popular.
Martin Van Buren developed pneumonia in the fall of 1861. After developing pneumonia, he could not move out of his bed. In July, 1862, Van Buren had a serious asthma attack and began to weaken. Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, at his home in Kinderhook, New York, of heart failure. He was 79 years old.
- "American President: Martin Van Buren". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2011 [last update]. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/vanburen. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2005). Martin Van Buren. Presidential leaders. Twenty-First Century Books. . http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lkIHdziH5EQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- "Martin Van Buren | The White House". whitehouse.gov. 2011 [last update]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- NARA.gov, Martin Van Buren
- Jewell, Elizabeth (2005). U.S. presidents factbook. Random House Digital, Inc.. . http://books.google.com/books?id=8r9qPOiOW1sC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- Buttre, Lillian C. (1877). The American portrait gallery. J.C. Buttre. http://books.google.com/books?id=CZVQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT240&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- Waldrup, Carole Chandler (2004). More Colonial women: 25 pioneers of early America. McFarland & Company. . http://books.google.com/books?id=sXsy9O4YeqMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- "Martin Van Buren--Reading 1". nps.gov. 2009 [last update]. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/39vanburen/39facts1.htm. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- Quackenbos, George Payn (1864). Illustrated school history of the United States and the adjacent parts of America. D. Appleton & Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=aLVFAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- "Martin Van Buren". nnp.org. 2009 [last update]. http://www.nnp.org/nni/Publications/Dutch-American/buren.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- Shepard, Edward Morse (1888). Martin Van Buren. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=mA0FAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- "VAN BUREN, Martin - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. 2011 [last update]. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=v000009. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- "Digital History". digitalhistory.uh.edu. 2011 [last update]. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=640. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- Lamb, Brian; C-SPAN (2010). Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. PublicAffairs. . http://books.google.com/books?id=_8L1fyP7h5IC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- Doak, Robin Santos (2003). Martin Van Buren. Compass Point Books. . http://books.google.com/books?id=A8kj4WyI_9YC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Martin Van Buren| | <urn:uuid:e0e9df75-2335-4ce8-a721-1b4ef3a66a36> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159470.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923134314-20180923154714-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.920366 | 1,961 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Aquarium Heater Controller - Hysteresis Method
My new apartment gets much colder than my old apartment. That means that the water in the aquarium now gets colder than my tropical fish can stand. So, before I went on vacation, I bought a cheap aquarium heater. The problem is that the heater doesn't shut off no matter what the water temperature is. I had a temperature sensor IC, so I threw something together to control the heater while I was gone. To do this quickly, rather than pulling out the microcontrollers, I did everything with linear components.
The LM335Z temperature sensor is basically a Zener diode with a breakdown voltage that changes by temperature.
My aquarium has two species of fish with different temperature tolerances.
|Fish||Low (°C)||High (°C)|
My aquarium should be kept between 24°C and 25°C, giving Vz = [2.972,2.982]V.
- If the current temperature is below 24°C, the heater should be on.
- If the current temperature is above 25°C, the heater should be off.
- Between 24°C and 25°C:
- If the temperature was 24°C, heat until 25°C. (heater on)
- If the temperature was 25°C, cool until 24°C. (heater off)
That looks like hysteresis, specifically a Schmitt trigger. I can probably use an op-amp I have lying around and a couple of resistors to activate a relay connected to the heater.
For a good explanation of creating hysteresis in a circuit, take a look at Comparator Hysteresis in a Nutshell by Dave Van Ess. This schematic came from it.
Because the relay will need 5V, I will use the same source for Vdd.
Setting R1 to 1kΩ, Ra is about 1.5kΩ, and Rf is about 300kΩ.
This means the complete schematic would look like this:
D1 is the LM335Z. U1 is an LM324N.
In the next article, I'll write about how I waterproofed the LM335Z and what was wrong with this design. | <urn:uuid:ba266f8f-c042-4d76-b255-cf5b4ef636d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://waronpants.net/article/aquarium-heater-controller-hysteresis-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203547.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325010547-20190325032547-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.921195 | 476 | 2.734375 | 3 |
[JURIST] The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [official website] announced Monday a finding that greenhouse gases threaten [press release] public health and the environment. EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson [official profile] signed two separate findings [materials] Monday: that greenhouse gases "threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations," and that emissions from motor vehicles contribute to greenhouse gas pollution. With these findings, the EPA can now take steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act [text, PDF], which the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 gave the EPA authority [JURIST report] to regulate the emission of greenhouse gases by automobiles. At a press conference Monday, Jackson said [prepared remarks]:
In 2007, the US Supreme Court handed down perhaps the most significant decision ever reached in environmental law. The Court ruled that the Clean Air Act, the landmark 1970 law aimed at protecting our air, is written to include greenhouse gas pollution. That verdict echoed what many scientists, policymakers, and concerned citizens have said for years: there are no more excuses for delay.The EPA first announced its proposed finding [JURIST report] in April before undertaking a 60-day public comment period. The new findings will enable the EPA to act without Congressional action on emissions.
Regrettably, there was continued delay. But this administration will not ignore science or the law any longer, nor will we avoid the responsibility we owe to our children and grandchildren. Today, I'm proud to announce that EPA has finalized its endangerment finding on greenhouse gas pollution, and is now authorized and obligated to take reasonable efforts to reduce greenhouse pollutants under the Clean Air Act.
Monday's announcement coincides with the opening of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP15) [official website] in Copenhagen, Denmark. US President Barack Obama acknowledged [JURIST report] last month that it is unlikely that conference will produce a legally binding agreement addressing global climate change. The 192-nation conference was originally designed to produce a new global climate change treaty, replacing the controversial 1997 Kyoto Protocol [JURIST news archive], expiring in 2012, which the US did not sign. | <urn:uuid:7ef77e11-9b84-4246-a619-46050989ebbd> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2009/12/epa-rules-greenhouse-gases-threaten.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099361.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00151-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932044 | 437 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Thanks for the question! In most situations,
sedimentary rocks would metamorphose as they are
heated and the metamorphic rock would begin to
melt when the temperatures are high enough. There
are only three ways that I know of in which a
sedimentary rock could be heated up fast enough to
melt without ever becoming a metamorphic rock...
and all three of them are amazing:
-Meteorites hit the Earth so fast that they can
instantaneously melt rocks that they collide with,
the small pieces of igneous rock produced this way
are called tectites. Of course, the larger
the impact, the higher the energy and the more
magma can be made. Perhaps the best example of
this happening at a large scale is in the Sudbury
basin in Canada.
-Earthquakes can actually cause rocks to melt.
Earthquakes happen with the force of the moving
teconic plates becomes greater than the strength
of the rocks, causing the rocks to fracture and
slide past each other for some short distance
(10's of feet for the absolute largest
earthquakes, but usually much less). As the rocks
are sliding past each other along the fault, the
friction is so strong that it can actually melt
the rock within a few centimeters of the fault,
this melted zone (technically an igneous rock) is
called a pseudotachylite.
-Lightning strikes actually melt the ground
they strike, by flash heating it to over 3000 F.
The type of rock formed this way (never more than
a few inches large) is called a fulgurite
(these can be spectacularly shaped, I recommend
doing an image search for some).
Tectites, pseudotachylites, and fulgurites
are all technically igneous rocks, however
they are definitely odd-ball rock types. Usually
sediments have to metamorphose before they can
Hope this was interesting! | <urn:uuid:3153101d-7c69-4ba0-9522-80ac2f2d4d00> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=5251 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738777.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811115957-20200811145957-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.925741 | 424 | 3.875 | 4 |
In December 1884, two 3ft 6in. gauge steam tramway routes serving Walsall opened as part of the South Staffordshire and Birmingham District Steam Tramway Company’s (SS & BD ST Co.) network. The more successful line linked Wednesbury with Walsall and Bloxwich and the other ran from Darlaston to Walsall and for a short distance to the north to Mellish Road.
Perhaps building a steam tramway in a town that relied on the saddlery and bridle trades was not the best idea, with many people opposed to the system. Sadly, the company’s attempts to operate freight services were also stifled by the local authorities.
The company used Wilkinson Patent locomotives hauling both Falcon and Starbuck double deck trailers to operate the steam tramway.
The directors of the company, who were also directors of the Birmingham Central Tramway Company started investigating other forms of traction for the tramway. The general manager of the SS & BD ST Co., Alfred Dickinson who was also a consultant to the BCT company, visited Bruxelles to see their battery trams and these were tried out on a Birmingham route. They too were not entirely successful but the directors were aware of the idea of electric trams collecting power though an overhead collector. | <urn:uuid:ef957d8c-3d89-4458-be9d-32f46de3e2f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.tramway.co.uk/library-collections/online-exhibitions/bloxwich-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.976115 | 271 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This text is primarily intended for high school students and all young people who consider their future vocation, who don’t have the clear vision but have the aspirations to the internet and modern IT technology.
IT or information technologies include the area of creating and maintaining databases, programming, coding, web design, and, in recent years, the creation of mobile applications. Whatever the subfield of IT you’re interested in, you’ll realize that there are available too many jobs and that the study of information technology is the “slam dunk.”
Benefits of studying IT
If you still in a doubt for studying IT, take into account these few facts.
The development of one IT technology entails the development of some new IT branches. There will be more and more jobs in this area, there is no dilemma.
Millions of websites have been built on PHP code, and this is an inexhaustible mine of work for all PHP developers in the future, and what about the future projects.
A special advantage of working in the IT is telecommuting (work from home), as this gives the job an additional value. The work on the computer in the internet age allows the collaboration of more workers and creation of virtual teams. This means that with the knowledge gained in any country, you can stay there and work for a company from the United States.
Employees in the IT field quickly can have a large amount of work with the average salaries that are twice the national average. On the labor market, these jobs still considered as deficient, which means that the job market continues to exceed the demand of it. The demand for these jobs will be even bigger.
Are you the right person for this job?
Do you need a formal degree? Frankly no, but you need healthy contacts, motivation, and knowledge that are still acquired at universities and advances in practice. But, you should be aware of the fact that you will have to learn and grow for the lifetime.
You are in high school and you wonder if you’re the right person for IT. In that part of your life, there are several factors that can show it:
- you love math
- you understand the internet a little more than your buddies
- you’re good with your Android or another smartphone
- your time quickly passes when you’re at the computer (not counting games)
- you heard that in the IT field you can make a lot of money
- you have the intuition that the IT is something really good and interesting. | <urn:uuid:a1517b46-8a85-41d9-9f45-e70533fac60a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.gatherwinebar.com/tag/it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608120.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525180025-20170525200025-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.958455 | 525 | 2.703125 | 3 |
John Paul II once wrote to Fr. George Coyne, S.J., the former director of the Vatican Observatory, that “Science can purify religion from error and superstition; religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes. Each can draw the other into a wider world, a world in which both can flourish.”
Setting aside the fascinating fact that the Vatican has its very own observatory, whose Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT) is located on Mount Graham in southeastern Arizona, the statement itself issued by the former pontiff contains a potentially scandalizing assertion if given only a superficial reading. How could it be at all possible that science, especially a modern science in whose name the deposit of faith has been greatly assailed in recent history, can “purify religion,” particularly Christianity, “from error and superstition” without at the same time introducing a corruption of revelation and faith? Moreover, how can religion in general and Christianity in particular “purify science from idolatry and false absolutes” without forcing science to be at variance with its own particular method and practice?
These are two of the central questions that stand at the heart of the faith-science relationship. But, before addressing them directly, a word ought to be said about the relationship existing between Christianity and modern science in general.
It is a common misconception that Christianity and modern science are natural sworn enemies from beginning to end. But, this is not so, or at least it is not necessarily so. As Dr. Stephen Barr, the renowned theoretical particle physicist of the University of Delaware and the president of the Society of Catholic Scientists, has argued elsewhere in his books Modern Physics and Ancient Faith and in his collection of essays entitled The Believing Scientist, the real and interminable tension lies between not Christian faith and modern science but between religion and scientific materialism, which will be touched upon later in this essay.
Christianity paved the way for modern science in many important ways, both in terms of some its earliest Catholic “fathers” (such as René Descartes, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Fr. Gregory Mendel, and Bishop Nicolas Steno) and some of its most significant champions (such as Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Giuseppe Mercalli, and Fr. Georges Lemaitre). Furthermore, and perhaps even more importantly, Christianity was also essential to the emergence of modern science by providing the necessary preconditions for its advent. This is so by virtue of Christianity’s disenchantment the world and purification of the human mind of the perceived pervasive activity of the capricious pagan gods and other fickle lesser beings present throughout the world. It did so in favor of a divinely ordered and intrinsically good creation proceeding from the all-powerful, all-wise God, who is not in any way identical with it. This then opened the way for an orderly and dependable study of causality within the created order without fear that it might be inherently unintelligible or that it might react violently to one’s impudent curiosity.
With this in mind, we can now proceed to the questions of how the findings of modern science can contribute positively to the Christian faith and how Christianity can serve the practice of the modern scientific endeavor.
Christianity’s Contribution to Modern Science
Modern science is distinguished from its natural philosophy predecessor, with its high concern for the four causes of Aristotle, by its focus on the paradigm of the scientific and empirical method. The substance of the scientific method involves such things as the formulations of hypotheses, empirical observation and measurement, the control and elimination of disruptive variables, repeatable testing and experimentation, and the critical use of reason to form verifiable and falsifiable theories that can best account for the whole gamut of data that falls within one’s field of study. However, because there is a wide variety of scientific fields of study, the actual performance of such disciplines—from quantum physics and astrochemistry to geology and molecular biology—will differ widely, especially when one’s area of study either defies direct observation, involves the re-construction of universe formation, or ascends into the lofty realms of mathematical abstraction. This is all to say that the actual carrying out of the modern scientific disciplines contains within itself a great variety of creativity and diversity of technique and procedure.
Nonetheless, the modern empirical sciences do in fact have a great deal in common, especially when understood in light of their limitations. The limitation of modern science is defined by its object of study, which is the secondary causality intrinsic to the natural world, or intra-“worldly” factors. The modern sciences, particularly the modern natural sciences, seek their answers through a meticulous and unrelenting investigation of how created things interact with one another, whether it be the effect of one body upon another, as is studied in chemistry, biology, neuroscience, geology, etc., or one force upon another force or body, as is studied in physics, all of which is accompanied by the field of mathematics in one way or another.
Such a particularized realm of inquiry has not only realized an incredible amount of success by coming to know the truth of why things actually function the way they do, but also how our universe and world have come to exist in the way that it has in accordance with the laws of its development. It is has also generated a tremendous amount of progress in the production of technological innovations, which has had mixed results for the human family (cf. the development of vaccines and improved farming techniques and equipment, as well as more harmful things such as the atom bomb and chemical weaponry). The mixed bag of technological innovations was bound to happen in a fallen world such as ours so long as the human person retains the ability to exercise their free will for better or for worse. Technology, however, is not merely a morally neutral discipline that receives its ethical coloring depending on its use. One must also keep in mind the type of worldview that scientific and technological reductionism fosters when unreflectively extended beyond its proper domain to the whole of human experience of reality as such.
The specified object of inquiry of the whole range of the modern sciences has been its glory but also its limitation. It has been its glory because it focuses reason to proceed according to set rules and avenues of thought and investigation; it has been its limitation because it cannot thereby rightly pronounce upon questions or objects that fall outside of its method.
Modern science is not only limited when it comes to answering such questions as to the why of the existence of universe at all, but it is also limited in other ways as well. Such limitations include the questions of the existence and nature of God, the divine nature of Christ, the reality and shape of moral values and imperatives, the existence of spiritual entities such as angels, the presence of the immortal human soul, the presence and activity of grace, the truth of human dignity, the possibility of miracles, and even the very value of scientific research itself, to name just a few of the more pertinent questions. These questions and others like them require a form of reasoning that falls outside that of modern natural science.
It is not that science could answer these questions one day if given enough time, talent, and resources, but, rather, that science simply cannot answer such questions because they fall outside of its purview. The recognition of such facts does not in any way denigrate the integrity of modern science but is instead merely an honest assessment of the nature of its inquiry and the limits of its reach. Such an evaluation of science could only be considered derogatory if one has already set science up as mode of inquiry that stretches beyond its objects of interest and has instead corrupted its true nature by trying to make something of it that it simply is not.
This brings us immediately to the statement of John Paul II mentioned above that “religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes.” From what has thus far been said, religion in general, and Christianity in particular, liberate the true freedom and purpose of modern science from those practitioners who would (in the name of science) make claims that exceed its abilities in the form of a scientism, and in this way is a guardian of science itself. This function pertains not only to religion but also to philosophy, whose speculative consideration of science even more readily delineates the true nature and extent of the scientific program. In this way science is prevented from setting itself up as a “false absolute”.
There is another way, however, in which science needs Christianity in particular and religion in general. Modern science needs Christianity because the knowledge gained from science and utilized in the development of new technologies require a corresponding framework of virtues, a moral and religious worldview, wherein these discoveries and inventions can be evaluated for their true worth and utilized well for the benefit of the human community from which they have emerged. This idea is recurring motif throughout the thought of Pope Benedict XVI. In one such instance, the pontiff emeritus writes:
Technical progress does not necessarily coincide with the moral growth of the person; rather, without ethical principles, science, technology, and politics can be used, as has happened and unfortunately still happens, not for the good, but for the harm of individuals and humanity.
Scientific and technological progress require a corresponding spiritual and ethical progress. This is undoubtedly true, or else humanity at large becomes the experimental datum of science, which is a great irony indeed.
However, there is something more here, of which Benedict XVI speaks elsewhere. This is the reductionism that occurs when the scientific and technological paradigms become the universal paradigms for all human knowledge and experience. This happens when all of reality is reduced to the ultimately meaningless, random arrangement of atoms throughout space and time. When such a worldview predominates, not only is the sacramental character of the created order lost but also the dignity of the human person and the existence of moral imperatives and values. However, when understood in light of the Christian worldview, the whole of the created order that science is rightly intent upon studying takes on new levels of meaning and value. The universe is no longer simply a meaningless assortment of things and forces, but it is also the expression of the divine logos, the supremely intelligent Mind of God, which creates and sustains the universe by its first thinking, loving, and willing it.
To study and discern the intelligibility of the created order, then, receives a whole new meaning of previously unimaginable sublimity: it means to think anew what has been first thought by God; it means to think with one’s own mind what God has first thought and loved. In this way, scientific inquiry, if done with a humble mind and a worshipful heart, can itself become an act of Christian worship.
Modern Science’s Contribution to Christianity
It is a tenet of orthodox Christianity that the fullness of divine revelation has been given once and for all in the person of Jesus Christ himself. He is its culmination and consummation; he is the Word of God through whom the words of God are spoken. He is the “Lamb standing, as though it had been slain” (Rev 5:6), who alone is worthy to break the seven seals of the scroll and to make known its truth, meaning that in Christ alone is found the meaning of the Scriptures and reality at large. It is only in him and through him that any revelation has been made at all, and so upon his ascension to the Father all Revelation has been “closed,” as it were. The descent of the Holy Spirit drives this point home even further, for the Holy Spirit was sent not to reveal anything new but simply to preserve, make known, and fructify what has already been given through the inspiration of the Scriptures and the continued guidance and animation of the life of the Church (cf. Jn 14:25-26 & Acts 2).
This is all to say that Christian revelation in its most essential form cannot be fundamentally changed or modified, whether it be through addition (as did Gnosticism) or through subtraction (as did Protestantism). For this reason and for the methodological reasons noted above, it is erroneous to think that any finding of modern science, or philosophy for that matter, could in reality add to or subtract from the essential content and deposit of faith. In what, then, does the positive contribution of modern science consist?
Before directly answering this question, it is worth pausing a moment over the question of what Christian theology is, because it is only by knowing how reason relates to the content of faith that we can discern how the findings of science can contribute positively to it.
Aidan Nichols, O.P., in his The Shape of Catholic Theology defines theology as “the disciplined exploration of what is contained in revelation.” This is a fine description because it points to the two most important aspects of theology, which are its exploratory character and the object of its exploration. Theology explores, reflects upon, and expounds revelation by way of reason. Hence, one would be hard pressed to imagine a more positive account of the capabilities of reason than is found in Christianity. Reason can not only explore the ins and outs of the universe and her laws, but it can also grapple with what God has revealed, how it relates to other non-revealed truths, and what it all actually means.
Reason engaged in theological work, however, is not first and foremost concerned with the created order per se but with God, who is the source and font of all things. However, theology is not only concerned with God, but it is also concerned with all things insofar as they relate to God in light of what he has revealed. St. Thomas Aquinas makes this distinction in his Summa Contra Gentiles Bk. 2, Ch. 4, by writing that, whereas the philosopher considers things as belonging to them by their own nature and as proper causes (such as the nature of fire to be hot, for example), the believer considers such things only as they relate to God (that fire is created by God, manifests his power, and is subject to his will).
Additionally, the content of revelation concerns the created order in other equally important ways. Because God’s revelation consists of the eternal and divine “breaking into” of that which is temporal and human, it has significant implications for not only mankind but the whole of creation. Furthermore, the content upon which theology reasons and reflects is conditioned by and dependent in many important ways upon human knowledge and understanding insofar as the divine words of God are expressed in human words. Dei Verbum, the Second Vatican Council’s Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, speaks of this when it recognizes that God speaks in Scripture through human authors, whose own modes of expression must be studied in order to determine what God has in fact asserted. This means that the sacred authors are true authors and are not simply secretaries or transcribers writing down what was dictated to them. They genuinely participate in the divine communication in and through their own words, expressions, thoughts, worldview, and every other particular limitation that exists for humans, all under the supernaturally guided influence and inspiration of the Holy Spirit who is also a true author of Scripture. “For the words of God, expressed in human language, have been made like human discourse, just as the word of the eternal Father, when He took to Himself the flesh of human weakness, was in every way made like men” (DV, §13).
None of this is to say that divine revelation is a mere cipher or symbol of that which is ineffable and therefore, in the final analysis, empty of content. I am, instead, making a much more obvious, much less subtle, philosophical point: because revelation is given by God but communicated through humans, its expression necessarily relies upon their own limited understanding of the created order when communicating the words of God.
This assertion, if taken at face value, would seem to pose a great threat to Christian revelation and doctrine. After all, the whole of the Scriptures are written many, many centuries before the advent of modern science and is therefore potentially filled with scientific inaccuracies. What, then is one to make of the above noted fact that Christian revelation admits of no real addition or subtraction?
This problem, however, is really no problem at all. Perhaps it would pose an insoluble dilemma if God did in fact dictate the words of Scripture and the human author merely transcribed them into writing; however, that is not a genuinely Catholic approach to Scripture as it has been developed and understood. Instead, if God uses human authors as true authors, then we should expect the expressions of Scripture to be consistent with the scientific worldview of their day, so long as it does not interfere with the divine communication of supernatural knowledge and salvation. This, after all, is the purpose of all Scripture and all revelation: to communicate and effect the salvation of mankind through Jesus Christ and his Church for the glory of God and the manifestation of his divine beneficence and love. So, Scripture simply should not be read for its scientific knowledge but for its divine and salvific knowledge instead. As Galileo wrote, “The Bible shows the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go.”
Beyond Scriptural interpretation there are those moments in theological reflection wherein its content is tied up, so to speak, with scientific concerns. These are places where theology and science intersect much more directly and intimately and where an advancement in scientific knowledge directly benefits theology by improving the natural knowledge upon which it relies. Such an example of this intersection, which Barr calls attention to in Chapter 17 of The Believing Scientist, is the question of the location of heaven and hell. Whereas it was previously believed that hell was a definite place on the earth, or even the moon or the sun, and heaven was a place above the earth, knowledge gained from advances in modern science has revealed to us that nothing exists in the earth except oil, magma, and rock, generally speaking, that no such place exists on the moon or the sun (or at least it seems highly unlikely!), and that there is no heaven literally above. What this recognition leads the theologian to do is to think more deeply about the nature of heaven and hell as the presence or absence of one’s relationship with God and the human family and less in terms of location and place, which are existentially irrelevant.
Another example of such an intersection is the question of whether or not it is fitting to think that Christ suffered from disease in light of knowledge gained from 20th century biology. Whereas it was previously reasonable to conclude that Christ did not suffer from diseases, since pre-20th cenury biology knew not of diseases that result from neither an imperfection of the flesh nor from a unhealthy life-style, neither of which are fitting to ascribe to Christ, contemporary biology knows that some diseases result simply from the workings of harmful foreign agents such as bacteria and viruses. It is then reasonable to think that just as Christ suffered at the hands of the Roman guards, so too he most likely suffered from equally foreign, external agents in the form of harmful bacteria and viruses. Many other examples abound when one begins to reflect more intentionally on Christian revelation’s intimate relationship to mankind and the universe at large, which modern science can increasingly tell us more and more about.
In these ways and more, “science can purify religion from error and superstition.” Much of the knowledge gained from modern science, however, does not directly contribute to theological reflection in any significant or immediate way. Science cannot tell us anything of the divine nature, nor does theology directly benefit from a greater knowledge of the periodic table, for example. However, there is one other important way in which science at large contributes to Christian faith and theology, which was also discussed above when speaking about how theology contributes to the practice of science.
It is a central tenet of Christianity that all things exist because they were first thought, known, and loved by God, and are thereby spoken into existence by his divine Word, who we later learn in the Gospel of John is the Son of God who becomes incarnate in Christ. Everything then, from the most abstract mathematics and physics to the study of that which is most concrete and ordinary, reveals the very mind of God and proclaims the splendor of his glory because it expresses his supreme wisdom and goodness. This being the case, every scientific investigation, every experiment, hypothesis, and theory, that attempts to discern the order and intelligibility of the universe is an exercise that seeks to make known the power and wisdom of God as Creator. In this way, science does a tremendous service to the Christian faith and theology, for by deepening our knowledge of the natural order, the human race is better able to proclaim along with the Psalmist that “The heavens are telling the glory of God; and the firmament proclaims his handiwork” (Ps 19:1)!
Editorial Statement: CLJ will explore the latest developments in the relationship between science and religion throughout September 2018. Special emphasis will be put upon exploring the demise of the conflictual model of science and religion. Our series is a celebration of the McGrath Institute’s Science & Religion Initiative winning an Expanded Reason Award from the Ratzinger Foundation and the University Francisco de Vitoria (Madrid, Spain). Posts in the series will be collected here (click link) as they are published.
Pope Benedict XVI., “The Ambiguity of Technological Progress” in A Reason Open to God: On Universities, Education & Culture, p. 267.
Aidan Nichols, O.P., The Shape of Catholic Theology (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1991), 32. | <urn:uuid:ea48a34c-9efb-4496-a587-d228bd8f3259> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/how-can-modern-science-purify-christianity-from-error-and-superstition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.958352 | 4,485 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dear Readers, One of the Indian favorite vegetable is bitter gourds which are cultivated all over India. Bitter gourd taste is bitter, light for digestion, a stimulant of gastric fire, warm purgative, soothing and conducive to digestion. Bitter gourds are good for appetite.
It sure, windiness, cough, blood impurities, bile, fever, worms, piles, burning in the kidneys, dissolve kidney stone, diabetes, arthritis, cholera, jaundice, anemia, and leucoderma. It is antidotal, antipyretic tonic, stomachic, appetizing, antibilious and laxative. Bitter gourd used in Asia and Africa as native medicines. Though it is bitter in taste gives sweet results. Isn’t it? I like it. Do you?
Bitter gourd contains water, fat, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, calcium, minerals, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin B, B1, B2 vitamin C. It is 10 to 20cm long, tapering at the ends, and covered with blunt tubercles. The seeds are white in color while it is raw and becomes red when they are ripe.
There are two types of bitter gourd. One is large and long, oblong and pale green in color. Another kind is small, dark green in color little oval. Both are bitter in taste. When they ripen they turn into reddish. The bitterness is reduced by steeping the peeled bitter gourd in salt water before cooking.
Home Remedies for Bitter Gourd
Recent researches by a team of British doctors established that bitter gourd contains insulin and hypoglycemic like principle, beneficial in lowering the urine and blood sugar level. Need to take a glass of bitter gourd juice on empty stomach daily. It also increases body resistance power against infection.
Bitter gourd is an excellent remedy for the treatment of blood disorders like scabies, blood boils, itching, psoriasis, ringworm and other fungal diseases. Need to take a cup of bitter gourd juice by mixing 1 tbsp lime juice in it daily for six months on empty stomach. Regular use of bitter gourd in endemic regions of leprosy act as a preventive medicine.
Bitter gourd leaves juice is useful remedies in piles. One glass buttermilk mix with three tbsp bitter gourd leaves juice and take daily morning on empty stomach for one month. Bitter gourd roots paste apply over piles to get beneficial results.
Take a glass of bitter gourd juice on empty stomach daily for 1 month as it is very beneficial to health. It is also an excellent remedy for jaundice and diabetes.
From ancient times bitter gourd plant roots used in folk medicine for respiratory disorders. Roots paste 1 tbsp mix with 1 tbsp honey or tulsi leaves juice and take daily night time before bed for 1 month is an excellent remedy for asthma, bronchitis, pharyngitis, cold and rhinitis.
Need to take I cup of bitter gourd leaves juice morning on empty stomach daily for three months. It is a marvelous remedy for liver damage.
Fresh bitter gourd leaves juice is an effective remedy for cholera and other types of diarrhea during summer. Mix 2 tbsp bitter gourd leaves juice, 2 tbsp white onion juice, 1 tbsp lime juice and give it to the patient daily morning on empty stomach for 1 month or till the disease get the cure.
Note: If any serious health problem please consult your doctor immediately. The above tips should be followed Under the guidance of your healthcare practitioner.
So, these were the tips on Health Benefits of Bitter Gourd-Cures Disease. What are your views on the topic? Do let me know in the comments. If you like this article please share and rate it. I will come back with new posts for Health, Recipes, and Herbal Beauty tips soon.
Keep visiting Take Care | <urn:uuid:63aa4763-2a9b-4c2c-8a88-83f9ce315159> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.sazworld.com/bitter-gourd-cures-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948569405.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215114446-20171215140446-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.880279 | 837 | 2.65625 | 3 |
2) Yes, it raises the question, yet again, of what we’re doing to make sure that, if it had a different trajectory, we’d be able to deflect it.
The asteroid is called 1998 QE2 (Fun fact: June 2 is the 60th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II’s (QEII) coronation. And another fun fact from Capital Weather Gang: no, the asteroid is not named after her royal highness). It was discovered on Aug. 19 in, you guessed it, 1998.
NASA estimates that the asteroid is roughly 1.7 miles wide (nine times larger than a cruise ship and smaller than the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs is thought to have been ) and has its own moon (a fact that prompts me to keep thinking over and over again, “That’s no moon…”). Space.com is posting a live feed of the flyby event, scheduled to begin at 4:30 p.m. Eastern. Live video is also being offered by Slooh Space Telescope and the Virtual Telescope Project. Here’s a recording of 1998 QE2 traveling through space:
Now, you know it’s a somewhat ho-hum event when NASA starts its informational video on this flyby with “here we go again.”
That said, it has significance for scientific study, according to NASA. And the meteor that blew up over Russia and the nearby passage of 2012 DA14 terrified and fascinated earthlings. All of that said, asteroid 1998 QE2 isn’t that close, but is still nearby relative to other familiar objects in space. Still, don’t freak out. Seriously. | <urn:uuid:591d06f9-b0cb-4a93-999a-ebe39b9f0959> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2013/05/31/a-big-really-big-asteroid-called-1998-qe2-is-passing-by-earth-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776440762.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234040-00052-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94931 | 353 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Here’s an idea: pair this robot hand with this robot guy. The pair goes nicely, since he needs a hand and the hand needs him. All this news is really making Terminator a reality; it all started with a hand after all.
The DART, or dexterous anthropomorphic robotic typing hand, created by Shashank Priya and Nicholas Thayer of Virginia Tech is a thoroughly researched robotic hand that works so well that it can type. The robot can just sit there all day and type away. The joints of the DART are able to be restricted just like those in human. That offered the research team the ability to get the DART to deliver the 19-23 degrees of freedom, like that in the human hand.
DART is being optimized for use by the humanoid robots being developed to assist elderly people who want to operate computers and other machines. And they will be able to do this by giving the robot voice commands. | <urn:uuid:8546db0d-b517-4634-8cb9-62b36f6e1eb6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/04/dart-robotic-typing-hand-seals-our-fate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643088.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00131-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955908 | 194 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The introduction of Economics to the University degree programme has encouraged students from around the world to explore economy from a diverse range of perspectives.
The eighteenth century was a period when economics was of prominent interest to Edinburgh, particularly as David Hume, James Stuart, Adam Smith and Dugald Stewart were all playing a part in the city's intellectual life.
Edinburgh University began teaching economics in 1800-1801, when Dugald Stewart, who was a professor of moral philosophy, began to give undergraduate lectures in the subject.
Stewart had known Adam Smith, and had written his first biography. In his lectures he proceeded to pursue Smithian themes, although he placed greater emphasis upon the theories of laissez-faire and free trade than on value.
Successive moral philosophy professors continued to teach political economy and in 1864, Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill was adopted as a textbook.
Six years later economics teaching took off when Edinburgh's Merchant Company established the Chair of Commercial and Political Economy and Mercantile Law in 1870.
Those who held the Chair over the following two hundred years include:
William Ballantyne Hodgson was the first professor of Economics at the University of Edinburgh.
Hodgson was born in Lincolnshire. He was a studious youth, attending Edinburgh High School and the University. At the age of fourteen, he would read for fourteen hours a day, 'devouring the newest French or German or Italian books'.
He rejected his father's advice to pursue a career in Law, and instead he took to journalism and lectured at the University on literature, education and phrenology.
In 1839, he was appointed secretary to the Mechanics' Institute of Liverpool. For a short time, one of his pupils was William Stanley Jevons, who later wrote Theory of Political Economy. Hodgson was a lifelong advocate of female education; he established a school for girls and encouraged the training of female teachers
He was principal of Charlton High School from1847-1851 before returning to a life of journalism and lecturing until he took up the Edinburgh chair in 1871. He is reputed to have told a friend that he feared he had signed his death warrant. He was initially appointed for five years, before he reluctantly accepted a second term of seven years.
Hodgson's political economy lectures did not make up any single degree programme. Nevertheless they were the most popular voluntary classes, with an annual average of fifty students in the years 1871-1879. During this period he was paid a salary of £450 and kept the class fees. Classes originally began at 9am, but this changed to 5 pm in 1876 in order to allow bank clerks to attend after work . In 1902 the class hour reverted to 9, which was how it remained until the 1990s.
Despite the broad title of his chair, Hodgson was predominantly an economics lecturer. He began with a definition of the sphere of economics and vindicated its claim to be a science and gave a brief history of the subject, concentrating on the Physiocrats and Adam Smith. The analytical core of his lectures explored:
On three walls of his lecture room there were diagrams twelve feet tall, which he used to aid his exposition of economics. Most of Hodgson's writings focused on education, but in 1870 he published two lectures discussing Turgot.
Hodgson died in 1880 at an educational conference in Brussels, which was believed to be the result of both his angina and the overwhelming August heat.
His second wife left his large annotated collection of economics books to Edinburgh University Library where, with it resides alongside a substantial portion of Adam Smith's personal library, and is still a major resource for historians of economic thought.
This article was published on Jan 11, 2012 | <urn:uuid:92fa1977-e8e5-4517-a443-a1d4ccec1fd9> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/economics/about-us/history/early-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877869.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00033-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983088 | 773 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Submitted to: American Chemical Society National Meeting
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: November 17, 2004
Publication Date: March 13, 2005
Citation: Yates, S.R. 2005. Reducing the environmental impact from soil fumigation with methyl bromide. American Chemical Society National Meeting. Paper No:CHED 1331, Symposium:Agricultural Chemistry in the Classroom: Solutions for Global Environmental Issues. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 13-17, 2005. Technical Abstract: Methyl bromide (MeBr) has been widely used to control soil-borne plant pathogens for many agricultural crops, including strawberries, tomatoes, and nursery stock. MeBr's success has been largely due to its wide spectrum of activity (i.e., toxicity) against pests at many life stages, and its ability to rapidly permeate soils. Recently, MeBr has been shown to deplete stratospheric ozone and, as a result, was scheduled for phase-out in the United States in 2005. This has motivated research to better understand the environmental fate and transport of MeBr in soil, water and air systems. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize research on MeBr transport in soil as affected by soil reactions, and show how this effects volatilization to the atmosphere. The MeBr story offers many lessons that are valuable in developing effective and environmentally-benign fumigation strategies, and demonstrates that chemistry plays an important role in problem solving. | <urn:uuid:51655e07-df20-4c38-a7fb-21d21bab8f2e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=194740 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00436-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941883 | 313 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Current issue: 52(3)
Under compilation: 52(4)
The forest ownership of companies had been criticized which led in 1913 to legislation that restricted land purchases of the companies. The aim of the survey was to study the condition of forests in five municipalities in Southern and Central Finland, where landholding of the industry was most common. The companies owned 13-33%, private forest owners 45-83% and the state 1-22% of the forests in the studied municipalities. The forest holdings of the private owners were the smallest, while the companies owned larger estates. The forest site types did not differ markedly between the two owner groups. The dominant tree species in all municipalities was Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The age-classes varied in the forests of both owner groups, but in private forests the younger age-classes were more common, mostly due to shifting cultivation practiced in the previous decades. The wood volume of the stands was significantly larger in the forests of companies. The stands were of poorer quality in the private forest due to selection fellings. Forest regeneration was more usual in the company forests.
The text is included also in Swedish and in German. | <urn:uuid:221f8716-4acf-4206-a972-77e7e7e8c725> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://silvafennica.fi/issue/aff/volume/13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512323.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019041222-20181019062722-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.983276 | 239 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By Beenish Altaf
Deterrence is defined or explained differently by the states keeping their own personal nature of threat or policies to counter certain coercion. Therefore, it is likely to say, an ambiguously defined concept generally. Undoubtedly, every country has to meet certain policies in order to meet its security concerns both globally and internationally. Now, while defining the tasks for adopting a certain set of principals or policies, Henry Kissinger stated that the aim of choosing certain policy options is to translate the power into policy’, so that states know ‘what objectives are worth contending for and determine the degree of force appropriate for achieving them.’
Keeping in mind the Pakistan’s perspective, it had two choices while designing its nuclear deterrence, ‘one was the war denying deterrence and the second is the nuclear war fighting deterrence.’ Both choices had a different pattern of implications including developmental strategies. War denying deterrence required minimum number of weapons while war fighting deterrence needed large number of nuclear arsenals, variety of delivery means and missile defence programs etc. Pakistan’s economy and strategic interests allow only the pursuit of war denying deterrence.
This is the reason why Pakistan does not believe the need of nuclear parity and is just seeking to maintain a deterrent equilibrium or more precisely is just balancing the threat caused by the conventional superiority of the enemy. Pragmatically, if one state has to go for a war fighting nuclear doctrine then it is desirable for that state to opt for nuclear parity from its adversary but if the purpose is only to serve the deterrence then it is better to seek a balanced deterrent posture. Resultantly, Pakistan principally decided to adopt the option of ‘Credible Minimum Deterrence’. Now the question of minimum deterrence and its credibility comes under view.
Rodney W. Jones, an expert on the subject defined minimum deterrence as the term minimum rapidly became a fixture of the public nuclear discourse in South Asia. Neither India nor Pakistan officially clarified what the term minimum means leaving this open to speculations. Does minimum imply the sufficiency of small numbers of nuclear weapons; Nuclear weapons held in reserve; low reading or alert rates of a nuclear force; renunciation of nuclear war fighting or mainly counter-value targeting? Or does the minimum merely make a virtue of today’s facts of life in the subcontinent – limited resources, scarce weapons material, unproved delivery systems, and still undeveloped technical military capabilities?
The then Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar, spoke at the ISSI seminar about the matter of Minimum Deterrence taken by Pakistan is, largely seen as a dynamic concept. He said “Minimum cannot be quantified in static numbers. The Indian build up would necessitate review and reassessment….but we shall not engage in any nuclear competition or arms race.” Whereas, since Pakistan is a minor nuclear weapon state of the second atomic age, the term minimum is only used to signal or to send a satisfactory message to the international community and also that depending on smaller nuclear weapons that are comparably be better managed in terms of deployment, maintenance, command and control systems etc. Certainly the minimum minimizes the dangers of inadvertence and misuse of nuclear weapons. The term Minimum also mollifies the proliferation concerns of the international community.
Whereas, Credibility has been added in order to add ambiguity, may be to have a psychological comfort or to leave room for modernizing the weaponry inventories. Paradoxically narrating, policy-makers in Pakistan feel convinced that this ambiguity serves deterrence well. Credible would in such circumstances help keep a psychological check on the adversary. Also, it would provide the protagonist an additional cushion of comfort as viewed by Ms. Sadia Tasleem in her write-up titled “Towards an Indo-Pak Nuclear Lexicon – II: Credible Minimum Deterrence”. The emphasis on the word ‘credible’ was meant to reinforce the importance of credibility. It does not suggest a shift from Minimum Deterrence.
Nevertheless, posture of Credible Minimum Deterrence has remained a principle option of Pakistan’s nuclear policy. This principle is based on the concept that Pakistan’s nuclear policy is driven by its perceived threat to its security from India and is therefore India centric. Deterrence is the sole aim and a small arsenal is considered adequate for satisfying it. But ironically this is also a fact that with the introduction of Tactical Nuclear Weapons in the region or with the introduction of battle field weapons is actually a modernized advancement in the inventories. Those are ironically meant to balance out this superiority complex. So, it could be concluded that it is only when states feel threatened they opt for defending their territory and sovereignty that actually compels them to maximize and enrich their security measures under the perceived threat of vulnerability. But for maintaining a deterrent posture according to my understanding, quantitative number is not necessary as the possession of a nuclear weapon is itself enough for crafting deterrence. Because even by possessing one nuke, the nuclear aggression from the other state can be discouraged. So the question of numeric parity or nuclear sufficiency does not make sense for instance. Therefore, it would not be in correct to conclude that credible minimum deterrence is something different then nuclear parity and nuclear supremacy.
- Brig (Retd) Naeem Salik, “Evolution of Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine” http://www.nps.edu/Academics/Centers/CCC/Research/NuclearLearning/6%20Nuclear%20Learning_Salik.pdf | <urn:uuid:2e72a023-0d3d-4651-ab57-f83b2f391ef7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://foreignpolicynews.org/2015/07/28/moving-from-deterrence-to-credible-minimum-deterrence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217135323-20181217161323-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.936271 | 1,126 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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