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Amelanchier arborea and Alosa sapidissima
The Shadbush (Amelanchier arborea)
The Shadbush’s white blossoms appear in early spring at the same time American Shad, Alosa sapidissima, return to the Hudson, Connecticut and Delaware Rivers for the annual spawning
Also called juneberry, serviceberry and shadblow, it grows at a rate of 24 inches per year and can reach 30 feet tall. It prefers full sun to partial shade. Its canopy width is from 15 to 20 feet, has smooth gray bark and dainty, white flowers.
Since it is one of the first blossoms of spring, it stands out against a drab spring background.
In June small, apple like fruit folks call a Juneberry develops. The berries provide food for songbirds, mourning doves, raccoons, wild turkeys, skunks, fox, black bears, and squirrels.
Some folks use the berries for jams, jellies and pies
To me the Shadbush’s most important function is telling me there are Shad in the river.
Point to remember
When the Shad Tree blooms, Shad are in the river. | <urn:uuid:4d149364-3290-4ddc-a6f9-4af56d504e00> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.flylehigh.com/post/amelanchier-arborea-and-alosa-sapidissima | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00749.warc.gz | en | 0.865245 | 256 | 2.75 | 3 |
n May 13th, 1787, the First Fleet of some 11 ships and more than 700 convicts, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, left Plymouth, England heading for Australia and the soon to be dreaded Botany Bay. In total there were 1,044 people and provisions for two years on board the vessels..
On 20th January, 1788, the First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but found it too inhospitable and so moved up the coast to what we now know as Sydney Harbour or Port Jackson.
The Union Jack was raised but without the cross of St. Patrick, this wasn't added to the flag until 1801.
Convicted thief Thomas Barrett was the first criminal to be sentenced to death in the fledgling colony of NSW on 27th February, barely a month after the arrival of the First Fleet.
By 1790 the first crops had failed and a Second Fleet arrived. This arrival put even greater strain on the diminishing reserves.
On 19th March, 1790, the First Fleet supply ship HMS Sirius was wrecked on a reef near Norfolk Island.
Relief came in 1791 with the arrival of a Third Fleet. | <urn:uuid:2be99795-f945-4d22-9723-267133df9275> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://dinkumaussies.com/EVENTS%2FFirst%20Fleet%20Arrival.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116073323-20190116095323-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.968262 | 237 | 3.390625 | 3 |
An imine (// or //) is a functional group or chemical compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond. The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen (H) or an organic group (R). If this group is not a hydrogen atom, then the compound can sometimes be referred to as a Schiff base. The carbon atom has two additional single bonds.
Nomenclature and classification
Usually imines refer to compounds with the connectivity R2C=NR, as discussed below. In the older literature, imine refers to the aza analogue of an epoxide. Thus, ethyleneimine is the three-membered ring species C2H4NH.
Imines are related to ketones and aldehydes by replacement of the oxygen with an NR group. When R = H, the compound is a primary imine, when R is hydrocarbyl, the compound is a secondary imine. Imines exhibit diverse reactivity and are commonly encountered throughout chemistry. When R3 is OH, the imine is called an oxime, and when R3 is NH2 the imine is called a hydrazone.
A primary imine in which C is attached to both a hydrocarbyl and a H is called a primary aldimine; a secondary imine with such groups is called a secondary aldimine. A primary imine in which C is attached to two hydrocarbyls is called a primary ketimine; a secondary imine with such groups is called a secondary ketimine .
One way of naming aldimines is to take the name of the radical, remove final "e", and add "-imine", for example ethanimine. See the aldimine article for other naming conventions. Alternately, an imine is named as a derivative of a carbonyl, adding the word "imine" to the name of a carbonyl compound whose oxo group is replaced by an imino group, for example sydnone imine and acetone imine (an intermediate in the synthesis of acetone azine).
N-Sulfinyl imines are a special class of imines having a sulfinyl group attached to the nitrogen atom.
Synthesis of imines
Imines are typically prepared by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes and less commonly ketones:
- RNH2 + R'C(O)R → RN=C(R')(R) + H2O
In terms of mechanism, such reactions proceed via the nucleophilic addition giving a hemiaminal -C(OH)(NHR)- intermediate, followed by an elimination of water to yield the imine. (see alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution for a detailed mechanism) The equilibrium in this reaction usually favors the carbonyl compound and amine, so that azeotropic distillation or use of a dehydrating agent, such as molecular sieves or magnesium sulfate, is required to push the reaction in favor of imine formation. In recent years, several reagents such as Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)borate [B(OCH2CF3)3], pyrrolidine or titanium ethoxide [Ti(OEt)4] have been shown to catalyse imine formation.
More specialized methods
Several other methods exist for the synthesis of imines.
- Reaction of organic azides with metal carbenoids (produced from diazocarbonyl compounds).
- Condensation of carbon acids with nitroso compounds.
- The rearrangement of trityl N-haloamines in the Stieglitz rearrangement.
- Dehydration of hemiaminals.
- By reaction of alkenes with hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction.
- By reaction of a nitrile, hydrochloric acid, and an arene in the Hoesch reaction.
- Multicomponent synthesis of 3-thiazolines in the Asinger reaction.
- Primary ketimines can be synthesized via a Grignard reaction with a nitrile.
The most important reactions of imines are their hydrolysis to the corresponding amine and carbonyl compound. Otherwise this functional group participates in many other reactions, many of which are analogous to the reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
- An imine is reduced in reductive amination.
- An imine reacts with an amine to an aminal, see for example the synthesis of cucurbituril.
- An imine reacts with dienes in the Aza Diels-Alder reaction to a tetrahydropyridine.
- An imine can be oxidized with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) to give an oxaziridine
- An aromatic imine reacts with an enol ether to a quinoline in the Povarov reaction.
- A tosylimine reacts with an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound to an allylic amine in the Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction.
- Imines are intermediates in the alkylation of amines with formic acid in the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction.
- A rearrangement in carbohydrate chemistry involving an imine is the Amadori rearrangement.
- A methylene transfer reaction of an imine by an unstabilised sulphonium ylide can give an aziridine system.
- Imines react, thermally, with ketenes in [2+2] cycloadditions to form β-lactams in the Staudinger synthesis.
Somewhat like the parent amines, imines are mildly basic and reversibly protonate to give iminium salts. Iminium derivatives are particularly susceptible to reduction to the amines using transfer hydrogenation or by the stoichiometric action of sodium cyanoborohydride. Since imines derived from unsymmetrical ketones are prochiral, their reduction is a useful method for the synthesis of chiral amines.
The first asymmetric imine reduction was reported in 1973 by Kagan using Ph(Me)C=NBn and PhSiH2 in a hydrosilylation with chiral ligand DIOP and rhodium catalyst (RhCl(CH2CH2)2)2. Many systems have since been investigated.
- Schiff base
- Other functional groups with a CN double bond: oximes, hydrazones
- Other functional groups with a CN triple bond: nitriles, isonitriles
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Schiff base".
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "imines".
- March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. ISBN 0-471-85472-7
- Fletcher, Dermer, Fox, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1974) doi:10.1021/ba-1974-0126.ch023
- C. F. H. Allen, F. W. Spangler, and E. R. Webster "Ethyleneimine" Org. Synth. 1950, volume 30, 38. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0038.
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "aldimines".
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "ketimines".
- Reeves, Jonathan T.; Visco, Michael D.; Marsini, Maurice A.; Grinberg, Nelu; Busacca, Carl A.; Mattson, Anita E.; Senanayake, Chris H. (2015-05-15). "A General Method for Imine Formation Using B(OCH2CF3)3". Organic Letters. 17 (10): 2442–2445. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 25906082. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00949.
- Morales, Sara; Guijarro, Fernando G.; García Ruano, José Luis; Cid, M. Belén (2014-01-22). "A General Aminocatalytic Method for the Synthesis of Aldimines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (3): 1082–1089. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 24359453. doi:10.1021/ja4111418.
- Collados, Juan F.; Toledano, Estefanía; Guijarro, David; Yus, Miguel (2012-07-06). "Microwave-Assisted Solvent-Free Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)imines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 77 (13): 5744–5750. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 22694241. doi:10.1021/jo300919x.
- Mandler, Michael; Truong, Phong; Zavalij, Peter; Doyle, Michael (Jan 14, 2014). "Catalytic Conversion of Diazocarbonyl Compounds to Imines: Applications to the Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrimidines and β-Lactams". Organic Letters. 16: 740–743. doi:10.1021/ol403427s.
- W. J. Middleton and H. D. Carlson (1988). "Hexafluoroacetone imine". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 6, p. 664.
- Koos, Miroslav; Mosher, Harry S. (1993). "α-Amino-α-trifluoromethyl-phenylacetonitrile: A potential reagent for NMR determination of enantiomeric purity of acids". Tetrahedron. 49 (8): 1541–1546. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80341-0.
- Moureu, Charles; Mignonac, Georges (1920). "Les Cetimines". Annales de chimie. 9 (13): 322–359. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- C. F. H. Allen and James VanAllan (1955). "m-Tolylbenzylamine". Org. Synth.: 827.; Coll. Vol., 3
- For example: Ieva R. Politzer and A. I. Meyers (1988). "Aldehydes from 2-Benzyl-4,4,6-trimethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,3(4H)-oxazine: 1-Phenylcyclopentanecarboxaldehyde". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 6, p. 905
- Langlois, N (1973). "Synthese asymetrique d'amines par hydrosilylation d'imines catalysee par un complexe chiral du rhodium". Tet. Lett. 14 (49): 4865. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)87358-5.
- Kobayashi, Shū; Ishitani, Haruro (1999). "Catalytic Enantioselective Addition to Imines". Chem. Rev. 99 (5): 1069. doi:10.1021/cr980414z..
- J. Martens: Reduction of Imino Groups (C=N) in (G. Helmchen, R. W. Hoffmann, J. Mulzer, E. Schaumann) Houben-Weyl Stereoselective Synthesis, Workbench Edition E21 Volume 7, S. 4199-4238, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 1996, ISBN 3-13-106124-3. | <urn:uuid:15c1b4cc-7726-4ad1-a96b-af7e4dbdf14e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.747715 | 2,654 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Machines are invented to solve problems and make life easier. It is widely accepted that common sense is a sense which is not so common 🙂 So, don’t you think this problem should also be addressed?
Right. if machines are supposed to solve our problems then is there any machine that can solve our this problem? Or someone would say that can a machine ever solve this problem? I’ll say ! machine learning is all about to solve this issue.
What is a common sense? According to Wikipedia “Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate”
Simple, easy to understand and widely accepted facts (common sense) are the building blocks of every complex structure. If common sense is persistent it becomes intelligence.
Humans are not persistent, most of the times we loose our common sense that results into a mistake. Sometime, due to some social norms we even don’t care about common sense, literally. There are number of examples when people blindly followed some trend or buzz word and experienced a great lose while just using common sense they could have save themselves. In human common mistakes are common due to not using common sense. Common sense is the collective heritage of human being that they have learnt by experience.
If someone does not like to play with fire, dose not go for swimming in cold weather, does not invest in business where lose is certain and takes like wise decisions then this is due to common sense. Common sense increases by experience.
When we train a machine learning model we try to let it learn common facts in underlying data. Every feature contribute something, and acts like sensor (predictor/classifier) then model collects all these sense and tries to produce a common sense in general to predict or classify something on new data.
Whenever any machine learning model tries to become unnecessarily complex we say hay why are you loosing your common sense? do some generalization and this situation is called overfitting. Similarly whenever a model underfits we again suggest to follow common sense.
Common sense is infact average thinking. And if you are thinking that average is something which is not valuable then you should review your though. Actually here you are underfitting 😉
See these images
You might think that unique and striking facial features make a someone drop-dead gorgeous – but this image shows that on the most-part they do not! An attractive face is an ‘average’ face: I’d bet that you think the faces on the right are the most attractive – and these faces aren’t even real – the faces on the right are computer generated ‘averages’ of several faces. To read further on average face go to this link.
In nature every distribution tends to follow Normal Distribution. Hence, normal distribution is the common distribution and every distribution tends to follow common distribution. So, being normal and following common sense persistently is something that is natural.
“The bean machine, a device invented byFrancis Galton, can be called the first generator of normal random variables. This machine consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pins. Small balls are dropped from the top and thenbounce randomly left or right as they hit the pins. The balls are collected into bins at the bottom and settle down into a pattern resembling the Gaussian curve.” – Wikipedia
Infact uncommon things are outliers and outliers are not common. No machine learning model can behave accurately until it get rids of these uncommon things. So, machine learning is all about training common sense, is’t it?
I would like your comments on this and will try to see that what people are saying in common 😉 | <urn:uuid:a887f554-1899-4e14-827c-25739a5c954d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.datasciencecentral.com/machine-learning-is-all-about-common-sense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.959573 | 790 | 2.828125 | 3 |
n The final error is another I’ve mentioned repeatedly. “Less” is used when there is a mass amount; “number” is used when you can count the individual units. Examples: less snow, fewer snowstorms.... less sugar, fewer sugar cubes. In this case, it should be “fewer people.”
I’ll run another writing quiz in a few months.
Dr. Steven Kussin was a high school principal for 21 years. He is also an adjunct professor at Hofstra University and an educational consultant for school districts around the country. Contact him at email@example.com.
© Dr. Steven S. Kussin, 2013 | <urn:uuid:581ca421-0c23-4515-8aee-e08272bbc78e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.liherald.com/elmont/stories/Writing-Test,46465?page=3&content_source= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609409.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528024152-20170528044152-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.953018 | 148 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Fateful Rose
What is it about the classic fairy tales that draws us back again and again? Stories such as Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty, that we tell to our children and grandchildren span centuries and excite the imagination. Regardless of how many times we have read the story we are drawn to read them.
Over the past few years there has been an increase in the number of books that retell the classic stories. As each new story comes out, we get a few more details of the character’s lives, or even a new twist to make the story that much more exciting. Sometimes the stories come with a subtle underscore of a different culture and way of life than the original, but are these stories better for the retelling? What does each new version add to our culture and society? How many times will we be able to retell the same story before it is no longer fascinating to the readers? Does this trend in retelling show an inability of authors to create something new or are these writers showing their true talent in making a new story out of something classic and well worn?
With each story, whether retelling or original, the reader hopes to be drawn into a different world, a world like his or her own, yet vastly different; A world where anything could happen. Readers want to relate personally with the characters. We want to see the commoner become a princess or see the princess have to deal with real and terrifying circumstances, but still overcome. It gives us hope.
In our realistic world writers of all kinds of media are creating realistic fantasy that uses familiar situations in a fantasy setting. The closer the version is to reality, the more readers can relate, but does this affect the way readers see the real world? Does this blur the lines between fantasy fairy tales and real life?
Children, adolescents, and young adults are required to decipher what is real and what is not. Even adults can be affected by the media around them. Children who “have a strong sense of fictionality and who know that there is a difference between the story and the actual world are inoculated against most of the bad effects of fantasy. It is when the child takes the fantasy world as the real world — that is, when it ceases to be fantasy— that problems can arise. When the child understands the difference between fiction and reality, however, stories of all kinds can both teach and delight.” (Veith, p. 4)
One such fairy tale, the story of Beauty and the Beast, “has been around for centuries in both written and oral form, and more recently in film and video. Many experts trace similarities back to the stories of Cupid and Psyche, Oedipus and Apuleius The Golden Ass of the second century A.D…The first truly similar tale to the one we know today was published in 1740 by Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Gallon de Villeneuve as part of a collection of stories” (Origins, p. 1) and later abridged, re-written and published by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont. The Beaumont version is the most commonly told today.
To answer some of the above questions we will compare the first published version of Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont(Bib. 2) with two other versions of the story, namely Beauty a Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast by Robin McKinley (Bib. 3) and Twilight by Stephenie Meyer (Bib. 4).
The Beaumont story tells the tale of the merchant who has three sons and three daughters. The sons are good and industrious, but the two eldest daughters are vain, prideful and haughty. The youngest is extremely handsome as well, but also good and kind. Those who know her call her ‘little Beauty’ and as she grows up the name remains which makes her sisters jealous.
All at once the merchant looses his wealth and is forced to move his family to the country and live as poor people. The sons work hard with the father to earn a living, but the sisters refuse to do anything but bemoan their lot. Beauty works hard gaining the respect of her father and brothers.
When word comes that one of the merchant’s ships has returned he must go to the city. He asks his daughters what they would like him to bring them and the oldest daughters ask for jewels and fine dresses. Beauty asks for a rose, because there are none in their part of the country.
The merchant completes his business in the city and travels home, but on his way he becomes lost in a great forest. Through the rain and the snow he travels fearing he will die of starvation or be eaten by the wolves he can hear howling around him. He sees a light in the distance and follows it thus finding his way to a castle where he is treated as a guest. The next morning as he leaves he passes through an arbor of roses and remembers Beauty’s request. As soon as he picks the rose he is confronted by a terrible beast.
The beast tells the merchant he must die for stealing his most precious possession, but the merchant begs for mercy explaining that he only did it for his youngest daughter. The Beast finally tells him he can go, but not before making him promise to bring his youngest daughter to the castle to die in his place.
When the merchant shares his tale with his family, Beauty convinces her father to let her go and die in his stead. She goes willingly to the castle where instead of dying she is treated kindly and lavished with wealth and food
After several months Beauty grows homesick and begs the Beast to let her visit her family. He allows her to stay for one week and gives her a ring. She places the ring on her bedside at night and when she wakes in the morning she is home. Her sisters are surprised to find her living happily in luxury. They grow jealous of her circumstances and convince her to stay longer than the one week hoping the Beast will be angry and eat her.
Beauty agrees to stay but feels guilty for breaking her promise and the tenth night she dreams of the Beast lying half dead near the rose bushes reproaching her for ingratitude. Beauty then places the ring on her bedside and falls asleep. When she wakes she is back at the castle.
She searches for the beast and when she finds him she thinks he is dead, but then finds his heart is still beating. She rouses him and tells him to live to be her husband. No sooner does she say this then a celebration erupts and the beast is gone, replaced by a handsome prince. He explains to Belle that he had been turned into a beast by a fairy until a maiden should consent to marry him.
The fairy appears bringing Beauty’s family to the castle, but the sisters are turned into statues at Beauty’s palace gates until they can own their faults.
A Classic Retelling
Our first example: Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast by Robin McKinley remains relatively intact in comparison to the original tale, with some subtle differences. The setting of the story is in a different time, earlier than the Beaumont tale. It is a time when women were not encourage to educate themselves, but still attended parties, balls, and the theater. Cities flourished on the coasts where merchants sailed to find their fortunes and city people were somewhat afraid of the unknown country inland.
McKinley sets the stage by introducing a range of characters that affect all aspects of the story. We are introduced to Beauty and learn a great deal more about her personality. As a child she was precocious, desiring to be called Beauty instead of Honour. She comes to dislike the nickname for as she grows older she becomes increasingly plain, gangly, and short with spots and mousy brown hair. Beauty doesn’t worry about her looks because she is too busy reading and spending time with her horse Greatheart.
At the beginning McKinley establishes a lead character that is realistic. She doesn’t like her appearance, but she doesn’t obsess about it. Beauty’s character flaws endear her to the reader and create a bond of understanding and appreciation. The reader is better able to believe the experiences and trials she is afflicted with during the course of the story.
We also meet Beauty’s sisters Grace and Hope. This is one major difference in the two stories that makes the characters seem more tangible. Instead of perfection we have a heroin who is somewhat awkward, has a bit of a temper and would rather help pull logs out with her large horse than do needlework. Beauty’s sisters, instead of being petty, selfish, prideful creatures, are good, kind, beautiful, and hard workers with their own heartbreaks and troubles.
This distinction raises the story from the normal fairy tale level to a more personal level. We as readers are able to relate better with how their family dealt with their troubles and see how they are able to work together to prosper. We are not forced to dislike a particular character because of their behavior, but acknowledge that bad things happen to good people and that our heroes and heroines can be just like us.
The story continues along the same lines of the Beaumont tale. The merchant loses everything and the family moves to the country with Hopes betrothed, Ger. Instead of the peaceful retirement represented in Beaumont’s time our characters find themselves among people with curious superstitions. McKinley also introduces us to the idea of a true fairy tale for the people of the country are familiar with magic spells, witches, and wizards.
The family takes a small cottage and blacksmith’s shop on the edge of a great forest. Hope and Ger are married after a year and the family prospers by degrees from Ger’s ingenuity as a blacksmith and even their father’s skill with wood.
As in Beaumont’s version, the father asks the girls if they want him to bring them anything from the city. The girls decline, only wishing his safe return, but the merchant presses them declaring ‘pretty girls want pretty things.’ Grace and Hope teasingly ask for ‘gowns and rubies and ropes of pearls for they have nothing to wear when they next see the queen.’ Beauty asks for some rose seeds. The merchant returns to the city.
Another subtle difference in McKinley’s tale is the merchant’s standing in the city. Though he is poor he is still respected by the other merchants of the city. When the family is forced to leave the city there are many people who would have ‘forgiven his debts for friendship sake,’ but the merchant is a man of honor and saw that his debts were paid as well as the men who worked for him. When he returns from the city he gets lost in a storm and winds up at the Beast’s castle where he is treated with kindness and waited on by invisible servants.
After a good nights rest and an excellent breakfast he leaves the castle. We find that our merchant is a good man who wishes to thank his host, but upon finding no one he follows the doors and gates that open for him. As he is about to leave the castle he picks a rose for Beauty for he had found no rose seeds in the city as she had requested.
McKinley’s beast is much like Beaumont’s. He prizes his roses above all other things and tells the merchant he must die for stealing one. Here we learn a little bit more about McKinley’s Beast. He walks like a man and dresses in velvet. He also gives the merchant a choice. Instead of demanding the merchant bring one of his daughters he gives him the choice to do so promising that if he does the daughter will not be harmed. The merchant leaves sorrowing knowing he must return in one month alone to face his death.
When he returns home to his family they are surprised at the changes that have occurred in their father. In some ways he looks older and exhausted, yet Beauty notices that he seemed to have shed twenty years in his bearing. When the merchant tells his tale the family is shocked, but Beauty immediately volunteers to return with him. At the end of a month she returns with her father to the Beast’s castle.
When Beauty and her father reach the castle we start to get a feel for the magical world of the Beast. The forest that grows behind the blacksmith’s shop is also the same forest that surrounds the enchanted castle. Gates and doors open and close upon their approach and lanterns and candles are lit by invisible servants. Beauty is fed a meal with dishes and foods she had never seen before, even during her city life.
Beauty’s personality unfolds even more during her stay in the castle. She is very stubborn and has a tendency to let her imagination run away with her. She loves her books and her horses, but she does not always accept the way things seem. She has a very practical mind, but deep down she believes in the enchantments that enclose the castle so deeply. She even gets frustrated when she tries to learn the lay of the castle, but as soon as she is lost her room is found around a corner. On the verge of dreams she can hear her invisible maids discussing the enchantment and later on when the Beast takes her to the library she can see books on the shelves that haven’t been written yet. Through her time in the castle she comes to enjoy and even desire the Beast’s presence, but her practical mind will not allow her to love him nor accept his nightly proposal of marriage.
Throughout the tale the differences between Beaumont’s and McKinley’s versions are subtle and few. McKinley expounds on the characters more, drawing the reader closer. Though we know the basic story, we better understand the anguish and heartbreak of Beauty and the Beast.
After a time Beauty is able to see her family through the Beast’s magic table. She sees her sister Grace about to accept the hand of a local man who she does not really love. Beauty wonders about the lost Robbie when the images in the mirror change and she sees that Robbie has just returned. Knowing her sister Grace would never back out of a promise even if Robbie returned she begs the Beast to allow her to return to tell her sister and then she will come back. The Beast grants her a week.
Here again we find a minor difference in the tales, for Beauty’s family do ask her to stay just one more day at the end of the week, not to anger the Beast or to get her into trouble, but because they truly miss her and feel anguish that she must leave them and never return. Beauty agrees to stay the extra day, but that day is followed by a nightmare where she walks the halls of the castle and can’t find her Beast.
She wakes to find the rose Beast had given her dying in a bowl on her window sill. She leaves immediately and takes Greatheart into the forest. In Beaumont’s version Beauty immediately transports herself to the castle by turning a ring and falling asleep, but McKinley adds another element of intensity. Beast could easily send her to her family and back with the castle’s magic, but such transportation would drive Greatheart mad, so Beauty must travel the hard way. This element, thought seeming so minor, actually draws us even closer to Beauty. The reader understands the frustration of wanting to be somewhere else instantly, but has to suffer the time and anxiety of travel. In Beauty’s case the situation is exacerbated. Beast had promised that she need only get lost in the forest and the path will appear and lead her to the castle, but as she travels beyond the edge of the forest nothing happens.
She makes it to the castle a day and a half later, disheveled and bone weary, but she knows she must find the Beast. Doors do not open as she approaches and lights sputter and die. Her heart is clenched with fear, for deep down she realizes that she loves the Beast and does not want to be parted from him.
When she finds him he is near death, but comes back as her presence is known. She tells him that she loves him and will marry him. As in Beaumont’s tale, the Beast is changes into a man and explains the details of the enchantment. We find that instead of Beaumont’s fairy the Beast’s family was cursed by a wizard and he has been a Beast for nearly 200 years.
The wizard does not reappear like Beaumont’s fairy, but Beauty’s family does come to the castle accompanied. Beauty and her Beast go out to meet them and their happy future. The castle is no longer enchanted and the mysterious forest is now a large park.
Though McKinley stays fairly close to the original version of the story, the changes and differences are enough to make a fantastic story more real to the reader. Does this retelling show an author’s inability to tell an original story? No, contrarily we find a unique story that clarifies the finer points of the characters’ lives and personalities. The characters’ trials and frustrations help the reader to better connect with the story, leaving the reader with a feeling of satisfaction at the close. Though the reader knows the basic background of the story, it is told in a way that draws us into Beauty’s world, a world similar to our own, and then smoothly pushes us into the Beast’s enchanted world.
Does this type of a story blur the lines of reality for the readers as they transition from Beauty’s real life to the Beast’s enchanted one? No, the line is clearly drawn. The timeframe of the story displaces it from what the readers experience here and now and though the reader does connect with the characters better, the elements of enchantment and magic are tied to Beauty’s time and place. The story, though drawing the reader closer and bringing the characters to a realistic level, remains firmly ensconced in the fairy tale realm.
A Modern Retelling
Our second story Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is a modern day version of the tale with a fantastic twist. The story contains parallels to several other versions of the tale, both written and film.
The Beauty of Twilight is a seventeen-year-old girl named Bella (meaning Beauty in Italian). Twilight takes place in a high school setting that is familiar to a large audience of teens and adults alike. The story follows the basics of the original tale, but with modernization. Bella’s step-father wants to go on the road and Bella decides to go live with her father so her mother can go with him. She moves from Phoenix (the city) to Forks, WA, a small town in the middle of a huge forest in the Olympic range. This move is comparable to Beauty going with her father to the Beast’s castle. She leaves the warm, happy home in Arizona and goes to the cold, rainy, unwelcoming forests of Washington.
Bella’s personality is not the typical teenager; she acts much older than her age thus enabling older readers to connect with her. Bella has many of the characteristics that we see in our fairy tale heroines. She is smart, pretty (though like Beauty in McKinley’s version she considers herself plain, awkward, and clumsy), brave, and self-sacrificing. Bella does not have sisters, good or bad, but she gains friends who embody both the good sisters from McKinley’s version and the bad sisters from Beaumont’s tale. Our story is also modernized by Bella’s family circumstances. Her parents are divorced. Her mother is happily remarried and her father lives alone.
It does not take long for Bella to meet the Beast of the story, Edward, and just like the original tale Edward is hiding something from Bella. Edward is a vampire, but he and his family do not kill people to satiate their thirst; instead they kill animals. Bella is not completely repulsed by Edward, but intrigued at what makes him different, just as Beauty, though frightened at first, is intrigued by the Beast and his castle and what traps him there.
Edward’s character relates to many different versions of the Beast. We see his desire to save Bella from the out of control van in comparison to Disney’s version of Beauty and the Beast when Beast saves Belle from the wolves. He speaks well and is educated just like the Beast in McKinley’s version and he is also much older than Bella just as the prince ends up being much older than Beauty.
In both the Beaumont and McKinley versions of the story, Beauty’s father meets the Beast and calls him a monster. Even the Beast considers himself to be a monster. In Twilight, Edward calls himself a monster, but Bella comes to know that he is not a monster, but a good person who has been cursed with a new lifestyle. Throughout Twilight, Edward makes references to Bella wanting to be a monster or be with a monster, yet Bella is wise and observant enough to know who he really is. We compare this to Beauty’s family in McKinley’s version who cannot see past what the Beast is to find out who he really is.
Though the “enchantment” can never lift from Edward, the monster part of his persona is slowly taken away as we get to know him and his family. The reader begins to appreciate the trials that their ‘perfect’ family have to go through. In Beauty, we learn about some of the difficulties the Beast experienced as he learned to live in his new state. This gives the reader insight into these fantastic characters making them seem more real and tangible even though their existence is fantasy.
Towards the end of the story, Meyer takes a different turn, veering away from the traditional Beauty and the Beast format. However, by the end of the four-book series we return to the basic format of the story, including the happily ever after (literally) when Bella gains becomes a vampire like Edward and is able to live with him for ever.
Some variations of the Beauty and the Beast story include scenes of angered villagers hunting the Beast to kill him because of shunned beaus or greedy leaders. Even this element is included in the Twilight series when the Volturi come to destroy the Edward’s family because they are too powerful. Other common elements are present as well. For example in both the Beaumont and McKinley version we see Beauty/Bella’s love of reading and overall intelligence. There is also a similarity in Beauty/Bella’s dark-haired, pale looks and good demeanor.
As the reader begins this story, they are given the feel of a realistic fiction with a familiar setting and real life characters, but the story takes a unique twist sending the readers into a fantastic world that is almost too closely connected. Concerns have arisen that the tale is overly linked to reality and sets an imperfect standard of love and relationships for teens and young adults, but do critics underestimate the intelligence of young readers in thinking this way? Most readers view the book as just a story and though they may absorb some of the thoughts and ideas, they clearly understand the difference between fiction and reality.
“If writers considered the impact of each and every one of their words before writing it I imagine that no story would ever get told for fear of the consequences. Shakespeare would not have written Romeo and Juliet for fear that his readers would go out and poison themselves for love. Stoker would not have written Dracula for fear that some deluded individual would go out and start stalking people who had pale skin and a preference for the night life. But they did write their stories and people will go on writing stories, and readers will go on reading them. And some will be affected by what they read, and sometimes those effects will be bad and sometimes they will be good.” (Carsley, Paragraph 4)
Overall, we discover that the retelling of a classic tale gives the readers the opportunity to experience a new story, whether it is realistic fiction or fairy tale. Though the premises of these retold tales are the same, each new version brings about a unique world for different individuals. As readers finish the stories there is a sense of contentment that the characters they have gone through so much with “lived happily ever after.”
- Beauty and the Beast, StoryOrigins,http://www.balletmet.org/Notes/StoryOrigin.html#anchor1405144
- Beauty and the Beast, the original version, by Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/beauty.html,
- Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast by Robin McKinley
- Twilight by Stephenie Meyer
- Good Fantasy & Bad Fantasy by Gene Edward Veith, http://www.equip.org/PDF/DF801.pdf
- The Difference Between Fantasy and Reality by Yvonne Carsley, http://www.bukisa.com/articles/202518_the-difference-between-fantasy-and-reality | <urn:uuid:2abc99b6-ab74-4ad9-8c34-fa9444f32c61> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://hubpages.com/literature/The-Retelling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00656-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970328 | 5,277 | 2.875 | 3 |
“The wall of Jerusalem is also broken down, and its gates are burned with fire.” When I heard these words, that I sat down and wept….
Nehemiah’s prayer: 1:1-11. In 446 B.C. Nehemiah is a high official in the Persian court. He is distraught when he hears of conditions in Judea. Nehemiah is cupbearer to Artaxerxes in Susa when a brother brings news of the Jewish settlementt in Judah. The news is discouraging. The small colony is in trouble, the walls of Jerusalem still broken down. Ezra 4:6-23 reports the intrigue against the Jews which led to a royal command not to rebuild that city. This has disgraced the Judeans and left them helpless in case of an attac,. Nehemiah mourns, fasts, and prays. Nehemiah also determines to act.
Nehemiah. One of the major values of this book is to be found in biographical study of Nehemiah. Nehemiah was a wealthy official in the Persian capital who sacrificed his own comfort to serve God and his people. His courage in the face of opposition, consistent personal example of commitment to godliness, unwavering trust, and fierce determination that God’s people must obey His Law, are displayed over and over again in this short book.
Ruined walls (1:1-4). Unwalled cities in ancient times had no defense against enemies. More significant at this time, unwalled cities were dismissed as insignificant. Thus, for Jerusalem to lack walls was a disgrace to the city God had chosen – and brought dishonor to the Lord! The Jew had tried earlier to rebuild the walls (Ezra 4:7-23), but had given up. Nehemiah saw this as a continuation of the Jews’ historic pattern of sinning against God by lack of dedication to His laws (Neh. 1:5-11).
–> Ruined walls of Jerusalem reminds me of the churches infiltrated by apostasy and ecumenism. It is time to repent, fast and pray. Instead, many churches under the guidance of false teachers are celebrating “togetherness and oneness with other religions.”
“Cupbearer” (1:11). The apocryphal book of Tobit (1:22), which also comes from the Persian period, speaks of one cupbearer as “keeper of the signet, administrator and treasurer under Sennacherib.” In the ancient world the cupbearer (masqeh) was an influential official with direct and constant access to the king.
1 The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah. It came to pass in the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the citadel, 2 that Hanani one of my brethren came with men from Judah; and I asked them concerning the Jews who had escaped, who had survived the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem. 3 And they said to me, “The survivors who are left from the captivity in the province are there in great distress and reproach. The wall of Jerusalem is also broken down, and its gates are burned with fire.” 4 So it was, when I heard these words, that I sat down and wept, and mourned for many days; I was fasting and praying before the God of heaven.
5 And I said: “I pray, Lord God of heaven, O great and awesome God, You who keep Your covenant and mercy with those who love You and observe Your commandments, 6 please let Your ear be attentive and Your eyes open, that You may hear the prayer of Your servant which I pray before You now, day and night, for the children of Israel Your servants, and confess the sins of the children of Israel which we have sinned against You. Both my father’s house and I have sinned.
7 We have acted very corruptly against You, and have not kept the commandments, the statutes, nor the ordinances which You commanded Your servant Moses. 8 Remember, I pray, the word that You commanded Your servant Moses, saying, ‘If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the nations; 9 but if you return to Me, and keep My commandments and do them, though some of you were cast out to the farthest part of the heavens, yet I will gather them from there, and bring them to the place which I have chosen as a dwelling for My name.
11 O Lord, I pray, please let Your ear be attentive to the prayer of Your servant, and to the prayer of Your servants who desire to fear Your name; and let Your servant prosper this day, I pray, and grant him mercy in the sight of this man.” For I was the king’s cupbearer. | <urn:uuid:af960ff4-617b-41c5-b3c4-eb7a6ea6bc7d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.morninghope.com/nehemiah-1-nehemiahs-prayer-for-jerusalem-with-broken-down-walls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402088830.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929190110-20200929220110-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.970356 | 1,025 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Food Intolerance Factsheet
Dangers of dried fruit
Keywords: sulphites, sulfites, sulphur dioxide, presevatives, dried fried, asthma
Dried fruit is probably the single biggest source of sulphur dioxide your children will ever encounter, although if they are affected, it is unlikely that either you or your doctor will make the connection.
In Australia for example, dried fruit can contain extremely high amounts of sulphites – 3,000 parts per million (ppm) compared to 1,000 ppm in the EU, and far higher per serve than any other food consumed by children. Figures from actual analyses are hard to come by, but government and industry reports say that levels can be close to or over the limit. Analyses by a year 12 chemistry student at a Brisbane High School of dried apricots, peaches and pears found an average sulphite level of 2885 mg/kg. That means an average 200 gm packet of dried fruit would contain 577 mg of sulphur dioxide, or 144 mg per 50g serve. See below for comparison with other possible sulphite sources for children (sulphite levels are very variable):
- dried fruit 16 mg in one dried apricot
- sausages 8 mg in half a thin sausage
- drinks 5 mg in one glass of cordial
- hot chips 1 mg in half a cup of hot chips
To put that into perspective, the Acceptable Daily Intake for a 10-year-old weighing 21kg is just 15mg of sulphite per day. That is ONE dried apricot
- A national study published in 1996 found that Australian two-year-olds ate seventy times more dried fruit than 12-year-olds per kg of body weight
- In 1999, the World Health Organisation (WHO) warned that up to 20-30 per cent of childhood asthmatics may be sensitive to sulphite preservatives, and recommended that the use of sulphite preservatives should be reduced or phased out wherever possible
- In 2005, re-analysis of the same data above using a different method found that high sulphite consumers of nearly all ages consume more than the Acceptable Daily Intake for sulphites – especially children in the 2-5 age group where on average boys have an intake of approximately 3 times the ADI
- The highest sulphited food consumed by children was dried apricots
- The survey was based on now outdated nutritional data from 1995
- Schools across Australia promote dried fruits for snacks according to new anti-obesity canteen guidelines; packet snack foods and drinks including flavoured water sold in school canteens often contain additives associated with asthma
- Parents of asthmatic children are rarely warned by their doctors about the effects of sulphites on asthma
- Despite the WHO warning, the National Asthma Council says that diet does not affect asthma
- Asthmatics do not see a connection between what they eat and asthma unless the effect occurs within 30 minutes
- Only a few severely sensitive asthmatics have an immediate reaction to sulphites and are thus aware of their sulphite sensitivity – asthmatics with milder sulphite sensitivity do not have an immediate reaction, and are generally unaware of their sensitivity. However, sulphites are likely to cause irritated airways with no obvious symptoms until the person is exposed to an asthma trigger such as cold air, running around (exercise) or a virus. When sulphites (and possibly other additives or natural food chemicals, see Asthma factsheet) are eliminated from the diet, the person is less likely to have asthma when exposed to a known trigger.
Instant answer to my boys’ asthma
With the knowledge I gained from your books I was able to trace which foods did what. The cause of my 3-year-old’s asthma became obvious (sulphites) when he would eat something out of the ordinary such as two apricot fruit bars (which he had not eaten in ages), come home, run around outside and have an asthma attack, which he has not had in ages. – Elisa, TAS
Asthma in elite athletes (2)
I read the story on your website about the soccer player who was eating lots of muesli bars and developed exercise asthma. The same thing happened to my daughter. We thought she had outgrown her asthma but it came back when she started eating muesli bars recommended by her swimming coach. Her asthma got so bad she had to give up swimming with the squad. – Reader, by email
Adult with asthma
I am an adult with asthma. I went off milk and sulphite preservatives about 6 months ago, I have not had asthma since (unless I am ‘naughty’ and have some sulphite). – Elizabeth, ACT
Maya’s story (January 2007)
One mother reported that her two year old daughter Maya was a “huge dried fruit eater”, consuming two or three packets of dried apricots or similar and two or three fruit bars per week. At three packets of dried fruit per week that’s roughly 250 mg per day, or 20 times the Acceptable Daily Intake for an average two year old (0.7mg per kg bodyweight or half a dried apricot for a 2 year old) set by the World Health Organisation. Sulphites are associated with both asthma and cough.
Maya had been diagnosed with suspected bronchiolitis at nine months. “Ever since then, she has had bouts of coughing on a regular and frequent basis, often only two or three weeks apart, usually with a cold but occasionally following a slight fever,” wrote Maya’s mother. “The coughing can last all night at its worst – but usually is about 40 minute bouts every few hours. There is no apparent wheeze, although sometimes doctors have found a slight wheeze with a stethoscope. Very occasionally, it will resolve gradually after a week or two but usually becomes worse and requires antibiotics”. When Maya’s cough was diagnosed first as asthma, then as hypersensitive cough receptors, “the paediatrician advised that there was no link to diet and that she would probably grow out of it”. Although her mother had never noticed any connection, since avoiding sulphites Maya has been free of cough.
Dried tree fruit such as apricots, peaches, apples and pears are usually heavily sulphited unless from specialty stores, see below. Dates, prunes, figs, sultanas and raisins may be sulphite-free (read the ingredients list) but contain high levels of natural salicylates that can affect about 20 per cent of asthmatics and over 70 per cent of children with behavioural problems. Pears, banana and pawpaw are the only fruits low in salicylates; pears are the only fruits low in both salicylates and amines; mangoes are amine free and lower in salicylates than most fruit except pears. Drying will concentrate salicylates. See Shopping List for latest information.
‘It is unlikely you or your doctor will make the connection’ – based on research in Corder EH, Buckley CE, 3rd. Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48(10):1269-75, and also stated by an FDA spokesperson: ‘you can take steps to minimize your contact with sulfites if you are diagnosed with asthma or sulfite sensitivity … But you may not even know you have a problem with sulfites until a reaction occurs. Undiagnosed people are at risk because even if they know that sulfites can cause adverse reactions, they often don’t associate sulfites with their own health problems.” – FDA consumer safety officer Dr JoAnn Ziyad, SulfitesPapazian.pdf
‘Dried fruit can contain extremely high amounts of sulphites’, at the legal limit which is very high, or even above – see the Dried Tree Fruit Annual Industry Report, 2004, ‘…an increased emphasis on monitoring sulphur dioxide levels in the fruit during the drying process has controlled residues to within acceptable levels, overcoming last season’s compliance issues’; Rigg, A. Sulphur dioxide in sausages and other products. ACT Health services. Food survey reports, 1996-7 www.health.act.gov : ‘some of the [dried fruit] samples do come close to exceeding the limit of 3000 mg/kg … the higher levels of sulphur dioxide were found in the dried stone fruits, such as apricots and peaches …’; Campbell, L. Sulfur dioxide content in dried fruits, Year 12 Chemistry Report, Balmoral State High School, Brisbane, 2003. This report contains an analysis of three samples each of dried apricots, peaches and pears from Turkey, repackaged and sold under an Australian brand name. In the 1980s and 90s, Turkey started exporting cheap dried fruits and has since become the world’s leading supplier of dried fruit. Dried pears need a particularly high level of sulphur dioxide to prevent browning and all samples of dried pears were above the legal limit; Primary Industry Trade Report: Specific Tariffs and other Non-Quarantine Barriers:’EU – unachievable maximum residue levels for sulphur dioxide on dried pears (Italy is the only producer in the world that can market a semi-dried pear that meets the residue level)’. Primary Industry Trade Report (click on Chapter 5 to download document regarding pears)
Sulphites in hot chips – from the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Dietary intake of food additives in the UK: initial surveillance. Surveillance Information Sheet No 37, London: HMSO, 1993; Food Standards Agency (UK). Survey of sulphur dioxide in soft drinks. Food Survey Information Sheet May 2004 and the ANZFA survey below.
‘A national study published in 1996’ – Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA). 1994 Australian Market Basket Survey. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1996.
‘The World Heath Organisation warned’ – Fifty-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Evaluation of national assessments of intake of sulfites, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1999. www.inchem.org; Australian research found over 65 per cent of asthmatic children were affected by sulphites: Towns SJ, Mellis CM. Role of acetyl salicylic acid and sodium metabisulfite in chronic childhood asthma. Pediatrics 1984;73(5):631-7.
‘Re-analysis of data’ and ‘dried apricots were the highest’ – Food Standards Australia New Zealand, The 21st Australian Total Diet Study: a total diet study of sulphites, benzoates and sorbates, FSANZ 2005, Food Standards
Anti-obesity canteen guidelines – www.schoolcanteens.org.au
‘National Asthma Council says that diet does not affect asthma’ – www.nationalasthma.org.au accessed December 2006
‘Asthmatics do not see a connection …unless the effect occurs within 30 minute’ – McDonald JR, Mathison DA, Stevenson DD. Aspirin intolerance in asthma. Detection by oral challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1972;50(4):198-207. Asthmatics were given an aspirin tablet they were told was not aspirin. Those who reacted within 30 minutes blamed the aspirin. Those who reacted more than 30 minutes later (up to hours later) didn’t make the connection.
Sulphites associated with severe cough – Steinman HA, Le Roux M, Potter PC. Sulphur dioxide sensitivity in South African asthmatic children. S Afr Med J. 1993;83(6):387-90. One of the children on this study developed a severe coughing spell during the sulphite challenge even though his FEV1 (measurement of asthma) remained within normal levels. The induction by sulphite challenge of severe coughing that requires nebuliser treatment has also been described in Howland WC 3rd, Simon RA. Sulfite-treated lettuce challenges in sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83(6):1079-82.
The information given is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with your doctor for underlying illness. Before beginning dietary investigation, consult a dietician with an interest in food intolerance. | <urn:uuid:f172a9ca-8403-44fc-ba4a-ff595a3138c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://karibafarms.com/blog/food-intolerance-network-factsheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400226381.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925115553-20200925145553-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.947161 | 2,660 | 3 | 3 |
According to this HealthDay News story, "Children with heart disease risk factors—obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol—already show indications of fatty build-up in their arteries that could cause heart attacks when they're adults." According to the story, the researchers found that "In many cases, children with heart disease risk factors showed early signs of atherosclerosis."
These findings are not new, but they do corroborate earlier findings. For example, in the revised and updated 7th edition of Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care (1998), Dr. Benjamin Spock and Dr. Steven Parker note that "The evidence in adults couldn’t be more compelling: excessive animal fat, cow’s milk, protein, and the high number of calories in the typical American diet have been linked to high cholesterol levels, coronary heart disease, strokes, high blood pressure, diabetes, and some cancers" (p. 327). They go on to note that "these diseases have their roots in childhood" (p. 327) and report that "Fatty deposits are now commonly found in the coronary arteries of children on a typical American diet by age three" (p. 327). Drs. Spock and Parker point out that by age 12, 70% of American children have plaque deposits in their coronary arteries and that by age 21 almost all young American adults have them (p. 327). Clearly, we are failing in this country where our children's health is concerned.
While the HealthDay News story doesn't provide much in the way of guidance to parents who would like to feed their children a heart-healthy, cancer-preventative diet, Dr. Spock provides that much-needed information. To curb the epidemic of atherosclerosis plaguing our country, Dr. Spock recommends feeding children over age 2 a plant-based diet devoid of meat, poultry, and dairy products (pp. 328-333). What should we be feeding our children? Again, according to Dr. Spock, we should be feeding them a diet centered around whole grains, green leafy vegetables and other vegetables, beans, fruits, nuts, and seeds (pp. 328-331). If you care about your children and want to help them avoid the scourges of coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers, I encourage you to get a copy of Dr. Spock's enlightening book and read the chapter entitled "Raising Physically Healthy Children." Your children's future health is in your hands. As an added benefit, if you elect to eat that same plant-based diet, you will see health benefits as well.
This brings me to an idea that I borrow, with slight modification, from philosopher Peter Wenz [See his Environmental Ethics Today.]. The idea is that of synergistic ethics. According to synergistic ethics, when human beings simultaneously respect persons, animals, and the environment, typically all three benefit and we are left with a win, win, win situation. When humans stop eating animal products and instead eat a plant-based diet as described above, they will be consuming far less saturated fat and they will be consuming no dietary cholesterol whatsoever. As a result, they will greatly reduce their risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes (and all of its complications, including limb amputations), and some cancers. That is a significant human benefit. When we stop feeding meat and animal products to our children, their future health prospects improve dramatically. Another human benefit, and one we clearly owe our children. As more and more humans refrain from eating meat and other animal products, fewer and fewer animals will be subjected to the institutionalized cruelties inherent in factory farming and modern agribusiness. That is a significant benefit for the animals. If humans were to eat plant-foods directly, rather than cycle them through animals, we would need to grow far fewer crops [because, e.g., it takes 13 pounds of grain to produce 1 pound of beef] and that would dramatically reduce the amount of pesticides and herbicides being pumped into our environment. A significant benefit for the environment. Eating grains directly would also significantly reduce our dependence on foreign oil, for according to David Pimentel, Professor of Insect Ecology and Agricultural Sciences at Cornell University, it takes an average of 28 kilocalories of fossil fuel energy to produce 1 kilocalorie of animal protein, compared with 3.3 kilocalories of fossil energy to produce 1 kilocalorie of grain protein, making animal production on average more than 8 times less energy efficient than grain production. Pumping 8 times fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere would be another win for the environment, and one that would contribute to our national security to boot. The bottom line: We owe it to our children to do right by them and feed them an optimally-nutritious, heart-healthy, cancer-preventative plant-based diet as outlined above. Doing so will benefit our children, the animals, and the environment, while reducing our dependence on foreign oil. That is ethical synergy at work. | <urn:uuid:15789691-e343-495d-8cbd-33cc08044de6> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://animalethics.blogspot.com/2006/11/children-and-heart-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096944.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00113-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946801 | 1,027 | 2.921875 | 3 |
E coli are group of bacteria that can cause many of illnesses including diarrhea, urinary tract infection, respiratory illnesses, pneumonia and other problems. There are lots of E coli types that are harmful. E coli is found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The most common source of E. coli in humans comes from cattle. You can get E. coli by eating meat that is not coked properly and from close contact of humans who have E. coli.
- Stomach cramps
- fever (normally not over 101)
Some symptoms normally resolve within 5-7 days, not many cases of E. coli are serious but most are mild. Symptoms of an infection start after 3-5 days after you are exposed to the bacteria. However symptoms can occur earlier or later than 10 days. 5%-10 % of people with E. coli can result with kidney failure. This is the most serious complication which is called hemolytic uremic syndrome. (HUS) some symptoms for this serious syndrome are…
- Loss of color in cheeks and under eye lids
- Decreased regularity of urination
- Staying hydrated (drinking electrolyte drinks.)
- Antibiotics are not affective.
(Treatments will depend on symptoms.)
- Wash hands regularly
- Cook meat properly
- Avoid raw dairy products
- Wash cutting boards properly after preparing raw meats | <urn:uuid:257d8c9b-e6fb-47eb-bdde-0fe3c1b51116> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.justwalkinmedicalcare.com/what-you-should-know-about-e-coli/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023043257-20191023070757-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.948611 | 287 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (n) snowball, sweet sand verbena, Abronia elliptica (plant having heads of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers; grows in sandy arid regions)
- S: (n) snowball (ball of ice cream covered with coconut and usually chocolate sauce)
- S: (n) snowball (ball of crushed ice with fruit syrup)
- S: (n) snowball (snow pressed into a ball for throwing (playfully))
- S: (v) snowball (increase or accumulate at a rapidly accelerating rate)
- S: (v) snowball (throw snowballs at) | <urn:uuid:091375ec-dd77-411a-929d-9a7a79c8f31c> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=SNOWBALL | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770432.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00023-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866105 | 172 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Dutch consortia have developed and tested three innovative techniques for reinforcing a dike in a simple manner without making changes to the surrounding area. In the Netherlands the rivers are being given more and more room to avoid having to endlessly strengthen dikes so that they can handle the expected increase in the amount of river water that has to drain away as a result of climate change.
This does not mean that the Netherlands does not do anything to reinforce the dikes along the rivers.
Some solutions: dike stabilising by boring into the ground using a rotating lance to inject a cement mixture. Another method is dike pinning, which involves anchoring the dike to the ground using grout tie bars. The third method uses dike dowels, which are pipes that are installed in the ground and extend down into the Pleistocene layer of sand, which transfer the weight of the dike body to the subsoil.
Wil je meer informatie over de inhoud van het dossier of in contact worden gebracht met de kennisaanbieder? Neem dan contact met ons op. | <urn:uuid:bc57b56d-4a20-400a-acc6-5a7c4a55a0b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://kennisnl.nl/dossier/innovative-dike-reinforcement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.902796 | 237 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Posted 3 years ago on April 12, 2012, 6:15 a.m. EST by OccupyWallSt
Over 10,000 gather at Sir John Guise Stadium in Papua New Guinea
In another example of the power of popular resistance, Papua New Guineans this week appear to have successfully stopped the government from delaying elections and implementing a controversial Judicial Conduct Law that would allow the legislature to remove judges. In front of a massive crowd organized by labor unions, churches, social media groups, and civil society organizations, PNG Prime Minister Peter O'Neill promised to hold elections on time.
The protests were organized in part by student activists and bloggers affiliated with Occupy Waigani, a group that formed last month to occupy Parliament in protest of the Judicial Conduct Law. Among other efforts, Occupiers in PNG are also working to address the exploitation of local resources by corporate interests and unequal development in the country. #OccupyWallStreet stands in solidarity with Occupiers and dissidents everywhere. (See below for a timeline of events in PNG!)
Occupy Wall Street has always been part of a global movement for economic justice and people-powered democracy. In addition to the Arab Spring protests that continue to challenge oppressive regimes from Tunisia to Bahrain, #OWS drew much of our inspiration from the Indignados in Spain and Portugal, the popular assemblies in Greece, the Icelandic Revolution against debt and austerity, the on-going Chilean student protests, and more. Following the Occupation of Liberty Square in New York City, Occupy protests took place on every continent. On the October 15, 2011 global day of action alone, Occupy demonstrations occurred in at least 950 cities in 82 countries.
The Occupy movement has taken hold across the world and remains especially active in countries like Australia, the Netherlands, the UK, Ireland, Canada, Germany, and Italy. Last week in Russia, protesters erected tents in Red Square during a protest against government corruption (predictably, they were quickly arrested by Russian police). However, Occupy protests have appeared in all parts of the world, from China to Argentina, and each place has contributed a unique perspective and experience to the Global Revolution to take back our lives from the Global 1%, in whatever form they take.
While our causes may appear disparate, we share a common opposition to abusive government and economic inequality. Whether by the greedy removal of vital fuel subsidies for the 99% in Nigeria last year or the imposition of military rule in Egypt, the people everywhere will no longer tolerate elite misrule. Everywhere, we are demanding true self-government and real democracy - not governments run by banksters, autocrats, corporations, and corrupt politicians. And everywhere, our diverse and localized movements share tactics like the peaceful occupation of public space, mass demonstrations, nonviolent resistance, and the use of social media and horizontal consensus-based democracy to organize online and in the world. As activists in all parts of the world borrow ideas and imagery from one another and adapt them to local struggles, we learn from each other's innovations.
Last month, a student-led movement opposed to a law that would allow the government to silence dissident judges spawned an Occupy movement in Papua New Guinea. Although international media was completely silent on the events that followed, the protest grew to include broad support when the government voted to suspend elections. Earlier this week, 10,000 people gathered in the capitol of Papua New Guineau and forced the government to reverse their position. Again, beside minor coverage in Australian news, international media has been suspiciously silent. However, the activists themselves have not - using blogs and other social media, protest organizers kept their supporters around the world informed about events as they happened on the ground.
As described by one blogger in a post about Occupy Waigani:
David Wissink, the spokesman for Morobe Mines Joint Venture [a joint Australian/South African mining company in PNG], asked the question of yesterday’s historic protest: ‘So in reality what was gained?’
Most Papua New Guineans know the answer to this question. But for David’s benefit, let’s spell it out.
1) We showed the government that they are accountable to us. Now the politicians realise we are not going to let them get away with blatant disregard for us and our rights.
2) We showed solidarity. Good things start to happen when ordinary Papua New Guineans stand together and start talking about issues we share as a nation.
3) We showed that we are better than them. They are violent – they let our people be murdered for LNG. They don’t respect our rights – they rushed through an unconstitutional Bill without asking us at all (and now they want us to stop talking about it). They try and divide us and cause conflict between us. WE are peaceful – we marched peacefully, as a nation, and started talking about a better way for all.
David, and mining companies like the one he works for, doesn’t like it when Papua New Guineans speak out. It makes him nervous that Papua New Guineans are thinking for themselves. He thinks: “Maybe they will realise they don’t want or need companies like Newcrest telling them what to think. “Maybe they will realise they don’t need to support the corrupt government which makes so much money for the miners.¨ “Maybe they will realise they don’t need mining or foreign companies at all, because they have a better way of making a living (it’s called land).’”
So WE say congratulations to the protesters, who love their country and believe foreign corporations like MMJV and the government they corrupt are holding us back from a better way (our way). And don’t let them try and tell you that you are violent trouble-makers. They are the violent ones, stealing your land and your money. You are the peacemakers: and the future.
Occupy Waigani and their allies and supporters still need our solidarity to ensure the promise of true democracy is delivered, not only to the people of Papua New Guinea, but to everyone, everywhere.
Students gather at a popular assembly at the University of PNG
- March 21 - One day after it is introduced and after virtually no serious consideration, the Judicial Conduct Law passes the legislature with a wide majority. Protesters call it the ¨Shut up the judges¨ bill.
- March 22 - Bloggers and activists call for #OccupyWaigani. (Waigani is the government district of Port Moresby, the capitol.) After a meeting at the University of PNG Forum Square that lasted until 4am, students make and announce plans to ¨occupy the grounds of Parliament¨ in protest of the law, defying police orders not to. The protesters demand that a representative from the government meet with them or they threaten to march directly on the Prime Minister´s office.
- March 23 - 2500 UPNG students and allies march to office of the Prime Minister Peter O´Neill in Waigani. A stand off with police ensues, who eventually allow the protesters to pass with escort. The students deliver an ultimatum to the PM demanding the removal of the Judicial Conduct Law and declare they will wait for response before planning more actions.
- March 25 - In a televised nationwide address, the PM refuses to remove the law.
- March 26 - The Community Coalition Against Corruption, students from the University of PNG, the PNG Trade Union Congress, and PNG social media networks hold a joint press conference announcing they are considering a national general strike with ¨sit-in protests in urban areas¨ by students at PNG's main universities in Port Moresby, Lae, Goroka, Madang and Rabaul.
- March 29 - Over 4700 students skip class at the University of PNG.
- March 30 - Thousands more students strike at Unitech in Lae, calling it #OccupyTopTown. Some also start using #OccupyPNG now that there are at least two cities participating.
- April 5 - A student forum meets again to discuss the next course of action. During the assembly, they recieve word that the legislature voted to defer elections by a vote of 63-11.
- April 6 - Students and Occupiers on social media release the following statement:
We the people of Papua New Guinea are now DEMANDING the Government to RESCIND THIS MOTION TO ‘DEFER THE ELECTIONS’ IMMEDIATELY!! We DEMAND that the Elections go ahead at the appointed time. By the 27th of April, the Writs must be issued and due election process allowed to occur. We the people of Papua New Guinea declare that we will NOT RELENT IN OUR PROTEST UNTIL OUR DEMANDS ARE COMPLIED WITH!! A Coalition comprising: Trade Unions, Business Houses, TIPNG. CCAC, Civil Society Organizations, University Students, Churches and Citizens will convene a NATIONAL DAY OF ACTION and MARCH TO PARLIAMENT. [...] WEAR YOUR INDEPENDENCE DAY PNG COLOUR T-SHIRTS. WE WILL MARCH, AND WE WILL PROTEST, AND WE WILL CAMP OUTSIDE THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE UNTIL PARLIAMENT RESCINDS THE MOTION TO DEFER THE ELECTIONS!!
- April 8 - Via Twitter and other social media, student leaders and activists continue to share links to #OWS, Adbusters, and Take The Square information on how to occupy.
- April 9 - Another student meeting in Forum Square is held. Student leader Nou Vada tells the media:
¨O'Neill has said whatever marches on Tuesday will be illegal... We need to either listen to the lawbreaker's pronouncement of law and obey or act in what is purportedly civil disobedience, as the students did a few weeks back, and negotiate our way through the blockades and the cocked weapons.¨
- April 10 - 10,000 Papua New Guineans converge on Sir John Guise Stadium in Port Moresby to protest the delay of elections and the Judicial Conduct Law. There are several Occupy-inspired signs and banners and it is organized on Twitter using #OccupyWaigani. Student, labor, and religious leaders speak out and the crowd declares ¨We Are Parliament!¨ Most of the city is shut down and there is heavy police presence around the square. Some looting occurs elsewhere, and protesters blame police for only paying attention to the protest. The Prime Minister with heavy escort arrives to address the massive crowd personally and is booed. He then promises to hold elections as planned and remove the Judicial Conduct Law (as long as a controversial judge agrees to step down) and receives cheers. Many still question whether he is trust-worthy and will carry out his promises.
- April 11 - As the legislature has not yet rescinded the plan to delay elections, protesters say they are making contingency plans in the event the Prime Minister and the government do not hold elections as promised. A court has, however, issued an injunction against the Judicial Conduct Law.
From Occupy Waigani:
WE ARE THE 99%. The Occupy movement is an international protest movement directed towards social and economic inequality, its primary goal being to make the economic structure and power relations in society fairer. Different local groups have different foci, but among the prime concerns is the claim that big corporations and the global financial system control the world in an unstable way that disproportionately benefits a minority and is undermining democracy. Occupy Waigani is the first Occupy protest in PNG, the land of the unexpected. FREEDOM FROM DOMINATION AND OPPRESSION
PNG Students Protesting Against Judicial Conduct Law Undeterred by Police Warning
Student protesters and civil society look at options after O´neill refusal to back down
Occupy Waigani As It Unfolded
Social Media Driving New Chapter of PNG Consciousness | <urn:uuid:e25e2b9c-2036-4b13-a31d-ee3109cbb93d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://occupywallst.org/article/papua-new-guineans-occupy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097199.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00247-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94469 | 2,447 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Any photos not otherwise credited are from the personal collection of Frank Passic, Albion Historian.
Morning Star, January 14, 2001, pg. 15
Occasionally in this column we feature the origin of Albion street names. Fitch St. in the northeast part of Albion was named after Methodist minister Rev. Andrew Mason Fitch (1815-1887). A native of Cherry Valley in Otsego County, N.Y., he was the son of Gurdon and Hannah (Peck) Fitch. His grandfather Andrew was Captain of the 4th Connecticut Infantry in the Revolutionary War. Rev. Fitch was a Methodist "circuit-riding preacher" in the wilderness of Southern Michigan. It was a rugged profession: riding horseback from community to community through forests, swamps and streams in all types of weather, holding religious meetings, and living off of the donations of pioneers of our area. A typical saddle bag would contain a bible, a hymn book, and a Methodist discipline book. The 1877 History of Calhoun County states, (pgs. 26-27) "As late as 1838, Rev. A. M. Fitch’s circuit was bounded only by the Indiana line on the south, Augusta on the west, Lansing on the north, and Grass Lake on the east."
Fitch served as pastor of numerous Methodist churches in Michigan and held various Conference positions, including chairman. He was also quite active in public life. Fitch served on the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan from 1842 to 1845. From 1857 to 1861 he served as U.S. Indian Agent for the State of Michigan. If that were not enough, he also served on the board of trustees of Albion College for many years.
Fitch was one of the original organizers of the Albion Union (Public) Schools when it was formed in 1867. He was on the first and several subsequent school boards, serving as board president from the 1867-68 through 1872-73 school years.
Politically however, Fitch was a Democrat and part of a band of local "Copperheads," that included people such as William V. Morrison, Augustus Porter Gardner, Lawrence Cole, Rev. William Farley, and Albion Village President George N. Cady. Their political "states rights" beliefs supported the South and the supposed right of succession from the Union. Albion was a Copperhead "hotbed" in the days leading up to the Civil War, and the local newspaper The Albion Mirror echoed those sentiments.
Fitch’s other passion was horticulture. He first owned a farm in Albion Township where he spent much time and energy mastering the subject. He later purchased an 80-acre farm in northeast Albion village. It was bounded on the south by Michigan Avenue, Fitch St. (once the family driveway) on the west, North St. on the north, and Clark St. on the east. Andrew used this farm to study soils, fertilizers, and ways to increase yields on his land. He hired a specialist from the East nicknamed "Old Terriculture" to help him accomplish this purpose. In his second wife Susan’s (Searles) 1898 obituary, the property was referred to as the "famous Fitch farm."
Fitch erected and lived in a large elegant home there at 1101 E. Michigan Avenue (between the College Courts) which was decorated with Victorian embellishments. Following Fitch’s death the property was sold off in parcels, and was subsequently platted and developed. The house was purchased by Albion College chemistry professor Delos D. Fall, who lived there and rented rooms. One renter in 1912-13 was Rev. George Bennard, who wrote the hymn "The Old Rugged Cross" in a back room. The house subsequently became the frat house of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity in 1922. It suffered a major fire in 1923 and was remodeled. The Delts moved to their new quarters in 1966, and the house was demolished.
Regarding Fitch’s religious career, he experienced an embarrassing exit. The Methodist board sent the elderly Rev. Fitch to Mason at age 68. Not wanting an old minister, but wanting a young one, "The official board of the Mason Church refused to receive him. By some means [they] found a preacher whom the congregation would accept, and paid Mr. Fitch $50 for his moving expenses. Mr. Fitch certainly was seriously embarrassed by it all and was eventually forced to accept retirement and died in 1887." (The Methodist Church in Michigan: The Nineteenth Century, p. 353). Fitch died in Albion on January 8, 1887, but was buried in the family plot in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. This week in our Historical Notebook we present a rare photograph of Rev. Andrew Mason Fitch, courtesy of historian Pat Hiler of the First United Methodist Church of Grand Rapids (Rev. Fitch was pastor there in 1844). In this internet version of this article we also present an 1894 photograph of the Fitch farm house at 1101 E. Michigan Avenue.
Reverend A. M. Fitch
Next: DR. ISAAC GRANT
All text copyright, 2013 © all rights reserved Frank Passic | <urn:uuid:02e00d77-1aeb-4c4d-830b-fa2ec420901e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.albionmich.com/history/histor_notebook/010114.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010706290/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091146-00020-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978888 | 1,092 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Padlocks and Gotlandish keys The types of padlocks found in the chest are typical of archaeological finds from the Viking cities of Birka and Helgö in Lake Mälaren. They have also been found in other places in Europe where Vikings traveled. Similar locks are on display at the National Historical Museum in Stockholm. The padlocks consist of two parts, a trapezoidal lock body of welded iron or bronze plate and a separate shackle. This is why they are often called (Viking) box padlocks. The shackle has ward springs on one leg. The other leg, which is somewhat conical, is inserted in a narrow, also conical tube attached on the outside of the lock. The top of the lock body has a hole for the shackle and the front has a T-shaped keyhole at the bottom. The key has a flat bit with notches for the guide pins and springs. To open the lock, insert the key in the keyhole and press upwards. This compresses the ward springs, allowing the shackle to be drawn out of the lock housing and outer tube.Gotlandish keys The two keys from the Mästermyr chest are Gotlandish, and their dimensions indicate that they were door keys. Their bows were designed for an easy grip, which helped when operating the somewhat tricky lock mechanism. Usually people did not lock the doors to their homes; locks were used only on chests and boxes and on larders where food was stored. This type of large key was inconvenient to carry around, so they were often hidden or stored in a locked chest. In 1986, archaeologist Anna Ulfhielm analyzed a large number of Viking-Era keys from Gotland. All were made of cast bronze or iron, and were found with bronze buckles in the shape of animal heads (see sketch). This is also true of the four keys in her study that have a similar-shaped handle as those in the Mästermyr chest. The archaeologists dated these keys to the 10th century. In her summary, Anna Ulfhielm stated that keys were the property of women in this era, as most keys were found in women’s graves. Keys also had a social element – the mistress of a house wore the keys hanging on her clothing as a personal attribute. This showed that she had power and responsibility for the farm. The shape and ornamentation of keys, with or without locks, also helps archaeologists date them. | <urn:uuid:07ddb145-c3a6-4a7c-baf0-a1e0edb4e7f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.historicallocks.com/en/site/h/safes/mastermyr-and-oseberg/padlocks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.982097 | 506 | 3.28125 | 3 |
What is urinary retention?
Urinary retention is when you are unable to empty your bladder despite feeling like you need to. Usually when the bladder begins to fill up, messages are sent to the brain via the spinal cord which sends further message back down to the bladder to contract and release urine whilst the internal sphincter relaxes to assist the process.
If you have urinary retention, the messages from the bladder may not reach the brain to instruct the bladder to contract and release urine. Urinary retention can also be caused by a blockage in the bladder which prevents any urine from being released.
Physio.co.uk have specialist physiotherapists that will be able to provide you with a comprehensive assessment and work with you to create a physiotherapy programme to help minimise your symptoms as quickly as possible.
What causes urinary retention?
Urinary retention can be caused by a number of factors and it is important that you try and manage your condition early on in order to promote an effective recovery. The physiotherapists at Physio.co.uk are aware of the different reasons behind urinary retention and will be able to devise an effective treatment plan accordingly. The causes of urinary retention may include:
- Pregnancy related problems
- Enlargement of the prostate due to cancer or infection
- Trauma to the area
- Damage to the nerves that inform the bladder to contract
What symptoms will I have?
Urinary retention can cause a variety of symptoms including:
- Pain in the pelvic area
- Small leakage from the bladder but not enough to relieve other symptoms
- Low back pain
- A constant feeling of needing to urinate which is never completely stopped
What physiotherapy treatment will I receive for urinary retention?
The physiotherapists at Physio.co.uk will provide you with a comprehensive assessment and will then decide the appropriate treatment plan to suit you. Physiotherapy may include:
- Pelvic floor strengthening exercises
- Weighted cones to help you continue with your pelvic floor exercises
- Controlled breathing and relaxation exercises
- Advice on comfortable positioning
- Biofeedback to show you how well you are using your internal muscles
- Electrical stimulation to help with the contraction of the bladder
Urinary retention is when you are unable to fully empty your bladder despite needing to. The physiotherapists at Physio.co.uk can work with you to create a comprehensive treatment plan to help reduce your symptoms and optimise your recovery. Call Physio.co.uk on 0330 088 7800 to book an appointment today. You can also book an appointment with us online today! | <urn:uuid:bc5dba71-3c74-4f5d-a26b-0fbb10f1ba46> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/womens-health/bladder-dysfunction/urinary-retention.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.936296 | 538 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In its second annual study of lgbt representation in studio films was the only studio film tracked that was nominated for a glaad media award. Racism and the media: a textual analysis behavior and emotional representation this paper is going to also discuss media representations of africa american men. After studying this section, you should be able to understand: mass media representations of gender theoretical perspectives on media representations of gender mass. Representation of homosexuals in the mediafor this essay i have chose the theme of the representation of homosexuality in the media i have chosen this subject. Portrayal of lgbt in the media in the united states, a recent major media event that affected homosexuals positively was in the presidential election. Un-african representations of homosexuality in two this ruling made sensational news in western media and the benefits of comparison in analysis.
Media representation in lgbt media and its representation of lesbian, gay the literature focusses its research analysis on two main underlying issues. The power inherent in media representations lies the representation of homosexual men as framing of gay rights in mass media outlets: a content analysis of. Media representations of homosexuality media representations of homosexuality an analysis of the print media in slovenia, 1970–2000 roman kuhar medijske podobe. Analysing media communication media analysis article 2 the representation of transgender people in rather than the queer representation of ‘homosexuals. The subject of this study is media construction of homosexuality the author looks into the media representations of homosexuals and related discourse on. Rowe 1 austin rowe english 1103 25 november 2009 media’s portrayal of homosexuality as a reflection of cultural acceptance will & grace stands as a representation.
The street analysis: representations of sexuality representation of homosexual men as weak and documents similar to the street analysis: representations of. The where we are on tv report analyzes the about lgbt representation, but informs glaad’s own media force, glaad tackles tough issues to. It can be rare to see homosexuality portrayed on a media screen so when speaking about a homosexual identity, it has proven difficult to do so without some form of stereotype. A study on media representation of homosexuality in modern culture in kenya by linet deborah nabwire a research project submitted to the school of.
“the coast is queer”: media representations of the lgbt community and stereotypes’ homophobic reinforcement. An analysis of media and heterosexuality/homosexuality transcript of positive representation of homosexuals - it's all the same love positive representations. How things have changed in thirty years: more than ever before, queer people have a media presence no longer relegated to the realms of innuendo and secrecy, we now. Queer representation in film and and would provide a public service by challenging the prevalence of stereotypical media portrayals of gays and.
Representations of lgbt characters on television have increased tv’s lbgt characters add representation, depth glaad’s director of entertainment media. An exploratory overview of african media representation of homosexuality: lessons from representation of homosexuality: the frequenc y of media representation.
This study on the perception on the portrayal of homosexuals in bollywood media representation analysis of the perception of the homosexuals. Electronic journal of human sexuality, volume 2 media representation of more likely to support the statements that the media glorifies homosexuality. Analysis of the homosexual agenda the homosexual propaganda campaign in america's media the powerful, sophisticated psychological techniques that the homosexual movement has used to. Peace institute – institute for contemporary social and political studies publications media representation of homosexuality an analysis of the print media in. Loughborough university institutional repository association football and the representation of homosexuality by the print media: a case study of antonenhys. In this area of study students focus on the relationship between society’s values and media texts media representations homosexuals for two years if. | <urn:uuid:bb469839-5cc0-4458-be39-f30c76e51a87> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://xvcourseworkcmpw.fieldbee.us/an-analysis-of-representation-of-homosexuals-in-media.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.900224 | 794 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Colony Collapse Disorder
Bees are responsible for pollinating one out of every three foods that we eat. In recent years, scientists have desperately been searching for an answer to the mysterious disappearance of bee populations world wide. This has been dubbed CCD – Colony Collapse Disorder and commercial beekeepers have lost as much as 30% of their commercial honey bees since 2006.
- PBS Newshour – Scientists puzzled by honey bee decline (July 28, 2011)
- South Dakota Participating in Colony Collapse Disorder Study (RC Journal, June 13, 2010)
- Avaaz Organization – Save the Bees Petition
- Mother Earth News – Page Dedicated to Colony Collapse Disorder
- Mother Earth News – Colony Collapse – Pair of Pathogens to blame? (12/2010)
- Mother Earth News – Colony Collapse – Are pesticides killing honeybees? (11/2009)
Bee Diseases and Pests
Honey Bees are also susceptable to a variety of diseases and pests.
- Science Buzz – Marla Spivak answers questions about bees and Varroa Mites (Note Marla Spivak is a University of Minnesota entomologist and is extremely active in researching honey bees. There is a lot of information in the Q&A provided by this link.
- BeeMaster list of Bee Diseases
- BeeMaster Wax Moth Damage
- Bushy Mountain Bee Forum – Diseases and Pests
- Cornell University Master Beekeeper Program – Diseases
- Honey Bee Parasites/Pests/Predators/Diseases (MAAREC)
- YouTube Video – Bees fighting Varoa Mites | <urn:uuid:9347cf2f-97cd-4879-b320-afa63a6da5bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://adrbees.com/home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.884782 | 336 | 3.296875 | 3 |
SMOS and Proba-2 launched by Rokot
The second satellite in ESA's Earth Explorer series-the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission-and the second demonstration satellite under ESA's Project for Onboard Autonomy (Proba-2) were launched into orbit last night from northern Russia.
SMOS will play a key role in the monitoring of climate change on a global scale. It is the first ever satellite designed both to map sea surface salinity and to monitor soil moisture on a global scale. It features a unique interferometric radiometer that will enable passive surveying of the water cycle between oceans, the atmosphere and land.
Travelling piggyback on the launch of SMOS, Proba 2 is a follow-on to the highly successful Proba 1 satellite launched in 2001. It will demonstrate 17 advanced satellite technologies -such as miniaturised sensors for ESA's future space probes and a highly sophisticated CCD camera with a wide angle view of about 120º-while carrying a set of four science instruments to observe the Sun and study the plasma environment in orbit.
The satellites were launched atop a Rockot launch vehicle provided by Eurockot GmbH. Liftoff from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia took place at 01:50 UTC (02:50 CET) on Monday 2 November. Some 70 minutes after launch, SMOS successfully separated from the Rockot's Breeze-KM upper stage. Shortly after, the satellite's initial telemetry was acquired by the Hartebeesthoek ground station, near Johannesburg, South Africa. The upper stage then performed additional manoeuvres to arrive at a slightly lower orbit and Proba-2 was released too, some 3 hours into flight. | <urn:uuid:1d84e53c-fb0a-4a57-a652-0556fb585e85> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.flugrevue.de/english/smos-and-proba-2-launched-by-rokot/494029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107744.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821080132-20170821100132-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.914772 | 363 | 2.75 | 3 |
Thinking Kids® Not Your Usual Workbook, Grade 1 Item # 865465
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Show kids that learning can be fun with this standards-based workbook. Through a variety of age-appropriate games and activities, kids can build the necessary language arts and math skills they need to succeed.
- Colorful illustrations add to the fun.
- Meets Common Core standards.
- Activities, puzzles and games engage students as they develop essential math and language arts skills. Includes letter sounds, parts of speech, addition, subtraction, telling time and other important concepts.
- Designed for children in first grade.
|age recommendation||6 years|
|number of pages||256|
|size||10 13/16"H x 8 7/16"W x 9/16"D|
|subject||addition; reading; subtraction| | <urn:uuid:b540c7b9-9ed0-4d73-869b-cd98163c974d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.officedepot.com/a/products/865465/Thinking-Kids-Not-Your-Usual-Workbook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688103.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922003402-20170922023402-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.77373 | 205 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Auto Accidents and Concussions: What You Should Know
If you’ve been in an automobile accident, even a minor one in which you were wearing a seatbelt, you could have injuries that you don’t even know you have. Hidden injuries such as whiplash, herniated discs, knee and shoulder injuries, spinal trauma, PTSD, and concussions can occur in any auto accident and often go ignored or undiagnosed.
What is a Concussion?
The brain is fragile and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid in the skull. This fluid provides a cushion that protects the brain from everyday movements and jolts. A violent impact to the head can cause the brain to slam against the hard inner wall of the skull. It can also occur if a person is violently shaken. Both can happen in a car accident.
A concussion is also referred to as a TBI or Traumatic Brain Injury. Other than being the result of an accident, TBIs can also be caused during participation in sports, by falling, or being injured in a fight. It’s a common myth that a concussion can only occur if you’ve been hit in the head because any sudden and violent jarring blow to the body that moves your head back and forth can cause a concussion. Any time there is a severe impact or shaking to the head , it should be taken seriously. In the most severe concussion injuries, you may experience problems with your cognitive abilities that could cause a permanent disability. Severe concussions can also cause brain swelling or bleeding which, if left untreated, could be fatal.
- Loss of consciousness. Even if it’s only for a few seconds, it means your head has suffered a trauma.
- Ringing in the ears. Brain trauma can cause temporary or prolonged tinnitus.
- Nausea and vomiting. You may feel nauseous or even vomit after a head injury.
- Confusion and amnesia. You may not realize right away that you’re having trouble with recall or concentration. Amnesia is usually confined to the time around the accident itself.
- Changes in sleep patterns. This could be difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep or sleeping a lot more or less than you usually do.
- Changes in your mood. You become angry, irritable, nervous, restless, and even experience depression as a result of your head injury.
- Headaches. You may experience persistent headaches or ones that blur your vision. You may also feel pressure in your head.
- Seizures. Severe concussions can result in seizures.
- Slurred speech. A brain injury can weaken muscles that you use to speak or affect their coordination.
- Feel and appear dazed. Having a concussion can cause you to feel like your head is in a fog which may be apparent to others also.
Children may show the same symptoms as listed but for young children, it may be more difficult to detect because they can’t simply tell you how they’re feeling. Watch for symptoms such as being unable to be consoled, they won’t stop crying, and/or they won’t nurse or eat.
Resting, both mentally and physically, is the best way to recover from a concussion. While the brain heals itself, all physical activities, as well as any activities that require any thinking or concentration, need to be limited.
Concussion symptoms may appear right away but often they are not noticed for days or even months after the injury which is why it’s vital to see a doctor right away if you’ve been in an auto accident. At Complete Care of Orlando, our physicians can detect hidden injuries and may be able to diagnose your concussion before any major symptoms arise. In Florida, the law states that you only have 14 days to see a doctor after you’ve been in an accident or you risk losing your ability to file a claim. When you call CC, we can often get you in to see one of our doctors the very same day that you call. Our expert staff can also help you with any paperwork you need to file a claim.
If you’ve been in an auto accident in Central Florida, call Complete Care today. One of our auto accident doctors will see you quickly because the sooner you begin your treatment, the sooner you can recover from your accident. | <urn:uuid:dd0a81eb-50c7-4cf8-aba1-1d792483ad9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.complete-care.com/auto-accidents-concussions-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948976.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329120545-20230329150545-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.946226 | 908 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Newswise — Reporters/editors/producers note: The following feature was produced by the American Psychological Association. Feel free to use in its entirety or in part; we only request that you credit APA as the source.
Introduction: In February, romance is typically associated with Valentine’s Day. But for some teens, a dating partner can prove to be abusive rather than affectionate. Some teens become violent or abusive to exert power and control over a dating partner. February is national Teen Dating Violence Awareness Month, an opportunity to provide teens, their parents, educators and friends information and resources to recognize and prevent teen dating violence.
Psychologist and APA member Sherry L. Hamby, PhD, is a research associate professor at Sewanee, the University of the South, and a research associate with the University of New Hampshire Crimes against Children Research Center. She is editor of the APA journal Psychology of Violence, which this month is releasing a special issue about the interconnections among different types of violence. For the special issue, she is lead author of the article, “Teen Dating Violence: Co-Occurrence with Other Victimizations in the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV).”
APA recently asked Dr. Hamby the following questions:
APA: Why do some teens become violent toward their dates? Are there signs a teen should look for in a prospective date before deciding to go out?
Dr. Hamby: Teen dating violence doesn’t just spring from nowhere. Both teens who use violence and those who are vulnerable to being victimized have typically experienced previous victimizations, harsh parenting and other adversities. Some of the most dangerous youth are those who expect their dates to meet all of their emotional and social needs. Jealousy—especially jealousy that is way out of proportion to how long a couple has been dating or how serious their relationship is—is a big warning sign. So are controlling and monitoring behaviors. If you have to send your boyfriend a picture from your phone to prove that you are really at your grandmother’s house, that’s a problem. Youth who turn to violence to solve other problems are also at increased risk of perpetrating teen dating violence. APA: Has teen dating violence increased in recent years, and if so, why? Are there usually more incidents near or on Valentine’s Day?
Dr. Hamby: Our data show the rate of teen dating violence is holding fairly steady, unlike some forms of violence which are dropping. Dating violence affects approximately one in 13 youth. Also, there is the problem not only of the persistence of physical teen dating violence but the emergence of new forms of abuse, such as cyberbullying and cyberstalking. Valentine’s Day and other holidays or special occasions present increased risk largely due to increased consumption of alcohol. Data show that physical violence is more than three times as likely on days that alcohol is consumed compared to days with no drinking. This pattern also holds for psychological aggression, especially for males, who are more than seven times as likely to be psychologically aggressive on days when they drink, while females are about one-and-a-half times more likely. Valentine’s Day can also increase vulnerability because research has shown that for some teens it can be a day associated with intercourse, including first sexual intercourse.
APA: Does the research show any links between teen dating violence and today’s increased use of social media?
Dr. Hamby: Yes, our new study coming out in Psychology of Violence provides the first nationally representative data showing a strong association between teen dating violence and cyberbullying. Victims of teen dating violence are three to four times more likely to be cyberbullied as other teens. These aren’t all boyfriends and girlfriends abusing each other online and in person. It reflects a pervasive vulnerability for all teens that is probably due to parents, teachers and other adults failing to prioritize the safety of teens in their lives. APA: What are some of the behavioral signs of a teen who is a victim of teen dating violence?
Dr. Hamby: Parents and other concerned adults can watch for a dramatic decline in contact with other friends. It is natural that a boyfriend and girlfriend will want to spend time together, and this will often take up some of their free time that previously might have been spent with other peers. Still, it is important to maintain nondating friendships and it is worrisome if time with friends falls to near zero or they seem anxious about making plans that don’t include their partner. Of course, classic signs of psychological distress, such as symptoms of anxiety or depression, are associated with teen dating violence and numerous other problems and should be investigated.
APA: What should parents do if they suspect their child is a victim of dating violence? What can teens do if they are a victim or if they know someone who is a victim?
Dr. Hamby: There are many steps that parents and other bystanders can take, starting with simply expressing concern and offering to be a safe, nonblaming person to talk to about relationships. Parents are important role models for teens (whether it seems like it or not) and also need to make sure their own relationships are respectful and egalitarian. Speaking up when you see someone being treated badly is also a way to help create community norms that promote healthy relationships. Finally, all parents should know about resources in their area and online. No matter where you live in the United States, teens, parents or anyone else can call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-SAFE or loveisrespect at 1-866-331-9474, text “loveis” to 77054. The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 154,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting health, education and human welfare.
# # #
Article: “Teen Dating Violence: Co-Occurrence With other Victimizations in the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV),” Sherry Hamby, PhD, Sewanee, University of the South; David Finkelhor, PhD, and Heather Turner, PhD, University of New Hampshire; Psychology of Violence, online.
Additional website resources:http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/love-teens.pdfCDC's Dating Matters initiativeLove is RespectNational Domestic Violence HotlineStart Strong Teens, a project of Futures Without Violence | <urn:uuid:af46b538-383f-4027-971e-590e9dc5a3e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.newswise.com/articles/teen-dating-violence-often-occurs-alongside-other-abuse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867055.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525082822-20180525102822-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.952695 | 1,409 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Smithfield, Va., Aug. 28, 1864
The Battle of Smithfield was fought on August 28 and 29, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was part of the larger Union effort to capture and control the Shenandoah Valley and demonstrated the intensity and brutality of the fighting in the region.
On August 28, Union forces under the command of Major General Philip Sheridan clashed with Confederate troops under the command of Major General Jubal Early near Smithfield, Virginia. The battle began when Union cavalry encountered Confederate pickets near the town and quickly escalated into a full-scale engagement.
The fighting was intense and chaotic, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. Union forces were able to push the Confederate army back, but they were unable to completely dislodge them from the area. As night fell, both sides dug in and prepared for a renewed battle the following day.
On August 29, the battle resumed with renewed vigor. Union forces were able to push the Confederate army back further, but the fighting remained fierce and bloody. The two sides exchanged fire for hours, with neither gaining a clear advantage.
Late in the day, Union forces were able to successfully flank the Confederate position, forcing them to retreat. However, the Confederate army was able to avoid a complete rout and withdrew in an orderly fashion.
The Battle of Smithfield was a significant moment in the larger Shenandoah Valley campaign. It demonstrated the intensity and brutality of the fighting in the region and highlighted the strategic importance of the area. Union forces were able to gain a significant victory, but the Confederate army remained a formidable force and continued to fight fiercely in the Shenandoah Valley.
The battle was also notable for the high number of casualties suffered by both sides. Union forces lost over 800 men, while Confederate forces lost around 600. The fighting demonstrated the toll that the war was taking on both armies and highlighted the need for a quick resolution to the conflict.
In conclusion, the Battle of Smithfield was a significant moment in the larger struggle for control of the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War. The intense and bloody fighting demonstrated the strategic importance of the region and the determination of both sides to emerge victorious. The battle highlighted the high cost of the war in terms of casualties and reinforced the urgency of finding a resolution to the conflict. | <urn:uuid:9a155ace-c979-4aa2-8253-1d55dee9cb8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://alfredgibbs.com/smithfield-va-aug-28-1864/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.963995 | 471 | 3.65625 | 4 |
By the time the wagon trains reached what is now Massacre Rocks State Park, the emigrants had travelled over twelve-hundred miles from Missouri. Many considered their trek through the Idaho desert as one of the most difficult parts of the journey. Today, cars and trucks speed down today’s Interstate highway with few realizing how the pioneers struggled to cover the same ground.
"The Oregon Trail here essentially is in the middle of the interstate. The emigrants for the most part followed right where highway 30 was and then when the interstate went through the interstate just simply took out more of the Devil’s Gate. The Devil’s Gate or the Gate of Death is still there. It’s just slightly larger than it was during the Oregon Trail era. When the Oregon Trail was going that gap through the rock was only wide enough for one wagon to go through. Even though no attacks of emigrants happened there to the emigrant’s point of view whenever they had to go through a very narrow gap of rocks or through trees or a canyon they were always concerned about being attacked. The actual Indian skirmishes that happened in 1862 happened further east of what people termed the Massacre Rocks even though that name never came about until much later."
The attacks that took place on August 9th and 10th of 1862 occurred along the trail east of the rocks. They claimed the lives of ten emigrants and involved a total of four different wagon trains.
"Mr. Hunter, who was captain of our little train gave orders to get ready their firearms and prepare for fight, and right speedily was the order obeyed, considering the surprise in which we were taken, together with the fact that not one of us had ever been called upon to defend our lives or property by the use of such weapons."
Visitors who stop at the state park today can learn more about the attacks and also get a close up look at some well preserved ruts or swales.
"Here the more common term is swales. Ruts are what you consider of twin wagon wheels shown in rock. Here, because it’s highly erosive ground what you have is more of a ditch effect. Unless they had no option whatsoever to bypass rocks you very seldom see ruts per se. You see swales across Idaho for the most part."
A few miles west of the swales, the names carefully etched into Register Rock reach back to the days when this area was a prime camping spot on the Oregon Trail.
"Register Rock was one of the more popular camp sites in the area and that was principally because Rock Creek was emptying into the Snake River there so there was better feed and it just happens that the Bonneville Flood had rolled a huge boulder right in the middle of their camp ground and so early on the emigrants , where ever they could, left their mark. Sometimes it was just a pencil drawing on an oxen skull but where there was rock and where they had time they actually chiseled their names into the rocks and there are several hundred here. Some have been lost just through erosion through the years but you can still see quite a few names." | <urn:uuid:28cc4dd0-8841-4d84-90cb-c64d94fc9d1c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/pathwaysofpioneers/MassacreRocks.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093400.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00255-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984628 | 643 | 2.875 | 3 |
The peak period of the Queen Anne style was 1880–1900, although the style persisted for another decade. The style was named and popularized in England by the architect Richard Norman Shaw (1831-1912) and his followers. The term inaccurately implies aesthetic ideas from the reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714). However, its language was actually based on much earlier English buildings, mainly those constructed during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras (Elizabeth I reigned 1558–1603; James I, 1603–1625). In 1874–75, the first important expression of the style by an American architect rose in Newport, Rhode Island, when H.H. Richardson designed the Watts-Sherman house. But many Americans first saw the Queen Anne style at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1875, where the British government built several houses in that style.
Read about a Queen Anne townhouse Wentworth remodeled in Washington, DC—or keep reading to learn more about the Queen Anne style!
As with other ornate Victorian-era architecture, Queen Anne found its most complete expression in detached homes that showcased its sculptural shapes and ornamented skin. These houses were typically built of wood, allowing the designer unfettered artistic expression in the patterns and details that define the style. Bold and unconventional color schemes were also a Queen Anne trait, of which San Francisco’s famous Painted Ladies are an example. The decorative details on most Queen Annes in Washington and other large eastern cities tended to be more subdued because of the urban preference for patterned brick and carved stone. Thanks to a building boom during the later nineteenth century, many Queen Anne town houses were built in Washington, and fortunately, many of those buildings survive today. Round towers and broad decorative gables, as well as elaborate Queen Anne chimneys, dormers , and windows are showcased on homes in Capitol Hill, Georgetown, Dupont Circle, and elsewhere. There is a wonderful detached Queen Anne home at 36th Street NW on Macomb Street, N.W., and another at 3035 Newark Street, N.W., in the Cleveland Park area.
The historic district around West Montgomery Avenue in Rockville, Maryland, boasts excellent examples of detached Queen Anne homes sited on generous lots.
Eclecticism, asymmetry, contrast, and even excess, were the hallmarks of the Queen Anne style. Every building sported a variety of surface textures. Elaborate motifs decorated gables, spandrel panels and, indeed, almost any flat surface. Newark Street NW in Cleveland Park features many highly decorative examples.
The Queen Anne look was achieved in a variety of ways with an array of materials that included patterned brick or stone, wood shingles and clapboard, slate, occasionally stucco, and sometimes, terracotta panels. Decorative stone panels were frequently set into the wall, as were custom-molded and colored bricks, allowing some variation and detailing. Wood buildings could assume the full range of color and design with paint.
Steeply pitched and complex, Queen Anne roofs provided visual interest and variety with gables, dormers, and turrets or towers, often all in one roof.
Queen Anne towers—square, round, or polygonal—were a favorite feature among architects designing Queen Anne homes. Sometimes instead of a tower, a turret, supported by a corbel, projected from the second floor. The towers and turrets were capped with a conical, tent, domed, or other artfully shaped roof and finished off with slate shingles and a copper finial ornament.
Typically, Queen Anne homes were embellished with bay windows and oriels; sometimes the latter was part of a turret. Window surrounds were, as a rule, simple. Lower window sashes usually had only a single pane of glass. The upper sash may have followed suit, although it was frequently multi-paned or framed by small square panes. More elaborate window sashes featured stained glass in the upper portion of a double-hung window or in a transom.
Curved glass is a unique Queen Anne detail, occasionally found in round bays and towers.
Single-story, wrap-around porches were essential to detached Queen Anne style homes. Frequently, the porch was framed by decorative columns, brackets, or applied ornament. In urban areas, town houses often featured a second-story porch, sometimes recessed into gables or towers. Several good examples of upper-level porches can be found on town houses along the 600 block of East Capitol Street N.E. on Capitol Hill.
Doors may have delicately carved decorations surrounding a single large pane set into the upper portion of the door.
Interested in learning more details about Queen Anne style architecture? Learn more architecture terminology! | <urn:uuid:f3377cd7-dd79-41fb-b6b4-01353e088566> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/queen-anne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864848.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623000334-20180623020334-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.960714 | 986 | 3.171875 | 3 |
- 1. French, Romance, Romance language, Latinian language
- usage: the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
- 2. French, French people, nation, land, country
- usage: the people of France
- 3. French, Daniel Chester French
- usage: United States sculptor who created the seated marble figure of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1850-1931)
- 1. French, cut
- usage: cut (e.g, beans) lengthwise in preparation for cooking; "French the potatoes"
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
- 1. French, Gallic
- usage: of or pertaining to France or the people of France; "French cooking"; "a Gallic shrug"
All rights reserved.
See also: french (Dictionary) | <urn:uuid:12722348-46d8-4530-a8bb-4fec1ba6320c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.factmonster.com/thesaurus/french | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.896408 | 186 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Census comes around every 10 years and is intended to count the U.S. population. But the census is more than a simple headcount, it is used to dictate vital funding to states from the federal government.
The census helps the federal government dole out $675+ billion to programs such as Medicaid (health care), food stamps, section 8 housing vouchers, and is used by local governments like New York City to determine how to respond in emergency situations.
The census also determines the number of seats that each state will have in the U.S. House of Representatives and is used to draw congressional and state legislative districts. In the past, New York State has lost Congressional seats based on census completion data – which means less voices in Washington, D.C. to advocate for us.
On top of all this, all U.S. citizens are required by law to complete the census.
This year is different.
The COVID-19 crisis has forced governments and community organizations to take 2020 Census outreach fully digital, a drastic change in strategy from the in-person events and town halls cities like New York had been relying on. Door-to-door census outreach is, for the moment, on hold.
But there’s good news - we all have a bit more time on our hands these days and we can help: complete your household census, then reach out to everyone you can via calls, emails, texts, and social media to brag about it and encourage them to complete theirs as soon as possible. Encourage them to do the same and pay it forward.
OrangeU Going has made 2020 Census advocacy easy with this Tool Kit:
- Draft Email to send to your network
- Social Media Shares: Twitter, Facebook, Instagram
- Complete the 2020 Census
- Learn about the 2020 Census
Want to do more things that help people and the planet? Join The OUG Squad – live a life of impact.
Young Nonprofit Professionals NetworkGrowth Workshop
Hey There Beautiful FoundationCOVID-19 PANDEMIC: CRISIS SPIRITUAL CARE FOR CONGREGATIONS
New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)Gala
Alliance for Coney IslandVirtual Event
Skip the Small TalkLeadership Breakfast | <urn:uuid:6fa3fe62-097e-4db9-97c1-8322dee65f06> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.orangeugoing.com/articles/complete-the-census | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.919753 | 464 | 2.65625 | 3 |
BALTIMORE – Preliminary results of a recent study show that teen girls reported a higher degree of interference of daytime sleepiness on multiple aspects of their school and personal activities than boys.
The study examined whether teen boys and girls report similar negative impact of sleep disturbances on their daytime functioning.
“What was most surprising is the fact that teenage girls reported a higher degree of interference of daytime sleepiness than teenage boys on multiple aspects of their school and personal activities,” said co-author Pascale Gaudreault, who is completing her doctoral degree in clinical neuropsychology under the supervision of principal investigator Dr. Geneviève Forest at the Université du Québec en Outaouais in Gatineau, Québec, Canada. “For example, teenage girls have reported missing school significantly more often than teenage boys due to tiredness, as well as reported having lower motivation in school due to a poor sleep quality.”
731 adolescents (311 boys; 420 girls; ages 13 to 17.5 years; grades 9-11) completed a questionnaire about sleep and daytime functioning. Questions were answered on a seven-point Likert scale (1=never; 7=often). Gender differences were assessed using t-tests.
Study results show that teenage girls reported more difficulties staying awake during class in the morning, during class in the afternoon, and during homework hours than boys. They also reported feeling too tired to do activities with their friends, missing school because of being too tired, feeling less motivated in school because of their poor sleep, and taking naps during weekends more often than boys. However, there was no gender difference when it came to using coffee or energy drinks to compensate for daytime sleepiness or for falling asleep in class.
“These results suggest that teenage girls may be more vulnerable than teenage boys when it comes to the negative impacts of adolescence’s sleep changes,” said Gaudreault.
The research abstract was published recently in an online supplement of the journal Sleep and will be presented Tuesday, June 5, in Baltimore at SLEEP 2018, the 32nd annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC (APSS), which is a joint venture of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society.
Abstract Title: Teenage Girls Report Higher Impact Of Sleepiness During School And Personal Activities Than Teenage Boys
Abstract ID: 0858
Poster Presentation: Tuesday, June 5, 5 p.m. to 7 p.m., Board 029
Presenter: Pascale Gaudreault
For a copy of the abstract or to arrange an interview with the study author or an AASM spokesperson, please contact AASM Communications Coordinator Corinne Lederhouse at 630-737-9700, ext. 9366, or email@example.com.
About the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Established in 1975, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) improves sleep health and promotes high quality, patient-centered care through advocacy, education, strategic research, and practice standards. The AASM has a combined membership of 10,000 accredited member sleep centers and individual members, including physicians, scientists and other health care professionals. For more information about sleep and sleep disorders, including a directory of AASM-accredited member sleep centers, visit www.sleepeducation.org. | <urn:uuid:7b4cc4a2-7384-48d4-b2f3-0b6fbc3cf5b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://aasm.org/teenage-girls-are-more-impacted-by-sleepiness-than-teen-boys-are/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.945376 | 701 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Bravery of Ebed-Melech
The prophet Jeremiah is often called “the weeping prophet.” His message sure did involve a lot of suffering. He described how decades of idolatry and wickedness had brought God to the decision to destroy Jerusalem. Jeremiah lived to see his predictions come to pass, giving a first-hand account of the horrors of the Babylonian conquest of Israel, and recording his Lamentations as he stumbled through the smoking ruins of Jerusalem. Thankfully, Jeremiah’s message also came with the hope of salvation for the faithful remnant.
Furthermore, Jeremiah suffered personally. King Zedekiah and his officials were listening to false prophets who promised that if Israel continued to resist Babylon, God would provide victory. The officials didn’t appreciate Jeremiah’s contradictory and unpatriotic message. They accused him of treason and attempted to silence him and hurt him at every opportunity. Even though King Zedekiah seemed to suspect Jeremiah was speaking God’s truth, he bowed to his officials’ wishes and threw him in jail in the court of the guard (Ch. 32) and later in an underground dungeon (Ch. 37).
No matter what they did to him, Jeremiah wouldn’t stop preaching God’s message: “He who stays in this city will die by the sword and by famine and by pestilence, but he who goes out to the Chaldeans will live...” (38:2). Fed up, the court officials demanded Jeremiah’s execution. With the Babylonian siege ramps approaching the tops of the walls, Zedekiah had little power to do anything. He couldn’t feed his city or save the inhabitants, much less save Jeremiah. He replied, “he is in your hands; for the king can do nothing against you” (38:5). Gleefully, they brought Jeremiah out of his cell, and cast him into the first thing they saw, the cistern which was in the courtyard of the guardhouse.
Usually a cistern would hold stores of water, but at the end of the siege, the water had been used up, and all that remained was deep mud. Apparently, they wanted Jeremiah to suffer, for they let him down into the deep pit with ropes, “and Jeremiah sank into the mud” (38:6). My worst fears of claustrophobia, of darkness, of drowning and being buried alive all rise to my throat, as I imagine Jeremiah slowly sinking to his doom.
But Ebed-Melech, the Ethiopian, a eunuch, while he was in the king’s palace, heard that they had put Jeremiah into the cistern ... [He] spoke to the king saying, “My lord the king, these men have acted wickedly in all that they have done to Jeremiah the prophet whom they have cast into the cistern; and he will die right where he is because of the famine... (38:7-9).
Zedekiah allowed him to go against the officials. With thirty men, he lowered ropes with armpit-cushions made of tattered cloth and pulled Jeremiah free of the sucking mud and up to safety and returned him to his guardhouse cell.
Still, Jeremiah wouldn’t change his message. But he had a special message from God to Ebed-Melech.
~ John Guzzetta | <urn:uuid:8551e82c-d041-49a8-bb8b-8c7828c5c7b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://brandonmembers.com/resources/articles/2021/03/07/the-bravery-of-ebed-melech | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123081226-20220123111226-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.981126 | 713 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Landslide hazard assessment is a vitally important component of any strategy for the management of risk of instability in hilly areas. Within many urban areas, reactivation of landslides is an important component of risk. Yet, most qualitative approaches do not differentiate between the hazard of individual landslides. Two quantitative approaches are introduced in this paper both of which utilise GISbased accurate maps of geology and landslip as well as a landslide database. The first method is based on historical recurrence of individual landslides. The second method is based on monitoring of subsurface shear movements, and their relationships to rainfall. Both methods can provide reliable information on hazard. Hazard ranking based on the first method has been validated in the Greater Wollongong area of the State of New South Wales in Australia. This paper does not address the potential hazard associated with sites which are recognised to be stable with no known history of instability. | <urn:uuid:6a9fe779-1fb6-45b9-9ff2-521b3d77f813> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/1781/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413786.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531213917-20200601003917-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.955449 | 187 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Oseltamivir (INN) (pronounced /ɒsəlˈtæmɨvɪr/) is a drug that blocks the influenza virus from spreading between cells in the body. Thus it is an antiviral drug that is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of both Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B infection. Like zanamivir, oseltamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor. It acts as a transition-state analogue inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase, preventing progeny virions from detaching from infected cells.
Oseltamivir was the first orally active neuraminidase inhibitor commercially developed. It is a prodrug, which is hydrolysed hepatically to the active metabolite, the free carboxylate of oseltamivir (GS4071). It was developed by US-based Gilead Sciences and is currently marketed by Hoffmann–La Roche (Roche) under the trade name Tamiflu. In Japan, it is marketed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., which is more than 50% owned by Roche. Oseltamivir is generally available by prescription only.
Roche estimates that 50 million people have been treated with oseltamivir. The majority of these have been in Japan, where an estimated 35 million have been treated. Since June 2009, Roche has been forced to allow other companies to develop competing drugs to Tamiflu, after much speculation about Roche's so-called 'monopoly' of Tamiflu in the UK.
Subscribe to rss feed | <urn:uuid:bfa469f4-03b9-407a-b76b-a7b01fcd26b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://medicalxpress.com/tags/tamiflu/sort/date/3d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891196.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122073932-20180122093932-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.952239 | 340 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Common painkiller linked to increased risk of major heart problems
The commonly used painkiller diclofenac is associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, compared with no use, paracetamol use, and use of other traditional painkillers, finds a study published by The BMJ this week.
The findings prompt the researchers to say that diclofenac should not be available over the counter, and when prescribed, should be accompanied by an appropriate front package warning about its potential risks.
Diclofenac is a traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for treating pain and inflammation and is widely used across the world.
But its cardiovascular risks compared with those of other traditional NSAIDs have never been examined in large randomised controlled trials, and current concerns about these risks make such trials unethical to conduct.
So a research team, led by Morten Schmidt at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark, examined the cardiovascular risks of starting diclofenac compared with no NSAIDS, starting other traditional NSAIDs, and starting paracetamol.
The results are based on national registry data for more than 6.3 million adults in Denmark with at least one year of continuous prescription records before study entry in January 1996.
Participants were split into low, moderate, and high baseline cardiovascular risk. Average age was 46-49 years among participants starting NSAIDs and 56 years among those starting paracetamol.
After taking account of potentially influential factors, starting diclofenac during the study period (1996-2016) was associated with an increased rate of major adverse cardiovascular events within 30 days compared with starting other traditional NSAIDs (ibuprofen or naproxen) or starting paracetamol.
Events included irregular heart beat or flutter, ischaemic stroke, heart failure, and heart attack. The increased risks applied to men and women of all ages and also at low doses of diclofenac.
Starting diclofenac was also associated with an increased rate of cardiac death compared with no NSAIDs, and an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding compared with no NSAIDs, starting ibuprofen or paracetamol, but not with naproxen.
The authors point out that, although the relative risk was increased, the absolute risk remained low for the individual patient.
When results were analysed by baseline cardiovascular risk, the absolute number of events per 1000 diclofenac starters per year also increased. For example, among patients at low baseline risk, diclofenac starters had one additional event versus ibuprofen starters, one additional event versus naproxen starters, three additional events versus paracetamol starters, and four additional events versus no NSAIDs. Among patients at moderate baseline risk, corresponding figures were seven, seven, eight, and 14 additional events, respectively, and for those at high baseline risk, corresponding numbers were 16, 10, one, and 39 additional events, respectively.
This is an observational study, so no firm conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect. However, the study's sample size is larger than most previous analyses of observational and randomised studies taken together and provides strong evidence to guide clinical decision making.
"Treatment of pain and inflammation with NSAIDs may be worthwhile for some patients to improve quality of life despite potential side effects," they write. "Considering its cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks, however, there is little justification to initiate diclofenac treatment before other traditional NSAIDs," they conclude. | <urn:uuid:d718caae-3a2a-44e0-9d65-413f5112e5bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-common-painkiller-linked-major-heart.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573173.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918003832-20190918025832-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.940484 | 742 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By Caroline Davis—part two
The Union Blockade had begun to move inland up the Rio Grande by 1864, thwarting trade across the river. One would expect negative repercussions with the closing of this important trade route, but the Confederacy was never a primary benefactor in the relationship. In all actuality, the Matamoros Trade was more of a benefit to Mexico than to the southern United US. The small portion of West Texas that traded with Mexico before 1864 was the only Confederate area to directly reap the benefits. The sheer amount of travel required for goods to make it to the Rio Grande ate up most profits. Supplies coming in from the Matamoros Trade had to travel over 500 miles by wagon to reach the Texas-Louisiana border.
In the late 1850s and early 1860s, Mexico was developing its own cotton industry in addition to trading cotton with the Confederacy. This Central American country began growing cotton at a vital time. Prior to the war, the Union began developing its textile industry – specifically in New England. Northern textile manufactures had depended on southern cotton farmers to provide them with the raw materials needed to keep the textile industry afloat. The Civil War not only meant the death of the southern cotton industry but also threatened the New England textile industry. As a result, New England turned to Europe to buy the raw cotton needed. The New England textile industry suffered greatly in this newer, more competitive market due to its distance from the cotton-producing nations of India and Egypt. When Mexico began to grow cotton, New England saw an opportunity to combat some of the negative ramifications that had arisen from the laws banning trade between the Union and the Confederacy. Stepping up to the plate, Mexico began providing cotton to New England, helping to ease the effects of the “cotton famine.”
By the time the Civil War ended, the amount of trade between the Union and Mexico had increased fivefold. According to the US Department of Commerce, 1860 showed a total of seven million dollars worth of imports and exports between the US and Mexico. There was a dip in 1861 and 1862, but in 1963 the amount skyrocketed to 12 million – and was at 22.6 million by the war’s end![i] This rapid increase in trade was due to the growth of Mexico’s raw cotton industry. The New England textile industry was in dire need of cotton by 1863. Maximilian I seized this opportunity to strengthen Mexico’s weak economy by taking advantage of the world’s provisional cotton shortage.
Mexico had been producing a small amount of cotton since the time of pre-Columbian Indian cultures, but production had remained incredibly low until the 1850 and 1860’s. As early as 1861, Mexican newspapers included cotton-growing tips and began devoting entire sections to the effects of the blockade. There were also textile industries in Mexico, but the continuing guerrilla warfare between Maximilian I’s newly-established government and the liberal party made domestic trading difficult.
In order to aid Mexico’s expanding cotton industry, the US began to export cotton gins to Mexico. Schoonover sites a rare letter from Lewis S. Ely to William H. Seward in which Ely states cotton-related machinery was one of the largest exports from the US to Acapulco and that, as an import, raw cotton was becoming increasingly more important to the U.S. Schoonover writes, “…in the export year ending on 30 September 1863, Ely reported that 7,095 bales or 1,036,444 pounds of cotton worth $209,475.44 had been shipped to the United States from Guerrero.”[ii] Information about the amount of cotton grown in Mexico at that the time is as Schoonover says “often scattered and incomplete.”[iii] However, data provided by the US combined with the little information that has been unearthed shows that the Mexican economy benefited from the new trade relations established due to the blockade and the laws banning domestic trade between the Union and the Confederacy.
Unfortunately for Mexico, the high increase of trade to New England would eventually end. When trade between the northern textile manufacturers and the southern cotton farmers reopened in the spring of 1865, cotton was once again supplied domestically. Exports from New England to Mexico slowed to a crawl. With the southern states in complete disarray, nearly all provisions and money went to help rebuild the South’s damaged infrastructure. By 1870, the annual value of goods traded between the US and Mexico had dropped to 8.6 million dollars. [iv]However, not all was lost for Mexico. The blockade and trade with New England had helped to establish Mexico’s presence on the global cotton market. So even though trade slowed and the Mexican economy suffered slightly after the end of the Civil War (and the blockade), the country was able to partially depend on its improved cotton industry to keep their economy strong.
Increased trade between Mexico and Texas is an interesting and often ignored result of the Union Blockade. Consider how differently the blockade affected Mexico than it did other countries. Despite the violence and disorder, Mexico developed a raw cotton industry –this industry brought revenue into Mexico and helped to stabilize both the country’s government and economy. England and France, who had once depended on the South for cotton, had to find new suppliers. Egypt and India quickly stepped up and took on the role in the cotton market once played by the Confederacy. Essentially, the only change for those living in Europe was the source of the cotton. Simply put, the blockade helped – or perhaps even forced –Mexico to establish itself as a contender on the global cotton market. | <urn:uuid:cb8b757d-5585-4ab3-bb98-36814ce33f30> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://emergingcivilwar.com/2013/05/15/the-union-blockade-and-mexico-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.973265 | 1,155 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Though climate change is a crisis, the population threat is even worse
Originally posted at The Guardian by Stephen Emmott
While the Paris climate summit focuses on global warming, the key issue is the prospect of 10 billion people on Earth
The perennial cry: we need to talk about climate change. And this week, with world leaders in Paris, we have been. But only up to a point. For the likely impact of the rising global population is almost entirely absent, not only from the debate about climate change, but also from that about loss of biological diversity, food and water security, disease, pollution and energy.
Let’s just remind ourselves of the population statistics of the past half century. In just over half my lifetime, the world’s population has more than doubled, from 3 billion people to now more than 7 billion. The ability to feed some of this growing population has in no small part been a consequence of the advent of the green revolution: that is, the industrialisation and intensification of agriculture and the entire food production system.
Producing all this food requires a lot of water. In fact, approximately 70% of all usable water on Earth is now used for food production. And almost 40% of the entire (ice free) land surface of the planet is now dedicated to agriculture.
The green revolution made more food, and that made food much cheaper. As a result of this – and increasing industrialisation and globalisation over the same period – those of us in Europe, North America and Japan have had much more money to spend on consumption. In fact, we embarked upon the creation of an unprecedented consumer culture – of clothes, televisions, electronics, mobile phones, cars and holidays.
All the food and other things we have been producing and consuming require a lot of energy – to generate the basic materials, manufacturing, transport, use, and disposal. As a result our use of oil, coal and gas has increased dramatically to meet rocketing demand for energy consumption.
We are now starting to see the first signs of the impact this is having on our life support system: Earth. Agricultural intensification is causing serious soil degradation and depletion of groundwater in some of the most agriculturally intensive and important areas of the planet. Land use for agriculture, urbanisation and infrastructure (eg roads) continues to cause loss of habitat for much of the world’s biodiversity. It is not just terrestrial ecosystems that are being degraded. Many of the world’s marine ecosystems are being rapidly degraded by overfishing, pollution and ocean acidification.
Demand for energy by our increasing population over the past half-century has led to an accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the concentration of which – now 400 parts per million – has not been present on this planet for several million years.
And yes, the result of this – of all our activities and consumption – is the emerging change in our climate apparent in the rise in global average temperature and, more importantly, the frequency of extreme weather events: heat waves, floods, droughts. The climate change now emerging is predominantly a consequence of the past activities of fewer than 3 billion people; not the current activities of 7 billion of us.
Critics of the book in which I lay out this problem, Ten Billion, have sought to remind me that, in fact, the fertility rate has been declining since the 1960s. And that we will in any event technologise our way out of the problems we now face. And that I am therefore being alarmist in my claims that climate change, ecosystem degradation, land degradation, and risks to food and water security are going to get worse. I know the global fertility rate has been dropping. Yet the global population has more than doubled over the 50 years in which the fertility rate has been declining, and the UN projects that there are set to be at least 10 billion of us in just a few decades.
Moreover, population growth in many counties is rising rapidly. According to the United Nations, the population of Afghanistan is projected to grow by 242% in the next 80 years; the population of Iraq by 344%; Nigeria by over 400% – to possibly more than 900 million people – and that of Malawi and Niger by more than 700%. This is not just a “developing countries” issue. The United States is projected to grow by more than 40% from 315 million to 450 million people in the next 80 years.
According to the Office for National Statistics, the UK population is projected to grow from 64 million in 2014 to 85 million in the next 80 years. That is like adding the inhabitants of 20 new cities the size of Birmingham to the UK.
Most of the evidence points to our current “business as usual” trajectory of growth and consumption, leading to all of our problems getting worse; potentially much worse.
According to the US government’s Energy Information Authority, global energy demand is likely to triple this century, as both population and energy demand per capita increase sharply, with much of that energy demand continuing to be met chiefly by oil, coal and gas, even under optimistic scenarios of growth in “renewable” energy technologies.
Demand for food is set to double by 2050 as a result of increasing population and consumption per capita – especially as more people move to an increasingly meat-based diet. So-called “rational optimists” are quick to claim that this demand will be easily met without significant further appropriation of land for agricultural use thanks to the ongoing “miracle” of the green revolution.
This ignores the fact that soil degradation and erosion are increasing rapidly in many parts of the world; that many of the world’s crops are increasingly at risk from novel (primarily) fungal pathogens; and that climate and crop models showing the number of extreme weather events associated with predicted future climate change are projected to have potentially devastating effects on crops in significant parts of the world.
Indeed, there are ample reasons to be concerned that we may be heading towards unprecedented food crises over the coming decades, with consequent extremely deleterious risks to the health of hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, of people. Furthermore, in many parts of the world where population is increasing rapidly, there is a rise in the number of people living in close quarters with pigs and poultry (not to mention the increasing consumption of “bush meat”). And as a consequence we are greatly increasing the risk of a novel pathogen crossing the species barrier and creating a truly terrifying global pandemic.
Remarkably, collectively, we seem to want to deny all of this: that we are the drivers of the main problems facing us this century; and that, as we continue to grow, these problems are set to get worse. Climate change, extreme weather events, pollution, ecosystem degradation – the fundamental alteration of every component of the complex system we rely upon for our survival – are due to the activities of the rising human population.
There are no simple solutions: but leaders at the Paris summit cannot even begin to tackle climate change unless they recognise that its parent – our increasing population – is creating a greater looming crisis. | <urn:uuid:1860872b-5720-4dae-9e36-fb69b4400ac1> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://utahpopulation.org/archive/though-climate-change-is-a-crisis-the-population-threat-is-even-worse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670731.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121050543-20191121074543-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.954171 | 1,458 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) encourages parents to help their children develop healthy media use habits early on.
For children younger than 18 months, use of screen media other than video-chatting should be discouraged.
Parents of children 18 to 24 months of age who want to introduce digital media should choose high-quality programming/apps and use them together with children, because this is how toddlers learn best. Letting children use media by themselves should be avoided.
For children older than 2 years, media limits are very appropriate. Limit screen use to no more than 1 hour or less per day of high-quality programming. Co-view or co-play with your children, and find other activities for to do together that are healthy for the body and mind (e.g., reading, teaching, talking, and playing together).
All children and teens need
adequate sleep (8-12 hours, depending on age),
physical activity (1 hour), and time away from media. Designate media-free times together (e.g., family dinner) and media-free zones (e.g., bedrooms). Children should not sleep with devices in their bedrooms, including TVs, computers, and smartphones.
Parents are encouraged to develop personalized media use plans for their children. Media plans should take into account each child's age, health, personality, and developmental stage.
Create your Family Media Use Plan here and remember to communicate your plan to other caregivers, such as babysitters or grandparents, so that media rules are followed consistently.
Additional Information & Resources: | <urn:uuid:0ac4b7a5-48bc-4319-b4fb-4d3464399362> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/Media/Pages/Where-We-Stand-TV-Viewing-Time.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3A+No+local+token | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.930562 | 320 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Question 1 and Cover Sheet pro forma to help you prepare for these elements of composition.
Both these due in the first day back from Easter
When you return we will be doing a variety of knowledge-testing activities around comparison, context and information useful for skeleton scores
- Learn all the comparison questions
- Learn the key context points
- Revise using the revision pack and annotated anthologies – you need to know these pieces like the back of your hand
- Practice answering comparison questions across all four pieces and check your answers in the revision pack
Complete the 2011 questions 4 and 5 given out in class (I have given out the wrong music for Q5 – here is the right one) | <urn:uuid:792c26d1-58b9-4026-a5b4-de47f030d07c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://alevelmusic.com/2015/03/24/as-easter-homework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484689.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218053920-20190218075920-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.855898 | 142 | 2.625 | 3 |
There are many reasons a person loses their balance and falls. It may be simply bending over to pick up an object that has fallen on the floor, causing you to lose your balance and fall forward. Maybe you are attempting to reach something that you have placed on a bottom shelf, way in the back, so you must bend over to attempt to reach the item and fall hitting your head on the cabinet. That pretty throw rug you just purchased to keep your floors clean has caused you to slip and fall.
As we age our reflexes and sense of balance decreases, our bones become more fragile and we are at increased risk for fractures and head injuries. Let’s admit it, we don’t bounce like we used to! You can decrease your risk for falls. Re-arrange your furniture so you have clear pathways. Keep items used within reach, usually waist high. Wear non-slip footwear at all times. Sit on your bed or chair to dress yourself instead of standing. No throw rugs! Sit when reaching for an object instead of standing. If you use a cane or walker, do not let go of it until you are seated. And of course, don’t forget to ask for help.
Remember, if you do not feel safe doing something for yourself let a family member or a Primrose Staff member know. We are happy to assist you!
by Rene Kilgore, RN, DON | <urn:uuid:34875982-d92f-4494-8efd-8abd0ae77b63> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.primroseretirement.com/senior-living/?p=5632 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618023245-20190618045245-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.951327 | 294 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There is a saying whose derivative reads, ‘A picture is worth a thousand words’, and even though it’s exact origin is unknown the adage appears to be true. For example, a moment or even the single frame of a movie that is frozen in time can be regarded positively or negatively depending on its context and the way it is perceived by the viewer. One such indelible imprint promoted by Warner Bros. prior to the premier of 300: Rise of an Empire was that of the image below. While the focus is on Eva Green who portrays Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus, it is the image of the masked Persian warriors in the background, which viewers may find perplexing.
Top Image © Warner Bros. - Bottom Image © Frank Miller’s, “300”
There are many historical incongruities that have pervaded this film and its predecessor 300, which was based on the 480 BCE, Battle of Thermopylae. However, one of the distortions which has been remained consistent throughout both of these motion pictures is that of the Immortals, who in the scene are seen accompanying the queen. While many viewers of these movies are aware that their portrayal has been effectuated from the Frank Miller comic book series, their adaptation nonetheless denigrates one of the elite units of the Achaemenid Empire.
Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who was the primary historian of the Graeco-Persian Wars, recorded that this crack division “was known as the Immortals, because it was invariably kept up to strength; if a man was killed or fell sick, the vacancy he left was at once filled, so that its strength was never more nor less than 10,000.” Comprised mainly of Persians, along with Medes from northern Iran and Elamites from the south, they “were not only the best but also the most magnificently equipped.” Herodotus (7.41.2) also wrote, “Of these a thousand had golden pomegranates instead of spikes on the butt-end of their spears, and were arrayed surrounding the other nine thousand, whose spears had silver pomegranates.”
Left - Immortal © John Warry, “Warfare in the Classical World
Top Right - Persian Immortal Guards reenactment during Persepolis parade October 1971
© Roloff Beny ,"Bridge of Turquoise”
Bottom Right - The Immortals at Susa
While the campaign dress of the Immortals differed from their ceremonial accoutrements depicted on the steles of Persepolis, it is believed to have consisted of a tunic, trousers and leather boots. Their military garments were in stark contrast to that of the comics, and especially the 300 and Rise of an Empire motion pictures, which relied on the Miller illustrations. Furthermore, their uniform correlated more closely to the representation of this superbly trained unit whose impressive array was depicted in the 20th Century Fox movie, The 300 Spartans. Despite being clad in black, their depiction in the 1962 film was more stately than the anachronistic portrayal of the warriors in the comic book series/300 movies who looked more like Samurai.
The Immortals from “The 300 Spartans” © 20th Century Fox
Since Herodotus was born c. 484 BCE, he wasn’t a participant in the battles that he recorded unlike the Greek historians, Thucydides and Xenophon. As a result, he was obviously too young to have fought in the campaigns of the Graeco-Persian Wars (490-479 BCE). Therefore, he was reliant on the oral testimony of observers, survivors of these battles and even the relatives of the commanders and their combatants. Historians agree that his figures for the Persian army are grossly exaggerated since the logistics to feed an army of infantry numbering 2,100,000 are highly implausible. However, there maybe a benign explanation for this overstatement - perhaps Herodotus may have confused the Persian terms for myriarch and chiliarch (10,000 vs. 1,000, respectively). Based on this theory which has been promulgated, we have a much more reasonably sized army of 210,000.
There is a conundrum with respect to the Immortals since the Persepolis Fortification Tablets which were discovered in the 1930’s do not make mention of this corps d'elite. However, it is interesting to note that when Xerxes the Great rode from Sardis, in addition to the Immortals, “Behind him marched a thousand spearmen, their weapons pointing upwards in the usual way - all men of the best and noblest Persian blood.” These men complemented the division that Herodotus had identified as the ‘Ten Thousand’ strong.
Diodorus Siculus (Translation by Charles Henry Oldfather) (17.59.3) wrote, “Knowing that the king was watching their behaviour, they cheerfully faced all of the missiles which were cast in his direction. With them were engaged the Apple Bearers, brave and numerous, and in addition to these Mardi and Cossaei, who were admired for their strength and daring, So called from the fact that the butts of their spears were carved in the likeness of apples. They constituted the royal foot guards.”
The Greek historian Heracleides of Kyme in one of the extant fragments of his books, Persika which were preserved by Athenaeus (12.8) wrote, “The Melophori (Gr. Apple Bearers) are one of his troops of guards, all Persians by birth, having golden apples on the points of their spears, a thousand in number, all picked men out of the main body of ten thousand Persians who are called the Immortals.” What should be articulated is that Xerxes’ father, Darius the Great at one time served as one of Cambyses’ bodyguards, therefore, it is possible that the corp of 1,000 ‘elite within the elite’ was comprised of Persian nobles. Based on these varying accounts, the composition of the Immortals is predicated on conjecture as to and whether or not they included the King’s ‘Spear Bearers’ (Melophori/Apple Bearers) as a separate and distinct unit, or perhaps they were one and the same. What is indisputable though is that these warriors were the finest of the Achaemenid Empire.
Achaemenian Soldier image © Iman Maleki - http://imanmaleki.com/
Author Ernle Bradford in his book The Battle for the West: Thermopylae wrote of the Immortals during the iconic conflict which was the basis for 300, “Brave they were and disciplined they were, but they found, as had the Medes and others before them, that in the confines of the pass their numbers were a hindrance rather than a help.” Furthermore, Mr. Bradford added, “As countless wars have shown, courage is not enough.”
To viewers and especially students who are unfamiliar with the events of the Graeco-Persian Wars, 300 and 300 Rise of an Empire invalidate these noble warriors. In one of the more incongruous moments of the follow-up movie, after Artemisia had assumed the de facto leadership from Xerxes who was relegated to a subordinate role, the masked Immortals were seen flanking the queen. Their antithetical depiction coincided with that of the same infantrymen who were identified as Xerxes’ warrior elite in the first movie. These accretions have reinforced a negative perception of the Persian army which differs from the Herodotean narrative (9.62.4), “In courage and strength they were as good as their adversaries, but they were deficient in armour.” Dr. A. M. Snodgrass inferred about the intrepidity of the Persian forces during the landmark battles in his book, Arms and Armor of the Greeks, “We shall never know quite how Marathon was won, but we can be fairly certain that valor alone would certainly have not won it, nor even perhaps the combination of courage with the somewhat rudimentary tactical skills for which the style of Greek warfare at that time gave scope. The superiority of Greek equipment must have been an important factor here and elsewhere, and at times a decisive one.”
Movies are an extremely powerful medium to which there is a gravitas attached, even if they are based on historical events adapted from a comic book series, such as 300 and 300: Rise of an Empire. As a result of the box office success of 300, Warner Bros. has remained consistent with its lack of historicity and its diminution of the Persian royalty and its warriors. This is one of the reasons that a petition has been started to request that Warner Bros. insert a disclaimer or explanatory message with the impending release of the movie on the secondary market. I hope you consider supporting this invocation.
About the author: John Trikeriotis is a lecturer of ancient Greek warfare and a member of the archaeological group, “The Leonidas Expeditions.” In addition, he maintains the website 300spartanwarriors.com
and can be followed on Twitter and Google.
... Payvand News - 03/25/16 ... -- | <urn:uuid:eda588c6-f9ef-4060-bd31-ef43b5e630a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.payvand.com/news/14/may/1024.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824756.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00271-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977719 | 1,956 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It can be difficult for doctors to diagnose mesothelioma. Its symptoms often resemble those of other, more common respiratory diseases. So, how can you know if you have mesothelioma, the flu or something else?
The truth is that there’s no easy answer. Certainly, since asbestos exposure is the leading cause of mesothelioma, your doctor may ask about your exposure to asbestos. But the work doctors do to identify mesothelioma is often done in stages.
More than one type of mesothelioma
As noted by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, there’s more than one type of mesothelioma. Mesothelioma refers to a cancer of the mesothelium, a membrane that protects different internal organs. The type of mesothelioma–and the symptoms you might experience–vary with the organ the affected membrane is protecting.
When cancer infects the membrane around the lung, that’s pleural mesothelioma. It’s the most common form, affecting nearly 85% of all mesothelioma victims, and its symptoms resemble those of many respiratory diseases. As the American Lung Association notes, they include:
- Shortness of breath
- Persistent coughing
- Pain in your chest or lower back
- Trouble swallowing
General symptoms, regardless of the location of cancer, also tend to include:
- Loss of appetite
As you can see, these symptoms resemble those of an achy flu, as well as many other diseases. This makes diagnosing mesothelioma a bit tricky, even though an early diagnosis may be key to the best possible recovery.
As both the National Organization for Rare Disorders and American Lung Association note, doctors should ask about your work history if they suspect mesothelioma. Since the disease results almost exclusively from asbestos exposure, your doctor will want to know if you worked in a high-risk job.
Along with this information, your doctor will want to conduct a physical exam. They will also likely:
- Take some x-rays
- Test your blood
- Conduct other tests of your lungs
If the tests reveal a tumor, your doctor will perform a biopsy to verify whether it’s mesothelioma. If it is, the final step is to figure out how far the cancer may have spread. Here, your doctor may request a positron emission tomography (PET) scan or biopsies of different lymph nodes–or both.
You can help
It’s hard for doctors to diagnose mesothelioma, but you can help. If you suspect you may have the disease, you want to help. The earlier you can catch and treat it, the better your chance for recovery.
While you don’t want to overreact to every little cough, you do want to pay attention to your health. If you have symptoms, you can’t otherwise explain–and you may have a history of asbestos exposure–you can make sure your doctor is aware of your risk. In some cases, your cough and shortness of breath may pass in a few days. In other cases, they could be the first signs of a deadly disease. | <urn:uuid:4a19ddba-5d2d-4215-851c-f11308a454ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.gorilaw.com/blog/2020/05/when-are-respiratory-troubles-a-sign-of-mesothelioma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337398.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003035124-20221003065124-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.923786 | 691 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Legal issues for teachers and students with background information and teaching resources.
The Name Game
- The trials and tribulations of naming a business
By Chelsea D. Wilson
At first glance naming a business appears to be an easy task, but you actually need to do more than just create a name that is a clever word or phrase. You need to not only ensure that the name meets corporate registration requirements, but also that the name does not infringe on any existing trade-marks and official marks.
Unfortunately, the company “Olympic Pizza,” a pizza restaurant located in Vancouver, is learning this the hard way. The owner of Olympic Pizza was asked to take down a sign on his storefront featuring the Olympic rings and torch and bearing the company’s name, on the ground that the sign infringes upon the “Olympic” mark. This paper takes a look at some of the naming requirements you should consider if you decide to establish your own business, and how you can prevent your business from being tossed in the oven with Olympic Pizza.
2. Corporate registration requirements
A. Choice of business entity
The type of business you choose to operate will determine what name requirements your business must satisfy. In British Columbia, you can choose to operate your business as a sole proprietorship, a partnership or a corporation. Since corporations are small business owners’ business vehicles of choice, I will focus on the name requirements that pertain specifically to corporations.
B. Choice of jurisdiction
In British Columbia, you have a choice between incorporating federally under the Canada Business Corporations Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-44or provincially under the Business Corporations Act, S.B.C. 2002, c. 57.
If you choose to incorporate provincially, you can still do business in provinces other than British Columbia, but before you do so you have to register your company in those other provinces. If the name you are incorporated under in British Columbia is similar to the name used by a company already operating in another province, then you will not be able to register and do business in that other province under the name you are using in British Columbia. Instead, you will likely have to reserve and use an assumed name in order to do business in these other provinces.
The situation is different if you incorporate federally. A federally incorporated company can use the same name in each province, even if another provincially incorporated business is already using a similar name in a province the federally incorporated company wishes to do business in. A federally incorporated company does not even need to have its name approved by each province in which it does business.
C. Choice of name
Since most small business owners choose to incorporate provincially, I will discuss the naming requirements established by the British Columbia Business Corporations Act.
The first step in incorporating a business under the Business Corporations Act is naming the corporation and reserving the name with the Registrar of Companies. In order to have the Registrar approve the name, the name must not be identical or similar to any existing corporation’s name in order to prevent the name of your company from confusing or misleading the public. You can conduct a Newly Upgraded Automated Name Search (“N.U.A.N.S. search”) prior to submitting your name request in order to increase the chances that your selected name will be approved. A N.U.A.N.S. search is a search of a database containing the names of all federally and provincially incorporated corporations, business names registered in all provinces except British Columbia and Quebec, and all applied for and registered trade-marks. N.U.A.N.S. compares a proposed corporate name or trade-mark with databases of existing corporate bodies and trade-marks. This comparison determines the similarity that exists between the proposed name or mark and existing names in the database, and produces a listing of names that are found to be most similar. You can conduct a N.U.A.N.S. search at <www.N.U.A.N.S..com/searchhouse/search_house.html>.
The name you choose must contain a distinctive element, a descriptive element and a corporate designation. The distinctive element forms the first part of the name and enables the public to distinguish one company from another. The distinctive element can be a distinctive word or phrase, such as a coined word, a personal name, or a set of initials (eg. C.D.W.’s). The descriptive element is the second part of the name. This element must describe the type of business the corporation will be carrying on (eg. Ice Cream Parlour). The last part of the name is the corporate designation (eg. Limited, Ltd., Corporation, Corp., Incorporated, or Inc.). There are certain words you should avoid in your selection of name in order to prevent the Registrar from rejecting your name. Do not include a word in the name that suggests a government connection (eg. Government, Ministry, or Board), suggests a connection with the Crown or royal family (eg. Queen), is obscene (pick your own example!), or is well-known (eg. Coke).
You can request a number name for your company (eg. 78655 B.C. Ltd). The corporation will be assigned the next available certificate of incorporation number, and the number will be used as the distinctive element of the name. If you choose a number name then a name reservation is not necessary.
If you are starting up a business on the Internet you should make sure the name qualifies as both a corporate name and an Internet name if you want the names to be similar. Usually if the Internet name has both a distinctive and descriptive element, then the name may be approved by the Registrar just by adding the corporate designation (eg. Ltd.). It is easy to find out what domain names are available; just log on to the internet and type in the domain name you want, or check out possible domain names at www.checkdomain.com.
Once you have chosen a name, you must fill out all the requested information on the Name Approval Request form obtained from the Corporate Registry or Canada/British Columbia Services Society, and submit a list of three names in order of preference (in order to avoid repeated requests if one name is rejected) to the Registrar for approval, along with the prescribed fee. At the time this article was written the fee to approve and reserve a name was $30, but a current schedule of fees can be found on the Corporate Registry website at <http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/registries/corppg/crfees.htm>. Once the Registrar has approved one of your names, the name will be reserved for you for 56 days during which time you must complete all the other tasks necessary to incorporate your company. If your application is not completed within the 56 day period, then someone else may claim the name. However, if you cannot complete the incorporation on time due to some unforeseen delay, the Registrar may reserve the approved name for a further 56 days upon receipt of an additional request in writing and a further fee.
3. Avoiding trade-mark and official mark violations
In selecting your business name you should try to avoid infringing existing trade-marks and official marks. Below, I refer to trade-marks and official marks collectively as “marks.”
A. Trade-marks generally
Generally speaking, a trade-mark is a symbol used to distinguish the goods and services of one person from those of others in the marketplace. Trade-marks include word marks like “General Motors,” design marks like McDonald’s Golden Arches, package shapes like the Coca-Cola bottle, non-visual marks like a combination of musical notes, certification marks like the C.S.A. mark of the Canadian Standards Association, and geographical indications like Canadian Rye Whisky.
Although it is a good idea to register a trade-mark, trade-marks do not have to be registered in order to be protected. An unregistered trade-mark may be protected at common law in areas where use and/or advertising of the trade-mark have made the trade-mark “known” in those areas. A registered trade-mark receives broader protection, as valid registration of the trade-mark in Canada grants the owner the right to the exclusive use of the registered trade-mark throughout Canada in connection with the wares and services for which the trade-mark has been registered. As well, a registered trade-mark gives the owner the right to prevent others from selling, distributing or advertising wares or services in connection with a trade-mark which might be confused with the registered trade-mark.
Trade-mark law is governed by laws at provincial, national and international levels. Just as there are many sources of law governing this area, there are many different ways of violating a trade-mark, including by way of passing off, unfair competition and infringement. Passing off and unfair competition actions are available to the owners of both registered and unregistered trade-marks, whereas infringement actions are only available to the owners of registered trade-marks.
An action in passing off is basically an action to protect the goodwill (i.e. the reputation, good name and connections of a business) symbolized by a trade-mark. Generally, a trademark owner can bring an action in passing off if someone misrepresents their goods and services as those of the trademark owner’s or as sponsored by or associated with those of the trademark owner’s. For example, a restaurant server who serves you a glass of Pepsi when you request a glass of Coke is passing off Pepsi for Coke.
A person may be found to be “unfairly competing” with a trade-mark owner in a variety of situations. The prohibition on unfair competition prevents a person from making false or misleading statements which discredit the product of another, from directing public attention to his or her product in a way that confuses it with that of another, and from doing any other acts contrary to honest industrial or commercial usage in Canada. Unfair competition also encompasses situations of passing off, like those described in the preceding paragraph.
As noted above, an action in infringement is only available to owners who have registered their trade-marks with the Registrar of Trade-marks. Infringement occurs where a person who is not entitled to use a particular trade-mark uses that trade-mark or a confusing trade-mark in association with the sale, distribution or advertisement of wares or services.
B. Official marks generally
Official marks, like the word “Olympic,” are not technically trade-marks, even though they function in a similar way. Owners of official marks may themselves use and protect them, and may also license others to use and protect them. For example, the International Olympic Committee, as the owner of Olympic official marks under the Olympic Charter, licenses the use and protection of these marks to the Canadian Olympic Committee (the “C.O.C.”) -- formerly known as the Canadian Olympic Association (the “C.O.A.”).
Official marks are not registered in the same way that some trade-marks are. Rather, an entity that meets the criteria for recognition as a public authority simply informs the Registrar of Trade-marks that it has adopted a particular mark and requests notification of this adoption in the Trade-marks Journal. Once the official mark is published in the Trade-marks Journal, no one can adopt that official mark or one similar to it (as a trade-mark or official mark). Unless the public body’s consent is obtained, no one other than that public body can start to use that official mark in association with any goods or services whatsoever. Unlike regular trade-marks, official marks do not have to be associated with specific wares and services to be registered and enforced. Also, once public notice has been given of an official mark’s adoption and use, there is no procedure to remove the mark due to lack of use or indistinctivenes – i.e. it is very difficult to invalidate an official mark. However, a person who was using a trade-mark that is identical or similar to the official mark prior to the official mark being published in the Trade-marks Journal may continue to use that trade-mark for goods and services for which the trade-mark has been used and registered, but not for any new or additional goods or services.
The C.O.A., as a public authority, first successfully requested that public notice of the C.O.A.’s use of official Olympic marks be given in 1975. At that time, the 1976 Olympic Act declared the C.O.A. to be a public authority for the purposes of the Trade-marks Act. After the repeal of the 1976 Olympic Act, the C.O.A. requested that public notice be given for other official marks. Although this request was initially denied by the Registrar of Trade-marks on the ground that the C.O.A. was not a “public authority,” the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that the C.O.A. was indeed a “public authority” entitled to request the publication of official marks. It should be noted that there is a debate going on amongst scholars as to whether the C.O.C. still qualifies as a public authority, because there have been changes in the interpretation of the Trade-marks Act and in the structure of the Canadian Olympic Committee since the courts last ruled that the C.O.A. was indeed a public authority.
As a public authority, the C.O.C. has been aggressively protecting Olympic official marks for decades. The C.O.C. has been able to restrain a company from selling a denture-cleaning product using an infringing mark, and has been able to get injunctions against companies that would benefit from trade-marks resembling Olympic marks, even where the benefits were unintended. Three peculiarities of official mark protection are particularly relevant to the Olympic Pizza scenario: first, the C.O.C. does not have to prove injury in order to stop someone from using a mark resembling an Olympic official mark; second, the C.O.C. does not have to prove that the infringer intends to benefit from use of a mark resembling an Olympic official mark; and third, the C.O.C. does not have to prove that the infringer is using a mark resembling an Olympic official mark on goods that are related to Olympic wares. Therefore, Olympic Pizza can be restrained from using the official mark “Olympic,” along with the Olympic rings and torch, on its business sign despite the facts that the C.O.C. may not be harmed by Olympic Pizza’s use of these marks, that Olympic Pizza may not intend to make money off its use of these marks, and that Olympic Pizza would be using these marks in association with the sale of pizza rather than in association with “Olympic wares.”
The dispute over Olympic Pizza’s use of the mark “Olympic” centers around the concern that other companies in Vancouver are being allowed to use the Olympic marks in exchange for their support of the Olympics and that it is not fair that Olympic Pizza, although it is not contributing to the Olympics, still gets to use the “Olympic” mark for free. One of the reasons companies pay to become involved with the Olympics is because it gives them the right to use the Olympic logos, which use, in theory, increases their own companies’ revenues. In the past, sponsors have been willing to spend millions of dollars for the right to use the Olympic logos in association with their own businesses. It is unlikely that millions of dollars will be raised in association with the Vancouver 2010 Olympics if companies see no need to pay for the use of Olympic properties because other companies are using them for free.
Recent reports indicate that the Vancouver Olympic Organizing Committee, the body now policing the marketing of the Olympic properties in Vancouver, may allow Olympic Pizza to continue using the word “Olympic” in its name, but will prohibit it from using the Olympic rings and torch on its sign.
C. Avoiding names which violate trade-marks and official marks
When searching for trade-mark and official mark violations it is important to also look up spelling variations of your proposed business name. This is because your selected name may violate either type of mark even if it is simply pronounced the same as an existing mark.
There are numerous sources available for searching existing trade-marks. The N.U.A.N.S. search you should do when you incorporate your business should also provide an initial indication of trade-marks that might conflict with your proposed business name. A preliminary search of the Canadian Trade-marks Database on the Canadian Intellectual Property Office website will help you determine whether trade-marks similar to your proposed business name exist. The Canadian Intellectual Property Office website also has a link to the Trade-marks Journal, which is another good place to search. Other trade-mark journals, as well as trade publication and newspaper database services, are other good places to look.On the Canada 411 website, you can search a database of incorporated businesses in Canada with business lines. Searches of the Yellow Pages website and major search engine websites (like Google or Metacrawler) can also give you a good indication of whether other businesses are using names which are the same or similar to the one you want to use. Remember that if you intend to conduct business on the internet, it is a good idea to search internet domain name registries, and that if you think there is a possibility your business might expand into the United States, you should also conduct trade-mark searches in that country.
Since official marks are not noted on the trade-marks register, it is much harder to determine whether or not your proposed business name will infringe a published official mark. You can search for official marks published in the Trade-marks Journal on the Canadian Intellectual Property Office website. However, if you suspect the name might infringe a published official mark, it would be a good idea to hire a professional search firm to do a more detailed search for you. In fact, given the numerous searches you should conduct regardless of whether you are searching for possible trademark violations, possible official mark violations, or both, you might choose to do as many entrepreneurs do; that is, employ a trade-mark search agency to conduct these searches for you.
There are many reasons why you want to choose a name that does not infringe on any existing marks. If the name of your business conflicts with an existing mark you could end up getting sued and potentially losing your business name. There is often a lot of value tied to the name of a business that can be lost if the you are later required to change the name of the business; this value, often referred to as goodwill, usually results from people associating your business with the excellent product or service you provide. A name change also requires you to fill out many forms and to pay the applicable fees. If you are changing a corporate name, you will have to prepare and file articles of amendment, and obtain a new N.U.A.N.S. search. Whenever you change the name of any type of business, you will usually incur the additional costs of notifying customers and suppliers of the name change; changing telephone book, association, and other listings; changing letterhead, signs, and other advertisements; and changing all the bank accounts. Of additional concern is the possibility that an updated N.U.A.N.S. search might prevent you from using the new name you seek to use. These problems can be avoided by making your initial name choice with care.
Trademarks Act, s. 7; Walt Disney Production v. Triple Five Corp. (1992), 43 C.P.R. (3d) 321 at 341-343 (Alta Q.B.), aff’d (1994), 53 C.P.R. (3d) 129 (Alta C.A.); Intellectual Property Disputes, supra at 2.6(a); Roger T. Hughes & Toni Polson Ashton, Hughes on Trademarks, looseleaf (Markham: LexisNexis Canada Inc., 1984, last updated 06 January 2005) at para. 75.
Carolyn Tate, “Official marks can be your corporation’s secret IP weapon – Absence of regulation makes official marks attractive means to establish IP rights” The Lawyers Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 8 (26 June 1998); | <urn:uuid:0a102952-9e4d-4d76-aabb-d64ebdba5834> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://lawconnection.ca/content/whats-name-backgrounder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189313.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00663-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93115 | 4,283 | 2.640625 | 3 |
When it comes to fighting climate change, we need to tackle every source of dirty energy while building clear pathways for clean energy to succeed. Today’s energy challenges include a continued global dependence on coal as well as on ever dirtier sources of transportation fuel such as tar sands. In the face of the fossil fuel industry’s interest in business as usual, grappling with climate change requires many people, engaging on many fronts. We can’t fight climate change by nibbling away at the fossil fuel industry – we need to tackle our dependence on coal, oil and gas head on. So when I hear questions about why fighting the proposed Keystone XL tar sands pipeline is a central issue for the environmental community, the answer is easy. The effort to stop the proposed Keystone XL pipeline that would bring tar sands from Canada to the Gulf Coast for refining and exporting to overseas markets is a critical piece of the fight to stop expansion of dirty fuels. Keystone XL as a driver of tar sands expansion would be a significant contributor to climate change in its own right. And the fight to defeat Keystone XL has sparked an international debate around when and where to draw the line when it comes to dirty sources of energy. We need limits on carbon pollution from power plants. We need to stop building dirty energy infrastructure such as tar sands pipelines. And we need to ramp up our clean energy choices. The efforts by NRDC and our partners to curb expansion of dirty fuels such as tar sands is a critical step towards a healthy climate and clean energy future.
Let’s take a closer look at the proposed Keystone XL tar sands pipeline and three simple reasons why it is a critical part of our efforts to curb climate change and build a future with healthier and cleaner energy choices.
- We cannot continue to green-light dirty energy projects such as Keystone XL that dig the climate hole deeper. The oil industry intends to triple production of tar sands oil in the coming 15 years, which would supercharge growth of what is already Canada’s fastest growing sector of carbon emissions. The effort to stop the Keystone XL pipeline is part of a larger effort to stop expansion of ever dirtier sources of energy such as tar sands. As an individual project, Keystone XL is of particular importance to the tar sands oil industry. It is a lynchpin for tar sands expansion and the accompanying carbon emissions. You can find NRDC’s analysis of Keystone XL, climate and tar sands expansion here.
- Tar sands expansion is not inevitable and rail is not a magic bullet to replace tar sands pipelines. Fighting for our health and environment is about tackling difficult challenges such as our continued dependence on fossil fuels. We cannot let ourselves get waylaid by industry attempts to undermine our spirit with false claims of “inevitability.” There is no such thing as “inevitable” destruction of the planet if enough of us work together for a better path. And in the case of tar sands expansion, the good news is that people across North America are saying no to the damage caused by tar sands. Farmers in Nebraska are concerned about the damage to their homes and waters from tar sands pipeline leaks. Chicago has had a wakeup call to the dangers of tar sands refining as pet coke piles up causing black dust to force families indoors. Indigenous communities in British Columbia have said no to tar sands pipelines crossing their rivers and oil tankers in their inner coastal waters. And we are not seeing economically viable alternatives to pipelines when it comes to moving tar sands. Rail, which is much in the news now, is unlikely to be more than a niche or stopgap option for tar sands due to a number of factors including cost and infrastructure demands. Instead what we are seeing is that investment in future tar sands projects is shrinking as the oil market in North America changes and the market price of this incredibly expensive to extract substance drops below what is profitable for investors. In fact, a Canadian investment corporation recently found that direct tar sands foreign investment had dropped from $27 billion a year ago to $2 billion this year.
- Keystone XL and tar sands expansion is also about Indigenous rights, health, water and forests. It is well documented that the efforts to stop tar sands expansion is about so much more than protecting our climate. Tar sands expansion flies in the face of First Nations efforts to protect their health, waters, lands and way of life. Tar sands strip-mining and drilling is also a scar on the face of the great Boreal forest, threatening wetlands and freshwater resources with tailings waste and leaking pipelines and drill sites. So although, climate change is a major international reason to stop tar sands expansion, there are numerous equally important reasons to find alternatives to dirty energy that affect people and our natural resources. | <urn:uuid:310447d8-366a-491f-bda3-2f290503cc7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nrdc.org/experts/susan-casey-lefkowitz/keystone-xl-tar-sands-pipeline-fight-critical-part-tackling-dirty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959009 | 958 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If injured persons are discovered at the scene of the crime, giving them aid is a
matter of first priority.
Proper procedures must be followed.
If there are
trained medical personnel in the area, request their assistance. Call for proper
medical personnel as the situation requires.
In extreme cases, it may be necessary to move objects or persons that may have
evidence potential. However, movement of evidence prior to when it has been fully
processed and examined should be avoided whenever possible. Otherwise, you run a
great chance of losing evidence crucial to the case.
Collect Identification and Separate Victims, Witnesses
MP at the scene of a crime should temporarily collect some form of identification
from all persons at the scene. Once names have been recorded, the identification
should be returned.
This is done to ensure that all persons are positively
identified and interviewed.
MP must also separate witnesses, victims, and persons who notified the military
police into groups. This is done so that questioning can be done individually. Be
sure to separate the groups far enough apart to prevent the victim from talking to
Each group should be instructed to avoid discussing the incident.
Individual questioning should be conducted far enough from the group that your
conversation cannot be heard.
Be sure to record the name, rank, social security
number (SSN), and unit of bystanders and those questioned.
Protect the Crime Scene
Protecting the crime scene is vital.
Basic procedures include the following:
Limit access to the crime scene.
Protect to prevent loss, theft, alteration, and destruction of evidence.
The immediate protection measures include roping off critical exits and posting
guards to control spectators around areas expected to have high potential for
Areas containing physical evidence should be covered when in
jeopardy of being affected by smoke, rain, snow, wind, or direct sunlight.
Evidence at the crime scene must be maintained in its original state and condition.
Thus, MP are directed to keep unauthorized persons from entering the crime scene.
Access to the crime scene must be limited. The area is protected to prevent loss,
theft, alteration, and destruction of evidence.
Preserve Physical Aspects. The underlying intent of all actions taken to protect
the crime scene is to preserve its physical aspects so that they may be reviewed in
detail by the crime scene investigators assigned to the case. Thus, the major task
of the MP representatives observing the scene is to prevent certain actions. | <urn:uuid:0f9da739-1460-43cd-84ff-ecda85538193> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://armymilitarypolice.tpub.com/MP2004B/Protect-The-Crime-Scene-7.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647777.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322053608-20180322073608-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.920207 | 512 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Topic: Weed or Wildflower?
Leaders: Christine Campe-Price, Friends of New Germany State Park & Liz McDowell, MNPS
Want to help preserve our regional biodiversity? Then bring your work gloves, kneeling pads, favorite weeding tools & some elbow grease to remove unwanted plants from the native plant garden. As you work, you’ll learn how to identify common weeds and why protecting native plants is so critical for wildlife. Meet at the native plant garden near the dam. Please bring your own water bottle, insect spray & sunscreen. In case of rain this activity will be cancelled.
Directions: From I-68 take exit 22 and follow signs for New Germany State Park. Turn left into the park onto McAndrews Hill Road. The program will be held in the native plant garden near parking lot #5.
©2017 Maryland Native Plant Society PO Box 4877, Silver Spring, MD 20914MNPS is a registered 501(c)(3) charitable organization incorporated in Maryland.Membership Websites by SPARKS! | <urn:uuid:5a12a7c1-a2a1-4b90-a200-1e81503c5236> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://mdflora.org/event-2781569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484689.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218053920-20190218075920-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.891907 | 215 | 3.078125 | 3 |
It was so obvious that we were surprised ourselves: not only can you transfer your physical breadboard sketch easily into Fritzing, you can also do it the other way around.
Just load a Fritzing sketch and print it on a sheet of paper, and you have a nanometer-perfect paper template which you just have to fill in with the real parts. Good thing that Dirk was so strict about matching the scale to reality.
Here’s how it goes:
– Open any sketch
– Click File > Print (be sure to turn off automatic printer scaling) and get your parts ready
– Cut off a corner of the page so it’s easier to align the printed breadboard with the physical one.
– Stick the parts and wires through the holes. You might want to use a needle to prepare the holes.
– Connect the Arduino and load the associated code – done!
Now if that’s not a great learning tool..
Small caveat: Depending of your brand of breadboard, its power/ground lines might not line up perfectly. So double-check before trying to punch your parts into the plastic. 😉 | <urn:uuid:c7a51b19-fae7-46ff-a51e-dfc179de509e> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://blog.fritzing.org/2009/12/02/paper-templates-for-your-breadboard-prototypes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.926304 | 238 | 2.625 | 3 |
To many in the United States today, the Supreme Court is invisible.
Its members are appointed and it operates behind closed doors, making it nearly impossible to learn much about the justices. The opinions of the court are written and filed away and read by only lawyers and historians, save for the occasional Citizens United case. We know next to nothing about the nine individuals responsible for interpreting our Constitution.
But 60 years ago, the Supreme Court’s justices were political actors, and what went on in their chamber was very much political theater.
In “Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR’s Great Supreme Court Justices,” Harvard law professor Noah Feldman tells the story of four of the most important Supreme Court justices in modern history: Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, William O. Douglas and Robert Jackson. All four were nominated to the court by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt because of their liberal leanings and support of New Deal policies. But by the end of their tenure at the bench, they consistently disagreed with each other about the role of a Supreme Court justice.
Feldman said in an interview that the dynamic among the four justices — and the increasingly antagonistic relationships between them as time passed — was one of the main reasons he chose to spend five years putting this book together.
“I’m interested in how people react to each other in groups — not just a ‘great man theory,’ but a ‘great men theory,’” he said. “This is a group of people who started as allies and staunch FDR supporters, and within three or four years they were vicious enemies. How does it happen that a bunch of people who are aligned politically and personally end up falling apart personally and professionally?”
Each of the four justices reached the Supreme Court under unique circumstances, and Feldman ambitiously tackles each of their stories to kick off the text. Frankfurter emigrated from Austria as a young man and fell in love with Constitutional law; Jackson was a lawyer in western New York despite never having graduated from law school; Douglas grew up in Washington state and always harbored political ambitions; and Black, perhaps the most interesting of the four, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan and represented Alabama in the Senate before joining the court.
Once the men were confirmed as associate justices, the Court was presented with case after case that still resonates in American history. Jackson was the lead prosecutor at the Nuremberg trial of top Nazi war criminals after the war, and all four took part in the decisions to permit the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II and the unanimous decision to end segregation in the case of Brown v. Board of Education.
Feldman’s description of the four individuals is intriguing because of the way their judicial positions changed over time. Frankfurter, for instance, began his career as a champion of liberalism and ended as one of the most conservative men on the court. And Black, who had never served as a judge before joining the Supreme Court and was from the Deep South, became an eloquent justice and a champion of desegregation.
In particular, Feldman was fascinated by the court’s complete reversal from the early 1940s, when Japanese internment was upheld, to 1953, when segregation was overturned.
“Here you have just under 10 years apart, probably the most humiliating decision of the modern Supreme Court and the most inspiring, and the personnel is heavily overlapping,” he said.
Feldman describes each of those cases and many others in engaging detail, and he deserves credit for making a text that could have been a dry legal history into an emotional story of the interaction between people and the laws that govern them.
The author described one interview with a Harvard colleague, Andrew Kaufman, who had clerked for Frankfurter many years ago. As the two walked together, Kaufman described the way Frankfurter would grab the arm of the person he was speaking with. At that moment, Kaufman grabbed Feldman’s arm, giving the author a small insight into Frankfurter’s character and personality.
In addition, because of his range of professional experiences and interest in Constitutional law, Feldman felt he was able to build a connection with each of the justices as he wrote about them.
“When Frankfurter was a law professor, I could see it from his perspective, and when Jackson was in Nuremberg, I could make analogies to when I had been in Iraq,” said Feldman, who was an adviser to the authority developing Iraq’s new constitution. But he joked, “I had no analogy with Black because I had never been in the Senate or the Ku Klux Klan.”
During a 1951 case, Jackson wrote a particularly articulate opinion, and in Feldman’s words, “It transcended the politics of the moment to say something of lasting value.” In this era of the Supreme Court’s relative obscurity, the same goes for “Scorpions.” | <urn:uuid:e0845d76-6729-4f6e-a851-409e2b30b743> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.rollcall.com/issues/56_47/-200557-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821189.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017125144-20171017145144-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.979994 | 1,041 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Akerhus Castle is one of the oldest and largest medieval fortresses on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Originally built to protect the city of Oslo from the Swedes, it is also one of the oldest castles in Europe still actively used for military purposes, and as such has been exceptionally well maintained over the centuries. Akerhus Castle’s military record is impressive, having only been occupied by a foreign power on one occasion in over seven centuries of existence. Akershus has become the enduring architectural symbol of Oslo and Norway, in much the same way that the Tower symbolizes London. Akershus is one of the most visited historical and cultural sites in Scandinavia.
As the age of the Vikings dwindled in the 11th century, the tiny kingdoms and tribal holdings of Scandinavia were slowly consolidated into larger states. One of the greatest of these was Norway, which was created by the efforts of the Sverre Dynasty, and which reached its height under King Haakon V who reigned in the late 13th century. Desirous of strengthening the area around Norway’s capital at Oslo, Haakon began constructing a number of important fortifications in and around the city, most notably Akershus Castle. Akershus also served periodically as a monarchial residence, but its purpose was primarily military in nature.
Because Oslo was located near the Swedish frontier, Akershus Castle was frequently a point of action between the Norsemen and the Swedes. In fact, some experts believe that Akershus was the primary reason that Norway was never absorbed into Sweden as a province. Sweden made its first attempt at capturing Akershus in the early 14th century but failed, and has continued to fail ever since. The castle was expanded and upgraded in the 1600s to better accommodate gunpowder warfare.
Unfortunately, Akershus could not protect Norway from political threats, and eventually the country was incorporated into a Scandinavian union ruled from Copenhagen during the 15th century. Although Sweden later left this union, Norway remained under Danish rule through a period known as the 400-Year Night that did not end until 1814. Through its ties to the Danes, Norway was dragged into numerous conflicts on the European continent. This lasted until the Danes sided with Napolean. After Napolean’s defeat, Norway took the opportunity to get out of the alliance. Throughout this period, Akershus survived largely unscathed.
After Napolean, things were quiet for Akershus for more than a century, until the Germans arrived in World War II. After sweeping through most of the country in April 1940, the Nazis took Oslo with minimal effort. Undefendable, Akershus was ceded for the first time ever to a foreign power. It was used by the German military for occupation purposes and the incarceration of prisoners. The castle was liberated along with Oslo in 1945. Vidkun Quisling, one of history’s greatest turncoats, was executed here just after the war. Since the end of the war, Akershus Castle resumed its role as a base for the Norwegian military.
Akershus is one of the world’s finest harbor-side castles. To add to the general ambiance of the castle, when Akerhus is viewed from the harbor, a number of tall ships are often anchored in front it, visually transporting the viewer back to an earlier age. Originally built in the Middle Ages and significantly upgraded during the Renaissance, Akershus blends the two period styles well. The ancient medieval battlements line both the harbor side and land side. Incidentally, from the rear, Akershus appears to crown a steep hill, thus offering an alternatively spectacular view. Akershus is especially beautiful at night, when the castle and harbor are illuminated.
While Akershus was first and foremost a military site, it was designed to accommodate the royal family, especially during its restoration in the 17th century. The castle is home to a full compliment of governmental staterooms, banquet rooms, royal apartments and the like. From a biographical perspective, the highlight of the castle is the small Royal Chapel and Mausoleum, where a number of members of the royal family are buried, including Haakon VII and Olav V. Akershus’ military use areas remain eerily medieval in appearance, especially those places beneath the main castle, including the dungeons. In addition to the castle, Akershus is also home to the Norwegian Armed Forces Museum, which houses exhibits featuring arms, armor, military pieces and other artifacts of Norway’s history, and the Resistance Museum, which honors those who died during the Nazi occupation of Norway.
Akershus Castle is located in the heart of Oslo on a small bulge of land that juts out into the city harbor opposite Hovedoya Island. The castle is open daily year-round. From May to August the castle is open from 9:00am-5:00pm (opens at 11:00am on weekends); and September to April from 9:00am-4:00pm (opens at 11:00am on weekends). Admission is free. Web: www.forsvarsbygg.no (official website).
Akershus Castle was one of several built during the Middle Ages to protect Norway from the Swedes. The second most important after Akershus was Bohus Castle, which unfortunately was not as successful as Akershus as it is now located in Sweden. Norway’s other famous castle, the Kristiansten Fortress in Trondheim, was built much later during the 17th century, although with the same purpose: protection from the Swedes. Also in Norway is the imposing Bergenhus Fortress. | <urn:uuid:0fab252c-8ee9-465f-a503-8b4fbd1c361e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://thecompletepilgrim.com/akershus-castle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538431.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123191721-20210123221721-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.97788 | 1,172 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The oldest example of stone wall in the history of construction in the Polish lands, more than two and a half thousand years older than Romanesque architecture, has been discovered by archaeologists from Kraków on Zyndram’s Hill in Maszkowice (Małopolska).
The discovery was unexpected since archaeologists had been studying the archaeological site in Maszkowice since the beginning of the 20th century. The most significant find of these excavations was a settlement inhabited from 1000 to 50 BC. Archaeologists from the Jagiellonian University, led by Dr. Marcin S. Przybyła, have been working in Maszkowice since 2010. Now, beneath the remains of the Bronze Age settlement archaeologists discovered the remains of a settlement which is more than 500 years older.
“Its inhabitants were not indigenous people living in Małopolska since the end of the Stone Age, but a small, no more than 12-person group of colonists from the south, from the territory of present-day Hungary”, Dr. Przybyła said.
Other archaeological sites associated with the community archaeologists refer to as the Ottomány culture have been discovered in the Polish Carpathians. The best known is the fortified settlement in Trzcinica near Jasło, but that settlement is very definitely different from the one discovered in Maszkowice. In the former, the embankments were not built of stones, but of earth and wood.
“In the whole Central Europe there are only a dozen sites dated so early with more or less well-preserved stone fortifications. At that time, the use of stone as building material was typical for the Mediterranean areas. In the temperate zone of Europe until the Middle Ages fortifications were built with wood and clay,” the archaeologist said.
Scientists were surprised by the size of the structure. The top of the hill was flattened, creating a plateau of 0.5 hectares. Tons of clay from the hilltop were used to build a terrace on the gentle eastern and northern slope of the hill, which expanded the area of the settlement. The wall is made of large, half-meter sandstone blocks held together with clay.
“From the geophysical research we know that the wall was about 120-140m long, surrounding the entire settlement from the east and north. Undoubtedly, besides being a retaining wall, it also hindered potential attackers’ access to the settlement,” added Dr. Przybyła.
Unlike the interior wall, the external face of the retaining wall had not been made of sandstone blocks with irregular shapes, but huge, tessellating blocks, often reaching 1 meter in length. Some of them have a regular hexagon shape. 4-5 layers of tightly adjacent stones are preserved to this day. Given the height of the terrace and the number of stones that fell from the wall and have been found below its level, the original height of the fortification facade could reach 2.7 m.
On the slope, about 5 meters from the face of the wall, the defence system was further strengthened by an approximately 1.5 m deep, narrow trench with a triangular cross-section. Archaeologists were able to discover the remains of the entrance gate. It has the form of a narrow, 1.5 m corridor, crossing the wall and leading up through the clay embankment, toward the interior of the settlement. The walls of this passage were reinforced with large sandstone slabs “anchored” in the lowest layers of stones forming a retaining wall. | <urn:uuid:916c497e-c24b-4444-a2a1-b84dec0a8119> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2015/09/16/archaeologists-unearthed-monumental-stone-structures-carpathians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657151.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116093643-20190116115643-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.974424 | 751 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Recently, President Obama signed into law the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) that included provisions allowing tribal law enforcement to prosecute non-Natives who commit crimes against Native women on reservation lands. Indeed, as many supporters of the bill have argued, this is an historic moment for tribes and Native women who are the victims of sexual violence and rape. What is more important, however, is VAWA brought to light the epidemic rates of sexual violence and rape that Native women experience and have historically experienced. Native women have become the central focus of VAWA as advocates and victims of sexual violence and rape. But where do Native men stand on VAWA and the epidemic violence against women in our communities, especially Native men who are perpetrators and protectors of perpetrators of sexual violence and rape?
Many of the statistics used to bolster support for VAWA’s reauthorization cite that one in three Native women (34.1%) will be sexually violated; in at least 86% of rape cases, perpetrators were found to be non-Native men; Native women are more than 2.5 times more likely to be raped or sexually assaulted in their lifetime when compared to other women in the U.S.; many Native women living on the reservation do not report incidents of rape and sexual violence for fear of retaliation or revictimization; and, that these statistics reflect the lived experiences of urban Native women as opposed to the lived experiences of rural Native women, which statistics do not exist or are hard to attain. The last part of how these statistics were obtained is the most important–these statistics reflect the lived experiences of urban Native women rather than rural Native women. That means in large part that the lived experiences of Native women living on rural reservations, for example, go unaccounted.
Yes, these statistics are appalling, considering that many Native people live off-the reservation and urban areas. But what about those who live on or near reservations in rural parts of Indian Country? Where are these statistics and why are they not being talked about?
If we applied the one in three statistic to Native reservations and rural communities that are geographically isolated, would the 86% statistic also apply for non-Native male perpetrators? It seems highly unlikely unless non-Native men are driving to reservations and rural communities, committing rapes and sexual assaults and leaving. I know for a fact this happens, but I also know for a fact that within these rural communities that it does not happen at the rate of 86% of all cases. I put the statistics of all Native women who are victims and survivors of sexual violence and rape into question that 86% of all perpatrators are non-Native men, especially in rural Native communities.
If a Native woman is raped or sexually assaulted on the reservations, it is appropriate to assume that it was committed by a Native man, most likely a man who is close to his victim like a relative, boyfriend, husband, or family friend. One commentator argues that the myth purported by these statistics is damaging because it holds up the assumption that “non-Native men rape and batter but Native men don’t.”
For reservations of the Oceti Sakowin Oyate, Pine Ridge, Standing Rock, and Rosebud have all come under scrutiny over how tribal law enforcement and tribal governments refuse to adequately address the epidemic violence against women. Sexual violence and rape against Native women is not limited to these communities. Often times, too, Native men who are perpetrators, convicted or not, occupy leadership positions within the community that make it harder for violence against women to be addressed because it directly implicates them. But our silence as men also directly implicates us.
Male relatives and friends of mine have also used the logic of innoculating themselves from assuming the responsibility of having deal with what they call “women’s issues.” I have also heard Native male leaders charge Native women as imposing “colonial ideologies” onto Native communities as “feminists.” Most disparaging, however, is the comment of “keep it at home.” Well, unfortunately, that is where rape and sexual violence often happens–at home!
Moreover, labeling rape and sexual violence in this manner is akin to the colonizers’ logic when they say things like “Go back to the rez!”; “It happened in the past!”; “Why blame men? Women should step up.”; “They asked for it.”; etc. If Native history has taught us anything, it is that at this contemporary moment our struggle is no longer to find out who we are as Native peoples; it is for the colonizers to find out who they are and how their role as colonizers further disposses Native people and Native land. Using that same logic in the case of violence against Native women, as Native men we need to step back and take a look at ourselves and find out who we are as oppressors, rapists, and perpatrators of sexual violence.
Ignoring this is equivalant to the colonial logics that we are somehow exempt from judgment because these things may or may not be true, that they happen elsewhere but not here, that they are “women’s issues,” that it should be kept within families, etc. All of these logics promote the public secret that everyone knows. Our Nations are made in the home. If rape and violence against women are happening at home, then they need to be addressed in public, in our tribal governments and public gatherings. These are not domestic issues perpetrated by a few bad apples if it is affecting one out three women and also in turn puts half of our population at risk.
Are we addressing the role men have in perpatrating rape and violence toward Native women? If that is not the case, then all of the rhetoric about “sovereignty” and land struggles is null. We are, then, just as bad as our colonizers because we are not addressing our role in the vicitimization of half our population! Consider that the next time you hear someone talk about genocide. What about half of our population who are at risk? This should be the number one priority of our men and our communities. Men need to step and own up to our responsibility. Violence against women is a Native men’s issue and we need to start recognizing that more and more if we are to effectively decolonize our Nations.
I am constantly reminded of relatives asking me, “Would your ancestors recognize you?” Men, keep that in mind as rapes and sexual violence against Native women is kept at its epidemic proportions. Ask yourself, what are we doing as men, as perpatrators, to stop this? And why is this not a number one priority in our struggles for decolonization? We have to hold ourselves accountable. | <urn:uuid:0c112b63-15df-43f7-a6e6-9f932d25d3ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://nickestes.blog/2013/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.971768 | 1,420 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Check Your Attitude
According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the word "attitude" means "an internal position or feeling with regard to something else." Other words often used as synonyms are: "disposition, feeling, mood, opinion, sentiment, temper, tone, perspective, frame of mind, outlook, view, or morale."
Airplane pilots often use "attitude" to describe their horizontal relationship with the runway then they land. If their attitude isnt aligned properly, the plane will make contact with the ground at the wrong angle and it will cause them to crash.
In essence, your attitude is your inward disposition toward other things, such as people or circumstances. As in with an airplane, attitude is applied whenever you must deal with something other than yourself. According to Gods word, when you become a Christian, a part of your new creation is the development of new attitudes your attitude should become like that of Jesus. The Bible says, "Your attitude should be the same as that of Christ Jesus:" (Philippians 2:5). "You were taught, with regard to your former way of life, to put off the old self, which is being corrupted by its deceitful desires; to be made new in the attitude of your minds." (Ephesians 4:22 NIV)
Most of us can easily identify bad attitudes when they are displayed outwardly in our words or actions, such a negativeness, criticalness, rebellion, defiance, impatience, uncooperative, apathy, discouragement, independence, presumption, arrogance, self-centeredness, rudeness and such like. These are examples of bad attitudes which Christians should reject. However, keep in mind, attitudes are inner dispositions of the heart and thoughts they are the hidden intentions which will eventually serve as the basis for our actions. "For as he thinks in his heart, so is he." (Prov. 23:7). In reality, no one else really knows the thoughts of your heart, except you and God. Consequently, attitude is something that only you and God can work out a change which must take place inwardly.
An example of a bad attitude is seen in George Brown. He went to church cheerfully as long as his business continued to prosper as long as everything went well for him. He sang joyfully in the choir, he rarely missed a service. But when hard times set in George began to drop away. He became resentful toward God, even critical of other Christians.
The right attitude to have when difficulty comes is to persevere in faith and draw nearer to God to fall at the feet of Jesus. The Bible makes it clear that God works all things together for our good when we love Him, and the testing of our faith is for our benefit. Trouble will never defeat the person with a right attitude.
Another bad attitude can be seen in Sally Smith. She had been a Christian for nearly two years. She loved the lord and was growing as a Christian, but was still battling sins of the flesh and occasionally fell back into the temptation of drunkenness. One evening the pastor and his family were entering a restaurant, when he noticed Sally slouching at the distant bar, obviously intoxicated. The next Sunday after service, the pastor and his wife took Sally aside privately, and warned her gently about the sins of drunkenness.
The pastor read scripture from Galations chapter 5. "Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lewdness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, contentions, jealousies, outbursts of wrath, selfish ambitions, dissensions, heresies, envy, murders, drunkenness, revelries, and the like; of which I tell you beforehand, just as I also told you in time past, that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God" (Galatians 5:19-21).
The pastor encouraged Sally to repent of this activity and prayed with her, but she was deeply offended by the pastors forthrightness. She immediately changed churches and afterward would often be heard "bad-mouthing" that church and pastor.
The better attitude would have been for this woman to be humble and submissive toward the pastors loving correction of sin, which was based upon Gods Word (2 Tim. 4:2, 1 Cor. 5:11-13, Gal. 5:19-21, Gal. 6:1). As a general rule, persons who have a bad attitude toward authority figures, always have a problem with God.
According to scripture, your attitude toward life, your circumstances, or toward other people should always be like the Lords as is defined by scripture. Good attitudes are generally demonstrated in being positive, encouraging, loving, humble, teachable, cooperative, considerate, selfless, loyal, persevering and so forth (Gal. 5:22-23).
To God Our attitude should be reverence, submission, love, trust, humbleness, obedience, worshipful, and prayerful. (Psa. 111:10, Mark 12:30, John 14:15, Jas. 4:7, 1 Sam. 15:23)
To Gods Children Our attitude should be love, forgiveness, consideration, caring, encouragement, kindness, humility, unselfishness, respectful, and impartial. (John 13:34-35, 15:12, Rom. 12:10, 13:10, 15:7, Jas. 2:9, Eph. 4:2, 4:32, Col. 3:16, 1 Thes. 5:11, Heb. 3:13, 1 Cor. 13:4-8).
To Authority Our attitude should be respectful, cooperative, accountable, humble, helpful, encouraging, loyal. Not resentful, defiant or disrespectful. (Heb. 13:17, 1 Pet. 2:13-15)
To Hard Circumstances Our attitude should be patience, thankfulness, persevering, believing. (Rom. 8:28, Gal. 1:9)
To Our Church Our attitude should be respectful, faithful, cooperative, helpful, willingness, dependable, participating, encouraging. (1 Cor. 10:32, 1 Cor. 14:12, Heb. 2:12)
To Duty Our attitude should be faithfulness, responsibleness, obedience, cooperation, endurance. (Luke 16:10, 1 Cor. 4:2)
To Unfairness Our attitude should be patience, humility, confident in Gods justice. (Rom. 12:19, Luke 18:7)
To Disappointment or Tragedy Our attitude should be humility, submission to God, prayerful, confidence in Gods fairness. (Psa. 62:5, Jer. 17:5, Deut. 32:4, Job 13:15, Rom. 8:28)
To the Lost Our attitude should be compassionate, forgiving, encouraging, helpful, reconciling them to God. (2 Cor. 5:18, 2 Pet. 3:9, Matt. 18:11-14)
To Sin Our attitude should be uncompromising, unaccepting, intolerant, unsympathetic, yet compassionate and reconciliatory for the repentant. (Matt. 18:8-9, Gal. 6:1)
To Success Our attitude should be humble, grateful, God-glorifying, not self-exalting or forgetful to God. (Jas. 4:6, 10, Prov. 16:18)
To Misunderstanding Our attitude should be peacemaking, reconciliatory, patient, forgiving. (Col. 3:13, Matt. 5:9, Phil. 2:14)
1. Identify and Repent of Bad Attitudes
Acts 8:22 "Repent therefore of this your wickedness, and pray God if perhaps the thought of your heart may be forgiven you."
2. Submit Your Attitudes to God
Bring your attitudes into obedience to Gods Word. Apply discipline to your thought life submit your thoughts to those of Christs. A good attitude is a matter of faith, disregarding your feelings, with a determination to embrace Gods outlook and disposition.
2 Corinthians 10:5 "casting down arguments and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God, bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ..."
3. Equip And Feed Your Attitudes
Dwell on the things that Gods word tells us to those good and virtuous things. If you dwell on the negative, your attitude will reflect the same.
Philippians 4:8 "Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy; meditate on these things." | <urn:uuid:2ceb5c2c-dff0-4cca-851e-503e58518e18> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.victorious.org/pub/attitude-check-149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306346.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128212503-20220129002503-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.943939 | 1,847 | 2.578125 | 3 |
University Researchers Pinpoint Expected Hurricane-Related Power Outages
- By Dian Schaffhauser
Researchers from Johns Hopkins University and Texas A&M University have developed a computer model for predicting power outages in advance of a hurricane, based on analysis they've done from Hurricane Katrina and four other storms. The model provides estimates of how many outages will occur across a region as a hurricane is approaching.
The information provided by the model will enable utilities to manage crew levels for doing repairs to restore power after the storm.
The collaboration involved Seth Guikema, an assistant professor of geography and environmental engineering at Johns Hopkins and formerly of Texas A&M; Steven Quiring, an assistant professor of geography at Texas A&M; and Seung-Ryong Han, who was Guikema's doctoral student at Texas A&M and is now based at Korea University. The research, funded by a Gulf Coast utility company that wishes to remain anonymous, is published in the current issue of the journal Risk Analysis.
In developing the model, the researchers looked at damage data from five hurricanes: 1995's Dennis, which generated 4,800 power outages; 1997's Danny, with 620 outages; 1998's Georges, with 1,075 outages; 2004's Ivan, with 13,500 outages; and 2005's Katrina, with more than 10,000 outages.
According to a statement describing the work, the research focused on two common challenges. When a hurricane is approaching, an electric power provider must decide how many repair crews to request from other utilities, a decision that may cost the provider millions of dollars. The utility also must decide where to locate these crews within its service areas to enable fast and efficient restoration of service after the hurricane ends. The researchers say that having accurate estimates prior to the storm's arrival of how many outages will exist and where they'll occur will allow utilities to better plan their crew requests and crew locations.
"If the power company overestimates, it has spent a lot of unnecessary money," Quiring said. "If it underestimates, the time needed to restore power can take several extra days or longer, which is unacceptable to them and the people they serve. So these companies need the best estimates possible, and we think this study can help them make the best possible informed decision."
More accurate models "provide a much better basis for preparing for restoring power after the storm," Guikema said, "The goal is to restore power faster and save customers money."
Dian Schaffhauser is a writer who covers technology and business for a number of publications. Contact her at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:53e8c559-c545-4e55-8dd3-0e0a834ff3e6> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://campustechnology.com/articles/2009/10/26/university-researchers-pinpoint-expected-hurricane-related-power-outages.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663743.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00294-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950626 | 546 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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B2B financing is the lubricant between businesses doing business with each other. Without that lubricant much less business would be done. Cash on the barrel head slows your business's growth rate. The discounts that you give and the interest you pay are an accepted part of doing business. If your customer takes longer to pay, then you benefit from discounts not taken and/or interest paid. Of course it is a double edged sword when you are late with your payments.
Decision making models are all about making good judgements. There are judgements that are emotional, spur of the moment, horseback or back of envelope - a quick decision. There are also the rational informed kind. The rational informed kind are the ones that most of us want to make. Even if that kind of decision takes longer. That is especially true when it comes to business decision making where dollars are on the line. You probably know that the majority of businesses fail. The biggest reason for that failure is making bad decisions. The tools here can help you make good decisions.
Use 3 different economic measures to really understand your project.
Interest rates determine the price you have to pay for the money you borrow.
Invention Idea Patent - How to get and invention patent by eliminating the money barriers
Make A Pie Graph is a tool for making pie graphs.
Make A Line Graph is an example and a tool for making line charts.
Correlation Defined - What correlation is and how to calculate it.
Normal Probability Graphs - The bell shaped curve and its properties.
Six Sigma Tools are the techniques that text make Six Sigma work. | <urn:uuid:cec1843e-f9f7-4058-89ff-ef2835ed8d2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.business-analysis-made-easy.com/business-analysis-made-easy-blog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.958795 | 384 | 2.765625 | 3 |
“Could you imagine a Hitler foundation in Germany?” A recurrent question is heard across Spain as the stakes are raised in the controversy over how to deal with its past of repressive dictatorship. Unlike other countries, Spain still today pays tribute to their former authoritarian leader, Francisco Franco.
A foundation named after the “caudillo” enjoys good health, receiving public funds, whilst enjoying tax benefits. Recently, they even awarded medals of merit to Popular Party MPs.
Different parts of Spanish society repeatedly call for the Fundación Francisco Franco to be banned, but have so far been unsuccessful. The most recent move was made by the Compromís party. Last week, they submitted a proposal in parliament urging the „investigation of illicit activities“ carried out by the organisation, accusing it of praising Franco’s regime.
The Valencian party believes that the existence of the Foundation does not comply with the Spanish Historical Memory Law, passed in 2007 by the Socialist government. The bill finally recognised the victims of the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and the subsequent dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. Historians estimate that during the regime (that lasted until 1975), nearly 200,000 people were killed for political reasons and 400,000 people were forced into exile.
However, some steps are being made with the removal of Francoist symbols, which is at last being taken seriously by city mayors such as Madrid’s Manuela Carmena. In the Spanish capital, there are plans to change the names of 27 streets replacing them largely with names of women, exiles and opponents of the repressive regime. Although welcomed, many Madrileños find offense in how late such a measure is.
More than 40 years have passed since the death of the “caudillo”, it is appalling how little Spanish democracy has done in order to deal with its past of a violent and repressive dictatorship. Besides being incapable of restoring justice and compensating victims, successive governments have put little effort into truly remembering the past horrors, contributing to the lingering rift that divides Spanish society today. | <urn:uuid:a95ef0c1-ad39-4743-a8b1-c75c01e0e1a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.fairplanet.org/editors-pick/spain-still-battling-its-haunted-past/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00612-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968657 | 427 | 2.875 | 3 |
GeoPackage Encoding Standard
A GeoPackage is an open, standards-based, platform-independent, portable, self-describing, compact format for transferring geospatial information. The GeoPackage standard describes a set of conventions for storing the following within a SQLite database:
- vector features
- tile matrix sets of imagery and raster maps at various scales
To be clear, a GeoPackage is the SQLite container and the GeoPackage Encoding Standard governs the rules and requirements of content stored in a GeoPackage container. The GeoPackage standard defines the schema for a GeoPackage, including table definitions, integrity assertions, format limitations, and content constraints. The required and supported content of a GeoPackage is entirely defined in the standard.
Since a GeoPackage is a database container, it supports direct use. This means that data in a GeoPackage can be accessed and updated in a "native" storage format without intermediate format translations. GeoPackages that comply with the requirements in the standard and do not implement vendor-specific extensions are interoperable across all enterprise and personal computing environments. GeoPackages are particularly useful on mobile devices such as cell phones and tablets in communications environments where there is limited connectivity and bandwidth.
- Public Site For more information on GeoPackage including developer resources and information on in-progress work, please visit http://www.geopackage.org/ . For the official OGC member approved versions of the standard, see the Download information below.
- Media Type https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/geopackage+sqlite3
|Version||Document Title (click to download)||Document #||Type|
|1.3||OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard||12-128r17||IS|
|Release Notes for OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard v1.3||18-066r1||notes|
|1.2.1||OGC Geopackage Encoding Standard - with Corrigendum||12-128r15||IS-C|
|Release Notes for OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard v1.2.1||18-024r1||notes|
|1.0||OGC GeoPackage Related Tables Extension||18-000||IS|
|1.2||OGC Geopackage Encoding Standard||12-128r14||IS|
|Release Notes for GeoPackage v1.2||16-126r8||Notes|
|1.1||OGC Geopackage Encoding Standard||12-128r12||IS|
|Geopackage Release Notes||15-123r1||Notes|
|1.0||OGC GeoPackage Extension for Tiled Gridded Coverage Data||17-066r1||ISx|
With Version 1.1, the GeoPackage standard is stable. However, the GeoPackage Standards Working Group (SWG) is actively addressing issues and possible extensions. The GeoPackage SWG group has a public page at: http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/geopackageswg | <urn:uuid:4ff8555c-3741-4a68-91f6-c9d070d2cd49> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ogc.org/standards/geopackage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154126.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731203400-20210731233400-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.760504 | 657 | 2.90625 | 3 |
there were pictures of cute cats and dogs and pigs and whales and chimps and gorillas
and a lemur with big sad eyes looking into the depths of your soul
and … a rabbit
and my first thought was
a rabbit! a flipping rabbit!
rabbits are not exactly an endangered species!
“The world's domesticated rabbit population is estimated at 709 million. however, there are many different species of wild rabbits that live throughout the world. since rabbits have been introduced to many habitats to which they are not native, it would be very difficult, to estimate the wild population. “
but then i thought
what difference does it make?
a rabbit is just a living creature that wants to live
does a rabbit know that there are a trilion other rabbits in the world?
as opposed to an albigensian lemur of which there are only 15 left in the forest in madagascar?
maybe it does
maybe a rabbit knows it can find fellow bunnies wherever it goes in the world
whereas the albigensian lemur knows it better not go very far or it will never find a friend
but again, maybe not
does a rabbit know it is a “rabbit”?
do cats and dogs know they are “cats” and “dogs” ?
as opposed to just being creatures that you might hang with or ignore or fight or eat as the situation calls for?
do humans know they are “humans”?
a human can have a dog for his best friend and happily kill other humans, no?
but humans love the idea of different creatures getting along
make a video or a gif of a cat getting along with a monkey, or an octopus being pals with a porcupine, or an elephant snuggling with a piranha, and put it on line and you will get 10 or 20 million likes
as opposed to a poem which might get 1 or 2 likes from your mom or your best friend if you are lucky
don’t forget, september 23 is international rabbit day | <urn:uuid:53e974ec-919c-4396-a7f8-54a5871e3007> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://feuilleton-13.blogspot.com/2017/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592846.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217015850-20171217041850-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.960503 | 438 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is scarring?
Acne scars can seem like double punishment. First you had to experience acne/pimples, now you have the marks as a reminder. Acne scars result from inflamed blemishes caused by skin pores engorged with excess oil, bacteria and dead skin cells. The skin pore swells, causing a break in the wall of the follicle. Shallow lesions may heal quickly but if there is a deep break in the wall of the pore, infected material can spill out and may create deeper lesions. The skin compensates by attempting to repair these lesions by creating new collagen fibres. The process is not usually smooth and flawless as the original skin.
There are two main types of acne scars classified based on their healing response and appearance:
Atrophic or depressed scarring: This type of acne scar occurs when there is tissue loss. There are two common types of this scar: “icepick” scars which are usually small but with obvious holes in the skin; and “boxcar” which are depressed areas, usually round and is similar to chickenpox scars.
Hypertrophic or keloid scarring: This is a result of too much collagen production as acne wounds heal. The scar has a mass of raised tissue of the surface of the skin.
The risk of acne scarring increases when a person:
Has swollen, reddish and painful acne, such as nodules and cysts
Does not treat inflammatory acne immediately
Picks, pops and squeezes acne
Has a family history of acne scars
Most serious scarring that can develop is caused by the more severe forms of acne. Although it is possible to predict who will develop acne scars, sometimes even people who have all the risk factors may not develop them. However, it is possible to prevent acne scarring with an effective treatment. Delaying the treatment can lead to extensive scarring.
What causes scarring?
Acne is one of the most common skin problems experienced by people. In fact, about 80 percent of people between the ages of 11 and 30 will develop acne. For many, acne will be nothing more than a blackhead or whitehead that clears up on its own without leaving scar tissue. Unfortunately, for others, acne can leave noticeable scars.
The following can contribute to acne scarring:
Comedone sebum and excess skin cells: Ice-pick scars begin as a whitehead or blackhead or also known as comedone. It forms when the oil secreted by the sebaceous glands called sebum, combines with excess skin cells in the skin follicles. The combination creates a soft plug that can block the follicle.
An increase in pressure: Pressure builds behind the acne lesion as inflammation occurs. As the pressure increases, it causes the inflammation to move deeper into the skin and damaging the surrounding area. This can be a severe form of acne known as cysts or nodules. If the pressure is not relieved, the inflamed area can burst, causing even more damage to the skin tissue.
Disruption in collagen and fibrin production: Damage to the skin tissue secondary to inflammation can disrupt the production and structure of collagen and fibrin. As a result, the scar tissue from the acne inflammation creates an “icepick” skin mark.
Infection: If you prick or scratch your acne with dirty objects such as the fingernails or unsterile needles, harmful microorganisms can infect it. This can result to severe scarring.
You can have complete control over some of your acne marks and scars while others are pre-determined. Those with deeper skin tones may develop darker marks while those with lighter skin tones can have redness. Aside from genetics, several lifestyle factors such as sun exposure can cause scars to darken.
What is the treatment for scarring?
There are physical, social and emotional reasons for treating acne scars such as improving physical appearance, enhancing self-esteem and promoting better skin health. There is no single treatment for acne. A combination of various methods can help improve your overall complexion.
To treat acne scarring, you can choose from the following methods:
Serums: Chi’s Alpha EGF Serum is a power house of amino acids and peptides, when topically applied to the skin stimulates collagen, regenerates cells, and fibroblasts. EGF supports cell renewal by promoting the development of proteins such as collagen, increasing cell division, increasing circulation, increasing the number of fibroblasts, and promoting blood-vessel formation.
C.I.T (Collagen Induction Therapy): The Chi Pen’s fractional micro delivery system provides an unparalleled delivery system of needles which cause micro-channels in the epidermis and dermis. These micro-channels encourage and harnesses the power of the body’s ability to re-grow and repair the skin through its normal physiological process. The tissue is then re-modelled where the skins vascular matrix matures, and the skin tightens as new collagen is created.
It is the only skin treatment that stimulates your skin to create its own collagen without ablation, heat or chemicals.
Protect yourself from the sun: The suns UV rays can cause darkening of acne scars by stimulating melanin production. Limit your sun exposure and wear long sleeves and a hat when going out.
- 1. Naik, A. (2002). The Lazy Girl’s Guide to Good Health, page 172.
- 2. Khanna, N., et al (2013). World Clinics: Dermatology – Acne, page 211.
- 3. Garfunkel, L., et al (2007). Pediatric Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment, page 6.
- 4. Carton, J., et al (2007). Clinical Pathology, page 389.
- 5. DiPiro, J., et al (2014). Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach 9/E, page 1556.
- 6. Roenigk, R., et al (1993). Surgical Dermatology: Advances in Current Practice, page 446. | <urn:uuid:52e28695-3e81-4f53-a7a6-91cabfb25f90> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://chiskinclinics.com.au/skin-central/skin-concerns/scarring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867841.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526170654-20180526190654-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.916172 | 1,277 | 3 | 3 |
Former U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first human to walk on the moon, has died at the age of 82.
His family said Armstrong died from complications after heart-bypass surgery earlier this month to relieve blocked coronary arteries.
As commander of the Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969.
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong famously said as he stepped onto the lunar surface.
Armstrong and fellow U.S. astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin spent nearly three hours walking on the moon.
Some 600 million people around the world -- about a fifth of the world's population at the time -- watched or listened to the moon landing.
U.S. President Barack Obama led tributes to Armstrong, saying he was "a hero not just of his time, but of all time."
European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso hailed Armstrong as "a source of inspiration for all mankind," while French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said that Armstrong's "small step" had "realized the dream of generations of inventors, scientists, artists, poets or simply amateurs, of the beauties of space."
Armstrong was decorated by 17 countries and received many honors but was never comfortable with his worldwide fame.
Armstrong, Aldrin, and the third member of the crew, Michael Collins, were given ticker-tape parades in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The trio also toured 22 nations.
In all, 12 Americans walked on the moon from 1969 to 1972.
The moonwalk was viewed as the United States' victory in the Cold War space race that began October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union shocked the world with the launching of the Sputnik 1 satellite.
Armstrong later said the space race was "the ultimate peaceful competition: U.S.A. versus U.S.S.R."
"It was intense and it did allow to both sides to take the high road for the objectives of science and learning and exploration. Eventually, it provided a mechanism for engendering cooperation between former adversaries. In that sense, among others, it was an exceptional national investment for both sides," he explained.
The Apollo 11 moon mission turned out to be Armstrong's last space flight.
In the years afterward, Armstrong avoided the limelight, spending much of his time teaching in the classroom or on his farm in Ohio.
In 2010, however, Armstrong went public with his reservations over the space policies of Obama, with its shift away from a return to the moon to more emphasis on private companies developing spaceships.
His family's statement made a simple request for anyone who wants to remember him.
"Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."
With reporting by AP, AFP and Reuters | <urn:uuid:261c5bf9-3d2c-438c-b333-201fbf4e88e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.rferl.org/a/neil-armstrong-dead-at-82-/24688027.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.972576 | 625 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Main Article Content
Effort was made to produce vermicompost soil rich with available nutrient from medicinal plant- Neem (Azadirachtaindica), Guava (Psidium guajava) and liquid cultures of rhizhobium (BradyRhizobium japonicum). Potential Eisenia fetida was used to recycle the nutrient from leaves medicinal plants namely Neem (Azadirachtaindica) and Guava (Psidium guajava). Three different vermicompost beds were prepared – Rhizhobium with medicinal plant and cow dung (R-MP), Medicinal plant with cow dung (MP) and only cow dung (CD). The physico-chemical properties of the R-MP, MP and CD vermicompost soil were recorded at the end of 60th day. Histological examination of E. fetida grown in 3 different vermicompost were studied. Biochemical analysis, growth rate and cocoon production of E. fetida in R-MP, MP and CD vermicompost soil were measured. Results clearly shows the vermicompost soil of R-MP and MP were rich with ideal parameters for a healthy plant growth. | <urn:uuid:14a49027-3148-498f-8330-a73f203bd308> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/5051 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.954594 | 254 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On 28 July 1914, Austria declared war on Servia. On 23 July, Austria had issued an ultimatum to Servia. On 25 July, Austria received Servia’s response to the ultimatum. Although Servia agreed to comply completely with all but one demand, Austria was dissatisfied. Austria announced that they did not believe that the Serbian Government was sincere in their response to the ultimatum. Austria did not believe that the Serbian government was determined to put an end to the anti-Austrian sentiments being carried out against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in Servia and the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Dissatisfied, Austria declared war on Servia and engaged the Serbian army along the Danube, a river in central and Eastern Europe. In the following days, hostilities between the two armies increased. The world waited anxiously to see if other nations would be pulled into the conflict.
(“Mediation is Urged,” Berlin Daily Telegraph, 28 July 1914; “The Troubled East,” Elmira Signet, July 30.) | <urn:uuid:aceceaaa-ba19-4b54-8077-68ea35cc7c02> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://waterlooregionww1.uwaterloo.ca/1914/07/austria-declares-war-on-servia-28-july-1914/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.976533 | 226 | 3.921875 | 4 |
More than 20 years ago, Dr Robert Weinstein estimated that the source of pathogens causing a healthcare-associated infection in the intensive care unit was as follows: patients’ endogenous flora, 40%–60%; cross infection via the hands of personnel, 20%–40%; antibiotic-driven changes in flora, 20%–25%; and other (including contamination of the environment), 20%.
Over the past decade, substantial scientific evidence has accumulated indicating that contamination of environmental surfaces in hospital rooms plays an important role in the transmission of several key healthcare-associated pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter, and norovirus.
All of these pathogens have been demonstrated to persist in the environment for hours to days (and, in some cases, months), to frequently contaminate the surface environment and medical equipment in the rooms of colonized or infected patients, to transiently colonize the hands of healthcare personnel (HCP), to be associated with person-to-person transmission via the hands of HCP, and to cause outbreaks in which environmental transmission was deemed to play a role. Furthermore, hospitalization in a room in which the previous patient had been colonized or infected with MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter, or multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas has been shown to be a risk factor for colonization or infection with the same pathogen for the next patient admitted to the room.
David J. Weber, MD, MPH -1
William A. Rutala, PhD, MPH -1
1. Department of Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Address correspondence to David J. Weber, MD, MPH, 2163 Bioinformatics, CB 7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7030 (email@example.com).
Understanding and Preventing Transmission of Healthcare-Associated Pathogens Due to the Contaminated Hospital Environment: Created on April 11th, 2013. Last Modified on April 11th, 2013
Fill in the form below for basic site access (commenting, etc).
Looking for more? Become a CIRI Member... | <urn:uuid:4690ecf4-9b1e-429b-b825-4f8eb1593d89> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.ciriscience.org/a_353-Understanding-and-Preventing-Transmission-of-Healthcare-Associated-Pathogens-Due-to-the-Contaminated-Hospital-Environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998986.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619123854-20190619145854-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.894344 | 514 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Most people think of sharks as ferocious predators that are roaming the depths looking for their next kill, and for the most part, they’re right. Sharks, however, are very complex creatures that do not fully deserve their reputation as mindless killers. These beautiful and diverse creatures have been around for millions of years and they will most likely be around for millions of years after we’re gone if we don’t somehow manage to hunt them to extinction. We feel that most people don’t really know much about sharks so we’ve put together a list of the ten most interesting facts about sharks to educate people on these majestic creatures.
10Sharks have cartilage instead of bones
Sharks have a unique body structure made up of cartilage. Therefore, sharks are cartilaginous fish, which means that their body structure is made up not of bone, like most creatures, but of a peculiar type of cartilage. Unlike most other fish, which have a bony body structure, sharks’ fins are incapable of changing shape or folding alongside their bodies. Despite them lacking a bony skeleton though, sharks are categorized alongside other vertebrates in the Phylum Chordata, and subphylum class. | <urn:uuid:80b0282b-2eed-4bc8-a4db-a08f9246a29c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.peimag.com/top-10-most-interesting-facts-about-sharks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662525507.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519042059-20220519072059-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.950109 | 250 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Presenting data in English
Presenting data in English.
Presenting data in English in meetings can be boring if you repeat the same vocabulary many times (e.g. increase, decrease, go up, go down).
And this will definitely make your audience disconnect.
So help your audience by keeping it interesting and using a variety of vocabulary.
?? Here are some tips and phrases from our training to help you present data in English:
✅ Introduce and give context
✅ Referring to a point
✅ Move from point to point
✅ Describing: Go up quickly/slowly
✅ Describing: Go down quickly/slowly
✅ Describing: Maintain the same level
✅ Describing: Recovery
✅ Describing: Reach a high/low point
✅ Describing: current and future trends
Want more? Try this useful post ‘Presenting and explaining a technical idea in English’.
? Desbloquea la confianza en inglés más rápido dentro de tu empresa practicando con simulaciones online.
Solicitar demo de workshops + práctica con simulaciones online.
? Unblock speaking confidence in English faster in your company by practising online simulations.
Ask for a demo of ‘workshops + practice in online simulations’.
The English Training Company
www. englishtco. com | <urn:uuid:122bef92-35cf-46b7-aadb-bd12bbadb83e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.englishtco.com/presenting-data-in-english-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506658.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924155422-20230924185422-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.683484 | 316 | 2.640625 | 3 |
October 07, 2001
Why is Size Distribution Important?
Q: "Why is Size Distribution important?"
A: Almost every network analysis tool has a graph or table displaying the size of packets grouped into a distribution of size ranges. These displays show the total number of frames or bytes, and help to provide an analysis of traffic patterns over time. As traffic pattern sizes change, the size distribution display will show the severity of the change.
During a file transfer, the smallest distribution and largest distribution packet values should be relative to each other. That's because the large packets during the file transfer are acknowledged by the receiving station. If you're using a protocol to transfer the file that doesn't require acknowledgements, then you won't see this pattern in the size distribution table.
But how can the size distribution display provide assistance? Examine packet size distributions during `normal' network activity in the size distribution display. File transfers and backups can change the perspective of network traffic, and the size distribution can provide feedback on network efficiency. If a backup or file transfer is active, the number of the largest and smallest distributions should increase in response to the large number of data frames and acknowledgements. If the 1024-1518 sized packets aren't increasing with large data transfers, then the maximum packet sizes may need to be optimized.
Posted by james_messer at October 7, 2001 05:53 PM | <urn:uuid:a10c0b52-b9fa-4729-8090-af805278b88f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.networkuptime.com/archives/2001/10/why_is_size_dis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380037.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00179-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907508 | 283 | 3.25 | 3 |
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Copied from The Fence post Breeder’s Collection 2010)
NOTE: You will be asked about this in your interview!
Horses need energy, protein,k vitamins, minerals and roughage, but probably the most overlooked element in horse rations is water, said Gary Stauffer, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Educator in Holt County.
“A good a rule of thumb is that your horse will drink about a gallon of water a day for every hundred pounds of body weight,” Stauffer said. “On a hot summer day, that number might double, but they tend to drink a little bit less in the winter.”
Here at Sundance Trail, we ALWAYS allow horse to drink as much water as they wish – at any time. We NEVER restrict horses’ access to water – EVER. The old rule that cold water can colic a horse is an old wive’s tale! However, a major source of obstructive colic is dehydration! Do NOT let your horse get dry!
He said that the most important thing an owner needs to know about his or her horse is how much it weighs. An idle horse will eat 1-1/2 to 2 percent of its body weight in dry matter per day. Growing horses and lactating brood mares might approach 2-1/1 to 3 percent. Hard-working horses might require 1-3/4 percent to 2-1/2 percent, up to 2 or 3 percent for intense work.
For horse owners who don’t have a scale available, some feed companies have weight tapes that go around the horse’s heart girth, Stauffer said. That’s about where the cinch goes around the saddle, so it would be behind the elbows and over the withers, “just the total circumference around the horse’s barrel.” Stauffer said any tape measure would work.
To figure the horse’s weight, multiply the heart girth in inches times itself. Multiply that number by the body length in inches, from the point of the shoulder horizontally to the rear of the quarter, and divide by 330. The result will be the horse’s approximate weight in pounds.
“So it’s heartgirth times heartgirth times body length divided by 330,” Stauffer said.
Once the owner knows the horse is getting enough food, the next question is whether it’s the right kind. Horses need protein, energy, vitamins and minerals in their rations, Stauffer said. Energy is fuel for the horse. Protein build bones and muscles and tissues. Minerals, too, are especially important for bone growth.
To determine if the horse is getting an appropriate ration, monitor its body condition. Horses are scored from one to nine. Ones are very thin. Nines are very obese. Horses should be in the middle at about a five. You ought to be able to feel a horse’s ribs with your fingers, but not be able to see its ribs with your eyes.
Protein is the most expensive thing in horse rations, so keep that level just at the point where it meets all the requirements, but doesn’t exceed them a lot. Protein, if fed to excess, is converted into energy and that’s a very expensive form of energy. If the horse is used for very strenuous events, the process of breaking down protein creates body heat, which is a disadvantage to an athlete.
The most important minerals to consider are calcium and phosphorus. If they’re deficient, the horse will have poor feet, legs and bone structure. Calcium should be higher in the ratio than phosphorus.
Horses also need salt. Stauffer advised free-choice salt or maybe a trace-mineralized salt.
A lot of times, horses can live on roughage alone. Stauffer said that people tend to feed more grain than horses need. A good rule of thumb is at least 50 percent of the horse’s ration ought to be roughage. A hard-working horse might need some grain in its ration, but horses should receive at least 1 percent of their body weight in roughage every day.
Dude Ranch Horse
Measure horse from point of chest to point of croup in inches (length of horse).
Measure horse’s circumference or heartgirth in inches.
Calculate weight by the following: (heartgirth x heartgirth x length/300) + 50 = weight.
If the Heartgirth is 70″ and the Length is 65″
Step #1: 70″ x 70″ x 65″ = 318,000
Step #2: Divide 318,000 by 300 = 1061.6
Step #3: Then 1061.6 + 50 = 1111.6
Horse weighs approximately 1111 pounds (plus or minus 3%) | <urn:uuid:b89547b1-8efb-40e6-a305-51b0d6a038cf> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.sundancetrail.com/staff/dude-ranch-jobs-staff-orientation-articles/water-weight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445291.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00248-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945591 | 1,038 | 2.953125 | 3 |
New science suggests that the brain signaling response that occurs when watching activity such as sports or dance on television engages muscles used to participate in the activity. For those of us looking to learn something complex like Ballroom dancing or even the latest Zumba routines, this is amazing news.
Muscles depend on muscle memory, which is to say that the more times the brain tells the muscle to complete a specific action, the better the muscle will become at responding to those signals. Imagine spending your regular evening of watching activity like "Dancing With the Stars" knowing that every time you tense up imagining yourself doing that sexy swing, tango or salsa move, your body is actually preparing to learn to do it.
This should take much of the fear out of taking a new class, you will have prepared your mind and body to learn the skill. Watching activity can also stimulate your desire to actually get out there and do it. The more comfortable you become with the idea of picking up a new skill, and the more excitement you build up by watching with an engaged mind and body, the more likely you will be to overcome any barriers to exercise.
This mind-body connection has been suspected of working both ways, studies have suggested that actively exercising people who are mentally engaged have more efficient muscle response. The mind is a powerful weapon in the battle of the bulge. Put your mind in the game, and hopefully your body will soon follow. Keep on dreaming of gliding across the floor in the arms of an amazing dance partner, or making the amazing game winning shot.
Live a more active life both mentally and physically and achieve both better health and a more rewarding life complete with all of the benefits that only those who go beyond watching activity can experience.
Joan Raymond(2012 April 4).Watching Dance Makes Your Muscles Think They're Grooving. Retrieved April 4 from http://bodyodd.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/04/10985679-watching-dance-makes-your-muscles-think-theyre-grooving | <urn:uuid:1c79efbf-a8ae-44a5-a21d-9a0a16023b07> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.workouthealthy.com/blog-can-watching-activity-help-you-become-more-active | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585265.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019105138-20211019135138-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.942102 | 424 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Here you will find historical photos in chronological order. Newest material is at the top. Older towards the bottom.
History of the United States
2017 – Goggles designed to help the blind see.
2016 – Self Tying Shoes
2015 – Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality headsets becoming common.
2014 – Bionic hands make a great leap forward in development.
2014 – The amount of planets we have discovered this year is greater than all others combined.
2014 – App created to translate languages in real time.
2014 – Green Screen technology makes serious advances.
2014 – Bathroom stalls with Smart Glass developed.
2014 – Chemicals developed to resist liquid.
2014 – Astronaut took the first “selfie” in space.
2014 – new technology
2014 – Shanghai between 1987 and now
December 6, 2013 (World War II) – More than 72 years after the Nazi bombing of Belgrade during WWII, this high explosive demolition bomb (1000kg/2200lb) was found under one old building located downtown.
2012 – U.S. import and export routes for beef
October 31, 2010 (Korean War) -A North Korean man waves his hand as a South Korean relative weeps, following a luncheon meeting during inter-Korean temporary family reunions at Mount Kumgang resort October 31, 2010. Four hundred and thirty-six South Koreans were allowed to spend three days in North Korea to meet their 97 North Korean relatives, whom they had been separated from since the 1950-53 war.
October 1, 1999 – Russian troops began the campaign ended the de facto independence of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and restored Russian federal control over the territory.
June 5, 1989 (Cold War) – The incident took place near Tiananmen on Chang’an Avenue , which runs east-west along the south end of the Forbidden City in Beijing, on June 5, 1989, one day after the Chinese government’s violent crackdown on the Tiananmen protests. The man stood in the middle of the wide avenue, directly in the path of a column of approaching Type 59 tanks to prevent them from reaching the large crowds of people protesting.
1988 (Cold War) – The U.S.S.R. launched an unmanned space shuttle named “Buran” and was successful. A 1993 flight was scheduled, but since the U.S.S.R. collapsed in 1991 the space program was mothballed. In 2001 Russia was thinking about reviving the program, but the hanger housing “Buran” collapsed inward and smashed the shuttle. Here is replica of that shuttle for tourists visiting Russia.
1980 (Cold War) – After 7 years in development the M1 Abrams makes its appearance on a world level.
August 1963 (U.S. Civil Rights Movement) – Martin Luther King, Jr. raised his arms as he addressed the crowd in his “I Have a Dream” speech. His performance there, and the subsequent photos of the crowds and his address, were a turning point in the blossoming civil rights movement.
1963 (U.S. Civil Rights Movement) – Harry Belafonte and Martin Luther King Jr. Belafonte supported the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and was one of Martin Luther King Jr.‘s confidants. He provided for King’s family, since King made only $8,000 a year as a preacher. Like many other civil rights activists, Belafonte was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. He bailed King out of Birmingham City Jail and raised thousands of dollars to release other civil rights protesters. He financed the Freedom Rides, supportedvoter registration drives, and helped to organize the March on Washington in 1963. Harry Belafonte was also a singer and songwriter. Want to here him? Click HERE.
April 1961 (Cold War) – A group of captured U.S.-backed Cuban exiles, known as Brigade 2506, being lined up by Fidel Castro’s soldiers at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), Cuba, following an unsuccessful invasion of the island.
May 1, 1960 (Cold War) – The Soviet Union shot down a U-2 reconnaissance plane flown by Francis Gary Powers. Powers parachuted to safety, but he was apprehended by Soviet authorities. Under questioning, Powers admitted that he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency, and that his mission was to gather intelligence on the Soviet Union. The ensuing diplomatic mess was an embarrassment to the United States, and it led to the scuttling of a long-planned conference between Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
1948 – Perhaps the most famous incorrect headline in history, the Chicago Tribune printed early editions of that day’s issue saying that Harry Truman had lost the presidential election in order to make their deadlines. Their Washington correspondent, as well as conventional wisdom, assumed Truman would lose. However, Truman pulled ahead and won, making the papers inaccurate and leading to this classic image of a newly minted president showing the dangers of sloppy journalism.
September 1947 – From left, Thelonious Monk, Howard McGhee, Roy Eldridge, and Teddy Hill,Minton’s Playhouse, New York, N.Y. Thelonious Monk is the second-most recorded jazz composer afterDuke Ellington. Want to hear Monk’s work? Click Here
1946 – Mugshot of Tokyo Rose
May 20, 1920 (World History)- The nine kings in Windsor Castle due to the funeral of Edward VII of the United Kingdom. From left to right is King Haakon VII of Norway, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King Manuel II of Portugal, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King George I of Greece and King Albert I of Belgium. Seated, from left to right: King Alfonso XIII of Spain, King George V of Britain and King Frederick VIII of Denmark.
1915 (World War I) – RMS Olympic, the Titanic’s sister ship, in wartime camouflage.
1915 (World War I) – Troops heading back through what was once their home city.
1915 (World War I) – This bi-plane lost a battle against a zeppelin (airship), but as you can see, even if you survey your plane being shot up you still need to figure out how to land and the trees of Europe killed a lot of pilots.
1913 (World History)- Archaeologists take this bust of Nefertiti home to Germany. At this point its about 3,300 years old. As of January 2014 the country of Egypt is still trying to get it back. Germany is claiming its too delicate to move.
April 1912 (Science) – This is believed to be the last known photo taken of the R.M.S. Titanic before it was sunk.
1799 (World History) – The “Rosetta Stone” was discovered. Its named after the area it was found in. The reason its such an important piece of history is not because it was simply made in 196 B.C.E., but because it has both Greek and Hieroglyphics. This gave archaeologists cause to believe this stone would allow people to translate ancient texts from Egypt. The stone is still trying to be translated. | <urn:uuid:1edbd3f2-e3e0-442c-811f-f4cd648c7215> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://mrtylerslessons.com/photo-timeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.950641 | 1,510 | 2.578125 | 3 |
WASHINGTON – The White House proposed strict limits on greenhouse gas emissions from new power plants Friday but pledged to work with Maine and other states already in the carbon-regulation business as the Obama administration decides how to target older facilities.
The administration’s plan to regulate carbon dioxide emissions is unlikely to have any immediate impacts on Maine because there are no major power plants under development in the state. The rules will apply to both natural gas-fired and coal-fired power plants but will be most costly for coal plants, which will require expensive technology to capture carbon emissions.
But the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plans to propose emissions standards for existing power plants by next June. As the EPA develops those standards, the agency will consult with the nine Northeastern and mid-Atlantic states that have been regulating power plants’ greenhouse gas emissions for five years.
“Those conversations with states are just starting, and they will continue in more depth as EPA develops carbon pollution reduction guidelines for existing plants,” the EPA said in a statement Friday. “The president and the (EPA) administrator are very aware of the ground-breaking work being done at the state and local level to reduce carbon emissions. The agency will seek to build on that work.”
The Northeastern program, known as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, or RGGI, is a market-based approach to regulation. RGGI capped carbon dioxide emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels and then required the plants to purchase credits for each ton of carbon the facilities emit. The credits are then traded on a carbon market like other commodities.
Carbon dioxide emissions are down 35 percent from the initial benchmark for the RGGI states. Proceeds from the sales of carbon credits, or offsets, has generated roughly $1.4 billion for the states. In Maine, that money is funneled largely into energy efficiency, conservation and weatherization programs.
Those involved in RGGI in Maine – both from government and industry – said they hope the EPA will take the program into account as it considers standards for existing facilities.
“We would anticipate and hope that the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative program will satisfy some of those requirements, if not all,” said Marc Cone, director of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection’s Bureau of Air Quality. Cone said his office received a request Thursday for a meeting with EPA officials to discuss the issue.
David Littell, a commissioner of the Maine Public Utilities Commission who is vice chairman of the RGGI board of directors, said it is “likely but not certain” that what the RGGI states are doing now will be consistent with the EPA’s rules. What is clear, Littell said, is that the Obama administration plans to build upon RGGI and a similar program in Western states.
The EPA said Friday that any regulation of existing power plants will be less stringent than the standards for new coal- or gas-fired facilities and would be “flexible, account for regional diversity” and allow the U.S. “to continue utilizing every fuel source available.”
Six power plants in Maine are currently regulated under RGGI: Wyman’s Station in Yarmouth, Independence Energy in Veazie, Westbrook Energy Center, Rumford Power, and the co-generation plants operated by Verso Paper in Bucksport and Jay.
Verso spokesman Bill Cohen said that, at first blush, the EPA’s pending rules would likely have “minimal impact on us because we have already made a lot of these changes.” Verso’s Bucksport facility has cut greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent since 1994 while increasing electricity generation by 50 percent, Cohen said.
Verso also generates 65 percent of its on-site energy at its three mills — in Bucksport, Jay and Quinnesec, Mich. — from carbon-neutral woody biomass, he said. Bucksport and Jay also burn natural gas.
Cone and Littell said the EPA’s emissions limits on new power plants in other states will also improve air quality in Maine because the state is on the receiving end of pollution from upwind states.
Maine environmental groups cheered the EPA’s decision.
“It makes no sense to allow power plants to spew unlimited amounts of carbon pollution into the air,” Jeff Seyler, president and CEO of the American Lung Association of the Northeast, said in a statement. “The buildup of carbon pollution creates warmer temperatures, which then create more ozone — also called smog. More smog means more childhood asthma attacks and more complications for people with lung or heart disease. It’s a deadly cycle.”
Lisa Pohlmann, executive director of the Natural Resources Council of Maine, said Maine is already seeing the impacts of a warming climate, such as Lyme disease-carrying ticks spreading farther north and changes in commercial fisheries.
“We certainly think RGGI provides a model for what should happen in the rest of the country,” Pohlmann said.
Kevin Miller can be contacted at (207) 317-6256 or at: | <urn:uuid:04d4b925-02b0-42e6-9e86-8b01beb35e30> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.pressherald.com/2013/09/21/northeast-has-a-head-start-on-emissions_2013-09-21/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00160-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941109 | 1,071 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Weâve long known that garbage piled up on landfills weep and leak methane gas. Its even harvested and being put to use in many places. Researchers had a hard time figuring out why â because landfills do not start out as a friendly environment for the organisms that produce methane.
The Very Large Unmanaged Mexico City Landfill. Its a huge resource waiting for use.
Now new research from North Carolina State University points to one species of microbe that is paving the way for other methane producers. The starting bug has been found. That opens the door to engineering better landfills with better production management. Imagine a landfill with real economic prospects beyond getting the trash out of sight.
The NCSU researchers found that an anaerobic bacterium called Methanosarcina barkeri appears to be the key microbe.
Methanosarcine Barkeri Colony Culture.
Dr. Francis de los Reyes, an associate professor of civil engineering at NC State and co-author of a paper describing the research explains how the research got its start, âLandfills receive a wide variety of solid waste, and that waste generally starts out with a fairly low pH level. The low pH level makes it difficult for most methanogens â methane-producing organisms â to survive. We started this project in hopes of better understanding the mechanism that raises the pH level in landfills, fostering the growth of methanogens.â
What the NCSU researchers found was M. barkeri â a hearty methanogen that can survive at low pH levels. M. barkeriâs role is to consume the acids in its environment, producing methane and increasing the pH levels in its immediate area. This, in turn, makes that area more amenable for other methanogens.
Simplified Landfill Diagram.
Water; usually a problem to keep out of landfills â is key. As the moisture leaches through the landfill, it spreads those high pH levels â making other parts of the landfill habitable for M. barkeri and other methane-producing microbes. M. barkeri then moves in and repeats the process, leaving neutral pH levels â and healthy populations of other methanogens â in its wake.
M. barkeri and its methanogen cousins produce large quantities of methane, and as methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, landfill methane leaks could be bad news for the environment. Methane can be, and often is, collected at landfill sites and used for power generation. With the NCSU research the basic tool to exploit problem is available opening the door to much more and better exploitation.
Another payoff is the methanogens break down the solid organic waste as they go, compacting it so that it takes up less space. If the research gets to the obvious end, landfills themselves might be mined for the inorganics matrerials and then reused again. That would be a huge relief for everyone with a moment to think about it.
It may well happen more quickly as Dr. de los Reyes explains, âThe research community can use our findings to explore ways of accelerating the methane-generation process creating methane more quickly for power generation, and making additional room in the landfill for waste disposal.â
Hereâs the paperâs title and link. âEffect of Spatial Differences in Microbial Activity, pH, and Substrate Levels on Methanogenesis Initiation in Refuse,â will be published in the April issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology. The paper was co-authored by Dr. Bryan Staley, who did the work while a Ph.D. student at NCSU; de los Reyes; and Dr. Morton Barlaz, professor and department head of civil, construction and environmental engineering at NCSU.
Waste Management, Inc. and the Environmental Research and Education Foundation funded the research. For that, and the expectation that cleaning up will look like a better more earth friendly thing to do, we are thankful. Keep those funds coming and lets hopes the technology gets to work quickly. Your humble writer finds landfills necessary but dreadful necessities that deserve a path to productivity.
By. Brian Westenhaus | <urn:uuid:4469a40f-1861-42d2-a1ac-19b4cd248ac4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Bug-That-Produces-Methane-Gas-In-Landfills-Has-Been-Found.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.908802 | 878 | 3.671875 | 4 |
What causes breathlessness?
Breathlessness is a symptom, and there are many possible underlying causes.
The 4 main causes are:
There are other reasons too.
If you get breathless every day, you might be diagnosed with one of these causes. Often there’s more than one. And others can develop over time. If you notice changes in your breathing, tell your doctor. Conditions that cause long-term breathlessness can often be treated but some cannot be fully reversed.
Lung conditions cause breathlessness in different ways. Some conditions cause the airways to become inflamed and narrowed, or fill the airways with phlegm, so it’s harder for air to move in and out of the lungs. Others make the lungs stiff and less elastic so it’s harder for them to expand and fill with air.
Lung conditions that cause long-term (chronic) breathlessness include:
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- interstitial lung disease (ILD), including pulmonary fibrosis
- industrial or occupational lung diseases such as asbestosis, which is caused by being exposed to asbestos
- lung cancer
Some lung conditions can also cause short-term (acute) breathlessness. These include:
- a flare-up of asthma or COPD
- a pulmonary embolism or blood clot on the lung
- a lung infection such as pneumonia or tuberculosis
- a pneumothorax or collapsed lung
- a build-up of fluid in your lungs or the lining of your lungs – this might be because your heart is failing to pump efficiently or may be because of liver disease, cancer or infection
Some people may experience long-term breathlessness due to heart failure. This can be due to problems with the rhythm, valves or cardiac muscles of the heart. Heart failure can cause breathlessness because the heart is not able to increase its pumping strength in response to exercise, or because the lungs become congested and filled with fluid. Often this is worse when lying flat so breathlessness due to heart failure can be worse at night or when asleep.
Heart conditions that cause acute breathlessness include:
- a heart attack
- an abnormal heart rhythm. You might feel your heart misses beats or you might experience palpitations
Find out more on the British Heart Foundation website
Some people feel short of breath when they’re anxious or afraid. This is a normal response by your body to what you think is a stressful situation – your body is preparing for action. As you get more anxious, you may start to breathe faster and tense your breathing muscles.
Your physical health can also impact on your mental health, especially if you are living with a lung condition. You might get anxious if you don’t feel in control of your condition. And if you have a condition, you may have symptoms that make you feel anxious. Sometimes the symptoms - like breathlessness, tightness in your chest or getting tired very easily - are similar to feelings of anxiety.
When your body’s normal response is exaggerated, you get a rapid build-up of physical responses. This is a panic attack. As your body tries to take in more oxygen, your breathing quickens. Your body also releases hormones so your heart beats faster and your muscles tense.
During a panic attack, you might feel you can’t breathe and:
- have a pounding heart
- feel faint
- feel sick
have shaky limbs
feel you’re not connected to your body
Panic attacks can be very frightening if you feel you can’t breathe.
When we are unfit, our muscles get weaker. This includes the muscles we use to breathe. Weaker muscles need more oxygen to work, so the weaker our muscles, the more breathless we feel.
Being an unhealthy weight can also make us feel breathless.
- If you’re underweight, your breathing muscles will be weaker.
- If you’re overweight, it takes more effort to breathe and move around. Having more weight around the chest and abdomen restricts how much your lungs can move. If you have a body mass index of 25 or more, you’re more likely to get breathless compared to people with a healthy weight.
People who are severely overweight can develop obesity hypoventilation syndrome. This is when poor breathing leads to lower oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide levels in their blood.
Other causes of long-term breathlessness include:
- conditions that affect how your muscles work, such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis or motor neurone disease
- postural conditions that alter the shape of your spine, and affect how your ribs and how your lungs expand. For example scoliosis and kyphosis
- anaemia, when a lack of iron in the body leads to few red blood cells
- kidney disease
- thyroid disease
Getting out of breath can be very frightening. You may feel anxious about it or feel embarrassed about other people seeing. The good news is that you can get help. You can make a plan with your doctor to manage your breathlessness. You can learn control your breathing.
As long as it works, we all take breathing for granted. I am now aware of every breath I take and of its own quality. I have a great group of professionals around to help me and I am well supported by my family.” Chris, was diagnosed with COPD over ten years ago.
Find out how breathlessness is diagnosed and what happens when you see your doctor.
Are there treatments for breathlessness?
Read about what type of treatments are available to control your breathlessness | <urn:uuid:b3d01848-47bb-46da-9013-2658c75761c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.blf.org.uk/support-for-you/breathlessness/causes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.931333 | 1,173 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Best known for the Yin Yang symbol and the art of Tai Chi, Taoism is an ancient Chinese religion based upon the 6th Century writings of Lao Tzu, recorded in the Dao De Jing. There are two strands of Taoism – Philosophical Taoism and Religious Taoism. As Naturalistic Pantheists, it is the first strand – philosophy, which we can learn the most from.
The key figures in Philosophical Taoism are Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. Lao Tzu wrote the Dao De Jing, a short book of 81 verses which sets out how to live life well and in line with the Tao/ Dao. The literal meaning of it is the book (jing) of the way (dao) of virtue (de). After the Bible, it is the second most translated book in the world. Common themes and symbols in the book include being a ruler or sage, the concept of Wu Wei and living simply and in harmony with the Universe/ Dao.
Taoism is based on close observation of the patterns of change in ourselves and the natural world. These patterns are part of what is meant by the concept of “Dao” and only by studying nature can one learn how to live in harmony with it. In this way, Taoism is pro-science and pro-empiricism.
So what exactly is the Dao? The Dao De Jing opening line says “The Dao that can be spoken of is not the eternal Dao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name.” If the Dao could be defined it would not be the Dao. Yes, thats helpful I know. The word Dao, literally means “way” or “path.” It could be defined as “the way things are” or “the way things work” in Nature, however it is much more than this. The Dao is essentially ultimate reality. It is the principle behind the universe. It is an expression for the profound unity of the universe and it is the relationships between all the many pieces of the universe. It is the universe and how it works – Nature and its patterns. It is everywhere and flows through everything. It is everything. It is also the pattern by which we should live our lives. It is all these things and more – it is the ultimate, mystery that can only be experienced not described.
Philosophical Taoism calls for people to live a life of simplicity, inner peace, humility and compassion, revering and learning from Nature. A key concept in Taoism is the idea of “Wu Wei.” The literal translation of this is “non-action” but its true meaning is closer to “effortless action” or “spontaneous action.” The idea is not to strive or tamper or seek to control, but to have few desires and to live as much as possible in a state of P’u (original childlike simplicity), following the Dao and unencumbered by social institutions and ideas. We are not to exert our will against the Dao, other people or the situations of life, but to “go with the flow” and let things take their natural course. To live a life in line with the Dao would mean to live a simple and humble life, not chasing after wealth, fame or power, but being content with what we have in the present. It would mean having no fixed goals and no expectations of people or situations. It would mean realising that we don’t control the world and accepting things, relaxing and being adaptable rather than controlling or judgemental. It would mean realising the difference between what our true needs are and what needs we have invented, and paring back our lives to the most important things – the basics.
Another important concept in Taoism is water. Water is a powerful symbol because it is a symbol of Yin. It is weak, soft and humble and yet it has the power to overcome even the hardest thing. It is adaptable, always seeking the lowest place, yet it gives life to all. The wise sage in Taoism must seek to be like water.
A final interesting aspect of Taoism that we can learn from as Pantheists is the Taoist emphasis on longevity and health. Taoists emphasise our current lives rather than looking to any afterlife. They want to enjoy life now, live every moment in a long and healthy life. They have created many practices for this, but perhaps the best known, and one which science is beginning to acknowledge as beneficial is the practice of Tai Chi. An ancient martial art, practicing this regularly can bring many health benefits including confidence, inner calm, fitness, flexibility, balance, strength, mental focus and mindfulness. It also allows a deeper understanding of the philosophy behind Taoism.
Below are two videos – the first explaining Taoism and the second quoting from the Dao De Jing. Enjoy… | <urn:uuid:eac5abef-0be2-4454-a857-2f788c8ba332> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://naturalpantheist.wordpress.com/2012/08/18/naturalistic-pantheism-and-philosophical-taoism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133449.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824101532-20170824121532-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.968924 | 1,033 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Annals of Health Law
STRATEGY AGAINST SMOKING
years. 70 Both call for additional and innovative measures.
This section provides some groundwork for the development of the new
model by first outlining the critical period of smoking initiation, second
discussing the challenges of smoking cessation, third identifying relevant
insights from behavioral economics, and fourth dealing with the
fundamental question of whether paying for non-smoking is a desirable
A. Critical Period of Smoking initiation
Becoming a regular smoker is a process that usually takes time. The
initiation phase begins with early experimentation and use, which is nearly
always undertaken in a social context and progresses to a higher level of
smoking experience. 71 In HICs, the experimentation typically occurs
between the ages of ten to twenty-four years, whereas it is deemed highly
unlikely that people who never smoked start experimenting after the age of
twenty-four years. 72 In the United States, for instance, 88.2% of all adults
who had ever smoked cigarettes daily had tried their first cigarette by the
time they were eighteen years old; another 10.8% did so by age twenty-
six. 73 The chances of transitioning to a daily smoking habit after the age of
twenty-six are less than four percent. 74 The peak years for smoking
initiation appear to be between the ages of eleven and thirteen. 75 Starting
early is particularly dangerous, as adolescents tend to falsely assess the
risks of smoking. 76 Not surprisingly, the probability of ultimately becoming
70. CDC, supra note 7, at 109.
71. Won S. Choi, Elizabeth A. Gilpin, Arthur J. Farkas et al., Determining the
Probability of Future Smoking Among Adolescents, 96 ADDICTION 313 passim (2001); John
P. Pierce, Victoria M. White, Sherry L. Emery, What Public Health Strategies are Needed to
Reduce Smoking Initiation?, 21 TOBACCO CONTROL 258, 258-259 (2012) [hereinafter
Strategies]; John P. Pierce, Janet M. Distefan, Robert M. Kaplan et al., The Role of Curiosity
in Smoking Initiation, 30 ADDICT. BEHAV. 685 passim (2005)
72. Stategies, supra note 71, at 259; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, REGIONAL
STRATEGY FOR TOBACCO CONTROL 12-13 (2005). See also Thomas J. Glynn, Peter
Greenwald, Sherry M. Mills et al., Youth Tobacco use in the United States? Problems,
Progress, Goals, and Potential Solutions, 22 PREV. MED. 568, 571 (1993).
73. U.S. DEP’T. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, PREVENTING TOBACCO USE AMONG
YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS: A REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL 134 (2012).
74. Id. at 134-35.
75. LLOYD D. JOHNSTON, PATRICK M. O’MALLEY, JERALD G. BACHMAN ET AL.,
MONITORING THE FUTURE – NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON DRUG USE, 1975-2007, VOLUME
I – SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS 271, 282 (2008).
76. SeeCOMMITTEE ONREDUCINGTOBACCOUSE:STRATEGIES,BARRIERS, AND
CONSEQUENCES, ENDING THE TOBACCO PROBLEM: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE NATION 89-93 | <urn:uuid:02ff4dff-5d36-4a5f-92ae-574a3ec29b50> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.annalsofhealthlaw.com/annalsofhealthlaw/vol_22_issue_1?pg=113 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247500089.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221051342-20190221073342-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.841991 | 775 | 2.625 | 3 |
South Sudan's civil war started in mid-December 2013, and political efforts so far have failed to bring an end to the conflict. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported a cholera outbreak in South Sudan with more than 1,210 cholera cases, including 39 deaths, recorded so far. Most of the cases have been reported in Juba and Bor counties, reported UN Deputy Spokesperson Farhan Haq.
Haq said, "In response to the outbreak, health partners have set up cholera treatment centers and oral dehydration points in both the counties, and are conducting cholera prevention activities, including hygiene promotion and improvement of access to safe drinking water."
AdvertisementUnited Nations (UN) humanitarian aid chief Stephen O'Brien is scheduled to arrive in the country on a four-day visit.
PIndian Pharmaceutical Company Faces Heat From Health Regulatory Authorities In The US Treating H. Pylori Infection With Anti-Ulcer Drug can Prevent Gastric Cancer M
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:64a14f64-3977-441c-8ef4-10408de72ef4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/cholera-outbreak-in-south-sudan-most-cases-in-juba-and-bor-counties-who-151341-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00082-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932809 | 208 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cancer Blood Test Improves Therapy13 years, 11 months ago
Posted on Feb 10, 2005, 4 a.m.
By Bill Freeman
Researchers now say breast cancer is not one disease, but many different diseases. Even when tumors are classified together based on their appearance, they can act differently because of different genetic makeup. Only recently have researchers begun to understand this and to use it in predicting how a disease will progress.
HER2 DISEASE: HER-2-positive disease is one type of breast cancer. Characterized by aggressive growth and a poor prognosis, it is caused by the presence of excessive numbers of a gene called HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) in tumor cells. In about 25 percent of women with advanced breast cancer, there is a genetic alteration in the HER-2 gene that produces an increased amount of the growth factor receptor protein on the tumor cell surface. This overexpression can cause cells to divide, multiply and grow more rapidly than normal. Research has shown that women with HER-2 positive advanced breast cancer have a more aggressive disease, greater likelihood of recurrence, poorer prognosis and approximately half the life expectancy of women with HER-2- negative breast cancer. | <urn:uuid:582856a6-5bdc-4fed-8597-3a4c8dd78c66> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.worldhealth.net/news/cancer_blood_test_improves_therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583857913.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122140606-20190122162606-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.94738 | 251 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Definition of snob in English:
- He's a snob, a social climber and a misogynist, really a very unpleasant man.
- The nice thing about your mother is that she doesn't really care what you do, ideally, because some mothers are snobs, and that causes great problems.
- I think they are snobs and do not want to be associated with Swindon.
- They plug into portable devices and laptops, and will impress even insufferable music snobs.
- There is obvious pleasure in exposing wine snobs, even more than Literature snobs.
- What is it with music snobs only being able to appreciate good throwaway pop ten years later?
late 18th century (originally dialect in the sense 'cobbler'): of unknown origin; early senses conveyed a notion of ‘lower status or rank’, later denoting a person seeking to imitate those of superior social standing or wealth. Folk etymology connects the word with Latin sine nobilitate 'without nobility' but the first recorded sense has no connection with this.
There is a long-standing belief that snob has some connection with Latin sine nobilitate ‘without nobility’, abbreviated to s-nob, which then became snob. It is an ingenious theory but highly unlikely, as a snob was first recorded in the late 18th century as a shoemaker or cobbler. The word soon came to be used for any person of humble status or rank—Cambridge undergraduates used the term to mean ‘someone from the town, not a member of the university’, and this in turn led to the broader sense ‘a lower-class person, or a person lacking in good breeding, or good taste’. In time the word came to describe someone who seeks to imitate or give exaggerated respect to people they perceive as superior in social standing or wealth.
- Example sentences
- A lot of alternative music publications and websites share this weird snobbism, it's a way of establishing a little in-crowd.
- Staying here is a luxury in tourist snobbism; you become a temporary resident and those who clamber around the cobbled streets are the outsiders.
- Drinking wine was not a snobbism nor a sign of sophistication nor a cult; it was as natural as eating and to me as necessary.
snobby adjective (snobbier, snobbiest)
- Example sentences
- We all went to this kind of elitist, snobby school, and he was one of our friends.
- Many broadsheet readers are snobby about the tabloid format, simply because it's associated with more downmarket content.
- She recognizes, as I do, that it sounds snobby to talk about law school ranking.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:8642458d-c855-4b66-ac93-d4c497f9fc90> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/snob | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00123-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961943 | 614 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Process for working on vocabulary
1. Look up word and meaning / spelling
In this stage, you are learning and figuring out the basic things relating to the word. You have a word in Dari or Pashto (or whatever language it is) and you want to learn it. So make sure you know the English equivalent and the Pashto. Take a look at the spelling. If you are working from the 625 list, this work will most likely already have been done for you.
2. Check pronunciation and sound it out loud
You can use forvo.com for this, or maybe you know the word already and know how it sounds. Regardless, make sure you say it out loud and be sure that you don't have any problems making the actual sounds. Really take the time to get to know the sound in your ear, using your mouth and so on. If you are still having trouble with the word, mark it down somewhere as something that you'd like to check out and ask a friend who speaks that language to help you with its pronunciation.
3. Make the sound association
I have described this step in my blogpost in much more detail, so refer to the first section on that link for more on this.
The basic idea, however, is to associate the word in English with the word in the target language. Thus, we made sure that the pronunciation was good in step 2, so think about what this word sounds like in English. Some words will be easier than others to 'convert' into images or small chunks, but it is possible with everything.
In Pashto, for example, the word more means mother in English. So to make an association between the two means finding a way to associate this word (which sounds a bit like the English 'more') with its meaning. Thus maybe (and this is what occurs to me on first attempt) you see a mother with a dozen children, all holding out empty bowls in the kitchen, like in Oliver Twist, all asking "more! more!".
As always, none of this has to make sense, but it does have to be memorable. You really have to imagine the scene, hear the sounds of the children, smell the porridge cooking on the stove, feel the fabric of all their clothes pressed up against one another as they bunch up to reach their mother. (And so on). It is worth taking time to make these associations as sensory as possible, because this is what will make the memory and the word stick in your head. Usually, if you take the time to do it properly (however strange it will seem at the beginning), this will go a long way towards cementing it in your brain.
4. Practice / test yourself with Iverson's list method
This is also described on my site [point two on that page] so refer to this for a full description of the method.
Once you've taken the time to make the sound association, write down the list of words that you're learning that day on the page as described in my blogpost. Do one round of translating them. Then during the day, every so often, do another round, translating the words back and forth etc.
Technically, this step is optional, but it really helps so where possible try to find a way that you can fit this into your schedule.
5. Make Anki cards out of the words
This is described elsewhere, and I will probably demonstrate this to you on skype as well so you can see what the exact process is. [Links to help with this step:
- How to use Anki -- includes a number of useful videos tailored to vocabulary learning
- The Gallery -- this includes a link to the 'Model Deck' that you will need to install and use for picture flashcards. Email me if you have questions about this.
It incorporates everything we've done so far -- the spelling of the word, the pronunciation (if you're confident, you can click the target-shaped button to record the sound yourself; otherwise use forvo.com.
Use google images with the Pashto/target-language word to find a unique / memorable image.
At the beginning it sometimes helps to add a short reminder of the association / image you conjured up in your head. You can add this in the "Gender, Personal Connection..." field in Anki.
6. Zero out Anki
You should do this every day. Your settings should be setup such that you don't have hundreds of new cards coming at you every day. Cards don't take much time to review (most people can review 8-10 cards per minute on average) so there isn't much excuse for not doing this each day. You can do this first thing in the morning when you get up (a good routine / habit) or just do it piecemeal throughout the day when you can steal a few minutes here or there. Either way, at the end of the day, there should be no numbers listed on your main Anki screen. It should all be zero/blank. If you stick to this, then you are maximising your recall potential, and you are saving yourself time in the long-run. If you aren't regular about it, then you're sort of shooting yourself in the foot. This is a keystone habit for learning vocabulary, particularly at the beginning stages of learning a new language. Stick to it!
7. OPTIONAL: Practice Stories with Pictures Only
If you are studying via the 625 list, you will note that each set of words comes with an associated picture. All the words can be found in that picture. Once you're a little further along, you will start getting to grips with the relevant grammar for your language, and you'll be able to connect the words for each picture into a real story. So this is a final optional way to practice your recall of the words. Either use a blank version of the 625 list (ask me for a copy of this) or just cover up the words (or print it out and cover it up) and try to tell a story using the words you've just learnt. At the beginning your sentences will be very simple ("This is the sun. This is the moon." etc) but soon enough you'll start adding more complexity and feeling more confident about joining the sentences together in more interesting ways. Ultimately, this is how you'll best learn new words in the intermediate level, but it is excellent at cementing new grammar at the early stages as well.
Note: Some people find that they like to separate out the stage where they add words into Anki. (i.e. stage 5). Most of us have one day in the week when there is less going on (a weekend, for example) and so some people block out an hour or two to add enough words that will suffice for the entire coming week. (In the past, I even took 3 full days to add /. make cards for the full 625 words for the Dutch language!). This way, you can separate out the learning part of the process from the slightly more mundane technical process of finding images, adding them into Anki and so on. This is an entirely personal thing, and what works for one person will not work for another. So try it out and see if it works for you. | <urn:uuid:594f4168-2bba-49d8-9efe-fcc6f6f851a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.alexstrick.com/learning-vocabulary-the-process | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813803.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221202619-20180221222619-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.957348 | 1,503 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Lecithin | INGREDIENTS LIBRARY
The phospholipid lecithin is the main component of human cell membranes. Lecithins in encapsulated form are vesicles that, in addition to their function as a component of the cell membrane, have the ability to transport water-soluble active agents like for example soya extract.
Lecithin is a common natural emulsifier – it helps water and oil blend together. In bread it is used to achieve increased volume and better crust. In addition, chocolate would not be as velvety and smooth as we know it without lecithin.
Lecithin supplies the skin with lipids – on the surface and in the deeper layers of the skin - and makes it smooth and supple. It maintains the cell membranes, facilitating the absorption of healthy nutrients into the cell interior and increasing the defense against free radicals and pollutants. | <urn:uuid:45737ce3-d4a0-41cc-b573-48fe6c95405d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://dalton-cosmetics.my/zh-cn/pages/lecithin-ingredients-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304959.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126162115-20220126192115-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.931367 | 203 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Thursday, November 21, 2013
Comet C/2012 S1 ISON Rides into the Sunrise! 22-29 November 2013
Comet C/2012 S1 ISON continues to brighten, after the first outburst on November 14, it has steadily brightened and is now magnitude 4 or so from creditable reports. This week it finally reaches the Sun after a long trek that began over a thousand years ago.
The comet has survived and brightened for a week, so it is unlikely that it is breaking up, and should make its rendezvous with the Sun. On the 23rd it crosses the orbit of Mercury and may possibly jump in brightness again.
Despite the significant brightening it is difficult to see from Australian sites as it falls deeper into the twilight. Observers in New South Wales, Brisbane and places north have seen ISON in 10x50 binoculars and it has been described as having a star like appearance.Those of us south of around Sydney have little hope of seeing it in the brightening dawn unless there is a signficant increase in brightness.
Here are some nice shots from New South Wales, Brisbane and another from Brisbane.
The comet will get progressively difficult to see and may be lost to sight in Australia anywhere between the 23rd and the 25th (again, providing there isn't a significant increase in brightness in the next few days) .
The comet is to the right the bright star Spica and not far from Mercury on the 22nd, and very close to the horizon at nautical twilight, you may have to wait until after nautical twilight (an hour before sunrise) for the comet to clear the horizon sufficiently to see. There are no obvious bright stars to help guide you to the comet in the twilight, but if you can see Mercury, sweep a bit above and to the left of Mercury from the 23rd on. As the week goes on it comes closer and closer to the Sun so you have to observe closer and closer to sunrise.
We will need to watch the images from spacecraft to see it approach the Sun.
Finally on November 28 the comet is at perihelion, when it zooms just under a solar diameter above the Sun's surface, if it survives this close encounter, the northern hemisphere may see a spectacular tail. We probably won't see anything (those in the Northern Territory might see a bit of tail poking up over the horizon in the morning of the 30th). | <urn:uuid:b0003db7-092d-430c-ad8d-6c712e054491> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2013/11/comet-c2012-s1-ison-rides-into-sunrise.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718987.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956813 | 502 | 2.625 | 3 |
Life is full of transitions. For families of children with disabilities thinking about the future can bring mixed emotions. Some families are just trying to make it through day-to-day challenges and might not feel they have the energy to think about what happens after high school. Others may want to plan for that transition, but are confused by unfamiliar language, complex steps, and the many agencies that may be involved in adult services.
Join us for this FREE 5-week SELF-PACED online course that focuses on providing parent-friendly transition information to help make transition planning easier. This course is designed for parents/caregivers of elementary, middle or high school students that receive special education services, but is open to everyone. The goal is to share factual information on transition services and to help make the transition from school services to the adult services world less confusing.
Topics covered in this course will include:
-What is Transition and Why is it Important?
-Transition Services in the IEP
-Supported Decision Making, Power of Attorney, Guardianship and Age of Majority
-Future planning including Special Needs Trusts, ABLE accounts and Letters of Intent
-Transitioning into Independent Living (employment, further education, housing, etc.)
-Connecting to Your Community and to Adult Services
– and much more!
The course begins June 7, 2020 and will be open until July 20, 2020.
Each session will open on Sunday and be open the remainder of the course.
Sessions contain video content, written content, discussion opportunities and resources. | <urn:uuid:eae4f349-e562-4737-933b-6d0cf41c2466> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://knowdifferent.net/2020/06/01/peatc-summer-2020-transition-university-virtual-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.950903 | 319 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Postural or movement education should be about principles, first and foremost. What are some of the principles of neutral alignment?
- Neutral alignment effectively demands stabilization of itself (as does poor alignment). It is not an imposition or a struggle.
- Neutral alignment poises one segment on top of another, so that each segment is in its highest position. Therefore…
- The least crooked alignment is also the tallest alignment. In other words, we get shorter by getting more crooked.
- The feeling of improved alignment includes the sense that our musculoskeletal system is supporting us, not that we’re trying to hold ourselves up.
- Local body support is vertically organized: in standing, the front of the foot holds up the front of the body, the medial aspect of the leg holds up the midline of the upper body, etc.
I love thinking about how our bodies function in gravity. For me, the most interesting and relevant ideas are those that characterize the feeling of neutrality and harmony in position and movement. | <urn:uuid:6cf1d8e0-e14b-4b35-a8c5-28edb311df9f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.craftedtouch.com/blog/elements-of-poise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.930597 | 210 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Compressed Zip File
Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. How to unzip files.
0.89 MB | 28 pages
This 13 page unit introduces linear measurement to the primary grades. Included are interactive activities to teach standard and non-standard measurement. They use hands, feet and paper clips to measure. There is also a teacher note page with other ideas to teach measurement.
It walks students through:
This mini unit includes:
Two hands on activities including Gallon Man
A Review Worksheet
Primary Weight Activities:
This includes two activities about weight. It also includes estimation. You will need a balance scale and a bath scale to complete it. | <urn:uuid:43a77764-073a-47ac-bcc5-228132a5d33f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Primary-Measurement-Unit-Bundle-1045165 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541220.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00375-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910324 | 147 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Making decisions is important part of life. Good decisions can improve, bad decisions can ruin life. Historically, people have used their intuition to make decisions.
With the improvement of computing and data processing, people have gradually started to use data to measure decision quality and to improve it. In business setting, this is known as business intelligence. Some people are also using it to decide about their personal life.
With the raise of Big Data and AI, data is not only feed to humans to assist them making good decisions, but also AI systems, trained according to goals set by humans, have started to make decisions on their own, either without or with some very limited human involvement.
This all has changed the role of data and increased its value. Suddenly, we have to consider, how our own data is collected and processed. While nobody would mind sharing the fact they are smoking to the whole world only 100 years ago, people today would object against it, because they worry their health insurance company would use this data to make a decision and to increase the insurance fee.
If we want to infuence data-based decisions made about us, we have three ways:
1) not sharing relevant data about us,
2) having law preventing the use our data to make specific decisions, or
3) use our own data and make our own counter-decisions
In the example above, we either
1) stop sharing the fact we’re smoking to the world, or
2) we vote for law makers who will pass a law prohibiting health insurance companies to vary their fee from person to person, or
3) we use the data about the insurance company to find out that the surplus of extra fees gathered from smokers was spent to pay bigger bonuses to the management, and left this company to a competitor. This option would require laws forcing companies and governments to be reasonably transparent about their data, as well as availability of competition on the market.
Now, it is important to understand that data-based decisions don’t need to be always bad for us. As a non-smoker, I like the idea to charge them more than average for health insurance, and as an overweight person I’m ready to pay more than average myself. And I like that people with small income pay much less taxes. And it would be nice if the fee in my wrong parking ticket would consider the fact that in the 99,9% of cases I pay for parking my car. And I have stopped watched TV because I can’t stand this annoying, un-personalized and sometimes insulting advertisement – I really like the advertisements Facebook and Google are showing me.
So, to benefit from this kind of decision making, I need to share my data. Therefore I find it pity that current european law-making in this area is mainly focused on making sharing of data more harder and complicated.
If nobody would share data, nobody would get hurt by some data-based decision. But also nobody would benefit from it. So our digitalization level will remain to be blantantly low and our decisions will still be made by some guts feeling like in the stone age.
I don’t think it is reasonable trying to stop data sharing. They say, when the first cars hit the roads of the cities, and the first car accident deaths happened, the law makers have issued a law requiring a person with a red flag and drums to march in front of the car, to warn people and horses. I could imagine this could prevent deaths efficiently, but this has undermined the whole idea of driving cars.
Today, we as a society have accepted many thousends of car accident deaths and injuries per year, because the benefits cars provide to the people and to the economy have far overweighted the risks. I think, the same process will happen with our data.
We will be sharing our data, in the future, much more than we’re doing it now, willingly or unwilligly, and we will have to learn how to deal with it. Our law today prevents collection and storage of the data. The future law will concentrate instead on regulating the decisions that are being made based on the data, making it is illegal to make unfair decisions, and making the data of the decision-making entities reasonably transparent to the public.
Another issue I want to point out in the current EU legislation is the definition of so-called personal data. As we all know it is the data that identifies or can identify a person. Let’s say, an email address. If a website would store email addresses entered by their users, this information is considered to be personal data and is thoroughly regulated. But what is the risk of storing some email address in some database? If nothing else is stored there, the worst thing that could happen is that somebody would send some spam to this email address, or try to phish corresponding password.
But let’s now say, for instance, besides of the email address we would store the person’s income. Income is not personal data per se, so that no additional regulations would apply in this case. But the risk of abusing or leaking this information is much greater!
Another example: let’s now replace the email with the ip address, so now we have a table of ip addresses and their salaries. According to the German regulators (this is not in the GDPR itself) the ip addresses are personal data. But leaking of this information would lead to virtually no risk. Neither bad web site owners nor hackers have enough capacity to map ip addresses to real persons, at least not in a scalable way for massive amounts of the data. Still, according to the law, this data will be protected in the same way as the data containing email adresses.
My suggestion to that is to abandon the “personal” from the future regulations. There are just data owners, who share their data to somebody else, and this somebody else will have to comply to some set of rules (for example, must disclosure all the data used to make a specific decision), no matter what kind of data has been stored and processed. | <urn:uuid:a9d824c1-5177-4e6d-b35e-71ba91151e2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://maxim.fridental.de/2018/05/20/my-stance-on-privacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151197.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714181325-20200714211325-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.965792 | 1,257 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Rim and Tire StandardsJan Heine
Standards exist mostly to ensure interchangeability of parts. If you need replace one of the bolts that attach the bottle cages on your bike, you can go to any hardware store in the world and buy an M5 bolt. Unless it’s specified otherwise, the threads will have a diameter of 5 mm and a pitch of 0.8 mm. The head will match an 8 mm hex or a 4 mm Allen wrench (or a 3 mm if it’s a cap head). It doesn’t matter whether you’re touring in the U.S., Japan, Europe, or almost anywhere else in the world, you’ll be able to replace that bolt. (There are also standards for the bolt’s strength, which are important if you replace a highly-stressed part, like a handlebar clamp bolt on your stem.)
These standards are defined by different organizations. One of the most important is the International Standards Organization (ISO). There’s also the European Tire and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO) that has defined standards for tires and rims, mostly for cars, but also for bicycles. Today, the ETRTO standards have been adopted by the ISO, so they are international. If you need a new tire for your car, you know that a 205/60 R 15 tire can be replaced with any tire that has the same designation.
The same applies to bicycles. A 38-622 mm tire – what many of us still call a 700C x 38 mm – will fit on any 622 mm (700C) rim that is made to the ERTRO standards. The actual standards are voluminous documents that specify everything from how wide a tire you can fit on a given rim, how tall the hook needs to be (G height), all the way to the radius at the transition from hook to well. The rim makers actually have the easy part of the job: Their rims just need to match the standards. Then it’s up to the tire makers to design tires that fit on all rims that meet the standards. It makes sense: The rim is made from metal or carbon and has dimensions that are easy to specify. The tires are flexible, and it would be difficult to make standards for all different types of tires.
If a component doesn’t match the standards, all bets are off. If the deviation is small, it may work, but there’s no guarantee. For high-performance parts, meeting the standards is especially important. A steel bolt can stretch a bit if the thread pitch is slightly off, but a bolt made from titanium or aluminum may break. The same applies to supple high-performance tires. A stiff tire may stay on an undersized rim, because it holds its shape even without proper support from the rim. A supple tire can lift off the rim in just one short section and blow off.
The most relevant parts of the current standards for performance bikes with tubeless-compatible rims are:
Bead Seat Diameter (BSD; diameter of the rim at the shelf where the tire bead sits):
- 26″ : 559.0 mm
- 650B: 584.1 mm
- 700C: 621.95 mm
- Tolerance: ±0.5 mm
- Rims for tires with tubes: standards for 26″ and 650B are ~0.5 mm smaller. (700C is the same for tubed and tubeless.)
G Height (sidewall height on the inside of the rim):
- Tubeless rims with hooks: 5.5 mm
- Tubeless rims (hookless): 6.0 mm
- Tolerance: ±0.5 mm
These are the latest 2021 standards — much simplified from the past. One thing to remember, too, is that adding tubeless rim tape reduces the G height by 0.2 mm and adds 0.4 mm to the BSD. (The standards are presumably for bare rims.)
What this means in practice:
If the BSD is too large, the tire will be hard or impossible to seat. If the BSD is too small, the tire will fit loosely and can blow off the rim. If the G height is too small, there is not enough support for the tire bead, and the tire can blow off the rim.
Manufacturers rarely list the Bead Seat Diameter and G height of their rims. The assumption is that they are made to the relevant standards. At Rene Herse Cycles, we test a lot of rims to check compatibility of our tires with different rim shapes and models. Below are the measurements of rims we’ve measured recently.
Tire fit depends on both BSD and G height. If the BSD is larger, the tire will fit tightly on the rim, and the G height can be a little smaller. We see this with some carbon rims: The outer diameter of carbon rims is determined by the mold and doesn’t vary much, but both G height and BSD are determined by inserts in the molds. If the inserts sit a bit higher, BSD will be larger and G height a bit smaller. These cases are marked in light red. They usually don’t cause problems.
Values marked in yellow are fine for use with tubes, but not tubeless.
Values that fall clearly outside the standards are marked in orange. As a tire maker, Rene Herse Cycles cannot recommend running rims that don’t meet the standards to which we and everybody else designs their tires. Rene Herse Cycles can’t offer warranty support for tires mounted on rims that don’t meet these standards. This is especially important when mounting tires tubeless. (Tubes provide a reinforcement of the tire/rim interface, which gives you a little more leeway with rim/tire fit.)
Note: If the values are ≤0.1 mm outside the specs, we didn’t flag them. | <urn:uuid:166d4758-23fa-4476-95b6-d2751db75818> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.renehersecycles.com/rim-and-tire-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710941.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203212026-20221204002026-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.923969 | 1,258 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Colleges and universities like to brag about their incoming classes, and one of the ways we do it is by reporting test scores. Have you ever heard an institution claim “this is the strongest class ever” because the combined average SAT Critical Reasoning and Math score rose three points? Just as you might be wary of having a single score define you, we too are wary of defining our incoming class by one score alone. What do these aggregate statistics really tell us, after all? Is a three-point increase meaningful?
These questions are even more complicated because there are different ways of calculating average scores. To prove our point, earlier in the year we calculated average test scores for the Fall 2013 entering class in three different ways – all of them defensible methodologies – and came up with three different results.
Before we get to the results, here’s a bit of background. We require either the SAT or the ACT with writing and are glad to receive results from either test. When students submit both, we compare the SAT score (Critical Reading and Math combined) with the ACT Composite score, using the standard concordance table developed by the two testing services, and then use the test with the higher equivalent score. We use this method because we want to evaluate each individual student in light of his or her best results. (It’s worth noting that we also use the higher Writing score on either test.)
Now to the methods—focusing, for the sake of simplicity, on the SAT alone, and only on Critical Reading and Math (CR+M) combined.
- Method 1 – We calculated the middle 50% and average CR+M score for all reported SATs, regardless of whether these students also reported a higher equivalent score on the ACT. These figures were based on a subset of the incoming class because not all students submitted an SAT score; the middle 50% scores were 1210-1400, the average 1301.
- Method 2 – We calculated the middle 50% and average CR+M score using scores submitted by students who took the SAT exam only, or students who took both exams but whose SAT score was higher than or equal to their ACT score. This average is also based on a subset of the incoming class – again, because not all students report the SAT, and because we “throw out” the SAT score for students who report a higher ACT. The middle 50% scores were 1220-1400, the average 1308.
- Method 3 – We converted all ACT composite scores to the Critical Reasoning and Math scale, compared each to the SAT CR+M score if the student submitted both an SAT and ACT, and used only the higher of the two scores when calculating the middle 50% and average scores. Using this method, each enrolling student was represented by his or her highest score. The middle 50% scores were 1230-1420; the average 1323.
Each of the methods has its pluses and minuses. Method 1 is the simplest and accounts for all the SAT scores students submitted, but it doesn’t reflect the way we actually use test scores when we read applications. Method 2 comes closer to our method of reading, in that it only includes a student’s SAT if the SAT was higher than or equivalent to the highest ACT score that the student submitted. But this method doesn’t really represent the entire entering class, since it excludes students who only submitted the ACT, as well as those who scored higher on the ACT than the SAT. Method 3 comes closest to our method of reading, and it also represents the whole entering class, not just a subset. But it’s complicated and doesn’t allow us to report separate scores for each part of the exam.
Which method do you think is best? Let us know by taking this very brief survey.
The bottom line is that test scores are just one of many things we consider. We don’t define your success or our own success in such a narrow and, as this exercise demonstrates, ultimately arbitrary way. We’re proud of our incoming class for the people they are, and we celebrate them for the unique qualities they bring to Carolina each year. We would never try to represent these smart, kind and courageous young men and women by numbers alone.
And if you decide that Carolina is the kind of place you’d like to be one day and you’re one of the students who have already applied to us for Fall 2014 admission (or are considering applying), we thank you. We promise that we won’t focus on any single number, be it test score, GPA, or rank in class, for example. Instead, we’ll read every component of your application deeply and thoughtfully and do our very best to understand just what makes you so special.
The Office of Undergraduate Admissions
This year nearly 17,000 students chose to apply to Carolina under Early Action. We’re honored by the interest of these students and humbled by their achievements and potential. If you’re one of them, we’re grateful to you.
A lot happens between the time you hit the Submit button and the time you receive a decision. First we review what you sent us to make sure that everything came across intact. Then we match your application with the credentials – transcripts, school reports, recommendations, test scores – that others have sent us on your behalf. As we connect your credentials with your application, we check them off your to-do list.
All of this takes some time, not least because our applications, and the credentials that accompany them, tend to come to us all at once. The majority of applicants apply within a week or two of the deadline; their credentials came rushing right behind. The combined effect is sort of like a thousand owl-borne letters flying through the chimney of number four, Privet Drive.
This year, we made great progress assembling application materials and at this point, all but a few hundred applications are complete. (Not sure if your application is complete? Check this blog post for more info.) We’ve also made great progress reviewing applications; the admissions committee has been busy reading, re-reading, and discussing applications for many weeks now. We’ll finalize this work in the coming weeks, and we’ll also review finalists for merit scholarships, Honors Carolina, and Excel@Carolina.
We’re lucky to have great students at Carolina – and the interest of other great students who are thinking about joining us. I promise you we don’t take your interest for granted. And I promise we will give your application the careful and thorough review it deserves.
In the meantime, thank you for your patience, and thank you for choosing Carolina.
Application readers. They know a lot about you. But what do you know about them?
Over the next few weeks, we’ll be introducing you to some of the people who read applications in our office. In each post, we’ll feature a different reader and ask them about themselves and their experiences reading applications. We also threw in some silly, random facts too.
So be at ease, applicants; the people who read your applications are, in fact, human.
This week, we start with Melissa Kotacka, Assistant Director of Undergraduate Admissions. Here’s what Melissa had to say:
How long have you worked in admissions at UNC? ~5 1/2
Hometown: Ft. Lauderdale, FL / Davenport, IA
If you didn’t work in Admissions, what would you be doing?
I’m pretty sure I’d still be working in the realm of education policy and access, but my run-away-and-join-the-circus equivalent is to be a professional travel writer/photographer.
If you could go back to undergrad, what would you major in and why?
I’d definitely pick linguistics for one major – it’s just SO DARN INTERESTING! Would that I had discovered it soon enough when I was in undergrad and could have done the full major. The second major might be public policy or sociology (educational access and the like). I’d probably stick with Russian as my foreign language of choice; it clicked for me and the literature is so incredibly rich.
In five words or less, what makes an outstanding application? One that tells YOUR story.
If you had to answer one of the essay prompts, what would you write about? I’d probably go with the time/space travel question: my answer is a tie between 1968 America and a Parasaurolophus hatchery in the late Cretaceous period.
Which do you prefer:
Cats or dogs? Love them both, but #tarheeltabby is my world.
Cold weather or hot weather? Hot
Rams or Lenoir? Lenoir (Sitar and Med Deli 4-EVAH)
Starbucks or Caribou? Starbucks
Small town or big city? Small town next to a big city. You know, Chapel Hill.
You can follow Melissa on Twitter @makunc. She is a prolific twitterer and is always happy to answer questions from prospective students. Thanks Melissa!
Suzanna Treske, a sophomore from Waxhaw, N.C., is no ordinary Tar Heel.
When she’s not in class for her two majors, Economics and History, she’s either commuting 2.5 hours to her home barn in Waxhaw or spending time at her local barn with the UNC Equestrian Team. Becoming a professional equestrian is hard work, but Suzanna says she doesn’t mind. “When you’re doing something you love, it doesn’t feel like work anymore.”
Suzanna started showing at the age of seven. Ever since, she’s loved the sport. “Jumping is the greatest rush that you could imagine. It’s just like flying.” Balancing her time at the barn with time in the classroom is a challenge, but an important one for her dreams. She hopes to become a professional equestrian and manage her own barn one day; her Economics degree from UNC is an important contributor towards making those dreams a reality. “The fact that UNC provides an opportunity to ride in college is awesome. I feel like equestrians choose at the end of high school: will I prioritize my education or my riding? Most people end up compromising between the two, but I feel like I don’t have to with UNC. Carolina provides me the opportunity to pursue both my goals.”
Another talented young Tar Heel, Morgan Noelle Smith, recently featured Suzanna in a photojournalism essay. Morgan and Suzanna have two things in common: they are both pursuing their dreams- photojournalism and professional riding – and they both found that UNC is the best place for their dreams to come true. Their advice for prospective students? Apply, enroll, and most importantly, explore. “After deciding to come to Carolina and joining my older brother on campus, I thought I mostly knew what it would be like. I’d been here so many times since I’m the third of my siblings to go here. Once I was a student though? There really is so much more than I ever thought, from the Equestrian Team to campus life to my classes. The professors are accessible, helpful and insanely accomplished. They really want their students to succeed. I can’t even pick a favorite professor – it’s too hard! Can I give you my top five?”
Learn more about all that UNC has to offer by exploring our site, visiting campus and following us on social media.
This afternoon, we’re sending a second email to students whose early action applications remain incomplete. We’re not able to review your application until all the parts are received and linked to your record. Check out this recent blog post for more details about how to check if your application is complete, and what to do if we’re missing materials.
December is flying by, and we’re working hard on reviewing applications to get Early Action applicants their decisions by the end of January. If your application is missing materials, help us out by taking action and following up with us. We really do want to read your application!
Carolina students are burrowing into their books and study spots to finish the semester strong. Today is a Reading Day, sandwiched between LDOC (Last Day of Classes) and the first day of exams (…FDOE? No?); across campus, various offices are hosting stress-relieving events to keep the Tar Heel spirit up (though it’s pretty high after last night’s win over top-ranked Michigan State).
Every semester, UNC Libraries and Academic Advising bring therapy dogs in on Reading Days. Students can swing by and pet, scratch, and play with pups whose whole job is to make people feel good – a pretty good gig to have around a college campus during finals! Today, Academic Advising is hosting Exam Paws in the lobby of the Great Hall of the Union – I swung by on a quick break from my own reading day to say hello to some furry friends:
You can follow the “puppy luv” on Twitter at #exampawed. The J-School is hosting pups in the Park Library, too, so you can check out #jomcdogs to keep up with them (FYI: Park always livestreams kittens, even when it’s not exam season!). There are even more pups over at SILS, too – basically, it is a festival of scritches and snuggles here in Chapel Hill.
Good luck on exams, Heels – and good luck on any exams and assignments YOU have coming up, Future Heels!
–Melissa Kotacka, Assistant Director of Admissions | <urn:uuid:1d576d56-9d69-4088-b896-957b885254af> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://admissions.unc.edu/2013/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612283.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529111205-20170529131205-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.957241 | 2,922 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Bluetooth. Developed in 1994 by telecommunications vendor, Ericsson, Bluetooth has a transmission range of about 30 feet, so it’s best used with systems in close proximity. Therefore, wireless audio and entertainment systems that use Bluetooth won’t be able to cover more than one room at a time, let alone your entire home.
Bluetooth does not connect to any network, but rather, connects directly to your laptop, smartphone, or tablet (basically any music playing device). This isn’t too closed off a system, because most devices have Bluetooth capability. However, if you are using your smartphone as a source for your music, it must remain within 30 feet of your Bluetooth speakers. Additionally, if you happen to receive a call or text while your phone is connected to your Bluetooth speakers, your music will be interrupted and the speakers will amplify the text alert or ringing.
Bluetooth uses something called “lossy data compression,” which means that it encodes its data in inexact approximations and partial data discarding to represent its content. This can create poor sound quality and makes Bluetooth audio devices more vulnerable to dropouts.
On the plus side, Bluetooth is very easy to use: just turn on the Bluetooth receiver in your Bluetooth enabled devices (such as a speaker and your smartphone) and they should discover each other almost instantaneously.
Wi-Fi. Although researched and developed throughout the 1980’s and 90’s, Wi-Fi was officially released in 1997 and has been universally adopted into homes, offices, coffee shops, trains – basically everywhere you go. Wi-Fi has a much longer range than Bluetooth, roughly 100 feet inside, and up to 300 feet outside, so you can use one system throughout the entire home, extending into your backyard if you place your router in a central location. Not only can Wi-Fi connect to multiple speakers (which Bluetooth can not), it can also support multiple channels. This means that within your wireless home entertainment system, you can actually create a system of speakers, such as “left,” “right,” “center,” and “stereo.” You can also choose to play one speaker, multiple speakers, or all of your speakers at any given time, without reconfiguration.
The initial configuration of Wi-Fi enabled home entertainment systems are much more complex than Bluetooth, but unlike Bluetooth, your Wi-Fi systems will always remember your devices (if you are logged into the same Wi-Fi network.) Therefore, with Wi-Fi, you’ll never have to worry about pairing your devices before each use.
Audiophiles tend to prefer Wi-Fi systems due to its superior sound quality; Wi-Fi systems have a wider bandwidth than Bluetooth and uses a lossless codec, which Bluetooth does not. With this in play, Wi-Fi can support high resolution, lossless audio without significant lag.
While Bluetooth speakers are great in compact, portable form, Wi-Fi produces better sound quality, longer range, and has multi speaker/channel capability. | <urn:uuid:6cf37004-b535-4ea1-ae15-1705f2c4d69a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.bfrx.com/wifi-vs-bluetooth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645775.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318130245-20180318150245-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.944388 | 635 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The question of means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise (in relation to various issues) is important for anyone concerned with the acoustic comfort of buildings, the protection of workers or the preservation of the environment.
What means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise are used specifically inside buildings ?
There is, basically, only one category of means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise used specifically inside buildings:
that having to do with reverberation control: it comes to the implementation of absorbent materials (according to the possibilities: in the form of a wall lining, and/or in the form of a suspended ceiling or suspended baffles or/and in the form of a floor covering) which make it possible to increase spatial sound decay and therefore, for example, in work premises, to limit the propagation of noise from machines or production lines towards distant workstations (and, what is not nothing: with limiting the amplification of sound levels due to the effects of reverberation, which can also be important in technical rooms). The main characteristic sought is sound absorption (the sound absorption coefficient, which varies according to the frequency, is expressed in %); the performance, in terms of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise, increases with this indicator (provided that a sufficient proportion of the total surface of the walls of a room is treated, and that the distribution of the absorbing surfaces is fairly homogeneous ). In an anechoic room (used for R&D work in acoustics, in industry as well as in universities or engineering schools), the goal is to overcome the physical limits constituted by the walls of a room. tests or a laboratory.
What means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise are used indifferently inside or outside buildings?
The means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise used indifferently inside or outside buildings can be classified into different categories:
- those that have to do with acoustic insulation: it is a question of opposing the propagation of sounds by the implementation of acoustic structures such as elements of the envelope of buildings or constructions inside buildings (consisting of fully enveloping structures: enclosures for noisy equipment, acoustic cabins ) e.g. floors, roofs, walls and partitions - which may include doors and windows -. For constructions (housing, tertiary premises, industrial building) the airborne noise insulation illustrates the limitation of the propagation of noise from noisy spaces to the spaces to be protected (interior or exterior). The main characteristic sought is the sound reduction (the sound reduction index, variable depnding to the frequency, is expressed in dB); performance, in terms of noise propagation limitation, increases with this indicator
- those that have to do with the sound barrier effect: these are constructions (noise barriers walls) that oppose the propagation of noise at specified locations. The main characteristics sought are sound reduction and sound absorption as mentioned above; the on-site performance depends on the positioning, with respect to the device for limiting the spread of noise, of the sound source and the location that one wishes to protect, the difference in the path of the sound waves path induced by the presence of the noise-cancelling wall (e.g. depending on its height, if it is unlimited in length) and the properties, in terms of sound absorption, of the adjacent surfaces (e.g. the suspended ceiling of an open space, the under-roof of a industrial building)
- those that have to do with limiting the transmission of structure-borne noise. The main characteristic sought is vibration filtering (the vibration filtering rate, variable according to the frequency, is expressed in %); performance, in terms of noise propagation limitation, increases with this indicator. Decoupling devices (springs when it comes to obtaining low frequency performance e.g. when considering a concept like the "box in the box" type, studs and elastomer supports are useful for the anti-vibration suspension of equipment in technical rooms, boiler rooms as well as for the separation of pipes and ducts)
- those having to do with noise reduction for aeraulic networks or facilities with pressurized fluids e.g. for openings or vents. The main characteristic sought is the insertion loss (variable according to the frequency, expressed in dB) inseparable from the aeraulic performance (i.e. the total pressure loss) which must not reduce the efficiency of the facility. Silencers are devices for limiting the spred of noise with very variable design, shape, dimensions and construction depending on the context (there are big differences between a silencer in a Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning - HVAC - network, involving low-flow air with near-atmospheric thermodynamic conditions and a gas turbine exhaust muffler involving combustion gas with very high-temperature, high-velocity)
What does ITS offer with regard to means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise ?
What ITS offers with respect to the means of limiting noise spred (propagation) (depending on the context):
- audit and advice: on-site sound measurements for diagnosis, acoustic simulations, impact study, sizing calculations for soundproofing equipment
- marketing of all means of limiting the spread (propagation) of noise: for acoustic insulation (products and constructive systems for all types of construction - building and industry -), for the implementation of acoustic screens (anti-noise walls in all cases, soundproof screens for catering rooms and collective offices), anti-vibration devices, silencers of all kinds (all these materials: developed and built with a view to sustainable performance)
Spread the word !
the cabins for musicians allow the practice of a musical instrument while being freed from the surrounding noise, and without disturbing the neighbors (a certain degree of anechoicity is required inside)
in some workplaces, booths are specially designed constructions to protect people (e.g. machine operators) from ambient noise
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The Lung, like all the organs of Chinese medicine, is much more than a physical apparatus. It is a system of functionality within the body that includes breathing, the strength and quality of the voice, functioning of the the nasal passageways, sinuses, throat, lungs, and skin. The Lung* regulates and distributes water in the body, and when it is malfunctioning it produces pathological phlegm, or mucus, that can obstruct the nose, throat, voice, lymph pathways, skin, and chest.
Lung and Large Intestine are the organs of the Metal element, or better called the Metal phase. Metal is about the functions in nature related to purification and boundaries- that is letting in and letting go- and the emotion of grief around the process of letting go. On a basic physical level as we breath in we are connecting to the outside world, we are literally bringing in the air of the world into our bodies and into our blood. When we exhale we are letting go of metabolic waste products that if kept in our bodies would be very harmful.
The Lung also houses a particular aspect of the spirit, called the po, the corporeal spirit. The Lung plays the role of minister within the body, advising and protecting the Heart, which is the emperor.
Thyroid: the Gland of the Lung
Even though the ancient Chinese did not acknowledge the thyroid gland as a discrete gland, it is part of the Lung function in Chinese medicine.
The fascial planes that separate the different layers, sections, tissues, and organs in the body run along specific pathways to organize the body. There is evidence that the fascial planes correspond closely to the channels in Chinese medicine theory, one of the best physiological explanations for the connection between limbs and organs.
In the case of the thyroid and Lung channel there is a specific fascial plan, the precervical fascia, that connects the thyroid gland to a key point on the Lung channel located on the outer chest. Functionally the thyroid hormone regulates cellar respiration, as well as breathing and heart rate. Embryologically the lungs and the thyroid both grow from the primitive pharynx.
Physiologically the only actual connection the lungs have to the rest of the body is the larynx, the voice box, so the “quality of the voice” as diagnostic for the Lung has a clear physiological reason.
Lung and Blood
In the biomedical model the shape of the lungs are very similar to a tree, where the “trunk of this tree is our windpipe, the branches are the main bronchi, the twigs are the bronchioles and finally the leaves are the alveoli. (Keown)”
The blood is “wafted” from the heart into smaller and smaller waterways until it is a single blood cell that can interchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the alveoli. The space between the alveoli serves the same function as the space between the leaves on a tree- for sunlight, or in the case of the Lungs, spirit, to circulate.
Lung and Heart
The Heart and Lung are both located in the uppermost part of the thorax, or upper jiao, and both have roles on governing or overseeing the other organs. In Chinese medicine the Heart is called the emperor and the seat of the spirit, the shen which is translated literally as heart-mind. The Lung is the minister and regulates and filters what reaches the emperor. Therefore breathing exercises to strengthen and purify the lungs, used in many systems of spiritual practice such as meditation and yoga, are important to relax and calm the heart-mind, the spirit.
Breath and Spirit
Breath is linked to spirit in almost all cultural traditions. Air is the most rarified element and the closest to the invisible source of life. When we breath we take in this invisible force that grants us life at each moment. Most spiritual exercises such as meditation, qigong, yoga etc. involve an awareness of the breath to attune more to the spiritual aspect. The Lung is called the “delicate organ” in Chinese medicine and is easily damaged by outside pathogens. Yet this same delicacy allows the most subtle and spiritual element to enter into our bodies and transform into our life force.
Pathologies of the Lung
Allergies, asthma, shortness of breath, phlegm or mucus in the nose, sinuses, throat, or chest, nosebleeds, disliking of speaking, sore throat, sinusitis, rhinitis, emphysema, cough, common cold, unresolved grief, low immunity. The Lung “system” encompasses all of these types of pathologies, which are caused by a deficiency of qi, or proper movement and functionality of the lungs, the thyroid, cellular respiration, blood nutrient exchange, and state of the heart-mind. These physical organs and glands are connected by the conductive fascial planes that travel down the anterior chest and arm, and therefore stimulating a point on the arm can treat these pathologies.
Daniel Keown, The Spark in the Machine: How the Science of Acupuncture Explains the Mysteries of Western Medicine
*When referring to the entire system of influence from a Chinese medicine perspective the name of the organ will be capitalized: the Lung, the Heart etc. When referring to to the biomedical model of the discrete organ it will be lower-case: the lungs. | <urn:uuid:03e847b4-6ef6-4bca-94aa-e259b5a0169d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.bluefirehealingarts.com/lung-in-chinese-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814079.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222081525-20180222101525-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.928064 | 1,129 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Show Control is a term widely used to describe the set of devices that controls and synchronizes the various elements of an attraction.
Show Control is a hub of elements as diverse as image projection systems, physical effects, water, flames, lasers, pistons and any other element that springs to creative designers’ minds. Show Control engineers must be able to understand these different disciplines, and possess both artistic sensibility and knowledge on ways to syncing mechanisms.This short article aims to familiarize readers with the bases of this discipline.
Matter of time
The most obvious function of the Show Control system is that of controlling the show elements: triggering effects at exactly the right time during the show.
We will see later that this is the tip of the iceberg. This syncing function differentiates the Show Controllers used in attractions from those that operate industrial plants and bottling facilities.
The main difference between these two worlds is the ability to trigger an event at a very specific moment. This raises the question of the time unit used, and the acceptable tolerance.
The single answer to these two questions has a unique historical origin: the movies rate of 24 frames per second was chosen because it is higher than the persistence of vision, the period during which the images we see are "printed" on our retina, (this is not entirely true, but we accept this assumption for the purpose of this article). Since an attraction is composed of visual elements, often films and video images, it is reasonable to accept as adequate the temporal resolution of the human visual system. For convenience, the unit of measure normally used in a Show Control system is the "frame".
Specifically, the images are counted from the beginning of the show. When an effect must be triggered at a particular time, its frame number is used. In practice, the time code standard used is the one defined in the early days of cinema by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, and adopted by the European Broadcasting Union, among others. This code is so common that it took the name of the organization that created it: SMPTE. In the SMPTE time code, each frame is described not by number but by its position in time, in hours, minutes, seconds and frames. Several rates are used, each corresponding to a specific use or world region (24 frames per second for film, 25 for video in Europe, 29.97 or 30 for video in the U.S...)
All the elements of a show will run at the same rate, most often 30 frames per second in theme parks.
With the "SMPTE" time-code, it is possible to close the doors of an attraction at 01 hour, 2 minutes, 5 seconds and 14 frames. This does not mean that the show lasts for several hours: it is customary that the time "0" of the show matches the time-code value 1:00 hour. This allows the use of “negative" time called "preroll" to set elements that require preparation time, such as mechanical effects.
The SMPTE time-code of an attraction can have several origins depending on the system design: a film projector, a video, a sound track.
The most professional approach, consistently chosen by Tejix, is the use of a separate generator, an independent device whose accuracy and performance qualities are known.
Time code is often distributed to sub-systems used in the attraction: audio, video, special effects, lighting and animations are all listening to the same clock.
To ensure perfect accuracy, in particular to ensure that the transition between images occurs simultaneously in all devices, a video synchronization signal is often distributed in the form of what we call "video sync". This is a series of bursts indicating the end of each line and each frame of the video image.
Besides triggering events at the right time, another function of the control system is to control ...in a logical sense.
This function is so close to that of an industrial controller that they are sometimes used as subsystems in attractions. In most cases, logical functions are performed by the main Show Controller, whose mixed time/logic approach makes more sense for the designer and the programmer.
In a simple world, an attraction would be conducted in the same manner as a film, and it would be possible to move at will from one place to another in the show with a mouse click.
While this is theoretically possible, this power is limited by the nature of the elements that are controlled: for example, physical effects can not instantly find their position, and animatronics resent abrupt changes.
Moreover, show elements are triggered on a time basis, but only if specific conditions are met. Those conditions are sometimes hierarchical. The purpose of this is mainly to ensure the safety of persons and equipments, and maintain show integrity. Thus, before triggering a rain effect it is wise to ensure the presence of water, pump status and the fact that the show is actually running. In practice, these checks occur within seconds or a few frames before the effect itself. What seems very fluid in the course of the show is in fact a "program block" which includes logical operators and a time-code trigger.
Technical interaction between the operator and the attraction is often limited to the console operator, "OCC" for Operator Control Console in the parks jargon.
This interface must be simple and contain a minimum amount of controls and indicators. Most often, OCC includes just a start and emergency stop button. If the attraction is equipped with automatic doors, these can be controlled manually from the OCC. Lights often indicate the show status and possible faults.
This rustic approach of an OCC with big industrial buttons is simple and reliable. Sometimes, however, more detailed information should be brought to the attention of the operator (keeping in mind that the operator is not a technician). In this case, a screen can be added to the control interface.
While the idea of a touch-screen control interface is attractive for its flexibility, the solution is rarely used because it lacks reliability. Never forget that, in the vast majority of cases, only a few functions are needed on the OCC, and limiting the potential sources of failures is crucial.
Even if this is not directly related to Show Control, the OCC often includes means of communication: a microphone to make announcements to the guests and a telephone or an intercom system that allows contact with other locations in the building, such as the preshow, technical room, queue line, etc.
Except in the smaller projects, the Show Control system consists of not just one device, but a set of systems that work together. There is no universal design adaptable to all situations, but as many approaches as there are designers and projects.
When designing a system, the first thing to consider is the devices to control and their physical location. This will help determine which element will hold the central role in the system. It is also possible that the system is fully distributed and no device is really a "master".
In a typical attraction, a main Show Controller (the "Master Control Show") provides the overall control. This master communicates to all subsystems, such as audio-video, lighting, animation (animatronics, figures), special effects ...
This "block" approach allows more flexibility in programming, operation and maintenance of the attraction. Each subsystem is designed according to the canons of its discipline. For example, a specialist in physical effects legitimately swears only by PLCs, which are obscure for a lighting designer.
The Master Show Controller, in addition to synchronizing the various components, communicates with the subsystems on the operating conditions of the attraction. The decision to stop the show in progress, or to prevent restart once it's over, is taken by the Master Show Controller after a subsystem has reported a fault. Often, the program includes a "matrix of faults" which defines the conditions of the accumulation of defects beyond which the show should be discontinued.
One aspect invariably excluded from Show Control is that relating to safety. This generally includes physical effects such as moving objects, the fluid-based effects and of course ride control.
These functions are handled by a PLC. The Show Control system triggers events programmed in the PLC, but the latter is always responsible for safety conditions. Conversely, the PLC communicates to the Show Controller defects and errors, as we saw earlier.The elements of the show, as one might expect, are connected most of the time by electrical wires. These cables are used to convey a variety of different control signals.
Addressing this item without getting into abstruse technical details is not easy. To turn a device on or off, the simplest way is to use a single electric wire to convey "On" or "Off" information (as in turning a lamp on or off). This scheme has the merit of simplicity, but as one wire is used for each item of information, it is very likely that a large number of wires will be needed for a complete show. To simplify wiring, "On" and "Off" information can be encoded in a predefined arrangement.
If the transmitter and receiver have agreed on a common language and communications protocol, they will be able to exchange complex information on a single wire, such as in Morse code, for example.
This is what is called serial communication, as opposed to parallel communication described earlier. By using faster speeds and complex communications schemes, elaborate messages can be sent on what we commonly call a "serial port", such as the ones that were used on computers for mice and printers. Although somewhat dated, serial ports are still used for point-to point where they are appreciated for their simplicity and reliability.
The next step is to pool information from multiple transmitters and receivers on the same wire. In this case, sender and recipient information are added to the transmitted data. The most common incarnation of this is the network adapter on your computer that allows you to send specific messages to almost whoever you want.
Although most communication protocols now tend to move towards the use of networks, Show Control systems regularly use industry-specific communication standards, in addition to the more or less exotic ones used by PLC manufacturers.
Among those are DMX and MIDI. DMX (whose real name is DMX 512) is a solid one-way communication protocol designed to control stage lighting and MIDI was originally designed for electronic musical instruments. These protocols have in common their stability and relative simplicity. They also have been designed to be used by creative people, such as lighting designers and musicians. This is why they are often used to control motion platforms, animatronics, lasers and other devices.
On-site programming is the fun part of the work, although far from the glamorous idea that parks aficionados may have of it.
A big part of the programming work consists of defining the script backbone, GUI, conditions...
This part of the job does not occur in the attraction itself, but more often at the hotel or at the airport. The real reason why passengers are asked to arrive two hours before their flight at the airport is to allow Show Control programmers to work in normal conditions, in the airline lounge, in front a glass of champagne.
Once on site, the next step is to make sure that all devices communicate. This is normally the time of massive hardware and software debugging where device firmware (and sometimes the devices themselves) are replaced. Once this is done, the media quest can start.
Whatever the size of the project, it seems that there is an unspoken universal rule among media producers only to deliver sounds and images a few hours before the opening of the attraction, at the same time carpet is glued and scaffolding dismantled. Then the few remaining hours are used to give life to the attraction. In an ideal world, or in large parks, it is possible to test the attraction dozens of times before starting a pre-opening. In real life, the first visitors are used as guinea pigs while the show programmer makes final adjustments. They just don't know it.
Programming is really over when all emergency and fault conditions have been tested and validated, and that operators and technicians have been trained. The training phase is crucial: it allows the park to be autonomous and to minimize downtime, so the programmer can enjoy a quiet weekend ... to program another attraction.
|Few hours from opening...
Ideally, a Show Control system is completely static, ie it contains no moving parts to wear out.
Logically, therefore, a well-designed system should not need heavy maintenance, and it should last as long as the attraction itself.
There are exceptions, however. In the best cases, the concept of attraction is so good that it will outlive several generations of industrial controllers. It's all the evil that one can wish for a show.
More commonly, inexperienced designers throw the cat among the pigeons by using computers. Although this approach is not fundamentally questionable in technical terms, it is based on the use of short life cycle operating system (such as Windows, for example). When using a computer as a Show Controller, the attraction owner is dependent on new releases and changes of the operating system. In the fast changing world of computers, new hardware will soon be required to match the new operating system. This endless loop makes the ownership cost of the system unpredictable, and potentially puts the attraction at risk.
The golden rule too often forgotten due to our constant exposure to the software of our computers is "do not try to fix something that works." In other words, if the system works fine and does what it is supposed to do, no updating of software and other firmware.
Designing a good Show Control system invariably begins with a thorough analysis of the needs of the attraction. That often goes beyond technical assessment. Understanding artistic, financial and operating aspects is crucial to delivering a great system.
Keep in mind that automation is the core of the system. The failure of one element can stop the attraction. This is why, at Tejix we prefer to use proven industrial solutions in lavish designs. By doing so, we and our customers can move to new exciting projects, rather than be trapped in the "never fully completed" syndrom.
|A Tejix Control Cabinet, based on industrial elements | <urn:uuid:9b8129e3-ab70-42df-bbc6-3642cfd99704> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.tejix.com/en/PaperShowControl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118182116-20191118210116-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.949471 | 2,910 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Alphabet soup was always a great favourite in my home when I was a boy. Apparently, my mother thought that having the letters of the alphabet smothered in tomato sauce and sat in front of me at the dinner table would enhance my learning ability. Well, she was right. I learned very early on how to flick the letter T from the tip of my fork onto my brother’s plate. And he, in return, learned far more words with the letter F in them than my parents thought healthy, so at some stage we switched to Heinz spaghetti, which made a cute hairstyle for my sister. After that, it was sausage and mash or fish fingers.
In any case, alphabet soup played a role in many of our childhoods, and why not? It’s such a charming idea. Take boring old standard pasta and jazz it up for kids by forming it into letters. But for such a popular dinner table item, the history of alphabet soup is surprisingly mysterious. We all know about the big brand version, the colourful tins produced by Heinz or Campbell’s, but the inventor of this delicacy of the dictionary remains anonymous. Perhaps it was the child of a technician at Heinz who wanted something more from dinnertime. Or an enthusiastic educator who demanded from his local food producers a little bit of learning with every spoonful.
Some people trace the origins of alphabet pasta all the way back to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. In the kheyder (or primary schools) of such communities children would learn their alphabet. Part of the process was the ingestion of letters made from dough which, the theory went, would aid in the memorisation of the alphabet.
What we do know, is that the term alphabet soup has passed into popular usage by the 1930s. When American president Franklin D. Roosevelt forged his “New Deal” policies to beat the Great Depression, the bewildering mixture of agencies and departments that he created was christened his “alphabet soup”. Suddenly, Washington was full of people heading to the RWA when they meant to be at the TVA, and in the confusion, they reached for the comfort of a beloved childhood dish.
By the time of the Second World War, alphabet soup was an everyday item. It was so popular that the magazine Popular Mechanics suggested using “alphabet noodles” as a way of making place cards for dinner parties as a way to beat wartime scarcity. So started a craze for making name tags from pasta shapes, which lasted well into the 1950s. Alphabet soup became both a popular dish, an educational tool and a handy identification device. Not bad for a few pieces of pasta dough.
By the time I was growing up, everyone could buy alphabet soup made by a major brand, although as far as I know none of my peers ever learned their alphabet by eating canned food. But it might have helped. The trouble was, while we could enjoy alphabet soup, there were plenty of other delicious varieties, from space invaders to halloween ghouls. With so much competition, learning your ABCs at the dinner table tended to lose out to sci-fi fantasies.
Nowadays, I still reach for a can of alphabetti-spaghetti in tomato sauce when I need a soothing burst of nostalgia. You never really grow out of forming words with the pasta before gobbling them down. A couple I know like to play Scrabble using only alphabet shapes, which can get quite messy. Others give each other mind-bending anagrams and can only eat their portion when they get the right word. That’s the beauty of eating words. For people like us who love word games, alphabet soup is a magical thing. It’s more than just a canned food. Like the pupils in Jewish schools, when we eat the words, maybe we like to think we are learning a little bit more at the same time. | <urn:uuid:d9f6d5ed-dc12-44e7-a108-d148937b6190> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.word-grabber.com/word-trivia/alphabet-soup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.974576 | 808 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ozone Therapy Overview
The medical use of ozone (O3) was discovered over 150 years ago. Acclaimed scientists and inventors Werner von Siemens and Nikola Tesla pioneered the first ozone generators for medical purposes in the 19th Century. During World War I, ozone was widely used to treat rampant infections due to trench warfare. In the interwar era and after World War II, medical ozone use became widespread in Germany and other countries. In the last ten years, the number and quality of clinical studies has increased dramatically, leading to a better understanding of ozone therapy and driving increasing interest from patients and practitioners.
Ozone is a strong antioxidant with a broad range of concentration and dose dependent effects that can be harnessed for medical purposes. A considerable body of clinical evidence from randomised clinical trials supports increasing adoption of ozone therapy for a range of indications.
- anti bacterial and anti viral applications
- diabetes, diabetic foot
- macular degeneration
- herniated disc and pain management
- adjunctive cancer therapy
- revitalization after major surgery, prolonged diseases, or to support physical exercise
- renal and liver complications
As a low-cost non-pharmacological mode of therapy, ozone is truely remarkable. | <urn:uuid:d0f1611b-9972-4e3d-9bb7-a21b8b52d0b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ozontherapie.com/therapies/ozone_overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.913305 | 251 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Modern Day Interpretations of Plato's Allegory of the Cave
(more to come, currently only THE MATRIX)
Glossary of useful terms
- Epistemology - Based on the Greek words, episteme meaning knowledge and logos, meaning theory, epistemology is concerned with the definition of knowledge, the sources and criteria of knowledge, the kinds of knowledge possible, and the relation between the one who knows and the object known. It is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppositions and foundations, and its extent and validity.
I believe that knowledge exists independently of an individual; that it exists "out there" and the role of the educational practitioner is to guide individuals as they acquire knowledge.
I believe that knowledge is built by an individual, is internal to the individual and is affected by the social culture and experiences of the individual and that the role of the educational practitioner is to guide individuals as they individually construct their knowledge.
- Metaphysics the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value. A priori speculation upon questions that are unanswerable to scientific observation, analysis, or experiment.
- Solipsism From Latin solus, alone (sole), and ipse, self., solipsism is the belief that, in principle, existence means for me my existence and that of my mental states. If nothing further can be proven, then each of us is threatened with the possibility that I am the only thing that exists. Not entirely relevant to the present discussion, but interesting philosophical fodder.
- A priori From Latin, a literal translation is from what goes before. A proposition is known a priori if when judged true or false one does not refer to experience. The term a priori is distinguished from a posteriori, which means knowledge gained through the senses and experience. These are the two most common ways in which philosophers argue that humans acquire knowledge. A priori might be thought of as the starting point for deductive reasoning, made before or without examination and not supported by factual study.
I was sitting in class a few weeks ago, watching Leon fruitlessly endeavouring to get someone to do a tutorial presentation in the first week back after the holidays. Feeling empathetic, I raised my hand. Feeling stupid, I wondered what I could possibly do my presentation on. It was then that I had my epiphany, not unlike that of Platos liberated prisoner. A blinding flash of light and I suddenly realised that one of my favourite movies, The Matrix is in fact a retelling of Platos famous cave allegory.
I rushed to my preferred source of information, the Internet, to discover what information, if any, there might be on my apparently innovative perception. I discovered in fact that there are entire courses devoted to this topic and a plethora of web pages all concerning this idea. OK so I wasnt the first to think of it
However, it remains that there are many recent films that reference Platos allegory of the cave, which is interesting to note, since his philosophy was developed nearly 2500 years ago and theoretically should be out of date now, especially, if we believe in the notion that we are progressing towards an ultimate knowledge. Did someone say the end of history? Perhaps it is just Hollywood that is stuck in Greek era philosophy of 400 BC?
The three movies that I have decided to discuss today with reference to Platos allegory of the cave are The Matrix, The Truman Show and Ghost in the Shell. Due to lack of time, I am only going to discuss The Matrix in depth. I was also considering discussing Bladerunner, however I feel that this movie deals more with the issue of what makes humans human than what makes reality real.
For those who came in late, I will begin with a brief outline of Plato's life and ideas.
Plato, life and times
Plato was born around the year 428 BC into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life.
Upon meeting Socrates, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical attitude toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy.
After Socrates death in 399 BC, Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but also geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans, then onto Egypt.
Most scholars agree that shortly after 399 BC, Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387. These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end.
Plato was forty, the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity.
It seems that over the next twenty-six years Platos philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called.
Between 367-361, Plato spent some fruitless years attempting to tutor young Dionysus II of Syracuse. In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy.)
We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Plato's life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized.
Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.
So how does all this old Greek philosophical stuff relate to modern Hollywood movies, and if it does, what does this mean has happened to modern philosophical thought? Are we still stuck in BC? What would Mr Hegel and Mr Fukuyama have to say about this lack of progression?!?
The many facets of The Matrix
The Matrix is actually a complete mix of references from a myriad of sources: religion, mythology, literature and philosophy to name three.
A brief look at the religious references includes:
- The character of Trinity: the father, son and the Holy Ghost.
- The ship Nebuchadnezzar, who was the king of the Chaldean (also known as the Neo-Babylonian) Empire. He was the most powerful monarch of his dynasty, and is best known for the magnificence of his capital, Babylon. God, through Nebuchadnezzar, destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Judah in order to make them realize, in no uncertain terms, that they had turned their backs on Him.
- The home of the real humans is called Zion, which is the traditional home of the Jewish people, Jerusalem.
- There is also the fact that Buddhism has also observed the temporal and illusory nature of reality. There is no Spoon says a small bald and buddhist-esque child. A point to note is that Buddhism arose in India around the 6th century BC, a few hundred years before Plato coincidence or logical progression evolution perhaps?
A brief look at the mythological references includes:
- Neo Greek for new
- Morpheus Greek God of sleep and dreams (his name actually refers to the fact that dreams change you)
- The Oracle The Delphic Oracle is the most famous Greek oracle. Above The Matrix Oracles kitchen door is inscribed Temet Noscoe which is a translation from the Greek Gnothi Seauton which was inscribed on the wall at the temple of Apollo at Delphi. The Oracle prophesises that Neo is not the one, but also tells him to know yourself, a loose translation from the Latin and Greek
A brief look at the literature references includes:
- A feminist revision of the Snow White / Sleeping Beauty image when Neo is awoken by Trinitys kiss.
- Alice in Wonderland is referenced by the advice given to Neo to follow the white rabbit. Morpheus also tells Neo You stay in Wonderland and Ill show you how deep the rabbit hole goes. There are also many mirrors and reflections, a theme not limited solely to Alice, but overtly alluded to by the fact that Alice goes through the looking glass into a dreamlike world. There is also the pill choosing.
- A perhaps stretched reference to a Woody Allen quote: He believed that reality was thin, but it was the only place you could get a good steak when Cypher, the traitor dines with a nasty agent. He says that he knows the steak isnt real, but it tastes so good.
A detailed look at the philosophical references:
To begin with, lets have a quick look at the section of Platos cave that is of concern to us today. As we know, Plato used a dialectic style to explore and elucidate his ideas. The bolded sections are when Plato speaks:
29. The Allegory of the Cave
And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: -- Behold! human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.
And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent.
You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners.
Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave?
As we all know, we are the people in the cave watching the shadows, which we perceive as reality. The next event is when someone gets up and perceives the truth of the situation. She (or he) tries to go back and tell the others, but they refuse to believe her (him) and call her (him) a mad person.
The Essence of the allegory
The essence of the allegory is that we are not able to see the unreality of our reality. We cannot perceive the fact that what we recognise as reality is in fact just a simulacra of reality. There are multiple references within the Matrix that allude to this fact. In fact, it is almost too jam-packed full to describe them all. The first and most obvious is when Neo takes a book off his shelf entitled Simulacra and Simulation, by Jean Baudrillard. Although it is an old leather bound book in the movie, it is interesting to note that this book was only published in 1981. The opening quote provides an interesting excerpt from this book:
The simulacrum is never what hides the truth - it is truth that hides the fact that there is none. The Simulacrum is true Ecclesiastes
This is a quote that is attributed to Ecclesiastes and thereby crossreferences back from philosophy to theology. It also relates to what Morpheus says later in the movie:
The Matrix is the world that has been pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth. Morpheus
There are some essential differences between these two statements that can probably best be summed up by the little boys assertion:
Spoon boy: Do not try and bend the spoon. That's impossible. Instead... only try to realize the truth.
Neo: What truth?
Spoon boy: There is no spoon.
Neo: There is no spoon?
Spoon boy: Then you'll see, that it is not the spoon that bends, it is only yourself.
Ecclesiastes is saying that the spoon is real, but there is no truth to the reality. Plato doesnt say there is no spoon, but says we arent perceiving the real spoon. Morpheus, like Plato says that the world is really a creation that blinds us from reality.
These are important theological / philosophical differences that are even confused within the movie. For instance, according to Jean Baudrillard, a simulacrum is a copy WITHOUT an original. On face value, this does not match up to the ideas of The Matrix or Plato, where the originals are merely hidden from view. Baudrillard is referring to the simulacrum becoming the reality within itself, a hyperreality. Thus the reference to his book is a confusion that I will not talk about any more.
With regards to The Matrix, the creation of reality by an other is an important aspect as it is also referenced in Platos cave. So called puppet masters that create the reality that we perceive. Perhaps not totally explicit in Platos allegory, it is at least hinted at with the reference to:
the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets. From Plato's Allegory of the Cave.
René Descartes and The Problem of Knowledge
Commonly regarded as the father of modern philosophy, a guy called René Descartes ran with this theme in the seventeenth century. As any good philosopher does, Descartes raised questions that still havent been answered. For instance he posed the Problem of Knowledge and the Mind-Body problem (the Mind-Body problem evolved from the conclusions of the Problem of Knowledge and leads to a conclusion that perhaps I am the only one here and you are all a construct of my mind my existence can be proven, but I cant even prove my own body is real).
The Problem of Knowledge is more important to this present discussion because it relates to the question: How can we have knowledge through perception of external objects? This resulted from Descartes problem with causality.
The problem is that the relation between cause and effect is not symmetrical. Given a cause, there will be one effect. But given an effect, there could have been many causes able to produce the same effect. And even if we can't predict the effect from the cause, we can always wait around to see what it is. But if we can't determine the cause from the effect, time forever conceals it from us. With Descartes, this uneasiness about causality becomes a terror in relation to knowledge: for, in perception, what is the relation of the objects of knowledge to our knowledge of them? Cause to effect. Thus what we possess, our perceptions, are the effects of external causes; and in thinking that we know external objects, we are reasoning backwards from effect to cause. Trouble. Why couldn't our perceptions have been caused by something else? Indeed, in ordinary life we know that they can be. There are hallucinations. Hallucinations can be caused by a lot of things: fever, insanity, sensory deprivation, drugs, trauma, etc. Descartes wonders what he can really know about a piece of matter like a lump of wax. He wonders if he might actually be dreaming instead of sitting in front of the computer. Ultimately he wonders if the God he has always believed in might actually be a malevolent Demon capable of using his omnipotence to deceive us even about our own thoughts or our own existence. Thus, there is nothing in all his experience and knowledge that Descartes cannot call into doubt.
(this last paragraph is mostly sourced from http://www.friesian.com/descartes)
Thus the idea of an evil force working against us and deceiving us is developed further from Platos marionette players. Combined with Platos cave, we now have a definite force working against our perception of reality, and this perception is a simulation. We are in The Matrix.
Open your eyes Neo...
When I initially viewed The Matrix way back in 1999, I remember coming out of the cinema thinking that the actual physics of farming babies for energy doesnt really work out. We arent plants and dont get free energy from the sun (the sun is blocked out anyway in the world of The Matrix) so there is really no way to get more energy out of us than the AI puts in. However, since this is a discussion of philosophical aspects of The Matrix I digress
When Neo is saved and has his eyes opened to reality by Morpheus, he squints because his eyes havent been used before. Just as the freed person in Platos cave is blinded by the sunlight, Neo is blinded by the light of reality. Continuing this theme, it is said that the humans actually scorched the sky, blotting out the sun. Carrying this thought through to Platos allegory, if the humans are the source of their own ignorance (the sunlight being the representation of reality) and their own downfall, doesnt this mean that we are like the three monkeys covering our senses? It could be surmised that this represents the bulk of humanity in Platos cave. Those that escape are blinded by the light, but it isnt Platos sunlight. Even those that escape cant see that. Does this mean that the new reality is a façade too? The sequels will let us know.
An overarching reference to light is also made by the use of green light to subtly colour all the scenes that are within The Matrix in relation to the real world.
Another reference to light occurs when Neo is visiting the Oracle. A song by Duke Ellington called Beginning to see the Light is playing in the background.
Finally, the notion of seeing is observed by Morpheus who says: Unfortunately, no-one can be told what the matrix is. You have to see it for yourself. And Platos freed person cant explain reality to those who have only ever seen unreality. Morpheus goes on to say: You have to understand, most of these people are not ready to be unplugged and many of them are so inert, so hopelessly dependant on the system that they will fight to protect it.
Breaking the bonds that hold us
There are many instances when the characters break free from the bonds that hold them to the unreality of the matrix. There are instances when the characters physically break free, such as Neos birth and uncoupling from the cables that hold him in the AI pods. Morpheus also breaks free from the chains of the agents, a task that takes both physical and psychological powers. He has to realise that there is no spoon, which is something he can only do to a certain extent. This concept is brought to full realisation when Neo is able to see the matrix.
His ability to see the unreality has grown to such an extent that he may be said to have broken the Buddhist Samsara cycle of birth, suffering, death and rebirth and reached Nirvana. However, this analogy is imperfect, as the Matrix isnt really heaven. In fact, it might be hell! A more perfect analogy might be that Morpheus and the rest of the crew only made it as far as the fire, and at the Neo is able to step into the sunlight.
It's not quite right...
This brings about some of the other inconsistencies between The Matrix and Platos cave. Plato notes that someone, once freed will never be able to return to the cave life, but this is exactly what Cypher attempts to do. He has seen reality, but prefers unreality. Plato notes that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner
This is an essential difference between the Platonic allegory and The Matrix. The Matrix is actually quite attractive, while the cave is rather two dimensional and dull. Platos outside world, once observed, is infinitely more beautiful than the unreal world of cave walls and shadows, but the Matrix is infinitely more beautiful than the real world of scorched skies and pods. Thus the actions of the freed person are understandable in both instances.
Conclusions?? No, just more questions
Obviously there are many similarities between The Matrix and Platos cave. Broadly speaking it might be referred to as a modern day retelling of the allegory. But what does this mean for modern philosophy?
It would be tempting to conclude that our philosophical thinking hasnt really progressed past the 6th century BC. However, I would like to put forward the conclusion that our thinking probably hasnt progressed past the 66th century BC.
People keep coming back to the same ideas and the same thoughts and similar conclusions. Whether we are in a simulacra, Samsara or surreptitiously being tricked by some malevolent devil, how will we ever really know the truth? It is because of the inability to realise these questions that we keep returning to them and it is in this essence that the modern notions of postmodernism and subjective thought are based.
Maybe Hegel and Fukuyama would roll their eyes at this laymans philosophy, but we really dont seem to be progressing towards any sort of ultimate knowledge, let alone an ultimate historical state. We are simply rehashing the old questions in new ways. Do we exist? God knows. All these a priori, metaphysical questions will just keep us guessing, and I have not even scratched the surface. | <urn:uuid:a3b23640-ddc6-4475-b838-ee10d8ecc24c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://members.tripod.com/plato_matrix/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982984973.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200944-00285-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96675 | 5,049 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Spanish nouns ending in -ía and -ia
Most Spanish nouns that end in -ía and -ia are feminine.
Hava a look at all these examples:
Fue a la panadería para comprar pan y dulces.He went to the bakery to buy bread and cakes.
Siempre voy a la frutería de Antonio para comprar naranjas. I always go to Antonio's greengrocer's [lit: fruit shop] to by oranges.
La pastelería de la Avenida Colón vende unas tartas muy ricas.The cake shop on Colón Avenue sells some very tasty cakes.
Podemos tomar unos helados en esa heladería.We can have some ice-creams at that ice-cream parlour.
Mi hermano va a estudiar Geología en la universidad.My brother is going to study Geology at university.
La fotografía es uno de mis pasatiempos favoritos.Photography is one of my favourite hobbies.
La criminología es algo que me apasiona.Criminology is something I'm passionate about.
Voy a investigar un poco sobre la gastronomía de Méjico.I'm going to do a bit of research on Mexican gastronomy.
La cirugía estética es algo que nunca he considerado.Plastic surgery is something I've never considered.
Debemos tener mucha armonía en el mundo.We must have a lot of harmony in the world.
La epidemia afectó a mucha gente en varios países.The epidemic affected lots of people in several countries.
Me sorprendió mucho la noticia.I was very surprised by the news.
La modestia y la simpatía son dos buenas virtudes.Modesty and friendliness are two good virtues.
La influencia de la tecnología quizás nos hace más perezosos.The influence of technology maybe makes us more lazy.
This ending is very commonly found in the names of Spanish shops, and also for the names of sciences, school subjects and hobbies.
Note that when used as "subjects" that someone is studying, you do not use the article: "...va a estudiar la Geología".
Plural of -ia/-ía Spanish nouns
The plural of these words are formed by adding an -s:
La fotografía. Las fotografías.Photography. Photographies.
La epidemia. Las epidemias.Epidemic. Epidemics.
If the noun has an accent on the -í, you need to keep the accent on the plural form too.
However, note that most of these nouns are abstract nouns and they are rarely used in their plural form.
There is a common and important noun that is an exception:
el día (not la día) = the day
Also, bear in mind that when it is a noun that can refer to either a man or a woman, you can have both genders, so, for example:
El guía nos llevó a la catedral
The [male] guide took us to the cathedral.
La guía nos llevó a la catedral.
The [female] guide took us to the cathedral.
Want to make sure your Spanish sounds confident?
We’ll map your knowledge and give you free lessons to focus on your
gaps and mistakes. Start your Braimap today » | <urn:uuid:d67d3fce-984a-4e38-b0c0-ff4c75c38d11> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://spanish.kwiziq.com/revision/grammar/most-spanish-nouns-ending-in-ia-ia-are-feminine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662606992.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526131456-20220526161456-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.673839 | 783 | 2.578125 | 3 |
While the Earth is home to many different weather systems, the most extreme terrestrial conditions are mild compared to weather on other planets. All of the other bodies in the solar system large enough to maintain an atmosphere have their own weather systems, ranging from Earthlike to almost unimaginable. Humanity’s exploration of neighboring planets is far from complete, but scientists can draw some conclusions about conditions on other worlds.
Mercury’s position closest to the sun leaves it with very little atmosphere due to the proximity of the nearby star. What thin atmosphere the planet does possess flows away from it like a comet’s tail due to the powerful solar wind, without any discernible weather patterns.
Venus has an extremely dense atmosphere, layered with carbon dioxide and corrosive clouds. Its primary weather features are high winds and lightning storms high in the atmosphere, while the lowest levels remain calmer and extremely hot due to the planet’s runaway greenhouse effect. Temperatures at the surface are high enough to melt lead, rendering even the hardiest landing probes inoperative within hours of touching down.
A number of probes sent to Mars have revealed much about the planet’s weather patterns. Dust storms are the primary weather pattern on the planet, and while clouds of ice crystals occasionally form in the atmosphere, the pressure is too low for liquid precipitation. During the Viking II mission, frost regularly appeared at the probe’s landing site during the Martian winter.
The Gas Giants
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all share similar physical characteristics, as they are primarily made up of gases rather than solid matter and so share similar weather patterns. The gas giants all experience extremely high winds, hundreds of miles per hour at the equator. Storms in the atmosphere can last for extremely long times, such as Jupiter’s Red Spot or Saturn’s hexagonal storm at its north pole. Uranus has a unique tilt and rotation that freezes one portion of the planet for decades before it rotates back into the sunlight, triggering violent storms with the warming effect. Neptune’s atmosphere features high cirrus clouds formed of methane that travel rapidly across the upper reaches of its atmosphere.
The Kuiper Belt
While Pluto may have lost its status as a full-fledged planet, it and the other objects in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune remain targets for study. The limited observation that the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration has performed on these planets suggests that their atmospheres are thin and predictably cold. Their extreme distance from the sun reduces the difference in temperature between the day and night sides, removing the temperature fluctuations that could help drive weather patterns.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Mercury
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Venus
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Mars
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Saturn
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Jupiter
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Uranus
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Neptune
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Pluto
- Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:33c4ee62-7f54-4f16-b889-b7e5e6a93048> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sciencing.com/weather-planet-3906.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.913222 | 642 | 4.375 | 4 |
In the context of a donation by Margrave Leopold III, an altar of Mary is mentioned in a document.
On 12 June, the foundation stone for the monastery church is laid
Leopold III brings the Augustinian canons, headed by Provost Hartmann, to Klosterneuburg
On 29 September, the monastery church is consecrated by Archbishop Konrad
Margravine Agnes presents a particularly valuable item to the collegiate church: the giant seven armed candelabra.
On 15 November Leopold III dies (probably in a hunting accident)
The Verdun Altar is completed
On 13 September, a great fire breaks out at the monastery
The "Tutzsäule" monument (a Lantern of the Dead at the cemetery on Stiftsplatz) is erected
On 6 January, Margrave Leopold III is canonised by Pope Innocent VIII in Rome
Babenberg family tree (now displayed at the monastery museum)
On 15 February, the remains of St. Leopold are removed (translation of his relics)
First Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire. The canons flee to Passau
The first Leopold pfennigs are coined under Provost Balthasar Polzmann
On 15 November, Archduke Maximilian endows the Austrian Archducal Hat to Klosterneuburg Monastery
until 1645. First period of the Baroque refurbishment of the monastery church
Johannes Freundt completes his masterpiece, the Baroque organ
Leopold is named patron saint of Lower and Upper Austria.
Second period of the Baroque refurbishment of the monastery church
Second Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire. The canons flee to Ranshofen and Passau, only Wilhelm Lebsafft and Marzellin Ortner stay at Klosterneuburg.
Construction of the giant barrel (set up today at the Binderstadl barn)
The Veil Monstrance is acquired on the occasion of the 600-year jubilee of the laying of the church's foundation stone
The canons exchange their white habit for a black one
until 1730. Third period of Baroque refurbishment of the monastery church
until 1740. Based on plans by architect Donato Felice d'Allio following the model of the Escorial in Spain, a new Baroque building is constructed under Emperor Charles VI
The monastery museum is founded under Provost Ambros Lorenz
On 20 April, Pope Pius VI visits Klosterneuburg Monastery
The town of Floridsdorf (today one of Vienna's districts), named after Provost Floridus Leeb, is founded
The philosophical-theological monastery school is built
The Capella speciosa at the Stiftsplatz is torn down
The Albrecht Altar is transferred to Klosterneuburg Monastery (now displayed at the Chapel of St Sebastian)
until 1806. First occupation by the French troops. On 20 December 1805, Napoleon visits the monastery
Second occupation by the French troops
The tradition of Fasslrutschen (sliding down the huge barrel) is first mentioned in a document
Provost Gaudenz Dunkler permitted the Viennese suburb of New-Meidling to be constituted as an independent municipality. Stift Klosterneuburg had manorial rights over the area. In gratitude for this, the new town took the name “Gaudenzdorf”, or “Gaudenz Village”.
Provost Gaudenz Dunkler was one of the founding fathers of the “Imperial and Royal Mutual Privileged Fire Damage Insurance”, which was founded in 1824 and developed into the Vienna City Mutual Insurance Group and then later, the Vienna Insurance Group.
Founding of the winery school
The hitherto unknown painter Egon Schiele participates in an art exhibition at the monastery
The church music department at the Royal-Imperial Academy for Music and Performing Arts at Klosterneuburg is built
Pius Parsch founds the Popular Liturgical Movement
until 1945. Confiscation of Klosterneuburg Monastery by the Nazis
The biomass heating plant starts operation
The Sala terrena is opened as a new visitor reception area | <urn:uuid:2d37ef58-8d6f-4139-8a63-cef18eba8134> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.stift-klosterneuburg.at/en/monastery-and-order/history/timeline-board/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00844.warc.gz | en | 0.881748 | 906 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Marine turtles spend most of their time in the ocean, only coming to shore to nest. We still know very little about their migration patterns, though. Satellite tracking is one way of filling that knowledge gap, allowing researchers to track marine turtles as they swim from place to place.
WWF places satellite tags on marine turtles in many areas around the world. The information collected from the tags helps us to design better management strategies for their conservation, such as creating marine protected areas for important feeding areas or addressing threats to nesting beaches. Knowledge of marine turtle migration pathways is also important to reduce interaction with fisheries, when turtles too often become victims of bycatch.
Satellite tracking involves attaching a special piece of equipment to a marine turtle's shell. The transmitter, or ‘tag,’ sends a message to a satellite each time the turtle comes to the surface to breathe. We then know the location of the turtle and plot it onto a map.
In March, WWF placed satellite tags on two juvenile hawksbill turtles in a protected area within the Eastern Pacific. The photos below illustrate the different steps of the process, from capture to tagging to release. (Note: the satellite tags and attachment process are harmless to the turtle. Turtles adapt quickly to carrying the tag, which are designed to eventually fall off.) | <urn:uuid:cdcd6bc7-5f15-447e-a86b-e2571799ce56> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/tracking-turtles-by-satellite-for-better-conservation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00094-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932329 | 264 | 4.28125 | 4 |
If you have a pup, then it’s more like a part of your family. We tend to love play and take care of them, not less than our child. And yeah, it’s most vital too.
You need to take care of your friend to win its love and loyalty in return, right. However, winters are not a very good time for pets. A slight carelessness and then your puppy will take days to heal.
On a cold night, when you walk along the roadside with your dog, it may feel cold. So, when you buy coats for your children, mind buying one for your four-legged little friend. Do animals really feel cold? Can they also fall ill due to cols? The answer is yes!
Many factors can contribute to the sensitivity of feeling cold to a dog, such as age, size, coat color, etc. Try to keep them warm on such cold nights. But how you could know that your dog is feeling chilly. What should you do if you find your dog shivering with cold? Read the article to the very end to learn all the risk factors to your pup in winters, symptoms of cold, and how you can help them in this situation.
The risks of sensitivity to cold weather vary between different dog types. If your dog has poor health conditions, there are chances that it feels cold in winter. If you think animals are born with a natural coat and do not bother the surrounding rise and fall in temperature, then you may be wrong.
Just like when it is cold outside, human beings put on cold clothes to keep them warm. The surrounding cold temperature also affects the dog. Do not take your dog outside too much when it is too cold.
If your dog is one that is not good with low temperature, then he may manifest the following symptoms
More blood is supplied to vital organs than peripheries like ears, nose, paws, and tail in cold weather. The blood vessels become narrow and constrict, and tissues of these parts can freeze. So, these body parts may get dark red or black, so make sure to warm up the dog. Some signs associated with frostbite include:
- The skin may become discolorated, pale, or bluish.
- The rea of the skin can be inflamed and painful to touch.
- Redness or ulcers can form in extreme conditions.
- There are the areas of blackened, dead tissue (in severe cases)
- There is swelling of the affected area (due to edema)
- There is blistering or skin ulcers
- It may face Joint stiffness or clumsiness
- Pain and tenderness in the affected area
It is the most common reaction shown by the dog when it is feeling cold. Due to trembling, its tail becomes close to the body. Other body parts will also feel chilly to you. It is one of the body’s processes to generate heat to keep it warm. It is body shivering thermogenesis. Make your dog sit beside a heater or any other heating system to provide warmth.
Tiredness is another symptom in this situation. Your dog will be low on energy and do not want to get up and move a lot. He would instead stay put and crumble in its den. If your dog is getting too lazy in winters, even if he has thick fur like one of Poodle pups, you still need to consider he is behaving so because of being ill.
Watch out if your dog is barely walking and trying to hide. You need to consider that it may be feeling cold when it moves around with its tail near its body. If it is trying to hide in places, e.g., under the couch or try to get too close to the radiator, you need to keep it warm.
You must have seen your pet curl up on floors in average weather. Most dogs like to do so. They feel good when it is warm. However, at low temperatures, you will feel them like a ball of fur lying on the floor. They will curl us so much that their nose is touching their tail. Most commonly, it is coming along with shivering. It may be trying to stay warm or get extra heat. Give it instant attention in this case.
If your dog is not cared for duly in the cold, its body temperature may fall below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. It is 7 degrees Fahrenheit blow than its average body temperature. This condition can be life-threatening for your pup. When the body’s regular thermogenesis system stops working due to lack of further energy or just burn up due to extra work. In this case ;
- Your dog will be a lot, sleepy and lethargic. In the worst case, it will have no energy to respond to your calls even if it tries to get up.
- It moves around in a sluggish, passive clumsy way.
- The muscles go a lot stiff. It is due to the lack of energy.
- Breathing can also become problematic. There is also a wheezing sound when it breathes.
I do not think you need to ask what you need to do in this condition. Run to your vet right away!
How Cold Is Too Cold For Your Dog
A cold can be too cold for your dog if your dog has a little fur and a small beard. Moreover, it may feel too cold. If their body temperature falls below 45 degrees Celcius, it can cause a great dog and pet owner problem. Keep a close on your dogs during cold weather. Dogs can get cold from other infected dogs or other contaminated water sources. If your dog is presenting any cold symptoms, make sure they don’t get too serious. Healthy dogs may have light sneezing, which is only noticeable if you give attention. In case of heavy sneezing, seek some medical advice right away.
How To Keep Your Dog Warm
Now, if you know that your dog is feeling cold, try to keep them warm. Following are some essential tips to keep them warm and cozy during the cold winter.
Taking The Dog's Temperature
During cold weather, take your dog’s temperature with a digital thermometer. Wear gloves on your hands while taking the temperature. The average temperature varies between 101 F-102.5 F. If the temperature deviates from these values, take the help of a veterinarian to treat hypothermia. Do not wait any longer. It can be devastating for your pup. You need to be really quick if your think your dog has hyperthermia. Do not forget to wrap him up in a really thick blanket right away and keep him near the radiator to give it extra warmth.
Keeping Your Pets Living Area Insulated
If you are not keeping your dog inside the house and not in a pet house, keep their living area insulated. A blanket should always be there. Moreover, you can also consider using
- Fiberglass insulation
- Reflective foil
- Bubble wrap
- Polystyrene foam
- Expanding foam spray
- Some old rug
- And wood to insulate your dog’s den.
Put on Dog's Winter Wear
While going outside on a cold night, the sweater or winter coat on your dog protects it from cold weather. There is a lot of variety of these available in store. Also, Amazon offers some really economic yet worth your bucks collection of dog’s winter wear. You may also have seen dog boots. They are most uncomfortable for most of the pets. However, if your dog really wants to go outside in severe weather, they might be the best option to keep it safe.
Rub your dog’s skin to increase the blood circulation so that it feels warm. Consider rubbing the whole body along with its limbs and trunk where all the vitals lie. You can consider sneaking your hands in the blanket and not removing it if you rub the skin. Rubbing will instantly soothe the body as it is the fastest way to generate heat in the body.
Protect From Frostbite
If you suspect that dog has frostbite, dry your dog with a warm towel immediately. Give analgesic in case of pain to your dog.
Contact your vet for a recommendation. You can also use warm water on the affected area. However, using direct heat can worsen up the case and is too dangerous to your pet. So, avoid it. If the situation is complicated, contact your vet right away.
Cold Weather Dog Safety Tips
- Never leave your dog in a car. It can act as a refrigerator in the winter and causes the animal to freeze. The dogs are reported to experience severe hypothermia when they were left unattended in cars for long hours.
- Don’t let the dogs outside. They can get lost, be exposed to infectious diseases, freeze, and get injured. Sometimes your little carelessness will cause immense pain to your little friend. Take its care as if your small child. You will not then have to question what to do.
- Avoid haircuts in the winter as a fuller coat provide warmth. A sweater coat helps to retain heat. It is one of the best natural mechanisms to maintain heat in animals. The air insulation between the fur proves an extra layer to retain heat. So, never try to lighten up the hair or have a trim.
- Clean your dog’s paws and legs to remove salt and other chemicals, which can increase the chance of getting cold.
- Keep a close eye on your pet in winters. If you see any of the signs mentioned above, take precautions right away. If the situation is complicated, run to fetch your vet.
- Invest in a dog sweater or dog’s coat, and you will never regret it.
- A professional dog house is the best solution to fight the cold weather. It must be insulated, have nice bedding and a blanket. It should be kept off the floor to avoid getting cold from the ground.
Dogs are not one of the polar creatures. They can feel cold and can fall ill with it. Many visible signs indicate your pet is feeling chilly. However, many pet owners often overlook them as they seem close to the pet’s normal behavior. The alarm only rings when the pet is in a lot of pain and has fallen ill. Winters are not really friendly to pups, especially the younger ones. So, you need to keep an eye on your dog this season.
Watch out if anything is unusual, especially the position of its tail and its resting place. Rush over to the vet if anything is unusual. However, it is too easy to keep your pet warm in winters. So, you don’t have to worry a lot. Just make sure to consider the symptoms as mentioned earlier, and you are good to go.
Hey, I am a licenced veterinary practitioner. Since my childhood, I have always dreamed to be a vet and play with these adorable creatures all day long. My love to write and spread awareness pushed me towards blogging. So, I decided to merge both of my passions and create highly knowledgeable blogs for the people struggling with their new pets. There are multiple cases you may face with your pets in everyday life and also multiple odd behaviours may pop hundreds of questions into your mind. Every behaviour has a reason, and I am here to provide the very logical reasons and easy solutions. Let us take care of our pets in the best possible way! | <urn:uuid:6d3637d3-6044-49a2-815a-c8c80ab23826> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://petshopes.com/how-do-i-know-if-my-dog-is-cold-at-night/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362513.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301121225-20210301151225-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.955052 | 2,352 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Excessive moisture is a problem in many homes across the UK. It can lead to unsightly mould, condensation and damp walls – and in some cases can make health conditions such as asthma or allergies worse. If left unresolved, damp can eventually damage clothes or electronics, cause wallpaper to peel and lead to an unpleasant smell. Fortunately, a dehumidifier can often solve damp problems quickly and relatively cheaply.
What Does a Dehumidifier Do?
We often think of the air in our homes as just empty space. This is fine most of the time, but it’s not really the case. Just like clouds show there is water in the atmosphere, there’s a lot of water – or humidity – in the air of your home.
This humidity comes for a variety of sources. Some of the most common include drying laundry and boiling food. As humidity levels rise, condensation forms on windows or even walls, which is one of the first signs of excessive humidity.
A dehumidifier’s job is to maintain relative humidity levels. It does this be drawing in air and removing moisture, before releasing the air back into the environment. The water then drips into the tank where it can be emptied.
But what exactly is relative humidity?
Technically, relative humidity is how much moisture the air is holding compared to how much it can hold. The reason this is different to “regular” humidity is that the amount of water air can hold changes depending on temperature, with warmer air able to hold more.
This is why condensation forms on windows. The warmer air inside a home hits the window and cools, which means it can hold less water. If it was already close to saturation, some of the moisture is forced to condense during the cooling process.
The ideal range of relative humidity is around 40-60%. This can vary depending on the time of year, but keeping humidity in this range reduces many of the negative effects. A high-quality dehumidifier can maintain humidity levels in this range throughout your home, garage, boat or other interior.
How do Dehumidifiers Work?
At a basic level, all dehumidifiers follow the same process. They start by pulling in air from the surrounding environment before removing moisture into a tank. The drier air is then pumped back into the room.
There are, however, several methods to extract moisture. The two most common are refrigerant and desiccant.
- Desiccant Dehumidifiers. Once air has been pulled into a desiccant dehumidifier, it is passed over a material to absorb moisture. A heater then raises the temperature of the material, causing the water to be collected in the tank below. Click here for a full explanation of desiccant dehumidifiers.
- Refrigerant dehumidifiers. Unlike desiccant dehumidifiers, refrigerant models use a compressor to cool coils. Air is then passed over the coils, causing water to condense (like on a window) before dripping into the tank below. Click here for a full explanation of refrigerant dehumidifiers.
We’ve reviewed excellent dehumidifiers of both types, so there isn’t a “best” option. As desiccant dehumidifiers don’t use cooled coils, however, they are recommended for cooler environments. Refrigerant dehumidifiers are generally more energy efficient, but are most effective in warmer rooms.
Do I Need a Dehumidifier?
Not every damp or mould problem requires a dehumidifier. In fact, we recommend you try other methods first. If they don’t work, a dehumidifier can quickly reduce humidity.
Here are some things to try before buying a dehumidifier:
- Ventilation is vital for reducing humidity. Make sure you use extractor fans, especially when cooking or having a shower, and try leaving them on a bit longer. If you don’t have a fan, leave the window open in the bathroom for 10-15 minutes after a shower.
- Dry your clothes outside or while the windows are open. This isn’t always possible, especially if you live in a flat or home without a garden, but wet laundry is one of the biggest sources of moisture in the home.
- If you have a tumble dryer, check that the vent is properly working and taking moisture outside.
- Leave your bedroom window open for 10-15 minutes each morning. This allows moisture from breathing to escape.
- If you’re having trouble reducing the humidity in your bathroom, take shorter and colder showers.
- Cover your food while cooking. This stops moisture escaping into the air.
- If you have a fireplace, dry wood in a shed rather than inside. Fresh firewood can hold a lot of water.
- Check your roof isn’t leaking.
- Make sure your washing machine isn’t leaking when in use.
These tips can have a surprisingly quick effect on humidity. But if you try them and find that your home is still damp, or the tips aren’t applicable to your situation, getting a dehumidifier can be a great option.
Another reason you might need a dehumidifier is if you have a dust mite allergy. Dust mites can’t survive with humidity at less than 50%, so keeping humidity below this stops them breeding.
How to Choose a Dehumidifier
If you’ve decided a dehumidifier is the best option for tackling mould and damp, the next step is choosing the right model. With a variety of options on the market, however, this isn’t always easy. Here’s an overview of some of the most important considerations.
The majority of dehumidifiers for homes cost around £100-£250. As a general rule, the higher the extraction capacity (how much water a dehumidifier can remove in 24 hours) the more you’ll need to pay. We’ve written a guide to sizing your dehumidifier, but the larger or damper a home the bigger capacity you’ll need.
If you want a mid-range dehumidifier that’s suitable for medium-size homes, a budget of £150-£200 includes many of the best dehumidifiers. If you have a large home, or want advanced features such as daily timers and digital control panels, you’ll probably need to stretch to £200-£250.
Keep in mind that spending more doesn’t always mean a higher quality dehumidifier. That’s why it’s important to read our dehumidifier reviews before you buy.
Type of Dehumidifier
We’ve talked a lot about the various types of dehumidifier – but which is best for you? Here’s a quick overview.
- Refrigerant dehumidifier (also known as compressor dehumidifiers). This is the most common type and works best in warmer conditions. The best refrigerant models are highly energy efficient and fast at extracting water. If you only need a dehumidifier for heated rooms and aren’t concerned about noise levels, a refrigerant is probably the best option.
- Desiccant dehumidifier. These are more effective in cooler conditions than refrigerant. They are also quieter and lighter as they don’t include a compressor or coils. For these reasons, desiccant models are recommended if you need a small dehumidifier or a dehumidifier for cooler environments (such as garages or conservatories). They are less energy efficient though, so for warmer environments you may want to choose a refrigerant model.
Size of Dehumidifier
The capacity of a dehumidifier doesn’t refer to its physical size of even its water tank. Instead, its capacity is how much water it can extract during a 24 hour period.
This value is the amount in ideal conditions, so the machine is unlikely to reach this number in the typical British home. Even so, the capacity is important as it’s an easy way to compare the extraction capabilities of two dehumidifiers.
We’ve written a full guide to choosing the right size for your dehumidifier. The guide includes a table for working out the minimum capacity you’ll need depending on the size and humidity of your home.
Physical Size and Weight
It’s common to move a dehumidifier around depending on where it’s needed most. Bulky and heavy dehumidifiers, which can weigh over 13kg, can make this difficult. For this reason, it’s important to take into account the physical size and weight before you buy. If you’re going to use it in a small room, you may also need a compact model.
On a side note, you may want to choose a dehumidifier with wheels and a proper handle – especially if you think you’ll have trouble carrying it.
- Off Timer. A timer allows you to set the machine to turn off after a defined period of time. This is a handy way to save energy.
- Auto-defrost. When temperatures drop too low, water on the dehumidifier’s coils can start to freeze. Auto-defrost mode allows the machine to unfreeze before continuing to dehumidify.
- Automatic humidity monitoring (humidistat). Many dehumidifiers can monitor the humidity of the environment. This allows them to switch on or off depending on whether the humidity has reached your desired levels. Automatic modes reduce the need to micro manage your dehumidifier and can also save energy.
- Auto-reset. This function allows a dehumidifier to restart without changing settings after it loses power.
- Extra filtration. Some dehumidifiers include additional filtration systems to purify the air.
- Brand. It’s usually best to buy from a respected dehumidifier brand, such as EcoAir, Ebac and Meaco. There are exceptions, however, so we review dehumidifiers from a range of companies.
- Energy efficiency. Energy efficiency can be difficult to judge, but there are a few rules to follow. Refrigerant models are usually more energy efficient when used in warm environments, but they become less so as temperatures cool. Desiccant models use more energy, but can quickly remove water and also work consistently in cooler temperatures. Some dehumidifiers also have multiple settings to reduce energy consumption at the expense of extraction speed.
How to Use a Dehumidifier
When you buy a dehumidifier, make sure you read the manual before you switch it on. Manufacturers often provide useful information about how to maximise the efficiency of a specific model. Once you’ve read the manual, here are a few additional tips:
- Dehumidifiers rely on an unobstructed airflow to maximise their effectiveness. While some have vents on the top, most have them on the back. This means there needs to be a space between the dehumidifier and the wall. We recommended at least six inches around the dehumidifier.
- Follow the tips above for reducing humidity even if you have a dehumidifier. This will reduce energy consumption.
- Regularly clean the filter so it doesn’t get clogged. Just like a vacuum cleaner, a dirty filter reduces the effectiveness of a dehumidifier. Make sure you check the manufacturer’s instructions on how to safely clean the filter first though.
- If your dehumidifier has an automatic function, it will automatically switch on and off depending on the humidity. A good compromise between health benefits and energy cost is 50-60% humidity. You may want to set it lower than this on the first few uses, however, to bring humidity down to a manageable baseline.
Which are the Best Dehumidifiers?
We review a variety of dehumidifiers from brands such as Ebac, Delonghi, EcoAir and Meaco. There are a number of great options on the market, but we’ve picked our favourites and listed them on our page of the best dehumidifier models. If you’re ready to start looking for a dehumidifier for your home, that’s the best place to start. | <urn:uuid:a2dada11-0404-4f4c-a6fb-67ea5b2af549> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://choosedehumidifier.co.uk/guides/buying-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.900812 | 2,612 | 2.8125 | 3 |
House siding is the process of applying exterior materials to the walls of the house or building to protect its walls from the effect of weather and at the same time improving the appearance, appeal and value of the home.
Siding can be done horizontally or vertically with boards, shingles and sheet materials. Siding may be made of plastic, masonry, composite material or wood which is directly attached to the building structure or to an intermediate layer of wood which is called sheathing.
Since the building materials expand and contract with the changing of the temperature and humidity, it is advisable to make rigid joints between the siding elements. Therefore Rain screen contraction is used to improve siding ability in order to keep walls dry.
The house siding colors.
Color is one of the first decisions made to reflect on how impressive the buildings will look. In this way, you need to think about the favorite rooms in your house, favorite season or outfits
House siding colors are no longer limited to tepid grey and week kneed beige, it now encompasses on greater swath of the rainbow, though not everything can be appealing.
Though there is improvement in color fast technology, solid colors like solid green, gold, brown and reds still fade faster than light colors, and if color fades, that means higher maintenance cost may apply.
Below are the types of house siding
House siding materials have varied over years, they include; wood siding, aluminum, vinyl siding, hard board siding, fiber glass, cement fiber siding, Dutch lap siding, mastic Vinyl siding.
This was introduced to the market in 1950s which replaced aluminum. Vinyl Siding is plastic exterior manufactured primarily from Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) used for weather proofing and decorating the house. It is used to imitating wood clapboard instead of material like fiber cement.. It is of low cost, versatility and easy to maintain therefore becoming most popular choose in the United States.
Dutch lap siding
This produces strong shadow lines. And it is a popular alternative to the standard clap board faced. It has multiple courses with typical reveals of 3 to 5 inches. It grew popular in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States in the early settler’s day.
Mastic Vinyl Siding
This is simply the best available tested to sustain winds from 165 to 240mph. It goes through quality control process that enables ongoing beauty and performance for years. It is also appreciated as one of the strongest and dependable brand around to provide wind resistance, color constancy and withstanding all weather conditions.
Mastic Vinyl Siding is commonly used in Florida, Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama which experiences effects of tropical storms. It is durable and comes in styles and designs for your choice. Mastic Vinyl Siding is certified by experts as superior durable and dependable with more than 700 ( seven Hundred) colors to choose from.
There a number of materials that suits the style of your house and also to fit your life style. When choosing the right siding, below are the basic issues you need to consider
· Ease of installation, if you are to install the siding by yourself, make sure it is within the skill set and no required special tools for example Vinyl has an option for to do yourself, since mistakes are costly make sure to follow the instructions from the manufacturers.
· Durability, does the siding have the ability to resist temperatures in the present climate? Aluminum siding though out dated is fairly durable, fire proof and not considered harmful to health and environment.
· Versality, make sure that the siding meet your varied needs of the specific project. If the building is in a tropical climate with intensive weather conditions Mastic Vinyl Siding can be considered since it’s designed to withstanding all weather conditions.
· Water resistant, water resistant types will have longer life span. Dutch Lap cost is super resistant to water and air infiltration over wood siding.
· Wood siding, this makes the house look rich but it requires periodic maintenance chalking, painting, staining to prevent weather damages.
· Brick siding,
This gives a beautiful look and has been used for hundreds of years and stands the test of time due to the membrane installed between the bricks veneer protecting the house. Installing bricks is labor intensive, but cheaper in the long run compared to siding option
House siding cost
This is considered to be one of the wisest investments a home owner can make, it seems to be expensive but pays off.
This is vulnerable to cracking, mold, emulates about 32% of homes in United States feature Vinyl siding
· Cost per square foot $2 to $3
· Expected siding cost is $7000
· Cost of Mastic Vinyl siding
Ensure that your remodeling budget doesn’t go overboard. In this way, you need to understand the average cost of product in your area.
Below is the estimates cost categorized into Basic, Better and Best
- Basic material prices $120-$192
- Basic Installation cost $252-$384
- Basic square foot $3.9
- Better material prices $168-$252
- Better Installation cost $360-$516
- Better square foot $5.4
- Best material prices $240-$336
- Best Installation cost $504-$648
- Best Square foot $7.2
It is advisable to get three to five estimates before you hire a contractor and also expect the price to fluctuate between various companies.
This has been around since colonial days. It is super resistant to water and air infiltration over wood siding. The scoop creates well defined lines a house is completely sided.
Most Dutch lap siding are double board width with each 4.5 inches, however, 4 and 5 inches boards are available.
Below are the siding prices that feet the budget.
Per square and higher cost $100
This comes with
- Alside prodigy
- Mastic Structure. EPS
- Insulated CertainTeed cede boards.
- Medium $70 to $100 per square
- Certain Teed momgram 46
- Mastic liberty Elite
- $50 to $70 per square
- Mastic mill creek
- Voile Encore
The siding price is dependable but one should be able to add beautiful shadow lines of the Dutch lap siding to your home on any of the siding budget.
The above is what you should know about House siding. | <urn:uuid:cd3ea0db-a2bc-4a39-9d30-3b2c2cbf06ef> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.furyleague.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645330174.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031530-00040-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932299 | 1,350 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This Omega English product contains 2 graphic organizers for the short story “Zero Hour” by Ray Bradbury. It includes a time line of important events and focuses on the significance of characters as they relate to the central idea. It corresponds to the 8th Grade Code X curriculum (page 264).
Don’t forget to follow my store, Omega English
, for more great lessons, bundles, and free monthly downloads!
You Might Also Like: The Little Rock Nine: Struggle for Integration Bundle Unit 7 Code X
You Might Also Like: Code X Unit 7 Elizabeth and Hazel: Two Women of Little Rock Bundle
Keywords: Code X, 8th Grade, Scholastic Code X, Key Ideas and Details, Zero Hour, Ray Bradbury, Common Core Aligned | <urn:uuid:c3b0b3a5-f493-4d2a-b0a3-af1124a464d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/8th-Grade-Code-X-Unit-5-Zero-Hour-Key-Ideas-and-Details-1879010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608648.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526071051-20170526091051-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.845641 | 159 | 3.015625 | 3 |
This series is created to help you start growing vegetables at home, at school or anywhere there is healthy soil, sunlight and folks who want to tend them. Our videos are intended for audiences aged 6 to 100 and will cover basic information such as timing, tools to use, watering and harvesting. The series is just the beginning of a journey of discovery, and it is our hope that you continue this journey by visiting Lucille’s Garden.
Growing vegetables is a process and takes time to see the end results. We feel that journaling helps you reflect on the tasks completed throughout the growing season. We also recommend taking notes while reviewing the videos and then looking up information by gathering seed catalogs or visiting websites with an adult. | <urn:uuid:3f7cb738-f3e8-4153-872a-2c2c00d7ea35> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://tylerarboretum.org/Growing-Vegetable-Series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.965014 | 147 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Troubled foot? Planter Fasciitis could be the ReasonPragya Raiwal
The most common cause of heel pain is Plantar fasciitis. In which plantar fascia becomes inflamed, and the inflammation causes pain in the foot and stiffness.
Your plantar fascia is a strong band of tissue (like a ligament) that stretches from your heel (calcaneus) to your middle foot bones. It supports the arch of your foot and also acts as a shock-absorber for your foot.
Causes of Plantar Fasciitis
- Overweight or obese people have greater risk of developing plantar fasciitis
- Long-distance runners are also at risk of plantar fascia problems.
- Also, people whose job require continuous standing for long hours are at risk if they do the job like in which they require continue standing E.g. factory workers, restaurant servers/managers, etc.
- If anyone has foot problems such as very high arches or very flat feet, they are also at high risk of developing plantar fasciitis.
- Tight calf muscles and tendon may also result in plantar fasciitis.
- Inappropriate footwear (too soft sole or poor arch) can also cause plantar fasciitis.
Symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis
- Pain and Stiffness in the bottom of the heel or mid-foot area.
- Usual Pain in the morning when you take your first steps out of bed or after long sitting.
- Pain in stair climbing, continuous standing, and running.
Goals of Physiotherapy
- Reduce Pain and Inflammation
- Prescribe appropriate support or footwear
- Improve flexibility and reduce tightness
- Improve strength of leg muscle
- Functional Training
For getting help with plantar fasciitis, please get in touch with us at 0124-4646291 or you can also fill out our free consultation form. | <urn:uuid:1f48640b-ef41-4ca9-9ec9-1f968246ecc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.infalliblefitness.com/troubled-foot-planter-fasciitis-reason/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588072.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216123525-20171216145525-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.892348 | 414 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Cyberbullying or Collaborative Violence?
Media and communication technology has provided us with tools to enable and facilitate collaboration without physical participation or geographical constraints. When it comes to the impact of new media on childhood and youth, there has always been much discussion of the potential benefits, but as well as dangers of these new media tools. Along came a rise of new phenomena that cuts across the private and public space. One of these phenomena is the practice of cyberbullying. Here I want to look into the collaborative aspects of cyberbullying and set it against Christoph Spehr ’s notion of free cooperation.
Last year, I volunteered at the Cinekid Festival which is an annual event held in October. On my first day, I was responsible for a device called the “reactie machine”, which has an inbuilt camera and a screen that shows a 20-second film of the person who was filmed previously. Children are supposed to construct an interactive story by continuing the story of their predecessors. The day (or at least my day) was not very successful in terms of creating a collaborative story. But what struck me the most was the one (and only) story I got out of my participants, which revealed the story about a chicken that got eaten by a wolf. This made the (dead) chicken very mad. The boy, whose turn was right after, finished the story with a violent and vengeful resolution. The chickens took their guns and shot the wolf dead. This experience led me questioning the extent to which children are exposed to violence in the media and the possible channels (or ways) to release such effects. Cyberbullying for this matter can be seen as a way to act out violent behavior in a virtual environment that is poorly monitored by parents and teachers.
Cyberbullying according to Wikipedia is
the term used to refer to bullying and harassment by use of electronic devices through means of e-mail, instant messaging, text messages, blogs, mobile phones, pagers, and websites.
Cyberbullying is willful and involves recurring or repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.”
Cyberbullying comes in many forms, ranging from threats, sexual remarks, hate speech to publishing defamatory material about a person on the Internet.
Cyberbullying is also a global phenomenon with incidents around the world. With a focus on Dutch society, research showed that 20% of the youth who participated in the research find cyberbullying rather amusing. The main reason for the engagement in such practice is because one can participate and remain anonymous.
Anonymity is inherent (although not untraceable) to the new media environment. Does this necessary means that the use of new media tools accumulates to the violent effects of the media? Sometimes yes, and other times no. I think a better way to understand the effects of media violence and the possible outlets of such effects is by looking at the layers of collaboration in the practice of cyberbullying.
Christoph Spehr set out three conditions under which collaboration can be defined as free cooperation. The first one refers to a form of collaboration in which all members have equal say about the rules of the collaboration:
The traditional distribution of disposal, possession, work and the traditional rules are not sacrosanct, do not have “higher authority,” but can be negotiated anew by the members of the cooperation at any time (Lovink en Scholz 2007: 92).
The lack of supervision, whether by parents, or web or chat hosts facilitates the collaboration between (cyber) bullies. Chat hosts can only observe the dialog in some chat rooms, but everything outside a chat room or via instant messengers is solely viewable by the sender and the recipient. Furthermore, (especially) teens hardly encounter a higher authority in their online experience. Teens often know more about computers than their parents and no individual is able to monitor someone else’s online behavior 24/7.
Once the members have collectively chosen a target, or victim, they decide individually when or how to intimidate their target and it remains up to the members of the group to decide when to stop or change to another victim. This brings us to Spehr second condition of free cooperation:
all members are free to quit the cooperation, to give limits or con¬ditions for their cooperative activity, and to influence the rules of the cooperation by that (Ibid).
all members are equal insofar as they can do this at a price that is similar and bearable; i.e., the price of leaving the cooperation, or to give limits or conditions for one’s cooperative activity, has to be similarly high (or low) for all members but in any case reasonable” (Lovink en Scholz 2007: 93).
My argument here is that this only applies partially to cyberbullies. Members of cyberbullying are equal insofar as they have equal access to communication technology. Internet penetration in the Netherlands is rather high (the highest in Europe); the average age at which children get their first mobile phone is seven.
Equal participation and collaboration in cyberbullying are two intertwined but at the same time separate categories. Participants of such practice are the perpetrators, the ones who actually start or continue the practice by mail, spam, via instant messages etc. But belonging to the members of cyberbullying can also include “passive bystanders”; for in the case of Happy Slapping, youngsters do not necessary make the videos themselves, but participate in the consumption and distribution of the film. Whether actively or passively, participants contribute to the physical and psychological effects of cyberbullying on the victim. Up until now, there has been much discussion about cyberbullying, centering on the relationship between perpetrators and victims. I believe that we should have a much closer look at the extent to which every child can attribute (actively or passively/ consciously or “harmless” but just for fun attitude) to the outcome and effects of such practice.
Final words on cyberbullying
According to a study on children’s peer culture by William A. Corsaro (1992; 1997), children are active agents who appropriate and transform information from the adult world in the creation of their own locally shared peer cultures, cultures created from situated, face-to-face interaction. Extending this idea to the cyberworld, I would argue that children or teens are not the only ones engaged in cyberbullying. In one word to prove my point: Iggy, and it is a dog. Ellen DeGeneres pleaded on one of her shows to get her dog back. The organization, Mutts and Moms, that took away the dog, got tons of threat mails, including mails that threaten to bomb the owner’s home. It got so out of hand; the organization was shut down for days. No this time, it was not the kids. These are people or adults who watch and probably love Ellen DeGeneres show. | <urn:uuid:4e0b20e7-dbc7-4bb8-a6d6-e69730786b2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/blog/2007/10/22/cyberbullying-or-collaborative-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141181482.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125071137-20201125101137-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.962548 | 1,436 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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