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Austin Augustus King
Austin Augustus King ( born September 21, 1802 Sullivan County, Tennessee, † April 22, 1870 in St. Louis, Missouri ) was a U.S. Representative (Democratic Party) and from 1848 to 1853, the tenth Governor of Missouri. This state he represented also in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Early years and political rise
Austin King attended the public schools of his home in Tennessee. After a subsequent law degree, he was admitted in 1822 as a lawyer. He then worked in this profession first in Jackson and then after a 1830 made moving to Columbia ( Missouri). During the Black Hawk War, King was a colonel in the army.
In the years 1834 and 1836 King sat as an MP in the House of Representatives from Missouri. Between 1837 and 1848 he was a judge in the Fifth Judicial District of the State of. On August 7, 1848 he was elected as a candidate of his party as the new governor of Missouri, where he prevailed with 59 percent of the vote against the Whig James S. Rollins.
Governor and congressman
King took up his new post on 20 November 1848. During his tenure, eight more counties were created in Missouri. At that time, the first overland stagecoach line was put into operation. A mental hospital was opened. Also at this time, the Pacific Railroad Railway Company began planning for railroad technical development of the state.
1852 failed a first attempt to be elected to Congress. In 1860, King was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore and Charleston. Already in 1855 he was a delegate to a conference of the slaveholders, which was held in Lexington. This conference stood up for slavery in the Kansas Territory, which fueled the situation there and contributed to the tension in the area.
Between 1862 and 1863, King was a judge again and 1863-1865 he was a deputy in the U.S. House of Representatives. After his re-election had failed, he retired from politics. He died in 1870 in St. Louis. Austin King has been married twice. | <urn:uuid:09a78247-440a-4d3e-a8bb-8c53b7a47857> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://memim.com/austin-augustus-king.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573264.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918085827-20190918111827-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.986963 | 433 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Political Economy of Islam
All Middle Eastern countries, with the exception of Israel and Lebanon, profess Islam as their state religion. Islam, whether simply in words or in fact, is woven into the fabric of these societies, affecting everything from the political system, to the social, financial and economic system. Islam is a rules-based system, with the collection of rules constituting its institutions in the quest to establish societies that are just. Allah commands mankind to behave in a fair and just manner to protect the rights of others, to be fair and just with people, to be just in business dealings, to honor agreements and contracts, to help and be fair with the needy and orphans, and to be just even in dealing with enemies. Allah Commands humans to establish just societies, rulers to be just and people to stand up for the oppressed against their oppressors. It is for these reasons that it said that justice is at the heart of Islam. In the same vein, the state (policies) must step in to restore justice whenever and wherever individuals fail to comply with divine rules; government intervention must enhance justice. This series brings together scholarship from around the world focusing on global implications of the intersections between Islam, government, and the economy in Islamic countries. | <urn:uuid:5246bc1e-389f-4bf5-adb4-a73346f50f31> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.palgrave.com/de/series/14544 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258147.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525164959-20190525190959-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.961082 | 252 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Megan Rauscher explains why the loss of your teeth may predict the loss of your sanity later in life. Lack of proper gum care causes or aggravates unhealthy gums, weakening of teeth, and eventual loss of teeth. Dr. Harold Katz, of course, has a solution. Periotherapy keeps gums healthy and teeth intact.
Don’t lose your teeth, and your mind
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) – To keep dementia at bay, take care of your teeth. That seems to be the message of a new study in which researchers found a possible link between tooth loss or having very few teeth — one to nine, to be exact — and the development of dementia later in life.
The research team analyzed dental records and brain function test results accumulated over 12 years for 144 people enrolled in the Nun Study – a long-term study of aging and Alzheimer’s disease among Catholic sisters of the School Sisters of Notre Dame. The participants ranged in age from 75 to 98 years.
Among subjects free of dementia at the first cognitive exam, those with no teeth or fewer than nine teeth had a greater than 2-fold increased risk of becoming demented later in life compared with those who had 10 or more teeth, the researchers found.
Roughly one third of subjects with fewer than nine teeth, or no teeth, had dementia at the first cognitive exam.
Dr. Pamela Sparks Stein of the College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, and associates report their findings in The Journal of the American Dental Association.
A number of prior studies have shown that people who suffer from dementia are more likely than their cognitively intact counterparts to have poor oral health, largely due to neglect of oral hygiene.
The current study is one of only a few that asked: Does poor health contribute to the development of dementia? These results suggest it may, although the Kentucky team cautions that it is not clear from the study whether the association is “causal or casual.”
“Common underlying conditions may simultaneously contribute to both tooth loss and dementia,” Stein noted in comments to Reuters Health. In addition to gum disease, early-life nutritional deficiencies, infections or chronic diseases that may result simultaneously in tooth loss and damage to the brain, she explained.
SOURCE: Journal of the American Dental Association, October 2007.
Tags: bad breath, bad breath cause, bad breath cure, bleeding gums, Dr. Harold Katz, flossing, Food, gingivitis, gum disease, halitosis, health, news, periodontal disease, Periotherapy, Therabreath, Uncategorized, wellness | <urn:uuid:7b819fd6-935c-4952-babd-ff8e3ee334e6> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://blog.therabreath.com/2007/10/tooth-loss-may-predict-later-life-dementia-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929832.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00283-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937229 | 540 | 2.625 | 3 |
Dr. Christopher Cooper
Kids don't give up only naps after kindergarten. Moving on to first grade often means less access to go to the bathroom -- which can lead to unnecessary accidents or other urination problems.
However, better training for teachers about children's normal and abnormal bathroom needs could help kids with their voiding, or urinating, practices, according to a University of Iowa Health Care study based on surveys of public elementary school teachers. The study, which appears in the September issue of the Journal of Urology, is believed to be the first to query teachers on the topic of young students and bathroom access.
Children spend about half of their waking hours at school, so how much bathroom access they have is an important issue, said Christopher Cooper, M.D., UI associate professor of urology and the study's principal investigator.
"Pediatric voiding problems are fairy common and can be socially devastating for children. However, very little seems to be known about it from the teacher standpoint," Cooper said. "Most teachers aren't trained to recognize that it can be a health or medical problem."
The researchers sent 1,000 21-question surveys to public elementary teachers in Iowa. Nearly 47 percent of the surveys (467) were returned. In their responses, only about one in five (18 percent) teachers said they ever had received instructional information about abnormal voiding or bowel problems in children.
However, the researchers found that teachers with more classroom experience had a better idea of what could be a bladder problem. These teachers also were more likely to involve a school nurse when children had bladder or stooling accidents.
Nearly 80 percent of teachers reported set times for student bathroom breaks, and one-third of the teachers said children are asked to wait if they request a bathroom break in the middle of class.
Kindergarten teachers were the most likely to give free access to the bathroom and to believe children who said they needed to go. Sixty-nine percent of these teachers let kindergartners use the bathroom whenever they asked. This easy access dropped to 40 percent for first grade and 25 percent by third grade.
"Statistically we found a big difference between kindergarten and first grade for free access to using the bathroom," Cooper said. "However, there is no physiological difference between five-, six- and seven-year-olds in terms of voiding function."
Children in those age groups still are developing and have some unstable bladder contractions. As a result, it is better for them to urinate whenever they feel the urge rather than to try to hold it, Cooper said. By third grade, as children mature, teachers see fewer wettings.
At the same time, he understands the dilemma teachers face. The survey uncovered several issues. Teachers are concerned that older children want to go to the bathroom for social or other reasons, or that children will be subjected to bullying or teasing by peers in an unsupervised place. Teachers also noted the lack of cleanliness of bathrooms, especially the boys' room. "It's difficult if kids are jumping up and running to and from the bathroom. There's no perfect solution, but we need to do more to let kids respond to their urge to urinate or defecate during school hours," Cooper said.
"Incontinence occurs because children hold off urinating. In addition, when kids get too good at holding off, they can't relax enough to void when they have the opportunity, or they stretch their bladders and do damage," he added.
Cooper, who treats many children with urinary incontinence and some with problems defecating, became interested in the issue of elementary schools and urination problems after hearing many parents complain that their children were not being given the opportunity to frequently use the bathroom at school.
He also heard kids themselves saying they "do not use the bathroom at all" while at school and wait until they get home.
While Cooper hears such comments from young patients, he noted that the study was limited to teachers' perception and did not include what children think.
Other researchers on the study included Chadi T. Abousally, a former UI medical student who graduated in 2002, and J. Christopher Austin, Margaret A. Boyt and Charles E. Hawtrey, all in the UI department of urology.
Cooper and colleagues next will survey universities and colleges to find out if teachers learn about childhood toileting. Cooper said the team also plans a pilot in-service teacher program on normal toileting for children.
"We've identified a problem and now we need to figure out a solution," Cooper said.
University of Iowa Health Care describes the partnership between the UI Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and UI Hospitals and Clinics and the patient care, medical education and research programs and services they provide. Visit UI Health Care online at www.uihealthcare.com.
STORY SOURCE: University of Iowa Health Science Relations, 5137 Westlawn, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1178
MEDIA CONTACT: Becky Soglin, Writer, 319-335-6660, firstname.lastname@example.org
NOTE TO EDITORS: Dr. Christopher Cooper will not be available Monday morning, August 11 for interviews. However, he will be available from approximately 1 to 4 p.m. CT that day.
PHOTO: A photo of Dr. Christopher Cooper is available for downloading at http://www.uihealthcare.com/depts/med/urology/urologymds/cooper.html
See related materials:
- Health Risks to Children Associated With Forced Retention of Bodily Waste - A statement by health care professionals
- Are Your Children Safe in School? - Confronting the Issue of Teachers who Deny Toilet Use, by Laurie couture
- The Medical Risks Of Forced Retention of Urine, by Laurie A. Couture, M.Ed., 2003
(Use your browser's "back" button to return to this index.)
- Letters from Parents About Denial of Toilet Usage in their Child’s School
(Use your browser's "back" button to return to this index.)
- Forced Retention of Bodily Waste: The Most Overlooked Form of Child Maltreatment by Laurie A. Couture, 2001
- Using the Bathroom Is Your Right, Not a Privilege! By Laurie A. Couture
- Letter to the New York Times Re: "Teacher in Urination Flap", by Laurie A. Couture, February 11, 2000
- IMAGE: First graders, Wesley School, Houston, Texas: "One of the school's special aspects is its regimented bathroom break every morning," Contra Costa Times, February 11, 2001.
HAVE YOU BEEN|
TO THE NEWSROOM? | <urn:uuid:f016b48f-aaea-42ba-b6a3-ace55219e89a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://nospank.net/cooper3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00763.warc.gz | en | 0.963407 | 1,417 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Each student will select one of the key terms listed below and conduct a search of our University’s online Library resources to find 1 recent peer-reviewed article (ATTACHED TO THIS POST) that closely….
Need discussion for MAT221 details below and sample file attached how discussion should look. Need someone that is experinced in Algebra
My birthday is 3/25/1976
Write your birth date or the birth date of someone in your family as mm/dd/yy. (Example: March 13, 1981 is written 3/13/81, and November 7, 1967 is written 11/7/67).
Now let a = the one- or two-digit month number,
b = the negative of the one- or two-digit day number, and
c = the two-digit year number.
(Our example: a = 3, b = -13, and c = 81 or a = 11, b = -7, and c = 67)
Use the following algebraic expressions for parts 3-5 of the discussion:
Evaluate the three given expressions using the a, b, and c from your birth date. Make sure that b is negative when you plug in the values.
After you have your math worked out on scratch paper, go back and verbally describe the steps you took to evaluate the expressions. Make sure to use each of the vocabulary words at least once in your writing.
Did you notice anything interesting about the results of and ? Was this coincidence or do you think there is a reason for this?
Incorporate the following five math vocabulary words into your discussion. Use bold font to emphasize the words in your writing (Do not write definitions for the words; use them appropriately in sentences describing your math work.):
Your initial post should be 150-250 words in length. | <urn:uuid:0ae9c0b7-59c0-46d4-a547-5067f473af50> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://qualityessays.net/need-discussion-for-mat221-details-below-and-sample-file-attached-how-discussion-should-look-need-someone-that-is-experinced-in-algebra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487616657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615022806-20210615052806-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.910504 | 377 | 3.109375 | 3 |
VPNs and SSH tunnels can both securely “tunnel” network traffic over an encrypted connection. They’re similar in some ways, but different in others – if you’re trying to decide which to use, it helps to understand how each works.
An SSH tunnel is often referred to as a “poor man’s VPN” because it can provide some of the same features as a VPN without the more complicated server setup process – however, it has some limitations.
VPN stands for “virtual private network,” – as its name indicates, it’s used for connecting to private networks over public networks, such as the Internet. In a common VPN use case, a business may have a private network with file shares, networked printers, and other important things on it. Some of the business’s employees may travel and frequently need to access these resources from the road. However, the business doesn’t want to expose their important resources to the public Internet. Instead, the business can set up a VPN server and employees on the road can connect to the company’s VPN. Once an employee is connected, their computer appears to be part of the business’s private network – they can access file shares and other network resources as if they were actually on the physical network.
The VPN client communicates over the public Internet and sends the computer’s network traffic through the encrypted connection to the VPN server. The encryption provides a secure connection, which means the business’s competitors can’t snoop on the connection and see sensitive business information. Depending on the VPN, all the computer’s network traffic may be sent over the VPN – or only some of it may (generally, however, all network traffic goes through the VPN). If all web browsing traffic is sent over the VPN, people between the VPN client and server can’t snoop on the web browsing traffic. This provides protection when using public Wi-Fi networks and allows users to access geographically-restricted services – for example, the employee could bypass Internet censorship if they’re working from a country that censors the web. To the websites the employee accesses through the VPN, the web browsing traffic would appear to be coming from the VPN server.
Crucially, a VPN works more at the operating system level than the application level. In other words, when you’ve set up a VPN connection, your operating system can route all network traffic through it from all applications (although this can vary from VPN to VPN, depending on how the VPN is configured). You don’t have to configure each individual application.
SSH, which stands for “secure shell,” isn’t designed solely for forwarding network traffic. Generally, SSH is used to securely acquire and use a remote terminal session – but SSH has other uses. SSH also uses strong encryption, and you can set your SSH client to act as a SOCKS proxy. Once you have, you can configure applications on your computer – such as your web browser – to use the SOCKS proxy. The traffic enters the SOCKS proxy running on your local system and the SSH client forwards it through the SSH connection – this is known as SSH tunneling. This works similarly to browsing the web over a VPN – from the web server’s perspective, your traffic appears to be coming from the SSH server. The traffic between your computer and the SSH server is encrypted, so you can browse over an encrypted connection as you could with a VPN.
However, an SSH tunnel doesn’t offer all the benefits of a VPN. Unlike with a VPN, you must configure each application to use the SSH tunnel’s proxy. With a VPN, you’re assured that all traffic will be sent through the VPN – but you don’t have this assurance with an SSH tunnel. With a VPN, your operating system will behave as though you’re on the remote network – which means connecting to Windows networked file shares would be easy. It’s considerably more difficult with an SSH tunnel.
For more information about SSH tunnels, see this guide to creating an SSH tunnel on Windows with PuTTY. To create an SSH tunnel on Linux, see our list of cool things you can do with an SSH server.
If you’re worried about which is more secure for business use, the answer is clearly a VPN — you can force all network traffic on the system through it. However, if you just want an encrypted connection to browse the web with from public Wi-Fi networks in coffee shops and airports, a VPN and SSH server both have strong encryption that will serve you well.
There are other considerations, too. Novice users can easily connect to a VPN, but setting up a VPN server is a more complex process. SSH tunnels are more daunting to novice users, but setting up an SSH server is simpler – in fact, many people will already have an SSH server that they access remotely. If you already have access to an SSH server, it’s much easier to use it as an SSH tunnel than it is to set up a VPN server. For this reason, SSH tunnels have been dubbed a “poor man’s VPN.”
Businesses looking for more robust networking will want to invest in a VPN. On the other hand, if you’re a geek with access to an SSH server, an SSH tunnel is an easy way to encrypt and tunnel network traffic – and the encryption is just as good as a VPN’s encryption. | <urn:uuid:2e861698-1644-4765-96c5-c8e00db16210> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | https://decryptedmatrix.com/live/vpn-vs-ssh-tunnel-which-is-more-secure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00206-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950897 | 1,148 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Introduction to Pompei
Pompeii, Italy, is a town located in an area of southern Italy known as Campania, which is close to Naples. The town is renown for its rich history, however, its true claim to fame is it destruction by the volcano Mt. Vesuvius in 74A.D.
Ancient Pompeii was a thriving Roman town before its destruction by the volcano. The town was successful in agriculture and a large producer of wine and oil. Many wealthy ancient Romans had vacation homes in Pompeii and the city boasted an amphitheater, large public baths and an aqueduct. With a population of an estimated 20,000 before the volcanic eruption, Pompeii was a modern Roman city.
Ancient Pompeii was under layers of ash until excavations began in 1748.
Since then major discoveries have may it a top travel destination for tourists from around the world. Excavated Pompeii revealed ancient ways of living that were unknown. Tourist visiting this excavated site today can peer back into history and witness the early lives of the citizens of Pompeii. Many of the towns have buildings and frescoes, which are still intact and available for viewing on walking tours.
Perhaps the eeriest sites to view are the plaster casts of those citizens who did not survive the volcano but died exactly where they had attempted to flee or hide. Some of the most controversial artifacts to see on a visit to Pompeii are the ones with sexual overtures, in recent years the Italian government has become more permissive in allowing the viewing of these relics. The Italian government has established extensive tours which cover not only the history and the geography of Pompeii but also those of nearby towns.
Photo by Stuck in Customs on flickr | <urn:uuid:33d3f7dd-a9c8-4399-9bd8-7c7de9d3880d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.eyeflare.com/city-guides/pompei/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517917.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212192750-20171212212750-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.98007 | 356 | 3.546875 | 4 |
- "The artists would pick out their designs, using the flowers themselves as paint, the winds as their paintbrush, to create a natural spectacle to prove how humans and nature can work together."
- ―Hari Seldona
Grass paintings were a type of art used on the planet of Alderaan. Botanic artists would use the endless flat grasslands as their canvas. They used flowers as if paint and the wind as if a brush to "paint" a design.
Grass artists had to apply a five-year license to create their art. The first would be the creation of the work while the others would be the painting becoming a collaboration the artist and the environment. The best artists were skilled in meteorology, though no one ever succeeded in predicting the weather, or growth-patterns.
One grass painter, Ob Khaddor, was a troublemaker at Alderaan University. When he heard that Emperor Palpatine was coming for a visit, Khaddar decided to create a painting "to honor the Emperor". He planted hundreds of thousands of seeds from various flowers to create a painting depicting the Emperor himself. When Palpatine came for a visit he rode on a sail barge to see the glorious portrait.
But when the Emperor looked, aided by his advisors and his Imperial Guards, black lilies spread out across the Emperor's face, making his skin look old and crippled. The Emperor was outraged, and sent squads of stormtroopers to burn the painting to ashes.
Ob Khaddar left before the Emperor arrived. A bounty was placed on him but no one had been able to track him down. | <urn:uuid:f50b76e6-0805-416a-8e72-1f0f12f1551e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Grass_painting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330750.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825151521-20190825173521-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.981372 | 337 | 3.296875 | 3 |
For baby aged 0 until 6 months, generally do not have milk teeth. However, activities to clean the tongue and gums of the baby should begin to do, after finished feeding and sleep at night. The following is a safe way to clean baby's tongue and gums:
- Provide a piece of gauze or other sterile cloth and gently.
- Dip or wet cloth with clean water that has been cooked.
- wrap the cloth on the mother or the father's index finger. But do not forget the fingers of father or mother must be cleaned before.
- Clean the mouth, tongue and gums baby slowly and gently
- Position the baby is lying on a little straighter, or if the baby has been able to sit down, sit on the lap of the mother's baby.
- When the baby's milk teeth have appeared, use a small toothbrush. If you want to use toothpaste, provide a moist cloth, because babies can not be rinsed.
- When the baby was in her lap, the baby's mouth clean can be vertically or horizontally. Part of the most important baby teeth to be cleaned is part of the tooth surface facing the tongue.
- If you've finished tp clean mouth, tongue and the baby milk teeth, wipe toothpaste from baby's mouth, milk teeth and lips by using a damp cloth. | <urn:uuid:9412e21f-f1d1-4bd0-91d7-4fcd939d69a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://tipstocarebaby.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173761.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00179-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938516 | 279 | 2.984375 | 3 |
From skiing to shoveling snow, when doing any type of activity outdoors during winter, take precautions to protect yourself from dangerous conditions like hypothermia and frostbite.
What is hypothermia?
Hypothermia is when your body’s internal temperature drops to dangerous levels. When a person is exposed to cold temperatures, their body begins to lose heat faster than it can be produced. Prolonged exposure will eventually use up their body’s stored energy. When someone’s body temperature is too low, it affects the brain, making them unable to think clearly or move well. Hypothermia happens even faster if a person becomes chilled from rain, sweat, or submersion in cold water.
Warning signs of hypothermia:
- Confusion and/or memory loss
- Slurred speech
What is frostbite?
Frostbite is an injury to the body caused by freezing. Frostbite causes loss of feeling and color in the affected areas—most often the nose, ears, cheeks, chin and fingers or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage the body, and severe cases can even lead to amputation of affected areas.
Warning signs of frostbite:
- A white grayish-yellow skin area
- Skin that feels unusually firm or waxy
What to do if you suspect hypothermia or frostbite
If you or someone you know is showing signs of frostbite or hypothermia, immediately seek medical attention. These are serious medical conditions that require emergency medical assistance.
Ways to reduce your risk
Wearing appropriate water- and wind-proof clothing and equipment, layering your clothes, and staying as dry as possible are all great ways to prevent hypothermia and frostbite. Additionally, make sure to always be with someone else when you are outdoors in the winter. In addition to the fun aspects of having a buddy along while you ski (or even to help you clear your car of snow), if anything happens to you while you’re outside, your friend or family member is there to assist you and call for help.
More resources for help
For more information on hypothermia and frostbite, visit the links below:
Red Cross:Hypothermia and Frostbite
Centers for Disease and Control:Emergency Preparedness and Response- Hypothermia
Centers for Disease and Control:Emergency Preparedness and Response- Frostbite
Remember, if you are a Health Advocate member, you can always call your Personal Health Advocate for assistance with finding an in-network physician or medical center, understanding your health insurance benefits, and more! | <urn:uuid:a1719efc-5c8b-41af-a639-cee9ffc98ccf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://blog.healthadvocate.com/2014/01/protect-yourself-against-hypothermia-and-frostbite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.929026 | 535 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Institutional racism is a pattern of social institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race. Institutional racism leads to inequality; sociologists use the concept to explain why some people face unequal treatment or occupy unequal statuses. One historic example of institutional racism is the barring of African-American students from attending certain public schools, which limited the students' educational opportunities and helped prevent them from achieving a status equal to that of others. Institutional racism need not involve intentional racial discrimination. For example, individual judges might intend to impose similar sentences for similar crimes; yet if Caucasian people tend to receive lighter punishments, plausibly institutional racism occurs.
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In social sciences there are many key concepts and terms that are crucial for students to know and understand. Often it can be hard to determine what the most important social sciences concepts and terms are, and even once you’ve identified them you still need to understand what they mean. To help you learn and understand key social sciences terms and concepts, we’ve identified some of the most important ones and provided detailed definitions for them, written and compiled by Chegg experts. | <urn:uuid:d5f8effe-5131-4cd2-b3bc-d25206984003> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/institutional-racism-49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051299749.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005459-00106-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943021 | 280 | 3.90625 | 4 |
A graphic depiction of the horrors of shipwreck: the convict ship Waterloo off the Cape of Good Hope, 1842 (ALMFA, SLT)
Shipwrecks have been an unfortunate aspect of Tasmanian history since before European settlement. Indeed, the recognition of Van Diemen's Land as an island only came about following the wreck of the ship Sydney Cove in Bass Strait in 1797. Since then some 1000 vessels ranging in size from yachts and fishing boats up to two bulk carriers have been lost in our waters, and nearly as many lives lost.
With Tasmania lying in the path of shipping from Europe to eastern Australian ports, most large-scale disasters during the age of sail resulted from navigational errors. The worst all occurred on King Island: the emigrant ship Cataraqui in 1845 with the loss of 400 lives, the convict ship Neva in 1835 with 225, and the clipper British Admiral in 1874 with 79. Other notable wrecks through making landfall unexpectedly have occurred on Tasmania's notorious west coast. Once making landfall, hazards such as uncharted reefs have added to losses, such as among the many dangerous reefs awaiting unwary navigators in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel south of Hobart, and in northern Tasmania a series of reefs at Tamar Heads of which the Hebe Reef is the most notorious.
Before electronic communications, it was not uncommon for the survivors of wrecks to be stranded as castaways for many weeks, and occasionally even months, before rescue. The most remarkable of these episodes have been on the Bass Strait islands. After the Sydney Cove was beached at Preservation Island in 1797, nineteen survivors headed for Sydney in the longboat, only to be wrecked again on the Victorian coast. Only two of the original party survived this first overland journey by Europeans on the Australian continent, and gained assistance for those left at the wreck. Little less remarkable, however, were the five months spent on King Island by the hapless survivors of the barque Brahmin in 1854; or the three months' wanderings by the sole survivor of the barque Brier Holme, after being wrecked near Port Davey in 1904. As late as 1973, the crew of the freighter Blythe Star drifted for a week in a liferaft without being sighted by searchers.
Most losses around the Tasmanian coast have been smaller vessels that have been blown ashore while sheltering from heavy weather, or grounded attempting to negotiate the exposed entrances to ports around the coast. In more recent years most accidents, whether they be to small yachts or fishing vessels, or large interstate steamers and motor ships, can still generally be put down to navigational and control errors of one type or another. The most spectacular of these was the bulk carrier Lake Illawarra's collision with Hobart's Tasman Bridge in 1975, resulting in the loss of the ship and twelve lives, and uncounted expense and inconvenience to the unexpectedly divided city. Others have come as the result of stress of weather, especially in Bass Strait.
Interest in wrecks has increased in recent years due to the availability of underwater diving gear and the publication of several histories. Unauthorised looting of potentially priceless archaeological sites is prohibited by the Historic Shipwrecks Act. | <urn:uuid:b550c7a0-ed65-4c8d-a0f5-d40819755042> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/S/Shipwrecks.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542972.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00435-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961621 | 672 | 3.546875 | 4 |
From Our House to Yours
Why homeschool? Enjoy interest-led learning within the structure of daily plans!
What are each of your children interested in? When they have free time, what do they like to do? Chances are, if you have multiple children, each will be motivated by different individual interests. Why is this important? Well, when we take into account children’s interests, their motivation naturally increases. Simply put, interest-led learning takes into account children’s interests and creates opportunities for those interests to be part of learning. At Heart of Dakota, we like to create opportunities for children to enjoy interest-led learning. However, we also like to balance this within the structure of daily plans. Children can have some say in what they choose to do, but parents can also have structure that ensures children are still learning what they need to. This is the best of both worlds!
We provide opportunities for interest-led learning by offering book choices!
One easy way to provide opportunities for interest-led learning is by offering our children book choices. At Heart of Dakota, we offer book choices within Drawn into the Heart of Reading (DITHOR). Students can choose their own books, or they can choose from our DITHOR book packages. They can even substitute several books within a package if they prefer. However, book selections are made within the structure of DITHOR’s genres. This helps children read from every genre and learn each story element, while still letting the reading be interest-led. We also offer book choices with the Storytime read-alouds in our guides. Students can choose books for parents to read aloud to them in our guides that have Storytime plans based on genres. Or, students can peruse our classic, boy, girl, and history-based read aloud options, and choose from those sets.
We provide opportunities for interest-led learning by offering multiple levels of resources!
Another easy way to provide opportunities for interest-led learning is by offering multiple levels of resources. Some children prefer books with more pictures and less text, and some prefer less pictures and more text. For example, Little Hands to Heaven has multiple Bibles, devotionals, and science books that can be used. Likewise, starting with Bigger Hearts…, we have easier books to read aloud (Deluxe Package) or harder books for children to read independently (Extension Package). Each of these options still fit within the structure of the plans by making sure children are learning what they should each year.
We provide opportunities for interest-led learning by offering project choices!
Different children enjoy different types of projects. We provide project choices in DITHOR’s genre kickoffs and in DITHOR’s genre projects. Children can choose among Godly character-based projects, book-based projects or group projects. Likewise, we provide for creativity and individuality in history projects and art projects. Children are not confined to create copycat history or art projects. Rather, they are encouraged to put their own personality into each of their projects, which makes for excellent interest-led learning. High school courses, such as Total Health, continue to provide opportunities for interest-led learning by giving multiple project options. Nothing motivates teenagers more than having a say in what they do!
We provide opportunities for interest-led learning by offering boy/girl choices!
Boys and girls often have different topics of interest. At Heart of Dakota, we embrace this by offering DITHOR book sets that are boy or girl interest focused. We also offer multiple devotional and Bible study choices that are focused on boy and girl interests. In high school literature, boy and girl options are given for book selections. Likewise, we offer boy and girl living book choices in high school as well. Sometimes children prefer a mix of boy and girl book choices. We have structured lesson plans that still allow for flexibility, so these can be swapped out if desired (i.e. World Geography’s substitution notes for Boy/Girl set literature).
We provide opportunities for interest-led learning by using portfolio-based assessments!
One final way we provide opportunities for interest-led learning is by using portfolio-based assessments. We encourage children to express their individuality by planning open-ended assignments. For example, we assign what should be drawn, in general, for timeline entries. But, we leave room for creative interpretation. So, we might assign children to draw and color a sword for the Battle of Salamis, but we expect each child’s sword to look different from another’s. Likewise, we might children to write a 10-13 sentence narration in response to their history reading. But, we encourage children to choose their own details to include in their narration.
So, in closing, one reason we like to homeschool is we can easily provide opportunities for interest-led learning. First, we can offer book choices. Second, we can offer project choices. Third, we can offer boy/girl interest choices. Finally, we can offer portfolio-based assessment. At Heart of Dakota, we believe in offering interest-led learning opportunities within the structure of daily plans. We like this balance of providing time for interest to lead the learning and of planning time for skills to lead the learning. I think you will enjoy this balance too! | <urn:uuid:4e7dd22b-6288-4c57-a6fc-675a0d968d17> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.heartofdakota.com/blog/tag/balance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578663470.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424214335-20190425000335-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.947823 | 1,094 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Carved into the volcanic cliffs at Ellora, this series of 34 cave shrines transform Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain beliefs into three dimensions. The sculptured designs are highly elaborate and even include freestanding structures. (For comparison, try to imagine a European church carved out of solid stone.)
The work was done in three stages, starting with 12 Buddhist caves created between A.D. 600 and 900. Most are monastery halls, called viharas, where monks once meditated, worshipped, and studied. The halls contain statues of the Buddha, often flanked by guardian figures such as the two bodhisattvas -- Padmapani (the lotus bearer, symbolizing purity) and Vajrapani (holding the thunderbolt of esoteric knowledge).
The temples were carved out of 100,000 cubic yards of rock. Stone
provided an ideal building material in a place regularly hit by
monsoon rains. See more pictures of famous landmarks.
Another 17 Hindu caves from A.D. 650 to 1000 are packed with dynamic carved scenes focusing on Shiva, god of destruction. The famous Kailash Temple is a colossal model of Shiva's home on a peak of the Tibetan plateau. It was carved from the cliff itself, starting from the top and working downward through solid rock. The temple measures 165 feet long and 96 feet high, an astonishing achievement for craftsmen so long ago.
The carved stone entry screen signifies the threshold between two worlds -- the profane and the sacred. Within is a shrine for Nandi, the bull that is Shiva's vehicle, an assembly hall, and a sanctuary topped with a squat pyramidal tower. Everywhere are carved images of river goddesses, sages, and gods such as the elephant-headed Ganesh, bringer of good fortune, and the bowman Kama, god of desire, whose five arrows represent the senses. For worshippers through the centuries who have been unable to read, carved mythological scenes take the place of religious texts in offering instruction.
The last five caves (A.D. 800-1000) are dedicated to Jainism, one of the world's oldest religions. These caves, not nearly as spectacular as the Hindu caves, are carved with simple Jain images such as the potbellied Mahavir, lions and elephants, and a ceiling that resembles a huge lotus.
And so, in a single location, the Ellora Caves offer a course in comparative religion and Asian art.
Here are links to dozens of other world-famous landmarks:
To learn more about other landmarks and vacation destinations, see:
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Jerry Camarillo Dunn, Jr., has worked with the National Geographic Society for more than 20 years, starting as a staff editor, writer, and columnist at Traveler magazine, then writing travel guides. His latest work is National Geographic Traveler: San Francisco. Dunn’s Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: The Rocky Mountain States has sold more than 100,000 copies. His travel pieces appear in newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune and The Boston Globe. Jerry Dunn's stories have won three Lowell Thomas Awards from the Society of American Travel Writers -- the highest honor in the field. He also wrote and hosted a pilot episode for a travel show produced by WGBH, Boston's public television station. | <urn:uuid:db9ba042-4b89-4ee9-8b4c-be86d54a4cfa> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/ellora-caves-landmark.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00617-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943769 | 680 | 3.390625 | 3 |
While the exonym Albania
for the general region inhabited by the Albanians does hark back to Classical Antiquity, and possibly to an Illyrian tribe
, the name was lost within the Albanian language, the Albanian endonym being shqiptar
, from the term for the Albanian language, shqip
, a derivation of the verb shqipoj
"to speak clearly", perhaps ultimately a loan from Latin excipio
Thus, the Albanian endonym, like Slav and others
, is in origin a term for "those who speak [intelligibly, the same language]". | <urn:uuid:efe7ff4d-baf2-4fd4-98dc-b2d467c543fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.balkanforum.info/f16/kaukasus-albanien-7065/index25.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720356.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00019-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966757 | 130 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Spiral was the main symbol in the world for thousands of years. We can find thousands of ancient spirals in every part of the world, on every continent. This symbol was used by practically all civilizations and symbolized expansion and focused cosmic energy concentrated in the sun and sky (heaven). The spiral form is the mirroring reflection of the macro-cosmos – the self-expanding Universe.
Spiral is the energetical source, and it is also the initial matter. The first neolithic spirals were found 5000 years ago in Ireland. They are 500 years older than Egyptian pyramids. They are maybe even more mysterious for modern observers than pyramids.
Spiral relates to that time of human history when people lived in harmony with nature, earth cycles, and spirals of nature. That time when people identified themselves much less with their minds. We understand the spiral like a turning moment of the Universe. As a Prahna, or creation power turning the Akasha in the continuum of rigid forms.
We can find spirals in all levels of micro and macro-cosmos. From spiral in galactic to underwater systems and weather systems. From spirals of flowing water in your bath to the organization of your DNA. And, to spirals of feelings of your personal energy.
The initial spiral – it is not an “Idea”, but the most probable something, that enables to exist to all possible “variables” and “ideas”. We can find different types of spirals in a variety of natural forms. For example, those clear spirals can be seen on snails, spider nets, beehives, or in the underwater life on corals and billions of skeletons of mussels.
Many of the spirals in nature look logarithmic, or better say, expanding spirals. Their sections are exponentially growing from the center of the spiral. A self-similar logarithmic spiral, the same as the network of Indra, is a hologram and can be characterized that every part of it is a reflection of the whole, of the “single”. | <urn:uuid:f7ef641e-92d6-4904-ad46-5be7961adf96> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.aboutsmartcities.com/spirals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.939304 | 446 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Swine flu causing H1N1 influenza A virus is getting ready for second wave of attack in the coming months, alerts WHO in a press release.
Countries in the northern hemisphere need to prepare for a second wave of H1N1 virus pandemic spread. Meanwhile, countries with tropical climates, where the H1N1 virus arrived later than elsewhere, also need to prepare for an increasing number of swine flu cases.
Countries in temperate parts of the southern hemisphere should remain vigilant as the H1N1 pandemic spread through the second wave. As experience has shown, localized “hot spots” of increasing transmission can continue to occur even when the pandemic has peaked at the national level, the WHO release advised.
Swine flu pandemic spreading H1N1 virus strain is here to stay in the coming months as the virus continues to move through susceptible populations in the form of second wave infection. Evidence from multiple outbreak sites demonstrates that the H1N1 pandemic virus has rapidly established itself and is now the dominant influenza strain in most parts of the world.
Even though H1N1 virus shows no sign of emerging into a more dangerous form, close monitoring of viruses by a WHO network of laboratories shows that viruses from all outbreaks remain virtually identical.In most of the patients H1N1 cuases only illness. However, H1N1 virus can cause very severe and fatal illness, also in young and healthy people. But the number of such fatalities remains small.The clinical picture of pandemic influenza is largely consistent across all countries.
Even if the current pattern of usually mild illness continues, the impact of the pandemic during the second wave could worsen as larger numbers of people become infected. Larger numbers of severely ill patients requiring intensive care are likely to be the most urgent burden on health services during the second wave, creating pressures that could overwhelm intensive care units and possibly disrupt the provision of care for other diseases.
Regarding reports that say H1N1 virus is getting resistant to oseltamivir (Tamiflu), WHO release said only a handful of pandemic viruses resistant to oseltamivir have been detected worldwide, despite the administration of many millions of treatment courses of antiviral drugs, at present. All of these cases have been extensively investigated, and no instances of onward transmission of drug-resistant virus have been documented to date. Intense monitoring continues, also through the WHO network of laboratories.
While H1N1 virus infection disruption is manageable in affluent countries, swine flu virus could have a devastating impact in many parts of the developing world. So, the situation in developing countries – as the second wave of H1N1 infection emerges– will need to be very closely watched.
The 2009 influenza pandemic is the first to occur since the emergence of HIV/AIDS. Data from two countries suggest that people co-infected with H1N1 and HIV are not at increased risk of severe or fatal illness, provided these patients are receiving antiretroviral therapy. In most of these patients, illness caused by H1N1 has been mild, with full recovery, WHO release stated.
Around 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Of these, WHO estimates that around 4 million were receiving antiretroviral therapy at the end of 2008. | <urn:uuid:6dc1798d-bcdb-47e9-9705-637f48347873> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.dancewithshadows.com/pillscribe/h1n1-swine-flu-second-wave-coming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930423.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00296-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956122 | 683 | 3.25 | 3 |
Featured on 24th April 2020
At first glance it appears to be three separate buildings that have been fused together over the centuries, but it is one building with the central portion being the oldest part.
In the 9th century there was a push to convert the area’s Saxon population to Christianity. This ‘stave’ church was constructed, the walls built in the palisade style – split timber logs rammed into the ground, close together, forming a lode bearing wall. The church is thought to be the oldest 'stave built' timber building in Europe and contains 51 original timber planks.
Miraculously this original building has survived although additions have been made to the original Saxon structure - Norman, Tudor and Victorian, a Gothic style tower and a recent renovation in 2005 when the spire was completely reshingled in oak.
The church has an interesting link with The Tolpuddle Martyrs - a group of early 19th century trade union activists from Dorset who were deported to Australia for daring to band together to ask for a decent living wage.
In 1837 as a result of a public outcry against their harsh sentence of transportation to Australia, the now famous Dorset farmers were returned to England where they were given tenancies in Greensted and High Laver.
Several of the Martyr's worshipped at St Andrews, and in 1839 one of them James Brine married Elizabeth Standfield, the daughter of another of the martyrs at Greensted Church. The entry in the marriage register is still available for view in the church.
Main Photo: Acabashi (CC-BY-SA2.0)
Learn more about St Andrew's | <urn:uuid:9cfe26f5-6834-4559-89e7-9962904b0448> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/church-of-the-week/st-andrew-greensted-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.974102 | 347 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Autism spectrum disorder is as pervasive as it is vexing: a recent Health Canada estimate suggested that 1 in 150-160 children have autism, while another recent study suggests as many as 1 in 68 children in the U.S. have autism – a growing number largely attributable to ongoing changes in how the condition is identified, classified and diagnosed.
But there’s still so much we don’t know about autism, its causes or how to treat it effectively. It’s a problem made worse by the fact that autism remains widely misunderstood among the general public – and frequently misrepresented in popular culture.
April 2nd is World Autism Awareness Day. Let’s mark the occasion by addressing a few common misconceptions about autism spectrum disorder.
People with autism have special abilities
Blame Rain Man for this frequent mistake – not for Dustin Hoffman’s acclaimed portrayal or for its depiction of autism, but for the fact that often when people hear of autism, this movie – and the main character’s remarkable mathematical abilities – is one of the first things to come to mind. In reality, only about 10 per cent of all individuals with autism display savant abilities. Still, some people with autism have so-called “splinter skills,” which are areas of ability where they perform better overall than anywhere else.
Vaccines cause autism
The connection between vaccines and autism stems primarily from a study published in The Lancet in 1998, which was later retracted and has been roundly discredited in the scientific community. While the vaccination-autism link persists among many purveyors of anti-vaccine beliefs and some anti-government conspiracy theorists, there is no accepted scientific basis for it.
All people with autism require special care and treatment
Autism is a spectrum disorder, encompassing a broad range of conditions under a more general diagnosis. As such, individuals diagnosed with the condition vary greatly from one to the next. Some, for example, have mental disabilities, while others do not. A person with Asperger Syndrome, a form of autism, is normally high-functioning and of average to above-average intelligence. Many individuals with high-functioning forms of autism have successful careers, find partners and raise families, while others afflicted with more severe forms of autism may require a greater degree of care throughout their lives.
Autism is caused by environmental factors
While the causes of autism are still being determined, it’s also true that just as there is no single form of autism, there is also no single cause. Many theories exist, however – including recent ones about prenatal brain growth and even gut bacteria – and there is believed to be a strong genetic component in at least some cases. Parents who had one child with autism are more likely to have another, and if one identical twin has autism, there’s a 90 per cent chance that the other will have it as well.
Autism mostly affects children
Over a quarter of respondents in a UK survey believed that autism mostly affects children. This is completely false. This misconception is likely based on the fact that media coverage of autism tends to focus on parents raising autistic children, or on the ongoing questions about diagnosis, causes and treatments. However, the fact is that while most individuals with autism are diagnosed as children, it is a lifelong condition with no known cure. | <urn:uuid:2d1d6f9b-9f35-45ca-b336-acc7ba927a1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://o.canada.com/health-2/5-common-misconceptions-about-autism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165070.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00221-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96722 | 683 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Women who are healthier may be more likely to give birth to twins (Olexander Zobin / AFP/Getty…)
Women who have twins naturally may live longer and have other child-bearing advantages compared with non-twin-bearing mothers, a study finds.
But before assuming that having twins gives women a health advantage, researchers believe the reverse might be true, that being healthier could give women better chances of having twins.
The study, released online Tuesday in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, used statistics on 58,786 women who were born between 1807 and 1899--a group that didn't have fertility treatments or artificial birth control at their disposal. The women also lived to at least 50 years old, and were married once after 1850 to men who were alive when their wives were 50. Of those women, 4,603 had twins and 54,183 did not. Women in polygamous marriages were not included.
The data came from the Utah Population Database. For the study women were divided into two categories: those born before 1870 and those born from 1870 to 1899, to distinguish, as the authors wrote, "the natural fertility era from the early stages of fertility planning."
Researchers from the University of Utah in Salt Lake City discovered that twin-bearing mothers lived longer after menopause--women born before 1870 had a 7.6% lower mortality risk after 50 compared with non-twin-bearing moms (twin-bearing moms born between 1870 and 1899 had a lower risk also but it was not significant).
Mothers of twins had more children overall compared with non-twin-bearing moms by virtue of their multiple births, but they also had more single children than moms of single babies.
Twin-bearing moms also had slightly shorter time spans between having children. Among all women in the study, the average time between births was 2.62 years for women born pre-1870, and 3.24 years for women born between 1870 and 1899. Having twins cut the intervals by two weeks.
Mothers of twins won again in the length of their reproductive period. Those born before 1870 had an average span of 18 years, four months, while the period for non-twin-bearing moms was 18 years. For women born from 1870 to 1899, the spans were 14 years, 11 months compared with 14 years, respectively.
Twin-bearing moms tended to be a little older than non-twin-bearing mothers when they had their last baby--about 4.8 months older for those born pre-1870, and 14 months older for those born from 1870-99.
"The prevailing view," said senior author Ken Smith in a news release, "is that the burden of childbearing on women is heavier when bearing twins. But we found the opposite: women who naturally bear twins in fact live longer and are actually more fertile." | <urn:uuid:4c859c81-3e8c-4774-ae68-968845f8c056> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/10/news/la-heb-health-twins-20110510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930866.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00015-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98654 | 587 | 3.125 | 3 |
Welcome to our third post in recognition of World Week for Animals in Labs (April 20-26). Enjoy!
November 5, 2020
The vaccine race is accelerating the emergence of a new frontier in science looking at alternatives to animal modelling
A menagerie of genetically engineered mice, rats, macaque monkeys, rats, ferrets, hamsters, dogs and even horses have been enlisted in the race to find drugs and vaccines to thwart severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the infectious agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Grim statistics lend urgency to this marathon, with the World Health Organization reporting more than one million global deaths and well over 30 million confirmed cases at deadline. Governments, trying to calm a frustrated and frightened populace, speak optimistically about pending new treatments as well as the ultimate goal, a vaccine.
But some scientists and medical professionals are crying foul. The animals that are being used as laboratory test subjects in the search for COVID-19 therapeutics might be hindering, rather than helping, the race, they say. The virulence and highly contagious nature of COVID-19 is demanding a new model of research that bypasses animals, instead using human-biology-based testing. A growing number of scientists suggest that accelerated COVID-19 research is exposing animal modelling for what many have long claimed it to be: a scientific anachronism.
Dr. Thomas Hartung is the director of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), a laboratory for developmental neurotoxicity research based on genomics and metabolomics at Johns Hopkins University. Hartung points to the slow trajectory of drug and vaccine development using animal modelling. Conventional drug development relies heavily on animal testing to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease and potential treatments, helping to explain why it takes more than 10 years to get a medication to market, while vaccines typically take 12 years, says Hartung. Such lengthy timelines translate into a hefty medical bill: roughly $2 billion per drug. With COVID-19, “we cannot wait that long for treatments,” says Hartung, who spoke to online delegates at the 11th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences in August. “We have to be faster than we were in the past.”
Equally problematic, if not even more eyebrow raising: 95% of new drugs that enter clinical trials don’t make it to the market, according to the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). In other words, the vast majority of new drugs fail once they move into human studies, despite appearing safe and effective in experiments with animals.
In science, as in other areas, necessity is the mother of invention. The rapid acceleration of innovations like three-dimensional human organs on a microchip are being refined. These living organoids are accelerating the development of effective medical advancements for the many virulent maladies afflicting humans, including, most urgently of course, COVID-19.
Hartung, highly regarded in the field of animal-testing alternatives, pioneered a patent on brain organoids, which are tissue cultures made from human stem cells that simulate the human organ. Developed four years ago, mini brains, which can be mass-produced, have been used to study infections caused by viruses such as HIV, dengue and Zika. This past spring, Hartung and his team proved that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and damage human brain cells by testing about 800 mini brains – each the size of a house-fly eye – that were “identical in composition” to the human organ. Observing evidence-based effects of COVID-19 in the human brain will help researchers jumpstart important therapeutics and medical care. “It will be difficult not to use them in a similar, fast way for drug and vaccine development and regulation in the future,” Hartung says.
The vast majority of new drugs fail once they move to human trials, despite appearing safe and effective in animal experiments.
Hartung points to other uses of organs on a microchip, such as human lung organoids that breathe. This past April, researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering reported that human-lung airway chips demonstrated that two drugs, amodiaquine and toremifene, significantly inhibited entry of the COVID-19 virus into the human body. Such models are proving effective for quality assurance and demonstrating that a drug is therapeutically effective, helping researchers leapfrog over animal modelling. Additional benefits include toxicity testing of newly developed drugs, giving more accurate results at a lower cost, Hartung adds. Such micro physiological systems have become so well established, he says, that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it would reduce mammal testing by 30% by 2025 and phase it out entirely by 2035.
Micro human organs aren’t the only scientific advances pushing animal modelling to the side. Sophisticated computer modelling has already begun to replace standard safety practices for chemicals, such as dropping compounds into rabbits’ eyes or feeding substances to rats to establish lethal doses. IEEE Spectrum recently reported that the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee had crunched data on more than 40,000 human genes and analyzed 2.5 billion genetic combinations to try to determine COVID-19 therapeutics. Summit found a pattern of gene activity in the lungs of COVID-19 patients, which helped identify a pathology that physicians knew would respond to certain existing drugs.
Increasingly, pharmaceutical companies are starting to use alternative models to reduce the animals they use in research. This past spring, Pfizer, in collaboration with German biotechnology company BioNTech, announced it was jumpstarting development of a COVID-19 vaccination in an initiative titled Project Lightspeed. Using BioNTech’s proprietary messenger RNA (mRNA) technology, four different vaccine versions were tested in human clinical trials, which eliminated years of waiting for results from animal modelling. Pfizer spokesperson Jessica Smith stated in an email that traditional animal model studies are also being incorporated into the company’s research. Ultimately, one vaccine, BNT162b2, was selected for further testing. The vaccine may be available in Canada in 2021, pending Health Canada approval. If it proves safe, the American government has already committed to purchasing nearly $2-billion worth for 100 million doses.
Biotechnology company Moderna, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is also using mRNA technology in collaboration with the NIH to test a COVID-19 vaccine on humans. The company initially tried the vaccine, called mRNA-1273, on animal models before launching human trials but was able to jump to the first phase of human trials at “record speed,” noted the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which is funding the trials. Moderna has received close to US$1 billion in government funding for vaccine development, as well as a purchase order of US$1.53 billion for 100 million doses, if approved.
Canadian scientists are also working to accelerate the shift away from animal modelling. In Quebec City, biopharmaceutical company Medicago is researching a plant-derived vaccine for COVID-19, in partnership with GlaxoSmithKline. Medicago uses virus-like particles, or VLPs, that mimic the shape and dimensions of a virus, allowing the body to recognize the invader and create an immune response. It started phase-one human trials this summer.
One proponent hoping to see a paradigm shift in which human biology serves as the gold standard in scientific research is Dr. Charu Chandrasekera, the executive director and founder of the Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods (CCAAM) at the University of Windsor in Ontario, as well as its subsidiary, the Canadian Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (CaCVAM). CCAAM’s aim, Chandrasekera says, is to promote the replacement of animals in Canadian biomedical research, education and regulatory testing.
Chandrasekera recalls her journey from young researcher at an American Midwestern university, investigating the molecular mechanisms of heart failure and diabetes using mice and rats. It eventually became clear, she says, that the studies “didn’t enhance our understanding of human heart disease, nor accelerate therapeutic development for humans, making the rodent studies scientifically futile and ethically unjustifiable. I realized that none of the work I was doing was going to help humans.”
Today, Chandrasekera continues her diabetes research by using alternatives like 3D bioprinted human tissue, including liver, lung, intestine, pancreas, skeletal muscle and blood-brain-barrier. Tissue for testing can be obtained from either live or deceased human organs, preserved and manipulated to ensure they can divide indefinitely, Chandrasekera says. Or, human skin can be biopsied and stem cells harvested, creating brain, heart, liver and pancreas organ cells. “You use these cell models to test drugs and chemicals,” she says.
Despite such advances, animal modelling is still regarded as the gold standard of research and is required for regulatory approval from Health Canada. The federal department demands that researchers use animals when testing the safety of chemicals found in food and household items, pharmaceuticals or medical equipment.
Canada (and the U.S.) also allows the use of animals for testing cosmetics, even though the practice has been banned in the U.K. since 1998. The European Union banned cosmetic testing on animals in 2013 but modified the legislation this past summer to allow for a handful of exceptions.
Toronto-based lawyer Camille Labchuk, executive director of Animal Justice, says that Canada needs to create a federal animal-protection act with government oversight. Currently, scrutiny of lab-animal welfare lies with the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), which assesses and verifies institutional animal ethics and care programs under its Good Animal Practice certification program. CCAC certification is required for all institutions that receive public funding to undertake animal-based projects. However, private labs can opt out of CCAC’s voluntary certification system. “There’s almost no ability for anyone to get a glimpse into what’s happening” in private labs, says Labchuk, adding that it isn’t even known how many animals are kept in such facilities. “We think that’s unacceptable in 2020 that people can use animals in pretty horrific ways in private without any government or public oversight.” (About four million animals, 40% of them mice, are used each year in public labs for research, education and regulatory testing in Canada.)
“We’re facing this wicked problem of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we can’t afford to be lazy about using antiquated methods in our pharmaceutical research.”
– Dr. Lisa Kramer,
University of Toronto
Labchuk, Chandrasekera and Dr. Lisa Kramer, a professor of finance at the University of Toronto, are part of a working group planning to lobby federal legislators in Canada to invoke greater protections for lab animals. Kramer recommends that funders withdraw support from projects that are using animal testing that show no clear benefit to humans. Continued reliance on animal modelling in biomedical research not only slows down research but poses potential financial risks for pharmaceutical companies, their investors “and for society overall,” she says. “We’re facing this wicked problem of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we can’t afford to be lazy about using antiquated methods in our pharmaceutical research.” It shortchanges not only the medical professionals and students who work with patients, but taxpayers who underwrite research at publicly funded institutions, she adds.
Using non-animal modalities can save money, says Chandrasekera, pointing to a test that assesses how a chemical, once ingested, affects a person’s sensitivity to sunlight, called dermal phototoxicity. Animal modelling, requiring hundreds of rats, costs $11,500 per chemical. The alternative, approved by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals program, is an in vitro (conducted in a test tube or Petri dish) cell-based test that costs $1,300, Chandrasekera says.
Public pressure is key to a decline in animal modelling. The cosmetic industry bowed to public pressure; will other sectors bow too? A private lab in Cheshire, England, called XCellR8 thinks so. Founded in 2008 by Dr. Carol Treasure and Bushra Sim, XCellR8 is striving to “accelerate the world’s transition to animal-free testing,” says Susie Lee-Kilgariff, the company’s marketing director. In 2013, after the EU banned cosmetic testing on animals, XCellR8’s animal-free testing methodologies were suddenly in high demand. Today, clients of XCellR8 include numerous multinationals, such as beauty giants The Body Shop and Lush. Clients have embraced ethical approaches to product testing simply as a part of doing business. It also means they can claim to uphold “vegan supply chains,” with customers assured that they are buying vegan products, Lee-Kilgariff says. With ethical consumerism an ever-growing trend, other businesses, including pharmaceutical companies, that can lay claim to “cruelty-free” therapeutics will have an advantage in the marketplace of the future.
The grim battle against COVID-19 is accelerating the emergence of a new frontier in science. Increasingly, this means looking at alternatives to animal modelling to accelerate therapeutics that will save millions of people from death and sickness. Such advancements will also save the millions of creatures who have long been science’s unwilling servants and victims. As Chandrasekera says, “I would really like to see a scientific culture where human biology is the gold standard, where we all work together to advance science and medicine without harming animals.”
Roberta Staley is a Vancouver-based author, magazine editor and writer and documentary filmmaker.
From: The Voice for Clean Capitalism: Corporate Knights, Nov. 5, 2020, Fall 2020 Issue, https://www.corporateknights.com/channels/leadership/of-mice-and-men-could-covid-spell-the-end-of-animal-testing-%E2%80%AF-16045839/ | <urn:uuid:01ce148b-6273-428b-b3c7-e54ba59d9feb> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://adavsociety.org/of-mice-and-men-could-covid-spell-the-end-of-animal-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.934354 | 3,039 | 3.140625 | 3 |
eso0536-en-us — Science Release
Star on the Run
Speeding Star Observed with VLT Hints at Massive Black Hole
9 November 2005
Observations with Kueyen, one of the 8.2m telescopes composing the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT), have led to the discovery of a short-lived massive star that is moving at a very high speed through the outer halo of the Milky Way galaxy and into intergalactic space. This finding could provide evidence for a previously unknown massive black hole in the heart of the Milky Way's closest neighbour, the Large Magellanic Cloud.
The star, named HE 0437-5439, was discovered by the Hamburg/ESO sky survey , a project aimed at detecting quasars but which discovered many faint blue stars as well. Scientists at the Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany) and the Centre for Astrophysics Research (University of Hertfordshire, UK) found what is likely to be a hot massive main-sequence star, far out in the halo.
This came as a great surprise. Massive stars have lifetimes of only some tens or hundreds of million years, short lived for astronomical standards, but the halo does not usually host stars as young as this. In fact, it contains the oldest stars in the Milky Way that are more than ten billion years old. Massive stars are usually found in or near star forming regions in the Galactic disc such as the famous Orion nebula: HE 0437-5439 is indeed similar to the trapezium stars that make the Orion nebula shine.
Data were obtained with the ESO VLT and its high resolution UVES spectrograph. This allowed the chemical composition to be measured which turned out to be similar to that of the Sun, confirming that HE0437-5439 is a young star. Its mass is eight times larger than that of the Sun and the star is only 30 million years old. It is almost 200,000 light years away from us in the direction of the Doradus Constellation ("the Swordfish").
Even more exciting was the fact that the data indicated the star to be receding at a velocity of 723 km/s, or 2.6 million kilometres per hour. HE0437-5439 moves so fast that the gravitational attraction of the Milky Way is too small to keep it bound to the Galaxy. Hence the hyper-velocity star will escape into intergalactic space.
As the star is moving so fast, it must have been born far away from its present position and accelerated to where we observe it today. What accelerated the star to such a high speed? Calculations carried out already in the late 1980s showed that a so-called massive black hole (SMBH), i.e. a black hole a million times as massive as the Sun, or larger, could provide the enormous acceleration. If a binary star approaches the SMBH, one star falls towards the SMBH while its companion is ejected. The Galactic Centre of the Milky Way hosts such a black hole of about 2.5 million solar masses, and this might have accelerated HE0437-5439.
But the necessary travel time was found to be more than three times the age of the star. Hence the star is too young to have travelled all the way from the Galactic centre to its present location. Either the star is older than it appears or it was born and accelerated elsewhere.
A different clue to the origin of HE0457-5439 comes from its position in the sky. HE0437-5439 is 16 degrees away from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), one of the nearest neighbouring galaxies to the Milky Way. This galaxy lies at a distance of 156,000 light years. HE0457-5439 is even more distant than the LMC and is much closer to the LMC than to the galaxy. The astronomers showed that the star could have reached its present position within its lifetime if it were ejected from the centre of the LMC. This, in turn, would provide evidence for the existence of a SMBH in the LMC.
Another explanation would require the star to be the result of the merging of two stars, belonging to so-called blue stragglers class of stars, which are older than standard evolution models predict them to be. Indeed, its age could then be as much as the lifetime of a 4 solar mass star which is more than 6 times the lifetime of an 8 solar mass star.
The astronomers propose two additional observations to distinguish between the two options. The abundance of certain elements in stars belonging to the LMC is only half that of the Sun. A more precise measurement with UVES would indicate whether the star has a metal abundance appropriate to LMC stars or not. The second is to measure how much the star moves in the transverse direction on the sky, using astrometric measurements.
The research presented here is detailed in a paper to be published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.
: The Hamburg/ESO sky survey is a collaborative project of the Hamburger Sternwarte and ESO to provide spectral information for half of the southern sky using photographic plates taken with the now retired ESO-Schmidt telescope. These plates were digitized at Hamburger Sternwarte. : The astronomers are Heinz Edelmann (Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, now at University of Texas, Austin, USA), Ralf Napiwotzki (Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, UK), Uli Heber (Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany), Norbert Christlieb and Dieter Reimers (Hamburger Sternwarte, Germany).
Technical information: eso0536a is based on images obtained with the FORS2 multi-mode instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope on October 30, 1999, during the commissioning phase of the instrument. Observations were done in four different filters : B (8 min exposure), V (4 min), R (3 min) and I (4 min). The data were extracted from the ESO Science Archive and processed by Henri Boffin (ESO). The colour image was finally produced by Kristina Boneva and Haennes Heyer (ESO). North is up and East is to the left. The field of view is about 6x6 arcmin. eso0536b is based on data obtained with the FORS2 instrument on Melipal (UT4) for E. Pompei and A. Iovino in September 2001. The data were extracted from the ESO Science Archive and processed by Henri Boffin (ESO). It is based on 6 images obtained through the H-alpha filter for a total exposure time of 72 minutes. The field of view is about 3x3 arcmin.
Centre for Astrophysics Research University of Hertfordshire
Tel: +44 1707 286071
Astronomisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Tel: +49 951 9522214 | <urn:uuid:29ef938c-6ee0-4cc2-8a55-ecfee6ab0813> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.eso.org/public/usa/news/eso0536/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00273-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930583 | 1,516 | 2.625 | 3 |
This story is part of TRACE (Toward Response and Community Equity), a year-long series that will track how and where the region’s government, philanthropic, civic and private sector is working toward a more just recovery.
To watch the troubled rollout of the COVID-19 vaccination is to be present at the birth of a disparity.
Millions of people are being vaccinated every week. About 6% have been fully vaccinated including more than 900,000 people in Pennsylvania. “There is a light at the end of the tunnel as vaccine production and distribution increase,” Gov. Tom Wolf said remembering the one-year anniversary of the virus coming to PA.
Yet, despite public health officials’ efforts to prioritize those most at risk, there is a racial vaccination gap developing across the country. While people of color are dying at a higher rate, they are getting vaccinated at lower rates than white people. Wealthy white America is edging out poorer Black and brown America for the shot.
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), white people’s vaccination rates are over 2.5 times higher than Latinxs and nearly twice as high as African Americans. In Pennsylvania, white people are four times more likely to be vaccinated than Latinxs.
A KFF December poll showed that about 50% of Black Americans who plan to get the vaccine are taking a wait-see attitude to see how it is working first compared with 36% of white Americans. “However, these differences in ‘willingness’ to get the vaccine do not appear large enough to explain disparities that are emerging in vaccination rates, suggesting that other factors, such as access barriers, may be playing a significant role,” KFF explained.
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Looking at the Latinx community specifically, KFF cited barriers such as lack of insurance, lack of a primary care physician, difficulty in finding an accessible health care facility, linguistic barriers and immigration status concerns all play in the lower vaccination rate.
And these problems have created opportunities.
Stories of vaccination tourism abound in the press as wealthier white people cross state lines or crowd into poor inner-city clinics to get their shot. A recent story in the Philadelphia Inquirer, reported that Rite Aid, a major vaccine distributor in the city, contributed to the city’s vaccine inequity because 87% of its dosages went to white recipients and 60% to people who live outside of Philadelphia.
One reason may be the chaotic vaccine rollout in the suburbs.
“The sign-up system in suburban Philadelphia, if it can even be called in good conscience a ‘system,’ is to consumers no different than a slot-machine session in a two-bit speakeasy,” said Philadelphia Inquirer columnist Marie Panaritis, whose reporting has shown that local suburbs were getting less dosages when compared to smaller counties in the state. [Editor’s note: Generocity will look at the vaccine rollout in the suburbs and the impact especially in the communities of color there, in a forthcoming article.]
Public health experts have maintained vaccine hesitancy is a main driver of the racial gap but that narrative is being contested. “Vaccine hesitancy is a real concern, but I worry that focus on vaccine hesitancy is a way to deflect responsibility for equitable distribution on the front end,” Anne Sosin, program director for the Dartmouth Center for Global Health Equity told Politico.
Here is how the country’s healthcare system and elected officials fumbled the vaccine distribution and instead of equity created a rollout that gave preference to wealthier white Americans.
White America is not burdened with a lack of trust in their health care providers. Data is from a KFF survey showed that almost 8 out of 10 white patients trust their doctors and 7 out of 10 trust their local hospital to do what is right. Over half trust the healthcare system. All of these numbers are higher than for Latinx and African American patients.
In addition, only 41% of white patients think “our health care system treats people unfairly based on their race or ethnic background” compared to 70% of Black adults. On the other hand, 1 of 5 Black and Latinx adults admitted to being treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity when getting health care for themselves or a family member in the past 12 months. Only 1 of every 20 white adults had a similar experience.
With trust, built on a history of positive interactions with the health care system, there is no need to take a “wait-and-see” approach.
Access to information has allowed for a quicker response. According to KFF, about 6 in 10 Latinx adults say they do not have enough information about where to get the vaccine, compared to about half of White adults. The problem is the internet is a faster information source than a hand delivered flyer or a phone call from a trusted messenger with information about vaccination. This is what is required to reach an at-risk population. Public health leaders must connect and collaborate with community and faith-based organizations who have the strong neighborhood ties.
Sign up procedures were designed for those with working cellphones, strong bandwidth, fast internet, good English skills and digital literacy. Many of those most impacted by COVID-19 lack access to the internet, have difficulty using technology, and often need a digital navigator to help them once they are on a site. Dr. Jessica Boyd, the chief medical officer of Unity Health Care in Washington, D.C. told reporters that the “digital divide was evident. After the city opened vaccine appointments to those 65 and older, slots were gone in a day. And Boyd’s staffers couldn’t get eligible patients into the system that fast.”
Time and transportation
The cumbersome process of finding and registering to get vaccinated requires significant amount of time freedom that many low-wage workers lack. They don’t have a job that would allow them hours needed to navigate websites searching for an appointment. Even if time wasn’t a problem, transportation can be a serious obstacle. A private vehicle will beat SEPTA any day in terms of providing convenient accessibility to a vaccination site. Black households are less likely than other groups to have access to a vehicle. Accessing care is an issue. About a quarter (24%) of Black adults and 3 in 10 Latinx adults say it is difficult to find healthcare at a location that is easy for them to get to, compared to 18% of white adults.-30-
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Sign-up for daily news updates from Generocity | <urn:uuid:3642b43b-836d-4ef6-9a52-9af0a2614d9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://generocity.org/philly/2021/03/08/the-birth-of-a-disparity-what-does-the-high-vaccination-rates-among-white-america-say-about-justice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123202547-20220123232547-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.950961 | 1,523 | 2.796875 | 3 |
We’ve used this blog to talk about quality control before, but today we’re going to approach this topic from a new angle: quality control as it relates to bolt tightening.
As the website Bolt Science puts it:
“It is no longer sufficient just to run a nut down a bolt until it stops and hope that it is tight enough. A single bolt, inaccurately or incorrectly tightened, can lead to the failure of the complete product.”
If a bolt torque is too tight, you risk a stripping or bolt shank failure. If the torque is too low, the bolt tension won’t meet functional requirements. Either outcome can cause significant problems.
The most common method of bolt tightening in a controlled fashion is to tighten to a specific torque, otherwise known as torque control.
“A major problem with using the torque control method to indirectly control the clamp force in the fastener is that only a small proportion of the torque is actually used to extend the bolt,” says Bolt Science. “The majority is absorbed by friction between the nut face and the joint and in the threads.”
What is Torque Auditing?
Torque auditing refers to the practice of checking that a bolt has been tightened to a specified torque. It happens two ways:
Dynamic Torque Auditing
In this method, torque transducers are applied to the torque tool – say, a hydraulic torque wrench – so that torque is measured directly. This provides results that are independent of the operator’s reading. It allows for automatic data retrieval but can be costly in terms of capital and technical support.
There are three methods within this type of auditing, and they involve taking the reading on a torque gauge when:
The socket has begun to move away from the tightening position in the tightening direction. (Otherwise known as the “crack-on” method.)
The socket has begun to shift away from the tightened position to the opposite direction, or the “crack-off” method.
The “marked fastener” method, in which the socket approaches a marked position in the tightening direction. The socket and joint surface are then marked, and these marks remain in place when the nut is turned. It is the most consistent and accurate torque auditing method.
If you’re concerned about the accuracy of your bolt tightening, Maxpro can help. We’ve spent more than 20 years supplying high quality hydraulic, electric and pneumatic torque wrenches to customers in a range of industries.
And our calibration lab can ensure your tools are working to the proper specification, giving you more peace of mind on your next bolting job. | <urn:uuid:99febf46-8ea5-432f-a940-f7abf2474340> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://blog.maxprocorp.com/bolt-tightening-and-quality-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.926749 | 557 | 2.625 | 3 |
Abdominal Strength Test - straight leg lift
- purpose: The purpose of this test is to estimate the degree of abdominal strength. Poor abdominal muscle strength can cause poor posture leading to lower back pain.
- equipment required: flat surface, an abdominal strength test board with different degrees of angle marked (otherwise, you can use a protractor, flexometer or goniometer to measure the leg angle)
- procedure: The subject lays supine on the floor next to the abdominal strength test board. The hip joint should be aligned to the intersection of the scale. The arms are held across the chest and the head rested on the floor. The tester places their finger tips underneath the subject's lower back. Both legs are raised to a 90-degree angle (vertically) while keeping the upper body flat on the floor. The subject may bend their knees first to move to the starting position, before straightening the knee joint. The subject aims to sustain the pressure on the tester's fingers under the lower back by contracting the abdominals as the legs are lowered. The subject slowly lowers both legs until the pressure on the hand behind the back disappears. The lowest angle observed as the pressure is taken off is the measurement of their abdominal strength.
- scoring: The score is the angle of the legs in degrees from the floor. Below is a guide to scoring for this test
|90||very poor, starting position|
|0||excellent, legs horizontal|
- advantages: simple test with minimal equipment needed
- comments: The muscles that play a major role in the effort to maintain the position of the low back and pelvis during the leg-lowering movement are the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles.
- About Abdominal Testing
- See the other abdominal strength tests: 7-Stage and 4-Level tests
- Videos of Sit Up Fitness Tests
- Abdominal endurance test
- sit up exercise at the beach or at home
- Sit Up World Records | <urn:uuid:b0ebd0ab-8c84-48fb-9e64-aad4139ceaaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00286-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896807 | 410 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Home-grown broad beans cooked and eaten soon after being picked are delicious, melting in your mouth – so unlike the tough ones found in some shops. One of the first vegetables to plant in the spring, they are easy to grow and prolific croppers.
Plant or seed?
Although broad beans are certainly cheaper to grow from seed, if you only need a few, buy some plants in April. Try ‘The Sutton’ if growing in a small space or ‘Hylon’ if you have more room.
When and where: If you are starting them off indoors, sow in January/February. Sow outdoors in early spring – March and April– ideally in a sunny spot.
How: Indoors, 1 seed to a small pot filled with peat-free compost; water lightly and label them. Outdoors, about 4 cm deep and 20 cm apart, either in rows about 60 cm apart or in groups, depending on the space available.
When and where: Plant your plants out in a sunny spot during April.
How: Make a hole large enough to accommodate the roots and put the plants in slightly deeper than they were before. Firm down well.
How do broad beans grow?
The bean plants grow with a single main stem with leaves, and flowers then appear that turn into the beans. The bean pods stick out from the main stem and are very visible. If growing dwarf plants, such as ‘The Sutton’, they will grow to a height of about 70 cm. The larger varieties such as ‘Hylon’ will grow to a height of 1.5 m.
Looking after your broad beans
Water: Garden-grown beans will only need watering in dry weather – give them a good soaking. Container-grown beans need daily watering once established.
Weed: Bean plants need most weeding when small. Once growing well they will tend to smother weeds.
Pinch out: The growing tips need pinching out once the plants reach their maximum height. You can eat these tips if you boil them briefly – they are delicious.
Support: Larger bean plants need supporting – push in stakes at either end of the row or at regular intervals around the plants, and surround the plants with string tied to the stakes.
Look out for: The tips of the growing bean plants attract blackfly. Pinching the tips out helps prevent this infestation, although dwarf varieties generally escape the pest.
When: The beans will be ready in 3-4 months and can be harvested at various stages of their growth. Pick them when the pods are 5-7 cm long, boil and eat whole, or wait until the pods are plump and full of beans then split them open to get the beans. Don’t wait too long or the beans will become tough and leathery.
How: Grasp the main stem of the bean plant with one hand and pull the bean pod downwards to break it free with your other hand.
Once you have harvested all the beans, pull up the plants and put on the compost heap or cut off the stems and leave the roots in the ground (bean roots contain nutrients that feed the soil). | <urn:uuid:798794c7-68ad-485f-872c-bd6aa1714496> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.freeplant.net/vegetables/broad-beans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060538.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928062408-20210928092408-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.936067 | 654 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Ding Yunpeng (1547-1628?)
China, Ming dynasty
Ink on paper
26 x 343.5 cm
Museum purchase, Fowler McCormick, Class of 1921, Fund, and gift of Lloyd E. Cotsen, Class of 1950, in honor of Wen C. Fong, Class of 1951 and Graduate School Class of 1958
The subject matter of Ding Yunpeng's 1580 handscroll held special significance for the artist, as he re-visited this theme many times over his career. In this version, the lohan (luohan) figures are delineated in a pale monochromatic technique known as baimiao ("fine-line") painting. Each figure is executed in thin gossamer lines with their eyes highlighted with an occasional jet-black touch of ink. The lohans are arranged along with their various attendants and animals against a blank background with little articulation of setting.
The handscroll begins at the far right with two guardian figures dressed in martial costume. Each figure carries a vajra sword across their forearms while clasping their hands together in a gesture of adoration. Their detailed headdresses and costumes with demon-mask epaulets and buckles, as well as their iconography and figural arrangement, correspond to illustrations of guardian generals in Buddhist sutras. For example, the second figure can be identified as the celestial guardian Weituo (Sanskrit: Skanda) by its close similarity to mid-fifteenth century wall paintings and late fifteenth-century Buddhist sutras woodcut illustrations.
The next scene centers on an elephant with wrinkly skin. On its back are cases of books that may be intended to symbolize the Buddhist Law. The elephant, flanked by foreign grooms and a young male servant, has "smiling, human-like eyes that serve to imbue the beast with a jolly, roly-poly benevolence, expressive of its role as bearer of texts intended to foster liberation." (Kent, Sixteen Luohans, p. 192)
Starting from the sixth figure, the remaining scroll portrays the lohans with attendants, worshippers, and auspicious animals. The visual relationship between the lohans and their accompanying mascots (i.e. one lohan holds a dog on his shoulder while another shares a physical resemblance to his "Cheshire-cat" tiger) reveals the kind of visual wit and humor characteristic of the late Ming period.
The identification of the final two figures, at far left, is open to interpretation. A smaller attendant figure holds a stack of sutras and looks respectfully at a larger bearded man garbed in a scholar's cap and gown. Richard Kent has suggested that the bearded figure is actually a self-portrait of Ding Yunpeng because the subject faces front looking directly at the viewer, and stands adjacent to the artist's eleven-character inscription reading: "During the summer of the year 1580, respectfully painted by Ding Yunpeng, a Son of the Dharma-king."
See Richard Kent, "Ding Yunpeng's Baimiao Lohans: A Reflection of Late Ming Lay Buddhism," Record of the Princeton University Art Museum 63 (2004), pp. 63-89.
Ding's treatment of the lohan subject is also documented in two dissertations (Sewall Oertling, University of Michigan, 1980, and Richard Kent, Princeton University, 1995), numerous exhibition catalogues (National Palace Museum, Style Transformed: A Special Exhibition of Works by Five Late Ming Artists, Taibei, 1976, and Kaikodo Journal, Spring 2000, pp. 86-89, 247-51), and essays (Richard Kent, "The Sixteen Luohans in the Pai-miao Style: From Sung to Early Ch'ing," in Latter Days of the Law, ed. Marsha Weidner). Kent has argued that Ding's continual return to the lohan theme may be linked to the painter's own Buddhist beliefs and practices. Ding was a committed lay Buddhist whose professional career peaked during a time of renewed imperial support of Buddhism following a period of decline during the early Ming. | <urn:uuid:7304cde2-3e31-4621-8c45-b232ef8c2ff6> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://etcweb.princeton.edu/asianart/selectionsdetail.jsp?ctry=China&pd=&id=1027251 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379555.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00013-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917478 | 864 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A few years ago, we visited Pearl Harbor and stood on Sacred Ground, knowing that James' Great Grandfather was one of the few survivors when his ship (USS California) was bombed. We tried to imagine the terror and pain of ordinary people being attacked without warning. Now, on the other side of the hemisphere, we see the horrors inflicted on other innocent people by the same war.
There are statues all over the park, many festooned with obviously recent chains of paper cranes, a tribute to Sadako Sasaki, a girl who died of leukemia after being exposed to radiation at the age of 2. She believed that, if she folded 1000 paper cranes, her wish to live would come true. Her wish was not granted, but, since then, the crane has become the symbol of a wish for peace.
We see the statues and the A-Bomb Dome - all that is left of the building over which the bomb exploded. (To my surprise, James knows a lot about all this. His class just recently watched a movie about Hiroshima in school.) Then we go into the museum.
There are documents about the creation of the atomic bomb and the decisions leading up to its use. We are told that the Japanese were ready to surrender, but were negotiating through the Soviet Union to get more favorable terms for Japan. The US, feeling that this would give the Soviets more power, pushed through the use of the weapon both to deny the Soviets this victory and also to justify the 2 billion dollars spent building the bomb. This may be so, politicians being what they are, but, if it is, it is a far cry from what Americans believed at the time. I remember my high school chemistry teacher, Mr. Hasley, discussing the decision to use the bomb with his students. He said that the Japanese, while beaten, were too proud to surrender and that the US felt the only way to end the war would be an invasion of Japan, with soldiers fighting house to house and many lives - both American and Japanese - lost. He said his older brother was being trained to be one of those soldiers who would be part of the invasion fleet. He ended by saying that the use of the bomb was a terrible thing, but his family and many others were grateful for their sons that were spared.
We see many exhibits of clothing - tattered and blood-stained-from victims - many of which were children. Also melted glass, a tricycle, a piece of roofing, shadows left on pavement from humans who were vaporized. A very moving exhibit has one walk through what feels like the dome itself and shows victims in the throes of death. I take no pictures here. There are many volunteers to explain the exhibits - almost as many as there are visitors in some rooms. Most are older and speak very good English. I wonder if some were personally acquainted with any of the survivors. Everyone speaks in whispers. Many visitors dab at the corners of their eyes. It is a solemn experience.
Paper cranes adorn the feet of many statues- it rains frequently here, so you can tell many of these are very recent.
The flame looking lengthwise down the Peace Park. It is supposed to burn until there are no longer any nuclear weapons left on the earth.
Memorial to all the children whose lives were lost.
Beautiful artwork of paper cranes, protected behind glass.
There are so many of these lovely tributes.
Across the river from the A-Bomb Dome
Many documents are of great interest.
Letters of protest for every nuclear test ever conducted line walls and pillars.
James is not feeling well and I think he is getting dehydrated. He glugs down a bottle of water from a vending machine in seconds so I make him go easy on the next ones. There are almost no drinking fountains and, if you ask for a cup of water with your meal, they usually give you a tiny dixie cup. Even the kitchen in the ryokan in which we are staying requests that you leave 100 yen for every water bottle you fill. I am not used to water being such a precious commodity.
We start looking for a place to have lunch. We head for a tall department store that is not far from the Peace Park. I am afraid James will collapse if I don't get him into some air conditioning soon. The store is interesting, with many floors devoted to different items. James finds a book store to enjoy and then gets some CDs from Japanese artists that he has trouble finding online. I look at the many styles for women - many of which I've seen girls and women wearing everywhere. Wouldn't this be a fun place to shop if I were 16 and still had a figure! Styles are far more varied here than we would ever see on a downtown street in, say, Seattle. There are girls in short, poofy dresses with many petticoats, right next to girls who wouldn't be out of place at the Renaissance Faire, next to girls in long or short diaphanous fabric that look ready for the prom, next to girls wearing traditional business attire, next to quirky girls mixing it up - combat boots with that floating evening gown, pants, skirts - long or very short, the ubiquitous school uniforms, heels so high they make the wearer look ridiculously unbalanced next to sensible casual tennies.
What I don't see (and don't miss!) are tattoos or piercings. Gradually, I realize that I feel distinctly frumpy. Not because I'm middle aged, or overweight, or wearing travel clothes and shoes - all these things are present here and there in other women. No, it is because I am the ONLY woman I see not wearing makeup. Every female here - from what looks like age 11 to 101, is wearing foundation and lipstick at the every least, and most have tasteful eye makeup as well. Every other female on the tram or in a restroom is powdering her nose and looking in a mirror. (Keiko told us that it would in fact be considered disrespectful for a woman to show up at work without makeup.) From what I see here, no woman even goes out the door without her makeup on. Maybe that is part of why the Japanese women look so young here, (Keiko, who is nearing 40, looks barely 25) the sun never gets a chance to ravage their skin because it's always covered up!
We find that the basement floor of the store is devoted to food. There is a supermarket with nice produce and a number of restaurants. We find James a shrimp burger (the boy could live on shrimp) and I have a Japanese style hamburger - very good - with tomato and onions and a toasted bakery roll. (Real food at last!) James is perking up now, but I know he'll wilt again when I take him outside. We have seen Miyajima and the Peace Park, we have no other firm plans for the day. I remember how Mom used to take us to the movies when the heat became unbearable in San Diego. We ask around, and get directions to a theatre a short tram ride away where "The Amazing Spiderman" opened this weekend. I am looking forward to popcorn - hoping it's not curry flavored.
The theatre is actually on the 8th floor of a department store. We pay 2000 yen - or about $25 for our tickets - not much more than the theatre in the US these days. We are shown a seating chart and choose our seats like at a play. Alas, there is no popcorn, just a little cafe selling small iced drinks for 300 yen and tiny bags of nuts and other goodies. We still have time, so James decides to investigate the bottom of this department store. Sure enough, it also has food, so he gets a couple of egg rolls and a piece of strawberry cake and a 3 liter bottle of water and this becomes our theatre fare. (He finishes that whole bottle of water during the movie- definitely dehydrated!)
We're only here for the AC, but I really like the movie - quite different from the version with Toby Maguire. Afterward, we do a bit more shopping. It turns out that we've bought so many souvenirs that we actually need another small suitcase. We head back to our small room. Tomorrow we need to get an early start - it's all the way back to Tokyo where we started out to finish out our trip.
James loves the shrimp burger
Avocados are not bad at all at about $1.40
But how'd you like to pay $11 for a cantelope? And I saw some premium melons for 70-90 dollars!
Where were fashions like this when I was 16 and had a figure?
Now, this, I could wear to the Renaissance Faire- if I were a size 4...
At the theatre for The Amazing Spiderman
Love those cushy seats!
This salad (100g) cost me about $8. Alas- most of what I took to be lettuce is kelp, and the "feta cheese" is tofu. I miss the Olive Garden! | <urn:uuid:f9579fc3-296e-423f-97fc-6d1df5f9469a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://worldcindy.blogspot.com/2012/07/japan-day-12-hiroshima.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500809686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021329-00217-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978775 | 1,878 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is an approach to urban planning and design that aims to minimize hydrological impacts of urban development on the surrounding environment. The typical WSUD technologies include infiltration systems, bio-retention systems, vegetated and bio-filtration swales, permeable and porous pavements, constructed wetlands, green roofs, vegetated filter strips and rainwater tanks. These technologies are aids for solving the everyday problems of small scale stormwater management–flood control, pollution control and stormwater harvesting.
The task of assignment 3 is to investigate the role of WSUD technologies for stormwater quality control. Select three WSUD technologies listed above. Read around twenty related materials including journal and conference papers, government reports and technical manuals. Prepare a review paper on how the selected WSUD technologies can be used for enhancing stormwater quality. Your focus in the report will be the effective treatments of stormwater pollutants including TSS, TN, TP, BOD, COD, heavy metals, E. coli etc. by using the selected WSUD technologies.
ORDER THIS ESSAY HERE NOW AND GET A DISCOUNT !!! | <urn:uuid:a8396f70-95c6-4cc1-aabd-bea1386b3261> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://writingservice-essay.net/water-sensitive-urban-design-wsud/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.890296 | 243 | 3.609375 | 4 |
There is a series of important camping safety tips to have in mind and plan your adventure. Although camping seems like a fun outdoor activity, it is a serious thing with many details. But don’t worry, If you comply with our list of camping safety tips you can be safe and healthy outdoors.
Also read our camping for beginners guide.
Water is the most important, vital need.
We should not forget to take enough water with us and drink water regularly.
Instead of drinking water when we are thirsty, it is much more important to drink water regularly.
Do Not Pitch Your Tent Near the Water
While determining the area we will camp, we always try to find the right and most beautiful place. Sometimes this search can cause us to make wrong decisions.
We prefer camping at the water’s edge since it has a beautiful view. However, it should not be done for a safe camp. Check Big Berkey Water Filter for water filters.
Wild animals visit these water sources at night to feed. If you set up your tent near these water sources; you may encounter these creatures.
So set up your camp at a distance of at least 600-700 feet away from the water. And lastly, never pitch a tent on the edge of the running water. As a result of a rainy night, the water can reach your tent within minutes.
Choose Your Camping Partner Properly
Camps with compatible and problem-free people have always been more enjoyable. As the number of camping partners increases, so does the problem.
So choose your camp buddy well for your outdoor activity.
Your friendship may get worsen as a result of the inability to manage the tensions that may arise as a result of the aggravation of physical conditions.
Even if you have complete confidence and are a master camper, you should definitely go with a buddy.
Because there may be a lot of negative things that can happen to you in nature and you may not be able to fight these negativities on your own. That’s why a reassuring friend is always good.
Watch out for Wild Animals
Do not forget that we’re the guests in the forest or land we will go to. Therefore, act as a guest and respect the natural habitats of living things.
Do not leave food, drinks, and fragrant things in your camping area before sleeping. If there are such things, pack them in an airtight manner and hang them (in a bear canister) on a tree 200-300 meters away.
Look for tracks on the ground, stay away from animals’ crossing points.
If you have a curious guest around you, fire a few hands before you go to sleep with your sound gun (if you have it) so that you can drive them away for a while.
And again, when you wake up, if you do this as soon as you get out of your tent, you will not be faced with living creatures.
Be Prepared for Insects
When it comes to camping, remember that small creatures can cause problems as much as large creatures. The bite of a small tick insect might even result in death. Note the following to avoid this situation.
- Be sure to wear long sleeves and pants during trekking.
- While walking, make it a habit to center the paths. Ticks are mostly found in leaf residues close to the ground.
- It is possible to keep the insects away from your skin by putting your pants in socks during periods of ticks.
Get this cost effective insect repellent.
Inform Your Close Friend and Family About Your Trip
Before going for outdoor activities, print out the map of your destination, and work on it.
Give a copy of these prints to your friends and family.
Depending on your financial situation, satellite phones or GPS devices will also be very useful in both navigation and emergency situations.
Watch out for Lightning
Rain in the camp is quite enjoyable. However, perhaps the biggest threat in the camp is lightning. If you feel that there might be lightning soon, be sure to do the following things:
- Do not stay in the tent, aluminum materials in the tent can attract lightning
- If your car is close, wait in your car until the storm is over
- Stay away from the trees
- If there is a cave nearby, you can take shelter in the cave, caves are the safest places in these situations
Stay Alert to the Storms
As a result of sudden pressure and temperature changes, you may suddenly encounter stormy weather. In such cases, the weather suddenly changes, and rain begins with the storm. In this case:
- You should stay away from the rivers and go to a safer place such as a cave or a car
- You should stay away from old trees, they may crack and fall on the tent
- If you don’t have cars of caves nearby tighten the ropes of the tent to make it more stable and robust
- Take your food to an area where they will not be affected by the wind and rain
And if you’re into winter camping, choose a proper cold weather sleeping bag.
Do Not Eat Everything You Found in Nature
The right food choice is very important when camping, but there are even more important things such as the source and storage conditions of these foods. Therefore:
- Avoid eating grass, fruits, and mushrooms you found in nature.
- Just because a water source looks clean it doesn’t mean it’s drinkable, I recommend using a small water filter for that.
- Stay away from perishable meals, prefer canned food.
Do Not Leave Your Campfire Unattended
Fire is one of the most common threats in nature. So to do your camp more safely, note the followings:
- Do not build a campfire next to old and low trees.
- Make sure the fire area is surrounded by rocks.
- Never leave your campfire unattended, especially before you go to sleep make sure the fire is put out.
Always Keep These in Your Backpack
Some things can save lives even if they are small. A few pieces of equipment would protect you from many negative situations in the camp.
- Have a warning whistle with you. In emergencies, you can send a warning sound to your friend.
- Take a thermal blanket that will protect you against hypothermia in winter camps. It is very cheap and takes up almost no space.
- Have a spray against bears, a sound gun or torpedo against wolves. It is not clear when and where you will meet.
Read our post for Ultralight backpacking.
Prepare a Small First Aid Kit
At some point, nearly everyone needs a first aid kit.
If you are considering a camping trip, getting a travel-appropriate first aid kit is essential to your health.
The best camping first aid kit should come loaded with products to assist with any possible complications, including medicine and emergency equipment that can save lives.
Choose Your Gear Properly
The sleeping pad is one of the vital gear for camping, especially If you have a bad back, or if you’re a side sleeper.
Sleeping on an uneven surface may cause a sore back and it can make your life miserable for months. Therefore choose a proper sleeping pad for bad backs, preferably more than 3” thick.
Frequently Asked Questions for Camping Safety Tips
What to Do When You Encounter a Bear?
First of all, the classic dead imitation will not generally work. It is often a wrong move to run away from the campsite or its surroundings when you encounter a bear. Instead, you can try to look bigger without turning your back and making eye contact with the bear, or you can also shout loudly to show that you are not an easy bite. Pepper spray is one of the effective weapons. It works if it is used correctly and on time.
What to Do When You See a Snake?
In nature, we often encounter snakes in 2 situations.
When we step on it without realizing it: if this is the case, move away quickly.
When we noticed the snake in advance: If this is the case, firstly stop, don’t move and observe the snake, if it is stuck in the corner, slowly back off. If you move slowly, you will not be perceived as a threat and the snake is less likely to strike.
What to Do When You Encounter a Wild Boar?
The thing is, most wild animals attack when they feel threatened. So if you encounter a wild boar, do not make sudden moves, slowly move away from the animal and give it a clear path for an escape.
If you liked our article for camping safety tips then also read Best Warmest Thermal Underwear For Extreme Cold Weather. | <urn:uuid:ec5822c2-5a45-49ed-bc73-a1eef9e0d482> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://mindfultravelexperiences.com/camping-safety-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654871.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608103815-20230608133815-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.931176 | 1,823 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Looking for math all around started as a challenge I made for myself and I’m realizing it’s becoming a full-fledged theme for my year. When I had to think of a topic to moderate this week’s #ElemMathChat, I started by asking myself, “What’s a topic we haven’t talked about since the chat started in August 2014?” After some brainstorming, I eventually came up with analyzing data. What a great topic for my theme! I don’t think I could throw a rock without hitting some data in the world around me.
In fact, as I was fleshing out the topic for the chat, I was regularly checking some real-world data online. After a long dry spell, we finally got some rain in Austin. And by “some rain” I mean a deluge. On a couple days last month it just kept pouring and pouring. Throughout each day it rained, I found myself checking our neighborhood weather station on Weather Underground to see how much rain had fallen. By the time October was over, we had received 10.3 inches of rain in my neighborhood! That simple piece of data became the catalyst for tonight’s #ElemMathChat.
I started digging into rainfall data for October, then rainfall data for other months, and finally I expanded my data dive into other cities in and out of Texas. When I was done, I had a spreadsheet full of various tables of data that I wanted to share in my chat. To make this chat work, I realized I needed to be intentional about how I shared the data in order to tell a coherent story. I also wanted to create a variety of data displays that would match the various data displays students encounter across grades K-5. As an aside, I think #ElemMathChat sometimes leans a bit heavy on content for grades 3-5, so I was trying to be mindful to show some graphs that could be analyzed in a Kinder or 1st grade classroom.
It took several nights to research, create graphs, and pull it all together to make a story, and in the end I’m proud enough of the final result that I wanted to capture it on my blog.
Before starting my data story, I shared the following guiding questions that tied into my primary goals for the chat.
My Data Story
Our story begins with the piece of data that started it all. I asked the participants to tell me what they noticed and wondered about this statement.
What do you notice and wonder?
Many people wondered how this amount of rain compared to other cities. Funny you should ask.
What do you notice and wonder as you look at this pictograph?
One thing I noticed is that I accidentally left the key off the graph. Oops! Each picture is meant to represent 1 inch of rain. Despite my mistake, several people liked that the missing key invited students to wonder about what the pictures represent. That sounds like such a wonderful conversation to me that I opted to leave the key off when sharing the picture in this blog post.
I had a little fun with this graph because I had to decide which cities to include. I decided to focus on other state capitals, but the question became, which ones? When I noticed how many start with A, I decided that was more interesting than picking random capitals. It just so happens that all the other capitals on this pictograph are all on the East coast, so I wonder if it would have been better to choose capitals with greater geographic diversity. In the end this is just a fun way to get our story started so I’m okay with what I chose.
Next we moved from cities outside of Texas to cities inside of Texas, specifically along the I-35 corridor from San Antonio to Waco.
What do you notice and wonder as you look at the October rainfall totals for these cities?
Now that I shared two different graphs, what questions could you ask students about these graphs? What math skills can students bring to bear to interpret and further understand the data in these two graphs?
One thing that we often do with graphs found in textbooks and tests is ask one question about them and then move on. How unfortunate! There’s so much rich information to dig into here. One of my key points for tonight’s chat was reiterating something I read by Steve Leinwand about mining data. Ask a variety of questions about data displays. Sink your teeth into them; don’t just take a small nibble.
The one thing that stood out to me and many others in the chat was how little rain San Antonio received. The difference between San Antonio and New Braunfels is quite striking considering how close they are to each other.
Other people felt that Austin’s rain wasn’t fitting with a general trend in the data. I didn’t want to get into it in the chat, but I’ve noticed the rainfall in my neighborhood tends to be less than other parts of the city. Our weather station recorded 10.3 inches for October but others in Austin clocked in at closer to 13 inches of rain. I thought about using the larger number, but because the catalyst for this whole story was my weather station’s data, I opted to stick with that. By the way, I don’t think it’s an issue with our weather station’s rain gauge. Over the years there have been many instances of rainfall in other parts of the city while my neighborhood in north Austin remains bone dry.
Now that we’ve looked at rainfall in and out of Texas, it’s time to drop a bit of a bombshell. With this new information, what story is the data telling so far?
Here’s what I see as the story so far: Austin received 10.3 inches of rain in October, which was a lot compared to areas outside of Texas, but fairly common for our area in Texas. Not only was this a lot of rain, but it also fell in a very short amount of time, 6 days.
Next, I asked for help. Now that you know it rained only 6 days in October, which data display would you choose to represent October rainfall?
Most people preferred option 2 because it shows the full picture of October. That was surprising to hear. In my mind, because we just saw the picture graph showing that it only rained 6 days in October, I didn’t feel option 2 was needed. I already know it didn’t rain on very many days, so why waste the space with all those days showing 0 inches of rain? Option 1 puts the focus squarely on analyzing the rainfall on the days where it actually rained. In the end there’s no “right” answer, it all comes down to how you justify showing what you choose to show.
We’re nearing the end of our story. There are two more graphs remaining. What does this next graph add to our story? What is one question your students could answer based on this data?
I love looking for relationships so here are the questions I came up with:
- Where do you see the relationship “three times as much” represented in this graph?
- Where do you see the relationship “half as much” represented in this graph?
I especially like wondering what students will come up with because both questions have more than one correct answer.
And now for the last graph. How does this close out our data story?
Here’s a follow up question for you. What could be the sequel to the story I just told? How could you and your students explore and tell the sequel? What other data stories could your students explore and tell?
I closed the chat, and I’ll close this post, with two key points I want everyone to take away from this conversation. | <urn:uuid:b8e43982-0e67-4e85-b462-7f5d15398359> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://bstockus.wordpress.com/2015/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.970731 | 1,640 | 2.640625 | 3 |
An Assessment of Mobile Predator Populations along Shallow and Mesophotic Depth Gradients in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
MetadataShow full item record
Large-bodied coral reef roving predators (sharks, jacks, snappers) are largely considered to be depleted around human population centers. In the Hawaiian Archipelago, supporting evidence is primarily derived from underwater visual censuses in shallow waters (=30?m). However, while many roving predators are present or potentially more abundant in deeper strata (30-100?m+), distributional information remains sparse. To partially fill that knowledge gap, we conducted surveys in the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and populated Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) from 2012-2014 using baited remote underwater stereo-video. Surveys between 0-100?m found considerable roving predator community dissimilarities between regions, marked conspicuous changes in species abundances with increasing depth, and largely corroborated patterns documented during shallow water underwater visual censuses, with up to an order of magnitude more jacks and five times more sharks sampled in the NWHI compared to the MHI. Additionally, several species were significantly more abundant and larger in mesophotic versus shallow depths, which remains particularly suggestive of deep-water refugia effects in the MHI. Stereo-video extends the depth range of current roving predator surveys in a more robust manner than was previously available, and appears to be well-suited for large-scale roving predator work in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Physiological and behavioural responses of Australian and exotic prey to the scent of native and introduced predatorsMella, Valentina S. A. (2009)This study examined the physiological and behavioural effects of a stress-inducing stimulus (predator odour) on potential prey species (Australian native and exotic). The aim was to determine if differences in the response ...
High connectivity in the deepwater snapper Pristipomoides filamentosus (lutjanidae) across the indo-pacific with isolation of the Hawaiian archipelagoGaither, M.; Jones, S.; Kelley, C.; Newman, Stephen; Sorenson, L.; Bowen, B. (2011)In the tropical Indo-Pacific, most phylogeographic studies have focused on the shallow-water taxa that inhabit reefs to approximately 30 m depth. Little is known about the large predatory fishes, primarily snappers ...
Mesophotic depth gradients impact reef fish assemblage composition and functional group partitioning in the main Hawaiian IslandsAsher, J.; Williams, I.; Harvey, Euan (2017)Mesophotic coral ecosystem (MCE) research has increased considerably in recent years, as MCEs may provide partial insulation from the effects of climate change, localized anthropogenic stressors, and may dampen fishing ... | <urn:uuid:b3e5c277-35af-48e5-ab90-9e27523cab50> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/54454 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159359.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923114712-20180923135112-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.897859 | 597 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Losing Sleep? You May Be Losing Your Health, Too
Sleep is problematic for millions of Americans. At one time or another, say experts, at least half of all adults complain of problems falling asleep or staying asleep. And that’s a bigger problem than you might think, because getting enough sleep every night is crucial for good health.
Of course, most of us are familiar with the occasional restless night. Studies have repeatedly shown that most adults require between seven and nine hours of sleep each night. Children and teens need even more. Even one restless or sleepless night can affect how you feel the following day. A lack of sleep can affect a person’s ability to think clearly, learn, reason, and react. It can also affect things like hunger, making it more likely that you will crave—and overeat—high-calorie foods. And emerging evidence shows it can have a big impact on your immune system’s ability to function properly.
Sleep deprivation affects all of us, because sleep deprived people are more likely to be involved in accidents and make costly mistakes. Even worse, new research suggests that just one night of sleep deprivation may be linked to brain tissue losses. Subjects in a small study published in the journal Sleep showed signs similar to those seen in brain injury patients. Previous studies have shown that a week of inadequate sleep is related to alterations in up to 700 different genes, suggesting that sleep deprivation may have longterm consequences for health.
So what can you do to improve your sleep habits and ensure your brain and immune system are getting the full benefits of regular, adequate sleep? Experts recommend several practices: Don’t bring work, computers, cell phones, or even televisions into the bedroom. Keep your bedroom cool at night. Try to sleep in complete darkness. Avoid caffeine, food, and alcohol for several hours before bedtime. And give yourself enough time. You may think you only need five or six hours of sleep, but you’re probably fooling yourself.
Benedict C et al. Acute sleep deprivation increases serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) in healthy young men. SLEEP, December 2013
Vilma Aho, Hanna M. Ollila, Ville Rantanen, Erkki Kronholm, Ida Surakka, Wessel M. A. van Leeuwen, Maili Lehto, Sampsa Matikainen, Samuli Ripatti, Mikko Härmä, Mikael Sallinen, Veikko Salomaa, Matti Jauhiainen, Harri Alenius, Tiina Paunio, Tarja Porkka-Heiskanen. Partial Sleep Restriction Activates Immune Response-Related Gene Expression Pathways: Experimental and Epidemiological Studies in Humans. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (10): e77184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077184 | <urn:uuid:e10f8589-ec21-43bc-ba4d-ba457825bc09> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://drcoco.com/blog/260/losing-sleep-you-may-be-losing-your-health-too | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912593.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031002758-20201031032758-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.88914 | 623 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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View aplac second semester study guide• visual rhetoric • logical fallacies • review list of rhetorical strategies from ap analytical essay • syntax (periodic. 2004 ap language exam: lord chesterfield’s letter to his son rhetorical question analysis of a text 2004 ap language exam: lord chesterfield’s letter. Ap® english language and composition 2013 scoring guidelines © 2013 the college board in short, rhetorical analysis means explaining not only what. | <urn:uuid:63e1d1a9-7945-4498-a5f7-7a8a051531ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://bytermpaperpxes.fieldbee.us/analysis-aplac-rhetorical.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864624.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522034402-20180522054402-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.853013 | 928 | 2.921875 | 3 |
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January 23, 2013
"David Baldus and the Legacy of McCleskey v. Kemp"The title of this post is the title of this article by Samuel Gross, which I just came across via SSRN. Here is the abstract:
In McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987), the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to racial discrimination in the use of the death penalty. That challenge was based on a landmark study of race and capital sentencing in the state of Georgia by the late Professor David Baldus and colleagues. The legal holding in McCleskey stands, despite the fact that the author of the opinion, Justice Lewis Powell, later renounced it in retirement. It is sometimes described as the Dred Scott decision of the twentieth century. But on the empirical question that was as stake in McCleskey, Baldus has prevailed. Neither the Court in McCleskey, nor any justice at the time or since, has disputed his factual conclusion that many defendants in Georgia were sentenced to death because of their race, and especially because of the race of the victims of the crimes for which they were convicted. This was a remarkable achievement. It fundamentally changed our understanding of the role of race in criminal justice in the United States.
January 23, 2013 at 03:57 PM | Permalink
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This author is an idiot: "It is sometimes described as the Dred Scott decision of the twentieth century." You'd think the nitwit would have the courage of his own convictions.
Posted by: federalist | Jan 23, 2013 10:06:24 PM
"Neither the Court in McCleskey, nor any justice at the time or since, has disputed his factual conclusion that many defendants in Georgia were sentenced to death because of their race, and especially because of the race of the victims of the crimes for which they were convicted."
That is one of those cleverly worded bits of BS that intentionally creates a false impression in the mind of the reader without actually telling an outright lie.
Baldus's factual conclusion was found to be unsupported by the district court, and that finding was not reversed by the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court. Both of those courts decided to decide on a basis that made the factual finding immaterial, and having done so the issue was never again presented to the Supreme Court. The implication that the Supreme Court has somehow endorsed Baldus's factual finding rather than the district court's contrary finding is false.
For more on this, see my article in the current issue of the Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, linked on the left sidebar.
Also note the "sometimes described." Every controversial decision is "sometimes described" in pejorative terms by people on one side of the aisle and praised as a landmark by people on the other. It would be just as correct to say that Mapp v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona, and Roe v. Wade are "sometimes described" in similarly derogatory terms, which proves exactly nothing.
Posted by: Kent Scheidegger | Jan 24, 2013 12:52:07 PM
I wonder if any of these persons killed by the People of The State of Georgia, in violation of the Sixth Commandment, were from Pin Point, Georgia. Some people argue that the Sears Roebuck version of the King James Bible allows for killing of humans where The People do it collectively. These people jocularly refer to it as the "Y'all Can" exception. I argue, that if Y'all are wrong about this that you will perhaps all go to Hell when your time comes for that interview at the Pearly Gates. I have a defense prepared when my time comes. Do Y'all? Or do you reside in a state that does not kill humans in the name of The People? To hedge my bet, I think I will move. Thank dog I never lived in Texas, I would have a lot of explaining to do.
Posted by: OldFart | Jan 25, 2013 8:46:54 PM | <urn:uuid:f7be5fa8-d65b-4446-9d7a-1313e74da87a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2013/01/david-baldus-and-the-legacy-of-mccleskey-v-kemp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010292910/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090452-00007-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967689 | 889 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Frustrated by a lack of federal climate policy? Ever considered back seat driving California’s efforts to cut tailpipe emissions? A hypnotic new website could be just the ticket for the secret policy wonks among us.
A group called Next10 has launched the “California Carbon Challenge,” where you can “decide how to reach the state’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal” by selecting different programs and balancing their cost with their effectiveness.
Policy choices are broken out into various categories like vehicle technology, green buildings, and government operations. Each one features pro and con arguments, and assesses whether the initial cost falls most directly on people, businesses or government.
The authors of the website note that if you choose the same options that state officials have already started implementing, you’ll meet the goal of AB 32, the landmark California greenhouse gas law passed back in 2006.
But they offer other options as well, some of which are popular with visitors.
For example, pay-as-you-go car insurance, which hasn’t gained a lot of traction in the real world, has the support of about 75 percent of the site’s visitors right now. Those who drive more would pay higher rates of insurance.
The added cost would be an incentive for people to drive less and could cut more than 9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide. And, according to the site’s methodology, would save money, presumably by acting as a price signal to would-be drivers.
People also seem to like more bike lanes, renewable energy, and increased energy efficiency for government buildings. Fully implementing California’s Title 24 standards is one of the least sexy policy choices, but it’s another one that gets a good bang for the buck: a reduction of more than 4 million metric tons of carbon, for its cost – which, as with pay-as-you-go insurance, is expressed in negatives because it’s anticipated to save money.
If you do everything the site offers as a policy choice, you’d cut carbon emissions by more than 92 million metric tons – almost twice as much as the state’s minimum requirement – at a cost of $60 a ton. | <urn:uuid:7d384a86-5ddf-40c8-b9a0-29d6766376b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.scpr.org/blogs/environment/2013/05/29/13831/next10-challenges-you-to-cut-california-s-carbon-b/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107487.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821022354-20170821042354-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.958534 | 462 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Taiji Quan (Shadow Boxing), which can be used to self-defense and improve the corporeity and prevent and cure the illness, is a kind of traditional Chinese boxing with gentle and slow actions. It has a long history with various schools and wide popularity.
Taiji Quan originated from the late Ming Dynasty of China (about 400 years ago). Chen Wangting, a villager of Chenjiagou village, created a new kind of Chinese boxing based on the integration of the ancestral boxing, the essence of the excellent folk boxing types and the Chinese medicine meridians. The theory of Taiji Quan (Shadow Boxing) evolved from the classical works of the Chinese traditional philosophy, leechcraft, Wushu and absorbed the contents of the Daoism, Confucianism and so on during its long time development, so Taiji Quan is called as “the Quintessence of the Chinese Culture”.
Taiji Quan is a kind of martial art to make people strong and healthy. The actions of the Taiji Quan are gentle, slow, coherent and flexible, and it can dredge the main and collateral channels, regulate Qi and blood, nourish the viscera and strengthen muscle and bones. Nowadays, Taiji Quan has become one kind of sports especially for old people.
The study of Taiji Quan chuan primarily involves three aspects:
Taiji Quan's health training therefore concentrates on relieving the physical effects of stress on the body and mind. An unhealthy person may find it difficult to meditate to a state of calmness or to use Taiji Quan as a martial art.
The focus and calmness cultivated by the meditative aspect of Taiji Quan is seen as necessary in maintaining optimum health (in the sense of relieving stress and maintaining homeostasis.
The ability to use Taiji Quan as a form of self-defense in combat is the test of a student's understanding of the art. Martially, Taiji Quan chuan is the study of appropriate change in response to outside forces; the study of yielding and "sticking" to an incoming attack rather than attempting to meet it with opposing force. The use of Taiji Quan as a martial art is quite challenging and requires a great deal of training.
As a unique Chinese sport, Taiji Quan has aroused interest and love of many foreign friends. There are Taiji Quan activities in Europe, America, Southeast Asian, Japan, and etc. Many countries have established Taiji Quan Association to carry on communication activities with China. | <urn:uuid:544c9581-2941-4d1c-b4e5-a70df4703d11> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/taiji-quan-shadow-boxing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00364-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936522 | 517 | 2.53125 | 3 |
ocr-generated GREAT L
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SA ISLE is
E Fort Frederica
BRITISH SETTLEMENT on St. Simons Island dates from 1736,
when General James Edward Oglethorpe established the
fortified town of Frederica seven miles northwest of today's
lighthouse. Fort Frederica served as a defense against
the Spanish in Florida and protected the British ports of
Savannah and Charleston.
Oglethorpe also built Fort St. Simons on the south end
of the island to prevent enemy warships from attacking
Fort Frederica. About 350 soldiers were garrisoned in a
When the conflict between Great Britain and Spain
intensified in 1740, General Oglethorpe laid siege to
Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine, Florida, in June
and July with little success. The Spanish retaliated two years
later by attacking St. Simons Island.
BATTLE FOR THE GEORGIA COAST
On July 5, 1742, a fleet of 36 Spanish ships entered St.
Simons Sound despite heavy fire from Fort St. Simons and
British ships in the harbor. After destroying supplies and
disabling the guns at Fort St. Simons, Oglethorpe withdrew
to defend Fort Frederica. During the night, 3,000 Spanish
troops landed at Gascoigne Bluff and marched southeast to
occupy Fort St. Simons.
On July 7, the British engaged and defeated a Spanish
scouting party near Fort Frederica. The Spanish fled south
to Fort St. Simons, with Oglethorpe and his troops in
pursuit. These troops ambushed and again defeated the
Spanish in a skirmish that became known as the Battle of
Fearing the arrival of British warships from Charleston, the
Spanish destroyed Fort St. Simons before sailing back to
Florida on July 15, never to return. When the war with Spain
ended in 1748, British troops withdrew from St. Simons Island.
The exact location of Fort St. Simons has not been
determined. Eighteenth-century maps indicate that the
Fort and barracks were near today's Lighthouse. Shoreline
erosion over the years has probably erased the physical
record of the Fort.
A farmere blandt
A Square Fort
LEFT: British engineer John Thomas drew this plan for Fort St. Simons
around 1740. It is not known how closely the design was followed.
The earthwork and timber fortification was square in shape with
projecting bastions at each corner. A ditch 18 feet wide and 4 feet deep
surrounded the fort. Image courtesy of the British Museum
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FAR LEFT: St. Simons Island detail from RW. Seale's 1741 map of Georgia.
Image courtesy of Ed Jackson. | <urn:uuid:c56e4854-effb-4744-a988-22303f3e6acf> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://monumen.to/spots/10667 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.871287 | 732 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Presentation- Government agencies Explain the Missions of Specific Government Agencies: A number of government agencies are involved in securing the United States from man-made and natural threats. You are a staff officer in the Department of Homeland Security preparing to brief a new political appointee. Prepare a PowerPoint slide briefing with an explanation of the missions of at least five government agencies involved in securing the United States. Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as “speaker notes” for each slide and conclusion. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists. Length: 10-15 slides (with a separate reference slide) Notes Length: 50-100 words for each slide Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style.
To place your order, you need to fill in the order form form with all the requisite details. Once you submit your requirements, we assign a professional essay writer who owes expertise in your subject area to start working on your request and deliver your assignment on time.
Phone: +1 (234) 295-3084 | <urn:uuid:e1001023-6884-45dd-83e3-ed70b9838ae4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://academia-essays.com/powerpoint-presentation-on-the-subject-below-1-answer-below-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.918629 | 245 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In contrast to my own tumor, there are five types of "functional" islet-cell tumors. They "present" in a variety of ways, depending on what kind of hormones they produce: insulinomas, which can cause low blood sugar; gastrinomas, which release large amounts of gastrin, a hormone, into the bloodstream and cause ulcers in the stomach and duodendum; VIPomas, which tend to cause severe diarrhea; glucagonomas, which cause severe skin rashes and weight loss, among other symptoms; and somatostatinomas, extremely rare (fewer than one in 40 million people get them) islet-cell tumors with "nonspecific" clinical symptoms including diabetes and stones in the gallbladder. We have no way of knowing what was causing Jobs' "hormone imbalance," but functioning islet-cell tumors do all produce hormones, so this is one plausible explanation.
After I was diagnosed, I was told that modern medicine doesn't have chemotherapy or radiation to use against islet cells. ("We've got nothing that works" went the refrain.) Islet-cell tumors tend to be slow-growing, so chemotherapy designed to attack rapidly growing cells is ineffective. But there are some drugs, including one called streptozocin, that have "response rates as high as 70%" with islet-cells, according to Hopkins' Web page. In some cases, doctors can also use techniques such as hepatic artery embolization and chemoembolization, which essentially destroy the blood vessels that have been feeding the metastases in an attempt to choke off the tumors' blood supply.
We as a country have shortchanged medical research regarding both adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and islet-cell tumors. For starters, the National Cancer Institute has been cutting grants for adenocarcinoma research in recent years, and the funding stream for scientists is drying up. This is happening at the very moment when doctors at the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center have mapped the pancreatic cancer genetic blueprint—opening up a promising new field of research and possibly new early detection tests and treatments.
At the same time, as with many rarer diseases, pharmaceutical companies have little financial incentive to support scientific research into islet-cell tumors, while the government also shortchanges research into uncommon diseases. "The greatest emphasis is paid to funding the most common tumors, such as those of the lung, breast and colon. When you consider the pitiful federal funding for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, despite this cancer claiming over 34,000 American lives each year, you can imagine where even less common cancers like islet-cell tumors fit into the grand scheme of things," says Dr. Anirban Maitra, an associate professor of pathology and oncology at Johns Hopkins. "Unless there is a commitment to study rare diseases like islet cell tumors, there is unlikely to be significant progress in this disease."
Video: Steve Wozniak Remembers Steve Jobs
Furthermore, "[A]dvances made in pancreatic adenocarcinoma—and there have been some significant ones, funded by nonfederal dollars—are highly unlikely to be extrapolated to islet cell tumors, simply because they are essentially completely different tumors joined only by the commonality of occurring in the pancreas. It, too, is a major medical orphan."
One professor of oncology and pathology at Hopkins, Bert Vogelstein, has said that if he can find a donor who will support the project, he and his team will do their best to sequence the islet-cell tumor genome within a year. Perhaps, if Jobs' recent medical woes turn out to be related to his islet-cell tumor, there will be greater attention paid to the disease, the way Michael J. Fox helped increase awareness of Parkinson's. If I've learned nothing else since my diagnosis, it's that medical orphans need attention, too. | <urn:uuid:9d6cf8bd-e8ae-415a-9ab2-99a72ba5ebea> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2011/10/steve_jobs_dead_a_layman_s_guide_to_islet_cell_tumors_in_the_pan.2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00100-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953803 | 821 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Study Confirms Relationship of Diet Drug to Heart Damage
Nov. 22, 1999 (Baltimore) -- A new study supports what some studies have suggested in the past: the diet drug dexfenfluramine (Redux) does cause damage to heart valves. A similar but not identical drug, fenfluramine (Pondimin), was often prescribed with phentermine in the drug combination known as 'fen-phen.' The makers of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine voluntarily took them off the market once heart problems were suspected.
This is the first study to convincingly show that this association was related to dexfenfluramine alone, says author Bruce Shively, MD, associate professor of cardiology at Oregon Health Sciences University. "Other studies have looked at people treated for a very short period of time with dexfenfluramine, but our study population was unique in that it was truly representative of the millions of patients in the United States who took dexfenfluramine," he said in an interview with WebMD. Another recent study had failed to find any association with heart valve problems.
The study, which was published in the Nov. 23 issue of the journal Circulation, a publication of the American Heart Association, looked at 412 people. One group had taken Redux and another group had not, but other characteristics of the subjects, such as age, sex, and weight, were matched. The group that had taken the drug had done so for an average of about seven months.
Echocardiography, a technique for visualizing the structure of the heart using sound waves, was performed on each person, and the results were reviewed by three cardiologists for the presence and severity of valve problems in the heart.
Valves are four structures in the heart that keep the blood flowing in one direction. When some of the blood flows backward through a valve, it is called regurgitation. Two of these valves, the mitral valve and the aortic valve, showed mild to moderate defects in more people who had taken Redux than in those who had not. "The study strongly suggests that dexfenfluramine is associated with valve disease," Shively says. "However, the frequency is not very high and the severity is usually mild." | <urn:uuid:eb02e6ae-ed9e-4b65-9d36-7ff09136411d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/19991122/study-confirms-relationship-diet-drug-heart-damage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827077.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00298-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981194 | 473 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Jeanette M. Bushnell
The intersection of race, class, and gender in the lives of women of color in the United States from historical and contemporary perspectives. Topics include racism, classism, sexism, activism, sexuality, and inter-racial dynamics between women of color groups. Prerequisite: GWSS 200. Offered: jointly with GWSS 300.
This course examines the intersection of race, class and gender and other human oppressions from historical and contemporary perspectives. We will analyze the construction and enforcement of differences and inequalities in various contexts. We will explore ways in which people have negotiated and resisted these oppressions. In this course you will have an opportunity to develop your own questions and to hone your abilities to think critically about a wide range of issues. We will pay close attention to the relation between theory and practice. In order to do this you will explore, practice and invent participatory approaches to building and sharing critical race, class and gender theory.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Class assignments and grading | <urn:uuid:12044c11-8158-46d8-9cdd-cdfa0554ff0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/aes/322pembina.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.936236 | 208 | 2.875 | 3 |
Our school community reflects a culture, which is predominantly New Zealand European/ Pakeha with small numbers of Māori, Pasifika, and various other cultures throughout the school. We value the diverse needs of gifted and talented students including their academic, creative, social/emotional, and physical development.
We believe that gifted students are those with the potential to perform and that talented students are those who are performing at superior levels to their same age peers. These students may show their potential or performance in one or more domains of ability. By recognising the difference between the concepts gifted and talented, we acknowledge that some of the students may not be yet achieving at their potential.
Our task is to provide gifted students with opportunities and support to realise their potential and talented students with the opportunities to soar. (Gagne, 2008)
The following domains are considered when recognising gifts and talents:
- Intellectual (one or more areas)
- Creative (thinking, language arts, performing arts)
- Cultural traditions (Wairuatanga, Manaakitanga, Rangatiratanga, Whanaungatanga, Kaitiakitanga, Auahatanga, Mātauranga)
- Music, Art, etc
- Social skills (interpersonal, leadership, etc)
- Psychomotor (gymnastic, sport, dance, etc ) | <urn:uuid:c1cd0378-a919-4464-835c-8294f2b35ef5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.stmartins.school.nz/learning/enrichment-programs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304528.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124094120-20220124124120-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.932323 | 295 | 3 | 3 |
Busting Bad Breath
We’ve all been in situations when we’re desperate for a mint or a toothbrush. Maybe you had onions in your lunch or an extra cup of coffee, and you’re left self-conscious about your breath for the rest of the day. While bad breath is often caused by harmless (but unfortunate) food choices, it can also be a sign of something more serious.
Studies show that 50 percent of adults have had bad breath—also known as halitosis—at some point in their lives, and this not-so-fresh feeling can be caused by a number of factors. One of those factors is bacteria, which naturally lives inside your mouth. There are hundreds of bad-breath-causing bacteria growing in your mouth right now, thanks to your mouth’s warm, wet nature. When you eat, these bacteria feed off of the food particles that are left in your mouth after the meal, which leaves a spoiled-smelling waste product behind.
Another cause of bad breath could be a lack of, or limited saliva production. Saliva is responsible for washing out your mouth, and it does so automatically, especially when your digestive system is ignited. If your digestive system is activated but your saliva production doesn’t keep up, your mouth won’t be cleaned the way that it should be after each bite. Dry mouth can be caused by breathing through your mouth, or something less controllable like medications or salivary gland problems.
If you notice no change in your saliva production but bad breath persists, it may be because of advanced gum disease. This is typically caused by plaque, a sticky, cavity-causing bacteria, finding its way between your teeth and your gum line and should be addressed immediately. Gum disease can also be caused by smoking, and because tobacco use limits your ability to taste, a smoker may not even know that they have bad breath. There are a number of ways to treat and prevent gum disease, but only when taken care of quickly and properly. Bad breath could just be the beginning of more serious symptoms including decay and tooth loss.
If you brush and floss as directed every day, and you’ve asked Dr. Rezvan about your bad breath but our office is unable to identify any infection, it could be the result of a problem that can’t be identified by studying the mouth. Conditions including a sinus condition, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, or gastric reflux can impact your breath negatively. If this is your situation, it’s best to see your primary care physician to take a closer look.
To keep bad breath at bay, make sure that you’re brushing twice a day (dentures too!), flossing at least once, and using mouthwash. These methods will remove any food particles that are leaving their odor behind and affecting your breath and your confidence. And don’t forget about your tongue! Bad breath odors can make themselves at home on your tongue, so it’s especially important to brush your tongue or use a tongue scraper to cleanse your palate.
As always, make sure to keep up with your regular visits to Dr. Rezvan. He’ll be able to identify any sources of dry mouth or bad breath early on and work with you to prevent escalation. | <urn:uuid:2ff85f6b-9c10-45f3-bb5f-21a0ec29dbb9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://drrezvan.com/busting-bad-breath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.957269 | 690 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Pottery Tips and Techniques
- Ribs: why use them?
- test for and locate center
- recenter or "truing"
- get height through a vertical stack
- make a juicer
What are they and why use them? From animal rib bones to a scratched and unplayable cd, almost anything can be used as a rib. Ribs are used for forming specific, repeatable, uniform shapes. Ribs are to your fingers what shoes are to your feet, and the right shoe for the right reason can make all the difference, like cleats on grass or ballet shoes for dancing on point. They enhance performance by providing stability and control where the flesh is weak. Even if your fingers are very strong, the application of ribs can provide endurance and uniformity with less effort and more consistency from day to day. On a day when your fingers "just can't remember the shape," the rib always does. Finding and using the right rib can mean the difference in quality and production efficiency that can turn "a real pain" piece into a profitable addition to your line of work. It can also make the difference in simple ability to play, to perform, to participate at all. For people with physical handicaps or limitations including geriatric grip strength weakness to children and small people with young or undeveloped muscles, ribs provide the extra muscle and control that can get or keep you in the game. For able-bodied folks, they are like performance enhancing steroids. Ribs are simply great tools.
Yet there is always debate on virtually any topic in existence. There is some debate on rib use and it goes like this. Using ribs with beginning students can get them up to speed so quickly that much frustration and wasted clay and energy is avoided. They will develop finger control and strength in time, but ribs give them enough initial success that they will keep at it. Some experienced potters contemptuously call it a crutch and say that your fingers are the "best and only tool you need". I contend that crutches are great for people with trouble walking. It is indeed true that a potter can make most forms with just their fingers. It is magical to observe accomplished potters do this. But it is a parlor trick. Most professional and production potters use ribs on a daily basis, not as a crutch but as performance enhancing tools, sometimes as literal crutches, to prop up tired fingers on a long day. There is no imperative to abandon the "crutch" once the potter can control their fingers enough to make pots with "the only tool you really need". And for some applications, your fingers are simply the wrong tool for the job. Ribs are the mainstay of the production potter and can make the all difference in professional quality work made on any scale. Here are some reasons why. The following sections show samples of appropriate use of different types and composition ribs.
. They enhance appearance with reproducible details and surface textures.
. They increase endurance and control in production throwing by allowing the finger grip to change while keeping the same form from piece to piece.
. They provide uniformity of size and shape in duplicate work by providing size gauges for centering and opening forms.
. They are structural aids in forming intricate curves and tall straight walls.
. They save your finger tips and nails in repetitive or abrasive work.
. They provide simple assistance for lid gallery fitting.
When centering, lots of beginning potters find it hard to check for center. You can use your rib point, or the point of you nail, to mark a ring in the clay at the outermost point where there is enough clay to make a complete circle. If the difference from that line to the outer edge of the clay mound is the same all the way around, the clay is centered vertically. Now make more rings coming in 1 centimeter each til you get to the center. If the rings can be made without having to lower or raise the marking tool, the top is level and you can open the piece without much distortion.
The question, "Is it centered, yet?", can be one of the most frustrating for both the instructor and the student. The instructor can't see how you can have your hands on it and not know; the student hasn't "felt" it yet and so he has nothing to compare it to. If the instructor will demonstrate centering and let each student feel the spinning clay as it rotates on center, this self-directed test for center should save everyone from this infernal question.
To re-center after opening: you hold the left index finger straight up at the inside of the opened clay, your left thumb directly across from the index, and a sponge or your finger across the top of the shallow wall of clay. Hold your hands steady, your elbows down on either your splash pan or your knees, and apply just enough pressure to force the clay into a straight, shallow wall. Keep everything wet, but not slippy. If slip is forming, use more water and press more firmly. A properly compressed ball of clay will let the water ride its surface and act as lubricant for your hands. Too little water or too little pressure and the clay will make a layer of soft slippy clay that looks centered, but is physically out of balance. You can't pull walls from this type of clay.
Here is an obtuse analogy: It's like spinning a dense cake with a thick layer of fluffy frosting in your hands. You can make the frosting look smooth, but the cake underneath doesn't change. Centering and recentering has to move the cake, not frosting. The water should be like a layer of oil on the surface of the cake, not thick frosting(slip). Throw clean, with clean hands and tools.
Think about it this way: you only have to touch the clay in one place as it spins to change it all the way around. This is why you use a wheel instead of hand building, to keep from turning it in your hands. The wheel spins it, the water lubricates your hands, your hands work in one spot. Now, just think about the one spot where you are touching it. If the clay is made of particles suspended in water, you are trying to stack the particles up like blocks when you make a pull. If you make a block tower, the blocks have to be stacked directly on top of each other or they fall down. Some domino masters can make bridges and towers out of little blocks. Good potters are like them. They know just how far off and out they can force the stack of clay particles. Beginning potters know, too. When it crumbles underneath their fingers, it was too far to pull it out! The trick is to get ALL of you vertical height out of the clay BEFORE you try to make the stack shift out and then back in to make a curved shape. If you get all of your height first, the shape only has to spin and hold the curves for a few seconds/minutes before you stop the wheel. With this in mind, you experiment with water content in the clay, grog, and geometry to work out fancy angles. Work on a straight cylinder, put your shapes in starting from the top and working down, and use the firmest clay you can center. Ribs help. Slow speed as you shape is essential. And at the end of each pull, recenter the rim by holding one finger inside, one outside, and your sponge across the top. | <urn:uuid:7a2014b7-133c-41da-84bf-4024c11231ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://elizabethpriddy.com/pottery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991659.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516013713-20210516043713-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.953705 | 1,546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
WHY WE ARE DOING THIS PROJECT?
Climate change is a serious issue impacting the lives of individuals and communities. Year after year, environmental hazards and natural disasters become more frequent and more intense. For the Philippines, one of the world’s most at-risk countries to the effects of climate change, this can be especially debilitating. Stronger floods, droughts, earthquakes, and typhoons are the new reality that we must learn to face today.
Within this new context, we have come to recognize and appreciate that there are many diverse and relevant ways of perceiving, preparing for, responding to and recovering from natural disasters. One particularly unique perspective and often undervalued source is that of Indigenous Peoples. As we work to build resilient communities we cannot readily discount the wealth of traditional knowledge and practices that they have to impart.
HOW ARE WE ADDRESSING THIS ISSUE?
This IPP touches upon the two content areas of diversity and sustainable development. Local culture is an important aspect of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. We believe that cultural attitudes and social practices can play an empowering role in building resilient communities.Our IPP brings together CISVers attuned and open to diverse cultures, and Indigenous Peoples from Kapangan who were affected by Typhoon Pepeng in 2009 and Typhoon Lando in 2015. Through Shontoug Foundation, we will educate each other about climate change from different perspectives, and share valuable attitudes, practices, and experiences in relation to natural disaster. Through these simple and informal acts of education and sharing, we hope to better equip ourselves and others to adapt to this changing world.
SURVIVING NATURE'S CHANGES: A PERSONAL APPROACH
The main theme unifying our program is the idea of surviving nature’s changes. It is about proactively discovering, sharing, and taking the important steps towards resilience in the face of this new reality. Climate change and natural disaster impact people, and it is how these changes figure into the lives of people that we are most interested in discovering.
As we deal with our theme, we will treat the aspect of local culture as an essential resource and component, and we will use storytelling as a friendly tool to share experiences, impart important information, educate, learn informally, and preserve cultural traditions. | <urn:uuid:0861a429-1586-4e3e-abdc-99dc040e8323> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://survivingnatureschanges.jimdo.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247522457.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222180107-20190222202107-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.935281 | 469 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Show Some LOVE is a poster set to help set a positive and mindfulness tone during the holiday season. Each letter in the word LOVE has a short phrase or quote to remind students, teachers, and people what the holiday season should be about: helping others, including everyone, and making a positive difference.
L- Look on the Bright Side
O- Offer to Help Others
V- Value Friendships and Relationships
E- Energize everyone with Positivity
Use this in your classroom, on bulletin boards, or in the hallway.
The social/emotional impact students have on each other and the people around them is magnified during holidays and seasonal times. The poster set and activities aim to remind and teach kids the importance of others around them, along with the difference they make.
If you like this, then try this:
How to RELAX. Coping skills and strategies
If you're looking for a way to turn these posters into individual lessons, I'd suggest checking our the full version here:
HOW to RELAX, Full Version
Included are worksheets, an interactive journal kids can create, and more. You can teach all the strategies at once or spread them out so kids can make better decisions! | <urn:uuid:7e328656-80a7-49a5-9b9e-aea269fc9824> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Show-Some-LOVE-A-Positive-Thinking-Poster-Set-2310565 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.934809 | 254 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What Are Fish Oils?
Fish oil is oil taken from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oils contain many important nutrients for brain health and cognitive function including the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which are known to have many health benefits. These fatty acids are believed to support heart health, help reduce cholesterol levels, support immune health and reduce inflammation. Fish oil is also thought to have a number of benefits for brain health and cognitive function. Much research has shown fish oils can help the parts of the brain important for memory and thinking skills. If oily fish is not consumed enough in the diet, supplementation may be necessary.
Buying Fish Oils Supplements? | <urn:uuid:2759d637-be97-4e31-a90f-f99492d870ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.evergreen.ie/vitamins-supplements/brain-health/fish-oils | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544679.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00216-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948028 | 155 | 2.9375 | 3 |
When will Antarctica’s ice cliffs come crashing down?
Researchers challenge their own assumptions to improve sea-level rise predictions
Estimated reading time: 4 minutes
As increased warming in Antarctica causes glaciers to retreat and shed their increasingly-unstable shelves, towering walls of ice are left looming high above the sea. But how tall these rugged cliffs actually grow before they come crashing down has been a question for glacial scientists—and one that has important implications for sea-level rise.
“There’s a theory out there that says ice is only so strong, so it can only ever reach a certain height before it breaks apart,” says WHOI assistant scientist Catherine Walker, who studies the dynamics of ice on Earth and in space. “In the case of ice cliffs, the general assumption has been that a cliff can only grow to roughly one-hundred meters—just slightly higher than the Statue of Liberty—before it collapses under its own weight and falls into the ocean.”
The theory, it turns out, stems from research that University of Michigan professor Jeremy Bassis and Walker conducted a decade ago. They had come up with some relatively straightforward calculations and combined those with estimated heights of ice cliffs that had been observed in existing ice shelves to settle on the 100-meter figure.
Surprisingly, no one has ever actually surveyed the height of ice cliffs around the continent, according to Walker. Yet, sea-level rise models, and predictions for how high seas will rise, are largely based on this 100-meter threshold figure.
“In reality, we don’t actually know when an ice cliff will collapse,” says Walker. “It’s currently one of the biggest sources of uncertainty in sea-level predictions."
In Antarctica, these magnificent cliffs collar the edges of the ice sheet. Paired with floating ice shelves, they hold in all the ice sitting in the middle of the continent like a cork that keeps it from flowing into the ocean. If, in the near future, ice cliffs begin to collapse rapidly, the interior of the ice sheet will start to get eaten away faster and faster (called runaway collapse), which could contribute as much as six feet of sea-level rise by 2100, according to some models.
“This is where a lot of the scary news reports come from that talk about what could happen if all of West Antarctica suddenly disintegrated,” says Walker.
Fortunately, the height of these ice cliffs can be measured with help from a NASA satellite designed specifically for the topographical profiling of ice. The so-called Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), launched in 2018 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System, measures ice sheet elevation and sea ice thickness by shooting ribbon-like lasers down at the Earth roughly every three months.
“There happens to be pretty good satellite coverage in Antarctica,” says Walker, who recently received funding from NASA to begin processing the ICESat-2 cliff height measurements. “The data should help us find if and where [cliffs] are threatening to collapse imminently, which in turn will tell us more about how quickly sea levels will rise,” she says. “If we find, for example, that most or all of the cliffs are less than 100 meters high, they will still contribute to sea-level rise, but likely at a slower rate than expected.”
Bassis, who is collaborating with Walker on this project, says he’s excited that the 100-meter ice cliff theory is being revisited. It will allow for the input of more “empirical constraints” into models to make better predictions as to when the cliffs are likely to collapse—and how quickly, he says.
“What Catherine is doing here is really important as it gives us a chance to revisit the work we did ten years ago with a whole bunch more data and a much more sophisticated modeling approach,” says Bassis. “It’s always interesting when you can go back and test your own hypotheses—particularly when you’re not sure the current theories are right.”
Beyond their analysis of cliff height measurements, Walker and Bassis plan to use ICESat-2 data to map crevasses (i.e., cracks) within the glaciers. “The strength of the ice may depend on how big these crevasses are, so this will give us a much more quantitative way to figure that out,” says Bassis.
Satellite measurements aren’t perfect, however, and there are gaps between the laser measurements that ICESat-2 traces over the ice. “You have something way up there measuring stuff way down here,” Walker puts simply.
To increase the spatial coverage in the future—and ground truth the satellite measurements—Walker hopes to someday soon have aerial drones that shoot lasers down from right above the cliffs. But for now, ICESat-2 is shining an unprecedented light on Antarctica’s coastline.
“The results of this study could help rewrite the story of not only what the height threshold should be for ice cliffs, but what their actual contribution to sea-level rise might look like in the future,” says Walker.
Funding for this research is being provided by NASA’s Cryosphere Program, grant 80NSSC22K0380. | <urn:uuid:16588071-7f48-4be4-ab30-799b0cf051e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/when-will-antarcticas-ice-cliffs-come-crashing-down/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.943678 | 1,121 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Vladimir ilyich ulyanov, better known as lenin helpinfo 22 april 1870 21 january 1924 was a russian lawyer, revolutionary, the leader of the bolshevik party and of the october revolution. Moscow for the first time ever, ordinary russians can now see documents that appear to confirm longstanding rumors that vladimir lenin had jewish heritage. Lenin, who was the preeminent figure in the russian revolution of 1917. Lenin s critique of global capitalism 1 excerpt from introduction to international political economy by david n. If the bolshevik revolution isas some people have called itthe most significant political event of the 20th century, then lenin must for good or ill be regarded as the centurys most significant political leader. Lenin was born in streletskaya ulitsa, simbirsk now ulyanovsk on 22 april 1870 and baptised six days later.
Lenin symbolized for many people the principles and. It then goes on to document the modernization of the. The country had passed through seven years of almost continuous war. Now consider vladimir lenin, the leader of the red revolution in russia in 1917. Vladimir iiyich lenin was born in simbirsk, russia, on april 10, 1870. As founder of the allrussian communist party bolsheviks and leader of the bolshevik coup detat 1917, vladimir lenin created the soviet union. Lenin realized that war communism must be dismantled and replaced by policies to stimulate agriculture and industry, yield more consumer goods, and revive the flagging trade between urban and rural areas. He was the third of eight children, having two older siblings, anna born 1864 and alexander born 1866. What were the similarities and differences between lenins.
Role and functions of the trade unions under the new economic policy v. Vladimir lenin russiapedia leaders prominent russians. Lenin biography vladimir ilyich ulyanov, better known as lenin april 22, 1870 january 21, 1924 was a russian revolutionary and the leader of the bolshevik party. To further ensure that this would not become a problem, the soviet government discussed many tactics which would be applied in order to keep capitalism under control. Jan 14, 2020 vladimir lenin was the most influential powerful leader of russias first government, his dynamic developments in international relations were a part of his legacy and leadership role in the russian reformation, he played a significant role in igniting the worlds socialists and take part in world revolution. From the very beginning of the october revolution, lenin later stated, foreign policy and international relations have been the main questions facing us. In 192829 these grain shortages prompted joseph stalin, by then the countrys. Expelled from university for his radical policies, lenin completed his law degree as an external student in 1891.
The policies of war communism led to significant declines in russias. Internal workings of the soviet union revelations from the russian. Lenin quoted in debo, revolution and survival, 408. Lenin was succeeded by stalin after his death in 1924. Vladimir lenin was a russian communist revolutionary and head of the bolshevik party who rose to prominence during the russian revolution of 1917, one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century. Under the leadership of russian communist revolutionary vladimir lenin, the bolshevik party seized power in the russian republic during a coup known as the october revolution. He was a good student, and his intelligence made him a bit of an outcast at school. During the period of war communism the russian economy was characterized by rigid socialist dogma, state control of. Vladimir lenin was one of the first leaders of ussr. In lenins absence, stalin by now the general secretary of the communist party had. Arguably the most influential man of the 20 th century, vladimir ilyich lenin was responsible for the establishment of the first ever communist regime. Lenins implementation of leninism in russia and the. The senatskaya tower, moscow kremlin wall and kremlin senate on the background. Vladimir lenin died on january 21, 1924, in gorki, russia.
The city that bore the name of the revolutionary is now called saint petersburg. Please join us in our mission to incorporate the congressional evolution of the united states of america discoverybased curriculum into the classroom of every primary and secondary school in the united states of america by july 2, 2026, the nations 250th birthday. The impact of lenin and stalins policies on the rights of the russian people. Among the most influential political and social forces of the twentieth century, modern communism rests firmly on philosophical, political, and economic underpinnings developed by vladimir ilyich ulyanov, later known as lenin. Lenin is deadthis time dead physically, for spiritually and politically he has been dead a year at least. The policy of war communism, in effect since 1918, had by 1921 brought the national economy to the point of total breakdown. The kronshtadt rebellion of march 1921 convinced the communist party and its leader, vladimir lenin, of the need to retreat from socialist policies in order to maintain the partys hold on power. Which policy is most similar to soviet religious reforms under vladimir lenin.
After the collapse of the soviet union, the citizens of leningrad voted for a return to the citys original name. Vladimir ilich ulyanov, better known by the alias lenin, was a russian communist, revolutionary, politician and political theorist. Lenins parents were both well educated and his father was a teacher. Mar 01, 2012 the new economic policy, proposed by vladimir lenin, replaced the unpopular war communism of the civil war period 19171921. Vladimir lenin was the most influential powerful leader of russias first government, his dynamic developments in international relations were a part of his legacy and leadership role in the russian reformation, he played a significant role in igniting the worlds socialists and take part in world revolution. By the time 1921 came around, russias economy had been maimed by the effects of war communism. Vladimir lenin was the architect of russias 1917 bolshevik. All other times instigate communist revolution through cominterm agitation.
Vladimir ilich ulianov who in 1901 began to call himself lenin was born on april 22, 1870, in simbirsk, now ulianovsk, a provincial town on the volga, one of six children in an educated middleclass family. Accordingly, the 10th party congress in march 1921 introduced the measures of the new economic policy. Lenin, stalin and the bolsheviks used ruthless methods to surprises political rivals. There is a pervasive myth that lenin was somehow more idealistic and benevolent, while only stalin ruled with fear and brutality. National archives heirs of vladimir lenin national security council. The new economic policy and the tasks of the political education departments v. Vladimir lenin, also called vladimir ilich lenin, original name vladimir. He is also one of the people responsible for revolution, overthrowing of nikolai ii and creation of ussr. In 1922, a treaty between russia, ukraine, belarus and the transcaucasus now georgia. The man whose revolution created the soviet union and ultimately lead to the death of millions worldwide. Dec 06, 2011 lenins dual foreign policy post civilwar 2 all other times instigate communist revolution through cominterm agitation support of revolutionary movements in germany 1921 ussr spent 62 million marks, 1922 spent 47 million despite economic and secret military alliances revolutionary failures in berlin, munich and soviet hungary bela kun. Joseph stalin abandoned the nep in 1928 with the great break. Mar 07, 2018 vladimir ilich ulyanov, better known by the alias lenin, was a russian communist, revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
Vladimir lenin 18701924 regarded as one of the greatest revolutionary leaders in history, vladimir lenin was the founder of the russian communist party, the leader of the bolshevik revolution. Along with karl marx, lenin created the communist worldview. Lenin s parents were both well educated and his father was a teacher. War communism was especially unpopular among peasant farmers and overwhelming opposition to lenins economic policy forced him to change it. Socialism had not begun on a good note, and vladimir lenin was becoming concerned with the unfortunate state of the economy. Nov 19, 2007 vladimir iiyich lenin was born in simbirsk, russia, on april 10, 1870. Vladimir lenins return journey to russia changed the world forever on the 100th anniversary of the russian revolution, our writer set out from zurich to relive this epic travel. Born on april 22, 1870, in russia, he has been regarded as the greatest revolutionary leader and statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since karl marx. Lenin is also one of the beloved characters of the russian jokes. He was the first leader of the ussr and the communist government that took over russia in 1917.
He served as head of government of soviet russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the soviet union from 1922 to 1924. Information archive of vladimir lenin s writings, speeches, letters, with photographs, sounds and film. Lenin wanted to regain the trust of the peasants and established the new economic policy. During the period of war communism the russian economy was characterized by rigid socialist dogma, state control of property and centralized economic planning. With his father already dead, lenin now became the man of the family.
Vladimir ilyich ulyanov 22 april 1870 21 january 1924, better known by his alias lenin, was a russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. Growing up lenin attended school and was an excellent student. Many of his revolutionary colleagues used pseudonyms in an attempt to protect their families and confuse the police and tsarist authorities. Ironically, he now serves capitalism as the subject of tshirts for the politically and historically uninformed. Support of revolutionary movements in germany 1921 ussr spent 62 million marks, 1922 spent 47 million despite economic and. In a country long plagued by antisemitism, such heritage can be a significant taint, especially for the founder of the soviet union who is still revered by many elderly russians. Suddenly, at age 17, lenin became the male head of the family, which was now. His real family name was ulianov, and his father, ilia nikolaevich ulianov, was a high official in the areas educational system. In 1905, a peaceful march in russia over better working conditions turned into a bloody massacre when the czars police. As lenin put it, whoever now departs from order and discipline is permitting the enemy to penetrate out midst lenin, 71. In addition, volkogonov, as a product of the soviet system who has now broken with leninism, brings an insiders understanding to his subject, which makes for fascinating reading. All the products were taxed and the state determined all prices. New economic policy soviet history 19211928 britannica. His response to the poor economy he adopted and how he planned to improve it was called the new economic policy, or the n.
Lenins critique of global capitalism 1 excerpt from introduction to international political economy by david n. Pilgrims society logo, vladimir ilyich ulyanov lenin, mp philip whitwell wilson uk. Vladimir lenin wiki, height, net worth, age, bio, facts. Lenins conception of socialism marxists internet archive. Under his administration, russia and then the wider soviet union became a one. The body of vladimir lenin is still on display and still. Lenin is an orator of a great power who is capable of simplifying a complicated matter the one who is pounding, pounding, and pounding.
Vladimir ilich lenin was born in simbirsk today ulianovsk, russia, on april 10, 1870. The picture which emerges of lenin is that of an utterly ruthless man, fixated on the conquest and retention of power, who was cunning, clever and very practical. The russian statesman vladimir lenin was a profoundly influential figure in world history. He then decided to reform the country through the new economic policy nep. Other policies included monetary reform 19221924 and the attraction of. Lenins mausoleum also known as lenins tomb, situated on red square, is the mausoleum that serves as the current resting place of vladimir lenin. Which application software can be used to format oblique heading. He promoted a communism of war during the russian civil war 19171922 but when the communists finally won, the country was ruined. Vladimir lenin was founder of the russian communist party, leader of. The new economic policy nep was an economic policy of the soviet union proposed by. Later that year lenin entered kazan university now kazan state university, where he. As part of this program, which came to be known as war communism, the. The policies of lenin and stalin essay 2283 words 10 pages identified within this study is the argument that whilst many of lenins theories and practices were continued under stalin, many were in fact developed and extended to new levels, possibly reflecting different motives.
Lenin characterized the nep in 1922 as an economic system that would include a free market and capitalism, both subject to state control, while. Called treacherous, deluded, outoftouch, insane, lenin might have been a minor historical footnote but for the russian revolution, which catapulted him into the headlines of the 20th century. They were followed by three more children, olga born 1871, dmitry born 1874, and maria born 1878. News about vladimir lenin, including commentary and archival articles published in the new york times. Oct 01, 2019 explosive new evidence shows that the britishamerican pilgrims society 1902 created the vladimir lenin and bolshevik revolution as a false flag to destabilize russia so that britishamerican corporations would have access to russia vast resources. Whether leninist concepts represented a contribution to or a corruption of marxist thought has been debated, but their influence on the subsequent development of communism in the.
Vladimir lenin was born in the city of simbirsk in the russian empire on april 22, 1870. The architect of russias 1917 bolshevik revolution and the first leader of the union of soviet socialist republics. Farmers were now allowed to sell their additional products on the open market, but land still remained the property of the state. Lenins government was led by the bolsheviks now renamed the communist partywith some powers initially also held by elected soviets the new government called elections for the constituent assembly and then abolished it, withdrew from the first world war by signing a treaty with the central powers, and granted independence to nonrussian. In a few words, the nep is a mixed economy were private. In 1905, a peaceful march in russia over better working conditions turned into a.
Lenins deranged revolution opened the door for endless bloody killings in russia, known as vladimir lenins red terrorestimates of executions ranged from 12,733 to 1. Lenins critique of global capitalism 1 excerpt from. Vladimir ilyich lenin was born in 1870 as vladimir ilyich ulyanov as he grew up he became increasingly involved in the revolutionary movement of the late 1800s. Stalin now asserted that art should not merely serve society, but do so in a. Apr 20, 2020 vladimir lenin died on january 21, 1924, in gorki, russia. The policies of lenin and stalin essay 2283 words bartleby. He was the first leader of the ussr and the government that took over russia in 1917. Mar 06, 2012 among the most influential political and social forces of the twentieth century, modern communism rests firmly on philosophical, political, and economic underpinnings developed by vladimir ilyich ulyanov, later known as lenin. The intellectuals and the russian revolution, by s. It then goes on to document the modernization of the country and lenin s dwindling influence. Lenin compared russia to a man beaten within an inch of his life. They were followed by three more children, olga born 1871,dmitry born 1874, and maria born 1878.
The new economic policy, proposed by vladimir lenin, replaced the unpopular war communism of the civil war period 19171921. As lenin put it, the peasants will now set to work. Overthrowing the preexisting provisional government, the bolsheviks established a new administration, the first council of peoples commissars see article lenins first and second government, with lenin appointed as. Oct 28, 2017 lenins deranged revolution opened the door for endless bloody killings in russia, known as vladimir lenins red terrorestimates of executions ranged from 12,733 to 1.
Discover facts about the russian revolutionary vladimir lenin. Vladimir ilich lenin 18701924 is best known for his role in the russian revolution of 1917 and the founding of the soviet union. Ironically, he now serves capitalism as the subject of t. A prominent marxist, lenin was born in 1870 inrussia with the. Vladimir ilich ulyanov was born in simbirsk on the volga river on 22 april 1870 into a welleducated family. Information archive of vladimir lenins writings, speeches, letters, with photographs, sounds and film. Vladimir lenin biography life, family, name, history. This isnt entirely untrue, because lenin really did fight for ideology and stalin for totalitarian greatness, but th. The tax in kind policy, which would replace the surplusfood appropriation system with a fixed tax which the peasants would be informed of ahead of time, however, was meant to ease the burdens which war communism had placed on the peasants and, therefore, improve their motivation to work. Under the leadership of russian communist revolutionary vladimir lenin, the bolshevik party.
Lenins mausoleum was designed by alexei shchusev in 1924, during a period in which the strength of the russian avantgarde had not yet been decimated by. Which policy is most similar to soviet religious reforms. Vladimir lenin as a foreign policy leader academic master. Vladimir lenin was a russian revolutionary leader and theorist, who presided over. Born on april 22, 1870, in russia, he has been regarded as the greatest revolutionary leader and statesman in history. Lenins contemporary, nikolay sukhanov, a socialist activist and a famous critic of the bolshevik revolution wrote.
Lenin 18701924 returned to russia in april 1917 from his exile in switzerland, aided by the german army, his bolshevik party was a small fringe element in the political chaos of petrograd, the capital. Because lenin s father had risen into the ranks of the russian nobility, lenin grew up in fairly privileged circumstances. Lenins dual foreign policy post civilwar 2 all other times instigate communist revolution through cominterm agitation support of revolutionary movements in germany 1921 ussr spent 62 million marks, 1922 spent 47 million despite economic and secret military alliances revolutionary failures in berlin, munich and soviet hungary bela kun. Vladimir lenin simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Lenin o lenin, hiya in usa nga ruso nga rebolusyonaryo, pinuno han bolshevik, politiko nga komunista, panguna nga pinuno han rebolusyon oktubre, ngan syahan nga pinuno han unyon sovyet. As a result, the founder of the soviet state is blessed with a resting place.
Lenin s mausoleum was designed by alexei shchusev in 1924, during a period in which the strength of the russian avantgarde had not yet been decimated by stalins enforced return to heroic realism and conservative classicism. Mikhail gorbachevs program of perestroika was a reaction to this situation, but. As the founder of the bolshevik political party, he was a successful revolutionary leader who presided over russias transformation from a country ruled by czars emperors to the union of soviet socialist republics u. It greatly influenced the communist partys decision to undertake a program of. We have got in the habit of speaking of him as a thing of the past. Wilson, the empire press union, the new york times, mi6 and communism their selfannointed elitist creation to control the masses.909 1319 554 519 760 349 74 1244 1580 1213 757 786 1057 1617 1149 181 1091 668 911 307 927 405 641 1634 256 374 493 1073 266 1365 1117 462 1259 891 837 390 1203 127 922 1432 1278 | <urn:uuid:1ac2af60-a57a-4ff9-8597-5172c20f5167> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ninfloringscin.web.app/1217.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.959371 | 4,545 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Adolescence is a difficult time for people with diabetes and it is often accompanied by a deterioration in blood glucose control. This article looks at the effect the attitudes of peers can have on adolescents with diabetes. Three focus groups of 12–14-year-olds were asked about their knowledge of diabetes and were then presented with realistic vignettes about the condition, which they discussed. They then took part in a myth-busting session to help address misconceptions. The research team identified themes that emerged from the focus groups. Their findings suggest that a supportive peer network may be a valuable resource in good management of diabetes in young people. The research team suggest that more education about the condition is needed in schools and should be designed in collaboration with young people with diabetes
|Number of pages||5|
|Journal||Diabetes Care for Children & Young People|
|Publication status||Published - 2015|
Brooks, J., Kime, N., King, N., Wearden, A., Gillibrand, W., & Campbell, F. (2015). Exploring how young people think about and respond to diabetes in their peers. Diabetes Care for Children & Young People, 4(1), 14-18. | <urn:uuid:2117cc5f-6289-4dbd-96b5-147c0919709e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/exploring-how-young-people-think-about-and-respond-to-diabetes-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330120036-20200330150036-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.939397 | 247 | 3.421875 | 3 |
You seem to like a nice series, so here’s a new one we’ve been thinking about. Over the course of the next 4 weeks, we’re going to cover each of the basic forces in the Universe. And this week, we’re going to start with gravity; the force you’re most familiar with. Gravity happens when masses attract one another, and we can calculate its effect with exquisite precision. But you might be surprised to know that scientists have no idea why gravity happens.
A History of Our Understanding of Gravity:
- Overview from the Adler Planetarium
- “A Brief History of Gravity” by Themos Kallos from USC
- Historical Notes about gravity from Wolfram Science
- The Way Things Fall from Dr. David Stern at Goddard Space Flight Center
- Galileo’s Gravity and Motion Experiments
- “The Galileo Games” from PBS, includes interactive activity
- Galileo’s Acceleration Experiment from Michael Fowler, University of Virgina
- Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion from the University of Illinois
- Newton and Universal Law of Gravitation
- Newton’s theory of Universal Gravitation from D. Stern at Goddard
- Einstein’s Geometric Gravity from Einstein Online
- Einstein’s Gravity from Sequin Science
General info about gravity
- Gravity: from HowStuffWorks.com
- Quantum Gravity and Gravitons from About.com
- What Causes Gravity? from LiveScience
- What Causes Gravity from SimpleGravity.com
- The unusual orbit of Mercury — Universe Today article
- Info on NASA’s Gravity Probe B spacecraft to test Einstein’s predictions
Do This at Home: Experiments About Gravity
- Kids Science Experiments about gravity
- Perform gravity calculations on the different planets based on Newton’s law of universal gravitation
- Gravity experiments from Discovery
- The Galileo Games from PBS
Papers discussing gravity experiments
- Galileo Gravity Results and the Internal Structure of Io
- Sub-millimeter Tests of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law
- Several papers from the Gravity Research Institute
- Links from the Gravity Research Foundation
- Gravity Research from Morton Spears
- Gravity Vs. Parachutes
- Gravitational Waves
- Fun Gravity Experiments
- Don Petit’s Zero G experiments on the ISS
Fraser Cain: Let’s get on with the show then. Everyone seems to like our series, our tour through the Solar System, our information about Mars. We’ve got a new series for you. I think people keep wondering about when we are going to run out of topics. Well, here you go.
We’re going to handle all the forces of the Universe and this week we’re going to do gravity. We haven’t covered that show yet and here were are a hundred plus shows in. We’re going to start with gravity, which is a force you’re most familiar with. We know gravity happens when masses attract one another and we can calculate its effect with exquisite precision.
However, you might be surprised to know that scientists have no idea why gravity happens at all. Pamela, let’s go back and just image you’re in your class and you will be presenting gravity to people. Where do you typically start?
Dr. Pamela Gay: I usually drop something loud because that gets their attention. But I won’t do that to our pod cast listeners because [Laughter] that might be cruel to their eardrums if they’re wearing headphones.
Fraser: Preston, resist the urge to make a loud noise. [Laughter] He’s our Editor. Okay.
Pamela: The way that we’re most aware of gravity is things fall. We fall. We fall upstairs, downstairs and you always fall toward the center of the Earth. Keys fall, books fall, and I’ve fallen off of horses. Falling is one of these things that people have been aware of since they first stood up.
The question is why? Why is it that I always fall toward the ground and not toward the sky? Why is it that people on the North Pole and the South Pole both stay adhered to the surface of the planet and don’t go flying off into Outer Space?
Fraser: You can imagine that gravity is such an all-pervasive force that ancient peoples almost didn’t even think about it. You know? It’s also like why when I breathe is there air in my lungs?
It’s because gravity is holding the atmosphere next to the planet. But it’s not something that you would even consider. So when did people start to realize there was something going on?
Pamela: It was often addressed as a philosophical question. Why down and not up? Why don’t we go into the sky? This became even more troubling when we discovered the planet is round.
Galileo did our first scientific investigations of gravity. Everyone has heard the stories of Galileo dropping things off the Leaning Tower of Pisa. No one knows if that actually happened. If it happened, he certainly didn’t document it. Galileo was one of these people who documented everything.
But, what he did do was roll balls down inclines, which doesn’t sound all that exciting but prior to Galileo’s investigations we had Aristotle’s ruling the days ruling the day saying that objects started in motion always come to a stop. Everything comes to rest.
That was the way we viewed the Universe because friction does cause everything on the planet Earth to generally stop. But Galileo, through very careful investigations, realized objects of different masses, shapes and sizes only fall differently as a result of how they interact with air.
He realized that if you have an object moving across a smooth enough surface and it goes down an incline, it would go up an incline to the exact same height on the other side. He was able to start saying, gravity is this thing that is causing the ball to go down the incline and the go up the other side.
Fraser: Now as I remember Galileo used ramps as a way to slow the whole process down. That is was impossible to measure if you just drop things but if you put things on very slanted inclines there was a way that he could actually start to measure how long things were taking to drop.
Pamela: He was actually using water clocks. This was a really cool way to basically say if you have a bucket filled with water with a little tiny hole in it and there is a large enough surface area to that bucket – because surface area plays a role in how fluids flow – and it’s a short enough period of time then you open up the spicket on the bucket and let the water start dropping out into the Galileo equivalent of a graduated cylinder. You measure the volume of water that comes out while the ball is rolling down the incline.
It’s a surrogate for measuring time. If you assume that one drop of water falls per one second and you can figure out the volume of one drop of water, the volume becomes a measure of time. He was able to figure out this acceleration measurement for how balls fall down. They have this speed for the first second, this much larger speed for the second second; an even larger speed for the third second.
He was able to figure out all of this related to the angle of the incline, all sorts of really cool math. He did all of this using a water clock that he basically started and stopped by starting and stopping the water.
Fraser: And so the conclusion that Galileo came to was that the force of gravity is acceleration. I guess people always intuitively understood that. You fall off of a higher drop and you’re going to get hurt worse. [Laughter] But I don’t think they realized exactly how that worked.
Pamela: One of the coolest things about what Galileo did was he put together the whole notion that any two objects should fall at the same rate once you take into account air resistance.
This had actually been somewhat confusing before because if you imagine a barbell falling, if the rate at which something falls is a function of mass then if you replace the bar in the center of the barbell with a piece of string how does that know to fall at the same speed as the two bars connected solidly versus why would two balls without a string between them fall at a completely different rate.
Fraser: Right and you can always go back to that example of a ball versus a feather, right? I guess they thought that the feather was lighter and so it would fall more slowly while the ball would fall more quickly.
Pamela: Yes, and then you extend this idea out to small child falls slower than large man. Please don’t do that experiment. It didn’t really make sense though when you consider how does a man holding a child fall? Don’t do that experiment either.
Galileo basically determined it was just air, its okay and moved on. We still don’t know why though. This not knowing why was a problem that we continued to have for a while. Kepler came along and figured out equations to describe the motions of the planets. He didn’t know why they were doing it but we had equations.
Galileo described mathematically how objects go down inclines and go up the other side but didn’t know why. It was Newton who came along and according to the story saw an apple falls…
Fraser: Did this really happen – oh, he didn’t get hit on the head, right? [Laughter]
Pamela: No, apparently not. I mean, who knows? But according to the story Newton saw an apple fall, looked up and saw the Moon and decided that the Moon was falling. It was probably a more complicated train of logic.
He worked out that if the Moon was so far away and a certain size – well we don’t really need the size that much – but if the Moon is this far away, and the apple is this far away and we look at how they’re falling and the Earth is this size…..
Using lots of cool mathematics that you can actually do with basic algebra, he was able to figure out that the Moon was just falling around the planet and managing to miss it as it goes.
Fraser: I remember the thought experiment for this was where you imagine that you have a cannon and you’re firing it sideways and the ball hits the ground a few hundred meters away. Then you tilt the cannon back and you have much more powerful cannon and you shoot it and the ball will land further downfield.
You eventually get to the point where the cannon is strong enough that the ball just goes all the way around the Earth and lands back on the guy who fires it. Eventually you can keep shooting it harder and harder until the ball just goes all the way around and it’s falling but it’s like the Earth just keeps moving out of the way.
Pamela: Newton was able to take that idea and go: “Oh, Moon falling; oh, Earth falling around Sun.” All of a sudden what we see is everything is falling but the curvature of its fall doesn’t allow it to ever make it to the object it is falling toward. That is a kinda neat image and he had really neat math to go with it.
Then unfortunately there are things like oh, the planet Mercury that screwed things up. It was all well and good; we were able to find Uranus because of Newton’s applications.
There were two different scientists, two different mathematicians one in England who did lots of equations and threw out lots of possibilities and one in France, who basically did one calculation, threw out one possibility.
Then an observer went out and looked at the Frenchman’s coordinates and discovered a new planet. All of a sudden Uranus’ orbit made sense. But, Mercury’s didn’t so we waited around trying to figure out what is wrong with gravity.
Then Einstein came along. Einstein was able to give a reason for gravity existing. Look at gravity as a curvature to the Space Time Continuum.
Fraser: Whoa! Explain that.
Pamela: Yeah, I know, it’s a kinda big jump.
Fraser: Like I’m sure people thought well that was helpful. [Laughter] Thanks Einstein.
Pamela: Yeah, he just sorta reformulated how you’re supposed to visualize all of everything. He came along and said basically imagine Space as more dimensions such that the gridlines of our three-dimensional grid get tightly packed as you get closer to the Sun because you’re falling in toward the Sun.
Fraser: I think the analogy we always use is like a rubber sheet with a bowling ball on it.
Pamela: You can imagine that in our flattened Universe, our flattened Solar System, the Sun creates a deep pocket in our plastic sheet of Space. If you’ve ever seen crazy skateboarders, they can get themselves going around the edges of bowls.
If you watch crazy bicyclists, they’ll get themselves going around the inside of velodromes which are curved surfaces. You can imagine the planet Earth as it rolls along Space moving around the rim of some sort of Cosmic Velodrome where it is the Sun that defines the center of the particular curve that we’re orbiting around in.
Fraser: Just to backtrack for a second what exactly was the problem with Mercury?
Pamela: Its orbit wasn’t going at the correct rate. We have an entire show on Relativity that people can go back and listen to that brings this up. Basically the problem is that its orbit precesses in a way that we couldn’t fully account for.
Fraser: Ah, and the word precess?
Pamela: That means that it’s an ellipse and where the end of the ellipse is changes over time.
Fraser: Okay, no I see. You’ve got like an oval like a loop and Mercury is going around the loop and you’re sort of tracing this oval but the oval’s position is slowly rotating like a Spirograph.
Pamela: Yeah, the kid’s toy.
Fraser: Okay and so the position of where that oval of Mercury’s orbit was supposed to be didn’t match up what Newton had predicted. And Einstein said that’s because of Space Time Continuum and all that junk.
Pamela: Right and then some mathematician came along and beat them with a stick and said it’s an ellipse not an oval because mathematicians like to do that. So we have this problem with Newton’s understanding of gravity and Einstein came along and announced he had a new formulation. It’s all a curvature of Space. Gravity is nothing more than geometry.
The problem is gravity breaks at the beginning of the Universe and in centers of Black Holes. Things just get so dense that infinity signs start popping up and dividing by zeros starts popping up and much badness occurs.
About the time that people decided this is bad and math can’t handle this, we also started building a standard model of particle physics where we look at other forces – which we will talk about in succeeding shows – such as electricity and magnetism, which is the electromagnetic force.
We started looking at them and realized there were photons, particles of light! They carry these forces. They cause the electric force they cause the magnetic force. The electromagnetic is one force.
We realized other forces, the weak force, the strong force, also had little particles we call bosons that walk around at extraordinarily high speeds and carry the force with them and communicate from one point to another.
In this particle physics way of viewing Space and time in particle physics, people began to say there must be some particle, some boson – we called it a graviton – that is the little particle that carries the force of gravity that communicates gravity from one object to another.
This causes objects to realize that an object in one place has moved and the realization that this move affects the other objects to be affected differently by the one that has moved.
It raises all sorts of all interesting questions like how fast is gravity communicated. All these questions pointed at this little particle, this graviton that we can’t detect. This is one of the biggest annoyances in particle physics.
Fraser: Right, so we’ve moved on to the question that a 4 year-old would ask, right? Why is there gravity? [Laughter]
Pamela: And the answer if you listen to Einstein is it’s the curvature of Space and time.
Fraser: But why is there a curvature of Space and time?
Pamela: Because there is. Because mass for reasons that we can’t really explain causes the space around it to essentially grow hills and valleys that we can’t see except in the motions of objects.
Fraser: But WHY?
Pamela: BECAUSE [Laughter] this is the way our Universe is ….
Fraser: [Laughter] The point you were saying is that the thought was maybe there are particles communicating back and forth somehow. And that’s the attraction, right, is our defining the curvature of Space and we have these gravitons.
Pamela: That’s the crazy thing though, once you invoke the gravitons you no longer need to invoke the curvature of Space. We now have two views.
Fraser: Right, the little rubber bands going almost going back and forth.
Pamela: Yeah and the crazy thing about this graviton notion is first of all it is a particle that has no mass because it moves at the speed of light as near as we can tell. There are gravitons flying through us all the time.
If we built a detector the size of Jupiter and planted it next to something like a neutron star we’d have to wait years before maybe one graviton caused something to happen in the detector. We couldn’t tell the difference between that event and what neutrinos cause.
Neutrinos really don’t interact with anything either so we can’t ever really detect gravitons, except maybe through radiation. This is one of the cool things about particle physics – particles are little blobs of stuff but they’re also waves.
We talked about the wave particle duality in a past episode. When we look out at things like pairs of neutron stars orbiting one another we see their orbits changing over time.
This is gravitational radiation at a certain level carrying energy away. This is gravity waves, something that LIGO and LISA are hoping to be able to detect. We are still working to get there.
Fraser: Okay so if the particle theory is right, if there are these gravitons then you have this gravitational radiation that would be given off. It should in some way be detected through some mechanism, right?
Pamela: Yeah through gravity waves.
Fraser: Right and that’s where we get the whole thing about gravity waves which I think we’ve done a show on that as well. So that’s the one camp and I guess would there be a way that you could detect these gravitons in a particle accelerator?
Fraser: No. Not at all? No chance?
Fraser: Not even theoretically? [Laughter] Okay, fine! I won’t go with that line of questioning anymore. Then the competing thought is that it’s just purely geometry. That is the way you might as well ask why are there triangles.
Pamela: The problem is that we know that our understanding of particle physics is incomplete and we know that the geometric understanding of gravity is incomplete because we can’t describe the insides of Black Holes without math breaking. We can’t describe the earliest moments of the Universe without math breaking.
Having gone from basically philosophical understandings of why things fall to mathematical descriptions of how things accelerate down inclines to Kepler’s equations describing planetary motion to Newton’s formulation of the Laws of Physics – or at least the Laws of Kinematics and Gravity – to Einstein’s formulations of Relativity, we’ve been building and building a more comprehensive view of gravity. But we’re still not complete.
We know that there still needs to be some way to unite Quantum Mechanics and gravity and actually be able to write down equations that describe the centers of Black Holes, to describe the earliest moments of the Universe.
We’re not there yet. There needs to be a new brilliant person born into the Universe, or at least born onto the planet Earth. Someone on another planet might already have figured this all out.
Fraser: Now how fast does gravity move? I know that Einstein made some predictions.
Pamela: The belief – and there is some evidence for this – is that gravity propagates at the speed of light. That if you suddenly blink the Sun into some other part of Space using a transporter beam technology that will never exist, the Earth would merrily continue happily orbiting as if nothing had happened for 8 minutes.
Then at the end of that time, we would cease to receive light and we would start moving in a straight line instead of on the orbit that we’re presently in because the Sun’s light would stop hitting us and the Sun’s gravitons would stop communicating with us that we should bend.
Fraser: What is the mechanism that they’re trying to test this out? I guess gravity waves is one?
Pamela: Gravity waves are one. A neat experiment that didn’t work – at least the theorists are saying the interpretation is wrong – was trying to look at how does light bend around objects?
And if that object that it’s bending around happens to be moving can we separate out the object’s motion and the rate at which light bends around it and learn anything meaningful?
There is a set of observations done in I believe 2002 where they looked at how Quasar light bent around Jupiter as Jupiter moved between a series of Quasars. The interpretations were messy.
The observations didn’t have high enough accuracy. People are trying to find new and interesting experimental ways and like you said, we’re looking for gravity waves.
Fraser: So the hope is that as a heavy object moves in front of some distant bright object you’ll get the light beam tweaked, not instantaneously but at the speed at which the gravity is propagating out from the planet itself.
Fraser: Okay, now I remember reading somewhere that gravity even though we think it is really strong, it’s actually kind of weak isn’t it?
Pamela: It is over large distances the force that tends to have the most affect on the Universe. On small scales, electrons and protons do not care about the gravitational pull of the one on the other.
All they care about is the electrical force. On small scales with small masses it’s extremely weak and the other three forces all dominate on the smallest scales.
Fraser: Sure, you could pick up an object from a table – pick up a coin from a table – and the nuclear force holding the atoms in your hand together vastly overpower the meager force of the entire Earth pulling on that coin on the table and just your fingers can overcome that just the force holding your fingers together.
Stick a fridge magnet on the fridge and bang you’ve got that little magnet completely overpowering the force of the Earth. It’s not until you get neutron stars in Black Holes where those forces are gone.
Pamela: An interesting thought experiment that basically came out of one of my classmate’s mathematical errors when I was in graduate school was to just sort out what is the self-gravity of the human body?
If you take a human body and pull all of its atoms apart so that it’s only held together with gravity all it would take is a breath to dispel all those atoms and shatter the human form.
So, it’s all the chemical bonds, all the molecular bonds, all these things that are because of the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, that hold you and I together and gravity that holds us on the planet.
Really, it takes a lot to tear apart a chemical bond and it’s only on the largest scales where chemistry no longer really has an effect that gravity has a chance to get noticed.
Fraser: Well, I think that covers our gravity side this week. Next week we will move on to the Electromagnetic Force and then we’ll do the Strong Nuclear Force and the Weak Force and then maybe on the last episode – the fifth episode of our four-part series – [Laughter] we’ll try and pull it all together.
We’ll talk about the search for the grand unified theory. Pamela if you figure it out – Nobel Prize.
Pamela: You know, it’s something to aim for but I don’t think we’re quite going to make it.
Fraser: Just do your research, [Laughter] get all your show notes prepared and if the solution seems to present itself then by all means put it in the show and we’ll look forward to a Nobel Prize. [Laughter]
This transcript is not an exact match to the audio file. It has been edited for clarity. Transcription and editing by Cindy Leonard. | <urn:uuid:54ae15df-81e2-4104-b5cc-1ed4744b3876> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.astronomycast.com/2008/08/ep-102-gravity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.954039 | 5,454 | 3.734375 | 4 |
As a classroom teacher, the drive to find new techniques and innovations that will increase student motivation has been a driving force behind classroom purchases. As I face each new year, I find that the students I encounter are not that different from previous years, but their preferred mode of learning has changed. When I look back on the teaching methods I received in high school, I remember sitting and listening while my teachers lectured for the entire class period. In comparison to those days, I find that today’s students are more interested in classroom tools that allow them to interact with one another and learn by doing.
The concept of providing hands on experiences for digital learners is a reality today. Just within the past ten years, technology has changed to the extent that I can provide engaging activities to my students, in and out of the classroom. The disruption that has occurred with regard to technology in the classroom is tremendous. Technology has created a world where teachers can provide instruction, facilitate learning, and engage in meaningful discussion with students thanks to a variety of classroom tools and online curriculum. Students are no longer tied to the sage on the stage. They have the ability to search out new information on their own. As well, the teacher has the benefit of engaging with students on a new level as a facilitator of learning. Watch the following video to see how technology has reinvented my classroom and reinvented the way my district looks at technology:
You ask, “How will students learn 10 years from now?”
I believe you already have a good idea of the answer.
Nice video. Well done. A question I was asked at the beginning of my educational technology journey prompted me to consider whether technology actually “improved” learning.
Most agree it is engaging. But does it help us learn better, deeper, quicker, etc. ??
I challenge you to consider carefully how you will answer this question. Your district “sees” technology differently, as you noted above. But eventually, as was the case in Britain, they will ask this question.
This looks great. Nice job on the video, very impressive. I like how you connected this with how you were taught in high school and have moved on to see what is going to be in the future for learning. | <urn:uuid:6cdb1eed-0030-4c76-9027-1e570d0bde2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://techycoach.com/2011/08/01/i-flipped-for-classroom-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.977709 | 473 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Charles Augustus FitzRoy
Sir Charles FitzRoy
|11th Governor of Prince Edward Island|
31 March 1837 – 2 November 1841
|Preceded by||John Harvey|
|Succeeded by||George Wright|
|10th Governor of New South Wales|
2 August 1846 – 28 January 1855
|Preceded by||George Gipps|
|Succeeded by||William Denison|
|Born||10 June 1796|
|Died||16 February 1858 (aged 61)|
|Spouse(s)||Lady Mary Lennox (1820–1847)|
Margaret Gordon (1855–1858)
|Relations||3rd Duke of Grafton (grandfather)|
Robert FitzRoy (brother)
Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy, British military officer, politician and member of the aristocracy, who held governorships in several British colonies during the 19th century.(10 June 1796 – 16 February 1858) was a
Family and peerage
Charles was born in England, the eldest son of General Lord Charles FitzRoy and Frances Mundy. His grandfather, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, was the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1768 to 1770. He was notably a sixth-generation descendant of King Charles II and the 1st Duchess of Cleveland; the surname FitzRoy stems from this illegitimacy.
Charles FitzRoy was educated at the Harrow School in London, before receiving a commission in the Royal Horse Guards regiment of the British Army at the age of 16. Just after his 19th birthday, FitzRoy's regiment took part in the Battle of Waterloo, where as an extra aide-de-camp on Wellington's staff he was wounded. He travelled to Lower Canada with the Duke of Richmond in 1818. On 11 March 1820, he married Lady Mary Lennox (daughter of the Duke of Richmond), just after his promotion to Captain. In 1825, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and appointed Deputy Adjutant General of the Cape Colony (now the Cape of Good Hope).
Governor of Prince Edward Island and the Leeward Islands
Sir Charles was appointed as the eleventh Governor of Prince Edward Island off the coast of Canada on 31 March 1837, and was granted a knighthood just before his departure. He returned to England in 1841 and shortly afterwards was made Governor of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies until 1845.
Governor of New South Wales
Sir Charles was chosen as the tenth Governor of the colony of New South Wales by Lord Stanley in 1845. FitzRoy replaced Sir George Gipps as governor who had been a strong ruler but had provoked the animosity of many in the colony. It is likely that FitzRoy was chosen because he tended to be more appeasing in his approach. FitzRoy, his wife and his son George arrived in the colony on board HMS Carysfort on 2 August 1846. Soon after his arrival he was asked to use his influence to procure the disallowance of an act of the Tasmanian legislature imposing a duty of 15% on products imported from New South Wales.
Fitzroy brought before the British government the advisability of some superior functionary being appointed, to whom all measures passed by local legislatures should be referred before being assented to. In the long discussion over the separation of the Port Phillip district, Fitzroy showed tact and himself favoured bi-cameral legislatures for the new constitutions. The need for some type of federation between the various colonies was recognised, and as a step towards this Fitzroy was given a commission in 1850 appointing him governor-general of the Australian colonies. During his governorship great steps were made in the development of New South Wales. Transportation of convicts ceased, the Sydney University was founded, a branch of the royal mint was established and responsible government was granted. In 1847, Fitzroy served briefly as Governor of the Colony of North Australia, although his lieutenant-governor, George Barney had the main responsibility for establishing the new colony under FitzRoy's direction. His decision in 1847 to allow the building of a horse racing track in Parramatta was the catalyst for the creation of Cumberland Oval, a venue which hosted racing, cricket, and in the 20th century, motorsports & was the location that Parramatta Stadium and further on the Western Sydney Stadium were built upon.
After sixteen months in the colony, Sir Charles' wife Mary was killed in a coach accident on 7 December 1847. A distraught FitzRoy considered resigning and returning to England, but his finances did not permit it. A memorial to Lady Mary Fitzroy is in St James' Church, Sydney.
Sir Charles remained in New South Wales for eight eventful years, which saw many changes take place in the Australian colonies, not in the least being the first tentative steps towards Federation of the Australian states. In 1853, FitzRoy was appointed as Governor of Van Diemen's Land, South Australia and Victoria – essentially a pre-Federation Governor-General of Australia, with wide-ranging powers to intervene in inter-colonial disputes.
Later years and death
On 28 January 1855 he departed Australia and returned to England. On 11 September, his eldest son Augustus (a Captain in the Royal Regiment of Artillery) was killed in the Crimean War. On 11 December, he married Margaret Gordon (widow of a Melbourne land agent).
FitzRoy died in London on 16 February 1858 at the age of 61.
- Captain Augustus Charles Lennox FitzRoy (20 September 1821 – 11 September 1855)
- Mary Caroline FitzRoy (20 December 1823 – 22 November 1895) married Admiral Hon. Keith Stewart, son of The Earl of Galloway
- Louisa Wilhelmina Stewart (1847-1938), married Kyrle Alfred Chapman, son of David Barclay Chapman and Maria Chatfield, did not have issue
- Caroline Ethel Gertrude Stewart (1851-1947), married Colonel Mark James, son of Colonel Philip James and Susan Ryder, daughter of the Hon. Granville Ryder, and had issue
- Edith Stewart (died 1875), married Colonel Edward St. Aubyn, son of Sir Edward St. Aubyn, 1st Baronet and Emma Knollys, and had issue
- Blanche Caroline Stewart (died 1927), married Admiral Sir William Shaw-Stewart, son of Admiral Sir Houston Shaw-Stewart and Martha Miller, and had issue
- Ellinor Sydney Stewart (died 1901), married Spencer Chapman, son of David Chapman and Maria Chatfield, and had issue
- Hilda Eugenia Stewart (died 1959), married Arthur Rhuven Guest, son of Arthur Edward Guest and Adeline Mary Chapman, and had issue
- George Henry FitzRoy (13 September 1826 – 8 July 1868)
- Commander Arthur George FitzRoy (20 March 1827 – 9 January 1861)
Lady Mary died from a carriage accident in Parramatta Park, outside Government House, in 1847. Within a year of her death, rumours were circulated about the colony of New South Wales about FitzRoy's 'womanising' ways. In 1850, FitzRoy made a visit to Berrima, to inspect the Fitzroy IronWorks. The Governor stayed at the Surveyor General's Inn, operated by former boxing champion Edward "Ned" Chalker (sometimes Charker). Ned's step-daughter, Mary Ann Chalker, who was 18 at the time, worked there. Nine months later, she gave birth to a son, named Charles Augustus FitzRoy, after his father, the Governor. This boy was later adopted by ex-convict John Fitzsimons and his family.
- Charles Augustus FitzRoy Fitzsimons (9 November 1850 – 19 July 1921)
Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy married, secondly (after his return to England), Margaret Gordon, on 11 December 1855. There was no issue from this marriage.
- Dalton, Charles (1904). The Waterloo roll call. With biographical notes and anecdotes. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 28& 50.
- Serle, Percival. "Fitzroy, Sir Charles Augustus (1796-1858)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- Day. Claiming a Continent': A New History of Australia (HarperCollins, New York (1996)).
- Ward, John M. "FitzRoy, Sir Charles Augustus (1796 - 1858)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- Charles Mosley (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 3336.
- Sunday Mirror, 16 September 1962, page 36 | <urn:uuid:7d77dab7-96f5-4f47-bc14-3a94e08d4347> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustus_FitzRoy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057913.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926175051-20210926205051-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.966705 | 1,858 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sports injuries are common in young athletes. But the physical demands, equipment, and skills needed for each sport are different. It’s important to know what to look out for in which sport to protect against injury.
It's important to understand this deadly skin cancer and how to prevent it.
Whether you’re concerned about a difficult relationship, low moods, an overload of stress, or frustrations at work or home—or you’re trying to cope with feelings that just seem overwhelming at times—working with a counselor or therapist can help you make positive changes in your life.
Prescription medications can successfully and safely treat mental and physical illnesses. But some medications can be addictive and many can be abused. Being aware of these potential harms can help you prevent them.
Experts are increasingly urging people to know their BMI, a figure that takes into account not just weight but also height to indicate body fat.
Most people get an occasional bout of heartburn—that burning feeling in the chest about a half-hour after eating. But if you get it often, you may have GERD.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease in the United States. CAD develops when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle harden and narrow with a buildup of plaque. This video discusses who's at risk for CAD and what you can do to help prevent it.
Even when a person has no obvious symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AF) – palpitations or a racing heart – AF may still make a stroke more likely. This is especially true if the person has other stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure.
Copyright 2015 Holzer Health System. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:40375026-02de-40fa-8e95-76defbbad06e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://healthlibrary.holzer.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590314.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718174111-20180718194111-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.935634 | 356 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Looking for information on what little league baseball pitching distance is?
It's always a good idea to double check with your little league baseball coach or call the league office to make sure you're practicing and pitching from the right baseball pitching distance, but the official little league baseball pitching distance between the point of home plate and the front (near) side of the pitcher's rubber is 46 feet.
That's about 14 feet, 6 inches shorter than standard baseball pitching distance on a regulation field; standard pitching distance is 60 feet, 6 inches.
Additionally, the pitcher's mound is raised by a gradual slope to an elevation of 6 inches above the level of home plate and the base paths.
The little league baseball pitcher's rubber is 4 inches wide by 18 inches long.
Here are some additional pitching distances:
Little League pitching distance - 46 feet
Pony League pitching distance - 54 feet
Babe Ruth league pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches
High school pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches
College pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches
Professional pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches
Get my pitching velocity program
If you believe adding velocity could be critical to your success, check out my proven programs for pitchers of all ages. | <urn:uuid:39e7571d-14ae-4fbe-a24f-fb78764dedac> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.thecompletepitcher.com/little_league_baseball_pitching_distance.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00346-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928165 | 254 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Facts Of Nutrition
When it comes to the basic facts of good nutrition, many people already know what they should aim for. There isn’t some secret about eating healthy that is hidden from the general public. The facts are all out there are ready for you to implement to turn yourself into a healthier you, which is always good! Even though the availability of nutritional information is at an all time high, our country still deals with high rates of obesity and other health problems related to bad nutrition. One of the huge problems is processed foods.
Processed foods are said to be more convenient that whole and raw foods. However, they are more full of harmful preservatives, usually higher in fat or simple carbohydrates, and lack the essential micro nutrients that whole foods have. Full of ingredients like high fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated fat oils, preservatives known to cause cancer, and many other harmful ingredients, processed foods lack everything that you want in a healthy food. To top it off, they aren’t even as convenient as something like fruit. You can just start eating fruit while you have to open a box and open a bag to get to the processed foods. For something so convenient, there are many other things more convenient (and healthier as well)!
That is basically the fact of nutrition right there. If you eat more raw and more whole foods, you are going to be healthier than somebody who lives on processed foods. The fact is here for everybody, so instead of reading this while eating a bag of tortilla chips, make the change to get healthy! Your body will thank you in the long run! | <urn:uuid:f58b7c80-afad-40b3-bcc7-9b9c98e4e74f> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.21stcenturyhgh.com/blog/the-facts-of-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.95827 | 328 | 2.625 | 3 |
Part 4—Our less advantaged great kids: We don’t always believe the stories in Amanda Ripley’s new book.
Don’t get us wrong! Her book, The Smartest Kids in the World, is an interesting book; the book is well worth reading. It proposes two or three gentle education reforms—reforms which may make perfect sense in large swaths of our society.
That said, we don’t believe some of Ripley’s stories. And she basically disappears a large bunch of American kids.
Let’s start with the first tale we don’t quite believe. We’ve mentioned this story before. It starts on page 1 of the book.
At the start of her book, Ripley describes the way she came to write it. Starting with an assignment for Time in 2008, she develops an interest in public school education. Over time, her interest grows.
Over the course of several years, Ripley is increasingly puzzled by the wide divergence she finds in the academic outcomes of the world’s public schools. Finally, a light bulb goes off in her head!
In the passage below, Ripley explains what happened. We don’t quite believe this story, in which Ripley refers to a chart which appears on page 3 of her book.
That chart displays “test scores” for fifteen nations, dating from the 1960s through the present time. In this passage, Ripley describes the chart which “blew her mind” and led her to write her book:
RIPLEY (page 2): Then one day I saw this chart and it blew my mind.Apparently, these are the days of miracles and wonder, just as Paul Simon said!
The United States might have remained basically flat over time, but that was the exception, it turned out. Look at Finland! It had rocketed from the bottom of the world to the top, without pausing for breath. And what was going on in Norway, right next door, which seemed to be slip sliding into the abyss, despite having virtually no child poverty? And there was Canada, coming up from mediocrity to the heights of Japan. If education was a function of culture, could culture change that dramatically—that fast?
...Compared to most countries, the United States was typical, not much better nor much worse. But in a small number of countries, really just a handful of eclectic nations, something incredible was happening.
In Ripley's book, that chart is woefully under-explained, as we noted in an earlier post. Most strikingly, you can see “test scores” rising and falling in various nations as the decades roll by. But there is no way to tell how large the corresponding academic gains are.
The chart shows countries scoring higher and lower, but how large are the academic gaps between the various test scores? Finland seems to gain about 35 points over the course of fifty years. The United States seems to gain about ten.
That said, how much additional learning and knowledge should we associate with a gain of 35 points? Ripley doesn’t explain that point, robbing us of a chance to know how important those score changes are.
Much more strikingly, Ripley grossly misdescribes what the chart on page 3 shows.
According to Ripley’s text, miraculous Finland rocketed “from the bottom of the world to the top,” apparently in a short time. Inspiring Canada “came up from mediocrity.”
But if you look at the actual chart, that isn’t what you will see! On the actual chart, Finland’s “test scores” start in the 1960s—and Finland is already scoring at a very high level compared to the other nations. By way of contrast, Canada’s test scores start in the early 1980s—and they seem to be about twenty points lower than Finland’s initial scores were.
Did that chart blow Ripley’s mind? Does that chart explain her reasons for writing this book? Since she grossly misdescribes the chart, we’ll sign up as skeptics.
That said, her bogus description does set up a classic adventure tale. Based on the chart, the tale isn’t true. But it makes for a thrilling story.
Ripley’s book is built around the claim that Finland came rocketing up from the bottom of the world, shooting to the top in a very short time. “Something incredible” took place in that land. Ripley sets out to explain it.
Because of that chart, which blew her mind, Ripley says she spent a year touring three foreign countries, trying to figure out how these incredible events occurred. But incredibly, she misdescribes what the chart shows about “test scores” in Finland and Canada.
The chart sits on page 3 of the book. Anyone can peruse it.
Whatever! Ripley’s book, which promotes two gentle reforms, is almost like a new literary form, a form you might call “con fiction.” In this new form, people backed by ranking elites feel free to tell us things that aren’t true, as long as their embellished tales lead us to embrace the reforms those elites have selected for us.
In Ripley’s case, her chosen reforms make perfect sense—until you consider the millions of kids her book has disappeared. This takes us to a second bogus tale in her frequently slippery book.
This second key story appears on page 17. It concerns the scores the United States achieved on the first PISA tests, back in the year 2000.
In this story, Andreas Schleicher bats away the ignoble idea that our mid-range scores can be attributed in some way to the diversity of our student population. What a silly notion! As we showed you yesterday, this is the way Ripley says Schleicher refuted that claim:
RIPLEY (page 17): Across the ocean, the United States rang in somewhere above Greece and below Canada, a middling performance that would be repeated in every subsequent round [of PISA testing]. U.S. teenagers did better in reading but that was only comforting, since math skills tended to be better predictors of future earnings.In this novelized tale, unnamed Americans “blame” the diversity of our student population for our “lackluster results.” Schleicher to the rescue! “In his meticulous way,” the hero of Ripley’s book-length tale bats this claim away.
Even in reading, a gulf of more than ninety points separated America’s most-advantaged kids from the least-advantaged peers. By comparison, only thirty-three points separated Korea’s most-privileged and least-privileged students, and almost all of them scored higher than their American counterparts.
U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige lamented the results. “Average is not good enough for American kids,” he said. He vowed (wrongly, as it would turn out) that No Child Left Behind, President George W. Bush’s new accountability-based reform law, would improve America’s standing.
Other Americans defended their system, blaming the diversity of their students for lackluster results. In his meticulous way, Schleicher responded with data: Immigrants could not be blamed America’s poor showing. The country would have had the same ranking if their scores were ignored. In fact, worldwide, the share of immigrant children explained only 3 percent of the variance between countries.
“Immigrants could not be blamed America’s poor showing,” Ripley defiantly tells us. She goes on to make a grossly misleading, slippery statement about the role of immigrant children in public school test scores worldwide.
Long story short: As often seems to occur, Ripley almost surely knows something she isn’t telling us here. Here it is: Immigrant students can actually help a nation’s test scores, depending on where the children come from and depending on the country’s immigration policies.
Due to the government shutdown, we can no longer access the PISA Data Explorer. For that reason, we’re working from memory here. But when we checked this matter last week, immigrant students in Canada, Australia and New Zealand outscored those countries’ native-born students on the 2009 PISA. If we understand this matter correctly, those countries tend to get their immigrants from Asian nations, and their policies tend to bring in immigrants from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.
Ripley seems to be saying less than she knows about how immigrant kids affect test scores. But that would be the more modest problem with that passage from page 17. Far more heinous is the plainly implied claim that the “diversity” of our student population is defined by our immigrant kids.
That is an utterly ludicrous notion, but Ripley smuggles it in.
Back when those first PISA scores were released, did someone really “blame” our scores on the diversity of our students? That’s an ugly way to put it, and Ripley forgets to name the people who did this.
Who is Ripley talking about? Even in endnotes to her book, she doesn’t cite an example. In the absence of actual names, we’ll take two guess about this general matter:
First guess: when people did discuss our diversity, they did so to explain and elucidate a problem, not to “blame” a group of kids. Second guess: they may have discussed two large groups of kids who virtually define the “diversity” of our student population as it’s conventionally defined.
Thanks to the shutdown, we can’t disaggregate those 2000 PISA scores today. But below, you see the PISA reading scores from 2009.
The bracketed numbers are painful to see, very hard to accept. They define the brutal racial history of our struggling, improving nation.
They also define an educational challenge—a challenge Ripley disappears in her elite-powered book:
Average scores, PISA reading, 2009:Let’s be clear. A lot of black kids are succeeding brilliantly in our public schools. The same is true of Hispanic kids. We’re looking here at average scores of very large populations.
[United States, Asian-American students 541]
[United States, white students 525]
New Zealand 521
The Netherlands 508
United States, all students 500
United Kingdom 494
OECD average 493
Czech Republic 478
Slovak Republic 477
[United States, Hispanic students 466]
[United States, black students 441]
On the National Assessment of Educational Progress, average scores by black kids and by Hispanic kids have risen by large amounts over the past forty years. The gains have been large in the last twenty years. The “achievement gaps” with white kids have been cut roughly in half, but substantial gaps remain.
That said, you can see the way these scores broke down on this PISA reading test. In this realm, we are a very highly stratified society:
Our Asian-American students slightly outscored Korea and Finland. Imagined regional warts and all, our white students trailed miraculous Finland by only 11 points. (At several places in her book, Ripley seems to imply that 40 points on the PISA scale is roughly equal to one academic year.)
Ripley’s proposed reforms may make perfect sense for most schools serving these populations. In her book, she travels the world with three exchange students. All are white, middle-class high school kids.
Ripley’s reforms may make good sense in the world of our middle-class students of all races, colors and shapes. Those kids may do better with “smarter” teachers and with increased academic “rigor.”
That said, our country’s black and Hispanic kids, taken as populations, are living in different worlds. It isn’t clear that Ripley’s proposed reforms are the perfect or even the most important ticket for most of those American kids.
Through that slippery story on page 17, Ripley disappears these kids. She turns them into invisible children. She doesn’t trouble us with their worlds or with their needs, or with the situations which may be holding their achievement back.
Instead, she’s off in Finland with a middle-class kid who could be pushed much harder. (When it comes to middle-class kids of all races and ethnicities, we tend to agree with that.)
Make no mistake: When you look at those PISA scores, you’re looking at our brutal American history. No living person created that history, but we all live with its effects.
Resolved: If a nation spends three hundred years trying to eliminate literacy from a population, that population’s literacy will suffer. Beyond that, state-empowered poverty isn’t likely to help.
(For what it’s worth, African-American ethical literacy inspired the entire world during the last century. Dr. King joined Gandhi and Mandela as the moral giants of the century. Rather plainly, Dr. King’s astonishing moral literacy extended all through the wider black population. Moral literacy is a very powerful force in the world.)
Ralph Ellison said he was an invisible man. So with many of our black and Hispanic students, all through Ripley’s book.
Coming: What reforms might help the (invisible) kids in our nation’s low-income schools?
A quick side trip: When the 2000 PISA results were released, who “blamed” the diversity of our students for the imperfect results?
In 2011, Ripley wrote about this same topic in the Atlantic. On that occasion, she said that (unnamed) “American officials” had “defended their schools—blaming poor performance on the relative prevalence of immigrant families in the United States.”
Wow! That claim seems strange, especially given the things said by Paige, our top education official. (Above, see text from Ripley's book.) We note that Ripley doesn’t repeat that specific claim in her book.
In her book, Ripley only says that some Americans “blamed” the diversity of our students for our PISA scores. She no longer says that American officials did this. She no longer says that these Americans specifically blamed our immigrant kids, although that’s where she goes to defeat this charge.
Still, who “blamed” our deserving students at all? Even in the endnotes to her book, Ripley doesn’t say.
Reading this book, we often feel we’re involved with a new literary form. Because we lack a better name, we’ll call it “elite con fiction.” | <urn:uuid:792250f2-a9d7-4898-ae85-87ae35660634> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://dailyhowler.blogspot.com/2013/10/invisible-children-how-to-write-elite.html?m=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.952344 | 3,285 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Roman Catholic worship in Washington, North Carolina, had its beginnings in 1807 when Father Michael Lacy visited the homes of Walter Hanrahan and Lewis Leroy. In the 1820s John England, newly appointed bishop of the Diocese of Charleston, visited regularly. In 1823 Leroy contributed land in the southeast corner of the intersection of Third and Van Norden Streets for a church building. Construction was slow but services were held in the church by 1828. This, according to Stephen Worsley who conducted a study of Catholic activity in antebellum North Carolina, was the first Catholic church in the state.
Original Date Cast:
Bishop England, who had organized the parish in 1821, consecrated St. John the Evangelist Church, on March 25, 1829, only days after dedicating St. Patrick Church in Fayetteville. The building served the local Catholic population until April 1864, when it was burned, along with much of Washington, by evacuating Union troops. The fire also caused much damage to grave markers in the Catholic cemetery. For over sixty years thereafter the town had no Catholic church and worship was held in private homes. The original site today is the site of the First Methodist Church of Washington.
In 1925 the Passionist Fathers, a Catholic order, established Mother of Mercy parish to serve as a mission church and school for blacks. A private home was purchased to serve as a convent for the sisters and a small chapel opened. The local white Catholics soon began attending mass in the chapel, but finding the need for more space, built St. Agnes Chapel in 1929. In 1963 the two Catholic parishes and separate black and white parochial schools were combined as Mother of Mercy parish. The Passionist Fathers withdrew and the parish became the responsibility of the Diocese of North Carolina. The school closed in 1973 following financial problems. Mother of Mercy Church today consists of about three hundred families.
Stephen C. Worsley, “Catholicism in Antebellum North Carolina,” North Carolina Historical Review (October 1983): 399-430
Ralph W. Donnelly, ed., The Parish Registers of St. John the Evangelist, Washington, North Carolina, 1808-1911 (1984)
“The Catholic Church in Washington, N.C.” (information provided by the church)
Ursula F. Loy and Pauline M. Worthy, eds., Washington and the Pamlico (1976)
C. Wingate Reed, Beaufort County: Two Centuries of Its History (1962)
Ignatius Reynolds, ed., Works of the Right Rev. John England (1849), IV
Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Ser. 1, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 310 ff. | <urn:uuid:36601da5-6e55-43bb-a6d7-47ac61be8c1a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?sp=map&sv=B-59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638820.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00194-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956841 | 576 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Canada is missing its chance to shut the gate on nuclear weapons everywhere
Photo by Phil Schmitten
Last month, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (or the Ban Treaty) opened for signatures to all member states at the United Nations. The treaty is a product of sustained activism by civil society and key non-nuclear weapon states.
As researchers who study nuclear policy, we see this development as a landmark in the struggle to eliminate nuclear weapons.
The Ban Treaty would make it illegal for signatories to develop, produce, test, possess, use, threaten to use, or transfer nuclear weapons, among other restrictions.
Within days of being opened for signature, 53 countries have signed the treaty, and three have ratified. After signature and ratification by at least 50 countries, it comes into force.
Canada, a historical supporter of nuclear disarmament, has neither signed nor even participated in the negotiations that led to the treaty, which could become the most significant step toward nuclear disarmament since the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1970.
Humanitarian shift in nuclear arms control
The Ban Treaty was motivated by a clear recognition that the humanitarian impacts of nuclear weapons use and testing should be at the forefront of all discussions about these weapons. Dr. Tilman Ruff, co-president of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War testified at the United Nations in March: “An understanding of what nuclear weapons do invalidates all arguments for continued possession of these weapons and requires that they urgently be prohibited and eliminated as the only course of action commensurate with the existential danger they pose.”
The Ban Treaty, therefore, represents a shift in nuclear arms control, away from talking about nuclear weapons in terms of security and deterrence to focusing on the horrendous consequences of nuclear warfare.
This shift is reflected in the language of the Preamble of the Treaty which highlights concerns that the “catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons” would “transcend national borders” and “pose grave implications for human survival.” The Treaty also posits that “complete” elimination “remains the only way to guarantee that nuclear weapons are never used again under any circumstances.”
Canada abandons traditional arms control emphasis
An emphasis on the humanitarian consequences, however, is not unique within arms control. Other forms of warfare, such as land mines, biological and chemical weapons, have also been outlawed because of such concerns. And such humanitarian concerns have often guided Canada’s diplomacy in the past, as illustrated by its leading role in the appropriately named Ottawa Convention to ban landmines.
Not in this case. In seeking to justify not attending the negotiations at the United Nations, a spokesperson for Canada’s minister of foreign affairs, Chrystia Freeland, dismissed the Nuclear Ban Treaty as “certain to be ineffective” because of a lack of participation by nuclear weapon states.
Treaties can reshape behaviour
Even in the case of the Ottawa Treaty, many countries that deployed landmines, such as the United States, declined to sign onto it in 1997. Yet, the treaty did affect policies in countries beyond those that signed it.
In 2014, the United States stopped using landmines, except in the Korean Peninsula. Treaty negotiations do in fact shift global norms and impact military plans, even if they may not be legally enforceable in countries that are non-signatories.
Multilateral treaties can serve to unify the international community against those who use them. Chemical weapons use in Syria “triggered an unprecedented international response” and “led to the creation of an ambitious plan to eliminate Syria’s chemical weapons program and prevent future use or proliferation of these abhorrent weapons,” as the Global Affairs Canada website on chemical weapons policy explains.
Without a treaty in place, such a concerted global effort would be much harder to mount.
Step-by-step process at standstill
Rather than involve itself with the Ban Treaty, Canada has emphasized the so-called step-by-step process for nuclear disarmament. The Global Affairs Canada website on nuclear weapons policy offers “NPT universalization, entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)” as “more practical and realistic options to pursue in the short and medium term.”
Characterizing these as practical and realistic is misleading. The CTBT was negotiated in 1996 and has still not come into force, largely as a result of opposition within the U.S. Congress. The Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, or FMCT process, has been stalled as well — the last time it gained momentum was in 1995 with the establishment of the mandate under Canadian Ambassador Gerald Shannon.
That did not lead to actual negotiations — which still have not begun. The step-by-step process isn’t going anywhere anytime soon.
Furthermore, arguments about what is more practical and realistic only distract from potential action. Nothing prevents Canada or any other country without nuclear weapons from pursuing both traditional arms control measures like the FMCT and engaging with the Ban Treaty. The latter is sure to open up several options to further nuclear disarmament.
Constructive participation in the evolving effort to prohibit nuclear weapons, regardless of whether Canada signs the Ban Treaty or not, is the only way to explore this space and identify fruitful next steps.
Looking ahead on nuclear disarmament
There has been widespread political support within Canada for being more active in furthering nuclear disarmament. In 2010, both the Senate and House of Commons unanimously adopted a resolution encouraging the Government of Canada “to engage in negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention” and “deploy a major worldwide Canadian diplomatic initiative in support of preventing nuclear proliferation and increasing the rate of nuclear disarmament.” The dynamic set off by the Ban Treaty offers a suitable opening for launching such an initiative.
In April of this year, Chrystia Freeland issued the following statement to mark the 20th anniversary of the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention: “Twenty years ago today, the international community was united in denouncing the use of chemical weapons by anyone, anywhere, under any circumstance.”
Isn’t it time for the same to be said about nuclear weapons?
MV Ramana is Simons Chair in Disarmament, Global and Human Security at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia. Lauren Borja is an incoming post-doctoral fellow at the School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia.
This article originally appeared on TheConversation.com. | <urn:uuid:225d219c-cdc4-4028-afda-10097e0b4176> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/canada-is-missing-its-chance-to-shut-the-gate-on-nuclear-weapons-everywhere | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125733-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.936188 | 1,375 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We are in a political season, and political questions seem to be at the forefront of the minds of Christians. What, if anything, does the Bible say about our civic obligations? Would Jesus support one of our presidential candidates? If so, which one?
In some ways, the statements of Scripture do not easily answer these questions. The politics of the first-century Greco-Roman world were very different from our own. Their pressing concerns and urgent questions were not the same as ours today. But Jesus does mention the governing ruler of His day, and His pithy instructions have been widely viewed as useful for addressing the political questions raised by Christians of any era. Jesus’ familiar statement is found in Matthew 22:21: “Then He said to them, ‘Therefore render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s’” (ESV).
The immediate context of Jesus’ statement involves a question, posed by the Jewish religious leaders of the day. The leaders were trying to trap Jesus (Matt 22:15) by asking Him a question about paying taxes to the Roman government. If He came out in favor of paying the tax, He might be seen as on the side of the Romans, against His Jewish countrymen; if He came out against the tax, He could be tried for sedition.
Jesus immediately put the leaders on the defensive, asking whose likeness and inscription was on the coin (Matt 22:20). Many Roman leaders avoided putting their image on coins, since having an image like this was blasphemous for Jews; but this coin had a picture of the reigning emperor. More than that, the coin itself not only pictured Caesar; it called him a ‘son of the divine.’ From the standpoint of strict Jewish law, those who carried the coin to Jesus were carrying a blasphemous idol, and by answering His question about the image, they were admitting uncleanness themselves.
After they answered, Jesus responded with a shrewd first line. While implicitly affirming Caesar’s right to the tax, Jesus also alluded to a well-known Jewish revolutionary speech, often recited by the people at Hanukkah. It was given by one of the great heroes of the Jewish rebellion of the second century BC, a leader named Mattathias, whose death led to the Maccabean revolt. Right before he died, Mattathias said, “Avenge the wrong done to your people. Pay back to the Gentiles in full.” Jesus’ first statement sounds eerily similar to Mattathias’ words, though Jesus’ intent is more constructive: “Render unto
Caesar…” Jesus advocated a different sort of revolution than Mattathias’; He was not telling them to withhold the tax, but neither was He supporting outright compromise to the claims of Rome.
But the real subversion comes in the second half of the phrase, when Jesus reminds His hearers to “render unto God the things that are God’s.”
In one sense, of course, Jesus is saying that worship, praise, and hope for salvation should be vested in God and God alone. But on another level, Jesus is reminding us and them that everything belongs to God, and while paying the tax to Caesar, we can never forget that Caesar is no divine being; he cannot command our ultimate allegiance.
Jesus’ theology and His words seem to be taken from Psalm 96. Psalm 96 is a psalm of worship, which clearly declares, “For all the gods of the peoples are worthless idols, but the Lord made the heavens” (Psalm 96:5a). There are no gods but the Lord alone. More directly, when Jesus says, “Render unto God,”
He is declaring the same thing as the psalmist, using almost the same words:
Ascribe to the Lord, O families of the peoples,
ascribe to the Lord glory and strength!
Ascribe to the Lord, the glory due His name;
bring an offering, and come into
Worship the Lord, in the splendor of holiness;
tremble before Him, all the earth!
Say among the nations,
“The Lord reigns!”
Our government, like the Roman one of Jesus’ day, makes many appropriate claims on our time and money. It is right to pay taxes and to serve where we can. But Jesus knew all too well that earthly leaders could and did set themselves up as rivals to God and to His people, sometimes subtly, sometimes overtly. When this happens, our worship of God must continue unabated, and our allegiance to Him and to His Word as our central authority must never diminish or relent.
Dr. Jonathan Master ’98 serves as professor of theology, dean of the School of Divinity, and director of Cairn’s Center for University Studies. His most recent book, The God We Worship, was published last March. He can be reached by emailing email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:74195d5a-f626-4c99-a7d3-dc8eb921f937> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://magazine.cairn.edu/2016/06/render-unto-caesar-render-unto-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125849.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00251-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968683 | 1,066 | 3.125 | 3 |
The original goal of Cassini-Huygens was to study Saturn and its large, misty, tortured, moon Titan. Titan, the second-largest moon in our Solar System, after Ganymede of Jupiter, is a world long-shrouded in mystery, hiding behind a thick orange veil, and slashed with hydrocarbon lakes and seas. However, there are other enticing moons known to circle the ringed planet. Saturn's mid-sized icy moons (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Phoebe) are enchanting worlds. Each one of these frozen little moons reveals an interesting and unique geology. So far, Saturn is known to sport 62 icy moons!
The conspiracy that Fox missed (well, they do miss a lot) is called by its adherents "Alternative 3". Its promoters are shadowy individuals like Bill Cooper, a formal US Naval Briefing Team member with access to state secrets, who claims that an advanced American space presence is a reality. In Behold a Pale Horse, he reports that "A moon base, Luna, was photographed by the Lunar Orbiter and filmed by Apollo astronauts... I can say that 'Alternative 003' (a British TV documentary on this subject) is at least 70% true from my own knowledge and the knowledge of my sources."
I found that this was true with most fish species and the activity level of fish is largely due to what the weather and moon are doing at the time that you go fishing. In other words I discovered that I could use the weather and moon to my advantage when I was fishing. I began to think back to the times that I had experienced amazing days fishing. The kind of days where it seemed as if no matter what I did, I caught fish, and not only did I catch fish but those fish tended to be larger than "average". Have you ever experienced this kind of day while fishing? | <urn:uuid:d849a03f-abc1-4a2c-b7c2-ad5e5ebc64f9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://trendsline.info/nasa-moon-buggy-race-course-layout/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.965114 | 405 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Reliability and validity are important aspects of research in the human services field without reliability and validity researchers results would be. Write about validity and realibility, and research ethics what awaits you: on-time delivery guarantee masters and phd-level writers automatic plagiarism check 100. Reliability and validity please use this book human resource selection 7th edition by robert d gatewood, hubert s feild, murray barrick other references. Check out our top free essays on reliability and validity paper to help you write your own essay.
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Reliability and validity reliability and validity are important aspects of research in the human services field without reliability and validity researchers results. Open document below is an essay on reliability and validity from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Validity and reliability essay introduction for proper and objective research to be achieved there is the need to have valid and reliable tools or instruments. University coursework structure denver colorado writing research papers a complete guide 14th edition pdf zill www cyber essays com reliability and validity in. | <urn:uuid:13c836d4-afa9-4abe-8cbc-d64a5450fadd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://ukcourseworktryu.theseospot.info/essay-on-reliability-and-validity-in-research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214702.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819051423-20180819071423-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.899298 | 543 | 2.546875 | 3 |
These days, people understand the connection between good nutrition and health. However, many people are unsure of how to begin when it comes to nutrition. This article is a good resource if you wish to start living a more nutritious, healthy lifestyle.
Stock up on frozen vegetables. They are convenient ways to get some of the nutrients that you need. Freezing your nutritious meal is super-convenient, and you won’t have any spoiled food to worry about.
Don’t even think about neglecting to eat breakfast. A lot of people tend to skip breakfast, because they feel they don’t have the time or the appetite at that time of the morning. Everyone should start the day off right with a nutritious breakfast that is rich in protein. By skipping this meal, you are sabotaging the rest of your day.
Any healthy diet includes riboflavin. Our body needs to excrete energy taken from protein, fat and carbohydrates stored in the body. Riboflavin also plays a major role in metabolism, as well as in the transportation of iron throughout the body. Enriched grain and dairy products are excellent sources of riboflavin.
Working out regularly deals much with your stamina, willpower and dedication. These things aren’t about physical strength, but mental strength. Thus, your mentality plays a large part in reaching your exercise goals. It is important for one to live healthily and pursue things that benefit the mind.
Be sure that your dairy intake is adequate, but keep in mind exactly what you are eating. g. try using plain low fat yogurt in the place of sour cream, or milk with a lower fat content than what you would normally drink. Eating dairy is great for bone health, but if you’re not careful, you can easily go over your fat quota for the day.
Always cook mushrooms thoroughly. Mushrooms can contains impurities that are carcinogenic, and cooking them well can reduce the levels, making the mushrooms healthier. When following a diet, it is always important to try to stay as healthy as possible, so your body can adequately burn fat.
Before you eat packaged foods, you should carefully read the nutritional information provided on the label. Try to skip foods that contain more than 5 percent of fats, cholesterol, and sodium. If you consume these in excess, you will increase the likelihood of experiencing diseases related to high blood pressure, hypertension, and cardiac problems.
Adding smaller amounts of salt and sugar to your homestyle cooking will help reduce your overall intake of these things. After a while, you will no longer crave them, which will help improve your health. Reducing the salt and sugar bit by bit makes the changes much less evident, meaning you will nto feel the urge to resist them.
Now, after taking in the above information, you should have a wealth of knowledge on what it takes to live a healthy lifestyle. Incorporate the tips you learned today and apply them to your everyday life as quickly as possible. Doing this can help you feel the change in your health.
A proven way to produce more money is to expand a network marketing business. To be able to do that successfully, you need to have the right mindset (a.k.a. mental fitness). A company founded by Orrin Woodward called The LIFE Business created a very effective product named Mental Fitness Challenge that is to us. | <urn:uuid:ee54aa34-3849-4f04-9d15-fe051c4b8bcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://food-irradiation.com/protect-your-health-through-good-nutrition-and-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612003.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528235437-20170529015437-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.960048 | 690 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Posted September 1, 2011
Rick S. Bains, DO
Molecular techniques provide powerful tools that have drastically changed our understanding of entire categories of neoplasms, including lymphomas. T cell receptor gene rearrangement studies have had great success in the analysis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL). Molecular techniques can offer great support for or against a diagnosis of lymphoma. However, it is important for clinicians and pathologists to be aware of their power and limitations in the evaluation of such lesions.
Clonality can be determined by evaluating rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes, most commonly the beta or gamma genes. T cells typically undergo arrangement of both the TCR gamma gene followed by arrangement of the TCR beta gene. From a very early stage, all T lymphocytes undergo the process of T cell receptor gene rearrangement of the variable (V), diversity (D), and (J) joining segments to create a unique T cell receptor for each T cell. T cell receptor gene analysis is performed by amplification of multiple targets with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by fragment analysis. In reactive processes several different T cells will be present and will result in a polyclonal pattern. However, T cell lymphomas are derived from a single T cell, and therefore a distinct clone will be identified.
The sensitivity of TCR gene analysis is based on data from the BIOMED-2 study, which standardized techniques in TCR gene rearrangement and is widely used by clinical molecular labs. The group’s data suggests the limit of detection of TCR analysis is roughly 10%1. The sensitivity of testing with regards to cutaneous T cell lymphomas has not been fully studied. However, recent studies suggest the sensitivity of PCR for T cell receptor gene rearrangements in CTCL may be lower than previously described2. This may be due in part to the low tumor burden in cutaneous lymphomas; and surrounding reactive lymphocytes can obscure TCR analysis.
TCR gene analysis can be extremely helpful, but it is important to be mindful of technical limitations3. Molecular labs usually evaluate clonality by analyzing either TCR gamma or TCR beta, or both. Very rarely will a T cell lymphoma have isolated gamma or beta rearrangement, but this may be a source of false negative results4. Evaluating both genes can provide increased sensitivity to the test; however, beta gene analysis is a more complex test and can be difficult to perform. Also, analysis can be performed on formalin-fixed tissue, but this causes fragmentation of the DNA and unreliable results. It is preferable to submit fresh tissue to ensure intact DNA.
Some clinically benign proliferations can have small clonal lymphocyte proliferations, such as CD8 and CD4 T-lymphocytosis or lymphomatoid papulosis1,5. Additionally, cases of parapsoriasis, pityriasis lichenoides, and lupus panniculitis have been reported as occasionally having monoclonality. Securing biopsies from different sites and/or at different times can strengthen findings by identifying the same clone6. Additionally, although rare in the skin, non-T cell processes can be positive for TCR gene rearrangement, making the correct diagnosis difficult. Because of these scenarios, it is important to interpret molecular results in the context of the clinicopathologic findings.
- van Dongen JJ, Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, Evans PA, Hummel M, Lavender FL, Delabesse E, Davi F, Schuuring E, García-Sanz R, van Krieken JH, Droese J, González D, Bastard C, White HE, Spaargaren M, González M, Parreira A, Smith JL, Morgan GJ, Kneba M, Macintyre EA. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia. 2003;17(12):2257-317.
- Goeldel AL, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Durlach A, Birembaut P, Bernard P, Nguyen P, Grange F. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: comparative study of polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and GeneScan analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(4):822-9.
- Groenen PJ, Langerak AW, van Dongen JJ, van Krieken JH. Pitfalls in TCR gene clonality testing: teaching cases. J Hematop. 2008;1(2):97-109.
- Brüggemann M, White H, Gaulard P, Garcia-Sanz R, Gameiro P, Oeschger S, Jasani B, Ott M, Delsol G, Orfao A, Tiemann M, Herbst H, Langerak AW, Spaargaren M, Moreau E, Groenen PJ, Sambade C, Foroni L, Carter GI, Hummel M, Bastard C, Davi F, Delfau-Larue MH, Kneba M, van Dongen JJ, Beldjord K, Molina TJ. Powerful strategy for polymerase chain reaction-based clonality assessment in T-cell malignancies Report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BHM4 CT98-3936. Leukemia. 2007; 21(2):215-21.
- Langerak AW, Molina TJ, Lavender FL, Pearson D, Flohr T, Sambade C, Schuuring E, Al Saati T, van Dongen JJ, van Krieken JH. Polymerase chain reaction-based clonality testing in tissue samples with reactive lymphoproliferations: usefulness and pitfalls. A report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia. 2007;21(2):222-9.
- Thurber SE, Zhang B, Kim YH et al. T-cell clonality analysis in biopsy specimens from two different skin sites shows high specificity in the diagnosis of patients with suggested mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 57:782–90.
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Cuneo (IT), 2006-06-26/28
17 experts from 11 EPPO countries, the USA and the EU Commission participated in this Workshop led by the EPPO Secretariat (download a list of participants ).
galls on a chestnut
plants for planting grown
under insect-proof net
participants in a damaged
The Workshop discussed the mechanisms of spread of Dryocosmus kuriphilus based on experiences of the pest in Japan, the USA and the Piedmont region of Italy. Dispersal occurs due to the flight capacity of the pest, wind and human activity, the last two factors being the most important. The pest is causing serious economic, environmental and social damage. The Workshop concluded that the eradication or containment of the pest in the natural environment is impossible to attain. Pest control by insecticides seems not to be a feasible option. The Japanese experience of using introduced parasitoids (especially Torymus sinensis) seems promising in reducing pest populations to an acceptable level. In the USA, biological control is considered by growers to be the most promising method of pest control whether by Torymus sinensis or by other native parasitoids.
The Workshop recommended following phytosanitary measures to delay the spread of Dryocosmus kuriphilus by trade of plants and/or plant products within the EPPO region: “Country freedom”, “Area freedom” and “Grown under specified protected conditions (under an insect-proof net)”. The Piedmont trials have shown the last measure to be a promising one for growing healthy plants for planting. Having taken into account the potential rate of natural spread of the pest and the difficulty of its early detection, the idea of setting up buffer zones to protect pest free places of production was not considered feasible. The use of selected phytosanitary measures would help to buy time in order to develop biological control measures. However, it was recognized that biological control will, at best, only limit populations of the pest in infested areas to an acceptable level.
The Workshop developed further recommendations for work in the future.
The chesnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951
G. Bosio, Italy
Natural dispersal of cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
G. Melika, Hungary
Introduction and spread of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Northern America, possibilities for eradicating or containing the pest
L. Rieske-Kinney, USA
Spread of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Piedmont
G. Bosio, Italy
Attacks of the oriental chestnut gall wasp on Castanea in south Piedmont
G. Bosio, G. Brussino, M. Baudino, R. Gordano, F. Ramello (Italy), G. Melika (Hungary)
Phytosanitary measures against Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Piedmont
G. Bosio, Italy
Situation with Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Slovenia
J. Jaksa, Slovenia
Generalist widespread parasitoids attacking Dryocosmus kuriphilus and oak galls
A. Aebi, Switzerland
Research on biological control with Torymus sinensis introduction
A. Alma, A. Quacchia, Italy
Research on sensibility of different chestnut cultivars to Dryocosmus kuriphilus
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The most effective methods to combat acne include a combination of prevention and better skincare.
Here are some of the ways you can use to prevent and treat acne:
Regular exercise can help fight acne by fighting off negative stress levels that can come from negative self-esteem and depression. But avoid wearing tight lycra and nylon exercise outfits. These synthetic fabrics that tend to trap body moisture and heat, creating an ideal environment for bacteria to grow. Stick to loose clothing made of cotton or natural blends, and keep your sports gear and equipment clean.
2. Safe Cosmetics
To avoid pore-clogging and skin irritations that can contribute to acne, use products labeled “noncomedogenic” or “oil-free.” Opt for “hypo-allergenic” perfumes and cosmetics to avoid allergic reactions and skin irritation. Coal tar derivatives, carmine and heavy cream in blushes can cause reactions.
Shimmering facial colors can contain a flaky mineral called mica that can cause skin irritations and clog pores. Use a lip gloss with a matte finish for less pore-clogging. The more the shine, the more then comedogenic content and the more your pores can clog.
3. Healthy Diet
Studies show that diet does not play a role in either the cause or the treatment of acne. However, what is best for your body is best for your skin. So make sure you get enough vitamins, minerals and supplements that have been known and recommended to prevent and help conquer acne breakouts. These include
- Vitamin A or Retinol (High doses are toxic)
- Vitamin B Complex
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
A good quality brand name multivitamin will probably have the recommended vitamins and minerals that you need to help with acne prevention. Drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day and making good, healthy dietary food choices.
3. Hormonal Treatment
Hormones (or a lack of them) during later years – especially for women – can play a role in acne flare-ups and prevention. One recent study showed that about 50 percent of women have acne, referred to as hormonal acne, problems during the week before their menstruation.
Treatment options include topical retinoids, oral antibiotics and Benzoyl Peroxide for teen years. For adults oral contraceptives or hormonal birth control pills and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) may be helpful for women, combined with systemic or topical treatments, prescription or over-the-counter products and medications.
4. Healthy Skin Regimen
Avoid harsh scrubbing or over-washing, because this can cause possible skin irritation or possible over production of oil to replace what’s washed off, clogging pores in the process. Use products with gentle exfoliation ingredients and skip products that contain alcohol.
5. Acne Products
Some of the more popular products on the market that can prevent acne include:
- Benzoyl Peroxide
- Proactiv® Solution
- Salicylic Acid
- Oral Contraceptives
- Isotretinoin (Accutane)
Shaving is actually an excellent way of exfoliating or removing dead skin to help with the prevention and spreading of acne instead of leaving the remains to clog pores. And for some light acne cases already in process, shaving can help rid whiteheads and blackheads from the face. Do not shave areas that are sore or infected. Use a shaving cream for sensitive skin.
Shave with a sharp blade. Use gentle swipes instead of heavy pressure and go with the flow or “grain.” A single-edged blade is better than a twin-blade razor. Electric razors may not shave as close to the skin, but they help with the prevention of acne and other skin breakouts and flare-ups better.
Stress includes external and internal stress. External Stress are those that compromise your skin’s ability to heal, like oily make-up and too much sun. Internal stress like anxiety, fear, low self-esteem, depression and a variety of other internalized emotions, can trigger chemical reactions inside your body that can result in acne flare-ups and other skin irritations.
To combat internal stress and prevent acne problems, get plenty of rest and sleep. Try to maintain regular hours. Keep a check list of “Things that Calm You” handy for stressful times, like reading a book, resting, listening to music, taking a walk, going out for an ice cream cone, etc. | <urn:uuid:7c0e5e2b-66e4-4b9d-8743-66b6b5262db6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthmagazine.ae/featured/7-ways-to-conquer-acne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.90831 | 974 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- To develop a sense of accomplishment, which centers around the ability to learn and apply skills, deal with peers, competition, self-control, and greater physical strength.
- To develop and test values and beliefs, which guide present and future behaviors.
Indicators Related to Developmental Lag
- Excessive concerns about competition and performance, especially in school; extreme rebellion; teasing; whining; headaches; nervous stomach; ulcers; nervous tics; consistent lack of concern with completion of tasks (procrastination); overdependence on caregivers for age-appropriate tasks; social isolation; lack of friends and involvements; few interests; inappropriate relationships with "older" people, e.g., teenagers; stealing; pathological lying; bedwetting; fire-setting.
Note: Although these tasks and indicators may be present during ages 7 to 12, each may be more observable at specific times.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Nine to Ten Years
Normal Characteristics Suggested Behaviors for Effective Parenting Engages in active, rough-and-tumble play (especially boys); has great interest in team games. Provide many opportunities to sustain interest. Include team games. Has good body control; is interested in developing strength, skill, and speed; likes more complicated crafts and work-related tasks. Provide opportunities for developing skills through the use of handicrafts and active games. Girls are beginning to develop faster than boys. Do not compare boys and girls or force them to interact. Start teaching about bodily changes. Explain menstruation to both sexes.
Physical Development for Eight to Nine Years Physical Development for Ten to Eleven Years Return to Using the Child Development Guide
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT: Nine to Ten Years
Normal Characteristics Suggested Behaviors for Effective Parenting Has definite interests and lively curiosity; seeks facts; capable of prolonged interest; can do more abstract thinking and reasoning. Give specific information and facts.
Adjust learning opportunities to child's interests and increased attention span. Do not give all the answers; allow time to think, meditate, and discuss.
Individual differences become more marked. Respect and be aware of individual differences when making assignments and giving responsibilities. Likes reading, writing, and using books and references. Provide opportunities for reading, writing, and using reference materials; do not burden the child, however. Likes to collect things. Help with hobbies.
Intellectual Development for Eight to Nine Years Intellectual Development for Ten to Eleven Years Return to Using the Child Development Guide
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Nine to Ten Years
Normal Characteristics Suggested Behaviors for Effective Parenting Boys and girls differ in personalities, characteristics, and interests; are very group and club oriented but always with same sex; sometimes silly within group. Accept natural separation of boys and girls. Recognize and support the need for acceptance from peer group. Boys, especially, begin to test and exercise a great deal of independence. Be warm but firm. Establish and enforce reasonable limits. Is most interested in friends and social activities; likes group adventures and cooperative play. Encourage friendships and help child who may have few or no friends.
Social Development for Eight to Nine Years Social Development for Ten to Eleven Years Return to Using the Child Development Guide
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Nine to Ten Years
Normal Characteristics Suggested Behaviors for Effective Parenting May have some behavior problems, especially if not accepted by others. Let the child know you accept him/her, even though you do not approve of specific behaviors. Is becoming very independent, dependable, and trustworthy. Provide many opportunities for exercising independence and dependability. Praise these positive characteristics.
Emotional Development for Eight to Nine Years Emotional Development for Ten to Eleven Years Return to Using the Child Development Guide
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: Nine to Ten Years
Normal Characteristics Suggested Behaviors for Effective Parenting Is very conscious of fairness; is highly competitive; argues over fairness; has difficulty admitting mistakes but is becoming more capable of accepting failures and mistakes and taking responsibility for them. Be fair in dealings and relationships with child. Provide opportunities for competing, but help child see that losing is a part of playing. Do not ridicule, but help child learn to take responsibility for behavior. Is clearly acquiring a conscience; is aware of right and wrong; wants to do right, but sometimes overreacts or rebels against a strict conscience. Express your love and support for the child who falls short of meeting your personal standards of right and wrong.
Moral Development for Eight to Nine Years Moral Development for Ten to Eleven Years Return to Using the Child Development Guide
Reprinted with the permission of the Department of Social and Health Services.Next Article: The Challenges of Middle Childhood | <urn:uuid:463674ed-2c98-4197-b08d-f10e64ca2b77> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Child_Center_Nine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737946509.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221906-00249-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910885 | 973 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Unleashing the immune system to fight tumors — an approach enabled by immunotherapy — has led to remarkable outcomes in some cancer patients, but in many more, cancer cells evade the treatment and continue to spread. Now, a team led by researchers from Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute has identified a gene expression pattern that human melanoma cells use to resist immunotherapy, and demonstrated a combination therapy approach that could overcome this resistance.
The paper, published today in Cell, appears alongside a companion immunotherapy study led by a separate research team from Broad Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital.
“With additional data, we hope that the methods and specific combination therapy identified in our study could have a real benefit for patients,” said co-senior author Benjamin Izar, an instructor in medicine and melanoma oncologist at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and postdoctoral fellow at the Broad Institute. He and Aviv Regev, director of the Klarman Cell Observatory at the Broad Institute, professor of biology at MIT, and an HHMI investigator, are co-senior authors on the paper.
“Our team has mapped out a high-resolution landscape of immunotherapy-resistant melanoma,” added Regev. “We’ve discovered a gene expression program that can help predict resistance to immunotherapy before treatment even begins, and a potential way to reverse this program in order to delay or counter that resistance.”
Using single-cell RNA sequencing data, the researchers analyzed thousands of melanoma cells from more than 30 melanoma patients, half of which had exhibited resistance to immunotherapies. The team identified a distinct gene expression pattern that correlated with reduced T cell presence in the tumor and other features of immunotherapy resistance. By measuring the levels of this “resistance program,” the team could predict how tumors would respond to treatment in larger independent cohorts of melanoma patients. And in another patient cohort, the group showed that cancer cells further amplify this program when exposed to immunotherapy.
This resistance program included signals that are hallmarks of immune system evasion. Abnormal cells typically have substances on their surfaces, called antigens, that enable T cells to home in and destroy them. But the resistant tumor cells are able to reduce their antigen levels and hide from the immune system. They also reduce the enzymes attacked by the T cells, rendering an assault ineffective if it does occur. Other genes expressed in this program include those that cause cells to unduly proliferate.
“We found that multiple immune evasion mechanisms, and other hallmarks of cancer growth, are strongly co-regulated with each other in this resistance program,” said Livnat Jerby, a postdoctoral fellow in Regev’s lab and first author on the paper. “Certain mutations in these pathways have already been reported to confer immunotherapy resistance, but here we show that there is a shared regulatory program controlling their expression.”
Once the researchers understood this molecular strategy, they began exploring ways to suppress it and sensitize melanoma tumor cells to immunotherapy. Mining data across hundreds of human cell lines, the team predicted that a class of cancer drugs called CDK4/6 inhibitors, which are already known to suppress cell proliferation, could in part reverse the resistance program in cells.
In a mouse model of extremely immunotherapy-resistant melanoma — which expressed the newly discovered resistance program at high levels — the CDK4/6 inhibitors dramatically improved responses to immunotherapy, and the combination approach significantly slowed or eradicated tumors in roughly half the mice.
“It’s unclear what all of CDK4’s activities might actually be, but our data indicate that it could be a ‘master regulator’ of this resistance program,” said Jerby.
Based on this work, the researchers are pursuing a clinical trial to further test their findings. “Our work, along with that of colleagues studying the effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer and other diseases, provides a rationale for exploring combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors,” said Izar. “It’s exciting to see that our work may actually translate back into the clinic and make a difference for patients with resistant melanoma.”
Funding for this study was provided in part by the Klarman Cell Observatory, STARR Cancer Consortium, Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Ludwig Centers at MIT and Harvard, and National Cancer Institute (U24-CA180922, R33-CA202820, and K08-CA222663). | <urn:uuid:c5e69714-97ce-403f-9786-b10ca159a425> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2018/single-cell-analysis-reveals-how-melanoma-cells-resist-immunotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.937183 | 959 | 2.625 | 3 |
How We Hear
Understanding how we hear is crucial for understanding how hearing impairment occurs. Hearing is an incredibly complex and amazing sense which relies on a variety of mechanisms to function properly. The ear is able to transform moving air molecules into sounds by converting sound pressure to mechanical, then hydraulic, then electro-chemical energy, allowing us to experience a beautiful piece of music or a friend’s voice. For over 40 years, the professionals at Canary Hearing have been providing hearing testing and hearing care services for clients in Anne Arundel County and the Eastern Shore from our offices in Annapolis, Maryland and our patients know they can turn to us for exceptional service in a friendly and welcoming environment.
How We Hear
Although we have a good understanding of how sound moves through the ear, there are still many scientific mysteries about how the brain processes and translates these stimuli into what we hear. What we do know is that there is an important distinction to be made between “hearing” a sound and “understanding” what we hear.
There are two major components to understanding the words or sounds we hear:
Reception of sound
If you have difficulty hearing sounds that you should be hearing, this is an indication that you have issues with the reception of sound. A simple hearing test can determine if there is a problem with sound reception and hearing aids can help greatly by amplifying sounds you have trouble detecting.
Processing of sound
If your brain has difficulty with interpreting or processing what you hear then the issue is with processing of sound. A full hearing evaluation can determine if there is a problem with sound processing. Unfortunately, hearing aids cannot help with processing problems, only issues with reception.
When you have both good reception and good processing skills, only then can you reach understanding.
So why do processing and reception matter?
Simply put, hearing instruments can help you with the reception of sound, but they cannot help you process what you hear. Most people have a good understanding and simply have issues with the reception of sound so they benefit a great deal from amplification of sounds they would normally not hear. Some people have compromised sound processing and do not benefit as much from amplification, in which case hearing aids provide more limited benefit.
When you begin to notice trouble with your hearing, you need to understand what is causing the problem.
- Is it just a reception problem (hearing loss)?
- Is it an auditory processing problem?
- Is it a combination of the two?
Knowing the answers to these questions will allow you to have clear and realistic expectations about what kind of help is available. There is no substitute for a thorough consultation with someone you can trust. | <urn:uuid:1d3824b9-e504-4eed-8475-24c4ca5b2164> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.canaryhearing.com/how-we-hear-hearing-aid-center-annapolis-easton-maryland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057018.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920040604-20210920070604-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.946734 | 545 | 3.5 | 4 |
In late August 1619, “20 and odd” captive Africans first touched the soil at Point Comfort (now Fort Monroe National Monument), part of England’s new colony in Virginia. These men and women had been stolen from their homes in Africa, forced to board a ship, and sailed for months into the unknown. The first Africans in an English colony, their arrival is considered by many historians to be the beginning of a 400-year story filled with tragedy, endurance, survival, and a legacy of resilience, inequality, and oppression.
These first Africans in Virginia were not the first Africans in North America, but they were a significant part of the ever changing Atlantic world during the colonial era. Their travels and experiences represent those of more than 12.5 million other captives, who were taken from Africa to be sold in the Americas during the five centuries of the transatlantic slave trade. Their story marks an important historical transition, as the North American colonies began to turn away from indentured servitude and instead rely on chattel slavery. (See also: It was America’s first colony. Then it was gone.)
Slavery In Africa
On the west coast of central Africa in the 1600s, the Portuguese were in the midst of a war with Ndongo, a powerful west African kingdom located between the Lukala and Kwanza rivers, in present-day Angola. The people of Ndongo lived in developed cities and towns surrounding their capital city, Kabasa. The capital was where royalty lived, along with approximately 50,000 citizens. In 1618, Portuguese forces aligned with Ndongo’s adversaries, neighboring Imbangala mercenaries, to invade the kingdom. They captured thousands of prisoners to sell into slavery. | <urn:uuid:684c3510-25bd-4916-a3b3-e8dfd0ccfe75> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.kolumnmagazine.com/2019/08/13/400-years-ago-enslaved-africans-first-arrived-in-virginia-national-geographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213006.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924002749-20200924032749-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.97515 | 357 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Geology and geomorphology
The Ukrainian part of the Eastern Carpathians, like the whole Carpathian arch, is attributed to the Alpine geosynclinal belt. The mountains form part of the northern branch of the Alpine folded region. The composite folded-cover structures, which form the mountains, have appeared, mainly, as a result of the Cainozoic (Alpine) folding. There are two main tectonic zones in the Carpathians - the External flysch Carpathians and the Internal lime-crystalline-volcanic Carpathians, edged with the Pre-Carpathian marginal trough and Transcarpathian internal trough. The Ukrainian Carpathians - are mainly the External Carpathians, since the second zone is deeply descended and concealed under the neogene sediments. Some native geomorphologists refer to the Internal Carpathians, within the whole territory of Ukraine, only the Marmaroska zone. The natural boundary-line between the External Carpathians and Transcarpathian trough is the Pennine zone. In geological structure of the territory prevail the layers of lime and palaeogene flysch - sandstones, siltstones and mudstones; here and there, occur the outlets of the Jurassic limestones (Pennine or Strimchakova /Cliff/ zone) and palaeozoic crystalline schists (Marmaroska zone). The volcanogenic formations are represented by andesites, basalts and tuffs (the Volcanic Carpathians).
The Ukrainian Carpathians are middle altitudinal mountains, and do not reach the snow-line. The most raised parts of the summit's cover are typical for Chornohora (2061 m), Marmaroskiy crystalline massif (1946 m), Svydovets (1883 m), Horhany (1836 m). The present-day relief was formed owing to the uneven latest raises (in Pliocene - Quarternary Age) and the erosional breaking up. The smaller resistance of the flysch rocks against denudation - the reason of typical for the Carpathians smoothed relief forms. The hardness and durability of the crystalline rocks of the Marmaroskiy massif have determined the strongly breaked up relief of this territory with the deep gorges, sharp ridges and summits. The traces of pleistocene icing - kars, glacial cirques, trough valleys and moraine are represented in Chornohora, Svydovets and Marmarosh. The Pennine zone is characterized by numerous rocky outlets of limestones and dolomites of the Trias, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Ages in a form of isolated cliffs. The karst phenomena is well marked in this zone, especially its underground forms - caves, pits, grottos.
The Carpathian biosphere reserve is located on the south-western megaslope of the Eastern Carpathians' Ukrainian segment. Most of the protected massifs are located in the folded region, mainly in zone of the External (flysch) Carpathians (Chornohirskiy, Svydovetskiy, partly Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhanskiy protected massifs, regional landscape park "Stuzhytsa"), and also in Marmaroska zone (Maramoroskiy and Kuziyskiy massifs) and zone of the Pennine cliffs (southern part of Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhanskiy massif). Only the "Valley of Narcissi" massif and botanical preserves "Chorna Hora" and "Yulivska Hora" are located outside the zone of the folded Carpathians - in the region of Transcarpathian internal trough (Khustsko-Solotvynska hollow and the Volcanic Carpathians). | <urn:uuid:a4706634-5d88-476e-b072-4d370a238996> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://cbr.nature.org.ua/rec.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423927.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722082709-20170722102709-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.891927 | 827 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Raptors-in-Residence: Monitoring Bald Eagles at Lake Chabot
Bald eagles, an iconic symbol of our national pride and heritage, can be found in the East Bay. Last July I wrote about a pair of bald eagles that raised their first chick near Lake Chabot Regional Park in San Leandro. They’re back for the second year and have successfully hatched another chick. Before fledging, it got ready to leave the nest by “branching” which involves lots of hopping around, wing-flapping and venturing out onto nearby tree limbs. Here’s a short video of the juvenile, filmed by Mary Malec, 2-3 days before it left its nest:
Mary is an eagle monitor along with biologists from the East Bay Regional Parks Stewardship Department. Mary has also monitored other raptors — such as peregrine falcons and golden eagles — for the GGRO (Golden Gate Raptor Observatory) for close to 8 years. Through her volunteer work overseeing these birds and their nests, she’s been able to capture stunning photos that are shared on her Flickr account.
Late September was the last time Mary saw the bald eagle fledgling. She observed a second-year sub-adult at Lake Chabot in April of this year. It’s hard to know if that was the young from last year’s nest coming back, or if it was some unrelated juvenile passing through the area. It didn’t stay.
If you want a chance to see the eagles, you can check them out in the next couple of months at Lake Chabot. I was lucky to see the eagle parents both times I hiked at the lake on the West Shore Trail. The best view is from the Alder Point fishing area. You can also get good views from the dam, although now that the juvenile is airborne, they might be anywhere around the lake. The nest is well hidden and I haven’t been able to spot it.
The eagles’ nesting area was near a long-time great-blue heron rookery. The herons have since moved out to the island in the middle of the lake for this year’s chick-raising marathon, giving the eagles plenty of space to raise their own. Here’s a rare video Mary took of the eagle chick in the nest:
An interesting fact: the underside of an eagle nest is surprisingly a pretty safe place to raise a family if you’re a house finch; they have used the underside of the nest to raise their own brood both this year and last. Mary said she’s seen the eagle chick watching the finches come and go.
You can find other sites to observe bald eagles through the Department of Fish and Wildlife’s website or one of these nest cameras. Please remember to stay on the trails and out of restricted areas for your protection — and to keep our eagles coming back each year to our lake. A pair of bald eagles attempted to nest last year on Crystal Spring Lake, but unfortunately abandoned their nest site (perhaps due to human activities.)Related | <urn:uuid:0d6af818-7b4c-480e-b891-4a526a99bd92> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/07/03/raptors-in-residence-monitoring-bald-eagles-at-lake-chabot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776419693.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234019-00052-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96276 | 655 | 2.546875 | 3 |
American small towns circa 1900, whether they are viewed as cozy and homey nests of family life or as bleak Main Streets peopled by philistines, were indisputably colorless. They were dusty in the summer, blanketed by snow in the winter; the only relief was a red-brick courthouse or an occasional flower garden. Except for a few days every summer.
When the circus came to town, it was heralded (the week or so before) by gaudy, vibrant posters that plastered every fence and wall with roaring lions, elegant ringmasters in top hats, death-defying tightrope walkers and capering clowns—all in the brightest shades of red, blue, green and yellow.
In those days before movies, radio and the widespread use of telephones, there were very few ways of capturing people's attention about upcoming events. Two weeks before one of the big circuses was to appear in a town, the advance train puffed into the station. It was loaded with bill posters; banner men, who hung cloth banners on tall buildings; lithographers, who decorated store windows with posters; and programmers, who distributed handbills, as well as thousands of sheets of posters. In the case of one large circus, the advance train traveled with around 914,000 sheets of paper, which worked out to be about 627 posters per town. Sometimes, if a rival circus was scheduled to show up a few weeks later, its posters would be papered over the first circus's announcements. No wonder a town sang with color when the circus was coming.
The circus poster business was a big one, both for the circuses and for the printers that supplied the artwork. In their heyday, between 1880 and 1930, a circus spent most of its budget on advertising, while producing circus posters was one of the principal sources of income for the printing industry.
Even the earliest incarnations of the circus were announced with bills. A Mr. Poole advertised his 1786 show with printed materials, and in 1793 a man named John Bill Rickets produced the first full circus in America, distributing printed bills to bring in audiences. Just four decades later, in 1833, circuses were using large posters, seven or eight feet in length, to advertise their presence. As early as 1847, color printing, using wood blocks inked with different colors, had become a staple of the poster business, and by 1872 P. T. Barnum, arguably the greatest showman of all time, advertised his traveling circus with giant color posters.
In Europe, around the same time as circuses in the United States started appearing, an innovation occurred in printing that was to have a major impact on how posters were made. Lithography, the process of printing an image that had been drawn on stone, was developed in the late 18th century. Employed to some extent by a handful of firms from the 1840s onward, it was not used for printing circus posters until the 1870s. When it became the standard method of printing, lithography defined the basic unit for a poster, which was known as a sheet. A sheet was a piece of paper 28 inches by 42 inches on which an image was imposed. The dimensions approximated the size of a lithographer's stone that a man could handle easily. From the 1870s on, nearly all circus posters were printed in fractions or multiples of a sheet: A half sheet (often used for window posters) was 28 inches by 21 inches; a two sheet was 42 inches by 56 inches; and a three sheet was 42 inches by 84 inches. Large posters, displayed in parades, used as many as 32 sheets. The Strobridge Lithographing Company, one of the big circus printers, produced as many as two and a half million posters every year through the 1870s. The business grew steadily in the following years and was fulfilling orders in the millions for some clients. In 1911 the Barnum Bailey Circus commissioned from Strobridge's salesman A. A. Stewart 34 sizes and designs, including 2,000 copies of a 32-sheet parade poster and 5,000 one sheets to pass out during the parades—altogether, 121,600 posters that totaled 1,474,800 sheets.
These enormous orders, as well as more modest ones for smaller operations, were printed during the winter and then sold to the circuses, which paid for them as they were used over the summer—a system that made the circus and the printer even more interdependent. Most circus lithographs were printed in four or five colors, using a separate lithographer's stone for each color. Often, circuses chose their posters from the printer's stock images—lions, elephants, clowns, acrobats, bareback riders—and the outfit's name was simply added. The printer then made separate small sheets naming towns and dates in bold colors that could be attached to the images. Because each circus's tour was carefully plotted to anticipate their rivals' appearances, there was room for espionage, and the circus had to trust the printer to keep the date sheets, as they were called, confidential.
There were dozens of printing houses. Among the major ones were the Strobridge and Enquirer firms, of Cincinnati; Donaldson, of Newport, Kentucky; Riverside, of Milwaukee; Erie, of Erie, Pennsylvania; and Courier, of Buffalo, which served circuses ranging from small one-ring shows to the major organizations that have become mythic in the American memory.
The millions of posters that brought colorful life to towns across the nation for over 50 years were often saved and have been gathered in such institutions as the International Circus Hall of Fame in Peru, Indiana, where many circuses had their winter quarters; the Ringling Museum of the American Circus in Sarasota, Florida, where the Ringlings established winter quarters in 1927; and the Library of Congress, which holds more than 600 posters. The McCaddon Collection, at Princeton University's library, with more than 400 posters, consists of the working papers of the Barnum Bailey partnership prior to its merger with Ringling Bros. in 1907; the posters, correspondence, scrapbooks and costume and wagon designs were accumulated by Joseph T. McCaddon, who was business manager of the circus at the turn of the 20th century.
Jack Rennert, collector, author and auctioneer of posters for more than 40 years and the president of the International Poster Center in Manhattan, points out that "in most areas of poster art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, America followed European design, mainly French creations. It was only in show posters—meaning posters that showed magic acts and circuses—that the United States led. When Buffalo Bill, Barnum Bailey and the Ringlings took their shows to Europe with dynamic posters created by such firms as Strobridge and Enquirer, the Europeans learned from their designs." Adds Rennert, "America would not be innovative again like this in poster art until the designs for rock bands in the 1960s." | <urn:uuid:1e06356d-4128-4841-84b3-afd9041a444f> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/circus-posters-article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281363.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00055-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980464 | 1,441 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Opinion | What can India teach us about start-ups?
Instead of chasing large, mature firms from other locations, India would do better to focus on its small enterprise sector
The role of entrepreneurship and start-ups in job creation has a long intellectual tradition. While the great giants of economic history recognized the link between start-ups and job creation, controversies remain. Do small or large enterprises contribute more to job growth? Do small entrepreneurs represent a “push” entrepreneurship, where entrepreneurs start a business out of necessity, rather than “pulled” in by great opportunities? Why do some cities attract more entrepreneurs? Are there big differences in business drive across male- and female-headed enterprises? What lessons can be drawn from India’s experience with entrepreneurship and start-ups?
Empirical evidence has shown that there is a very strong link between start-ups, especially small enterprises, and job growth in India (see ‘Who creates jobs’—Ejaz Ghani, William Kerr, and Stephen O’Connell, World Bank). There is a strong upward relationship between employment growth and the number of start-ups.
Evidence also suggests that the rate of new start-ups in India is too low, given the youth bulge, and its stage of development. A comparison of the new business registration density in India with the rest of the world confirms that the number of start-ups in India is low, although it is trended upwards and has improved. Demographic dividend and youth bulge in India has increased the need for a rapid increase in the number of start-ups to create more jobs. Nearly 1 million new workers will join the labour force every month for the next two decades. This is equivalent to the entire population of Sweden joining the labour force every year. So, the rate of start-ups need to increase to cope with India’s demographic trends.
Entrepreneurship and the rate of start-ups are more fluid in India compared to an advanced economy such as the US. This may be due to India being at a much earlier stage of development compared to the US. There is also huge heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of start-ups within India. What explains heterogeneity across cities and states? Anticipation of abnormal returns is not the key driving force, and demographics have limited explanatory power. The two key factors that predict the start-up rate are local education levels and the quality of local physical infrastructure. These patterns are true for both manufacturing and services.
Human capital, especially education, is more important for start-ups. Technology penetration, as measured by the number of internet users, is also strongly associated with more start-ups in services. Education improves skill and spreads ideas faster and wider. There are well-understood limits to the pace with which countries can accumulate physical capital, but the limitations on the speed with which the gap in human capital can be closed are less clear. Because of the strong link between human capital and entrepreneurship, policymakers should remove any constraints that restrict the growth in the quality and quantity of local educational institutions.
Physical infrastructure is more important for manufacturing than services. It is essential for supporting a modern economy. Goods and services cannot be produced and delivered without roads, electricity and internet. And moving people is as important, if not more important, as moving goods. Investing more in roads, bridges and schools is an essential part of developed economies. This is even more fundamental in developing countries, where there’s much more to be done than in advanced economies.
India’s employment growth in the manufacturing sector has displayed two under-appreciated facts. First, much of the employment growth has come in the form of small enterprises, accounting for over 80% of jobs in the manufacturing sector. Second, the rate of start-ups in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector has increased in the tradable sector, but contracted in the non-tradable sector (see ‘Informal Tradable and Employment Growth of Indian Manufacturing’—Ghani, Kerr, Segura, World Bank). While it may not be surprising that manufacturing employment growth has followed from improved connectivity and trade reforms, the degree of imbalance towards SMEs is too strong to ignore. Globalization has promoted the rise of SMEs.
Reflective of its manufacturing prowess, Gujarat has shown the most robust growth across various dimensions of SME growth. SME growth is much stronger in the leading states, perhaps twice the rate of that in lagging states. However, the variation across states is much less than the differences observed between tradable and non-tradable industries.
What about women-headed new enterprises? Despite its recent economic advances, India’s gender balance in entrepreneurship and start-ups remains among the lowest in the world. Empirical results suggest that inadequate infrastructure affects women entrepreneurs more than men, because women are often responsible for a larger share of and, often, more time-consuming activities. In particular, transport infrastructure and paved roads within villages play an important role. Travel in India can be restrictive and unpredictable, and women face greater constraints in geographic mobility imposed by safety concerns and social norms. In addition, better electricity and water access may reduce the burden of women in providing essential household inputs for their families and allow for more time to be directed toward entrepreneurial activities.
There are several policy levers that can be used to increase the number of start-ups in India. Instead of being preoccupied with firm-chasing and attracting large mature firms from other locations, think small. Small enterprises are India’s strength, not its weakness, as they create more jobs, and the large number of SMEs has positioned India well to cope with potential twists and turns in globalization, rising inequality and disruptive technology. Job growth is predicted by higher concentrations of small and young establishments. Think small.
Ejaz Ghani is lead economist at the World Bank.
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He would resent an affront to himself, or interpose to redress a wrong offered to another, as boldly and freely as any knight that ever set lance in rest; but he lacked that peculiar excess of coolness and great-minded selfishness, which invariably distinguish gentlemen of high spirit.
…a greater wonder had he or she done well, than even they had they done ill; how much injustice, misery, and wrong, there was, and yet how the world rolled on, from year to year, alike careless and indifferent, and no man seeking to remedy or redress it; when he thought of all this, and selected from the mass the one slight case on which his thoughts were bent, he felt, indeed, that there was little ground for hope, and little reason why it should not form an atom in the huge aggregate…
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Action must be taken to redress the wrongs of the past. | <urn:uuid:f52f1fd1-e974-459a-b267-099c46249db1> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.verbalworkout.com/ub/ub106/ub10692833.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946314.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424002843-20180424022843-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.981866 | 205 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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This page was created to give secondary and college level Environmental Science, Earth Science, Geology and Oceanography teachers a resource for teaching about issues related to our planet's health. Teachers are encouraged to share their ideas, activities, videos, podcasts and labs. This site is meant to be collaborative. Feel free to develop a lesson for one of the topics on this page, or another page, and post it. For more information on the lessons, links, and videos contained on this site, go to our "
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2011 APES Reading Professional Night Presentation
Susan Postawko of the University of Oklahoma was our professional night speaker. She gave a great presentation on energy myths. The presentation provides statistics to refute student misconceptions on the use of condesent bulbs, the loss of jobs from switching from fossil fuels to green energy and others. Susan has graciously given permission for teachers to use the presentation in your classroom. You can download the presention from Slideshare.new at -
Energy Facts and Fiction.pptx
Energy Facts and Fiction
2012 APES Reading Professional Night Presentation
Paul Weihe of Central College was the Speaker. This presentation combined a short talk on wetlands, with a discussion of resources for teaching Environmental Science, then a segue into a "brainstorming session" where attendees wrote ideas on flip charts and networked. The Powerpoint slideshow and a summary Word document are here:
APES professional night 2012.ppt
APES Reading 2012 Brainstorming.docx
New Environmental Reader
Looking for something to add to your class for those students who want to learn more about a topic? I've started to post great articles from various sources that students can read and report on to the class. I've created a common question set that can be used with most of these articles. The questions follow Blooms taxonomy and promote problem-based thinking. Feel free to upload specific questions for each article. I'll try to add one article about every week.
New Environmental Talk Show
Stay tuned for our new talk show on the environment. Each month from September to April we will have a speaker on the environment. These shows will focus on basic information you need to know for your APES class on that particular topic and then address a specfic topic currently being researched by one of our speakers. The show will air on Wednesday evening at 8 pm EST. Each show will be recorded and archived on the
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gives students an opportunity to weigh in on environmental issues. About every 7-10 days a set of free-response questions are provided on an environmental issue. Many teachers are using these questions to prepare students for the national environmental science exam. Blogging allows participants to see other students' responses and to discuss with their peers about how they can improve their answers. Please join the
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Turn off "Getting Started" | <urn:uuid:243b2ec2-7a6b-4ebf-863b-112945183664> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://goapes.wikispaces.com/home?responseToken=0ece82454363e6fb96e1f48edfae62f6e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189525.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00305-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884213 | 897 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Before you became a parent, everyone told you how much joy a child would bring into your life. And that promise has certainly come true. But nobody warned you about the worries that would come along with parenthood.
While it’s been a great experience watching your children grow from infancy to adolescence, you know that the teenage years can be the most dangerous of all. Your child has begun to learn to treasure her independence, self-reliance, and judgment—and that sometimes means paying less attention than she should to wise advice from adults. Even your advice.
And now she’s learning to drive.
Three principles for keeping your child safe on the road
You want your daughter to be a safe Pennsylvania driver. From your own experience, you know that there are two complementary parts to safe driving:
- Personal responsibility behind the wheel—so you don’t endanger yourself, your passengers, and other people.
- Alertness to road conditions and other drivers’ mistakes—so you can anticipate and avoid dangerous situations, and reduce your chances of being involved in a Pennsylvania traffic accident.
- Your child has to learn these for herself. You can’t step in and do the job for her. However, you can give her the enormous advantage of your experience. You can become an essential part of her learning process—and the bond between you will become stronger for your efforts.
Follow these three principles to help prepare your child for her future as a safe driver in Pennsylvania:
- Communicate. Talk to your child often about your expectations for responsible driving, car upkeep, and acceptable behavior. Now is the time to finally have that talk about drinking and driving. Make sure you discuss important safety issues, such as seat belt use, texting and cell phone use, and the distraction of friends in the vehicle. Share lessons from your own experiences on the road.
- Commit. Budget time from your schedule to ride with your child as she practices driving. Observe her in as many different weather and traffic conditions as possible. Be generous with safety tips that you have learned; you’ll be surprised how often helpful advice will occur to you. Take time to address her questions and apprehensions.
- Model. Don’t just rely on your words to convince your child you’re serious about Pennsylvania road safety; your behavior behind the wheel should reinforce your safety messages. Show you’re a smart driver by reducing distractions, controlling your emotions, and following traffic rules. Give your daughter an example she will want to emulate.
When your teenager is learning to drive in Pennsylvania, everything you do to get involved will pay off later in life. Unfortunately, all the precautions in the world cannot control every risk. If you or your daughter becomes a victim of a traffic accident in Dauphin County or the surrounding communities, you need information fast. Contact a auto accident lawyer in Harrisburg from Schmidt Kramer by calling 717-888-8888 or (717) 888-8888 toll-free to schedule a free, confidential case review. Just for calling, we will send you a FREE copy of our client book, Who Pays The Bills When You Are Injured In An Automobile Accident?, as an introduction to our firm. | <urn:uuid:14aa6ac3-8402-41c5-bff5-fc1cb7ecdf7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.schmidtkramer.com/library/your-teenage-driver-a-guide-for-parents.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.962691 | 669 | 2.875 | 3 |
The knowledge economy and other contemporary realities in developed countries have underlined the importance of higher education institutions as agents for socio-economic transmission and transformation in the 21st century. Most of these institutions have dramatically increased their participation rate to 20%, while others are aspiring for 40%. Developing countries are also attempting to increase their participation rates in order to participate more effectively globally. An increased demand is a worldwide tendency in higher education.
This demand has been met with an increased supply by means of the development of new information technologies, growth of public and private provision and increased cross- and trans-border provision of higher education. This has widened access to and choice of higher education institutions and programmes. However, the demand also increased the risk of students being exposed to poor quality higher education. Many so-called 'fly by night' institutions or 'degree mills' have emerged, which capitalise on the demand for higher education.
The situation is aggravated by the concomitant problem of student illiteracy about higher education. False claims are often made about institutions, the quality of their programmes and their accreditation status, to which ill-informed students fall prey. There is a need for students to be empowered in order to evaluate the accuracy of claims and to make informed decisions about institutions and programmes. Students need to know what constitutes quality higher education institutions and quality programmes. Apart from students, quality literacy is also becoming increasingly important for employers and the general public.
The UNESCO brief for this paper includes:
- A desktop study mapping of existing tools for informing students on quality on higher education provision worldwide.
- A strategy for developing tools for empowering students to make informed decisions to evaluate the learning experiences offered by higher education level. This strategy should include key questions concerning the learning experience and status of the institution and lessons learnt from the experiences of South Africa in developing quality literacy for students.
This study will propose a possible framework for developing quality literacy among potential and other students in South African higher education. The framework is informed by approaches and strategies which have been successfully implemented in some other countries. The study has certain limitations. It has been largely restricted to a desktop search via the Internet and only English websites were searched. Examples include little information directly from higher education institutions, but all full members of the International Network for Quality assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE) have been approached for information and analyses have been made of some articles and manuals. Apart from this, quality literacy has until recently not directly formed part of the author's responsibilities at the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC) of the Council on Higher Education (CHE) in South Africa.
Defining Quality Literacy and Empowerment
br> Quality literacy and empowerment builds to a large extent on the ability to effectively deal with information, i.e. information literacy. According to Norgaard (2003), information literacy is geared towards accessing, evaluating and using information within larger cultural, historical, social, economic and political systems. It should not be seen as a reductive function or in performance terms, but more as a skill, whether in the library or on the Internet. A robust sense of information literacy has at the heart evaluative and integrative concerns, i.e. how we judge and evaluate information and integrates it into effective communication. One can, therefore, argue that in order for students to access and make judgements about information about quality, they need to have a proper understanding of information literacy.
First-time student entrants need to make informed decisions about the quality of institutions and programmes, which entails an evaluation of the available information. Is the information about institutions, programmes and quality assurance agencies reliable, accurate and legitimate? Is the institution legitimate or a 'degree and accreditation mill'? How can one know whether a programme is of a good quality and not a just a quick money-making scheme?
It is crucial for students to acquire quality literacy skills to access, evaluate and use information about quality in order to make informed decisions about the choice of an institution and/or programme. Quality literacy for students entails the following aspects:
- Awareness of how the higher education institution and programmes work.
- Understanding what can be expected of a quality higher education institution and programme.
- Using quality related information to inform judgements and decisions about the quality of an institution and/or programme.
- Knowing how student opinion can best be heard and used in respect of the quality of institutions and programmes.
Quality empowerment entails the concept of agency - the ability not only to participate in but also to shape education. The quality of teaching and learning, for example, is shaped by engagements between the lecturer and the student. Students are equally responsible to shape the quality of their learning experiences. Empowered students have the ability not only to make the correct choices with regard to institutions and programmes, but also to play a positive role in promoting and enhancing the quality of education processes and outcomes. | <urn:uuid:3f3088f6-314f-4036-adae-fb32efec7b31> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.che.ac.za/publications/research/student-quality-literacy-and-empowerment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710764.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130124353-20221130154353-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.943645 | 998 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Naming, Self-Ownership and Identity in Beloved
The main characters in Toni Morrison's "Beloved" are former slaves; their main struggle, after having been stripped of their humanity and identity by the white men who owned them, is to reclaim self-ownership and form identities independent of those forced upon them by their owners under the system of slavery. Morrison uses the themes of naming and renaming to demonstrate the power of defining that slavery allows whites to hold over blacks, to assert that slavery as an institution rather than individual slave owners are responsible for crushing the identities of those who suffered under it, and to illustrate the struggle for blacks to stake out an independent identity after slavery.
The institution of slavery grants Mr. and Mrs. Garner, the owners of Sweet Home, the power to name their slaves. Although Morrison portrays the Garners as generally benign in comparison to other slave owners, their demeanor is largely irrelevant; it is not slave owners as individuals, but slavery as a system that oppresses and exploits the main characters, undermining their ability to form identities of their own. Whatever the Garners' intentions, their position over the slaves means that Paul D and his brothers inevitably lack...
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Already a member? Log in | <urn:uuid:6bff3604-3739-43f6-aace-262352b758a3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.gradesaver.com/beloved/essays/naming-self-ownership-and-identity-in-beloved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122621.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00513-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963779 | 321 | 3.578125 | 4 |
From the simple glass test tube to the thermally insulated flasks for storing flammable liquids in controlled temperatures, flasks vary in design to suit the purpose. Flasks are essential in laboratories. Used in many fields of scientific research such as marine biology, geology and medical science, they also serve industrial needs.
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The volumetric flask is analytical glassware. In the lab it is used for preparing solutions of known concentration in exact amounts. The volumetric flask is etch-marked to measure the volume of the solution inside precisely. The solid material used in the solution must be dissolved completely in less water than is needed to fill the flask to the etchmark. To be sure the measurement is exact, an eyedropper is used to add water to the fill line. The flask should be clean and dry to begin, with no drops left clinging to the inside of the neck as the water is dropped in. These drops could result in inaccuracy of measurement if they roll into the liquid after measuring.
The Erlenmeyer Flask
The Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) is probably of greater use in most laboratories than any other. The flask was invented by Emil Erlenmeyer in 1861. Now usually made of Pyrex, this flask is used for storing, mixing or heating chemicals. It has a narrow top that can be sealed with a stopper. When unsealed, the flask is often used as a beaker. The round-bottom flask, referred to as an Erlenmeyer bulb, is another of the same type of flask. It is kept upright with a cork ring. When used to heat a solution, the rounded bottom absorbs heat more evenly than does the conical Erlenmeyer flask.
Flasks for Science and Industry
There are many needs for flasks in both industry and in scientific research, and there are many kinds of flasks to fill those needs. Each is used for a specific purpose and may be called by another name, but, in fact, many are just modified versions of one of the more common flasks in the laboratory, such as the Erlenmeyer flask.There are boiling flasks, filtering flasks, multiple-neck flasks and reaction flasks. The distillation flask usually has a narrow neck and a side tube for distillation purposes. Flasks used for industrial purposes vary in size from the smaller lab glassware to huge containers used for shipping purposes and sizes in between, such as oxygen tanks or storage of propane and other gases.
The Dewar Flask
Vacuum flasks are used for a variety of purposes. Commonly thought of as the Thermos we all know, the vacuum flask was invented in 1891 by Sir James Dewar, a Scottish chemist and physicist. Its original purpose was to contain liquid nitrogen at controlled temperatures. The double-walled flask, actually a bottle within a bottle, was fused at the neck to seal the vacuum created between the walls. The vacuum protects the contents of the flask from outside heat. Now the Dewar flask has many other uses. Seed storage containers are patterned from the Dewar flask. The flask is used in laboratories to hold tissue cultures and transport or store flammable liquid gases. The Dewar flask even played a part in the success of NASA's Apollo 11 lunar mission. | <urn:uuid:1880e864-f135-4587-8a41-39a1087ed8d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.ehow.com/info_8447794_different-kinds-flasks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647612.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321102234-20180321122234-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.951245 | 680 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Tinker v. Des Moines: Establishing the Right
- 1969 Supreme Court ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines found that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate"
- Tinker established broad precedent of student free-speech rights
- More recent decisions have rolled back Tinker's broad protections
In 1969, the Supreme Court established a standard favorable to a broad interpretation of students' First Amendment rights in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines. The case began in 1965, when three Iowa public school students wore black armbands to school in silent protest against the Vietnam War. After being suspended by their principal, the students sued. When their case reached the Supreme Court four years later, the justices decided by a 7-2 majority that the First Amendment did apply to public school students. "It can hardly be argued," Justice Abe Fortas wrote in the majority opinion, "that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."61 As the Des Moines students' silent protest had not significantly disrupted the educational process, the school had no right to punish them for expressing their views. Most student journalists and their faculty advisers, in both high schools and universities, interpreted the broad Tinker standard to mean that administrators had no right to censor student expression in school newspapers.
But the Tinker standard always had its critics. One of the two dissenters in deciding the case, Justice Hugo Black, argued vehemently that the majority opinion was dangerously misguided. "I repeat," he wrote, "that if the time has come when pupils of state-supported schools... can defy and flout orders of school officials to keep their minds on their own schoolwork, it is the beginning of a new revolutionary era of permissiveness in this country fostered by the judiciary."62 While Black failed to sway his colleagues to his position in Tinker, his viewpoint—that student free speech rights ought to be narrowly limited in the interest of good discipline and educational effectiveness—has been echoed in more recent court rulings, which have significantly curtailed the student freedoms established in Tinker. | <urn:uuid:649f6e7d-0b98-4f81-979c-a480a1de65bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.shmoop.com/free-speech/tinker-v-des-moines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930443.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00319-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972164 | 430 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The gorgeous illustrations on every page of this book make learning about nature simple and fun. While children do fun indoor and outdoor plant and garden activities, they will glean important lessons about natural cycles and processes. Bravo to Brooklyn Botanic Garden for publishing this great guide! Nico
Brooklyn Botanic Garden—home of the oldest continuously operating children’s garden in North America— has created this handbook that helps parents, teachers, and community gardeners introduce kids to the pleasures of gardening. In addition to growing common plants from seed, children will become more aware of nature’s cycles and earth's ecology, and enjoy a variety of fun projects. | <urn:uuid:3f38a7b3-d1fa-4689-a5e4-469c6bd35cc7> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://earlyplayoutdoors.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/gardening-with-children.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.928332 | 131 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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Han Yu, portrait by an unknown artist; in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.—Courtesy of the Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
(born 768, Henan province, Chinadied 824, Chang'an) Chinese poet and prose writer, the first proponent of Neo-Confucianism. An orphan, he joined the Chinese bureaucracy and served in several high government posts. He attacked Daoism and Buddhism, which were then at the height of their influence, and sought to restore Confucianism to its former status. He revived interest in the writings of Mencius and other neglected Confucian classics. His own works were written in a simple prose style unlike the elaborate manner popular at the time, and he became known as the Prince of Letters.
Variants of HAN YU
Han Yu or Han Yü
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on Han Yu, visit Britannica.com.
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What made you look up Han Yu? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here. | <urn:uuid:982de96b-adbd-4a0e-8242-5caba3159698> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/han%20yu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164047228/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133407-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96506 | 257 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Dance Class Descriptions
BALLET: A dance style that promotes grace and poise but requires hard work, strength, flexibility, patience, and dedication. It takes tremendous discipline and lots of practice to learn the proper technique and perform it well. Ballet is an important technical basis for all forms of dance, particularly jazz. Pointe is an advanced form of ballet that requires a student to take a minimum of two classes per week for a number of years before they will be strong enough to advance to Pointe.
TAP: Uses intricate footwork and sound to create rhythmic variations to accompany a variety of musical styles. Can also be performed acapella. Metal taps on the shoes create variety in tones and beats.
JAZZ: A dance style that is full of leaps, turns, energy, fast-paced moves, and which uses all the muscles in the body. This ballet based technique encompasses strength, flexibility, endurance, extension, and placement. Can be set to a variety of musical styles. HIP-HOP: A free-form, street-style of jazz frequently seen in music videos and at clubs. This less technical jazz form is usually set to contemporary music.
LYRICAL: A blend of ballet and jazz is used to interpret the lyrics or emotion of a piece of music. Frequently set to ballads, classical, or alternative music.
COMBO CLASSES: Offer an introduction to two dance styles and are a good choice for young dancers who wish to experience a variety of dance forms while learning coordination and motor skills.
PRE-SCHOOL DANCE OR COMBO DANCE CLASSES: These classes are for 3-5 year old children who are now ready to begin dancing in earnest. They will learn basic steps and terminology. They will be trained in proper dance class etiquette and behavior. This includes an emphasis on adhering to the dress code, so please make sure your child is appropriately outfitted for class, including proper shoes and hairstyle (bun). The purpose of the dress code is to encourage concentration and minimize distractions. Uniformity in dancewear allows the teachers to assess how well the students are implementing the technique being taught, problems with alignment, and other important aspects of dance training. LEARN MORE
CREATIVE MOVEMENT: This non-recital class is intended for 2-4 year old children who are ready to be in a classroom environment. This means they must be able to follow verbal directions and be willing to participate in structured classroom activities. One Adult/Parent/Guardian is required to participate with their child. PLEASE LEARN MORE THROUGH THIS PDF
MODERN: A dance technique designed to develop the mind, body and spirit to be an expressive communicator through movement. Structured technical exercises that condition the body for strength, coordination and flexibility are developed. Physical activities which focus on the aspects of space, time, shape, and movement dynamics are explored.
ACRO DANCE: Acro is a style of dance that incorporates both strength and flexibility. Students begin by learning basic skill progressions such as forward rolls, back bends, cartwheels and handstands - then gradually progress to learn skills such as front ad back walk overs, back handsprings, and aerials. Acro is a great fundamental class that can be incorporated into all dance forms, and is very beneficial to those interested in cheerleading or dance team.
YOGA: A multi-style yoga evolved from studying & practicing many forms of yoga, meditation & pranayama (breathing), combining those teachings into a personal style.
ZUMBA: Zumba is the trademark name of a wildly popular form of aerobic exercise that is hailed as not only fun and energizing, but highly effective for burning calories. Zumba involves dance moves set to a Latin rhythm in classes that last one hour and are typically taught in a party atmosphere. Classes are fun, energizing and easy to follow, regardless of fitness level. | <urn:uuid:0031d7bc-1610-4c38-afc3-3c38b6461c16> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.ambassadorsofdance.com/classes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.9349 | 814 | 3.46875 | 3 |
While liver biopsies are powerful and reliable, they are also invasive, painful, limited and subject to complications. These effects may soon be a thing of the past for some patients thanks to new research showing PET imaging with the F-FAC radiotracer can be used as a non-invasive substitute. The study is featured in the October issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.
Sometimes immune cells work a little too hard, leading to attacks on our organs, especially in instances of organ transplant. What results is a lifetime reliance on immunosuppressant drugs, which need to be carefully administered to ensure they are working as intended without dangerous side effects. Physicians look for T cells to determine whether an organ is under attack, requiring a biopsy to sample tissues. Now, PET imaging might offer a non-invasive alternative in the case of immune cell attack on the liver.
To read the full statement, visit: www.snmmi.org | <urn:uuid:c2d51599-be75-4d6f-9d0a-67d80e5f3eb9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://easl.eu/news/new-study-evaluates-efficacy-of-pet-imaging-to-manage-chronic-liver-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.938825 | 196 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A visitor to Santa Monica, Calif., might walk right past the house at 1724 Pearl St. without noticing it. Other than masses of silver-leafed sage, feathery tufts of muhly grasses and other plants that take the place of a clipped lawn, little distinguishes the single-story home from its neighbors. Until you learn that a study by the city's sustainability office revealed the native landscaping at 1724 Pearl serves as a lean, green, resource-saving machine.
With plants that are native to California or adapted to local conditions, gravel pathways that absorb rainwater and other simple features, the native garden scrimps on resources in ways that make a neighboring, traditional yard at 1718 Pearl St. seem extravagant. The City of Santa Monica found the native landscaping cost $4,844 to maintain over six years, versus more than $18,000 for the traditional yard.
This Santa Monica garden/garden project is among those the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin and its national partners - the American Society of Landscape Architects and the United States Botanic Garden - have featured in an initiative that has created a buzz about developing eco-friendly landscapes. The projects are highlighted by the Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) partners because of what they show about the ways landscapes can be developed to harness nature's capabilities.
Read the complete feature story at Turning over a new leaf: Wildflower Center ecologists help spur land use transformation through national green landscaping initiative. | <urn:uuid:0d25e177-9ab9-4b7e-838d-8a4739e2eb18> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.utexas.edu/2011/02/14/turning-over-a-new-leaf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295966.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00027-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920812 | 310 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Colorado Talking Book Library
CTBL provides audio, Braille and large print books to people who cannot read standard print, keeping you connected to reading, stories and adventure.
An online resource for all things Colorado. Colorado Encyclopedia is the leading online reference work on the Centennial State, with more than 700 main entries on the state’s history and culture.
One major focus has been education. A quarter of Colorado Encyclopedia entries have been reconfigured for use by 4-12 grade students, with accompanying teacher resource sets and inquiry cards to encourage research on the state’s past.
Colorado Historic Newspaper Collections
Free access to more than 600,000 digitized pages, representing over 160 individual newspaper titles published in Colorado from 1859 to 1923. Browse and search for feature stories, society news, advertisements, photos, editorials and more. Click here to search within our catalog.
WorldCat lets you search the collections of libraries in your community and more than 10,000 libraries worldwide.
Ancestry® is an amazing tool for researching family history! Simple to use, this resource is stocked with billions of records, like census data, city directories, cemeteries, wills and probates, and immigration information. You can now use Ancestry® anywhere, even from home, through the Wellington Public Library! All you need is a library card. | <urn:uuid:386b7877-a9fd-4369-92fa-e4416dba8572> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://wellington.colibraries.org/resources/digital-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.907204 | 276 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Are you looking for an efficient mean of communication, then SIP is probably one of the best technology has to offer? In this article, you will go through the knowledge of SIP and its use for business communications.
Breakdown: What is SIP Trunking?
Session Initiation Protocol or SIP is a service offered by communication service providers which establishes a connection between Virtual Phone Number (VoIP) and Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Unlike in traditional telephony, where bundles of physical wires were once delivered from the service provider to a business, a SIP trunk allows a company to replace these traditional fixed Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) lines with PSTN connectivity via a SIP trunking service.
How Does SIP Trunking Work?
Basically, SIP provides VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) which works by transmitting the calls over the internet. In this way, it can provide numerous benefits to the person availing this service. This communication through the Internet is done by connecting the private branch exchange (PBX) to the Internet. The Internet actually replaces the telephone trunk allowing for communication by users with both fixed and mobile telephone subscribers throughout the world. SIP merges all voice, data and videos into a single line which combines your local, long distanced and broadband service into one line.
Advantages of Using SIP Trunking for Business
When it comes to business, SIP is a great option to choose because it provides a lot of exciting features.
Advantages over Traditional Phone:
Whereas before SIP you needed to carry voice, video, and data over one line by using a Primary Rate Interface (PRI), the SIP Trunking eradicates the necessity for gateways of Basic Rate Interfaces (BRI), Primary Rate Interfaces (PRIs) and PSTN.
The provisions of incoming, outgoing and Private Branch Exchange (PBX) are made by your VOIP business provider setting up a proxy server also known as a SIP proxy.
Your provider also does all technical support. This saves you both time and money since you will no longer need an IT team or an IT contractor.
SIP is Actually a Money Saver
SIP guarantees you a lower cost than most of the available communication services. SIP provides high-quality service with cheaper costs as it costs $20 to $30 per trunk, whereas analog circuits roughly cost $50 per circuit. Furthermore, SIP numbers that are toll-free are also available to you.
SIP Trunking providers may offer additional services, including:
- Encryption of voice calls to meet security needs
- Routing of calls to 911 services, with appropriate caller location information
- Failover to backup trunks and locations
- Ability to provision trunks via a web-based interface
- Interconnection with cellular networks so a call placed to a desktop phone also rings on a mobile phone
- Protection against toll fraud
- Denial-of-service (DoS) protection
- Virtual inbound phone numbers, including 800-number services
- Usage and performance reporting
- Ability to route calls to multiple locations based on call volume, the source of call or other policies
- Device Compatibility with SIP Trunking
You might already have several phones but are not aware of their compatibility with VoIP. The old phones can be made capable of synchronizing with VoIP if attached with an ATA (Analog Telephone Adapter) provided by a VoIP service.
But, it is much better to have an IP phone also called a SIP phone.
SIP Phones for VoIP Service
The best phones you can use with VoIP are SIP phones. These are specifically designed to be used for VoIP, and they have features and functionalities that other conventional phones don’t. An IP phone includes the function of a simple phone plus those of a telephone adapter.
Tablets, iOS, Android and PC’s
Nearly all VoIP apps that you install on smartphones and tablet PCs have softphones integrated, with a dial pad to compose numbers. Android and iOS are the two platforms that have more VoIP apps, but there exists a sufficient amount of those apps on other platforms like BlackBerry and Windows Phone. For instance, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Skype, and many others have versions of their apps for each of these platforms. | <urn:uuid:fdd43477-74c8-442a-b303-4980a22bd0c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://transparentvoip.com/sip_trunk.html.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511369.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004120203-20231004150203-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.931206 | 905 | 2.75 | 3 |
Tobacco is an annual plant belonging to the eggplant family. It's cultivation can be traced back earlier over 8000 years ago. It enjoyed widespread medicinal use from the beginning of the 16th century to the end of the 19th century. According to two privately printed monographs, the beneficial uses of tobacco were almost endless.
Between 1537 and 1559, books published in Europe and Mexico commonly referred to the medicinal uses of tobacco among the indigenous populations of the New World, with eyewitness accounts of its therapeutic application in general bodily ills, catarrh, colds, and fevers, as an aid to digestion and in prevention of hunger and thirst, as a purgative and as a narcotic.
During the sixteenth century, numerous herbs used in medicine had similar properties to tobacco and there were few ailments for which tobacco was not prescribed.
Even in the twentieth century, the therapeutic use of tobacco did not completely lapse. For example, in 1924, a salve made of burned tobacco leaves mixed with lanolin was said to be dessicant, stimulant and antiseptic for pruritus, ringworm, athlete's foot, superficial ulcers and wounds In 1926, studies showed that patients with post-encephalitic parkinsonism were treated with subcutaneous injections of nicotine, nine showed immediate improvement in muscular movement.
Tobacco has long been removed from pharmacopoeias and from medical practice, especially after it was found the leaves and juice could be used for cancers and skin disorders that could be matched to medications. This gave an incentive for pharmaceutical manufacturers to influence doctors and switch to drug-based treatments.
Tobacco and Nicotine are Not The Problem
Lung cancer was once a very rare disease, so rare that doctors took special notice when confronted with a case, thinking it a once-in-a-lifetime oddity. Tobacco and nicotine were certainly not the problem because we have a history of use with no lung cancer for hundreds of years.
After the isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves, the medical world became more mistrustful of tobacco as a general treatment, now aware that the plant was being combined with manmade chemicals in cigarettes.
Mechanisation and mass marketing towards the end of the 19th century popularised the cigarette habit, however, causing a global lung cancer epidemic.
Cigarettes were recognised as the cause of the epidemic in the 1940s and 1950s, with the confluence of studies from epidemiology, animal experiments, cellular pathology and chemical analytics. Cigarette manufacturers disputed this evidence, as part of an orchestrated conspiracy to salvage cigarette sales. Propagandising the public proved successful, judging from secret tobacco industry measurements of the impact of denialist propaganda.
As late as 1960 only one-third of all US doctors believed that the case against cigarettes had been established. The cigarette is the deadliest artefact in the history of human civilisation. Cigarettes cause about 1 lung cancer death per 3 or 4 million smoked, which explains why the scale of the epidemic is so large today. Cigarettes cause about 1.5 million deaths from lung cancer per year, a number that will rise to nearly 2 million per year by the 2020s or 2030s, even if consumption rates decline in the interim.
"We have always known that tobacco is not the problem," said Margalis Eichmann, Director of The Coalition Against
Lung Cancer. She further stated that tobacco smoke could be as harmless as cannabis smoke if we learned how to vaporize it.
Vaping Makes A Difference
Once upon a time, an American man by the name of Herbert Gilbert invented the first ever smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. The idea was to replace burning paper and tobacco with flavored steam, or vapor, that contains nicotine. It wasn’t until 2003 that this product actually hit the market thanks to a man by the name of Hon Lik from China who was able to successfully market the product.
Since then, health enthusiasts have claimed vaping is far more effective to extract the medicinal properities of plants such as tobacco and cannabis. It's more affordable, cleaner, healthier and with far less risks.
The only notable study that tried to paint a scary picture of vaping was published in the New England Journal of Medicine, back in early 2015. The study showed that when someone vapes at very high temperatures, a chemical called Formaldehyde -- a known carcinogen which is actually a degradation product of propylene glycol -- can be produced and inhaled. BUT this only happens with e-liquids. There are no known risks at all from those who vaporize pure herbs.
One main factor would be tar in combusting a plant is tar. There is none present in vapor whereas smoking anything will produce a thick and toxic byproduct. If you blow cigarette smoke out on a napkin it will turn yellow instantly however with vapor it will remain white. This gives us an idea as to what it may be doing to the inside of our lungs.
Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer-causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400 other toxins. This includes nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, DDT among many others. Vaping contains the pure vapor of the plant and since the technology is either convection or conduction, plants are heated gently and slowly extracted with every inhale.
“Less than half of current smokers in the UK believe that e-cigarettes are less harmful,” says Lion Shahab, at University College London. His team has screened urine and saliva samples from 181 people, looking for chemicals known to be linked to cancer. “What we found is that using e-cigarettes alone results in very low exposure to toxins and carcinogens,” said Shahab.
Compared with people who were currently smokers, the team found that former smokers who had been vaping only, for six months or more, had very low levels of some of the worst carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. NNAL, a chemical heavily linked to lung cancer, was 97.5 per cent lower in former smokers who now only vaped, compared with the average smoker.
A number of other carcinogens, including acrylonitrile, butadiene, and acrolein, were all much lower in the vapers. Former smokers who had switched to long-term use of nicotine patches or gums also had lower levels of carcinogens.
The researchers said the findings provided strong reassurance that vaping is safer than smoking. “I would bet my house on e-cigarettes being substantially safer than smoking,” said Robert West, another of the researchers from University College London.
“This paper adds to the body of evidence that e-cigarette use is less harmful than smoking,” says Linda Bauld at the University of Stirling, UK, and a cancer prevention adviser to Cancer Research UK, which funded the study. | <urn:uuid:dfb50d8c-ffad-4c62-9664-6d6dae818754> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://preventdisease.com/news/17/021017_Vaping-Decreases-Carcinogens-By-Almost-98-Percent.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521122245-20180521142245-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.965983 | 1,434 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Because Learning Sensor Kit
Our Sensor Kit includes everything young learners need to start building circuits, learning to code, collecting data, and developing skills for the jobs of the future.
The Sensor Kit is customized for young learners but flexible enough to grow with them.
What’s in the Sensor Kit?
Space Board Sensor
Onboard sensors include Temperature, Light, Infrared, Ultra Violet, RGB Light, Acceleration, Gyroscope, and Magnetometer).
Easily connect the display and sensor to the microcontroller!
Jumper Wires to Build simple Circuits
Resistors (Needed for Some Circuits – 330 Ohm (10) and 10,000 Ohm (10) Resistors)
Potentiometer (Used To Adjust Voltage In A Circuit)
4 Push Buttons
18 LEDs (Red, Yellow, Green)
1 RGB (Red Green Blue) LED that can be programmed to be a variety of different colors
9 Volt Battery Clip
The Sensor Kit is available as a free bonus for Because Learning subscribers – learn more and subscribe now.
Want to bring the Sensor Kit to your school or classroom? Learn more about our Classroom Launch Pack which includes 15 Sensor Kits and access to our 100+ Lessons.
The Sensor Kit is also available to purchase individually for $216.00. | <urn:uuid:c783e208-9aa5-4b8f-b774-059265912317> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://www.becauselearning.com/sensor-kit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.83085 | 302 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Pretty much everyone agrees the best way to address corporate carbon emissions starts with measuring them. Trouble is, there haven't been many ways for big companies – especially those with dozens if not hundreds of products and operations around the world -- to do this quickly.
That was one of things that motivated PepsiCo to team up with the Columbia University Earth Institute to come up with a better way of doing this.
The result is new software that borrows the same analytics and techniques that big Internet companies like Facebook or Netflix use to predict and make content suggestions -- such as movies you might like to see based on past ones you've viewed or advertisements that might be relevant given past Web browsing habits.
Together, Earth Institute's Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy and PepsiCo have created a massive database that generates environmental footprints quickly for more than 1,100 products.
The idea is to help companies like PepsiCo identify hot spots where more attention is needed. This, in turn, helps them prioritize on addressing those that might be having a more negative effect on the environment.
"For an environmental engineer, using such data to estimate how much the environment will 'like' certain products and services is especially rewarding," said Christoph Meinrenken, the project leader and an associate research scientist at the Earth Institute.
Added Klaus Lackner, director of the Lenfest Center:
"Fast carbon footprinting is a great example of how academic methodologies [coupled] with modern data processing and statistical tools can be brought to life and unlock their power in the real world."
The same ideas will be applied in the future to calculating water impact.
(Thumbnail image by Kevin Krajick/Earth Institute) | <urn:uuid:48078753-7ce1-4dda-8941-50d09b2a6a17> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.zdnet.com/article/how-much-does-the-environment-like-this-product-pepsicos-new-footprinting-tool-makes-educated-guess/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645330174.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031530-00347-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932512 | 343 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Natural margins of arable fields support small mammal populations
Tõnisalu, G. and Väli, Ü. (2018). Natural margins of arable fields support small mammal populations. 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. doi: 10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107965
© the Authors, 2018
Biodiversity conservation strategies in agricultural landscape often recommend keeping margins of arable fields in natural conditions. However, effect of such management method has been estimated only in limited number of taxa and quantitative analysis on the optimal width of such 'green margins' is seldom conducted. We analysed the potential effect of such management method on small mammals, which form an important part in the food chain and thus belong to keystones of the ecosystem. We measured abundance of three rodent species at ecotones between forests and three types of open agricultural biotopes (grasslands, rapeseed fields and cereal fields). The maximum density of rodents was found at the forest/grassland ecotone. Here the highest densities of the Yellow-necked Mouse Apodemus flavicollis and Striped Field Mouse A. agrarius were detected. The positive edge-effect did not exceed ten meters. Also the highest density of forest-dwelling Bank Voles Myodes glareolus was recorded next to grasslands, but the abundance of this species increased towards forest interior. Rodent densities at forest/arable field ecotones were 3-5 times lower than on the edges of grassland. Summarizing, our results support maintaining narrow grasslands at margins of crop fields. Such management practice would strengthen natural communities at ecotones, but also in adjacent open land and forests. ...
PublisherOpen Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä
ConferenceECCB2018: 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 12th - 15th of June 2018, Jyväskylä, Finland
MetadataShow full item record
- ECCB 2018
Showing items with similar title or keywords.
Soyumert, Anil; Erturk, Alper; Tavsanoglu, Cagatay (Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, 2018)Habitat diversity is maintained by fires in fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin, and fire is a significant driver of plant and animal diversity in such ecosystems. We studied large mammal species in a Mediterranean ...
The Oz Mammals Genomics initiative: developing genomic resources for mammal conservation at a continental scale MacDonald, Anna; Byrne, Margaret; Deakin, JanineJanine; Eldridge, Mark; Fitzgerald, Anna; Johnson, Rebecca; Palmer, Stephanie; Young, Andrew; Moritz, Craig; Oz Mammals Genomics Consortium, The (Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, 2018)The Australo-Papuan region has a unique mammal fauna, which faces unique threats and poses important evolutionary and ecological questions. Genomics has great potential to advance our understanding of the region's ...
Toivonen, Marjaana; Herzon, Irina; Rajanen, Hanne; Toikkanen, Jenni; Kuussaari, Mikko (Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, 2018)Crop pollination services are an often-used argument for supporting pollinators in agricultural landscapes. However, the link between pollinator occurrence in the proximity of fields and realized crop pollination service ...
Early modern state formation in the margins? A review of early modern popular politics and limited royal power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Spanish colonial empire Ijäs, Miia; Uusitalo, Lauri (Historian ja etnologian laitoksen tutkijat ry, Jyväskylän yliopisto, 2017)The traditional historiography of early modern state-building has usually followed the western European paradigm of historiography, the usual models being France, England, Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. Regions that do ...
Honma, Atsushi; Mappes, Johanna; Valkonen, Janne (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2015)Warning (aposematic) and cryptic colorations appear to be mutually incompatible because the primary function of the former is to increase detectability, whereas the function of the latter is to decrease it. Disruptive ... | <urn:uuid:ac497cd9-a9dc-41a9-a127-2d52d86bd567> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/62225 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.857859 | 978 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Causes of a herniated nucleus pulposus — sports participation
Participation in certain sports is one of the causes of herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) — a term used to describe a herniated disc. Sports contribute to this condition because of the stress placed on the spine through high impacts and repetitive motions.
While there is no way to eliminate the risk of developing a spine condition like HNP, there are steps you can take to more safely participate in your favorite activities. The following information can be helpful to people who are looking to either prevent or treat this condition.
What is a herniated nucleus pulposus?
The vertebral bodies in the spine are separated by spongy discs that absorb shock and allow for movement. These structures feature a tough outer wall, called the annulus fibrosus, and gel-like inner disc material, which is called the nucleus pulposus. Factors like age, injury and extra weight can weaken the annulus fibrosus, causing cracks and tears. A herniated nucleus pulposus develops when the nucleus begins to push through the weakened outer layer, which can cause symptoms by putting pressure on the surrounding spinal nerves.
How sports place stress on the spine
While being physically active is a great way to increase the strength and flexibility of the spine, certain activities can also accelerate degeneration by putting undue stress on spinal anatomy, including the joints and discs. Many sports involve jarring hits, which can damage the spine and have long-lasting effects even after a small injury heals. Other sports involve repeated twisting motions that put excess strain on the discs over time. Some examples of higher risk sports include:
Most athletes and enthusiasts are willing to accept the risks involved with their favorite sport even when they are aware of them. However, there are steps anyone can take to engage in athletic activity as safely as possible. This includes using safety equipment and proper technique as well as being in optimal physical condition and fully recovering between workouts, practices and events.
Upon diagnosis, HNP can be treated with a course of conservative treatment options like medication, physical therapy, massage, steroid injections, ice packs and heating pads. These and other methods are successful for many patients, with spine surgery usually being seen as a last-resort treatment option.
If surgery ever becomes a serious option, contact Laser Spine Institute. Our minimally invasive spine surgery uses a less than 1-inch incision to access the spine, sparing the muscles and leading to less risk of complication and a shorter recovery time compared to traditional open neck or back procedures.
To learn more about our outpatient procedures and to receive a no-cost MRI review to determine if you may be a candidate, contact Laser Spine Institute today. | <urn:uuid:b068ab7a-2f4e-4b38-8be0-6352b15e5777> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.laserspineinstitute.com/back_problems/hnp/causes/sports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.945355 | 560 | 2.75 | 3 |
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Study: flame retardant chemicals affect development in frogs
Flame retardant chemicals help keep foam and plastics from catching on fire. They’re called PBDEs. That stands for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
They’re in our couches, our office chairs and the padding under our carpet.
The problem is... they don’t stay put. Scientists have known for a while that the chemicals leach out of products and get into our bodies. Americans have the highest levels of anyone in the world.
Hundreds of peer-reviewed studies are suggesting links to problems with brain development, changes to thyroid systems, and fertility problems.
The chemicals are also widespread in the animal kingdom.
A new study in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry looks at how these chemicals might be affecting frogs.
Bill Karasov is one of the authors of the study. He’s been looking at how PBDEs affect the development of northern leopard frogs. His team fed the frogs a diet tainted with PBDEs at levels they would encounter in the wild.
“Even at all concentrations of PBDES down to our very lowest, the growth rate and rate of development of the tadpoles was slowed down. And we also found at the end of the study that the chemical had accumulated in their tissues.”
Karasov says they also saw increased mortality in the tadpoles.
He’s going on to study whether flame retardant chemicals affect frogs’ immune systems. | <urn:uuid:e70af490-d581-44d7-8d79-450456f7619d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://michiganradio.org/post/study-flame-retardant-chemicals-affect-development-frogs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651529/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00055-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941233 | 430 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How much is your health worth? Get the Nutribullet!
Work in progress. My neurofeedback app for Android will be available
in the Google Play Store when completed.
The Neurosky EEG headset I am wearing in the video is available
consume raw eggs as a way of making sure I get high quality protein and
fats into my diet.
would anyone eat the eggs in a raw form? Heating the egg protein actually
changes its chemical shape, and it is this change in the protein structure
which can easily be a cause of allergies.
The heating also destroys many of the nutrients and proteins found
inside the egg.
pops in people's minds when you talk about raw eggs are the risks of being
infected with salmonella.
is no doubt that salmonella is a serious infection. Its symptoms include
diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, feve, chills. The symptoms
of salmonella food poisoning can strike anyone, but they're more likely
to hit 3 groups: the elderly; children; and people with HIV, cancer,
or other diseases which impair the immune
is usually a self-limiting illness in healthy people
the truth is that salmonella is generally a benign self-limiting
illness in healthy people. The key principle to keep in mind here
is that if you are healthy a salmonella infection is not a big deal.
You may feel sick and have loose stools
for a day or 2, but this infection is easily treated by using high-quality
probiotics which contain friendly bacteria.
Take some probiotics every 30 minutes until you start to feel better,
and in most cases your condition will improve within a few hours.
risk of salmonella infection is usually only present in traditionally
raised commercial hens. If one purchases ones eggs from healthy
chickens, the risk of infection is dramatically reduced. It's important
to note that only sick chickens lay salmonella-contaminated eggs.
If you purchase high quality, cage-free, organically fed, chicken
eggs, the risks are dramatically reduced.
looks at studies which have been done to analyse the risks of contracting
salmonella from raw eggs, it is surprising to find out how low this risk
actually is. A study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2002 (Risk
Analysis April 2002 22(2):203-18) indicates that only 2.3 million,
out of the 69 billion eggs produced annually, are contaminated with salmonella.
really means that only 0.003 % of eggs are infected. Viewed another way,
only 1 in every 30,000 eggs is contaminated with salmonella, which shows
how uncommon this problem actually is.
those numbers, the average person would come across a contaminated egg
only once in 42 years.
the biotin-deficiency risks from eating too many raw egg whites?
whites contain a glycoprotein called "avidin" which binds
biotin - one of the B vitamins - very effectively. The cooking process
deactivates the avidin in the egg, much the same way it deactivates
every other protein in the egg white.
it is true that eating too many raw egg whites by themselves will
cause you to suffer from a biotin deficiency, the fact is that nature
created the egg in such a way that its yolk is very rich in biotin.
One of the highest concentration in nature. Eat the egg whole together
with the egg white and you will be fine.
Vonderplanitz, in his book We
Want to Live, is a strong proponent of raw eggs.
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Disclaimer: Throughout this website, statements are made pertaining to the
properties and/or functions of food and/or nutritional products. These statements
have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and these materials
and products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. | <urn:uuid:dad8c394-91db-4288-9898-a163b79f2cad> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/raw-eggs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133033.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00211-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935155 | 881 | 3 | 3 |
Black-footed cat (felis nigripes)
The black-footed cat (Felis nigripes) is a small wild cat distributed over South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. The habitats of this cat species are arid semi-desert and savannah. With an average mass of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) it is one of the smallest living species of cats. The head appears over-sized relative to the rest of the body. The fur is cinnamon buff to tawny or off-white with distinct solid blackish spots which are joined to bands behind the shoulders and that form rings around the legs and tail. As the name implies, the soles of the feet are black.
The black-footed cat is a solitary animal and is active at night and thus rarely seen. In the daytime it hides in springhare burrows, under rock slabs and shrubs, and within hollow termite mounds.
Due to its small size, the black-footed cat hunts mainly small prey species like rodents and small birds, but may also take the White-quilled Bustard and the cape hare, the latter heavier than itself. Insects and spiders provide less than 1% of the prey mass consumed. The black-footed cat is a shy animal that seeks refuge at the slightest disturbance. However, when cornered it is known to defend itself fiercely. Due to this habit and its courage it is called the “miershooptier” (anthill tiger) in parts of the South African Karoo, although it rarely uses termite mounds for cover and for bearing its young.
The black-footed cat is considered rare and it was recently listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.
A litter consists usually of two kittens, but may vary from one to four young. A female may have up to two litters during the southern hemisphere spring, summer and autumn. Kittens become independent with about 5 months of age but may still remain within their mother’s range. Within one year a female covers an average range of 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), a territorial male 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). The range of an adult male overlaps the ranges of 1-4 females The animal travels 8 km (5 mi) per night in search of prey. Energy requirements are very high, with about 250 grams (9 oz) of prey per night consumed, which is about a sixth of its average body weight.
There are possibly two subspecies: the smaller and paler Felis nigripes nigripes in the northern parts of southern Africa, and Felis nigripes thomasi, slightly larger and of darker colour, distributed in the south-east of South Africa. Specimens with characteristics of both subspecies are found close to Kimberley, central South Africa, where these distinctions break down. | <urn:uuid:7cfea16e-e8ff-46a7-b304-fea77151388b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wildcatsmagazine.nl/wild-cats/black-footed-cat-felis-nigripes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.955432 | 598 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Join Bill Weinman for an in-depth discussion in this video Reading with JOIN, part of PostgreSQL 9 with PHP Essential Training.
The Join keyword is used as a clause and select for retrieving data from two or…more tables in one query.…This can be a little bit confusing, so let's look at an example.…I'm going to select the world database. I am just going to go ahead and run this…query, and you'll see that I've got a list of country names and languages that…are spoken in those countries, and this is the query that produces that, and it…produces it from two different tables.…There is a countryLanguage table and there is a country table, so let's take a…look at these two tables.…We're just going to look at the first five rows from each of them, so the…countryLanguage table just has country code and the language, whether or not…it's the official language and the percent of the population that speaks that language.…
The country table on the other hand has a lot of stuff, but you'll notice…that it has a corresponding code and it's got the name of the country, and these…are the things that we're interested in.…So when we look at this Join query here, we see we are selecting From…
- Installing PostgreSQL
- Understanding database architecture
- Inserting, updating, and deleting data in a table
- Creating a database library
- Indexing ID fields
- Storing numbers, text, and Boolean values
- Reading data
- Using casts to force type
- Using mathematical functions
- Concatenating strings
- Working with date and time functions and operators
- Defining CRUD
- Using PHP to insert, read, update, and delete rows in a database
Skill Level Beginner
PHP with MySQL Beyond the Basicswith Kevin Skoglund10h 26m Intermediate
1. Quick Start
2. Creating a Database
3. Data Types
4. Storing and Reading Data
5. SQL Expressions
6. Mathematical Functions and Operators
Using math functions3m 2s
7. String Functions and Operators
8. Date and Time Functions and Operators
9. PHP Interfaces
10. Web Applications
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There are many research labs that have as their only purpose to study how we eat.
Dr. Barbara Rolls is a very well known nutrition researcher that has focused the work at her lab at the Penn State Department of Nutritional Sciences on the study of eating behaviour and weight management. One of the things that we’ve learned from work done at various labs is that we eat about the same amount of food each day. Dr. Rolls has done lots of studies on this and has indeed found that the weight of food a person eats is similar from day to day whereas caloric content will vary.
Consequently, according to Rolls, the trick to weight loss is to fill up on food without filling up on calories. She’s written a few books on what she calls the ‘Volumetric Eating Plan’. The principle is simple, if you eat foods that have lots of calories per bite- have a high caloric density- like chips, crackers and cookies- you’ll quickly eat too many calories and gain weight (or not lose the weight you want to lose).The key is water. Water adds weight but doesn’t add calories; it lowers the caloric density of foods. Adding foods that are water-rich to your diet will allow you to eat the same amount of food as usual, so you won’t feel deprived, while providing you with less calories, helping you to lose weight.
- If you have a broth-based soup or a salad (with a little or no dressing) before a meal , you’re likely to consume less total calories during the meal.
- Bulk up stews, chilis, casseroles and sauces with water-rich vegetables like tomatoes, broccoli and carrots.
- Sneak vegetables and fruit into your diet whenever possible.
- Add berries or other fruit to your cereal.
- Add lettuce, tomatoes and other vegetables into your sandwich or hamburger.
Rolls’ Volumetric Eating Plan also includes choosing foods high in fibre (vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes) that will help fill you up, lowering fat intake and exercise. | <urn:uuid:b616190f-e5ab-4636-860a-dc002ed536c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://nutritionnibbles.blogspot.com/2008/10/eat-more-weigh-less.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.953534 | 440 | 3.375 | 3 |
I was confused by Ruby’s variable assignment paradigm for a while, and even after reading this Stackoverflow thread and checking out out other threads about the same thing I was no closer to understanding it clearly. And in the words of the great Albert Einstein …
“if you can’t explain it simply you don’t understand it well enough”
I eventually figured it out by reading page 53-54 of what I think is the best Ruby book on the market right now, turns out its actually pretty simple to understand.
Ruby ALWAYS passes references to objects on assignment, BUT some types in ruby are stored in variables as immediate values because they are immutable.
For example (you can try these out in irb)
me = we = “we”
me #=> “we”
we #=> “we”
me #=> “WE”
we #=> “WE”
me = we = [1, 2, 3]
we #=> [1, 2, 3]
me #=> [1, 2, 3]
we << 4
we #=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
me #=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
Ruby does this for all its types, but with primitives that are immutable, namely integers, symbols, nil, and the booleans true and false, it takes a shortcut and actually stores the value IN the variable itself, because … what are you going to do? change an immutable object? 🙂
Pretty clever when you think about it IMO. | <urn:uuid:132ff234-edd7-480f-8d49-67f8501251dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.concept47.com/austin_web_developer_blog/2014/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516123.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023090235-20181023111735-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.927424 | 335 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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