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Whether your workout plan for the day consists of a light jog or a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) class, knowing what to eat before and after your workout can make or break your exercise routine.
Some people believe that since the goal of exercising is to burn calories, you should exercise on an empty stomach. This could not be further from the truth. Your body needs fuel to perform. Exercising on an empty stomach reduces the amount of energy you have to maximize your workout, limiting your ability to burn calories.
Think of your body like a car. It needs fuel to run. When your “gas tank” is empty, your body will begin to break down the amino acids in your muscles and convert them to glucose for energy. Instead of burning fat, you are in danger of damaging important muscle tissue.
To tap into your fat stores instead, eat something nutritious before you exercise. It is also a good idea to refuel after exercising with a nutritious snack and hydrating beverage. Choose from a variety of lean protein (meat, fish, beans, eggs or nuts), complex carbohydrates, healthy fats and low-fat dairy products.
If your workout routine for the day consists of walking, low to moderate paced biking or low-intensity elliptical, the pre-workout meal may or may not be needed. On the other hand, if you are planning a heavy weight lifting, circuit training or HIIT day, having a pre-workout meal will provide great energy.
Before Your Workout
Hydration is a vital component to performing at your optimal level. Most people sweat when they exercise. How much depends on the intensity of the workout, the environment and your genetic makeup. Exercising while dehydrated will affect your success and is potentially damaging to your health. Drinking enough fluids before, during and after exercise will keep you from becoming dehydrated.
It is never advisable to hit the gym or go for a run on an empty stomach. Fitness experts agree that fueling your body with a small snack before you exercise is the best way to maximize your workout. This holds true for early-morning workouts, as well. Eating a small, easily digestible snack 30 minutes to an hour before you exercise can give you ample energy and a calm stomach for a great workout. One hour or more before a workout, you should eat something small like a yogurt, protein shake or eggs.
*Exercise tip: It is never a good idea to exercise on a full stomach. Depending on how much you have eaten, it can take between 1 to 4 hours to fully digest your meal. Plan ahead to avoid cramping and discomfort during you work out.
After Your Workout
Post-workout nutrition depends on your goals; whether it’s fat loss, muscle building, or weight maintenance. It is important to realize that just because you had an excellent workout; it doesn’t give you a free pass to gorge yourself in the kitchen. The last thing you want to do is negate all of the energy and sweat you just expelled.
If you are heading straight to work after the gym, plan ahead. Pack a protein shake, a hard boiled egg, Greek yogurt or green smoothie with added protein powder in a cooler and eat it on the go.
Post-workout hydration is just as, if not more, important as hydrating before you exercise. Our bodies are made up mostly of water, which means that proper hydration is vital to your body’s performance and recovery. After you exercise, your goal is to fully replenish any fluid you lost during your workout.
If you are dehydrated following a workout, the combination of proteins that work to rebuild muscle will be slowed and subsequently delay your recovery from the workout. One of the most common signs of dehydration is fatigue. When you are dehydrated, your heart has to work harder to pump the blood to all of the parts of your body that need its vital oxygen and nutrients. This fatigue not only affects your post-workout recovery, but fatigue and lethargy reduce motivation for your next workout.
Rehydration after exercising has a significant impact on recovery. It is crucial to develop a post-workout hydration plan that replenishes the liquids, electrolytes and sodium lost during exercise.
*Health tip: Feelings of light-headedness and dizziness are directly linked to dehydration. While these symptoms may appear mild at first, like muscle cramps or dry mouth, they can lead to more serious signs like dizziness, nausea and vomiting. If you are feeling dizzy, your lack of hydration has progressed to an unsafe level. Immediately stop your workout and re-hydrate.
Properly focusing on your nutrition before and after you exercise will give you the boost you need to recover from a strenuous workout and help you get the most out of the next one. | <urn:uuid:7cde3bc3-ceae-4e33-9a10-f60c80558394> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://liwli.com/eating-foods-before-after-workouts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650262.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324112821-20180324132821-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.952589 | 1,000 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The organelle that releases quantities of energy to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the mitochondrion (the plural form is mitochondria). Because mitochondria are involved in energy release and storage, they are called the “powerhouses of the cells.” Green plant cells contain organelles known as chloroplasts, which function in the process of photosynthesis. Within chloroplasts, energy from the sun is absorbed and transformed into the energy of carbohydrate molecules. Plant cells specialized for photosynthesis contain large numbers of chloroplasts, which are green because the chlorophyll pigments within the chloroplasts are green. Leaves of a plant contain numerous chloroplasts. Plant cells not specializing in photosynthesis (for example, root cells) have few chloroplasts and are not green. An organelle found in mature plant cells is a large, fluid-filled central vacuole. The
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Peter Galison: Remember Us, Memorialising Nuclear Waste
Peter Galison is the Professor of the History of Science and of Physics at Harvard University. Nuclear waste is a topic none of us like to think about. He offers no pat solutions but does talk about some of the questions that it forces us to confront, some of the most difficult ethical questions we have towards the environment, both now and in the future.
TEDx was created in the spirit of TED’s mission, ‘ideas worth spreading’. The programme is designed to give communities, organisations and individuals the opportunity to stimulate dialogue through TED-like experiences at the local level.
ABOUT Peter Galison
“Peter Galison is interested in the intersection of philosophical and historical questions such as these: What, at a given time, convinces people that an experiment is correct? How do scientific subcultures form interlanguages of theory and things at their borders?
More broadly, his main work explores the complex interaction between the three principal subcultures of twentieth century physics, experimentation, instrumentation and theory. All focus on the role of visualisation and materiality in scientific work.
To explore the relation of scientific work with larger issues of politics, he has made two documentary films: “Ultimate Weapon: The H-bomb Dilemma” (2000) on the moral-political debates over the H-bomb and ‘Secrecy’ with Robb Moss, a film about the vast, invisible world of Government secrecy.
By focusing on classified secrets, the Government’s ability to put information out of sight if it would harm national security. ‘Secrecy’ explores the tensions between America’s safety as a nation, and their ability to function as a democracy. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2008.
At present, he is completing a book, ‘Building Crashing Thinking’ (on technologies that re-form the self) and has just begun a new documentary film project on the long-term geological storage of nuclear waste called Nuclear Underground.” | <urn:uuid:7e9203c2-939c-4131-ab31-953f14087337> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.penneylaneonline.com/2012/01/06/peter-galison-remember-us-memorialising-nuclear-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00110-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931428 | 429 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Ruby Naming Conventions
Lowercase letter followed by other characters, naming convention states that it is better to use underscores rather than camelBack for multiple word names, e.g. mileage, variable_xyz
Instance variables are defined using the single “at” sign (@) followed by a name. It is suggested that a lowercase letter should be used after the @, e.g. @colour
Method names should start with a lowercase letter, and may be followed by digits, underscores, and letters, e.g. paint, close_the_door
Class variable names start with a double “at” sign (@@) and may be followed by digits, underscores, and letters, e.g. @@colour
Constant names start with an uppercase letter followed by other characters. Constant objects are by convention named using all uppercase letters and underscores between words, e.g. THIS_IS_A_CONSTANT
Class and Module
Class and module names starts with an uppercase letter, by convention they are named using MixedCase, e.g. module Encryption, class MixedCase
Starts with a dollar ($) sign followed by other characters, e.g. $global
Rails Naming Conventions
Variables are named where all letters are lowercase and words are separated by underscores, e.g. order_amount, total
Class and Module
Classes and modules use MixedCase and have no underscores, each word starts with a uppercase letter, e.g. InvoiceItem
Table names have all lowercase letters and underscores between words, also all table names need to be plural, e.g. invoice_items, orders
The model is named using the class naming convention of unbroken MixedCase and is always the singular of the table name, e.g. table name might be orders, the model name would be Order. Rails will then look for the class definition in a file called order.rb in the /app/models directory. If the model class name has multiple capitalised words, the table name is assumed to have underscores between these words.
Controller class names are pluralized, such that OrdersController would be the controller class for the orders table. Rails will then look for the class definition in a file called orders_controller.rb in the /app/controllers directory.
Files, Directories and other pluralization
Files are named using lowercase and underscores. Assuming we have an Orders controller then the following other conventions will apply:
- That there is a helper module named OrdersHelper in the orders_helper.rb found in the app/helpers directory
- Rails will look for view template files for the controller in the app/views/orders directory
- Output from this view will then be used in the layout defined in the orders.html.erb in the app/views/layouts directory
- Test files including order_test.rb will be created in the /test/unit directory, a file will be created in the /test/fixtures directory called orders.yml and finally a file called orders_controller_test.rb will be created in the /test/functional directory
The primary key of a table is assumed to be named id.
The foreign key is named with the singular version of the target table name with _id appended to it, e.g. order_id in the items table where we have items linked to the orders table.
Many to Many Link Tables
Tables used to join two tables in a many to many relationship is named using the table names they link, with the table names in alphabetical order, for example items_orders.
Automated Record Timestamps
You can get ActiveRecord to automatically update the create and update times of records in a database table. To do this create two specially named columns created_at and updated_at to your table, i.e. t.datetime :created_at and t.datetime :updated_at. If you only want to store the date rather than a date and time, use :created_on and :updated_on.
Naming Convention Summary
Model Naming Convention
Primary Key: id
Foreign Key: customer_id
Link Tables: items_orders
Controller Naming Convention
View Naming Convention
Helper Module: OrdersHelper
Views: /app/views/orders/… (list.html.erb for example)
Tests Naming Convention | <urn:uuid:8777e3c5-4000-48f0-9cbe-64ad73e100cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://selvaonrails.wordpress.com/category/rails-3-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986670928.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016213112-20191017000612-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.809936 | 931 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Scouting Individual Players
Scouting is one of the most valuable techniques that a coach can employ to help their team prepare for the challenges that lie ahead in a game. Scouting is often over looked though as a possible option due to the amount of time required for an analysis to be completed. While this may be the case for deep and detailed scouting which attempts to cover as many options as possible, especially for volunteers coaches of junior teams. It does not mean that scouting should not be undertaken in any capacity. In fact, the most significant results can still be achieved with a limited investment of time.
One strategy to best use with limited resources that will be available in an effort for quality scouting information is to focus on the key players of the opposition. This strategy is effective not only at junior levels, but also has benefits for senior teams which need to isolate key players from the oppositions offensive system and force other team members such as role players to take up the lion share of the points production. It is true that in many leagues around the world that numerous teams operate through the direction and offensive skill of two or three players. Therefore, limiting these players in anyway on offense will have a definite impact on the team performance.
There are a number of different areas an individual’s basketball talents can be identified and analysed. Some of these will lead to the identification of specific areas of weakness which can be focused upon and an advantage gained from. Think about the scouting of an individual player as similar to that of evaluating player in general. Some of the different categories and information that maybe included within this type of scouting report can include:
- Player Personal Profile; the information within this section helps with the general identification information about the player. This helps identify the player for the team when on the floor. A typical question to reflect upon might be, can the player cover a range of positions?
- Playing Number
- Playing Position
- Preferred playing area on the floor
- Physiological Attributes; the information in this section focuses on physical skills of the player. Are they tall? Do they have an extraordinary leaping ability? This information helps players prepare from the first jump ball as to what they must do to limit the benefit of these attributes.
- Height; this can be difficult for a player to match-up against if there is a large discrepancy
- Handedness; Left or Right handed
- Speed; quickness in the full court, quick first step, able to contain the dribble
- Stamina/Average Playing Minutes
- Technical Skills; this area covers the skills the individual possesses. This must include information like what the player is particular good at and alternatively what the player is least competent in performing in a one on one situation.
- Individual Offensive Skills; Favourite move, Counter move
- Individual Defensive Skills; Stealing, Taking charges, Shot blocking, can the player contain the ball in the full court? Do they consistently foul and are often in foul trouble? When do these fouling situations often occur?
- Strengths; Shooting Range
- These technical skills need to be restricted and instead the player must be forced to utilise other options
- Weaknesses; dribbling with left hand
- These are the technical skills a team wants to push the individual player towards so they struggle to have their standard impact on the game. No one player can easily be taken out of a game for the duration of the contest. Nevertheless, a strong offensive player might be able to be forced into poor situations and have to use skills that are not their primary weapon.
- Tactical Skills; these skills are focused around the play of the individual within the team context. These situations can help describe how best to isolate the player from the tactical strategy of the team. Ask these questions concerning specific phases within the team’s offense and defence:
- Fast Break; is the player quick to take part in fast break situations? Does the player lead or trail in a fast break? Where does the player usually run to during a fast break? Will the player drive to the basket or pull up for the jump shot?
- Transition; what roles does the player have in the oppositions primary transition? Where do you want to force the player when they have the ball? What is their preferred passing and scoring option during the fast break?
- Defence; does the player participate in help defence effectively? Is the player capable of defending the cutter, post player, or high post?
- Offense; is there a particular play within which the player is given a specific type of shot? How does the player generally score points within the team’s offense? What areas does the player generally shoot from?
Some other general aspects to be thought about are:
- What is the most significant statistic generated by the player?
- What is the players season averages
- Is the player effective from the foul line?
- Does the player like to rebound (offensive and defensive)?
Scouting while always time consuming if performed well, does bring with it some great advantages like being able to define what and opponents does. When applied at the individual level scouting helps build an understanding at the team level about how to contain the threat and what the team intends to do to reach this outcome.
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:8797ab71-d565-4fa2-84bb-eaf819e70a5e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://functionalbasketballcoaching.com/scouting-individual-players/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.962867 | 1,084 | 2.515625 | 3 |
New type of rock formed from plastic waste
Researchers have discovered a new type of rock created by melted plastic trash on a beach in Hawaii.
New York: Researchers have discovered a new type of rock created by melted plastic trash on a beach in Hawaii.
The new rock material dubbed plastiglomerate is the result of melted plastic trash on beaches mixing with sediment, basaltic lava fragments and organic debris, such as shells.
Plastic does not break down easily and is estimated to persist in the environment for hundreds to thousands of years.
At Hawaii`s Kamilo Beach, Captain Charles Moore, an oceanographer with the Algalita Marine Research Institute in California, found that plastic, if melted, can actually become one with rocks, sediment and other geologic materials.
"He found some plastic had been melted to rocks, and other pieces of natural material had also been stuck on it," said study lead author Patricia Corcoran, a geologist at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in Canada.
"He didn`t know what to call it. It`s possible other people have found [the plastic conglomerates] at other locations before Captain Moore did, but nobody had thought to report it or identify it," Corcoran said.
The researchers discovered there are two types of plastiglomerates at Kamilo Beach: In situ and clastic.
In situ plastiglomerate is more rare than the clastic variety, and forms when "plastic melts on rock and becomes incorporated into the rock outcrop," Corcoran told `Live Science`, adding that the melted plastic can also get into the rock vesicles, or cavities.
Clastic plastiglomerates are loose rocky structures, composed of a combination of basalt, coral, shells, woody debris and sand that have been glued together by melted plastic.
When Moore discovered Kamilo Beach`s plastiglomerates, he hypothesised that molten lava had melted the plastic to create the new rock.
However, the researchers found that lava had not flowed in that area since before plastics were first invented.
The researchers then concluded that people inadvertently created the plastiglomerates after burning plastic debris, either intentionally to try to destroy the plastic or accidentally by way of campfires.
The team believes the material could be present at a lot of other beaches around the world, particularly in areas where people camp or live.
"I would say that anywhere you have abundant plastic debris and humans, there will probably be plastiglomerates," Corcoran said.
The plastiglomerate is described in the journal GSA Today. | <urn:uuid:5968fb71-1ab5-4651-8c77-4bae7d34a282> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/new-type-of-rock-formed-from-plastic-waste_938237.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123560.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00003-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956251 | 548 | 3.59375 | 4 |
To find the equation of a tangent line:
Find the slope by evaluating the derivative function at x = 0 or x = 2.
Find the points by evaluating the original function at x = 0 or x = 2.
Write each equation using point-slope form.
To find the point of intersection:
Using the two tangent lines, write and solve a system of equations.
Use the eTool below to visualize this problem.
Click the link at right for the full version of the eTool: Calc 3-161 HW eTool | <urn:uuid:8fc81c69-b09a-429a-bcca-84fc63ad9736> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://homework.cpm.org/category/CCI_CT/textbook/calc/chapter/3/lesson/3.4.2/problem/3-161 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359082.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227174711-20210227204711-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.791313 | 115 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Where are you? Where are you going? The key to relationships…
When the authors of the Bible, especially the gospels, want to tell you something about a person, they speak less about who or what they are and point to where they are. Consider the Bible characters and what you know about their locations. The major characters have tell-tale locations: Zacchaeus up a tree (Luke 19), the demoniac in the tombs (Mark 5), the lepers on the outside of town (Luke 17), the woman at the well in the middle of the day (John 4), Nicodemus who comes at night (John 3), Herod in Jerusalem (Matthew 2), Lazarus in his tomb (John 11), the disciples behind locked doors (John 20), Thomas away from the other disciples (John 20), Peter and the other disciples returning to their boats (John 21). The list is not all-inclusive but enough to illustrate how the gospels use locations to tell us about people and how Jesus paid attention to location noting not only where people were but where they were relative to others. For example, it is not just that Zacchaeus is up a tree, but he is up a tree away from the others.
Consider not only the language of the gospel writers, but of the common speech we use daily. We describe our affection for others as well as the challenge of relationships using location and distance metaphors:.
I have a special place in my heart for you.
She is my closest friend.
He’s out of touch.
She’s out of reach.
He needs room to grow.
She’s an outsider.
Politically, you are on the far right.
You’re definitely to the left of me.
You’re outside the lines.
You’re on the edge of trouble.
Jesus encounters people where they are, but he doesn’t leave them there. The focus is on movement. As simple but crucial word in the gospels is the two letter, GO. Go is essential to the Christian faith, Jesus great commission was to “Go into all the world.” Where as you might not be able to tell it in the language of churches today, Jesus only uses the word build 11 times in the gospels. However the word go is used more than ten times for a total of 111 uses. Jesus also uses a form of the word send 150 times. A lot of Going is not only part of our life with God but with each other and is central to our basic quality of life no matter how advanced in years we may be. My favorite of the early psychologists, Alfred Adler said, Life happens at the level of events, not of words. Trust movement.
We also use movement metaphors:
Remember, far more often than believe in the gospel and in the quality of our relationships is how well we go and can cross the divides that separate us. Jesus said over and again to his followers, Go because unless someone moves, nothing changes. For more on the distance and movement in relationships, check out The Psychology of Jesus | <urn:uuid:06f518d2-5c51-4505-9305-6307e8edba0c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://orlandopres.org/3298/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.955468 | 644 | 2.75 | 3 |
Weather Stations may be placed for general use or for specific purposes on a property such as for frost protection or controlling irrigation hardware. The intended purpose of a weather station will inform its location. For frost protection this means locating it in the cold spots of a property. It is important to install weather stations in the best location for its purpose and to ensure they are maintained properly to get the most out of the weather data recorded.
Location and a good setup are important for getting correct weather station data. Where possible it is recommended that you choose the site for a weather station based on professional advice from either the manufacturer, the weather station supplier, or a technical consultant.
However there are a few general guidelines that are good to follow:
Different manufacturers may offer either modular or all-in-one weather station packages. A weather station with the following four sensors will be considered a ‘complete basic package’ and can be used with all the standard HortPlus weather and disease models.
A weather station with advanced sensor is able to provide more insight for certain disease risk models and tools. For example leaf wetness supersedes relative humidity data in certain tools for more accurate decision support.
Advanced sensors include:
If a weather station is installed and maintained properly it should provide a number of years of quality data and may operate indefinitely if calibrated and sensors and parts are replaced when required. Manufacturer instructions will provide a knowledge base for maintaining your weather station, which may include managing the surrounding grass and keeping the area generally tidy, visually checking rain gauges for blockages, and ensuring free motion of an anemometer and free flow of air over the temperature sensor.
Weather Stations may need to be calibrated or repaired from time to time. Some manufacturers may suggest replacing weather station sensors after a given lifecycle or number of years within which the sensor can be considered accurate. Other manufacturers or third-party vendors may offer calibration services involving a technician inspecting and adjusting a station in person. Calibrating a station should be performed about once a year for scientific-grade or production-critical station hardware.
HortPlus performs automated data checking and validation on all station data connected to our network and our core network of HortPlus weather stations are calibrated annually.
Our automated data checks are able to give an indication when a station's data may be out of range or incorrect, however for grower-owned weather stations it is ultimately the responsibility of the station owner to ensure the station data is accurate.
The HortPlus network is hardware agnostic and can be connected to access data from a range of station manufacturers and providers. | <urn:uuid:8b8a1828-648f-4c49-b001-38b3561467ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.hortplus.com/choosing-a-weather-station-for-your-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.936685 | 526 | 2.625 | 3 |
A-level Mathematics/Edexcel/Decision 2/Assignment Problems
Assignment Problems (AP) (also known as Allocation Problems, although they will be known as the former throughout this article) are a common form of problem. A distinguishing feature of AP is that one agent is assigned to one and only one task. Examples in real-life situations could be:
- Assigning contracts
- Assigning tasks to machinery
- Assigning agents to tasks
- Assigning Sales Personnel to Territories
An example of such a problem would be three lorries, A, B and C, and three loads that need to be transported, 1, 2 and 3. An example arrangement would be A → 1, B → 2 and C → 3. This means that Lorry A transports Load 1, Lorry B transports Load 2 and Lorry C transports Load 3.
- 1 Balanced Problems
- 2 Solution of the Balanced Assignment Problem
- 3 Solutions of Unbalanced Assignment Problems
- 4 Maximisation Problems
A balanced AP is one in which:
(number of agents) = (number of tasks)
Consider again our lorry and load example. In this example, the number of agents (lorries) was 3 and the number of tasks (loads to be transported) is also equal to 3. Thus, it is a balanced problem. Initially, one will consider only balanced problems and how they are to be solved.
Upon expansion of the earlier problem, it was revealed that the cost for each lorry to transport each load is different. These are represented in Table 1.
The manager of the fleet of lorries wishes to minimise to total cost to complete all three jobs. How would one allocate the lorries to the loads? The table of numbers given is called the cost matrix of the problem.
Formulation as a Linear Programming Problem
A Linear Programming Problem can easily be developed for AP. One would define ij (where agent i is assigned task j) where:
- ij=1, when agent i is completing task j
- ij=0, when agent i does not complete task j
Thus, one can obtain the contraints for the Linear Programming Problem by considering each agent/task in turn:
As each agent is assigned to exactly one job, we can deduce:
- for agent A: A1 + A2 + A3 = 1
- for agent B: B1 + B2 + B3 = 1
- for agent C: C1 + C2 + C3 = 1
Similarly, since each job is assigned to exactly one agent, one can deduce:
- for job 1: A1 + B1 + C1 = 1
- for job 2: A2 + B2 + C2 = 1
- for job 3: A3 + B3 + C3 = 1
If we apply this to the aforementioned example, one can see that for lorry A, it can only carry one of loads 1, 2 or 3. So, A1 could = 1, with A2 and A3 being zero, or A2 = 1, with A1 and A3 being zero, etc.
The obtain the objective function for this example, we must consider the total costs.
- For lorry A, costs will be: 15A1 10A2 12A3
- For lorry B, costs will be: 10B1 7B2 11B3
- For lorry C, costs will be: 15C1 6C2 9C3
The means, therefore, that the objection function, Z, for this example is to minimise Z where:
- Z = 15A1 10A2 12A3 10B1 7B2 11B3 15C1 6C2 9C3
Finally, this means that one can conclude the LPP to be:
Minimise Z, where Z = 15A1 10A2 12A3 10B1 7B2 11B3 15C1 6C2 9C3, subject to:
- A1 + A2 + A3 = 1
- B1 + B2 + B3 = 1
- C1 + C2 + C3 = 1
- A1 + B1 + C1 = 1
- A2 + B2 + C2 = 1
- A3 + B3 + C3 = 1
Solution of the Balanced Assignment Problem
An algorithm was developed by Harold Kuhn in the 1950s, and was named the Hungarian Algorithm. Its name is a reference to Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry, a pair of prominent Hungarian Mathematicians whose techniques are applied in this algorithm.
The Hungarian Algorithm
For the Hungarian Algorithm to work, the assignment problem must meet the following criteria:
- Each worker must be assigned, as we previously saw, to exactly one job.
- Each job must be assigned to exactly one worker.
- In the cost matrix, a constant can be added or subtracted from all cost values in any row or column without having any effect on the optimal assignments.
There are three stages in the implementation of the Hungarian Algorithm:
- Find the opportunity cost matrix
- Test for an optimal assignment. If one can be made, use it and stop.
- If an optimal assignment cannot be made, revise the opportunity cost matrix and return to the previous step.
To demonstrate these three steps, let us consider again the lorry example:
Finding the Opportunity Cost Matrix
The Opportunity Cost Matrix (OCM) is essentially a modified version of our initial Cost Matrix. In order to change the Cost Matrix into the OCM, one must carry out two stages.
- Carry out row reduction
- Carry out column reduction
Row reduction is the operation in which the smallest number in each row is subtracted from every number in that row. With our earlier example:
Next, one completes the column reduction. This is the same as row reduction, only with the smallest number in each column being subtracted from each value within that column. Thus:
Thus, the completed Opportunity Cost Matrix is:
Interpreting The Opportunity Cost Matrix
Since the aim of an assignment problem is to assign exactly one agent to exactly one task, one must match each agent up to the task which best minimises overall cost. After completing the row reduction and column reduction, it is logical to assume that the values that remain in the table are the minimum possible. Similarly, since the values in the table are the cost-values, the lowest values in the table are, surely, those of lowest cost. In order to find a solution, one must select one zero from each row and one zero from each column. However, one cannot select more than one value from any row or column, as it will result in one agent/task being assigned twice, which cannot occur in an Assignment Problem.
Again, let's consider the earlier example. If we were to select one zero from each column/row without any doubles occurring, the only possible solution is (with selected costs marked by asterices):
If we then assign this solution to our original cost matrix, one can see the following:
Thus, the final assignment is:
- A → 3 (cost 12)
- B → 1 (cost 10)
- C → 2 (cost 6)
- Z = 12 + 10 + 6 = 28
It is interesting to see that, despite this being the cheapest solution, it doesn't actually utilise all of the lowest values within the table.
Optimality of a Solution
An important issue with AP is the optimality of solution - when one obtains a solution, how can one be sure it truly is the best solution available? With the Hungarian algorithm, there is a fairly straightforward test for optimality that concerns drawing lines through the zeros in the Opportunity Cost Matrix. If the number of lines (horizontal and vertical only) is equal to the number of rows/columns, the solution obtained is optimal. If, however, the number of lines needed does not equal the number of rows/columns, the solution is not optimal, and can be improved. This is a somewhat perplexing technique, but one that is straightforward to implement and clear to interpret.
Consider the following OCM:
It is fairly easy to see that it would require only two lines to draw through all of the zeros - one could use a horizontal line through row B, and a vertical line through column 2, for instance. 2≠3 (the number of rows/columns), thus an optimal solution cannot be made.
Consider, on the other hand, our lorry example. Is the solution that we obtained optimal?
One can see that, in order to strike through each zero, one would need three lines (for instance, one through column 2, one through row B and one through row A). 3 = 3, thus we have an optimal solution that cannot be improved upon.
Revision of the Opportunity Cost Matrix
In the event of achieving a non-optimal assignment, one must revise the OCM. There are several steps in this process:
- Check the costs uncovered by the drawn lines
- Identify the smallest uncovered value
- Subtract this value from all of the uncovered costs
- Add this value to any costs that are at the intersection of any two drawn lines
Take our non-optimal solution from earlier. The smallest uncovered value was one. Subtracting one from each uncovered value gives:
Adding one to the point of intersection of the two lines (in this example, one could have drawn them through row B and column 2, therefore the point of intersection is cell B2) gives:
Again, only two lines (this time, they must be through row A and column 3) are needed. They intersect at cell A3. The smallest uncovered value is, again, 1. So, subtracting one from each uncovered cell and adding one to cell A3 gives:
Finally, the minimum number of lines needed to draw through all of the zeros is 3, which is the number of rows/columns. This means any assignment made will be optimal.
Solutions of Unbalanced Assignment Problems
The definition of a balanced AP was one in which the number of agents was the same as the number of tasks. In reality, this is unlikely to be the case - that is, it is unlikely that one would have the same number of taxi drivers to the number of customers, for example. In the event of an unbalanced problem, one must add a dummy, which is a blank/empty row, added to the Cost Matrix, in order to 'balance' the rows, for the sake of the algorithm. If one had, for instance, three agents and four tasks, one would add a dummy row. On the other hand, if one had four agents and three tasks, one would add a dummy task. This helps as it means that one agent or task will be left without a 'real' assignment, as using them would increase the total cost of the assignment.
Consider the following example:
A taxi company has four drivers (A, B, C, D), each currently at different locations. Three customers (1, 2, 3) have called the taxi company and need to be driven to their destinations. The total distance that would be travelled, by the driver, is represented in the cost matrix below:
The Taxi Company wishes to minimise the total distance travelled by its drivers. Find an optimal solution to this Assignment Problem.
Initially, one must add a dummy column, in order to make this a 'balanced' problem. Let this column be called "Row 4". Since there isn't actually a fourth customer, all of the costs in this matrix will be zero. This will mean that the otherwise most expensive taxi in the matrix will result in being assigned the dummy - in other words, it won't be used in the problem.
First, let's carry out row and column reduction:
Cost Matrix with Row Minima 1 2 3 4 Row Minimum A 11 19 17 0 0 C 15 18 21 0 0 D 18 15 17 0 0
... with Column Minima 1 2 3 4 A 11 19 17 0 B 21 15 13 0 C 15 18 21 0 D 18 15 17 0 Column Minimum 11 15 13 0
Opportunity Cost Matrix 1 2 3 4 A 0 4 4 0 B 10 0 0 0 C 4 3 8 0 D 7 4 0 0
As one can see, all of the zeros in the Opportunity Cost Matrix can only be struck through using 4 lines (for instance, 1 line vertically through Column 4, 3 lines horizontally through Rows A, B & D). Thus, we've already arrived at the optimal solution because 4 lines can be used to mark through the entire matrix. The only possible solution is:
- A → 1
- B → 3
- C → 2
- D → 4*
- Z = 11 + 13 + 18 = 42
- Of course, customer 4 is in fact a 'dummy' - i.e., D doesn't actually transport any customer. Thus, the only three drivers needed are drivers A, B and C. Driver A will transport Passenger 1, Driver B will transport Passenger 3 and Driver C will transport Passenger 2.
All of the examples that have been considered so far have been Minimisation problems - in other words, they've been ones in which the aim of the problem was to minimise a cost. Assignment problems can, however, be used for the opposite reason - to maximise a gain or a profit. Consider the example of ice-cream seller. They know that, in certain towns, they will sell more icecream than others. The day, too, changes how much ice-cream s/he sells - they only drive the van on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday (M, W and S respectively). Taking into account that the ice-cream van can only visit one town at a time, which town should the ice-cream van visit on which day, in order to maximise his/her profit.
The following cost-matrix represents the earnings (in £100s) for each town (A, B, C) on each day (M, W, S):
If one were to carry out row and column reduction, as per usual, and then to come to a solution, it would be a solution that gave the minimum profit that the ice-cream van could make. In order to find the maximum profit, we first identify the largest value in the matrix. In this case, it is 13. We then subtract each number from 13 and assign the new number to the cell the original number was in. In other words, cell A1 (of current value 10) becomes .
After completing this process for the whole matrix, we achieve the following:
We can now carry out row and column reduction, as we usually would. This, eventually, results in the following Opportunity Cost Matrix:
Since the smallest number of lines that can be used to strike-through each of the zeros in this matrix is 3 (which is equal to the number of rows/columns), an optimal assignment can be made. The only possible assignment is:
- A → M
- B → S
- C → W
On the cost matrix, this gives us:
This means that:
- On Monday, the van will visit town A.
- On Wednesday, the van will visit town B.
- On Saturday, the van will visit town C.
The total profit gives:
Thus the maximum total profit of the ice-cream van is £3500. | <urn:uuid:60b78285-880b-46c1-90c2-06c7c2cdf94f> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Mathematics/Edexcel/Decision_2/Assignment_Problems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00125-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904424 | 3,257 | 3.9375 | 4 |
The flipped class model can help us design more interactive online learning experiences
We recently asked a group of teaching assistants, “How do you think today’s college class is different than when you were an undergraduate student? What is the most significant change you’ve noticed?”
The number one answer? Technology. This is not a surprise. What’s most interesting is that many of these graduate students were undergraduates just a few years ago, yet they still see technology as the most significant change in the college class. Why?
Shouldn’t our students be used to it by now? Shouldn’t we? Either technology is changing so rapidly that we always see it as “new,” or we’re still struggling to integrate technology effectively and seamlessly into the learning experience.
Or maybe it’s both. Many have argued that education seems to be “the last frontier” for technological disruption (Blin & Munro, 2008; Christensen, C., Aaron, & Clark, 2002; Christensen, 2002; Magid, L., 2013). Is it because the culture of education is resistant to change? Are we waiting for research to show how this change influences learning? Are we receiving the support we need to implement technology effectively?
Are we concerned about the automatization of education? Do we struggle to use today’s technology because most of it wasn’t available when we were students? Are we seeing technology as a barrier between the students and us?
(Next page: Applying a new approach to the online class) | <urn:uuid:8dc14d70-7031-4c56-bdf5-74e68900aba4> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ecampusnews.com/2014/04/10/flip-online-class-352/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.953638 | 329 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Storage in your refrigerator can be rather a haphazard business that leads to food being “lost” at the back of the fridge and not being found until it is well out of date. In order to avoid this and to prevent food from becoming contaminated and possibly dangerous, it is important to organize your fridge properly. This will also make your life much easier, as you will not have to waste time looking for items that may or may not be there. As we go to our fridges at least three times every day, it is well worth making sure it is easy to find what you are looking for.
First of all, you need to make a list of the contents of your fridge. Throw away anything that is out of date or that you are unlikely to use.
If you organize the items of food by size, putting similar-sized packs on the same shelf, it will make smaller items easier to find, unless you are lucky enough to have bottle coolers, store jars and bottles in the door of the fridge, where they can be found easily.
Most new appliances, such as those from Fridge Freezer Direct, have adjustable shelves, so take advantage of these and use organizers that help to maximize the vertical space. Keeping the items that are used most frequently at the front of the fridge will make it easy for all the family to find what they need without disrupting your organization.
Choosing Storage Containers
There are so many different types of container for food storage available that it can be difficult choosing. An important point to remember is that, according to the NHS, raw meat and poultry should be stored in sealed containers at the bottom of the fridge so that they cannot contaminate other foods. Plastic containers, especially those that clip shut, are ideal for this and are available in many different sizes.
According to Food Safety UK, it is important to make sure that your containers are not damaged and that they have not been used to store items other than food. Naturally, they need to be easy to clean and should be washed thoroughly before use. Do not be tempted to re-use containers that are designed to only be used once, as they may not be safe for long-term food storage.
Glass or Pyrex containers can also be used in the fridge, and these sometimes come with snap-on plastic lids for convenience. Food bags are useful for smaller items and usually incorporate a label so that the use-by date can be recorded, as well as the contents. Labelling is important for anything that needs to be used within a certain time, and labels for all kinds of food storage are widely available.
Stackable boxes can help to maximize space in your fridge, and cling film can be used to wrap irregularly shaped items so that they can be fitted in conveniently.
Finally, keeping healthy snacks in easily accessible plastic containers at the front of the fridge can often help with your healthy eating plan and prevent you from being tempted to eat the wrong kinds of foods between meals. | <urn:uuid:cd8cbf0b-e2e1-43c7-8a19-bc050bb5bf6a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mrmag.org/2015/04/15/food-storage-containers-for-your-fridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109670.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821211752-20170821231752-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.967102 | 610 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A very brief rundown of some of the arguments Alexander Pruss has offered for accepting the principle of sufficient reason (the principle that for any state of affairs, there is some explanation for its existence).
Epistemological Argument: Once we accept that the PSR is false, and hence some contingent facts have no explanation, then skepticism results: a demon may not be deceiving you, but your perceptions might be happening for no reason at all. Thus if the PSR is false, then we cannot know empirical truths. But we do know empirical truths. Therefore, the PSR is true.
Evolution: The confidence of the theory of evolution is strong argument for the PSR. We presuppose the PSR when examining evolution, otherwise we could conclude that there are some facts with no explanation, and thus that a monkey just appeared out of nowhere and evolved into people.
Inference to the Best Explanation: For a particular phenomenon, we look at all the possible explanations and infer that the best one is the most likely. But we never think to include “no explanation” as a possibility.
No Widespread Violations of the PSR: Why aren’t there violations of the PSR all around us, if it is false? Why aren’t strange things popping into existence all over the place with no explanation? If the PSR is false, then we should think that a brick popping into existence in mid-air is perfectly possible. But we already discount that from having a high probability, so perhaps the PSR is a priori.
Philosophical argumentation: If the PSR is false, then we could just claim brute fact whenever we do philosophical arguments. Why is it true that it is morally right to switch the trolley car to kill one person instead of five? Who cares. It’s just a brute fact. | <urn:uuid:12c14e66-23fe-4e69-a4bb-4233b7be7bf9> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://rocketphilosophy.blogspot.com/2013/12/alexander-pruss-on-principle-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746205.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181122101520-20181122123520-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.929197 | 382 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Climate change is worsening and the animal farming industry doesn’t want us to know that they are responsible.
- You Probably Won’t Know This About the Animal Industry
Industries involved in animal farming or factory farming aim to produce as much of their products as possible, hence animals are kept in poor conditions and given small living spaces to reduce input costs.
4 Ethical Issues of Animal Agriculture
1. Animal Abuse
One issue of Animal agriculture that concerns people are the ethics and treatment of animals in the industry. Animals are usually kept in tight spaces and experience a lot of pain.
In the dairy industry, cows are forcibly impregnated so they can produce milk. Once they give birth, their babies are taken away from them. If the calf is a female it will also be forced to produce milk for the dairy industry. Male cows are not profitable so they are sent to veal farms to be turned into food. Cows have a life span of 20 years but in the dairy industry they only live up to 4 years.
In the egg industry, chickens which normally produce only 12 eggs a year, are injected with hormones so they can lay 300 eggs a year. They experience several health problems like losing feathers because they cannot consume back the nutrients in the eggs they’ve lain as they are taken away to be sold in markets
Animal agriculture causes deforestation as space is needed for animal farming. According to the Wageningen University and Research Centre: “Agriculture is estimated to be the direct driver for around 80% of deforestation worldwide.”
3. Wastage of Natural Resources
Resources are exhausted in the process of animal livestock production. In John Robbins book The Food Revolution it states that “Producing a single hamburger uses enough fuel to drive 20 miles and causes the lose five times its weight in topsoil.” According to Marcia Kreith in her book Water Inputs in California Food Production, “it takes more than 2,400 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of meat and only 25 gallons to produce one pound of wheat.”
Considering we live in a world with poverty and world hunger it is important we try to live sustainably and use our resources wisely.
Ocean dead zones and species endangerment are caused by overfishing. Dead zones are areas in the world oceans that are hypoxic (low in oxygen). This leads to species of fish to becoming endangered and causes an imbalance in ecosystems.
- Your Health might possibly be at Risk
Last year MacDonald’s issued a statement regarding the reduction of antibiotic use in their chickens. The use of antibiotics in animals leads to antimicrobial resistance in humans. This is a danger to human health as the bacteria changes, which then reduces the effectiveness of medicine. This makes humans more susceptible to disease.
- Why aren’t we made aware of this information?
Animal agriculture is a profitable industry and receives subsidies from the government. Large Environmental organisations are funded by companies involved in the industry or want to avoid problems because of the power of these companies. Information is usually less known about the effects of animal agriculture on the environment because it would cause bad publicity and would hurt the profits of these industries.
- Make a Difference
Ways in which we as individuals can reduce our carbon footprint and stop the devastating consequences of animal agriculture is by reducing our consumption of animal products or fully converting to a plant-based diet.
As consumers, we have the choice to buy products that are eco-friendly. We can pressurise industries to reduce their carbon footprint so they can produce products that do not harm the environment. Laws and legislations can be passed to try to reduce the environmental effects. The Denmark Ethics Council have voted to tax red meat to combat climate change.
It is important that we educate ourselves about these issues so we can take small steps towards a healthy, greener future.
Article by Kim Freeman | <urn:uuid:f07a378c-5fd1-4a54-a4b2-7033b6a121ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://feelyourtempo.com/animal-agriculture-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.949367 | 800 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The article discusses the concept of the «acmeological competence» and its role in the context of trilingual education. The policy of trilingual education is described, the insufficient level of the English language proficiency among secondary school teachers is noted and the need for the development of a multilingual personality is revealed. The authors come to the conclusion that in order to realize this need, it is impossible to do without the acmeological competence, which stimulates the development of such personal qualities as selfrealization, self-development and self-improvement. This suggests that a person should constantly develop himself in order to achieve good results in professional activities. However, the processes of self-realization, self-development and self-improvement are not particularly important tasks for all people. These processes become important when a person faces the problem of solving professional or life problems. Thus, the authors highlight the fact that every adult should set himself difficult tasks in order to achieve personal and professional growth. In addition to the acmeological competence, the article examines such concepts as «acmeological ability», «professionalism of activity» and «professionalism of the individual», which also play an important role in the professional formation and in the development of personality. In general, according to the authors, the development of a multilingual personality, which is a task in the trilingual education, requires a teacher to be highly motivated in the professional activity.
Today, education in Kazakhstan is aimed at implementing the policy of trilingualism. In other words, it is focused on mastering the Kazakh, Russian and English languages by Kazakhstanis.
As the First President of our country N.A. Nazarbayev said in his Message of January 10, 2018, «the future of Kazakhstanis lies in fluency in the Kazakh, Russian and English languages. Graduates of Kazakhstani schools must speak three languages at the level necessary for life and work in the country and in the global world» . This thought runs like a golden thread in almost all the Messages of N.A. Nazarbayev to his people, which indicate special attention and care to the problem of language development in Kazakhstan.
Trilingualism policy is the way of the Republic of Kazakhstan to enter the world community. Learning English is not a protest to the native state language, but one of the ways to enter this world community. The policy of trilingual education does not give us the right to forget about our native Kazakh language, but, on the contrary, requires us to pay due attention and respect to our mother tongue.
Considering the policy of trilingual education, it is impossible not to mention that Kazakhstan is a multilingual country, and that bilingualism, characteristic of our society, is qualitatively transformed into multilingualism.
Currently, in schools of Kazakhstan physics, chemistry, biology and computer science classes are conducted in English; and, in the future, as we suppose, other school subjects will be taught in English as well. In general, teaching at schools is conducted in three languages: Kazakh, Russian and English. However, unfortunately, in the data of the National Report of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the state and development of the education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a weak level of the English proficiency by subject teachers is noted, which can lead to a decrease in the quality of teaching of the subjects themselves. It follows from this that the task of teacher language training remains paramount.
For complete mastery of a foreign language, as we know from the theory of intercultural communication, it is necessary to familiarize the people who speak this language with the culture and traditions and involve them in a foreign language environment. And this means that it is necessary to develop a multicultural and multilingual personality, which is the task of multilingual education.
Nursultan Nazarabayev said that modern society required the development of teaching new skills and competencies and stressed the need for trilingual education, i.e. mastering the native Kazakh, the second Russian and the international English languages.
The strategic development plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025, approved by the decree of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 15, 2018, notes that «the development of human capital with high-quality and in-demand skills of the 21st century is a priority task, which the further growth of the economy of Kazakhstan will depend on. Competencies of the new era include the willingness to continuously learn and master the necessary skills. Technological renewal and digitalization are impossible without the availability of the competent personnel who effectively use their working hours and are able to apply technologies and knowledge, improve processes and implement innovations» . By 2025, it is expected to develop the functional literacy, form modern skills and competencies that are in demand by labor markets in the short, medium and long term, continuously improve skills and competencies throughout life. In addition, in this document, «the key conditions for the development of human capital include training of future workers in high-quality and in-demand skills and competencies» .
Interpreting the above, we correlate «training future employees in high-quality and in-demand skills and competencies», or rather, bring them closer to the concept of the «acmeological competence», the formation of which is the goal of our research. And this means that without the teacher's acmeological competence in the context of trilingual education, the implementation of the tasks of the state language policy will be insufficiently effective.
Let us consider the concept of the «acmeological competence» in a more detailed way.
L.V. Abdalina and N.A. Filonova note that the acmeological competence is the teacher's competence that stands in the way of implementing such personal qualities of an individual as self-realization, selfknowledge, self-improvement, self-development and self-determination. All these qualities are united by the first part of their name «self», which, we believe, says that a person should and can develop his own capabilities and he needs to work on this himself.
The first part of these self-processes tells us that the personality itself is the moving force for the implementation of any activity. The second part of self-processes is executive in nature in relation to the first one. The research in the field of acmeology shows us the existence of many different forms and ways of manifesting such self-processes.
According to L.V. Abdalina, N.A. Filonova, the successful implementation of the identified selfprocesses can be ensured primarily by the teacher's acmeological competence, which in the research is considered as the teacher's possession of self-development technologies that ensure personal and professional growth and self-realization in life . L.V. Abdalina and N.A. Filonova classify self-knowledge and selfimprovement as the main self-processes that ensure the teacher's personal and professional growth.
Today, the acmeological competence as the research subject attracts the attention of many scientists (V.I. Baydenko, N.V. Kuzmina, A.V. Khutorskoy, etc.).
In the research of L.V. Abdalina the acmeological competence is considered as the productive mastery by the teacher of self-development technologies and ensuring the personal and professional growth . Thus, the provision of the teacher's personal and professional growth is carried out through his purposeful selfknowledge and self-improvement of the personality for high self-realization in the professional activity.
Ilyin V.A. in «Psychology of Leadership» combines such concepts as «professionalism of activity» and «proficiency of personality». These two concepts can be attributed to competencies that play an important role in the personal development of a professional. The degree of the personal development of a professional is determined by the concept of «leadership». He emphasizes such psychological and acmeological competences of a leader as intelligence, thinking, striving for knowledge and development of his abilities, creativity, self-confidence, purposefulness, initiative, hard work, level of communication skills, etc. .
Tyurin K.G. distinguishes in the modern acmeology the concept of the «acmeological ability», which, in his opinion, serves for the implementation of the acmeological activity .
The idea of life principles that can be correlated with claims, gender identity, psychological time of a personality, with its value orientations and social-normative space is determined by N.A. Nizovskikh as a means of personal self-development of an individual. In his opinion, the motivation for imitation, the need for love and recognition, the desire for independence and the enrichment of one's essential forces, selfaffirmation, self-realization, self-expression, self-improvement, achieving a sense of the fullness of existence act as the motivation for the personal self-development. Self-development is understood as a culture-like process of self-change, carried out with the help of specifically human higher mental functions and possessing the attributes of arbitrariness, sociality, mediation, and awareness. The line of human development is the process of making a cultural tool, with the help of which he will change, create, and cultivate the environment: external and internal .
Results and Discussion
As the analysis of scientific literature has shown, in the context of studying the problems of selfdevelopment and self-realization, the phenomenology of acmeological abilities includes the study of value- semantic, cognitive, personal determinants of a person's abilities for self-development and their productive use by him in the context of improving his professional activity, as well as life in general .
One of the key tasks in the study of the acmeological paradigm is the study of internal psychological means of self-development. Based on the results of the analysis of acmeological studies, we came to the conclusion that the potential for the personality development depends on the system of internal acmeological resources of the personality, it (development) is carried out by moving along the personal and professional ladder, with the solution of regularly increasing problems. At the same time, acmeological resources are independent, voluntary and conscious use by a person of his internal characteristics.
The analysis of scientific literature on the problem of self-development (L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontyev) tells us that the process of self-development and self-change is not a particularly important task for all people. Self-development will be important when there is a problem of solving complex professional and life problems. In this case, a person has to develop and rebuild himself in order to be psychologically ready to complete new professional and life tasks . Self-development of an adult can be only carried out by himself. A special role in the self-development of an adult is played by setting complex tasks for him.
In addition to acmeological abilities, some people have natural special abilities such as musical, artistic, physical, and mental. These abilities also play an important role in the self-development of an individual and are realized through the inclusion of acmeological abilities.
Thus, summarizing all of the above, we consider the teacher's acmeological competence as the ability for self-development, which, in principle, is possessed by every person, but using the capabilities of these abilities is inherent only to those who have ambitions and are able to set themselves complex productive tasks. The task of a teacher in the trilingual education is the development of a multilingual personality. This will be facilitated by the personal and professional motivation of a teacher himself, on the path of which he needs to include self-knowledge and self-improvement, reveal his autopsychological competence and realize his acmeological abilities.
- Poslanie Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan N. Nazarbaeva narodu Kazakhstana. 10 yanvaria 2018 hoda [Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan. January 10, 2018] [Electronic resource]. — 2018. — Access mode: https://www.akorda.kz/ru/addresses/addresses_of_president/poslanie-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-n- nazarbaeva-narodu-kazahstana-10-yanvarya-2018-g [in Russian].
- Stratehicheskii plan razvitiia Respubliki Kazakhstan do 2025 hoda. No 636 ot 15 fevralia 2018 hoda [Strategic development plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 No. 636 dated February 15, 2018] [Electronic resource]. — 2018. — Access mode: akorda.kz/ru/official_documents/strategies_and_programms [in Russian].
- Abdalina L.V., & Filonova, N.A. (2009). Akmeolohicheskaia kompetentsia prepodovatelia kolledzha: struktura i soderzhanie [Acmeological competence of a college teacher: structure and content] [Electronic resource] // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. — No. 2 (70). — P. 249–251. — Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/akmeologicheskaya-kompetentsiya-prepodavatelya- kolledzha-struktura-i-soderzhanie/viewer [in Russian].
- Ilyin, V.A. (2015). Psikholohiia liderstva [Psychology of leadership] [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://urss.ru/PDF/add_ru/191245–1.pdf [in Russian].
- Tyurin, K.G. (2016). Akmeolohicheskie sposobnosti v kontekste izuchenia problemy samorazvitiia lichnosti professionala [Acmeological abilities in the context of studying the problem of self-development of a professional's personality] // International Journal Elvestnik.com.[Electronic resource]. — Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/akmeologicheskie-sposobnosti-v- kontekste-izucheniya-problemy-samorazvitiya-lichnosti-professionala/viewer [in Russian].
- Derkach, A.A., & Zazykin, V.G. (2006). Akmeolohiia: uchebnoe posobie [Acmeology: textbook]. Moscow: RAGS [in Russian].
- Akisheva, A. (2015). Akmeolohicheskie osnovy povysheniia karernoho rosta prepodavatelei sistemy povysheniia kvalifikatsii [Tekst] [Akmeological foundations of career advancement for teachers of the advanced training system [Text]] // Management in education [in Russian].
- Onishchenko, Yu.Yu. (2007). Formirovanie professionalizma uchitelia v sisteme pedahohicheskoho obrazovaniia v Velikobritanii: konets XX — nachalo XXI vv: dissertatsiia ... kandidata pedahohocheskikh nauk: 13.00.01 — «Obshchaia pedahohika, istoriia pedahohiki i obrazovaniia»[Formation of teacher professionalism in the system of teacher education in the UK: late XX — early XXI centuries: dis... cand. ped. sciences: 13.00.01 — «General pedagogy, history of pedagogy and education»] [in Russian].
- Poslanie Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan N. Nazarbaeva narodu Kazakhstana «Rost blahosostoianiia kazakhstantsev: povyshenie dokhodov i kachestva zhizni» ot 5 oktiabria 2018 hoda [Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan «Growth in the prosperity of Kazakhstanis: increasing income and quality of life» dated October 5, 2018]. Kazakhstanskaia Pravda [in Russian].
- Filonova, N.A. (2009). Eksperimentalnoe issledovanie osobennostei razvitiia akmeolohicheskoi kompetentsii prepodovatelei professionalnoho kolledzha [Experimental study of the peculiarities of the development of acmeological competence of teachers of a professional college]. Molodoi uchenyi, 3, 202–24 [in Russian]. | <urn:uuid:3ba16191-eeae-4920-9057-106fe6fdf2c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://articlekz.com/en/article/33422 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300289.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117031001-20220117061001-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.910945 | 3,613 | 2.59375 | 3 |
By the early 1940s, however, American universities were training thousands of military weather forecasters to see the atmosphere as a dynamic global system driven by powerful high-altitude winds. During World War II, this approach helped determine the timing of crucial Allied operations such as the D-Day invasion.
In large part, this transformation of American meteorology stemmed from one gregarious, fun-loving Swedish scientist: Carl-Gustaf Rossby, who founded the country’s first meteorology program at MIT in 1928, gave the discipline mathematical rigor and designed the curriculum for those World War II forecasters. Rossby literally added a new dimension — the vertical one — to forecasting, by identifying and mathematically describing the powerful high-altitude winds that influence weather, which let scientists model the whole atmosphere.
“He was the foremost meteorologist of his generation,” says Kerry Emanuel, the Breene M. Kerr (1951) Professor of Atmospheric Science at MIT. “Rossby wanted to bring weather forecasting from the 19th century into the 20th century.”
Achieving that aim once made Rossby famous: Time magazine ran a cover story on the “high-spirited” Swede in the 1950s, when meteorologists, including a stellar group at MIT, were ushering forecasting into the computer age. His influence remains with us: Those red and blue lines denoting warm and cold fronts on weather maps were Rossby’s idea. He also mapped and named the “jet stream.” Yet few people today know the tale of Rossby and MIT meteorology.
The wind beneath their wings
Rossby began studying meteorology at Norway’s Geophysical Institute in 1919. That same year, a new approach to forecasting — later dubbed the “Bergen School” — came from one of the institute’s scientists, Vilhelm Bjerknes, who proposed that weather systems were produced by collisions between masses of cold and warm air, with the cold air undercutting the warm air. He called these collision areas “fronts.”
In 1925, Rossby joined the U.S. Weather Bureau, hoping to bring the new ideas to America. But he was largely ignored, except when he angered his stodgy superiors by providing a freelance forecast for famed aviator Charles Lindbergh’s flight to Mexico.
Rossby soon landed at MIT, founded the meteorology program and began collecting upper-atmosphere data. In 1931, MIT meteorologists bought a Cessna monoplane and put weather instruments on board. Professor Daniel Sayre performed six months of daily flights from East Boston (now Logan) Airport, often in poor conditions, although the scientists played down the risks.
“The number of forced landings was very small and only one major repair was required,” Rossby noted dryly in a summary he wrote for the 1932 MIT President’s Report.
A better method involved equipping weather balloons with radiosondes, probes that sent back high-altitude data. Rossby’s great breakthrough, in 1939, came from this data: He found that the upper atmosphere contained long, slow-moving waves of air, extending for hundreds of miles, that twist over mountain ranges and amplify when they collide. We now call them Rossby waves.
“It was a discovery of the basic dynamical building block of the weather,” Emanuel says. The waves showed how much a three-dimensional knowledge of the atmosphere was necessary for weather forecasting, as Bjerknes had suspected. Rossby’s equations describing the waves helped forecasting become a kind of applied physics, as a branch of fluid dynamics.
“Rossby did a lot to establish that philosophy of weather analysis in the United States,” says Norman Phillips, an eminent retired meteorologist from MIT.
Rossby accomplished this with panache, holding court in Cambridge’s finer restaurants; Time said Rossby was “so full of bounce he could hardly stay on the floor.” Yet he was also eyeing a return home. “I’m quite convinced my dad meant to move back to Sweden with my mother in the 1930s, but he was having so much fun in this country, and his skills were so appreciated, he couldn’t break loose,” says his son Thomas Rossby PhD ’66, an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island. “Then the threat of World War II got bigger and bigger, so they stayed.”
Weathering the war
Indeed, World War II dramatically increased the need for forecasting. The U.S. military set up university training programs in meteorology, starting at MIT, and Rossby designed the curriculum, while becoming a consultant to U.S. Secretary of War Henry Stimson.
“He knew how to work his way through the world and get things done,” Thomas Rossby says.
By 1944, thousands of military officers had completed graduate-level training in meteorology, 994 of them at MIT. Uniquely, MIT’s program included 25 women. A black lieutenant, Wallace P. Reed, also completed MIT’s program in 1942 and then commanded the military’s all-black weather unit at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
Rossby formally left MIT in 1939. Sverre Pettersen, a Norwegian meteorologist and another adherent of the Bergen School approach, replaced Rossby as program head at MIT, then joined the war effort in 1942. Pettersen became one of a half-dozen core D-Day forecasters, as the upper-air specialist planning the Allied invasion of Normandy. By most accounts, this was a fraught process, especially when terrible weather postponed the planned June 5, 1944, landing date; storms were overhead, and another seemed to be blowing in from the Atlantic.
In his memoir, Pettersen writes that on June 5, conditions in the upper atmosphere changed: “[T]he strong and almost straight current [at high altitudes over the Atlantic] that had dominated the scene the whole week had suddenly changed into a wave-shaped pattern.” That meant, he told his superiors on June 5, that the storm drifting in from the Atlantic “cannot continue to move eastward as fast as I have predicted earlier,” giving the Allies a weather window for a June 6 landing.
Later, some accounts cast Pettersen as opposing a June 6 landing, something he rebuts in his book, saying it was precisely his familiarity with high-altitude winds that let him recognize the opportunity. Certainly, military leaders acknowledged his work. General Dwight Eisenhower, the Allied supreme commander, wrote to Pettersen, praising him for his “reconciliation of differences in forecasting methods,” adding that Pettersen’s work deserved “very special commendation as an outstanding contribution to the success of the Allied invasion.”
Computers and Olympians
By the 1950s, Rossby did return to work in Sweden, soon after mapping the fast-moving, high-altitude winds he called the “jet stream,” named for the World War II planes that encountered them. But the approach Rossby championed had taken hold in the United States, and MIT’s program enjoyed a new golden age. By the mid-1950s, it boasted the path-breaking meteorologist Jule Charney, who had constructed the first computerized forecast with mathematician John von Neumann in 1950. Other prominent MIT faculty meteorologists included Phillips, Victor Starr and Edward Lorenz.
Phillips’ own modeling of the atmosphere — dividing it into two layers — proved highly influential, while Starr and Lorenz both performed important work on the atmosphere’s general circulation. And they all created an intellectual atmosphere in which ideas circulated freely.
“There was a very active group that established the spirit that guided the department,” recalls Phillips, now 89 and living in Merrimack, N.H. “It was unusual to have a closed office door. That applied to both students and faculty.”
Students of the period remember it fondly, too. “The meteorology department in those days was like a dream,” says Joseph Pedlosky ’60, SM ’60, PhD ’63, a research scientist emeritus in physical oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. “Jule Charney, Norman Phillips, Victor Starr, Ed Lorenz — they were all Olympians.”
Lorenz — a graduate of MIT’s military training program of the 1940s — added a new insight to forecasting in 1961, when he discovered that rounding a few digits off one decimal number in a computer simulation of weather changed its entire long-term pattern. This “sensitive dependence on initial conditions” is the founding insight of chaos theory, and implies something deep about nature and forecasting: Little changes in nature can produce large effects, which is one reason weather lacks the highly repeating patterns forecasters long sought. Instead, slightly imprecise measurements or overlooked details can produce inaccurate long-term forecasts.
Rossby did not see this latter development. In 1957, he died of a heart attack at age 58. “Everybody was hoping for another 10 or 20 years out of Rossby,” says James Fleming, a historian of science at Colby College in Maine. “It came as a great shock.” But his legacy lives on in our forecasts — and those red and blue front lines. | <urn:uuid:4d698cfd-a088-44e1-8f2b-14bc970d5dcf> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://news.mit.edu/2011/timeline-forecasting-0607 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058222.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926235727-20210927025727-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.963977 | 1,990 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Today (18 September), we in Scotland are one year from the day when our citizens will vote on the future direction of our country. Gaining control of how we will engage with the wider world is an important consequence of that vote.
For me, an independent Scotland is not - and never will be - an end in itself. It is about Scots gaining the powers that all independent nations throughout the world take for granted: powers to create jobs, encourage sustainable economic growth, secure social justice, tackle inequality and promote fairness at home and abroad.
Independence will mean Scotland being able to develop policies that are determined by the people of Scotland, which reflect our values. It will mean being able to take a different approach
Today (18 September), people in Scotland are exactly one year away from the all important day when our citizens will vote on the future direction of their country. Gaining control of how Scotland will engage with the wider world is an important consequence of that vote.
For me, an independent Scotland is not - and never will be - an end in itself. It is about Scots gaining the powers that all independent nations throughout the world take for granted: powers which will enable the creation of jobs, encourage sustainable economic growth, secure social justice, tackle inequality and promote fairness at home and abroad.
Independence will mean Scotland being able to develop policies that are determined by the people of Scotland, which reflect our values. It will mean being able to take a different approach to the UK, where this is the right decision for Scotland. Scotland has much to offer as an active global citizen.
An independent Scotland should include specific provisions on how and when our armed forces would be able to take part in military interventions, in line with international law. After the calamitous and destructive invasion of Iraq, never again should Scottish soldiers be sent to a war
Independence will enable Scotland to add a progressive voice to global issues promoting peace, equality and fairness. Upon independence, we will make clear that Scotland is a country that is committed to international law, respects and promotes human rights, democratic values, equality and good governance.
Meaning of the independence
That is why we have already suggested that the written constitution we envisage for an independent Scotland should include specific provisions on how and when our armed forces would be able to take part in military interventions, in line with international law. After the calamitous and destructive invasion of Iraq, never again should Scottish soldiers be sent to a war we do not agree with as a nation and which does not carry a legal mandate.
Independence is an opportunity for Scotland to become the type of country its population knows it can be. It is also an opportunity for Scotland to show leadership, helping to bring closer to reality the peaceful world we all want to see.
From civic society, including Churches, faith groups and peace activists, right through to your ordinary man and woman, the opposition to nuclear weapons in Scotland is overwhelming. However, despite this opposition, weapons of mass destruction continue to be imposed upon Scotland by the UK Government – only twenty miles from our largest population centre in Glasgow.
From day one after a successful vote for independence, we will begin negotiations with the UK Government to safely and securely remove nuclear weapons from our soil as soon as possible. Furthermore, we have committed to enshrine within our nation’s written constitution our fundamental opposition to Scotland ever having nuclear weapons in the future. By doing so, we will play our part towards a safer and more peaceful global society by showing leadership to others so we can realise the dream of a nuclear weapons free world.
Giving to the world
Scotland has contributed much to the world over the centuries through some very notable figures. From the father of modern economics Adam Smith to the great philosopher of the Scottish and European Enlightenment David Hume, all the way through to famous explorers and humanitarians such as Dr David Livingston, to inventors such as Alexander Graham Bell and John Logie Baird – we have cast an important footprint on the world.
However, Scotland’s rich tradition of innovation and invention is not consigned to the pages of history. We continue to lead the world in many fields and with independence would look to share our expertise in a way that benefits the world’s poorest and most vulnerable.
For example, in international development, Scotland is the first country in the world to have initiated a Climate Justice Fund. This fund recognises that the developed world contributes the most to the effects of climate change yet it is those in the developing world who suffer the most. We further recognise that this is not a matter of aid or charity but justice and therefore seeks to redress this imbalance through expertise Scotland has in fields such as water sanitisation.
An independent Scotland would have a unique proposition to offer the world in relation to climate change and energy; and we would innovate through our approach to international development and international aid.
With full control over international development through independence we will also ensure that Scotland plays her part as a good global citizen that fulfils her international obligations.
The UK has delayed – for over 40 years – achievement of the UN target that developed countries spend 0.7 per cent of Gross National Income (GNI) on official development assistance. This has long been met by Northern European countries such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark, which continue to lead the way. In an independent Scotland we will right that wrong and have committed to enshrine this target in law, with an aspiration to move to one per cent of GNI over time.
In a world that is often riddled with instability having another stable, progressive voice committed to international law and consensus will only help advance the cause of peace in the global arena.
All of this achieved through a democratic, peaceful means without a single drop of blood being spilled and engaging with all the diverse communities that make up our rich tapestry in Scotland.
Engraved on the mace of the Scottish Parliament are the values of compassion, wisdom, justice and integrity, as an independent nation those values will also guide us in the choices we make - the choice not to get involved in illegal wars, the choice to tackle climate change, the choice to tackle global poverty, the choice to rid our shores of nuclear weapons forever.
This is an exciting time for Scotland; I hope the rest of the world will watch with interest as our story unfolds over this coming year and join with us as we build a better Scotland, a nation that values our enduring alliances and friendships around the world in the spirit of peace, progress and equality.
Humza Yousaf has served as the Scottish National Party Member of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow since 2011, he is currently the Minister for External Affairs and International Development. | <urn:uuid:47ea16d4-e6bb-4368-aebc-040b18358682> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/2013917123358158109.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947679 | 1,360 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Many people are surprised to learn how often and in how many ways nuclear technology plays a helpful role in our economy and society. The standard of living for most people in developed countries would not be possible without the technological innovations stemming from nuclear science.
Even though few people are aware of it, nuclear technology touches virtually everyone's lives in large and small ways. Specific applications of nuclear science in our daily lives can be found in all sectors of our economy including medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, and environmental protection.
Radiation exists all around us, all of the time. It is a part of our natural environment just as the light and heat of the sun's rays. Scientists call this background radiation and measure it in units called millirems. A portion of each person's annual dose of radiation, about 40 mrems (millirems), comes from inside the human body. To learn more about sources of radiation doses, see the ANS dose chart.
See also: A Day with the Atom
Last updated July 11, 2012, 2:57pm CDT. | <urn:uuid:5e5e2ba0-dda7-4ac0-bdb4-209c75d44c23> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.ans.org/pi/np/applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865884.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524014502-20180524034502-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.949783 | 216 | 3.21875 | 3 |
There's no denying that humans are violent creatures. From domestic violence within the home to globe-spanning wars, humans have a habit of acting on aggression. Where does this violent behavior come from? Are we hardwired with it, or do we learn this behavior? And is there any way to move beyond being a violent creature?
If you take a good look at the animal kingdom, you'll notice only a few species enact violence upon each other the way humans do. Most animals use aggressive displays to ward off competitors for food or mates without the intention of causing serious injury or death. Predators kill primarily for sustenance -- preying upon species other than their own. Two notable exceptions to this general rule are humans and chimpanzees [source: Wrangham and Peterson].
Like early humans, chimpanzees form small groups in which individuals depend upon one another. Chimps from one group may leave and join another or form their own. And chimps that grew up playing together may one day face each other in a fight to the death.
Scientists have observed chimps forming raiding parties along the borders of their own territories. A group of male chimps will patrol, searching for members of neighboring groups. If they find one, they may attack with violent ferocity, injuring or even killing their victim. Interestingly, in chimpanzee society, the males are usually the violent gender. The same is true in human society -- studies show men are involved in more violent crimes than women.
Interestingly, the chimpanzee is the animal most closely related to the human. Humans and chimps descended from a common ancestor around five million years ago [source: Wrangham and Peterson]. Is it possible our violent nature comes from this mysterious ancestor? And why would chimpanzees and humans display this sort of behavior when other primates don't?
The truth is that we don't have all the answers. Evolutionary psychologists might say that our prehistoric ancestors passed down a tendency toward violent behavior, particularly among males. But even if this is true, the full explanation is far more complicated. While violence may be part of our genetic history, so is contemplation.
Next, we'll look at the old nature-versus-nurture discussion and how we're really a product of both. | <urn:uuid:7ceebd37-fb9e-47f2-921e-be094946bda3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/why-are-we-violent.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861980.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619060647-20180619080647-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.925974 | 457 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Faces of Standing Rock project by art director turned photographer Mico Toledo captures the water protectors of the Sioux reservation lands in North Dakota. The images show the indigenous people of the region who oppose the construction of a pipeline across their homelands. “The project came about when I read an small article in The Guardian back in June portraying the small group of Sioux indigenous youth fighting a three billion dollar pipeline project that would pass through their lands, the Standing Rock Sioux reservation,” says Mico. “I couldn’t help but notice the beauty and strength in their eyes. These were young people, but they had a clear cause and you could see back then they wouldn’t back down from it. I was deeply fixated by this issue for weeks and weeks. How can so little people have the courage to fight the oil business in such an oil friendly Trump state like North Dakota.”
The protests saw more than 4,000 protestors from around the globe oppose the DAPL pipeline. Significantly, more than 200 different native americans tribes joined the fight – the first time the tribes have united since European settlers set foot in North America. “I knew I didn’t want to take the usual protest pictures with fists waving in the air and clashes with police. I’m not a journalist, so as a documentary photographer I wanted to capture the little stories behind the bigger picture, the individual beauty and strength of each person dedicating their life in the camp to fight the oil pipeline known in the camp as the Black Snake,” explains Mico. “I wanted to divide the whole movement into small little cells and understand their motivations behind their own fight. Each story was as important to me as the whole picture.”
The photographer spent two weeks creating the images and in December last year, the contractors were denied permission to build the pipeline. “My goal was to portray Natives as strong but peaceful figures, contrasting with the picture painted by some local and mainstream media like Fox News and Bismarck Tribune depicting them as trouble makers and violent,” says Mico. I witnessed a rebirth of the American Indian movement, although it’s not officially labelled like that, I felt a deep sense of regained purpose within everyone I talked to. I sensed that finally after years of systematic oppression they’re finally proud of who they are as a people and as their own culture. I set out to photograph protestors, but I left happy and honoured to be able to capture water protectors, Native Americans, caretakers of our planet in their most proud and victorious moment."
- Ioanna Sakellaraki explores Greece’s last professional mourners and their rituals around death
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- Floriane Rousselot's digital platform Typelab supports and champions the work of young designers
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- Taschen’s recent release celebrates “the greatest cat photographer of the 20th Century”
- Introducing the It’s Nice That Graduates of 2019!
- Suzy Chan’s portfolio boasts original graphic design, animation, typography and so much more
- Stefanie Tam’s graphic design grounds conceptual thinking in compelling visuals
- The Advertising Standards Authority has banned its first ads for “harmful” gender stereotyping | <urn:uuid:f6573251-77bc-49f8-b4d6-4c72fce9eb13> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/mico-toledo-standing-rock-170117 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315132.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819221806-20190820003806-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.964663 | 787 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Venn Diagram Math
A guidance counselor is planning schedules for 30 students. Sixteen students say they want to take French, 16 want to take Spanish, and 11 want to take Latin. Five say they want to take both French and Latin, and of these, 3 wanted to take Spanish as well. Five want only Latin, and 8 want only Spanish. How many students want French only?
HOW CAN SOLVE THIS QUESTION USING VENN DIAGRAMS?
I accidentally said "Thanks" for this one?
Originally Posted by symmetry
Well, might as well practice on this.
I cannot draw the Venn diagrams here, because I don't know how to draw by computer.
There's the rectangular box with the 3 rings or circles inside the box. You should know them, if you studied Venn diagrams.
The central space, the space where all 3 languages have a common space, there will be 3 students there.
The space common to Latin and French, there will be 2 students.
The space common to Latin and Spanish, there will be 1 student.
Only Latin, 5 students.
Only Spanish, 8 students.
Common to Spanish and French, 4 students.
Therefore, only French, 7 students --------------answer.
Thank you very much for yourhelp. | <urn:uuid:2de27266-5e26-4b6e-afd9-c5070b9b2464> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/10485-venn-diagram-math-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678701207/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024501-00075-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94694 | 270 | 3.625 | 4 |
PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their science, reading and maths knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges.
PISA 2015 participants
Be part of making Australia's education system world class
Australia versus the world
Number of countries/economies
Significantly higher than Australia
At a similar level to Australia
Significantly lower than Australia*
* While 72 countries participated in PISA 2015, Australia’s performance has only been compared with those countries that achieved a mean score that was higher than the lowest performing OECD country (Mexico).
Australian achievement trends
Students achieving national proficient standard
Level 3 or above
Australian achievement gaps in equivalent years of schooling | <urn:uuid:8261a349-f7fc-4c46-b174-9ccac349ed99> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.acer.org/ozpisa/key-findings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936914.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419110948-20180419130948-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.888146 | 141 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Most of the ingredients in normal paints (binders, additives and pigments) absorb the deeper ultraviolet wavelengths in UV-C simply due to their molecular structure. UV-C is a very short wavelength of light that is absorbed by many types of molecules including many carbon bonds present in living things and in polymers and paints. The germicidal properties of UV-C are due to UV-C being absorbed by DNA’s molecular structure, which leads to bond-breaking and DNA errors that render microbes unable to replicate. A typical paint or plastic material will absorb about 95% of light at 254 nanometers (the most common germicidal UV-C wavelength). To develop patent pending Lumacept™ we had to essentially re-write the book on coating formulation, to provide interior latex coatings with high UV-C reflectivity. | <urn:uuid:5d063af0-612d-4938-bc35-0c39a6abf16e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lumacept.com/why-doesnt-normal-paint-reflect-uv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.958177 | 168 | 3.25 | 3 |
When Kallestad returned home to Norway, she actually felt fine for a while. It wasn't until April 28 that she was first admitted to a hospital, her family said, but by then the illness was so far advanced that doctors had a hard time diagnosing it. When they did, it was too late. Kellestad died from rabies last Monday.
Her family was heartbroken.
"Our dear Birgitte loved animals," according to the family's statement.
“Our fear is that this will happen to others who have a warm heart like her.”
Kallestad's death was the first from rabies in Norway in more than 200 years, the BBC reported.
Rabies is a preventable viral infection that is most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with most cases occurring in wild animals.
The virus infects the central nervous system, before migrating to the brain and causing death.
The early symptoms of the disease are similar to illnesses like the cold and flu; fever, headache and general weakness. As rabies progresses, though, other symptoms, including insomnia, anxiety, and confusion among others occur.
If rabies is caught early, there is a vaccine for the disease, but a victim must receive it before symptoms appear for it to work. Once rabies symptoms develop, there is no treatment, and the disease is almost always fatal, according to the CDC.
The health agency said rabies is still commonly found in more than 120 countries, mainly where there is poor public health resources and a lack of preventive care.
An American woman died from rabies in Virginia in January after she was bitten by a puppy in India, the CDC reported. | <urn:uuid:6c228aac-5146-45a9-b6dd-6d2e499cd165> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.dayton.com/news/national/woman-dies-from-rabies-after-bites-from-stray-puppy-during-vacation/IAh5X7jggO8lrbmjKltdpL/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.9812 | 362 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Teaching Civil Rights
Young people need to understand themselves as makers of history, not simply passive consumers of contemporary culture.
Too often, the teaching of the civil rights movement—usually as a spontaneous eruption of angry, yet saintly African-Americans led by a few inspired orators— discounts the origins, the intellect, and the breadth of participation that guided this complex social movement. The real story of ending formal racial segregation in the United States is a very human story, one that includes strategic brilliance, logistical messiness, exalted joy, heart-rending sorrow, unbelievable courage, sharp tactical conflicts, and near-religious personal transformations. But as well as missing this human texture, the civil rights story told in classrooms tends to focus exclusively on the black freedom struggle, ignoring the struggles of all people for justice, in the United States and internationally.
Teachers also face practical challenges in presenting the full story. The bookends of the modern civil rights movement are often marked with the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision banning school segregation and the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Teachers wonder how to explore these 11 years of rich experience within the context of our historical moment: nearly a century and a half since slavery was abolished, or over a century since the U.S. Supreme Court sanctioned a "separate but equal" doctrine, or more than 500 years since Spaniards first sought conquest in the New World. Elementary school teachers struggle to explain the movement to young children without being simplistic about the "good" and "bad" guys. Humanities teachers wonder how best to use fiction, film, and art. And all teachers struggle with the demands and restrictions of state educational standards and testing.
A proper telling of the story of the civil rights movement includes the themes of education and economic justice. Despite the many lawsuits related to school desegregation and equity, little attention is paid to the social purpose of education—that is, creating a place where youths can achieve excellence, prepare for leadership, gain a critical analysis of power, and learn to uphold many cultures. Winning economic justice is a parallel narrative to securing political power. In fact, many Northern and Southern activists during the civil rights era learned organizing skills through earlier work with labor unions. A better approach to teaching the civil rights movement encompasses these themes, and also uncovers and humanizes the stories of the many ordinary people who did heroic things. Such an approach enables students to learn useful lessons about their role in the world, to develop strategies to address pressing problems in their lives and communities, and to see themselves as agents of change.
Ideally, the story should be viewed through several lenses that offer metaphorical magnifying glasses for understanding the movement. The lenses include:
Youth. Economic and social forces over the course of the 20th century have reduced the public role of youths to little more than that of consumers. With compulsory schooling laws and laws against exploitative child labor, young people were encouraged to pursue an education rather than compete with adults in the employment market. Economic shifts created a loss of unskilled jobs, making formal education a greater necessity for everyone. One result is that youths now spend many more years "apprenticing for real life." The primary "action" performed by contemporary youths is to shape a separate, media-driven culture generating billions of dollars for adult companies. Politically, youths are expected to absorb and conform to adult society uncritically. Yet, countless examples from the civil rights movement show the young exercising strategic thinking, challenging the authority of white supremacy and of community elders seeking to protect them, and altering the turn of political events at the local and national levels. Contemporary young people need to understand themselves as the makers of history, not simply passive consumers.
Women. Through the influence of organized religion, conventional wisdom, and the law, women have often been discouraged (if not barred) from participating in public debate and holding leadership positions in groups not exclusively female. Nevertheless, they have found ways to speak and to lead from the earliest days of European encounter, through slavery, abolition, and various wars, to the battle for women’s suffrage and the women’s liberation movement. In the civil rights struggle, women’s definitions of their own leadership worked with and against the strategies for change expressed by African-American and white men. Students need to see the distinctive "women’s" ways of shaping social-change movements.
Organizing. The celebrity media culture became even more pervasive with the widening popularity of television in the 1950s and 1960s. The coincidental timing with the civil rights movement was both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, people worldwide witnessed the unedited brutality of white supremacy and helped put pressure on policymakers for change. But mass media also glamorized the product (the marches, the rallies, the arrests, and so on) at the expense of the long, sometimes boring, and always difficult process of organizing people to change their attitudes, behaviors, votes, and spending habits. The creation of media stars robs power from the collective efforts of the many hard-working people who make up social movements, even though it may be easier to teach about charismatic individuals. Students need to learn the mistakes, the second- guessing, and the conflicts among planners and activists. Through the organizing lens, teachers can share the complex tactics and strategies that lie behind the observable movements for change and the range of talents and personalities required to achieve success. Such education is an essential part of learning to be active participants in a democracy.
Culture. Enduring movements for social change transform the landscape of people’s daily lives, or their culture. Culture defines what (and who) is beautiful, funny, worthy of praise, nourishing, comforting, and the source of our strength. Music, visual images, language, clothing and hair, religion, and leadership styles are the arenas of the most apparent transformations. The interracial and cross-generational nature of the civil rights movement created new symbols and new uses for culture as a way to attract converts. Many of these cultural shifts also influenced other social movements. Through the lens of culture, students learn how familiar culture (such as songs and call-and-response oratory) was used as an organizing tool, how cultural expressions were central rather than peripheral to building a community of activists, and how the political and economic choices made by organizers and activists were rooted in their daily lives, foods, songs, and modes of worship.
Institutionalized racism. Institutionalized racism promotes the ideology that the "white race" is superior to other human beings, and that this supremacy must be reinforced (violently, if need be) in all institutions that govern daily life. Young people need to understand that racism comes in faces other than the white-sheeted Klan member and the law enforcement officer with attack dogs and fire hoses. They need to know that eliminating legal segregation was only one part of dismantling the continuing vestiges of institutionalized racism. And it is important to show that personal and organized resistance to white supremacy—by indigenous peoples, by people of color, and by whites—has existed since the beginning of European contact in the Americas. Through this lens, students can see why dissent is often difficult to exercise—especially in the face of violence—but that it has always been part of the fabric of public policy and Americans’ personal experience of what is called "race."
Interconnectedness. As inspiring as the story of the civil rights movement is, students should know that it is one piece of a continuing story, and is connected to the historical human call for justice worldwide. In the 20th century alone, civil rights activists were connected with the anti-lynching movement, the Spanish Civil War resistance, the labor movement, tenant-farmer organizing, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, India’s independence, the desegregation of U.S. military forces, African liberation, the American Indian Movement, the Chicano movement, the Asian Pacific Islander movement, the farmworkers’ movement, the women’s movement, the anti-war movement, the Free South Africa movement, the Solidarity movement in Poland, liberation theology, the sanctuary movement, gay liberation, the environmental-justice movement, and—some would even argue— the tactics used in the anti-abortion and religious-fundamentalist movements. Teachers need to show the ways in which many people within the various social- justice movements were directly inspired by one another and felt connections beyond their own racial identities and national borders.
James Baldwin reminded us in his "Talk to Teachers" that "in the attempt to correct so many generations of bad faith and cruelty," teachers and parents will face brutal and determined resistance. The teaching and learning of this complex history is an active, not a passive, process that should be supported by comprehensive materials. These tasks—resisting the pat story, being energetic and visionary in the telling, and seeking supplemental information—are the essentials of excellent teaching.
To convey civil-rights-movement history in this way enables teachers to be the "midwives" for this generation, as it does what Grace Lee Boggs says each generation must do: discover its mission for creating a more just, caring, and beloved community.
Jenice L. View is a co-editor of the recently published Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching and its companion Web site, www.civilrightsteaching.org. An 8th grade teacher, she is also the executive director of Just Transition Alliance, an economic- and environmental-justice nonprofit organization in Washington.
Vol. 23, Issue 38, Pages 28-29 | <urn:uuid:4d8a16b4-5c7d-4d01-8d5a-003383d42d71> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2004/05/26/38view.h23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171176.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00605-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954433 | 1,968 | 4.5 | 4 |
Hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals conserve energy by remaining inactive, greatly slowing their metabolism and reducing their body temperature for days, weeks or even months at a time.
Typically, animals hibernate in order to survive long periods when food is scarce. Hibernating creatures will generally eat a lot of food before hibernation and then survive off the energy stored in their fat.
The physical changes involved in hibernation are far more extreme than what happens during sleep. For some critters, hibernation doesn’t even appear to be restful; indeed, some can emerge exhausted and have to catch up on sleep to recover! | <urn:uuid:6fcaa2a9-fd13-410a-bdc7-ea41d52bbf89> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.howitworksdaily.com/why-do-animals-hibernate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765678.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00014-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954709 | 132 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Welcome writers –all! If you want to be a writer, these activities are for you.
If you have stumbled across this page and you want to discover something about yourself you didn’t know before, this page is for you.
For class work in schools: these exercises work well across the primary school spectrum. They are all about each young person engaging with the world as he/she sees it and finding words. With its emphasis on observations skills, sensory detail and expression, the activities complement studies in art, music composition and science.
Easily adapted for children in the junior grades and for any students struggling with written language and/or low in motivation.
For teachers and parents: try writing along with children as a shared activity and be surprised at how much fun it can be.
Please view the terms and conditions relating to the content of this website.
Know a Place Through Your Senses
I yelled at him. ‘Gretcho.’
Swish-swish went his tail. I walked towards him happily, the moment of sadness with Nonna forgotten. You could smell summer in the air. A wattlebird flitted past. Then there was nothing but the sound of my footsteps padding on the warm path and the soft hissing of water sprinklers.From page 8.
Alone or with a partner take a walk in your neighbourhood – to your school, the shops, the park or any place that is familiar and a part of your everyday life. Agree not to talk, simply take in the world around you as if this might be the last time you will ever see it in this way again.
- Feel the air on your face – wind, rain, sunlight, snow. How does it feel? What mood is reflected in the day?
- Take in the smell of the air you breathe – dry, dusty, clear, crisp, soft, moist….find words…
- Look at the colours and shapes that catch your eye in the way an artist might.
- Listen for the passing words of people, the sound of traffic, birds, animals, even an insect if that is what attracts your attention.
- Look at the texture of things and find words to describe surfaces – the path, road and grass under your feet – for things natural or made such as a building that attracts you, a lake or the sea.
- Notice the body language of people who pass – the set of their shoulders and the way they walk, run, totter or stride…find words.
As soon as possible sit in a quiet space of your own, hold the images in your mind and write everything you wish to say about the experience in a writer’s notebook or journal. Write about what happened for you – did you notice anything along the way that surprised you? Anything that made you look at something in a different way?
Read over what you have written. Read to somebody – a friend or willing listener.
- Write a poem in free verse or one of the shorter forms of poetry from the one thing you found most interesting, beautiful, astonishing, dull, ugly, funny or sad.
- Imagine being forced to leave this known landscape.
Using your writer’s notes write a narrative on this theme with a beginning, middle and end OR a poem in free verse.
Nonna searched my face, as if she wanted to tell me something important. I had asked her about her grand daughter who lived in Rome.
‘Angela is like you,’ she said. ‘Just the same…’
I waited in silence, knowing there was more, but then a wattlebird squawked. Gretcho leapt up and shot across the garden after the bird, woofing and begging, smiling with his wagging tail.
‘No more time for talk,’ Nonna laughed, shaking her head at Gretcho. He already had the lead in his mouth. p.8
Have you ever had a pet? Or do you know somebody who has a pet? Have you a story to share whether happy or sad?
- Write a story from your own experience.
- Write a ‘Wanted’ advertisement for the perfect pet.
- Write a character reference for your pet.
- Write an unsent letter to a pet that might have died unexpectedly or because of old age. If you haven’t experienced the death of a pet, write an unsent letter to Gretcho. Imagine you knew him well, and had played with him. Recall the good times you had together and say goodbye to him. Wish him well in ‘dog’s heaven’.
On Dreams and Signs
Nonna is flying high above her garden. She asks me if I am not well, saying, ‘Tesoro mio stai bene?’
I call to her, ‘Nonna, you can fly. You’ll know what happened to me. You’ll know about my heavy feet.’ p. 19.
If you forget your dreams and can’t recall a dream but would like to try this exercise, for three nights in a row, say to yourself just as you are nodding off to sleep, ‘Dreaming self Dream.’ Say it several times so that it sticks in your mind. This hardly ever fails to produce a dream.
Keep your writer’s notebook close to your bed and write down your dream as soon as you wake up. Write in present tense as if happening right now. E.g. I am…
In class or for fun or because you want to: Choose one dream that is most vivid and write it out more fully – as you remember it. If in colour describe the colours. Describe the objects and people in the dream. Describe yourself and how the dream made you feel.
Write a story with beginning, middle and end based on the dream, but change the dream to a more satisfactory ending. If it is a dream that scares you, change it so that you overcome what ever it is that is worrying or hurting you. Make it into a rounded story. Write this version in the past tense.
Discover the Magic of Leaves
Suzie and I were on our way to school. I saw a leaf floating down from a gum tree and I cried out, ‘Wait!’ I picked up the leaf which lay so quietly on the footpath and examined every little vein. Its colour changed from green to yellow and then to brown at the tips.
‘Are you coming or not?’ Suzie asked.
‘Hang on a minute. Remember what they said on that science show the other night? Leaves make their food from the sun.’
‘So you would never guess just by looking at one.’
The leaf had a secret life like I did. To me it was awesome…But not to Suzie. From p21Discover the magic of trees and their leaves. With a class or group of writing friends:
- Look for and find different kinds of trees.
- Try photographing the leafy canopy of a tree against the sky for a lovely effect.
- Look for birds and animals finding shelter in trees, feeding on blossom or nesting.
- Take photographs of leaves or do drawings. Collect fallen leaves for a collage.
- Choose a leaf and find words that describe – colour, shape, size, texture, smell and if edible, taste.
What does the leaf mean to you? What does the leaf remind you of? Is it a star, a boat, a half moon or something else? Think of shape, colour, texture, smell, taste if edible. Find a likeness to something imagined that means something to you.
Listen for the different sounds made by the wind in trees with different shaped leaves – try sheoak, fir, gum tree, oak, palms, fig.
Find words for the different sounds.
- Write a poem.
- Compose a song.
- Make music with different instruments.
- Write a story about an animal or bird that relies on trees for its existence or write about a tree that is special to you.
Was Celia right in saying the leaves made their food from the sun?
In your writer’s notebook – Explain more clearly. Draw diagrams.
Research the science of leaves – find books and websites that will explain or ask your science teacher.
Conduct experiments – try growing a sweet potato or cuttings that will grow in water in light and then try growing in total darkness. What happens?
Write a report of your findings to Dr McQuade, with a brief letter explaining what it is about. | <urn:uuid:12639aa5-a031-40f7-925e-f0dc945f6ce8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://helenesmith.com.au/notebook-leaping-the-tingles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088264.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415222106-20210416012106-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.95792 | 1,807 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It's a day to get out of hiding and take pride in being uniquely different from the rules. It's a day to celebrate the uniqueness of your own neurological potential.
NeurodiversityCelebration Week is a global initiative that challenges stereotypes and misconceptions about neurological differences. Its goal is to transform the way neurodivergent people are perceived and supported, providing schools, universities, and organizations with the opportunity to recognize the many talents and advantages of being neurodivergent, while creating more inclusive and equitable cultures that celebrate differences and empower all people.
The Week of Celebrating Neurodiversity is supported by more than 20 charities and many organizations, including the United Nations Envoy for Youth. The neurodiverse community actively advocates for a deeper understanding and recognition of individual experience, beyond general awareness of “conditions” and labels. The Week of Celebrating Neurodiversity has been featured on ITV News, in Carmen Sandiego's series entitled “Fearless Kids Around the World”, on the BBC, The New Scientist, The Guardian and Forbes. More than 1,400 schools and 685,000 students from around the world have registered to participate in the Neurodiversity Celebration Week through themed events, guest speakers and awareness campaigns.
Neurodiversity Celebration Week is a global initiative that challenges stereotypes and misconceptions about neurodevelopmental disorders and learning disabilities. | <urn:uuid:97263b19-af9c-41a3-b19d-cafae8e10d5f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.neurodiversity.guru/what-is-neurodiversity-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.92804 | 280 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Passive data collection through IoT
The phrase “going off the grid” was coined to describe a lifestyle that intentionally avoids interacting with technology that leaves a trace of one’s activities. As depicted by characters in popular fiction, this has theretofore been accomplished mainly by paying for things with cash instead of credit, using a false name, and talking on pay-as-you-go mobile phones. But how can one stay off the grid when every single physical device in existence has the capacity to gather and transmit digital data?
The IOT’s sense of touch: beacons and taggants
As of this writing, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology is just starting to roll out to the public, most notably in the “iBeacon” feature of Apple’s iOS7. It has been seen as a rival to Near Field Communication (NFC) technology (which iOS8 also embraces), or as a convenient way to pipe coupons into your phone. But history will look back at BLE as a major step forward in manifesting the Internet of Things (IOT), and in eroding any remaining illusions of privacy we have in our physical whereabouts.
At BeaconWorx our vision is not only to explore possibilities and potential of Beacon Technology, but also to connect the dots in terms of how it serves the bigger picture of IoT.
Educating the consumer is of great importance in our context as this cutting edge technology needs to be correctly positioned to be embraced by the South African consumer.
Government regulators are only beginning to draw lines of privacy around data accumulated by the IOT. Networked devices are used to analyse and interpret the public, consumers and society in general.
“The Internet of Things holds great promise for innovative consumer products and services. But consumer privacy and security must remain a priority as companies develop more devices that connect to the Internet,”
How will this impact on us in South Africa? | <urn:uuid:ffa9cc4b-6a51-4877-bf54-37c16ed01fd5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://beaconworx.com/passive-data-collection-through-iot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687484.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920213425-20170920233425-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.943182 | 399 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Behavioral Foundations of Effective Autism Treatment
Erik A. Mayville and James A. Mulick, editors
320 pages / cloth / $83.95
Available October 28, 2010
Table of Contents
Purchase a copy
Behavioral Foundations of Effective Autism Treatment is a comprehensive volume of key topics in behavior analysis for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Consisting of 17 chapters by noted experts in clinical research, this book is an authoritative resource in helping students and clinicians understand and apply behavior analysis to a wide variety of ASD-related issues.
The first section, "Theory and Conceptual Issues," provides behavioral conceptualizations of key issues and careful analyses of relevant learning processes. Specific topics include behavioral theories of autism, behavior analytic language and interventions for autism, verbal behavior, cumulative-hierarchical learning and behavioral cusps, joint attention, and complex social behavior. The second section, "Clinical Practice Issues," contains in-depth description of key clinical practice topics, including Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention, continuum-based education and treatment models, prevention and treatment of severe problem behavior, interventions for adolescents and adults with ASD, psychopharmacology and behavior analysis, Precision Teaching, and Direct Instruction. | <urn:uuid:e3687c79-fc1e-47fa-9d7b-c725eee0448e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://sloanpublishing.com/mayville | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103639050.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629115352-20220629145352-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.895397 | 265 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The following is the text of an IBM Data Processing Division press fact sheet distributed on January 4, 1968.
IBM has built another bridge between its old and new computing systems with the announcement today of a versatile new System/360 for users of small and medium sized computers.
The System/360 Model 25 joins Models 20 and 30 to offer IBM 1400-series users a wider choice in converting to System/360. It is being demonstrated to customers this week in New York and Chicago.
The Model 25 can operate as an IBM 1401, 1440, or 1460. It also can process a full range of System/360 Model 30 jobs, both scientific and commercial - - and users can convert to larger System/360s without reprogramming.
Design improvements incorporated in the Model 25 include:
The Model 25's main memory comes in four sizes of 16,000, 24,000, 32,000 or 48,000 bytes, and operates in 900 nanoseconds. The "scratch-pad' memory is designed to increase processing speeds by reducing the time it takes to store and fetch interim instructions and data during a computation. Advanced monolithic circuits in the tiny device can switch a byte (a byte is one character or two digits) of data in and out of storage in only 180 nanoseconds. Capacity of the "scratch-pad" memory is 64 bytes.
Compact design and easy operation
IBM's designers have made the Model 25 the most compact System/360 available by eliminating separate control units for certain peripheral devices. These units and their power supplies have been built into the same frame that houses the processing unit and memories.
The designers also have provided an easy-to-use console for Model 25 operators and programmers. Many functions formerly keyed in by separate buttons on the console now are entered directly through the console typewriter These include a variety of commands and inquiries, as well as job interruptions. For example, a programmer working at the console can display and alter a portion of main memory by simply typing in his instructions.
The Model 25 can use a broad range of System/360 peripheral equipment, including card, tape and disk units, visual display stations, audio response units and process control devices. It also can use the wide variety of programming support that enables small and medium sized System /360s to process larger volumes of work. This includes the Basic Operating System (BOS/360), the Tape Operating System (TOS/360) and the Disk Operating System (DOS/360). COBOL is available to Model 25 programmers for commercial applications, FORTRAN for scientific applications and PL/I for both kinds of jobs.
A typical System/360 Model 25 will rent for $5,330 a month, with a purchase price of $253,000. The system will be manufactured at IBM's Endicott, N. Y. plant. Initial shipments are scheduled for the first quarter of 1969. | <urn:uuid:e942780c-47b0-498e-bd31-ec8e3de04f28> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2025.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00001-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923496 | 601 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What Do You Mean, OAB?
Thanks in no small part to the marketing efforts of companies that produce treatments for overactive bladder (OAB), the term “OAB” has become relatively well known among health providers and the general public alike. The fact that the term has become so common and well accepted has been a source of criticism by some who feel that it doesn’t adequately describe the symptom complex it is associated with it.
But where does the term even come from? A review of the history of the term “Overactive Bladder” by Cardona-Grau and Spettel is a fascinating exploration of how this term came to be commonly used. They point out the very interesting way in which the name OAB has been influenced by the syndrome it describes, but also how thinking about these symptoms as “overactive bladder” has influenced the way we approach and treat it.
The authors of this review note that the origin of the name overactive bladder is credited to Drs. Wein and Abrams, two giants in the field of urology, particularly bladder health. It reflects their understanding of how the symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency and sometimes incontinence are perceived by patients. It also was a term they were already using with their patients to make their condition more understandable. It took away the stigma that was attached to previous terms such as “unstable bladder” that may have made patients feel that their mental stability was being questioned.
But the term also has had an influence on the way we think about and study OAB. Prior to the introduction and later acceptance of a standard definition for OAB that is based on symptoms reported by a patient, previous definitions relied on the findings of an invasive test called urodynamics. In contrast, the definition of OAB can be applied without the need for expensive and invasive testing. It can be used by specialists and general practioners alike. I like to point out that patients are generally able to self-identify all of the symptoms we associate with OAB (even if they can’t always rule out other causes of those symptoms). The change to using the term overactive bladder largely coincided with the development of recommendations that the initial evaluation of OAB should not involve advanced testing, with a history and physical exam largely sufficing.
And while it is often noted by critics that the term OAB has been used effectively for marketing purposes by the pharmaceutical industry, the term was not invented by marketers or for marketing. Rather, it has served as a useful starting point for an understanding, by both patients and physicians, that can lead to a better and more thorough understanding of just what is this thing we call “OAB”.
Colin M. Goudelocke, M.D. | <urn:uuid:58a047b7-f055-478c-afe9-dc707fc9fb79> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.uturology.com/2017/09/what-do-you-mean-oab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021224608-20171022004608-00754.warc.gz | en | 0.980271 | 574 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Heel spurs are tiny protruding calcium deposits that can develop near the base of your heel bone. They can be caused by repetitive activities, such as dancing or running, or they can form in association with plantar fasciitis, which is an inflammation of the ligament (plantar fascia) on the bottom of your foot. When the plantar fascia is tight and pulls on your heel bone, the bone releases calcium to try to heal itself. The excess deposits of calcium can sometimes form heel spurs.
A heel spur is a bony overgrowth on the bottom of your heel bone. The heel spur is usually a result of an inflamed ligament (plantar fascia) on the bottom of the foot that attaches to the heel bone. Constant abnormal pulling of this ligament irritates the heel bone and the body lays down a bone spur as a protective mechanism. The patient usually complains of pain with the first step in the morning, some relief following activity, but returning after extended amounts of time standing or walking.
Heel spur and plantar fasciitis pain usually begins in the bottom of the heel, and frequently radiates into the arch. At times, however, the pain may be felt only in the arch. The pain is most intense when first standing, after any period of rest. Most people with this problem experience their greatest pain in the morning, with the first few steps after sleeping. After several minutes of walking, the pain usually becomes less intense and may disappear completely, only to return later with prolonged walking or standing. If a nerve is irritated due to the swollen plantar fascia, this pain may radiate into the ankle. In the early stages of Heel Spurs and Plantar Fasciitis, the pain will usually subside quickly with getting off of the foot and resting. As the disease progresses, it may take longer periods of time for the pain to subside.
A heel spur is often seen on X-ray as a bony protrusion, which can vary in size. However, because a Heel Spur only indicates increased load on the plantar fascia, and not pain, an ultra sound may be required to assess other actual cause of the heel pain such and may include checking to see if the plantar fascia is inflamed or degenerated.
Non Surgical Treatment
Rest won?t help you in case of pain from the heel spur. When you get up after sleeping for some time, the pain may get worse. The pain worsens after a period of rest. You will feel pain because the plantar fascia elongates during working which stresses the heel. It is important to see a doctor if you are having consistent pain in you heel. The doctors may advise few or all of the conservative treatments, stretching exercises, shoe recommendations, shoe inserts or orthotic devices, physical therapy, taping or strapping to rest stressed muscles and tendons. There are some over-the-counter medicines available for treatment of heel pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), or naproxen (Aleve) are some such medicines which can help you to get relief from the pain. In case of biomechanical imbalances causing the pain, a functional orthotic device can help you to get relief. Your doctor may also advise a corticosteroid injection for eliminating the inflammation.
In some cases, heel spurs are removed by surgery after an X-ray. While the surgery is typically effective, it?s a timely and expensive procedure. Even after surgery, heel spurs can re-form if the patient continues the lifestyle that led to the problem. These reasons are why most people who develop painful heel spurs begin looking for natural remedies for joint and bone pain. Surgery isn?t required to cure a heel spur. In fact, more than 90 percent of people get better with nonsurgical treatments. If nonsurgical methods fail to treat symptoms of heel spurs after 12 months, surgery may be necessary to alleviate pain and restore mobility.
Heel spurs and plantar fasciitis can only be prevented by treating any underlying associated inflammatory disease. | <urn:uuid:745f0a61-e14c-41dc-b592-57261821863d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://adriaknauss.hatenablog.com/entry/2015/09/22/233358 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867904.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526210057-20180526230057-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.915403 | 853 | 2.9375 | 3 |
About the United Church of Christ
Origin of United Church of ChristThe United Church of Christ came into being in 1957 with the union of two Protestant denominations: the Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Congregational Christian Churches. Each of these was, in turn, the result of a union of two earlier denominations.
The Congregational Churches were organized when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation (1620) and the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629) acknowledged their essential unity in the Cambridge Platform of 1648. The Reformed Church in the United States traced its beginnings to congregations of German settlers in Pennsylvania founded from 1725 on. Later its ranks were swelled by Reformed folk from Switzerland and other countries.
The Christian Churches sprang up in the late 1700s and early 1800s in reaction to the theological and organizational rigidity of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist churches of the time.
The Evangelical Synod of North America traced its beginnings to an association of German Evangelical pastors in Missouri. This association, founded in 1840, reflected the 1817 union of Lutheran and Reformed churches in Germany.
Through the years, members of other groups such as Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Volga Germans, Armenians, Hungarians and Hispanic Americans have joined with the four earlier groups. thus the United Church of Christ celebrates and continues a wide variety of traditions in its common life.
CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the United Church of Christ can be summarized in part
by the key words in the names of the four denominations that formed our union:
Christian, Reformed, Congregational, Evangelical.
CHRISTIAN - By our very name, the United Church of Christ, we declare ourself to be part of the body of Christ -- the Christian church. we continue the witness of the early disciples to the reality and power of the crucified and risen Christ, Jesus of Nazareth.
REFORMED - All four denominations arose from the tradition of the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformers: We confess the authority of one God. We affirm the primacy of the Scriptures, the doctrine of justification by faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the principle of Christian freedom. We celebrate two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion.
CONGREGATIONAL - The basic unit of the United Church of Christ is the congregation. Members of each congregation covenant with one another and with God as revealed in Jesus Christ and empowered by the Holy Spirit. these congregations, in turn, exist in covenantal relationships with one another to form larger structures for more effective work. Our covenanting emphasizes trustful relationships rather than legal agreements.
EVANGELICAL - The primary task of the church is the proclamation of the gospel, or evangel -- the good news of God's love revealed with power in Jesus Christ. We proclaim this gospel by word and deed to individual persons and to society. This proclamation is the heart of the liturgia -- the work of the people. We gather each Sunday for the worship of God, and through each week, we engage in the service of humankind.
United Church of Christ: Who We Are, What We Believe
Copyright 1980, 1991, 1993, 1998 United Church Press | <urn:uuid:25c35375-0b8f-4ac1-a142-25033dc47f3e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.uccplymouth.org/content.cfm?id=326 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00169-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92714 | 667 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging leaders in partnerships to shape global, regional and industry agendas.
It was founded in 1971 by Klaus M Schwab, a business professor in Switzerland and is based in Geneva.
The World Economic Forum is impartial and not-for-profit; it is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. The Forum is under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Government.
The World Economic Forum holds between five and ten regional meetings per year, enabling close contact between corporate business leaders, local government leaders and NGOs. The mix of regions varies from year to year, but the meetings in Africa, China and India have been held consistently over the past decade.
Some of its major achievements
Over the course of its 35-year history, the World Economic Forum has achieved a proud record of accomplishment in advancing progress on key issues of global concern.
2006: Trade officials meeting at the Annual Meeting 2006 agree to accelerate talks to achieve a world trade deal. Some 25 trade ministers agreed to move on all key issues - agriculture, services and manufacturing - at the same time.
• The Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis (2006-2015) is launched by Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown and Bill Gates at the Annual Meeting 2006. The project - a coalition of over 400 organizations – aims to treat 50 million people and prevent 14 million tuberculosis deaths worldwide over the next ten years.
• The Annual Meeting 2006 gives sports leaders a voice. They presented their ideas on sport as a personal and social development tool, and called for new efforts to increase the impact of sport on society. Press release.
2005: The World Economic Forum works closely with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, to set his G-8 policy priorities of poverty alleviation in Africa and climate change. The Annual Meeting 2005 served as a platform for Mr Blair to launch his G-8 agenda.
• An advisory board created and led by the World Economic Forum helps shape Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair’s G-8 climate change agenda. The board, consisting of 24 global company chiefs, presented to G-8 leaders at their annual summit a statement calling on governments to establish ‘’clear, transparent and consistent price signals’’ through the creation of a long-term policy framework that includes all major emitters of greenhouse gases.
• Over 350 business leaders at the World Economic Forum’s Africa Economic Summit sign a declaration endorsing the Commission for Africa’s recommendations for the multibillion dollar aid plan. The letter was presented to G-8 leaders at their annual summit.
2003: At the World Economic Forum’s Extraordinary Annual Meeting in Jordan, under the patronage of His Majesty King Abdullah II, the Arab Business Council is established in the aftermath of the war in Iraq to provide an important forum for shaping the future of prosperity and security in the Middle East.
• A region-wide US-Middle East Free Trade Zone is launched to open trade with the US and between Arab nations. Consisting of more than 50 of the region’s top business leaders, the Council is set to create cooperative action among leading members of the Arab corporate sector to enhance the competitiveness of the Arab region and to facilitate its integration into the global economy.
2002: The Forum provides a platform for the creation of a Disaster Resource Network, leveraging engineering and transportation industry firms’ resources to assist with disaster relief efforts.
• The Annual Meeting 2002 serves as a platform for Canada’s Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to announce the creation of a Canadian $ 500 million fund for Africa to support the objectives of the New Partnership for Africa's Development through the implementation of the G-8 Africa Action Plan.
• Additionally, the Gates Foundation announces a contribution of US$ 50 million for AIDS prevention in Africa, including US$ 20 million to fund the trial of a promising microbicide that could offer women a breakthrough in protection against HIV/AIDS.
2000: Recommendations from the Global Digital Divide Task Force are submitted to the G-8 Kyushu-Okinawa Summit 2000; most of the proposals are adopted during the Summit and have become part of its final communiqué.
• At the Annual Meeting, World Health Organization Secretary-General Gro Harlem Brundtland announces a Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).
1999: United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan announces the "Global Compact," to give "a human face to the global market" at the Forum's Annual Meeting.
1994: Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat reach a draft agreement on Gaza and Jericho at the Annual Meeting in Davos.
1992: South African President FW de Klerk meets Nelson Mandela and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi at the Annual Meeting, their first joint appearance outside South Africa and a milestone in the country's political transition.
1989: North and South Korea hold their first ministerial-level meetings at the Forum's Annual Meeting in Davos; at the same meeting, East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl meet to discuss German reunification.
1988: Greece and Turkey turn back from the brink of war by signing the "Davos Declaration" at the Forum's Annual Meeting.
1979: The Forum becomes the first non-governmental institution to initiate a partnership with China's economic development commissions, spurring economic reform policies in China. | <urn:uuid:1fd8a9d0-4ed1-43f3-ae4e-7ddd796303b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/about-the-world-economic-forum/story-SSYXp9IYL245iBm0Fc7FhK.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00302-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924164 | 1,140 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Democratic Republic of Congo (or DR Congo), which was formerly known as Zaire, is one of the larger and more beautiful of the African countries. It is a vast land blessed with forests, lakes, majestic waterfalls, and safari wildlife. Unfortunately, the transportation infrastructure is still lacking. The DR Congo also has a long history of civil war, ethnic conflict, and human rights abuses. Millions have died in this former Belgian colony not just from the war but from disease and starvation. This country remains scarred even today, as sporadic fighting persists and the threat of another civil war is still ever present.
The Democratic Republic of Congo sits at the heart of Africa, straddling the equator and bordering nine different nations. It covers two-thirds of the drainage basin of the Congo River, an area that receives abundant rainfall. A large part of this country is impenetrable because of its rainforest. Its north-central area consists of vast lowlands covered by tropical rain forests, while the northwest is dominated by dense grasslands. And while the west is surrounded by mountainous terraces, the south and southwest transform from plateaus into plains. Along the border with Uganda in the east, spectacular mountains such as the Ruwenzori, Virunga, and Margherita frame the north-south line known as the Great Rift Valley. Virunga, in particular, is home to eight major volcanoes, half of them still active. Several of the country’s major lakes, including Tanganyika, Albert, Kivu, and Edward, also dot this region.
DR Congo’s national parks serve as the country’s biggest draw for tourists. The Upemba National Park northeast of Bukama stretches along the Lualaba River and includes numerous lakes that are inhabited by crocodiles, hippopotamuses, and diverse aquatic birds. The Garamba National Park in the north features 990,000 acres of playground for lions, leopards, giraffes, rhinos, and elephants. The Virunga National Park with its range of jagged mountains is famous for its mountain gorillas, but is also home to lions, hippos, elephants, buffalos, antelopes, and warthogs.
Outside of its national parks, the Democratic Republic of Congo is just as naturally beautiful. Lake Tanganyika, for example, has been compared to the French Riviera. There are also more freshwater lakes in the DR Congo than anywhere else in Africa, among them Lake Albert, Fwa, Munkamba, and Kasai. Lake Edward, in particular, is known for its variety of colorful birds.
There are also numerous spectacular waterfalls, including the Inkisi Falls at Zongo and the falls at Lufira, Kiobo, and Lofol; the latter is set at 1,260 feet high and located north of Lubumbashi.
Other natural wonders include the caves, waterfalls, and woodlands of Boma and Mayumbe. In the Mbanza-Ngungu region, visitors are treated to more caves, as well as great weather and nice resorts. Also popular in the Mbanza-Ngungu is the Frere Gillet Botanic Gardens in Kisantu, which is world-famous for its rare orchids. Many tourists also visit Bunia, where they make excursions to the nearby forests and mountains, as well as the Escaliers de Venus Falls and the Caves of Mount Hoyo.
DR Congo also has a number of spectacular mountains, including the Ruwenzori range, which is considered to have the best mountain scenery in Africa. This region also features the highest mountain peak in the country, the Pic Marguerite at 15,800 feet high; it is inhabited by the rare okapi and by mountain gorillas.
The temperatures in the DR Congo are usually high, averaging about 27° C (80° F), but it varies greatly depending on the altitude and rainfall. Part of the country is in the Northern Hemisphere and part of it is in the Southern Hemisphere. The time of the year when the sun migrates from one hemisphere to the other, the country experiences heavy rainfall. More precipitation is seen in the north, usually between May and October, than in the south, where the rainy season is between September and May.
Around 100 AD, the Bantu natives invaded the DR Congo and conquered the Pygmies. Many more Bantus arrived in waves from Nigeria. Between the 13th and 19th centuries, several states emerged in the south, including the famous Kingdom of the Kongo.
In 1482, Portuguese explorers arrived on the Atlantic coast and they were followed by several other European countries, which eventually led to the fall of the kingdom in the late 17th century.
There was little penetration by the Europeans into the interior of the DR Congo between the 15th and 19th centuries. The Europeans stayed on the coast trading for goods that came indirectly from the interior.
Exploration of the DR Congo began in the mid-1800s. One of the first explorers was Henry Stanley, who was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium the colonize the territory. Stanley set up trading posts and signed various treaties with African chiefs. Eventually the Berlin Conference of 1884 carved up Africa and King Leopold II of Belgium was given the area of present-day DR Congo. The natives were treated so harshly and brutally that it turned into an international scandal. Eventually the region was taken over by Belgium from the hands of the king in 1908. Belgium developed roads and railroads.
In 1960, the DR Congo was granted independence. Immediately, the country was embroiled in internal turmoil. The 1960 elections featured several national parties. Only two parties presented themselves in more than one province. And the winning party, the Lumumba-led MNC-L, won with only 25% of the seats. The parties followed strong ethnic divisions. The “Congo Crisis” as it was called turned for the worst when the DR Congo’s richest province, Katanga, threatened to secede, after its backed party did not win. Prime Minister Lumumba asked the United Nations to send soldiers to keep the country united. Kasavubu, meanwhile, part of the ABAKO party was elected President by Parliament. Conflict between Lumumba and Kasavubu presented an opportunity for chief of staff of the new Congo army, Joseph Mobutu. Receiving financial backing from the United States and Belgium, who were afraid of communism and leftist ideologies, Mobutu implemented a successful military coup in 1965. He established a one-party presidential government and changed the country’s name to Zaire in 1971.
Mobutu restored order, but corruption, humans rights abuses, and mismanagement led to repression and a decline in the living standard of the people. Mobutu was forced to announce a multiparty system in 1990, but it was largely cosmetic. In 1994, the country plunged into anarchy when more than one million Rwandan refugees, fleeing genocide, entered the country. In 1997, Mobutu’s regime was eventually toppled by a rebellion (known as the First Congo War) led by Laurent Desire Kabila who was backed by Rwandan and Ugandan troops.
In 1998, the Second Congo War broke out after Laurent Kabila thanked Rwanda and Uganda for their assistance but asked them to leave the country. The departure of the Rwandans and Ugandans caused alarm among the Banyamulenge in eastern Congo, a group of Tutsi speaking natives. The Tutsi-led Rwandan government was sympathetic to Banyamulenge. Along with their ally, Uganda, Rwanda backed a rebel group, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), which quickly began conquering the eastern provinces of the DR Congo. Kabila was caught off-guard and only saved from disaster by the help of the neighboring African states of Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, and Chad who all provided troop support. The war ended in 2003 after various belligerent groups signed an agreement to create a government of national unity. All told, the Second Congo War was one of the deadliest conflicts since WWII, claiming close to 4 million lives. Millions more were displaced, and hundreds of thousands of women suffered sexual atrocities, including gang rape, forced incest and sexual slavery.
Today, the DR Congo remains a fragile state that is still suffering from continued violence at the hands of militant and rebel groups, some of them supported by Rwanda. Ethnic conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis in the east still persist. | <urn:uuid:a4a477c7-d521-4b89-89b4-b7e58e96fa78> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.epictrip.com/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo-travel-l230.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.968208 | 1,769 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In few upcoming posts I will be talking about the how the SSL/TLS works. In this article I will cover very basic stuff about SSL. Though Wikipedia might be a better resource for this kind of information, but this is very condensed information and also serves as my personal notes :).
Secure Socket Layer or Transport Layer Security Protocol is the backbone of Internet’s security. It provides authentication, confidentiality and data integrity (CIA of security). The 1st version of SSL was designed by Netscape in 1994 in order to make the client-server communication secure. SSLv1 never saw light of day and was very soon upgraded by SSLv2. SSLv2 was incorporated in Netscape’s Navigator browser. SSL is client-server protocol, i.e, it provides a secure channel of communication between a client and a server. It is a OS agnostic protocol and hence secure communication is not platform dependent. SSL was designed to work very similar to Berkeley Socket so that applications that were intially designed can be easily ported to use this new protocol.
Over the course of last 20 years several iterations of SSL have been released. Post SSLv3, SSL was renamed as TLS and further versions as TLS 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. The abbreviations SSL and TLS are used interchangeably, though using TLS is a bit more correct.
In OSI reference model, TLS sits between application and transport layer. TLS session initiation is at Layer 5 (session layer) and while it works at Layer 6 (presentation layer). Since, TLS security protocol is sandwiched between the application protocol layer and transport protocol layer, it can secure and send application data to the transport layer. Also, this ensures that TLS can support multiple application layer protocols.
It is a single hop protocol, i.e, it provides security between a single hop of client-server. For every message sent from client, the secure channel will end at the server. If the server needs to forward this data further to another server, it needs to negotiate another TLS session.
TLS/SSL assumes that a connection-oriented transport protocol, typically TCP, is in use. The protocol allows client/server applications to detect the following security risks, which are in line with the CIA of security:
– Message tampering
– Message interception
– Message Forgery
Talking about CIA of security, in x.509 certificates, i.e, asymmetric cryptography, is used for authentication and symmetric cryptography is used for confidentiality of the communication data. Message Authentication Code (MAC) is used to ensure message integrity.
This sums up the basic introductory information about TLS. Upcoming posts will talk about how a TLS session is established between two peers. | <urn:uuid:6a2b9bf9-19e7-4ade-ac64-774270713871> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://serializethoughts.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/introduction-to-secure-socket-layer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.933042 | 557 | 3.625 | 4 |
I mentioned Passover props in my “Purchase for Passover” list, and I got a flurry of e-mails asking what I used. So here are some of my ideas and the resources to get (or make) them yourself (also see the Passover project list here and some ways to make the seder more fun for kids here.)
(A note: I try not to just focus on the plagues. They are a tiny piece of the story, and a little disturbing to me, too. There is so much more to the story, but they are the easiest to do!)
Costumes to act it out:
- Here are some good basic robe-type costumes, as well as beards, wigs, staffs, etc…we got some last year after the December holiday rush. If you look up nativity costumes, you can usually find a bunch of options.
- Get a large blue tablecloth, sheet, or blanket to act as the Red Sea for your reenactment. We draw different pictures of fish on notecards and tape or safety pin them on, too. Here’s a good (and cheap!) long blue tablecloth you could get.
- For kid’s Egyptian clothes, we usually just make a headpiece. A lot of the prepackaged costumes have different symbols that we don’t wear on them. You can spend a lot on a set, like this one (or just use it for ideas):
- Here is a really cute 10 plagues printable: cut them out and put them on sticks for a play! Or check out these placards (and part 2)
- Make your own 10 plague kit, or buy this bag of plagues or this soft plush one
- Coloring pages or more coloring
- Blood: red food coloring, red jello, etc… (we don’t actually do much here for this one)
- Frogs: make an origami jumping frog or your own plague of frogs
- Lice: plastic bugs, or use a stamp pad and finger print for the lice bodies. Then use a marker to make the legs of the lice.
- Wild animals: use modeling clay to make the animals, make an animal mask
- Animal sickness (pestilence): “kill” off the animals
- Boils: Sticker dots, pompoms, and itching. Lots of itching.
- Hail made of fire and ice: mini marshmallows (a good treat for to tide kids over for the rest of the seder), cotton balls
- Locusts: coloring page, or buy some bugs from Oriental Trading Company (like these or these) and toss them around
- Darkness: see here for a melted crayon craft, or my kids like to (briefly) cover people in blankets for this one (and then lay on them since the Egyptians couldn’t move–feel free to skip that part if you prefer).
- Death of the firstborn: sleeping mask or sunglasses, or a condolence card (be sensitive, though!)
Here’s our favorite haggada with pictures: the Katz Hagaddah. We got it from Amazon, which is where the link goes, but it may be out of stock, in which case, you can look here (Feldheim) or here (TES). It’s so good that it seems it’s hard to keep in stock! This has gorgeous pictures and shows some of the difficulties we had when we were in Egypt. It’s not too graphic, but is very thought provoking – especially the scene with the tunnels through the sea!
We’re also making our own hagada, with our photo shoot scheduled for tomorrow. We’re going to be making a snapfish book!
What do you use? | <urn:uuid:b913b5de-aa2d-4463-ba7a-de175fecdc5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://organizedjewishhome.com/2014/03/18/passover-props-where-to-get-them-or-directions-to-make-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117874.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823055231-20170823075231-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.920359 | 806 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What are common law trademarks?
A common law trademark or service mark (collectively referred to in this article as a “trademark”) is a judicially created right that is governed by state law. Generally speaking, common law trademark ownership is acquired by actual use or marketing in a given market. Common law trademarks can only be protected in the geographic area where goods or services (collectively referred to in this article as “goods”) are sold or have acquired customer goodwill. Additionally, actual and continuous use of a trademark is required to retain a protectable interest in a trademark. Tally-Ho Inc. v. Coast Community College District, 889 F.2d 1018, 1023-24 (11th Cir.1989).
When does an unregistered common law trademark trump the rights of a registered trademark?
The first to use a trademark in a particular geographic market is known as a “senior user”. A senior user can acquire rights to a trademark in a geographic market even if a trademark is not registered. Generally speaking, an unregistered common law trademark may trump the rights of a registered trademark IF the common law trademark was the senior user AND has continuously used the common law trademark.
HOWEVER, generally speaking common law trademarks rights are LIMITED to the geographic market that the common law trademark has been used, is known by consumers or where the common law trademark may naturally expand. Federal registration of a trademark by another user after a senior user has begun to use the same trademark has the practical effect of FREEZING the senior user’s enforceable common law trademark rights thereby terminating ANY right to future expansion beyond the common law trademark’s existing territory. Tana v. Dantanna’s, 611 F.3d 767, 780-81 (11th Cir. 2010). As a result, it behooves common law trademark holders to register their trademarks.
How are the geographic limits of common law trademark rights defined when a trademark is used on the internet?
Determining trademark rights based upon a trademark’s use on the internet is a developing area of law. The law is still struggling with how to define the geographic limits of a trademark used on the internet. The tests for establishing the extent of trademark rights vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction when a trademark is used on the Internet. For e-commerce cases, some courts have used a “zone of market penetration” test to determine if a trademark holder is entitled to trademark rights. The market penetration test is a test that analyzes the following factors to determine the extent of a trademark’s market penetration: (1) volume of sales; (2) growth trends; (3) the number of people who purchased the party’s goods in relation to the number of potential customers; and (4) the amount of advertising. Adray v. Adry-Mart Inc., 76 F.3d 984, 989 (9th Cir.1995).
Other courts apply the “zone of natural expansion” test to determine if a trademark holder is entitled to trademark rights. The “zone of natural expansion” test analyzes whether a senior trademark holder can successfully claim the junior holder is interfering with the zone of natural expansion of a trademark. Planetary Motion, Inc. v. Techsplosion, Inc., 261 F.3d 1188, 1193 (11th Cir.2001). Courts have also found that the internet can be its own territory or market. See Big Time Worldwide Concert & Sport Club at Town Center, LLC v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 236 F. Supp. 2d 791, 804 (2003); see also Planetary Motion, Inc. v. Techsplosion, Inc., 261 F.3d 1188, 1193 (11th Cir.2001). However, while a consumer in any market may access the Internet, no court has held that having a website ALONE is enough use to convey nationwide geographic trademark rights. Whether a common law trademark holder’s use on the internet is sufficient to establish common law trademark ownership rights will vary case by case and jurisdiction by jurisdiction.
The trademark attorneys at The Plus IP Firm have advised numerous clients regarding their common law and registered trademark rights. If you have any questions regarding your trademark rights given the use of your trademark on the internet, the attorneys at The Plus IP Firm are available to answer any questions that you may have. To schedule a free consultation, click HERE. For more information about Derek Fahey, this article’s author, click HERE. | <urn:uuid:a1439e1a-38d3-455d-a095-2a9018960858> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.scaleupcheckup.com/the-limits-of-common-law-trademark-rights-on-the-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671548.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122194802-20191122223802-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.902977 | 945 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Penguin History of CanadaBook - 2006
Canada's history, eminent historian Robert Bothwell argues, is more than simply regional or national. In some respects Canada makes most sense when viewed from the outside in. The world has always seen Canada as a terrain for experiment and a land of opportunity. The colonies and regions and disparate populations that became Canada derived from and were connected to a larger world. At first Canada's survival and, later, its prosperity depended on links with the world outside--the technologies that drove steamships and trains across oceans and continents; the armies that battled for North America; the furs, wheat, and gold that bought Canada a place in the world's trading system.
Canada is unusual in other ways. Its inhabitants had to compromise deeply held beliefs about religion and nationality in order to live together. Compromise came only with difficulty, and the process of working out a tolerable system of government and politics has repeatedly produced painful confrontations between French and English, East and West, natives and non-natives.
An uneasy and difficult country, Canada has nevertheless defied the odds: it remains, in the twenty-first century, a haven of peace and a beacon of prosperity. Erudite yet accessible and marked by narrative flair, The Penguin History of Canada paints an expansive portrait of a dynamic and complex country. | <urn:uuid:b7428f1e-fa63-4a56-a10e-71ed0a6c33ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://wppl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/350828012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.962253 | 271 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Thomas Young's epitaph in Westminster Abbey states that he was
"...a man alike eminent in almost every department of human learning."
Young was an English physician and a physicist who was responsible for many important theories and discoveries in optics and in human anatomy.
In 1799 Young initiated his medical practice in London. His primary interest was in studying sensory perception and, while still in medical school, discovered how the lens of the human eye changes shape to focus on objects at different distances. While pursuing his interests in the function of the human eye, Young discovered the cause of astigmatism in 1801, which was about the time that he began his study of light.
In 1801, Young began a series of experiments that addressed a phenomenon known as interference. He observed that when light from a single source is separated into two beams, and the two beams are recombined, the combined beams produce a pattern of light and dark fringes. Young concluded that these fringes were the result of the beams of light behaving as waves with their peaks and troughs either reinforcing one another or canceling each other. When this occurred, alternating lines of light and dark resulted.
Young applied his new wave theory of light to explain the colors of thin films such as soap bubbles, and by relating color to wavelength, he calculated the approximate wavelengths of the seven colors recognized by Newton. His proposal of this wave theory of light was not accepted by most English scientists of the period because it opposed Newton's theory of light. It was not until Young worked with French physicists Augustin Fresnel and Francois Arago that his wave theory began to be accepted in Europe.
Young was also responsible for postulating how the receptors in the eye perceive colors. He is credited, along with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, for developing the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory. This theory postulated that there were three distinct types of cones in the retina and that each one of the types was sensitive to a particular color, either red, green, or blue. They also speculated that when a color stimulus was captured by the eye it was the cone receptor structures that received and transmitted that information to the brain.
As indicated by his epitaph, Young's interests and mastery of scientific and medical skills was quite varied. He was fluent in several languages and studied Egyptology. He also began studying the texts of the Rosetta Stone in 1814. After obtaining additional hieroglyphic writings from other sources, he succeeded in providing a relatively accurate translation and contributed to the deciphering of the ancient Egyptian language.
Young also did experiments concerned with measuring the size of molecules, surface tension in liquids, and quantities of elasticity. He was also the first scientist to give the word "energy" its scientific connotation, and Young's modulus, a constant in the mathematical equation describing elasticity was named in his honor.
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“… What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over. The battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of a perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, “This was their finest hour”.”
On this day in history began one of the fiercest aerial conflicts in history, with the men of His Majesty’s Royal Air Force flying sorties day in and day out against Hitler’s Luftwaffe in English skies. After three months and three weeks, the Luftwaffe were forcibly expelled. Had it not been for the brave Allied airmen, the world would look considerably different today. Among the members of the Royal Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and Royal Canadian Air Force involved in the aerial battles were volunteers from Poland, the United States, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Australia, Belgium, South Africa, France, Rhodesia and Jamaica. All in all, this made for a combination of 2341 British and 595 non-British pilots flying sorties between the 10th of July, widely accepted as the official start date of the Battle of Britain, and October, when the active dueling ended. By the end of the Battle, the Allied side had lost 544 airmen (including pilots and aircrew), and had 1547 destroyed. Conversely, the Luftwaffe faced much more severe numbers with 2698 aircrew killed in action, 967 taken as prisoners of war, and 1887 aircraft destroyed over the course of the Battle. | <urn:uuid:14adbce0-6483-472b-b204-75a150254031> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tacairnet.com/2015/07/10/the-battle-of-britain-75-years-ago-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.964669 | 475 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The main goal of soil improvement techniques used for reducing liquefaction hazards is to avoid large increases in pore water pressure during earthquake. This can be achieved by rearranging the soil particles or improvement of its drainage capacity.
3235 Working Piles Dia 460~770mm, 13~30m Depth (On Two Contracts)
1645 Working Piles Dia 800~1200mm, 18~25m Depth (On Three Contracts)
1388 Working Piles Dia 800~1500mm, 16~18m Depth (On Three Contracts)
92 Driven Piles Dia 900 ~1000mm, 29~31m Depth ( On Two Contracts)
1095 Working Piles Dia 800mm, 23m Depth
1815 Working Piles Dia 800~1250mm, 25~28m Depth | <urn:uuid:d5785132-6f9c-4da9-8f99-78dd8f2ddcaf> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.delta-foundations.com/services/soil-improvement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315222.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820024110-20190820050110-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.774204 | 163 | 2.640625 | 3 |
12.A.3a: Explain how cells function as "building blocks" of organisms and describe the requirements for cells to live.
12.A.3b: Compare characteristics of organisms produced from a single parent with those of organisms produced by two parents.
12.A.3c: Compare and contrast how different forms and structures reflect different functions (e.g., similarities and differences among animals that fly, walk or swim; structures of plant cells and animal cells).
12.B.3a: Identify and classify biotic and abiotic factors in an environment that affect population density, habitat and placement of organisms in an energy pyramid.
12.B.3b: Compare and assess features of organisms for their adaptive, competitive and survival potential (e.g., appendages, reproductive rates, camouflage, defensive structures).
12.C.3a: Explain interactions of energy with matter including changes of state and conservation of mass and energy.
12.D.3a: Explain and demonstrate how forces affect motion (e.g., action/reaction, equilibrium conditions, free-falling objects).
12.D.3b: Explain the factors that affect the gravitational forces on objects (e.g., changes in mass, distance).
12.E.3a: Analyze and explain large-scale dynamic forces, events and processes that affect the Earth's land, water and atmospheric systems (e.g., jetstream, hurricanes, plate tectonics).
12.E.3b: Describe interactions between solid earth, oceans, atmosphere and organisms that have resulted in ongoing changes of Earth (e.g., erosion, El Nino).
12.F.3b: Describe the organization and physical characteristics of the solar system (e.g., sun, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets).
Correlation last revised: 5/10/2018 | <urn:uuid:c2ee36f2-c9ff-415d-9592-91bad8e80cad> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspStandardCorrelation&id=1237 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824448.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213032335-20181213053835-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.870573 | 391 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Another word for drag
Anything that is drawn
The influence of air on an airplane
*A dull or annoying person, thing, or situation
To go slowly; said of animate beings
To go slowly; said of an activity
slow down, slacken, encounter difficulties, be delayed, be prolonged, be drawn out, be tedious, wear on, fail to show progress, creep, crawl, stagnate, mark time, suffer delays, suffer from a slowdown, be off-season, be quiet; see also delay 1.
To pull an object
compete in speed, drag-race, hot-rod*; see race 2.
Another word for dragverb
To exert force so as to move (something) toward the source of the force:draw, haul, pull, tow, tug. See push
To hang or cause to hang down and be pulled along behind:draggle, trail, train. See hang
To advance slowly:crawl, creep, inch. See fast
To go or move slowly so that progress is hindered:dally, dawdle, delay, dilly-dally, lag, linger, loiter, poke, procrastinate, tarry, trail. Idioms: drag one's feet (or heels), mark time, take one's time. See fast | <urn:uuid:28167c80-13c8-418e-ba92-c150c8d51722> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/drag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209165.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814150733-20180814170733-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.877272 | 275 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This was performed on April 8, at 5:30 in the evening. Dr. Abel Peirson, a medical colleague, assisted Johnson. A second post-mortem as thorough as this one was unusual in early 19th- century criminal investigations. In 1830, forensic science was still largely a footnote in legal and medical texts. But thanks to increasingly rigorous anatomical studies in medical schools, there had been progress in identifying murder instruments based upon the nature of the wounds and determining which had been the most likely cause of death.
The surgeons agreed that the skull fracture was due to a single severe blow from a cane or bludgeon, and that at least some of the chest wounds were caused by a dirk (short dagger), the cross-guard of which had struck the ribs with enough force to break them. Peirson disagreed with Johnson’s initial assessment that there was likely only one assailant. A medical consensus was elusive, in part, because of the 36-hour interval between inquest and the second autopsy—which had allowed extensive post-mortem changes, affecting the appearance of the wounds, as had Johnson’s initial insertion of a probe.
Stephen White gave the Salem Gazette permission to publish the autopsy findings. “However revolting the subject may be,” the newspaper said, “we have deemed it our duty to lay before our readers every particle of authentic information we can obtain, respecting the horrible crime which has so shocked and alarmed our community.”
The possibility that more than one assailant might have been involved and that a conspiracy might be afoot fueled unease. Salem residents armed themselves with knives, cutlasses, pistols and watchdogs, and the sound of new locks and bolts being hammered in place was everywhere. Longtime friends grew wary of each other. According to one account, Stephen White’s brother-in-law, discovering that Stephen had inherited the bulk of the captain’s estate, “seized White by the collar, shook him violently in the presence of family” and accused him of being the murderer.
Town fathers attempted to calm matters by organizing a voluntary watch and appointing a 27-man Committee of Vigilance. Although not burdened by any experience in criminal investigation, its members were given the power to “search any house and interrogate every individual.” Members took an oath of secrecy and offered a $1,000 reward for information “touching [on] the murder.”
But the investigation went nowhere; the committee was confronted with a scenario of too many suspects and too little evidence. No one had made plaster casts of the incriminating footprints that Ward had carefully covered the morning of the murder. (By 1830, scientists and sculptors were using plaster casts for preserving fossil specimens, studying human anatomy and recreating famous sculptures—but the technique was not yet de rigueur in criminal investigations.)
Since nothing had been stolen, the assailant’s motive puzzled townspeople and authorities alike. But revenge was not out of the question. As many in Salem knew, Joseph White was hardly the “universally respected and beloved” old man one local newspaper described. A bit of a domestic tyrant, he was given to changing his will at a whim and using his large fortune as a weapon to enforce his wishes. When his pretty young grandniece Mary announced her engagement to Joe Knapp, the old man declared Joe a fortune hunter, and when the marriage went forward without his consent, White disinherited Mary and fired Knapp.
What’s more, White had been a slave trader. The ownership of slaves was abolished in Massachusetts in 1783 and the slave trade outlawed five years later. Yet White had boasted to Salem minister William Bentley in 1788 that he had “no reluctance in selling any part of the human race.” (In Bentley’s estimation, this “betray[ed] signs of the greatest moral depravity.”) In a water-stained letter written in 1789 that I found deep in the archives of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, a sailor named William Fairfield, who served on the schooner Felicity, told his mother about a slave revolt that had killed the ship’s captain. Joseph White was one of the owners of the Felicity.
Some of White’s ships had engaged in legitimate trade, hauling everything from codfish to shoes. But many had sailed from Salem laden with tools and trinkets, to be traded in Africa for human cargo. Manacled and cramped into ghastly holds, many of the captives did not survive the voyage. Those who did were traded in the Caribbean for gold—enough to buy property, build a mansion and fill an iron chest.
“Many maritime families in Salem supported the slavery system in one way or another,” says Salem historian Jim McAllister. That was how they had built their fortunes and paid their sons’ Harvard tuitions. There was an understanding in Salem society that this shameful business was best not spoken of, particularly in Massachusetts, where antislavery sentiments ran high. “A few of our merchants, like others in various seaports, still loved money more than the far greater riches of a good conscience, more than conformity with the demands of human rights, with the law of the land and the religion of their God,” Salem minister Joseph B. Felt wrote in 1791. | <urn:uuid:4f6baaef-1a0f-449a-9dde-b798e598381a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-murder-in-salem-64885035/?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657125654.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011205-00211-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9805 | 1,121 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Figure 31. Aime messenger ca. 1843. The Frenchman Georges Aime was among the fir
st to systematically employ the principle of a messenger in order to communicate
with submerged instruments. The messenger was sent down the line and activated
some form of opening or closing mechanism on the sampling instrument. Aime
used only solid messengers which had to have the line or cable run through them. | <urn:uuid:41397189-ee6e-45cb-9ea0-52e4a5232413> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/ship4403.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701151789.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193911-00284-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941623 | 82 | 3.03125 | 3 |
While listening to a presentation at a recent industry conference I was told that the Internet of Things (or IoT as it's known in tech circles) will be 'the biggest thing to hit the IT industry since the cloud' - a very bold prophecy and, considering many of us are still trying to understand how the cloud can help us, quite an alarming one!
But what does the Internet of Things really mean? It’s described as a global network of devices, systems and services that goes beyond computer to computer communications. In simple terms we're talking about lots of smart devices being connected to our home wireless, office networks and the Internet. Examples with which you may be familiar, include:
- Smart controls for home heating such as Hive or Nest that allow you to control your heating from anywhere in the world
- Wireless security cameras that connect to your wifi, record footage, send you alerts and can be viewed via the web and smartphone
- Smart cars, such as the electric Tesla, which can be controlled via web or smartphone to carry out useful functions - it can even open an electric garage door!
The Internet of Things market is still in its infancy, yet growing at a very rapid pace, and we can expect an explosion of smart devices to appear over the next few years. However, the Internet of Things 'explosion' is likely to introduce a number of challenges, many of which we are probably yet to discover.
Security - We will be introducing devices into our networks, possibly containing personal data, with little control over their security. There is real concern that cyber criminals will exploit Internet of Things devices as a weak point from which to gain access to your networks or even worse, your home or offices. There have already been documented cases of home 'security' cameras being compromised and used by criminals to identify when your home is empty prior to a break in.
Data privacy - Internet of Things devices will harvest a vast amount of data on how you use them. It’s very likely that large corporations will be able to harvest this information for 'service improvement' - or it may be that they require the info simply to provide the service. It does however raise the question of what happens to that data afterwards?
Data storage - Many of these devices will require somewhere to store the data they generate. Whether in the cloud, at the office or at home, this is likely to push the boundaries of what we are currently used to dealing with.
Keeping them connected - As new versions of smart devices are continually being released, it’s likely that we will replace them frequently to get the latest and greatest features. This could cause compatibility issues if not correctly planned. Worse, the proliferation of devices could simply overload your networks causing chaos and preventing you from working.
Bruce Penson, managing director, Pro Drive IT | <urn:uuid:8f44f0c4-cd89-414e-ac31-4e5b07da0ad6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.itproportal.com/2015/11/17/biggest-thing-since-cloud-the-internet-of-things-merging-the-real-and-virtual-worlds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809160.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124234011-20171125014011-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.959714 | 573 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Could our words have more weight than we realize?
Using high-speed photography, Dr. Masaru Emoto discovered that crystals formed in frozen water reveal changes when specific, concentrated thoughts are directed toward them.
He found that water from clear springs and water that has been exposed to loving words shows brilliant, complex, and colorful snowflake patterns.
In contrast, polluted water, or water exposed to negative thoughts, forms incomplete, asymmetrical patterns with dull colors.
If our bodies are made mostly of water. Consider the type of music we listen to, and the words we speak to ourselves. What we say about our selves, and others can be either creating something beautiful at the microscopic level, or they could be destroying the life inside of us and those whom we speak at as well.
Science continues to prove this over and over.
Dr. Masaru Emoto’s Book
Look at the different words spoken, and how a lovely word can change water into a beautiful pattern, but also a terrible word can destroy the water.
“What’s more is that water from the identical distilled (pure) source typically forms bland crystal structures but the same distilled water forms beautiful crystals after having been complimented, prayed for, or played music to.” – shardy.net/
“Dr Emoto placed portions of cooked rice into two containers. On one container he wrote “thank you” and on the other “you fool”. He then instructed school children to say the labels on the jars out loud everyday when they passed them by. After 30 days, the rice in the container with positive thoughts had barely changed, while the other was moldy and rotten.” – seen here
Picture credit – quora.com
Picture Credit – desiringgod.org | <urn:uuid:1b9908b9-418e-4150-95db-9f559076c10c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://whygodreallyexists.com/archives/the-scientific-discovery-of-the-power-of-words-on-water-dr-masaru-emoto | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.947462 | 371 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Which one of these sentences are you most likely to say?
“I hope you don’t mind me borrowing your car.” Or
“I hope you don’t mind my borrowing your car.”
Notice that the only difference is me versus my. My is the possessive form of the pronoun I or me. For example, “my book” and “my idea” are possessives. The book and the idea belong to me.
The second example is correct—the sentence that uses the possessive my. Why? Because you use a possessive before a gerund, and borrowing is a gerund.
Let me explain. A gerund is a word that used to be a verb (action) and is now being used as a noun, or thing. Nouns are used as subjects and objects in sentences. Gerunds end in -ing.
We are swimming in the pool. In this sentence, are swimming is the verb, or action. (By the way, the are helps determine the tense and is called a helping verb.)
Swimming relaxes me. In this sentence, relaxes is the verb, or action word. Swimming is the subject of the sentence, or the thing performing the action (relaxes). You can tell swimming is a noun because you can substitute other nouns here and the sentence makes sense. For example: Chocolate relaxes me. In this sentence, chocolate is a noun and is the subject.
When you use a noun or pronoun before a gerund, that noun or pronoun should be possessive. Here are some examples:
Your swimming is really improving.
I enjoy your singing.(I is the subject, enjoy is the verb, and singing is the object and a gerund.)
I don’t like my son’s riding a bicycle without a helmet.
I am punishing you for your eating in the computer room.
OK. But now we hit a snag (of course).
There are some other words that look like gerunds—in other words, they used to be verbs, are not being used as verbs, and end in -ing. But instead of functioning as nouns, they are functioning as adjectives (which describe nouns). They are called participles. Here are some examples of participles:
I know the woman wearing the hat. (Wearing describes woman. Which woman? The one wearing a hat.)
I hear you singing in the shower. (Singing is an adjective describing you. I hear you. You are singing in the shower.)
There is a bunny hopping in the back yard. (Hopping describes bunny. Hopping bunny.)
See if you can tell which is a gerund and which is a participle:
I see the cat chasing its tail.
Chasing its tail is fun for the cat.
Chasing is a gerund (or noun) in the second sentence. It is the subject of the sentence and a noun. In the first sentence, chasing is a participle (or adjective) describing the cat.
RULE: Use the possessive before a gerund, but not a participle.
I know the woman wearing a hat. In this sentence, wearing describes the woman. It is the woman whom you know. Which woman? The one wearing a hat. The focus here is on the woman, the noun. Wearing the hat simply tells which woman.
I don’t like the woman’s wearing a hat inside the house. In this sentence, the focus is on the wearing. It is the wearing you don’t like. The wearing belongs to the woman. It’s not the woman you don’t like. Here, wearing is a noun, or gerund, and you use the possessive (woman’s).
Here are a few more examples to (hopefully) make this a little clearer.
I know his reading every night has helped him pass the test. (possessive and gerund – focus is on reading)
I see him reading in the library every evening. (reading, a participle, describes him – focus is on him)
I hope you don’t mind my staying with you next week. (possessive and gerund – focus on staying)
I hear you calling my name. (calling, a participle, describes you – focus on you)
As you can see, there is sometimes a fine line between the two, so do the best you can!! And let me know if you have any questions, please! | <urn:uuid:fc5c7537-01dc-4bd5-8b07-9f4dbbb44374> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://bigwords101.com/2013/blog/possessives-before-gerunds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00175-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959108 | 963 | 3.65625 | 4 |
As we know, there aren’t enough jobs to go around, and many people have given up on the chance of working in one way or another. Some are living with parents, in school longer than expected, or making do on what they have and what other income sources they can find. There is another possibility, which numbers do not measure accurately – having a life without the usual physical connections, commonly known as “living off the grid.”
Millions of Americans have been living that way for decades. The two major possibilities could be called rural, or living in the countryside, and town or urban.
The countryside version, as it is now commonly lived, often includes a lack of links to municipal infrastructure. One source in 2007 estimated 300,000 American households without connection to government-provided electricity, water, and heat, and expected that would grow to 520,000 homes with close to one million people by 2010, a projection which has almost certainly been exceeded. Those who lived off the grid outside cities and towns before the Great Recession were generally from the ends of the political spectrum, either liberal anti-capitalists or conservative survivalists and rural Southerners.
People living a back-to-the-land lifestyle often grow food, heat with free or cheap materials from trees and abandoned buildings in old or homemade stoves, barter, buy clothing used, and generally get as much as possible from their environments. Those raising children often homeschool them, and value living in a community where there is little peer pressure to buy them expensive toys. Religiously, they are often Anabaptist (Amish or Mennonite), other Christian, Zen Buddhist, pagan, and atheist. While some consider living off the land a political deed, others are unconcerned that way. Some draw inspiration from the 5th century B.C. Athenian Diogenes, who at one point lived purposefully without any possessions. They usually own their homes which may be trailers, abandoned, or otherwise not mainstream houses. With the help of used construction materials and self-manufacture they usually owe no money on them, which some say is a critical component to the lifestyle. Some work occasionally and some permanently but part-time, while others earn money through such as babysitting, doing housework for others, breeding and selling animals, and selling plants, all on a small scale. They often do not have cars and usually walk or bicycle for transportation. Work at home and on the land generally takes them several hours a day, varying greatly by season.
People choosing to live in the country with low expenses often do so to be freed of mortgages, mass marketing, and being tied to a working life, and want to live more independently and environmentally soundly, though many are greener only unintentionally. Modern electronic connections can be managed though wireless modems and car battery power. Expenses can be extremely low – one interviewee claimed that with a home owned outright and growing his own food he could live for $150 per month. Some with this lifestyle generally think it is harder to pay for many things than it is to do without them. As clear disadvantages, though, they usually have no insurance and minimal health care.
On the more urban alternative, many considerations are similar to those of the rural people above, including avoiding many ways to spend money. Several things that people with town or city low-expense lifestyles do to manage expenses include cutting their own hair, repairing clothing, cooking from ingredients, buying used in general, choosing public or self-powered transportation, using libraries, growing vegetables, making some household products usually bought, and self-maintaining their cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. Exchanging unneeded items through organized or community systems for those personally useful, along with reusing, conserves their money also. As with the frugal rural residents, some consider that children do not need as many high-priced toys and electronic devices as others might think, and discussing the family’s financial situation and budget truthfully with them may help, along with reinforcing that less money means less time away for work and therefore more with them. To reduce housing costs they live in smaller quarters or share them with others, limit insurance to that which covers true financial disasters, keep older cars, eat ordinary food, and avoid wasting heat or electricity.
A low-expense mindset can be understood by considering the spending habits of many who lived through the Great Depression. Many also budget amounts for each large category and record all money spent. In general, efficiency and decreasing waste are important, and many couples with frugal city and town lifestyles are able to live on less than $25,000 per year.
Work, when less of it is needed for one’s lifestyle, can fall into several categories. Those which author Bob Clyatt named included “the filler job,” or a reasonably pleasant but low-paying steady position; “the avocation,” or a job one might take on even if it were unpaid; “your former job, but less of it,” maybe without benefits; and “hobby turned business,” if profitable. Those living frugally also consider it important to discover other meaningful activity. One danger is to be too intense about work, which can be offset by consciously calming down, delaying key decisions until a year after ending the full-time job, or just accepting it.
Although isolated from most others, people living off the grid still often enjoy strong communities, in person and otherwise. Several websites have good information, including how to handle many problems with little or no money - three good ones are www.off-grid.net, www.offthegridnews.com, and www.offgridsurvival.com.
A frugal lifestyle, whether on or off the power and communications infrastructure, has clear disadvantages – it can be very austere in ways which Americans are used to more comfort, for one thing – but the ideas behind it offer something to almost everyone. Now that we are in a time of lower general affluence it behooves us to evaluate what is essential. For most of us, if we neither need something nor greatly want it we should consider doing without it – a strategy which will continue to show some people they are best off living off the grid. | <urn:uuid:a331861a-d70f-4504-9b66-96d5cd3ae616> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://worksnewage.blogspot.com/2014/01/living-off-grid-answer-for-many-without.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.971865 | 1,295 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- Published on 26 March 2019
A new research paper finds the high-energy physics concept of 'un-naturalness' may be applicable to the study of turbulence or that of strongly correlated systems of elementary particles
Many scientists have been disappointed that no new elementary particles have been discovered at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in the wake of the Higgs boson discovery in 2012. The no-show of elusive particles that had previously been predicted by theory is only one example of a 'hole' that has recently appeared in the concept of Naturalness in theoretical physics. In simple terms, the concept states that physical parameters should depend roughly equally on all the terms used to calculate them, in terms of proportion. Sauro Succi, a theoretical physicist at the Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Rome, Italy, has now published an intriguing essay in the journal EPJ Plus in which he argues that several common natural phenomena do not operate under ‘Naturalness' at all. Rather, they can only be explained using parameters with widely separated numerical values.
In his paper, Succi applies the concept of 'un-naturalness' to two complex areas of theoretical physics: the turbulence of fluid flows, and strongly correlated systems of the elementary particles known as fermions. Only the first of these two topics relates to his main research field: computer simulations of flowing matter below the macroscale and above the microscopic scale. He describes how these theories have similarities that are also shared with those of 'un-naturalness' in high-energy physics.
Currently, this work is mostly theoretical, but Succi maintains that it can be used in the design of new materials for engineering and biomedical applications. In the long term, simulations based on these principles may even permit the computer simulation of complete biological organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus. Succi pays tribute to a CERN colleague who sparked his interest in aspects of naturalness and complexity in theoretical physics far removed from his main research area.
S. Succi (2019), Of Naturalness and Complexity, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 134:97, DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2019-12576-3 | <urn:uuid:6381a002-fb64-42bf-808a-ec43d1223483> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.epj.org/epjplus-news/1678-epjplus-highlight-turbulences-theory-closer-high-energy-physics-than-previously-thought | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668544.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114232502-20191115020502-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.936533 | 453 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The map featured on our blog today is a very complicated piece of cartography. It was first issued as a topographical folding map of the Balkan Peninsula; however, in 1878, the publisher James Wyld altered it dramatically to illustrate and explain the claims, counter claims and diplomatic maneuverings of the Great Eastern Crisis which led to the pivotal Congress of Berlin of 1878.
This was a commercially opportunistic piece of mapmaking, typical of that great entrepreneur, James Wyld. He specialized in seizing upon important political events or questions of the day and rushing out maps which explained the “Question” or issue through the medium of cartography. Due to their ephemeral nature and their short lived appeal, these zeitgeist political maps are extremely rare and we have not been able to track down another example of this particular one in an institution.
The background to the Treaty of Berlin is convoluted but ultimately, it stems from the struggle for independence by Balkan States such as Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire. Simultaneously, it reflects the concerns of the great European powers of the day regarding the growing military might and territorial ambitions of Russia.
The Ottomans had been engaged in a long series of conflicts with Russia throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These had sapped their strength and economy. Arguably, the most serious of these was the Crimean War (1853-6). For the first time, the Empire had to borrow money from European banks initially to pay for the war, but by 1875 this external debt had risen to two hundred million pounds. (That equates to approximately ninety two billion pounds today). Some of this was due to infrastructure spending, such as railways and the military; another proportion went on the building and maintenance of the Ottoman Navy, which was the third largest in the world at this point, with 21 battleships; and finally, the Imperial Court was infamous for its lavish lifestyle. The unsustainability of this debt was brought to a head by a series of natural disasters, notably drought in 1873 and flooding in 1874, both of which were followed by famine. Ultimately, this caused the Empire to default on its debt in 1875.
The default necessitated a rise in taxes. There was already great discontent in the Balkan provinces over continued Ottoman domination and this tax rise acted as tinder to a spark. A series of revolts and armed uprisings erupted in Bulgaria, Herzegovina and Serbia. The Ottoman army was sent into the rebel provinces and more importantly, local Islamic militia was recruited to help deal with the Christian section of the population. There was a spate of atrocities throughout the region, mostly instigated by the militia,which brought widespread condemnation from both European powers and the United States. In particular, Russia felt that the treatment of Christians in Bulgaria was beyond the pale. Russian volunteers featured prominently in the Serbian uprising but that had not gone well and Serbia asked for help from the Great Powers of the time. There was an attempt at mediation in Constantinople but the Ottoman Empire was not invited, infuriating the Sultan and leading the Empire to discredit this peace making attempt. Ironically this was called the Constantinople Conference.
Not deterred by their setbacks in Serbia and determined to halt the massacres, Russian forces crossed into Romania in 1877, thus precipitating another Russo-Turkish War. Despite some early successes, the war was a disaster for the Ottoman forces. It was fought on two fronts: the Balkans and the Caucasus. The Russians crossed the Danube and by early 1878, were marching towards Constantinople, often supported by the local population. They reached the village of San Stefano, approximately seven miles west of Constantinople. The Russians only stopped due to the presence of a British fleet in the Sea of Marmara, which had warned them to stay outside the city. In the Caucasus, the situation was just as bad; a Russian army, outnumbered two to one, captured large areas of land on the Turko-Russian border, which ultimately became the Kars Oblast.
The war ended by the signing of the Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, named after the aforementioned village. In brief, this treaty ensured the following: Bulgaria became a Principality and nominally independent although to all intents and purposes it was sponsored and occupied by Russian forces, who were to stay for at least two years to ensure its security. It was to be given a vast new area of land, including Macedonia and large parts of Thrace. All Ottoman forces had to withdraw.
Montenegro, Serbia and Romania became independent and all of them gained formerly Ottoman lands.
Bosnia Herzegovina was to become independent and Crete and Thessaly were to get a limited form of autonomy. Finally, both the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus were to become neutral and open to all shipping. Although Russia attempted to slip this in, it would have allowed Russian fleets access to the Mediterranean and as far as the British were concerned, this was a very dangerous development.
In the Caucasus, the Russian forces consolidated their gains, stating that the local population perceived them as liberators rather than conquerors.
The terms of this Treaty created an uproar and led to the hastily convened Congress of Berlin in October 1878; the main agenda was the Treaty of Berlin. The attendees read like a list of 19th century political greats: Bismarck, Von Bulow, Disraeli, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Ali Pasha and Alexander, Prince Gochakov, among various other representatives.
By this point the main aim of Prussia, France, Italy, Austria Hungary and Great Britain was to curtail Russian advances in the Balkans and potentially into the Mediterranean. The vast, newly created Principality of Bulgaria had also sown a great deal of disquiet among the rest of the Balkan states, especially Serbia.
As our map illustrates, after the Treaty of San Stefano, the Balkans are now dominated by a huge region named Bulgaria and the regions of Walachia, Transylvania and Moldavia.
Wyld helpfully provides a colour coded key added to the lower margin which attempts to show the complicated ethnology of the region. Among other curiosities, it records the “Saxony villages” or enclaves of German speaking regions in Hungary and Transylvania; these he terms as “German Colonies”. He attempts to explain the complicated mix of religions in Albania, including Greek Orthodox, Catholics and Muslims; he also states in a rather sinister way that the Muslim population of Bosnia are nearly all slaves and that the Muslim population of Bulgaria are ethnic Bulgarians and the same with Albanians. The colour of the map also clearly denotes the extent of the Austro Hungarian Empire and its claims, and the buffer zone of Bessarabia between the Ottomans and the Russians.
On the lower left of the map is a pasted explanation of previous borders and claims. These include a Greek claims to move its Northern border and make substantial land gains, the territorial claims of Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, the newly proposed borders of Bulgaria and a very small area near Constantinople to be left under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
The results of the Congress were ultimately a compromise. The region of Greater Bulgaria as it became known, was partitioned and the Ottomans regained Macedonia, effectively blocking Russian influence to the Sea of Marmara. Montenegro, Serbia, Eastern Roumelia and Bulgaria became, to all intents and purposes, independent states, which quickly declared themselves kingdoms. It also sparked the beginning of negotiations between the Ottoman Empire and Greece which ultimately resulted in the handover of Thessaly to the latter although this did not happen until 1881.
A curious note on the lower part of the panel refers to the Dobrudscha taken by Russia to be exchanged for Bessarabia. This is a reference to the Dobrujan Germans, another curious group which settled in modern Bulgaria and Bessarabia. Although ethnically German, they were technically Turkish subjects and had been captured during the Russian advance of 1877. It was this group that was used by the Russians as a successful lever to gain Bessarabia. Prussian influence on the Ottoman Empire was very strong.
The Russian clause for neutrality for all shipping through the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus was never acknowledged. The London Straits Convention remained as the binding Treaty, forbidding any warships bar those of the Sultan and his allies from using these Straits.
Tucked away in minor parts of the Treaty were several clauses which were to have fateful consequences. Britain was given the island of Cyprus, probably to develop as a naval base to support the Turkish fleet in case the Russian Black Sea fleet attempted a forced exit through the Straits. Austria-Hungary was given the right to occupy the Turkish Vilayet of Bosnia. This was a peculiar position as technically, Bosnia was still Turkish but it was administered both in civil matters and militarily by Austria-Hungary.
The Austrians decided to annex Bosnia completely in 1908. This led to the Bosnian Crisis and fanned the flames of nationalism among the Bosnian Serbs. On the 28th of June 1914, in Serajevo, a fanatical Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. This infamous deed was a direct catalyst to the start of the Great War.
To see this map on our website, click here. And if you would like more information about this map contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org and don’t forget to follow us on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram for map musings and exciting announcements!
You must log in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:c40abd3c-cac3-454a-bc73-ae7a8651963d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.themaphouse.com/2015/09/05/map-of-the-month-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.975132 | 2,018 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Standards > Records Management
|Schrock, Nancy Carlson and Mary Campbell Cooper. Records
in Architectural Offices: Suggestions for the Organization,
Storage and Conservation of Architectural Office Archives.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Committee for the
Preservation of Architectural Records, Third Revised Edition,
"A document is recorded information regardless of medium
or characteristics and has three components: a physical base
(clay tablets, papyrus, wood, parchment, paper, film, computer
tape, laser disks); an impression on the physical base, made
by either manual or mechanical means (such as a pen on paper
or an electrical impulse on computer tape); and information
conveyed by the impression upon the base. 'Document' is the
usual archival term for a single item."
Trudy Huskamp Peterson, "Using the finding Aids to Archive
and Manuscript Collections," in: Teaching bibliographic
skill in history: a sourcebook for historians and librarians,
ed. Charles a. D'Aniello (New York: Greenwood Press, 1993),
"Records are all documentary material, regardless of physical
form or characteristics, made or received and maintained by
an institution or organization in pursuance of its legal obligations
or in the transaction of its business." Records are unique.
They result from the activities of the institution." (Peterson,
p. 267.) All records are documents, but not all documents are
Documents, Primary Sources, Manuscripts and Archives Tutorial,
and Archives, Yale
University Library, New Haven, CT.
Management, National Archives & Research Administration,
Library of Congress.
There are many, though similar, definitions of records management.
One common one is "the field of management responsible
for the systematic control of the creation, maintenance, use,
and disposition of records." From the Federal perspective,
it is the planning, controlling, directing, organizing, training,
promoting, and other managerial activities involved in records
creation, maintenance and use, and disposition in order to
achieve adequate and proper documentation of the policies
and transactions of the Federal Government and effective and
economical management of agency operations.
Records include all books, papers, maps, photographs, machine-readable
materials, or other documentary materials, regardless of physical
form or characteristics, made or received by the Society and
in connection with the transaction of public business and
preserved or appropriate for preservation as evidence of the
organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures,
operations, or other activities of the Society or because
of the informational value of the data in them.
Records management addresses the life cycle of records, i.e.,
the period of time that records are in the custody of the
Society. The life cycle usually consists of three stages:
- Creation or receipt
- Maintenance and use
- Disposition or inclusion in Archives
Tools for maintaining and using records include file plans,
indexes, controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, data dictionaries,
and access and security procedures. The main tool used to
manage the disposition of records is the records schedule.
Evidence in Hand: Report of the Task Force on the Artifact in
Library Collections, Council on Library and Information
Resources, November 2001.
"While the report mostly considers printed paper objects
such as books, newspapers, and ephemera, The Evidence in
Hand is worth reading by all records professionals because
it seriously and rather evenhandedly evaluates the difficult
question of the maintenance of originals that may be deteriorating
or that have been reformatted to enhance their accessibility."
"Certainly the loss of so much of our documentary heritage
due to the technical problems of modern recordkeeping will do
more to make our records inaccessible for the purposes of accountability,
memory, and evidence they were intended to provide."
Independence, and Text in the Information Age, First
Management Program (MMP), National Park Service
The Museum Management Program (MMP) is part of the National
Center for Cultural Resources Stewardship and Partnership
Programs that provides national program support functions
for park resources and advises the Associate Director, Cultural
Resource Stewardship and Partnership in Washington, DC, on
policy. MMP supports development and coordination of servicewide
policies, standards, and procedures for managing museum collections,
including natural, cultural, archival and manuscript materials.
Handbook, Part I: Museum Collections, Museum
Management Program (MMP), National Park Service
This document provides guidance on, and outlines procedures
for, museum record keeping, including accessioning, cataloging,
loans, deaccessioning, photography, and reporting annual
collection management data.
Handbook, Part II: Museum Records, Museum
Management Program, National
- Appendix D: Museum Archives and Manuscript Collections
- Appendix K: Photography (PDF file)
- Appendix L: Bibliography (PDF file)
Caring for Collections Across Australia, Heritage
Collections Council, 2000
This set of practical guidebooks is designed by the Council
for use principally by non-conservators who are working with
Australias cultural heritage. The guidebooks are also
a teacher-friendly resource which can be used in professional
development workshops. Many of Australias most experienced
conservators have been involved in researching, writing and
editing reCollections, through the Conservation Training Australia
consortium, led by Artlab Australia, which first developed
the package, and through the Collections Management and Conservation
Working Party of the Council.
Registration step by step: when an object enters the museum,
CIDOC Fact Sheet 1, prepared by the
International Committee for Documentation of the International
Council of Museums ( ICOM-CIDOC), July 2000.
Management Software Review Comparative Analysis,
Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN), Canadian Heritage.
"Collections Management Software Review is meant to
assist museums in integrating in-house systems into their
institutions and to encourage them to take advantage of the
growing availability, cost effectiveness and user friendliness
of current software. This Review represents the third edition
in an ongoing series of evaluations of collections management
software for museums. Its intention is to outline the suitability
of specific software to museum discipline, collections size,
museum functions, and hardware and software environment. It
also analyzes vendor reliability, support requirements, customization
possibilities, costs and more. The Review also ensures that
the software meets CHIN and international standards and allows
for importing and exporting data."
Records and Records Disaster Mitigation and Recovery: An Instructional
Guide, 1999 Web Edition, National
Archives and Records Administration, Library of Congress.
for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites,
ratified by the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly, held in Sofia,
Bulgaria, from 5 to 9 October 1996, ICOMOS. | <urn:uuid:1f5cedfd-b7f7-4bf8-8452-85098e6ab034> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://philipmarshall.net/hs/standards/records_management.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812584.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219111908-20180219131908-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.865139 | 1,467 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Four areas in Japan are involved in a smart community trial which is looking at the optimization of energy demand and supply with the aim of conservation and the reduction of costs to society.
As reported in the Gas Review issue 373, hydrogen is being used in the project to store surplus electric power. Set in the Higashida area, as a test field, the attempt is being made to obtain a supply of electric power (20,000kW) from the natural gas cogeneration power station of the Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Tobata Works, located adjacent.
Along with this a 100kW mega solar facility and a small wind power generator were installed – enabling the area to be supplied with power in the form of new energy, which is the equivalent to 10% of total electricity for the area.
The test field involves 230 regular homes, including apartments, along with corporate offices, hospitals, and commercial facility complexes. The amount of electricity consumed by these users and the amount of electricity supplied are monitored in an integrated fashion by a regional energy monitoring system, called the Cluster Energy Management System (CEMS). Along with monitoring the demand and supply of electricity which changes at times from one moment to the next, CEMS also forecasts demand.
Based on these forecasts it also controls the amount of electricity power generated. At the same time it endeavors to get the users to conserve electricity and to cut down during peak periods of use.
A power fee system called a dynamic pricing system was introduced to be applied for daytime use during the summer. What this means is that when the amount used increases – the power fee also goes up. The fees range from ¥15-¥150.
If the amount of power used is kept down, the power fee becomes cheaper. This was a social test to verify how much the power consumers would conserve on power by altering the fees.
Hydrogen is also being tested as a back-up power supply. In this region, the verification test of ‘Hydrogen Town’ has been conducted, which operates hydrogen stations and fuel cell cogeneration by hydrogen as a byproduct of steel plants supplied by pipeline. This is a test to see how much hydrogen can contribute within a smart society. | <urn:uuid:8d6fd6fe-6e04-4b86-bf3c-2f4a5b8fd7e5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.gasworld.com/north-pacific/hydrogen-used-in-storing-electricity-/2002435.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945082.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421071203-20180421091203-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.966538 | 453 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Anaemia, according to World Health Organisation (WHO), is defined as haemoglobin concentration below established cut-off levels. It is a widespread public health problem with major consequences for human health as well as social and economic development, it can be assumed that in resource-poor areas significant proportions of young children and women of childbearing age are anaemic.
WHO estimates the number of anaemic people worldwide to be a staggering two billion and that approximately 50 per cent of all anaemia cases can be attributed to iron deficiency.
Dieudonne Bukaba, a Kigali based nutrition expert, says that anaemia is a common condition that results from a lack of certain vitamins and minerals. Not consuming a balanced diet can lead to a deficiency, or malnutrition.
He says that iron-deficiency anaemia can occur when you lack iron on your diet, or if you have a condition that makes it hard to absorb nutrients. It can also lead to a low level of red blood cells.
Bukaba adds that vitamin-deficiency anaemia happens when a person does not consume or absorb enough vitamin B12 (for example eggs, milk, cheese, milk products, meat, fish, shellfish and poultry or lack of B9 (like fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy products). This can cause red blood cells into an unusual shape, thus not functioning properly. This can also affect a wide range of bodily functions.
Private Kamanzi, a dietician at Amazon Wellness Centre, Remera Gasabo District notes that, anaemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells.
Bukaba says that some people have low levels of the necessary nutrients because of a low dietary intake of iron, vitamin B12, or folate. This is especially true for those who feed on a vegan diet or a “monotonous, plant-based diet.”
A low dietary intake of Vitamin C and lack of intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, makes it hard to absorb nutrients, such as celiac disease.
Other causes could be due to health conditions that make it harder for the body to make enough red blood cells, medications, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPI), which affect the way the body absorbs vitamins, he adds.
“Riboflavin and copper are also needed for the body to make red blood cells. If these two are missing from your diet or if a person cannot absorb them, there is a higher risk of anaemia,” Bukaba adds.
He explains that factors that increase the risk of anaemia include; problems with the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells, conditions such as kidney disease and cancer, which make it hard for the body to produce enough red blood cells.
Some cancer treatments, he says may damage the bone marrow or reduce the red blood cells’ ability to carry oxygen, damaged bone marrow, which cannot make red blood cells fast enough to replace the ones that die or are destroyed, this can risk anaemia.
“HIV or AIDS infection or the medicine used to treat this disease can lead to anaemia. Alcohol consumption can affect the absorption of folate and vitamin B12, potentially leading to anaemia,” Bukaba states.
He adds that, some people are unable to make enough red blood cells from birth, this is aplastic anaemia. Infants and children with aplastic anaemia often need blood transfusions to increase the number of red blood cells in their blood. Certain medicines, toxins, and infectious diseases, also can cause aplastic anaemia.
Who is at risk?
Kamanzi stresses that children and toddlers of preschool age have the highest occurrence of anaemia.
Statistics from WHO supllment this showing that 47.4 per cent of this age group suffer from anaemia largely due to nutritional choices.
Kamanzi notes that children need more iron for growth and development.
He also says, “Pregnant women are at risk of anaemia, this is because during the first six months of pregnancy, the fluid portion of a woman’s blood, or plasma, increases faster than the number of red blood cells. This reduces blood and can lead to anaemia.”
Teenage girls lose a lot of blood during menstruation, this too can cause anaemia, he adds.
Kamanzi urges that, the main way to treat or prevent anaemia is through a healthful diet, however, another treatment may include; regulating nutrient quality by escalating the intake of nutrient-rich foods and using vitamin supplements to advance the absorption of iron. | <urn:uuid:520ba37e-2549-448d-815c-4091683933ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://indiapharmxpd.com/poor-nutrition-could-cause-anaemia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578716619.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425094105-20190425120105-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.932508 | 989 | 3.625 | 4 |
Annular solar eclipse at Horseshoe Bend
The image above captures the remarkable experience of viewing the annular solar eclipse of May 20, 2012 at Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River in Northern Arizona. Horseshoe Bend is a looping meander entrenched into the bedrock. Like all such meanders, this one formed when the underlying land was uplifted by tectonic forces. The uplifting acted to bring new life to the Colorado River, providing added power to cut through the Jurassic sandstone. An additional bit of fun in this image is the hundreds of photographers all taking in both the eclipse and the extraordinary view. They can be seen (center right and left) lining the canyon rim, with a 1,000 ft (305 m) drop to the Colorado River below. For more about this eclipse see the Earth Science Picture of the Day for May 20, 2012. | <urn:uuid:0fe843ee-08e4-41a3-8a8c-1423fc42b9bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://memolition.com/2013/04/26/annular-solar-eclipse-at-horseshoe-bend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.928234 | 181 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Focus Stacking for Landscape Photography and Understanding the Limitations of Hyper-Focal Distance
In this TWO part tutorial I will discuss depth of field, hyper-focal distance, their limitations and the ins and outs of focus stacking as a way of overcoming them! Enjoy!
The What and Why of Focus Stacking for Landscape Photography
Focus stacking, put simply, is a technique where you capture multiple frames of the same image with a different focus point in each frame and compile them to create an extreme depth of field. This is very commonly used in micro and macro photography to overcome limitations of extreme magnification and depth of field when capturing very small subjects. So, how does focus stacking for landscape photography work and why would we use it for landscape photography you ask?
Well, all lenses have limitations when it comes to depth of field. The relationship between aperture and focal length dictate just how large our depth of field “bubble” is and what is in focus and what is not within the frame. The nature of the optics within the lens and their magnification power limit what we can capture in focus in a single image. Engineers and physicists have been working to solve this limitation for decades.
The closest we have come to remedying this problem is lenses with variable apertures like the lenses we use today. By controlling the aperture in your lens, you can restrict the amount of light being revealed to your cameras sensor. By way of some very sophisticated and incredibly confusing physics, these blades and internal optical components can shift your depth of field. I dont fully understand it myself so I won’t go into detail there. This diagram below will help you understand.
Despite these limitations, there are aperture and focal length combinations where you have the maximum amount of ‘things’ within the frame that are “acceptably sharp” based on how far you focus from the camera. This is known as hyper-focal distance and is a complex calculation based on those variables (see below).
For example, when we focus on something less than 10 inches or so at 14mm at ƒ/16 our depth of field is maybe a few inches deep. If we were to keep the same focal length and aperture but focus on something let’s say 10 feet away, our depth of field is infinite after ~ One foot, 5 inches or so (to understand how I came up with this figure and why I chose ƒ/16 as an example, read below). Imagine a giant invisable bubble that sort of only grows bigger and only away from you. This seems to help some people visualize how depth of field works.
Of course “acceptably sharp” is a subjective term and not everyone shares the same opinion of what might be labelled “acceptable”. If you’re like me, and want every detail from the nearest blade of grass to the wispiest cloud miles away, as sharp as possible, then hyper-focal distance will simply be inadequate; which is a major part of the reason for this article. Read on for more…
There is always an area between this focus distance and your camera though, where things are not in focus, and herein lies one of the limitation we’ve been speaking of. This area is where, at our hyper-focal distance, or the focus distance that is allowing the maximum amount of depth of field and therefor things in focus, are not in focus. This area is so close to the lens that you simply can not get what is in that area to the distant background in focus and be acceptably sharp.
Referencing the scenario we spoke of earlier and our hyper-focal distance of 1’5″, approximately the first 8-10 inches between your camera and the hyper-focal distance point will be out of focus. If we were to focus any closer then the background would be considered subjectively as “un-acceptably sharp”.
I know, this is confusing, but to make it easier, Apps like PhotoPills have hyper-focal distance charts built right in! Simply find the intersection of the aperture and focal length to find the hyper-focal distance (read here for a tutorial on using PhotoPills Hyper-focal Chart Pill)
By now you have to be wondering “why not stop down smaller?” makes sense right? Well not to me. Read on.
Up until the invention of focus stacking softwares and the inception of the concept, the only way to get as much in focus as possible in one frame was to stop down to the smallest aperture your lens would allow. In most cases this was ƒ/22 but in some cases lenses could stop down smaller. This however is still limiting and doesn’t completely solve the problem, as well as it creates a new and maybe worse, problem. Diffraction.
Diffraction is an optical anomaly that degrades details within a photograph much like being slightly out of focus, but different. Imagine astigmatism for your camera. It is defined as “the bending of light waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadows of the obstacle/aperture”, according to Wikipedia. Basically it just makes your photo less sharp. Therefor you reach a point where you are stopping down (or making the opening in your lens) SO small that you begin to trade a larger depth of field for less sharp objects.
Diffraction is the reason I chose ƒ/16 as my example above. It is my personal threshold when using my copy of the Nikon 14-24 ƒ/2.8 lens above ƒ/18, I experience more diffraction than I am comfortable with in my imagery. This can vary with the age and quality of your lens as well as from one manufacturer to another based on their technology but is very common in most lenses.
If you’re still reading then you probably shoot a lot of near/far, close-up wide-angle images and have probably noticed the not so great affects of these limitations. For those of you that want to take full advantage of wide-angle lenses this is something to consider for when you do.
The decision of whether or not you employ this technique and go through all of this work should come down to firstly, your vision, and secondly, your application. If you want to utilize compositions like these in your imagery and in order to capture those critical first few inches where hyper-focal distance fails, as sharply as possible; as well as the distant background elements for a truly huge depth of field, without diffraction, then it is required. If your photo will only ever be viewed on a phone or in small resolution then it may not be worth the work. Using hyper-focal distance and not being quite as close to your foreground probably works for you, but if you desire the sharpest and most detailed photos with the most extreme depth of field and close up foregrounds possible or enjoy printing large this information is for you!
Most wide or ultra-wide angle lenses have a minimum focusing distance that is smaller than the hyper-focal distance point. Meaning we can focus much closer than the hyper-focal distance point. In the case of this example, I am using the Nikon 14-24 ƒ/2.8 Lens with a minimum focusing distance of ~0.9ft (10.8 inches). That is as close as we can possibly focus using this lens.
For example, Imagine we are at an alpine lake, we’ve hiked for miles. We arrive to incredible mountains, looming high over our heads, storm clouds swirling around and the sun piercing through the haze like a laser. Wildflowers are growing like a carpet and would make a beautiful and interesting foreground. You set your tripod up as low as it can go, you zoom all the way out to 14mm and ƒ/16, focus on the flowers and WOW! the flowers, they’re huge! and SO interesting! But I can’t seem to get them, and the amazing mountains in focus… What do I do??
You have no choice but to focus stack.
The How of Focus Stacking for Landscape Photography
Focus stacking, put simply is where you take several photos, moving your focus point back each time until you have a frame for every inch of the scene, with some overlap.
If we have an area of about 8-10 inches according to the settings mentioned earlier, that is not in focus according to the hyper-focal calculation; and our lens has a minimum focusing distance of ~8-11 inches. Then we have a few inches where we can use the lenses distortion and exaggeration of close-up elements to our advantage, which is such a powerful technique for creating that immersive perspective. Though, because focusing that close, our depth of field is so shallow we will have take a photo for different parts of the scene until we have captured the entire scene in focus. Starting with the closest possible thing we want to focus on and ending when we either reach the infinite focus point of our lens or all of the elements we want are in focus. Then we’ll compile the images so that it is one, unified image, ready for creative wizardry.
For example, the image below, titled “Absolution” was captured at the settings above in 2018 in Glacier National Park. It required 5 frames for focus and 1 darker frame for highlight recovery.
Below is a pictorial illustrating where my focus points fell within the image to capture all of the available detail. Notice how the spacing between each focus point grows? This is because our depth of field is growing each time we focus further away. It’s important to remember to have some overlap between each frame. Zoom in when reviewing the image in your camera to find where the focus is ‘falling off’ and focus somewhere just before that point. After some practice this will become quick and thoughtless!
- Step 1: Determine your settings. Smaller apertures will mean you will need less photos to ensure sharpness throughout. A bigger aperture and shallower depth of field will mean you will need more photos. The deciding factor for me when using available light is to determine if a fast shutter speed is important, for say, flowers. If so, I would opt for a higher ISO and smaller aperture to maintain a fast enough shutter. If shutter speed was irrelevant, I would simply use a small aperture like ƒ/16 and allow my camera to take longer exposures to keep ISO lower. Oftentimes I employ this method when shooting wildflowers and commonly use settings like ƒ/11-ƒ/16 and ISO 500-1500 and shutter speeds anywhere from 30 seconds to 1/80th second. Don’t be afraid to push ISO a little to gain better depth of field if the occasion arrises. Wind of even 1-2mph can make shooting flowers or foliage very tricky when it comes to blending!
- Step 2: Focus as close as you need to, to get your closest included object in focus. After capturing the frame review it and zoom in to inspect where the sharpness falls off, or where things become soft or out of focus.
- Step 3: Re-focus just before where focus falls off and take another frame.
- Step 4: Repeat step 3 until you have captured the entire scene. You’ll notice that if your lens has a focus distance scale on it, these distances will correlate and end at infinity if you have very distant focus points. If required, bracket your last frame for dynamic range.
- Step 5: Blend it all together.
Stay tuned for Part 2 of this article to find out how we blend all of these pictures together using Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop!
Here are a few more examples of extreme focus stacks of very near far compositions. Enjoy and thank you for reading!
Do you want to take your photography and post production knowledge to new heights?
Join me on any of my available workshops for an immersive and fun experience! Were branching out and exploring other countries!
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Interview With Iceland Photo Tours By Serena Dzenis - December 2019
Photographer of the Month: Joshua Snow Interview with American photographer Joshua Snow By Christian Hoiberg
Matt Payne Photography Blog: Interview With Joshua Snow On F-Stop Collaborate And Listen - April 14, 2017
Interview with Landscape Photographer Joshua Snow By Loaded Landscapes - Mar 30, 2018
Landscape Photographer Reveals Secret to Success with Joshua Snow By FStoppers
Interview With Joshua Snow by Photography Talk
Podcast interview With Joshua Snow By The Photog Adventures - September, 2017
"Beyond the typical Photo" with Joshua Snow - Interview by David Johnston and the Landscape Photography Show
ABOUT JOSHUA SNOW
Focus Stacking for Sony using the Sony RMT-P1BT Bluetooth remote Howdy All! Its been a litle while since I have written anything new! Somehow it feels like it has been a busier year than previous. I have a cool find for you today! Some of you may know that I recently...
Shaping light and creating a visual path I think of visual flow and composition like music, carefully orchestrated with a tremendous crescendo. Visual flow is how the eye connects the compositional elements and flows through an image. Composition is the most important...
Focal Length Blending for Landscape Photography In this short article I'll explain how and why one might want to blend focal lengths. It's a controversial topic, but one I am asked about more frequently than anything else! Focal length blending for landscape...
Focus Stacking for Landscape Photography Part II In Part 2 of "Focus Stacking for Landscape Photography" I have included a short (13 minute) video outlining just one of several ways to blend your focus stack using Photoshops built in Auto-Align and Auto-Blending...
Why a tripod is every bit as important as the camera you rest upon it, and my top 3 choices
The battle of depression in art, and how to use it to become a better photographer! | <urn:uuid:bff006b7-df85-4b83-b099-17e921737798> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.jsnowphotography.com/focus-stacking-for-landscape-photography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.94789 | 2,937 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Nootropics have been becoming increasingly popular. You may have even seen nootropics being sold as the new “smart drug” or drugs. But what are they exactly? If you are interested in learning more about nootropics, here is a quick summary and guid.
Drugs or supplements that improve mental capabilities are considered to be nootropics. Not only do these smart drugs increase focus, they have also been claimed to help improve memory as well. Nootropics are used to protect the brain from certain cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s by protecting and preventing symptoms such as memory loss. People who have also suffered damage to the brain, whether it be through substance abuse or defects have also been interested in incorporating nootropics into their routine as well.
Where did nootropics originate?
One of the first forms of nootropics was not meant to help improve or enhance mental capability. Originally it was meant to be used as a sleeping remedy. However studies and tests in animal subjects concluded that the specificed drug did not make the subject sleepy or drowsy.
Instead of causing sleepiness, the drug studied was sued helped to alleviate and prevent other symptoms and effects. Ailments such as vertigo and motion sickness were prevented and eliminated. Studies in animal subjects also concluded the subjects learning ability increased and that Piracetam also aided in protecting subjects that suffered from certain neurological conditions.
The word, nootropics was created in 1972. It is the combination of two Greek words, noos and tropos. The literal translation of the two words means mind and turn. In order for a drug or supplement to be defined as a nootropic, it needs to have certain positive cognitive influences and effects including:
- A positive and also direct effect on the brain
- The aid to restore and also treat certain issues when dealing with complex brain activity
- The enhancment of both memory and learning skills
- Help to increase memory in both long and short term memory
- Help to protect the person’s brain from both chemical or physical injuries
- The aid in improving muscle memory or control
- Little to no side effects, which means those who take it will not experience certain side effects such as drowsiness.
Drugs that make a person drowsy or those which are addictive are not and should not be considered nootropics. Remember, nootropics do not have harmful side effects.
Nootropics are not only beneficial in helping those with mental diseases or ailments. Healthy individuals who have take a form of nootropics have also noticed beneficial and affirming results as well.
Certain nootropics affect acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which involves both memory and learning. They can also affect other neurotransmitters and help to alleviate symptoms such as depression and also anxiety.
Which should you choose?
If you are interested in taking nootropics, it will be best to do research to ultimately decide which one is best for you. There are many factors to consider, including the speed, strength, and also the financial cost of the drug. You should also take into consideration why you want to take a form of nootropics. Always remember to speak with your doctor and also to only take the recommended dosages. | <urn:uuid:4b3aa760-790d-4deb-a00a-13c7ea7ecb97> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://brainhealthreport.org/brain-information/what-you-should-know-about-nootropics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.973265 | 671 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It is also known as adhesive capsulitis.
The term “frozen shoulder” is often used incorrectly for arthritis but these two conditions are unrelated.
It commonly affects people aged between 40 and 60 years, and it is more likely in women than in men. It is estimated to affect about 3 % of people. It can affect one or both shoulders.
Symptoms and stages:
A person with a frozen shoulder will have a persistently painful and stiff shoulder joint.
Signs and symptoms develop gradually, and usually resolve on their own.
Symptoms are usually classified in 3 stages, as they worsen gradually and then resolve within a 2- to 3-year period.
- Freezing, or painful stage: Pain increases gradually, making shoulder motion harder and harder. Pain tends to be worse at night. This stage can last from 6 weeks to 9 months.
- Frozen: Pain does not worsen, and it may decrease at this stage. The shoulder remains stiff. It can last from 4 to 6 months, and movement may be restricted.
- Thawing: Movement gets easier and may eventually return to normal. Pain may fade but occasionally recur. This takes between 6 months and 2 years.
Over 90 percent of people find that with simple exercises and pain control, symptoms improve. A frozen shoulder normally recovers, but it can take 3 years.
The shoulder is made up of three bones: The shoulder blade, the collarbone, and the upper arm bone or humerus.
The shoulder has a ball-and-socket joint. The round head of the upper arm bone fits into this socket. Connective tissue, known as the shoulder capsule, surrounds this joint. Synovial fluid enables the joint to move without friction.
Frozen shoulder is thought to happen when scar tissue forms in the shoulder. This causes the shoulder joint capsule to thicken and tighten, leaving less room for movement. Movement may become stiff and painful. The exact cause is not fully understood, and it cannot always be identified. The condition is common in people with diabetes.
Doctors will most likely diagnose frozen shoulder based on signs, symptoms, and a physical exam.
The severity of frozen shoulder is determined by a basic test in which a doctor presses and moves certain parts of the arm and shoulder.
Structural problems can only be identified with the help of imaging tests, such as an X-ray or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
There are several ways to relieve pain and relieve the condition.
Painkillers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may reduce inflammation and alleviate mild pain.
Hot or cold compression packs: These can help reduce pain and swelling. Alternating between the two may help.
Corticosteroid injections: A type of steroid hormone that reduces pain and swelling, these may be injected into the shoulder joint to alleviate pain.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): This works by numbing the nerve endings in the spinal cord that control pain.
Physical therapy: This can provide training in exercises to maintain as much mobility and flexibility as possible without straining the shoulder or causing too much pain.
Shoulder arthroscopy: A minimally invasive type of surgery used in a small percentage of cases. A small endoscope, or tube, is inserted through a small incision into the shoulder joint to remove any scar tissue or adhesions.
The doctor will suggest a suitable option depending on the severity of signs and symptoms.
Symptoms of frozen shoulder include persistent pain in the upper shoulder joint.
Frequent, gentle exercise can prevent and possibly reverse stiffness in the shoulder.
Exercises should be guided by a doctor, an osteopath, or a physical therapist.
Anyone experiencing stiffness in the shoulder joint should seek medical attention sooner rather than later to prevent permanent stiffness.
Following are the exercises for relieving a frozen shoulder.
Crossover arm stretch: Holding the upper arm of the affected side, gently pull the arm across in front of you, under the chin. Hold for 30 seconds. Relax and repeat.
Pendulum stretch: Stand with the shoulders relaxed. Lean forward with the hand of the unaffected arm resting on a table. Let the affected arm hang down vertically and swing in a small circle, around 1 foot in diameter. Increase the diameter over several days, as you gain strength.
Towel stretch: Grab both ends of a towel behind your back. With the good arm, pull the towel and the affected arm, up toward the shoulder. Repeat 10 to 20 times a day. | <urn:uuid:fc993f55-b756-4269-b29d-52bff88c92ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blog.ekincare.com/2018/03/30/frozen-shoulder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402124756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001062039-20201001092039-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.933897 | 938 | 2.8125 | 3 |
by Brynn Smith ’19
Last year, social studies teacher Beth Shevitz, sponsored the first annual feminine hygiene product drive to collect tampons and pads to give to the nurse, for the nurse to give to students “in need.” In the past, as reported by The Warrior last spring, the school nurse had spent her own money to ensure students needing emergency supplies were able to secure them. But one’s individual donations proved too little, and without MCPS’s assistance, the feminine hygiene products available were inadequate in quantity.
This year, EmpowHER, the club promoting the drive, decided to use posters to get the word out about the collection. The posters featured drawings of clean tampons and pads to highlight the product being collected to the Sherwood community. To hang a poster in the hall, a club or sponsor must get the poster approved by the administration. But the administration wouldn’t sign off on these completely appropriate, informative signs.
The explanation given was that it made some members of the administration uncomfortable or offended. Wow. The very products that are discussed in health class (to both girls and boys) were barred from being represented in public. In effect, a couple of persons’ emotional discomfort has trumped our Sherwood women’s very real physical discomfort.
In arguing for the posters, Shevitz explained that by not approving them, administration was shaming women for a natural process and enforcing the belief that it’s something to be embarrassed about. Administration agreed to look at the posters again and eventually signed off on 11 of the 13 posters.
The two left unapproved remain that way because the red stripe down the middle of the pad (a completely accurate drawing of one) could be interpreted as blood. Administration suggested some other words the club could use instead of menstrual cycle, like “time of the month,” which just uses colloquialisms to disguise what actually happens during a woman’s period.
The monthly cycle of menstruation is a natural process a female’s body goes through once a month and without which none of us would be here has been shamed for centuries. This is the case, whether it’s women in Nepal being confined to a shed with the livestock for the duration of their period or simply hiding a pad or tampon up your sleeve so no one knows why you are going to the bathroom so suddenly.
Through organizations like Plan International, U.N. Women, and Unicef “ ‘period poverty’ activists seek to make menstrual products more affordable and available. While these institutions help many women by putting their focus on providing hygiene for women’s periods, they need to start putting efforts into ending the stigma of menstrual cycles in societies and religions around the world. In Egypt, the local convenience stores wrap pads in newspaper so they won’t be seen. In the country of Georgia, women are taught the stealthiest ways to hide their periods from the men in their lives. In Kenya, many women have to resort to using leaves or sticks to absorb the blood. According to Project Humanity, girls on average in Kenya miss 4.6 days of school a month because of their period.
This is not only a problem in developing countries; teenage girls in America are conditioned to see their period as a problem to solve, evidenced by the administration’s actions concerning EmpowHER’s posters.
Periods are a normal part of life, the reason everyone is alive, and need to be treated with respect. The fact that there is a struggle in Olney, Maryland, to allow simple representations of female products shows that, while in great contrast to shutting our female students in a shed each month, we still have a ways to go. | <urn:uuid:42f1bba1-1017-4976-bae2-cd2c8c3ee1ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://thewarrioronline.com/2018/05/29/the-stigma-against-the-menstrual-cycle-is-unacceptable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256227.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521042221-20190521064221-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.961028 | 777 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Grants for Conservation of Protected Structures
Conservation grants for buildings on the Record of Protected Structures are available each year. Details and application forms are here.
Sources of Advice
Owners or managers of Protected Structures should seek advice from qualified professionals in planning work to a Protected Structure. Depending on the building type, importance, condition and scale of works, this may be a conservation architect, conservation engineer or other professional.
Several registers of professionals exist:
The Royal Institute of Architects in Ireland has a register of architects who have skills and experience in working with older buildings. To assist building owners in choosing a Practice to provide them with professional services in architectural conservation, the RIAI developed an accreditation system to recognise differing levels of specialist expertise. There are three Grades of Accreditation, Grade 1 being the highest and Grade 3 the basic entry level to the System. Full details and a description of the types of work carried out by each grade are at the RIAI Website.
The Conservation Accreditation Register for Engineers (CARE) has been established jointly by the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and the Institution of Structural Engineers(IStructE) to identify engineers skilled in the conservation of historical structures and sites. This is a UK accreditation but through an arrangement with Engineers Ireland, Irish practices can also join the CARE list. A full listing of CARE members operating in Ireland and the United Kingdom can be found here
In addition, there is a list of conservation professionals on the Traditional Building Skills Register of the Irish Georgian Society.
Why Protect our Architectural Heritage?
Our architectural heritage is a unique and exceptional resource. Structures and places that have acquired character and special interest over time have cultural significance in a changing world. All of their parts have been tested by our climate, and those that have survived the process of decay, and the interventions of their users, have acquired economic, environmental and aesthetic value.
We enjoy the fruits of this inheritance, and we have a duty to ensure that it is conserved, sympathetically reused, and passed onto our successors with its value intact.
What is a Protected Structure?
A Protected Structures is a building designated by Laois County Council because of its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. Laois County Council is required to compile and maintain a Record of Protected Structures for its functional area.
A Record of Protected Structures is a mechanism available for the statutory protection of the architectural heritage. The Planning Authority must include in the Record every structure, which, in its opinion is of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. The Record of Protected Structures forms part of the Laois County Development Plan 2011 – 2017.
A Planning Authority may add a new record to or delete a structure from its Record of Protected Structure during the review of its Development Plan or at any other time, by following different prescribed procedures. The making of an addition to or deletion from the Record is a function that is reserved to the Elected Members.
Which buildings in Laois are protected?
The Record of Protected Structures (available below) lists all structures that have been passed up to the date of the adoption of the Laois County Development Plan 2017 – 2023
What parts of a protected structure must be preserved?
The terms “structure” is defined by Section 2 of the 2000 Act to mean “any building, structure, excavation or other thing constructed, or made on, in or under any land, or any part of a structure so defined, and where the context so admits, includes the land on, in, or under with the structure is situate”.
A “Protected Structure” is defined as any structure or specified part of a structure, inside or outside, which is included in the Record of Protected Structures.
How does a structure become a protected structure?
Local Authorities must follow certain procedures if it is proposed to deem a structure to be a protected structure. This involves notifying the owners and occupiers of the structure, the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Rural, Regional and Gaeltacht Affairs, and other bodies of the proposal.
An owner or occupier is entitled to make comments on such a proposal to the Planning Authority. These comments are taken into account before the Authority’s Elected Members decide whether or not the structure should become a Protected Structure.
What are the obligations on owners and occupiers?
Each owner and occupier must ensure that a protected structure or any element of a protected structure is not endangered through harm, decay or damage, whether over a short or long period, through neglect or through direct or indirect means.
Altering a Protected Structure
Section 57 Declarations
Owners or occupiers of a Protected Structure may request a ‘declaration’ under Section 57 of the Act. The purpose of this declaration is for Planning Authorities to clarify in writing the kind of works that would or would not materially affect the character of the structure or any element of the structure which contributes to its special interest.
The issuing of a declaration is a service that the Planning Authority provides at no cost to the owner or occupant of a protected structure. The Planning Authority has twelve weeks from the receipt of a request for a Section 57 to have it completed.
Penalties for failing to meet obligations:
Owners and occupiers could be fined up to €1 million and €10,000 for each day of a continuing offence and/or a term of imprisonment of up to 5 years can be imposed on an owner or an occupier for –
- endangering a protected structure, or
- failing to carry out works, ordered by a Local Authority, to a protected structure or a structure in an architectural conservation area. | <urn:uuid:e57e9139-c9ce-4d91-837d-ef539a194b06> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://laois.ie/departments/planning/conservation-protected-structures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710924.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203043643-20221203073643-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.936719 | 1,205 | 2.578125 | 3 |
While not really visible from outer space, the Great Wall of China is still an amazing feat of architecture. Although called the "Great Wall", the 3,700 mile (6,000 kilometers) long structure actually consists of several massive walls, some as tall as 29.5 feet (9 meters). In some places there are as many as three separate walls spaced 50 miles or more apart, in others there are gaps filled by mountainous terrain.
The earliest stretches of wall were built during the Warring States period in China (500-221 BC). It was the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) leader Shi-huangdi who began consolidating and strengthening the walls during his forced unification of what was to become China. The Silk Road opened up traffic between the east and west about this time, and it is perhaps likely that the infusion of barbarians from the west that made building the wall so compelling.
Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on China's Past. Yale University Press, New Haven.
This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. | <urn:uuid:b63e004e-8db1-4be0-bd0a-b3afeabe9618> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://archaeology.about.com/od/gterms/g/great_wall.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699675907/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102115-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975179 | 231 | 4 | 4 |
Black Iron's Glory - Chapter 5
Traditionally, the highest class on Freia was the nobility, both landed and honorary, followed by freemen. Artisans, merchants, and even small farm owners usually belonged to that class. They owned private property and lived in towns and cities, paying taxes to the king or other nobles in exchange for their benevolence and protection. Over the generations, however, the freemen became an exploited and maltreated class.
The third class was the peasantry. These were people who didn't own land and worked mainly as labour for others, especially those in the countryside that worked on farms. Two subclasses existed among the peasants, those that lived outside of settlements or in villages and worked mainly on farms and in mines and other such industries formed one subclass, the lower of the two, and were not easily allowed into larger towns and cities if they lived nearby. Peasant that lived in settlements, mainly towns and larger settlements like cities and worked as labour for the various businesses owned by freemen formed the second, upper subclass. Habis was part of the first, a farmer that worked on other's land in exchange for food, shelter, and some necessities.
A fourth class existed alongside the peasants, serfs. They occupied the same spaces as the lower subclass of peasants, living outside of settlements or in small villages and working the land for resources, but they could not move freely. They were property tied to the land where they lived, much like furniture sold with the house or cattle sold with the farm. They belonged to the deed for their land, and thus to the noble that held it.
Even further below them were slaves. Unlike serfs, who were not technically anyone's property, but instead belonged to the land a noble owned, slaves were property owned by people. The serf at least could not be killed if they hadn't committed a crime, though what constituted a crime was often up to the noble's interpretation, but slaves were their master's furniture with which he could do whatever he wished, even if it be torture or killing. Ironically, while it was not illegal to own a slave, it was illegal to trade in slaves, so the slave trade was a black market. Its primary source of products was from wars, specifically soldiers caught during wars, and peasants and serfs sold into slavery due to debts they could not repay.
Stellin IX, however, abolished even the owning of slaves, and thus that class vanished entirely, at least, in theory. The king instituted reforms in trade, tax, education, general governance, warfare, and much else before eventually turning to the social classes.
Concerning land, the king declared that only the king could own land, and thus all landed nobility was abolished. The nobles revolted, but it was quickly put down and nearly half of the kingdoms old nobility was wiped out.
Shortly after the king published the Rights of the Four Castes. It caused a massive uproar across the continent.
The first caste in the hierarchy was the nobility, composed primarily of nobles that had inherited their title from their ancestors, and avoided being killed in the war and the subsequent purge, and those individuals awarded Titles of Peerage by the king for meritorious service. Nobles no longer received fiefs, though they could receive Deeds, which gave them the right to govern a territory on behalf of the king.
The second caste were dignitarians, people of dignity, the latter earned by making a contribution to the country in art, academics, business, or service, either in the military of the government, worthy of recognition, though not worthy enough to be given a Title and considered someone of nobility.
The third caste were peasants, people who lacked both nobility and dignity, were mostly uneducated, but obeyed the law. It was the most numerous of the four classes. Its members had to pay taxes and could be conscripted into the military in times of war. The new class was made up of the old peasantry, serf, and slavery classes and the people were given more freedoms. The people were, for example, at the grace of the king, allowed to 'own' -- basically a life-rental -- land, could marry as they pleased, take on any job as long as they were qualified, could travel as they pleased, and so on.
The fourth caste were the villains, those who lacked moral values, broke the law, or were considered a blight on society, mainly refugees, criminals, vagabonds, beggars, lechers, and harlots. They were stripped of all their rights and freedoms, aside from the right to not be killed and being fed enough food and water to stay alive, and had to be reformed through labour. They would have to do whatever jobs the king decided was necessary for a time in accordance with their sentences in order to earn their freedom and return to the peasantry.
The Duchy of Berkeley's entire army, for example, was made into villains after its annexation and sentenced to five years of labour.
Fifty decades on this caste had become the cornerstone of the economy, providing the manpower for expansion and development projects launched by the king's government and doing the filthy and disgusting jobs no one wanted to do like cleaning the sewers.
The bill stabilised the political and social state of the kingdom as well and ensured that the people would not interfere with one another's business.
As for the nobility, though they no longer had any fiefs, they were granted a fixed income in accordance with their Title, ensuring they could continue to live comfortably and preventing them from competing with one another. It was also made an unspoken rule that all the top officials under the king had to be nobles, and that, in order to occupy positions within the upper half of the hierarchy, one also had to have a fitting title within the peerage.
As part of his reform of the government, the king created two councils that, officially, advised the king on policies and handled sorting out the details and putting the laws and policies into practice. In practice, however, the two councils governed the kingdom completely independently from the king. They proposed, passed, and implemented laws, regulations, and policies almost entirely without any input from the king, though he had the power to veto any law passed by either of the councils. The upper council was the Council of Lords, comprised entirely out of nobles, including the king or any representative he designated to attend the council in his stead, and handled governing the nobility. Only the Council of Lords had the power to pass laws that bound the nobility and could judge them. They were also responsible for providing final approval of motions proposed and passed in the lower council.
The lower council was known as the Council of Dignitaries and only dignitarians were eligible to fill its seats. Most of the seats corresponded to specific regions, who would nominate individuals of high standing as representatives to sit on the council. The rest of the seats were reserved for recommendations by the Council of Lords and the king himself. Each member from a seat linked to a constituency in the kingdom was responsible for monitoring its governance and reporting the council on it. Collectively the council oversaw the government's budget and handled arbitration of the law in the members' constituencies. Members could put motions to the council who would vote on it and, if passed, send it to the Council of Lords for final approval. Members also received a modest salary for their services.
The most popular part of the Right of the Four Castes regarded education. It stated that all tax-paying members of the peasantry could attend national schools or send their children there to be educated, could volunteer for the military, and could take on positions in local governments, all ways that allowed them to earn dignity and become dignitarians. Most of the higher government positions were filled by nobles, and most of the middle government positions were filled by dignitarians, but low-level positions were open to peasants. The military was the easiest way for peasants to earn dignity, and they made up the majority of the kingdom's active and reserve forces.
When not at war, a peasant had to serve in the military for 15 uninterrupted years to earn enough dignity to become a dignitarian, but in times of war, a few years on the front lines or an extraordinary act of bravery could earn them enough dignity as well.
A government official had to serve for 20 years regardless in order to earn enough dignity to become a dignitarian. Morssen was not one for the discipline and potential danger of military service, so he chose to work in the civilian government.
He was quick to notice the opportunities the law would open up, so he grabbed it with both hands. It helped that he was only 22 at the time, so working 20 years to become a dignitarian didn't sound so bad.
He quickly won his colleagues' trust and admiration with his quick wit and work ethic. To the townsfolk, he was a sincere and patient worker, not to mention reasonable and impartial. To his colleagues, he was a trustworthy friend with a warm and generous personality and a penchant of helping. To his superiors, he was a subordinate that could handle all assignments with great precision. He was the perfect candidate to be trained as a successor.
Whitestag's chief constable, Sunny, decided that Morssen had good potential in him when the latter was 28, and handed his 24-year-old daughter, Pattisia Sunny to him. A few of his friends even asked him why he would wed his daughter to a peasant. The old man simply said he trusted his ability to judge characters.
So it was. Morssen maintained his track record for the next nine years and was made a dignitarian. He was the first official in a small town in the entire country to earn enough dignity to be made a dignitarian, and five years early thanks to his extraordinary service. With his ascension to the dignitry, he was also promoted to chief secretary of the town.
He was just 37 at the time and everyone had high hopes in him. His life with his family, a wife and two sons, couldn't be better either.
Having achieved his childhood dream at such a young age, which left him with a lot of energy yet, he lifted his gaze to higher mountains. He didn't want his rise to stop there halfway through his career. He wanted to become the next mayor, then run to be a council member, and maybe retire from that position to prefect after a few terms in office.
When he razed his gaze, however, he finally realised how difficult it would be to climb those taller mountains. Reality was not a dream. Whitestag was the greatest town in the three southwestern prefectures, but it was still just a town. It was a subsidiary territory of Baromiss, which itself stood under the prefecture of Balivia. He had a great reputation in the town, but that was barely a corner in a corner in a corner of the kingdom. He needed connections, connections he didn't have, in Baromiss. He could not climb any further without a backer already higher up the mountain.
If only his father had asked to be made a noble rather than just the house.
Technically the only requirement for becoming a governing official was being a dignitarian, but in reality he also needed a strong backer and supporters, neither of which he had. And it certainly wasn't something he could gain from just doing his job well. If he'd been a noble, he would have climbed onto the mountain halfway toward the top. A noble could so easily become an official in the local government that few even looked at the position.
Ten years passed with Morssen in his rut. His path stretched up the mountain above him, but he couldn't climb it. His ambitions never went away, however. The town continued to develop well and the newcomers quickly learned of him and became his supporters and admirers. It gave him a sliver of hope that maybe he could achieve his ambitions, eventually.
If he could grow the town into a city, he would be a top figure in its administration. If he couldn't climb the new mountain, then he'd just grow a new one out of the hill on top of which he already stood. And if he kept turning all the newcomers into his supporters along the way, he would have enough clout then to be elected a representative.
Not to mention that growing a town into a city would be an achievement worthy of peerage. His name might just appear before Stellin X and he might grant him a Title. If that happened, he could jump over the mountain entirely. The thought immediately dove its roots deep into his heart and he became almost crazy with fervour. | <urn:uuid:82ccbeeb-10e0-46d6-8fa1-5d5aaf68ec44> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://veratales.com/read/black-irons-glory/chapter-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574018.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920113425-20190920135425-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.991554 | 2,624 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Faster Wi-Fi Performance – 802.11ac Appropriate Choice
We all tend to desire faster Wi-Fi and it is something made available at times at a price. However it is not about fast Internet speeds to and from your service provider but about transfer of files between devices in the home or office, streaming video from network-attached drive to a TV and gaming with the possibilities of lowest network expectancies.If one intends to have a faster Wi-Fi performance, 802.11ac would be the appropriate choice. 802.11ac is said to be an amplified version of 802.11n which is said to be dozens of times quicker, delivering speeds that tends to range from 433 Mbps up to several gigabits per second.
In order to accomplish the type of quantity, 802.11ac tends to work solely in the 5GHz band, utilising plenty of bandwidth, which operate in up to eight spatial streams – MIMO, and engages a type of technology known as beamforming that sends signal to the client devices directly. If one has been utilising an 802.11n router or an older 802.11b/g model such as the perennial favourite Linksys WRT54G and intends upgrading to 802.11ac, you would need some information as follows:
How 802.11ac seems to function
Some years ago, 802.11n had introduced some stimulating technology which had brought about great speed improvements over 802.11b and g. 802.11ac tends to do something akin to 802.11n.
For instance 802.11n seems to supports four spatial streams – 4×4 MIMO, and a channel width of 40 MHz. However 802.11ac can use eight spatial streams with channels up to 80 MHz wide that can then be shared to make 160 MHz channels. Although everything tends to be the same, it would mean that 802.11ac has 8x160MHz of spectral bandwidth to play with versus 4x40MHz.
This is a big difference that permits it to congest huge amount of data through the airwaves. In order to enhance the quantity further, 802.11ac tend to introduce 256-QAM modulation to around 64-QAM in 802.11n, which congests 256 various signals on the same frequency through shifting and twisting into a slightly diverse phase.
In theory, it magnifies the spectral competence of 802,11ac over 802.11n. Spectral competence tends to measure how sound a given wireless procedure or multiplexing systems tends to utilise the bandwidth accessible to it.
Introduce Standardized Beamforming
In the case of case of 5GHz band, where the channels seem to be equally wide – 20MHz+, spectral competence is not so important. Though in cellular bands, channels seem to be often only 5MHz wide which makes the spectral efficiency very significant.
802.11ac also tends to introduce standardized beamforming which transmits radio signals in a way which is directed at a precise device. This could increase the overall quantity as well as make it more reliable, reducing power consumption.
Beamforming could be done with smart antennae which could physically move to track a device or modulate the amplitude and together with the phase of the signals to detrimentally hinder with each other leaving only a narrow, interference-free beam.
The older 802.11n tends to utilise the second system that could be implemented by routers as well as mobile devices. Eventually, 802.11ac, like 802.11 varieties before it, is said to be fully backwardscompatible, one could purchase an 802.11ac router and it could work well with the older 802.11n and 802.11g Wi-Fi devices.
The Speed – 802.11ac
On the 5GHz band, utilising beamforming 802.11ac should have similar or improved range than 802.11n, without beamforming. Due to less penetration power, the 5GHz band does not have the same range as 2.4GHz.
However it is the trade-off which needs to be made. In the extremely over worked 2.4GHz, there is no adequate spectral bandwidth to permit gigabit level speeds for 802.11ac. While your router is well placed or you tend to have numerous routers, it would not matter much.
The most essential factor would be the broadcast power as well as the antenna quality of the devices. With regards to speed, there are two answers, the theoretical maximum speed which can be attained in the lab and the practical maximum speed one is most likely to receive at home in the real world with plenty of signal weakening obstacles.
The theoretical maximum speed of it is said to be eight 160MHz 256-QAM channels where each of them seem to have the ability of 866.7Mbps, for a total of 6,933Mbps which is a transfer rate of around 900 megabytes per second, more than one could squash down a SATA 3 link. In circumstances where one does not need the maximum performance and the consistency of wired gigabit Ethernet yet a good choice for situation needing the highest performance, 802.11ac could be compelling.
Rather than strewing the living room on running an Ethernet cable to the home theatre PC under the TV, 802.11ac can now have adequate bandwidth to stream the highest definition content to your game console, set top box or home theatre PC, wirelessly. 802.11ac is said to be a viable alternative to Ethernet for all but the most demanding use cases. | <urn:uuid:2fd16fb8-b335-4634-87da-f884704f053e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.prodigitalweb.com/802-11ac-wi-fi-much-faster-802-11n/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738555.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809132747-20200809162747-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.948284 | 1,129 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Courtesy David Cappaert/ Michigan State University/ Bugwood.org
Bee deaths in Indiana were linked to neonicotinoid insecticides used on corn and soy beans.
Honey bee populations have been in serious decline for years, and Purdue University scientists may have identified one of the factors that cause bee deaths around agricultural fields.
Analyses of bees found dead in and around hives from several apiaries in Indiana over a two-year span showed the presence of neonicotinoid insecticides, which are commonly used to coat corn and soybean seeds before planting. The research showed that those insecticides were present at high concentrations in waste talc that is exhausted from farm machinery during planting.
The insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam were also consistently found at low levels in soil—up to two years after treated seed was planted—on nearby dandelion flowers and in corn pollen gathered by the bees, according to the findings released in the journal PLoS One in January.
“We know that these insecticides are highly toxic to bees; we found them in each sample of dead and dying bees,” says Christian Krupke, Purdue associate professor of entomology and a co-author of the findings.
The United States is losing about one-third of its Honey bee hives each year, according to Greg Hunt, a Purdue professor of behavioral genetics, Honey bee specialist and co-author of the findings. Hunt says no single factor is to blame, though scientists believe that others, such as mites and pesticides, are all working against the bees, which are important for pollinating food crops and wild plants.
“It’s like death by a thousand cuts for these bees,” Hunt says.
Krupke and Hunt received reports that bee deaths in 2010 and 2011 were occurring at planting time in hives near agricultural fields. Toxicological screenings performed by Brian Eitzer, a co-author of the study from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, for an array of pesticides showed that the neonicotinoids used to treat corn and soybean seed were present in each sample of affected bees. Krupke says other bees at those hives exhibited tremors, uncoordinated movement and convulsions, all signs of insecticide poisoning.
Seeds of most annual crops are coated in neonicotinoid insecticides for protection after planting. All corn seed and about half of all soybean seed is treated. The coatings are sticky, and in order to keep seeds flowing freely in the vacuum systems used in planters, they are mixed with talc. Excess talc used in the process is released during planting and routine planter cleaning procedures.
“Given the rates of corn planting and talc usage, we are blowing large amounts of contaminated talc into the environment. The dust is quite light and appears to be quite mobile,” Krupke says.
The corn pollen that bees were bringing back to hives later in the year tested positive for neonicotinoids at levels roughly below 100 parts per billion, he continues.
“That’s enough to kill bees if sufficient amounts are consumed, but it is not acutely toxic,” he says.
On the other hand, the exhausted talc showed extremely high levels of the insecticides—up to about 700,000 times the lethal contact dose for a bee.
“Whatever was on the seed was being exhausted into the environment,” Krupke says. “This material is so concentrated that even small amounts landing on flowering plants around a field can kill foragers or be transported to the hive in contaminated pollen. This might be why we found these insecticides in pollen that the bees had collected and brought back to their hives.”
Krupke suggested that efforts could be made to limit or eliminate talc emissions during planting.
“That’s the first target for corrective action,” he says. “It stands out as being an enormous source of potential environmental contamination, not just for Honey bees, but for any insects living in or near these fields. The fact that these compounds can persist for months or years means that plants growing in these soils can take up these compounds in leaf tissue or pollen.”
Although corn and soybean production does not require insect pollinators, that is not the case for most plants that provide food. Krupke says protecting bees benefits agriculture because most fruit, nut and vegetable crops depend upon Honey bees for pollination. The USDA estimates the value of Honey bees to commercial agriculture at $15 billion to $20 billion annually.
Hunt says he plans to continue to study the sublethal effects of neonicotinoids. He says for bees that do not die from the insecticide, there could be other effects, such as loss of homing ability or less resistance to disease or mites.
“I think we need to stop and try to understand the risks associated with these insecticides,” Hunt says.
The North American Pollinator Protection Campaign and the USDA’s Agriculture and Food Research Initiative funded the research. | <urn:uuid:01f2a493-b839-4782-84d2-8ef7f26db586> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.hobbyfarms.com/corn-soybean-insecticides-found-in-dead-bees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986658566.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015104838-20191015132338-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.962112 | 1,052 | 3.5 | 4 |
Sometimes it is the coins themselves and their numbers in certain grades that clear up any confusion. That is the case with the 1825 large cent as the numbers known today pretty well settle the matter of whether the 1825 was once found in some numbers in the famous Randall Hoard.
The 1825 large cent had a mintage of 1,461,100. Being the 1820s, we sometimes have doubts about official mintages but there seems to be no real dispute about the 1825. At the time that was actually on the low side for a large cent as in the 1820s mintages of 2-3 million were not unusual.
The confusing part of the 1825 story came when it was reported that the 1825 was part of the Randall Hoard, which is perhaps the most famous large cent hoard in history. The hoard was what was believed to be a small keg of large cents, generally uncirculated, found beneath a Georgia railroad platform shortly after the Civil War.
As usual, the facts are few but the stories many. When the hoard was actually hidden has been the topic of some debate and with good reason as the prime dates involved were 1816-1820. The story that they were hidden during the Civil War has a problem: Who at that time would have a keg of large cents nearly 40 years old to hide? The idea that the keg was hidden earlier seems to make more sense.
In fact, the dates of the coins in the hoard have not always been the same in different accounts. Everyone can agree that a date like the 1818 was certainly in the hoard but some other dates have caused confusion. The 1825 is one of those dates and, to a lesser degree, so is the 1820. Part of the problem is that the hoard passed through a number of hands and coins were being sold all along the way.
In fact, there was a lot of controversy as the hoard was being dispersed with some suggesting that the coins were restrikes. John Swan Randall, for whom the hoard is named, responded to the restrike issue in a letter dated Jan. 7, 1870. He stated, “The bright, Uncirculated cents I have sold of 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820 and 1825 I am very sure are not re-strikes.”
Later, after Randall’s death in 1878, the remaining coins were sold. They were primarily 1817, 1818 and 1819. There were, however, 500 various dates that could have potentially included the 1825.
The problem with Randall’s suggestion that the 1825 was in the hoard is that the 1825 has been lacking in serious numbers in Mint State over the years. If the date was in the hoard as he suggested, there should be some evidence of that.
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Therein lies the rub as Q. David Bowers points out in his book, American Coin Treasures and Hoards: “An early citation indicates that some 1825-dated cents were included as well, but for a long time specialists (e.g., Walter Breen) considered this unlikely as Mint State cents of that date are very rare and have been for a long time.”
Things get more complicated as Breen would revise his thinking on the 1825 as well as other dates in the hoard in his 1988 Encyclopedia, where he states that he does believe the 1825 was a part of the hoard.
Today the 1825 is not priced as if it was in the hoard. It is $960 in MS-60, and that is well above the known hoard dates that tend to be $300 or less.
At Professional Coin Grading service, the 1825 has appeared in Mint State a total of just 22 times. The situation at Numismatic Guaranty Corporation is basically the same with the 1825 appearing in Mint State about a dozen times.
The results leave us with a conclusion that if examples of the 1825 were in the Randall Hoard, they were in very small numbers or were not uncirculated, as the coins simply are not showing up anywhere like the known Randall Hoard dates. | <urn:uuid:e2a4868a-eba1-4fa8-aedf-bdaa1d38e78c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.numismaticnews.net/article/1825-cents-in-randall-hoard-unlikely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999671521/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060751-00082-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990469 | 868 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A business or financial analysis technique that seeks to understand behavior by using complex mathematical and statistical modeling, measurement and research by assigning a numerical value. When analyzing a company from an investment perspective it is important to assess it from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective so what does this mean qualitative analysis. Qualitative vs quantitative analysis corpus analysis can be broadly categorised as consisting of qualitative and quantitative analysis in this section we'll look at both types and see the. Qualitative and quantitative analysis many different types of scientific analysis are used for a variety of reasons or in different situations. What is the difference between qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis the first focuses on descriptive data the later focuses on numerical data.
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In research, there are generally two types of data in this lesson, we'll look at quantitative and qualitative measurement, when each are used, and. The most popular qualitative methods of data collection and analysis in business studies are interviews, focus groups, observation, case studies, games and role playing etc. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research. When analyzing a company from an investment perspective it is important to assess it from both a qualitative and a quantitative qualitative analysis means. Qualitative or quantitative data the analysis of qualitative data can come in many forms including highlighting key words, extracting themes. Definition the qualitative vs quantitative debate lies at the heart of the differences between anthropology and sociology quantitative analysis. Qualitative risk analysis is a a simple and cost-effective way to manage project risks learn how you can develop and use a qualitative risk assessment matrix for your project.
All Rights Saved. | <urn:uuid:bf4361a1-7796-4763-8ac8-020d8b79a6d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://yahomeworkbrby.rossienginesusa.us/qualitative-and-quantitative-analysis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209585.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814205439-20180814225439-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.912049 | 895 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Overview of Curricular Offerings for 11th and 12th Grades
The Polytech is unique opportunity for students in grades 11 and 12 to participate in customized instruction, community-college-based workforce education, and comprehensive case management services. Polytech graduates can earn a high school diploma, college credits, industry certificate, and work experience simultaneously, allowing for a seamless transition to adulthood, more college, and a successful career.
Below is an overview of high school level courses offered at The Polytech campus. Additional workforce education and college-level courses are available for students who are approved to attend courses at community college campuses.
English 11 – Students are offered the opportunity to read and analyze literature by American authors. Novels, plays, short stories, and poems that reflect cultural changes over a broad span of US history are introduced. Students explore the biographies of the authors they are reading and seek to identify author bias in literature.
English 12 – Students are challenged to engage in a detailed analysis of British literature, continuing to research author backgrounds and identify bias. In addition, students expand their research and technical writing skills, culminating with a final project that includes both a paper and verbal presentation.
Technical Writing – A course designed for students who need to strengthen writing skills to prepare for college-level work. This course emphasizes writing non-fiction and compositions designed to inform, document processes, and record observed results which are so critical to many professions within the allied health, engineering, and information technological sectors.
English 9 – A make-up course for students who enter The Polytech with English course deficits, English 9 provides a balance of introductory language arts strategies designed to help students adjust to high school rigors. Writing requirements focus on the 5-paragraph essays, grammar, and citing sources. Reading requirements include interpreting literature, vocabulary, and strategies to improve comprehension.
English 10 – Another make-up course option for students who need earlier English courses to fulfill graduation requirements. English 10 continues to expose students to literature from a variety of authors worldwide, and introduces study of a play. Strategies to identify bias, verify facts, and cite sources help students develop the skills necessary to analyze text and non-fiction texts and become critical thinkers.
Applied Math – Students practice applying basic math functions to real world scenarios, often tied to careers within the allied health, engineering, and informational technological sectors.
Pre-Algebra – A student’s understanding of factions, percentages, propoertions and probability are sharpened through practice of single and multi-step programs designed to provide a foundation for future algebraic coursework.
Algebra 1 – Students learn algebraic concepts necessary to solve increasingly complex problems that include variables, linear equation, exponents, quadratic formula, symbol sense, algebraic manipulations and conceptual applications.
Geometry – Geometry focuses on 2D and 3D scenarios, introducing formulas and geometric necessary to calculate area, volume, perimeter, surface area, and many other functions related to lines, figures, and positioning within a coordinate graph.
Algebra 2/Trigonometry – Students expand knowledge of algebraic concepts and problem-solving strategies with an introduction to trigonometry, probability, and discrete mathematics. Prerequisite: Algebra 2. Geometry strongly recommended.
Pre-Calculus – Review of advanced algebraic and geometry concepts as well as an introduction to functions necessary for Calculus. Prerequisite: Algebra 2.
Calculus – Students develop an understanding of the concepts and applications of calculus, including derivatives, integrals, inverse and trigonometric functions, exponentials, and logarithms.
Financial Literacy – Students focus on the mathematics of real-world business operations and personal finance, connecting life and career goals with strategies to interpret financial information.
Additional math credits are available through community college courses related to specific pathways.
Earth Science – Earth Science builds an introductory understanding of the structures of the planet Earth and its place within the solar system. Processes affecting the earth, including rocks and minerals, earthquakes, fossils, and the geological history of Puget Sound are included.
Physical Science – Students are introduced to the fundamentals of physics and chemistry, including basic principles of force, motion, energy, light, sound, and magnetism.
Biology – Students study the phsycal structures and functions of plants, animals, and humans. They explore ell structure, the processes of mitosis and meiosis, plant anatomy, human anatomy, genetics, and the theory of evolution.
Chemistry (non-lab) – Students study elements and the molecular composition of matter, applying mathematical skills to solving chemical equations. Prerequisite: Algebra 1. Algebra 2 recommended.
Physics – Students examine force and its effects, light and sound, electricity and magnetism, energy, the solar system, and gravity, using mathematical skills to calculate the impact of outside catalysts in these areas. Prerequisite: Algebra 1. Algebra 2 strongly recommended.
Medical Terminology – This course focuses on the vocabulary necessary to communicate in a medical facility and basic functions of maintaining a sterile environment. Students may follow this course with additional studies at the college level in the allied health pathway.
Additional science credits are available through community college courses related to specific pathways.
US History – Students examine key events in our nation’s history, analyzing the circumstances leading up to each event and the impact on our current policies and relationships.
World History – Students explore world events and the cultures of other nations. Depending on the term, students may study ancient cultures, Europe, Asia, South America, the Middle East, and Africa.
American Government – Students learn the foundations of the U.S. government, fundamentals of citizenship, and American relationships/responsibilities to the rest of the world.
Current Events and Foreign Policy – Students examine current events and analyze factors contributing to the situation as well as study our relationships with other nations and the actions our government is taking to strengthen or minimize these relationships.
Geography and World Cultures – Students explore how geographic features, human relationships, political and social structures, economics, science, and the arts have developed and influenced life in countries around the world.
Economics – Students gain an introduction to key economic principles and fundamental theories in economics both within the United States and in other nations.
Washington State History – Students learn about landforms, native history, expansion, government and economy within the state of Washington.
Spanish 1 – Spanish 1 is an introductory foreign language course designed to help students build a foundation of basic vocabulary, cultural differences, and beginning grammar and structure of the Spanish language.
Spanish 2 – Spanish 2 builds upon the Spanish 1 foundation by expanding communication skills, vocabulary, grammar, listening comprehension and developing written and spoken expression. Prerequisite: Spanish 1.
Art History – This survey course provides an overview of key art forms developed and expanded throughout history by many different cultures.
Film Studies – Students learn important technological and aesthetic structures used to communicate through film, and examine key international and US movies that have earned a place in our history.
Music Appreciation – Students are introduced to the history, theory, and genres of music over several centuries of time.
LIFE SKILLS AND HEALTH
Keyboarding – This course is designed for students who need to boost their functional typing ability to 30 words per minute or higher.
College and Career Readiness – Mandatory for all The Polytech students, this course introduces students to the expectations of attending a college campus and teaches the soft skills necessary to succeed in the workplace, such as appropriate communication, the ability to accept criticism, punctuality and self-advocacy.
Health – Students learn the value of nutrition, exercise, sleep and other factors that contribute to maintaining a healthy physical condition.
Nutrition – Nutrition builds upon the fundamentals introduced within the Health class by focusing on vitamins, minerals, calories, and how food preparation impacts nutrition.
CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION
The Polytech offers access to a wide variety of career and technical education courses offered at various community colleges. Current pathways include Allied Health, Engineering, and Information Technology Systems. Students who successfully complete the College and Career Readiness course are eligible to take community college courses with case management from The Polytech staff. | <urn:uuid:e4a27ceb-af40-40de-8ac1-c6a2041d6706> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://thepolytech.com/index.php/programs/course-list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347410745.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531023023-20200531053023-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.912044 | 1,687 | 2.59375 | 3 |
On February 25, 2010, NOAA Fisheries requested ISAB assistance with a question related to a low flow transportation proposal for the spring 2010 juvenile salmon outmigration. Current river forecasts predict a low flow year for 2010, prompting NOAA Fisheries to propose maximizing the transport of Snake River juvenile steelhead and spring/summer Chinook in the month of May. The ISAB's review is attached.
- Multi-species Perspective
Based on ecological principles and considering the uncertainties of the data, using combinations of transport and in-river migration with spill spreads the risk across species, stocks, and the ecosystem, while offering an approach that can shed light on uncertainties in the longer-term dataset.
- Operational Changes – Lessons Learned
The ISAB concluded (ISAB 2008-5) that a mixed strategy of spill and transport during the critical spring migration period allows learning from spill conditions and supports potential advances in knowledge to improve decision-making in the future. This conclusion remains as valid in 2010 as in 2008. A mixed strategy in low-flow conditions provides an important opportunity to learn from the concurrent spill and transport mix of recent years.
- Addressing Uncertainties – Lamprey
There remains a gap in knowledge of the effects of various spill-transport operations on downstream juvenile Pacific lamprey migration. Development of a suitable means of tracking migrating juvenile lamprey is a critical need. Information on Pacific lamprey response to hydrosystem operations, including spill-transport, would be vastly improved if mark-recovery methods were available for juveniles.
- Addressing Uncertainties – Sockeye
Studies to examine the relative benefits of spill and transport for sockeye were initiated in 2009 and anticipated to continue in 2010. These studies could provide important additional information to reduce uncertainties relevant to sockeye juvenile migration.
- Addressing Uncertainties – Straying
Out-of-basin straying remains a concern for some steelhead stocks. The reports that steelhead transported from the Snake River on barges have a higher straying rate and lower homing rate than fish migrating in-river adds to the concern. Information is needed to inform efforts to minimize the number of out-of-basin strays spawning in Lower Columbia tributaries.
- Spill as the Baseline – Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations
The premise that spill more closely mimics natural situations and ecological processes than maximum transportation leads to a mixed strategy of concurrent spill and transport to conserve diversity and future potential of the ecosystem.
Thus, the ISAB conclusion is the same now as it was in 2008. From a scientific standpoint, a mixed strategy for spill and transport is best supported by the available science. Ecological and evolutionary considerations provide an important framework in support of this strategy.
NOAA Fisheries request for ISAB review
On February 25, 2010 NOAA Fisheries requested ISAB assistance with a question related to a "low flow" transportation proposal for the spring 2010 juvenile migration. These are review materials leading to the completed ISAB review:
For 2010, the Columbia River Basin appears to be facing a very low water year. The latest river forecasts estimate flow at The Dalles Dam to be only 71 percent of the 30-year average. The current flow forecast for the Snake River is approximately 65 kcfs. NOAA Fisheries believes new information in a 2010 Northwest Fisheries Science Center Report demonstrates there is significant benefit to maximizing the transport of Snake River juvenile steelhead and spring/summer Chinook under low flow conditions in the month of May. Information from 2007 (the most recent low flow year) is generally consistent with transport data used to structure transport operations under the 2008 FRCRPS Biological Opinion.
The ISAB recommended, in their Snake River Spill-Transport Review (ISAB 2008-5), that “whenever river conditions allow during the late April-May period, a strategy allowing for concurrent transportation and spill is prudent.” Taking into account the ISAB’s recommendation, NOAA Fisheries looked at the data from the 2007 low-flow year and determined that if flow conditions in 2010 were similar to 2007 (i.e., <65 kcfs), it would not be “prudent” to continue spilling water in May at the three collector projects as in 2007.
NOAA's question to the ISAB: Has NOAA Fisheries correctly interpreted the ISAB’s recommendation? If not, please further explain your reasoning in the 2008 recommendation.
The ISAB intends to complete its review by early April in time to inform management decision for the salmon migration season. | <urn:uuid:17d23a8a-3339-4458-8b13-59d08b21bba7> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.nwcouncil.org/fish-and-wildlife/fw-independent-advisory-committees/independent-scientific-advisory-board/isab-review-of-noaa-fisheries-2010-low-flow-fish-transport-operations-proposal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313715.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818062817-20190818084817-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.915479 | 930 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Featuring restored and colorized images by J.A. Sierra
Late at night on October 30, 1873, a lookout on the Spanish corvette Tornado spotted the smokestacks of the Virginius in the distance. "We followed her," wrote Captain Dionisio Castillo in his report to Madrid, noting that the ship "changed her course to South-East by South." (Walker) After daybreak, the Spaniards continued on course, noticing the mysterious Virginius dumping cargo and increasing speed.
"There was great activity on board," wrote Captain Castillo of the Tornado, "the whole of the steam power from all the boilers being brought into requisition." At about 2 pm the Spaniards were able to identify the Virginius, and "commenced to give chase." (Walker) "The position and course of the vessel," wrote Castillo, "led me to believe that this craft was none other than the filibuster Virginius. I instructed the engineer to carry on all steam possible, and drive our vessel through the water as quickly as he could."
By about 9 pm, after an 8-hour sea chase, the Tornado approached the Virginius, firing five shots, and sending two boats full of Spanish soldiers under the command of Don Enrique Pardo and Don Angel Ortiz Monasterio.
While preparing to board the Virginius, Ortiz noticed the numerous men on board, and shouted that "any aggression on their part would be energetically chastised by our forces." (Walker) Upon boarding, Ortiz demanded to see the Captain.
"This is an American ship," said Captain Fry, "She has American colors and American papers, an American captain and an American crew. We have neither arms nor ammunition on board; we have only passengers, and are going to Port Limon, Costa Rica." (Walker) The Spaniards didn't believe this for a second.
All on board the Virginius were arrested, including over 100 Cuban passengers and a number of Americans and Englishmen who were members of the crew. The bulk of the prisoners were immediately moved to the Tornado, where they "were treated with such consideration as their character deserved." (Walker)
Among those arrested were Captain Joseph Fry, General Bernabe Varona (aka Bembetta), General Pedro Cespedes, General Jesus del Sol and Brigadier General George Washington Ryan.
On November 4, four days after the Virginius was captured at sea, General Varona, Cespedes, del Sol and George Washington Ryan were executed by firing squad, having all been tried as "pirates" and sentenced to death.
In Washington, during a presidential cabinet meeting on November 7, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish received a telegram informing him of Ryan's execution a few days earlier. At eight o'clock that same morning, in Santiago de Cuba, Captain Fry and 36 other were executed by firing squad after a court-martial aboard the Spanish warship San Francisco de Borja.
Bradford describes the execution; "A ragged volley flashed toward the men. Fry fell forward, dead at the first fire. Others were still standing, leaning against the wall. Some bent forward. Many were on the ground in agony. Poor marksmanship and nervousness had made a butcher's job. Some of the squad rushed forward to administer the coup de grace and shoved muskets into the men's mouths. Shooting continued for five minutes until thirty-seven men lay dead in heaps before the wall. To American sailors in Santiago harbor it sounded like fireworks on the Fourth of July. A wagon drove up, the bodies were piled on hastily, and it drove off." (Bradford) The execution was reported in the December 5 issue of the New York Times.
“The climax came,” wrote Henry A. Kmen in the Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, “when the victims’ heads were severed and paraded on pikes through Santiago.” (Kmen)
From the New Orleans Republican
November 21, 1873
“No event that has transpired during the past ten years had produced such a unanimity of sentiment in this city as the recent wholesale butchery of the passengers and the crew of the Virginius… The horrid details of that atrocious affair have aroused a feeling of indignation in the minds of all, the whites and the blacks, democrats and Republicans, and… the members of the various religious denominations.” | <urn:uuid:b8b0bf26-e474-4d03-8585-c5e8149dcedd> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/matanzas/Virginius-3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649683.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324034649-20180324054649-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.975836 | 909 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is influenza? Flu or influenza is a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system such as the nose, throat and lungs. Many people think that influenza is the same as a cold, even though both are caused by different types of viruses.
Causes of Influenza
After you get an explanation of what is meant by influenza, now is the time to find out the cause of influenza disease. Related to the previous definition of influenza, influenza is caused by a virus that spreads from person to person.
Flu sufferers who cough, sneeze, or talk, are at risk of spraying small drops. These drops can land on the mouths or noses of people around them. In rare cases, a person can catch the flu by touching the surface or objects contained in the flu virus, then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
Time of Transmission and Health Conditions
A person with the flu virus may be able to transmit it to others before symptoms first appear up to five days after symptoms begin. Children and people with weakened immune systems may experience the disease for longer.
If you have had influenza before, your body has made antibodies to fight certain types of viruses. If future influenza viruses are similar to what you have experienced before, antibodies can prevent infection or reduce its severity.
But antibodies to the flu virus that you have encountered in the past cannot protect you from new influenza subtypes, because in some cases influenza is a disease that is very different immunologically from what was experienced before.
Those At Risk Of Having Influenza
There are several factors that can increase your risk of influenza. The following are people who are at high risk of influenza, among others:
- Age. Influenza disease tends to affect young children and elderly people.
- Environmental conditions. Someone who lives or works in a facility with many residents, such as a nursing home or military barracks, is more likely to get influenza.
- Weakened immune system. Those who are undergoing treatment for cancer, corticosteroids and suffering from HIV / AIDS can weaken the immune system. This condition can make a person more susceptible to influenza and can also increase the risk of experiencing complications.
- Chronic disease. Chronic conditions, such as asthma, diabetes or heart problems, can increase the risk of influenza complications.
- Pregnancy Pregnant women are more likely to experience influenza complications, especially in the second and third trimesters. Apart from being pregnant, a woman who has just given birth for two weeks is more likely to experience influenza-related complications.
- Obesity. Someone whose BMI indicator shows 40 or more has an increased risk of complications from influenza.
Many people think influenza is something similar to a cold. Though influenza is something different from colds. Influenza tends to occur suddenly. Here are some common symptoms of influenza disease, including:
- Fever more than 38 degrees Celsius.
- Some body muscles ache.
- Shivering and sweating.
- Cough is dry constantly.
- The body feels weak.
In some cases, someone who has influenza does not need special treatment from a doctor. However, if you have influenza symptoms and are at risk of complications, see your doctor immediately. Consumption of antiviral drugs in the first 48 hours after symptoms appear can prevent more serious problems.
Keep in mind, because influenza is a disease caused by a virus, the use of antibiotics to treat influenza does not help, unless the flu has caused other diseases caused by bacteria.
Here are some steps that can be taken to deal with influenza, including:
1. Home Handling
- Don’t travel, stay at home for some time.
- If possible, avoid contact with others.
- Keep your body temperature warm and multiply rest.
- Take lots of fluids.
- Avoid alcohol consumption.
- Quit smoking.
If home treatment does not help with influenza, your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). If taken immediately after symptoms appear, this drug can shorten the disease by about a day or more and help prevent serious complications.
In addition, painkillers such as aspirin can also be consumed to relieve influenza. However, this drug is not suitable for consumption by children under 12 years.
Another important thing to know is that influenza can cause complications. Greater complications occur in those with bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.
Compared to other complications, pneumonia is the most serious complication. In those who are elderly and someone with chronic illness, pneumonia can be life-threatening.
The first and most important step in preventing influenza is getting a vaccine. The flu vaccine has been proven to reduce flu-related illnesses and the risk of serious flu complications that can result in hospitalization to death.
Daily precautions such as not interacting with people who are sick, closing your mouth when coughing and sneezing, and washing your hands frequently, can help slow the spread of germs that cause influenza.
Meanwhile, people who are at high risk of becoming seriously ill due to influenza should get a flu shot once a year. People who are at high risk of becoming seriously ill due to influenza and should get a vaccine, if they have:
- Lung disease.
- Kidney illness.
- Heart problems.
- Severe anemia.
Most types of flu vaccine contain small amounts of egg protein. If you have an egg allergy, it can cause itching. Whereas if you have a severe egg allergy, you must be vaccinated in a medical setting and supervised by a doctor who is able to recognize and manage severe allergic conditions. | <urn:uuid:d8c81956-6a9d-4276-94e5-eb358eef6161> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://zrehab.com/influenza-causes-symptoms-and-how-to-treat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401641638.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929091913-20200929121913-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.946525 | 1,163 | 3.796875 | 4 |
12 Untold Stories of Native American Heroes
These 12 Native American heroes achieved epic greatness as warriors, writers, artists, and scientists. Here are little-known stories of vast achievements and epic courage across American history.
Native American heroes
The European colonial expansion across North America brought about severe peril to the indigenous population through violence, disease, displacement, enforced settlements, and oppression. Despite this harrowing past, Native American history carries diverse and rich cultures and traditions. November is Native American History Month, a time to celebrate the vast contributions of Native peoples. Read on to find out the inspiring and heroic stories of Native Americans across history who’ve achieved distinction in ways that are surprising, amazing, and too often, under known.
Bill Manns/ShutterstockSitting Bull is known as one of the bravest Native American chiefs, leading the Lakota Sioux Nation during the period of U.S. government encroachment across Native lands. Sitting Bull is a legendary hero known for epic courage during battle, even smoking a pipe on the front lines. His early name before he gained this famous moniker was “Jumping Badger” at birth and then “Slow,” because he was quiet and deliberate. His name, translated from “Tatanka-Iyotanka,” first belonged to his father who transferred it to his young son after witnessing his bravery in battle at age 14. Here are the meanings behind Native American traditions and beliefs.
Buffalo Calf Road Woman
Buffalo Calf Road Woman fought beside both her husband and brother in the battles of Rosebud and Little Bighorn in 1876 when U.S. troops attacked Native Americans who wouldn’t cede their territory. She was a young Cheyenne mother who’s known for saving her brother, riding straight into the path of bullets to pull him on her horse and take him to safety, a site still known as “Where the Girl Saved Her Brother.” She had a six-shooter which she fired at soldiers during the brave final stands. She’s believed to have knocked General Custer off his horse, and possibly killed him herself. Next, read on to find out the 16 best cities for American history buffs.
Mark Van Scyoc/Shutterstock
In her biography of the heroic athlete, Carrie Golus explains that many Native Americans have two names—one for official documents and another to honor their Native roots. Thorpe’s mother gave him the name “Bright Path,” Wa-Tho-Huck, because she saw streaks of sunlight just after he was born. Both of Thorpe’s parents were mixed race, with Native heritage from several tribes, including the Sauk and Fox. Thorpe became a world-famous athlete, an Olympian in track and field who also played professional baseball, football, and basketball. His medals for epic feats in the 1912 Olympics were rescinded since he had played minor league baseball, though racial discrimination is also thought to have been a factor—one that erased his extraordinary accomplishments. Though his medals were revoked, he would hold the fastest record for the 1,500-meter run until 1972. Find out about the trailblazing Hispanic Americans who made history.
Michael Buckner/Variety/ShutterstockThe poet Joy Harjo is the first Native American (she’s of the Muscogee Creek Nation) to hold the position of U.S. Poet Laureate. Her award-winning poems speak to the experience of Native culture, often invoking ancestors, memory, and injustice in motifs such as nature, myth, grief, and anger. Though she didn’t start playing music until age 39, the first time she picked up a saxophone, she’s also an accomplished musician who’s released five albums. Here are 10 stunning examples of Native American artistry.
Native American cultures are known for honoring “two spirit” identity. In Native communities, trans and gender-fluid identities were esteemed and regarded with respect. Osh-Tisch was a Crow “boté” or “Badé,” the term for one assigned a male gender at birth who then chooses to be a woman. Osh-Tisch dressed as a woman, and did traditional women’s work, while also fighting in the battles of Rosebud and Little Big Horn. After those victories, tribes were still confined to reservations and it was there Osh-Tisch was harassed by missionaries, forced to cut her hair and dress in men’s clothes. However, tribal leaders defended Osh-Tisch, demonstrating the sophisticated open-mindedness of Native culture during the Victorian era. Find out how every state got its name; many are rooted in the Native American language.
Patrick Frilet/ShutterstockCrazy Horse, of the Oglala Lakota tribe, played an integral role in the Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as Custer’s Last Stand. His likeness is now carved into a Black Hills mountain at The Crazy Horse Memorial. The famous leader resisted having his photograph taken, often responding to picture requests with “would you imprison my shadow too?” The memorial sculptor created his likeness based on descriptions from those who knew him. The grand visage, cut into granite, intends to honor the Native American values that Crazy Horse fought for and defended.
Susan La Flesche Picotte
From the Omaha tribe, Susan La Flesche Picotte was the first Native American woman doctor. She lived during the mid-1800s and decided to become a doctor when she was just 8 years old. Reportedly, she waited with a sick elderly Native woman who had been told over and over that the local white doctor would come. When he didn’t arrive and the woman died, Picotte became aware that Native lives were less valued. She earned her MD and eventually opened a hospital on a reservation, the first of its kind, where she served patients of every ethnicity. Find out about 30 more pioneering women who changed the world.
Everett Historical/ShutterstockGeronimo’s mother, wife, and three young children were murdered by Mexican marauders in 1851 while he was trading in a nearby town. The famous warrior, a Chiricahua Apache, vowed to take vengeance and succeeded in outfoxing U.S. troops for decades, always evading capture against overwhelming odds. He was the last Native American leader to formally surrender to the U.S. government, who immediately reneged on their agreement, and kept him jailed for the rest of his life. He became a popular celebrity and was allowed to attend Theodore Roosevelt’s presidential inauguration in 1905. He used the occasion to ask for the freedom of his people, which was again denied. There was much more to the man than just his famous name—here’s the story behind why you yell “Geronimo” when you jump.
Sarah Winnemucca was the daughter of the Chief of the Paiutes tribe, who became a writer and educator who advocated for Native rights, and in the 1870s served as an army scout and an interpreter, and even spoke with President Rutherford B. Hayes, though promises he made to her tribe were never honored. In 1883, she published Life Among the Piutes [sic] in which she called out white people for their own savagery, reappropriating the term often used toward Natives. She also spoke out against sexual assault and corrupt government policy, speaking on the lecture circuit and becoming a prominent and outspoken advocate for Native peoples. Chances are, you didn’t learn these 15 other facts about America in school.
Everett Collection/ShutterstockDespite discrimination, Maria Tallchief was the first Native American ballerina. She was a proud member of the Osage tribe who often spoke out against injustice. She refused to change her stage name (which combined parts of her Native names) when asked by professional companies to do so. She danced with the most prestigious ballet companies across the globe. Find out about 57 other impressive female firsts.
Mary Golda Ross
Mary Golda Ross co-authored one of NASA’s handbooks on space travel to Mars and Venus and worked in the secret space race think tank, Skunk Works, where she was the only woman (and the only Native American) on the project. She’s a descendant of Chief Joseph Ross and a member of the Cherokee Nation and played a crucial role in U.S. space exploration as an engineer and mathematician. Don’t miss these 13 amazing facts you never knew about the women of NASA.
ShutterstockThe Native American astronaut John Herrington, an enrolled member of the Chickasaw nation, brought his tribe’s flag on his first mission to the International Space Station. NASA considers Herrington the first Native American to travel to space where he completed three space walks—he also brought along cultural artifacts and objects such as eagle feathers, sweetgrass, arrowheads, and wooden flutes. | <urn:uuid:049978e7-a820-4df4-9e29-4c4792f1e7d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://stage.rd.com/article/untold-stories-of-native-american-heroes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.97887 | 1,908 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Drakensberg Mountains are Southern Africa’s Alps, rising more than 11,000 feet into the sky. But beneath their shimmering beauty lies an incredibly hostile environment for the creatures that manage to live there. Each spring, drenching rains destroy the grasslands at the base of the mountains, and those who would survive must climb up sheer cliffs of volcanic rock, through gauntlets of storms and snow, to reach the carpets of new grass on the plateau. The baboons that make their home halfway up the heights may have the advantage of agility, but eland, the world’s largest antelope, have long, spindly legs and heavy bodies, which make their climb to the top all but unbelievable. All have babies at their sides. And the vultures circle overhead. Buy the DVD. This film premiered February 8, 2009.
available46411163808273cove4641Drakensberg: Barrier of SpearsIn the Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa, eland make a remarkable journey of survival.2009-02-07 20:00:00publishdisabledshowfalse12341The Sagebrush Sea The Greater Sage-Grouse and other wildlife struggle to survive in a rugged landscape. 2015-05-20 00:00:00http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2015/04/sagebrush_seah_episode_image_11-480x270.jpg2365494065cove12337Fences Create Problems for PronghornAn increasingly fragmented landscape is creating problems for the fleet-footed creature. 2015-05-20 00:00:00http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2015/05/sagebrush-clips.00_01_14_21.Still003-480x270.png2365493941cove
- 0 COMMENTS | <urn:uuid:b68dc182-d2e3-4081-a19d-64f98949cb2d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/drakensberg-barrier-of-spears-video-full-episode/4641/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042992543.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002312-00192-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853986 | 396 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In general, there are three categories of doctorate degrees that apply to the health professions: the professional doctorate, the clinical doctorate, and the research doctorate.
In the science-based professional doctorate, the M.D. and D.O are the most well known. Other educational routes lead to professional doctorates, but the philosophy, education, and training tend to focus on more specific aspects of medicine. Practitioners with these professional degrees require state licenses to practice and the scope of their practice is limited by law. These more specialized practitioners and the degrees awarded include: Dentistry (DDS or DMD), Podiatric Medicine (DPM), Chiropractic Medicine (DC), Veterinary Medicine (DVM or VMD), and Naturopathic Medicine (ND).
The "research doctorate" in any field, health or otherwise, is considered to be the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). A lesser-known, non-research, "educational doctorate" is the Doctor of Education (EDD). PhDs are trained primarily to be researchers in a particular field and they, along with EDDs, are commonly employed as "specialized field experts" in colleges and universities. PhDs in science are also employed in medical schools and professional health preparation programs. Here PhDs not only teach the basic biomedical sciences didactic courses during the first two years of medical school and most other professional four year programs, but are expected to carry out scientific or biomedical research in their areas of expertise. The last two years of professional education emphasizes clinical preparation and training by degreed professionals and residents in the post graduate programs.
Many health programs are now beginning to award the so-called practicing or "clinical doctorate" degree. Examples include: PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy), ND (Nursing Doctorate), DPT (Doctor of Physical Therapy), and PsyD (Doctor of Psychology). In several disciplines, licensing for practitioners may require the doctorate for new practitioners with "transitional degrees" requiring additional coursework for those previously-licensed professionals with a lesser degree. Since those earning clinical doctorates learn much less about conducting research or advising students who seek research opportunities, a major objection cited is that clinical doctorates threaten the quality and quantity of research. There is little evidence to date that the clinical doctorate has increased the status, compensation, or reimbursement for the kinds of services provided. The major factor affecting compensation remains the shortage of practitioners and not their educational level.
Again, it is important for students interested in the health professions to understand the preparation and admission practices for the health profession in which they intend to enter. The selection of an academic major and minor and the choice of elective coursework are important. Not to be ignored is the timely preparation process for admission, personal development, and the specific activities suggested by your health profession advisor that prepare you to become a competitive applicant.
Communicating with recent graduates of the program you are preparing to enter can be useful in selecting the coursework and activities to prepare for admission. Each academic major commonly chosen by students planning profession careers in medical fields offers advantages. Some majors tend to help you better prepare for admission examinations. Some majors cultivate the development of important professional attributes. Other majors help make the first two years of the professional program easier to handle after you have been admitted.
To explore the advantages and opportunities of a major in cell and molecular biology in preparing for a medical career, please visit this link. Check out the extensive list of advisement guides for premedical students on the Department of Biomedical Sciences website. Also, check student testimonials from former CMB majors who have completed medical school or are completing their medical education in both allopathic and osteopathic medical schools. Finally, see the NAAHP-sponsored survey reporting on undergraduate coursework recommendations from medical students themselves from medical school programs in the midwest as they began their second year of medical school.
Remember, regardless of promotional pronouncements, there are several different avenues of approach to admission into medical school. Each major program of undergraduate study provides a different combination and degree of assets and advantages. The challenge for the student is to understand what the advantages and assets of a particular program are. For many students, the learning curve is achieved long after the choices have been made. The best advice is to do some research up front and then choose a program in which the student has an interest. Do well in the major program of your choice to fully take advantage of what that particular major program has to offer in preparing you for the next step in your career.
Primary Web Sites for Premedical Students
- Information on the 125 allopathic medical schools in the US: http://www.aamc.org/students/start.htm
- American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) for applications to allopathic medical schools.
- Information on the 20 osteopathic medical schools in the US: http://www.aacom.org
- American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Services for applications to osteopathic medical schools
For More Information
Contact one of the following Premedical Advisors:
Dr. Colette Witkowski* 417-836-5603, Prof. Bldg, Room 404
Dr. Scott Zimmerman* 417-836-6123, Prof. Bldg, Room 338
Dr. Richard Garrad* 417-836-5372, Prof. Bldg, Room 345
Dr. Amanda Brodeur* 417-836-5478, Prof Bldg, Room 352
Dr. Robert Delong 417-836-5730, Prof Bldg, Room 333
Dr. Ben Timson 417-836-4145, Prof Bldg, Room 407
Dr. Jianjie Wang 417-836-6140, Prof Bldg, Room 341
Mr. Joseph Williams 417-836-6782, Prof Bldg, Room 342
* indicates current member of the Premedical Committee
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Missouri State University
901 South National Avenue
Springfield, Missouri 65897 | <urn:uuid:12f44dba-73bd-439e-95ba-41be27eb50f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.missouristate.edu/bms/CMB/TypesofDoctors.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005028.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00184-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936239 | 1,253 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Why love matters: How affection shapes a baby’s brain
In Why Love Matters (2004) psychotherapist Sue Gerhardt covers a plethora of research on early parent-baby relationships, attachment, emotional and brain development in early life and how these are linked with adult physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual concerns. Gerhardt’s clinical practice and expertise stems from her many years of working with mothers and babies in private practice. Her solid argument, with research to back it up, is that children are best cared for in their early years by their parents because of the love they have for them. When separated from loving caregivers, even though babies may appear calm, their heart rate and autonomic arousal is sky rocketing. The exception to all of this is when the primary caregiver/s cannot provide ‘good enough’ parenting. She writes,
‘If we want to provide our children with good emotional foundations, in the form of a balanced stress response and good development of the pre-frontal cortex and other areas of the emotional brain, we have to think about what THEY need in the period when these emotion systems are developing. I think that infants need relationships that keep them in a reasonably stress-free state, with people who respond positively to them as potential, emerging personalities and pay attention to who they are becoming over time…attachment security takes time to develop, most of the first year, so it still brings us back to parental care for at least the first year unless things are not good at home’.
Attachment theory and the social brain
Attachment theory has been widely used in psychotherapy for over 50 years. Gerhardt’s research offers scientific evidence to back up Bowlby and Ainsworth’s Attachment theories. Between them, ‘neuroscience, psychology, psychoanalysis and biochemistry are offering a deeper understanding of how human beings become human and how they learn to relate emotionally to others’ (2004, p.2).
Gerhardt argues that the social brain, our emotional style and resources are developing and established in the early years of life. ‘The social brain is the part of the brain which learns how to manage feelings in relation to others, as well as the development of our stress response, immune response and neurotransmitter systems which all affect our future emotional life’ (2004, p.3).
Gerhardt claims that the following experiences can have dire consequences on our overall wellbeing, our self-esteem/confidence/worth and our relationship with self and others:
- Physical, emotional, psychological, sexual or spiritual abuse
- Abandonment or neglect
- Physically or emotionally absent parents
- Styles of parenting such as critical parenting, having unrealistic expectations, eg. forced into independence too early, helicopter and co-dependent parenting
- Narcissistic parents, i.e. the parents’ needs are primary, not the child’s
The evidence that Gerhardt provides shows that the possible consequences of such experiences are attachment disturbances, psychosomatic illness, eating disorders, addiction, antisocial behaviour, personality disorders, chronic stress, anxiety and depression (p.3). Linda Graham, MFT, in ‘The neuroscience of attachment’ writes, ‘when our early experiences have been less than optimal, unconscious patterns of attachment can continue to shape the perceptions and responses of the brain to new relational experiences in old ways’ (2008, p.1)
How psychotherapy can help
Gerhardt proposes that for those of us who have experienced disturbances in our early attachment relationships and family of history – through psychotherapy – we can indeed grow a socially and emotionally intelligent brain. She writes,
‘The missing experience of having feelings recognised and acknowledged by another person, particularly of having strong feelings tolerated by another person is provided by the therapist…slowly through these types of experiences with a psychotherapist, a new muscle develops, an ability to be heard and to listen, to listen and be heard…Psychotherapy offers a change to rework the emotional strategies…
In conjunction with Gerhardt’s work, there is an amounting base of evidence showing that through psychotherapy and in particular, via the therapist showing us empathic love, compassion, emotional presence and acceptance, we can go a long way in healing from our past suffering, old wounds and traumas. Increasingly, neuroscience is speaking of ‘the shaping physiological force of love, finding that ‘attachment relationships’ and ‘limbic resonance with significant others shape the neural core of the self’ (Lewis, Amin and Lannon, 2001; Seil 1999, cited in Firman & Gila, 2010, p. 2).
Psychotherapy is often mistakenly seen as a place whereby we get ‘analysed’. In my personal and professional experience, psychotherapy is primarily about building a healthy relationship with self and others. It is important though that we choose a therapist who is able to love us unconditionally. The therapist must also be able to work at depth not only attached to certain techniques or models aimed at changing behaviours.
Alongside psychotherapy, Graham suggests that we also need to hang out with other healthy brains. For example: self-help groups, yoga or meditation classes, personal growth workshops and at expressive arts, dance and movement classes.
This research is important because it shows us that through psychotherapy
- We can ‘create new patterns of neural circuitry, pathways and networks that can allow us to relate, moment by moment, in new healthier, more resilient ways’ (Graham, 2008, p.2)
- We can learn to soothe the part of us that feels unsoothable
- We can gain a sense of connection to self and other
- We can heal insecure attachment styles, fostering healthy relationships
- We can rebuild, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-worth
- We can have emotional balance and emotional intelligence
- We can learn new tools in therapy such as mindfulness which can help us manage stress, regulate emotions and foster empathy for self and other
- We can heal our inner child through visualisation and other therapeutic techniques
- We can provide healthy mirroring and ‘good enough’ parenting to our children
- We can see our children’s needs as an extension of our own
- We can make conscious choices about the best care possible for our children
NB. This research is not about blaming mothers, parents or primary caregivers. It is highlighting through neuroscientific evidence, the impact that early attachment relationships have on our children’s wellbeing. Gerhardt talks about the policy implications of this reasearch, one of the major ones being more support for mothers/parents/primary caregivers.
This blog is part of my Therapy Rocks! series.
Firman, John and Gila, Ann, (2010), A psychotherapy of love
Gerhardt, Sue, (2004), Why love matters: how affection shapes a baby’s brain
Gerhardt, Sue, (2006), Why love matters (Daycare revisted) Crooked Timber comments
Graham, Linda, MFT, (2008), The neuroscience of attachment
Photo by Akshar Dave | <urn:uuid:05ebe60a-0921-47d1-9cf9-7c6d5a410abd> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://jodiegale.com/therapy-rocks-why-love-matters-attachment-psychotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.932677 | 1,477 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Cell phones now are very intelligent that they can connect to the internet. Who would’ve thought that a small device can yield so much power. If you want to access the internet anytime you like, you do not need to look for a computer unit because cell phones are readily available. Cell phones indeed made the world smaller- in a good way.
But then again, no system is perfect. You should know that your phones can be used to harm you in any possible way. When attackers strike, they will take advantage of your phones and leave you to suffer the consequences. If attackers succeed in sabotaging your cell phones, they can exploit your service. There are others who will lure you to nasty websites and more importantly, there are attackers that can get access to your account and personal information.
The good thing is that you can do something to protect your phones and yourself from these attackers. Here are some practical tips that you can use:
- Assess security settings: Your cell phones have security settings. It is important that you use it wisely so no attackers can outwit you. For example, when you are not using your Bluetooth, turn it off or disable it. If you turn it on all the time, attackers will simply use it to access any download information.
- Be cautious when posting email address and numbers: You will be surprised of the innovativeness of the attackers. They will use a software that can peruse websites to get email addresses. They will use these emails to flood spam. If you do not want this, you have to limit the people who have access to your valuable information.
- Ignore links: If you received links sent in your phones, it is best to ignore those. Those links will lead you to malicious websites. While they may appear legitimate and fine looking, there are websites that mean harm. If you did not ask for it, do not follow it.
- Do not trust downloads: It is appealing when you see free downloadable games or other software but you have to be cautious. If the site is not legitimate, downloading games or other software will put your cell phones at risk. Attackers may imbed harmful codes. It is best to download games or other software from sites that you trust.
If you make sure that you follow the tips mentioned above, you will be assured that your cell phones (including your PDAs) are protected. If you are fond of putting all information and schedules in your phones, you should think of changing your ways. | <urn:uuid:84ed341f-1b0b-4486-ab6f-edbb56a50f1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.browse.sg/category/safety-and-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.941029 | 508 | 2.578125 | 3 |
If you take the time to learn to use the front brake correctly, you will be a safer cyclist.
Many cyclists shy away from using the front brake, due to fear of flying over the handlebars. This does happen, but mainly to people who have not learned to modulate the front brake.
The cyclist who relies on the rear brake for general stopping can get by until an emergency arises, and, in a panic, he or she grabs the unfamiliar front brake as well as the rear, for extra stopping power. This can cause the classic "over the bars" crash.
Jobst Brandt has a quite plausible theory that the typical "over-the-bars" crash is caused, not so much by braking too hard, but by braking hard without using the rider's arms to brace against the deceleration: The bike stops, the rider keeps going until the rider's thighs bump into the handlebars, and the bike, which is no longer supporting the weight of the rider, flips.
This cannot happen when you are using only the rear brake, because as soon as the rear wheel starts to lift, the rear wheel skids, limiting its braking force. Unfortunately, though, it takes twice as long to stop with the rear brake alone as with the front brake alone, so reliance on the rear brake is unsafe for cyclists who ever go fast. It is important to use your arms to brace yourself securely during hard braking, to prevent this. Indeed, good technique involves moving back on your saddle as far as you can comfortably go, to keep the center of gravity as far back as possible. This applies whether you are using the front, rear or both brakes. Using both brakes together can cause "fishtailing." If the rear wheel skids while braking force is also being applied to the front, the rear of the bike will tend to swing past the front, since the front is applying a greater decelerating force than the rear. Once the rear tire starts to skid, it can move sideways as easily as forward.
If you don't believe me, perhaps John Forester can convince you...see his Entry in the rec.bicycles FAQ on Front Brake Usage (Subject: 9.17). (Unfortunately, the maintainer of that site has a habit of breaking links, so you may need to go to the rec.bicycles FAQ index to find the article.) Or read John Allen's advice.
Skidding the rear wheel also wears the rear tire very quickly. A single rear-brake-only stop from 50 km/h (30 mph) with a locked rear wheel can wear the tread of a road tire right down to the fabric!
Maximum braking occurs when the front brake is applied so hard that the rear wheel is just about to lift off. At that point, the slightest amount of rear brake will cause the rear wheel to skid.
If you ride a conventional bike, the best way to master the use of your front brake is to practice in a parking lot or other safe space, applying both brakes at once, but putting most of the effort into the front brake. Keep pedaling as you brake, so that your legs will tell you immediately when the rear wheel starts to skid. Squeeze, don't grab, the brake levers, so you can sense when this happens. Practice harder and harder stops, so that you will learn the feel of stopping fast, on the edge of rear-wheel liftoff.
Test the brakes in this way whenever you are about to ride an unfamiliar bike. Some brakes are more sensitive than others, and you need to know the "feel" of the brakes.
Once you are comfortable with the front brake, also practice releasing the brakes to recover control, until this is an automatic, reflex action. At a very low speed, apply the brakes hard enough that the rear wheel skids, or just begins to lift. When it does, immediately release the brakes. Wear your helmet.
Some cyclists like to ride a fixed-gear bicycle, that is, a bicycle that does not permit coasting. When you brake hard with the front brake on a fixed gear, the drivetrain gives you excellent feedback about the traction at the rear wheel. (This is one of the reasons that fixed gears are favored for winter riding.)
If you ride a fixed gear with only a front brake, your legs will tell you exactly when you are at the maximum brake capacity of the front brake. Once your fixed gear has taught you this, you will be able to stop any bicycle better, using the front brake alone.
Typical rim brakes lose a great deal of their effectiveness when the rims are wet, so using them both together can reduce stopping distances.
When leaning in a turn, traction is shared between braking and turning. Using both brakes together reduces the likelihood that one wheel or the other will skid and dump you. The steeper you lean, the less you can brake, so moderate your speed before a curve. When you are leaning deeply, you need to release the brakes entirely.
Tandem caution: when riding a tandem solo (no stoker on board) the rear brake becomes virtually useless due to lack of traction. The risk of fishtailing is particularly high if a solo tandem rider uses both brakes at once. This also applies to a lesser extent if the stoker is a small child.
For this reason, I set my own bikes up so that the right hand controls the front brake, which is not the norm in the U.S.
I also do this because I'm right-handed, and wish to have my more skillful hand operate the more critical brake.
On the other hand, if you have already developed a preference, it is usually best to stick with it -- or at least, choose a few weeks of riding under undemanding conditions to retrain your reflexes. In an emergency, you must act faster than you can think. If you switch between a Mac and a Windows PC, where the same keys don't make the same characters, or between a clarinet and a saxophone where they don't make the same musical notes, you know how reflexes can trip you up. If you are used to skidding the rear wheel with the rear brake, switching the brake cables can result a flight over the handlebars. If you mostly use the front brake, switching the cables can result in rear-wheel skidding and increased stopping distance. These problems are most likely when first riding an unfamiliar bike, so, again, always test the brakes with a light brake application when you first start out.
See also my letter to Bike Culture magazine.
What you do have control over is whether you lean the bicycle more than, less than, or the same amount that you lean your body, to get the overall center of gravity to the place that it has to go.
This approach is popular with beginners who are scared to lean over sideways, and who feel less disoriented by keeping their bodies more upright. -- though actually, they don't. The cyclist is much heavier than the bicycle, which leans over farther, instead.
Captaining a tandem with a stoker who doesn't know about leaning in turns can be a very unsettling experience, because you must lean farther to compensate.
Keeping the upper body more upright is recommended by some racers and coaches as offering the possibility of recovering from a skid, but I don't believe it.
[I think there might be something to this. If you start to skid out, you might be able to yank the bicycle up and momentarily press the wheels harder into the road surface to gain more traction -- though the side force also might potato-chip a wheel, or roll a tubular off the rim.
Racers also sometimes drop the knee that is to the inside of the turn. Yanking the knee inward may also help ro recover from a skid.
Also see Jobst Brandt's comments, below -- John Allen.]
This approach is popular with riders who are afraid of striking a pedal on the road. This is a particular concern for riders of fixed-gear bicycles, since they cannot coast through corners.
This technique is also recommended by some racers and coaches as offering the possibility of recovering from a skid, but I don't believe it.
This technique has the advantage of keeping the steering axis, tire contact patches and center of gravity all in the same plane. This preserves the proper handling characteristics of the bicycle, and makes a skid less likely. You can verify this yourself by performing an experiment suggested by Jobst Brandt:
"To verify this, ride down a straight but rough road standing on one pedal with the bike slanted, and note how the bike follows an erratic line. In contrast, if you ride centered on the bike you can ride no-hands perfectly straight over rough road. When you lean off the bike you cannot ride a smooth line over road irregularities, especially in curves. For best control, stay centered over your bike."
He is specifically exercised by new E.U. regulations that specify that the front brake should be controlled by the right hand. "The trouble begins when a bike with right lever to front brake is ridden...in any country where traffic keeps to the right. The left hand signal, across traffic, is much more hazardous than the right hand signal. With the right hand...front brake the potential danger increases. Stopping the front wheel only, with one hand on the handlebars, can cause front-wheel instability. Also the upper part of the cyclist's body moves forward as the bicycle abruptly decelerates, causing further pressure on the right side of the handlebars."
I have to attribute his attitude to a common misunderstanding about brakes. With bicycles, as with virtually all wheeled vehicles, the front brake is the more important and effective brake. The front brake by itself will stop a standard bicycle twice as fast as a rear brake by itself. The front brake by itself will stop a standard bicycle as fast as both brakes used together, except on very slippery surfaces.
Unfortunately, many casual cyclists and non-cyclists have the mistaken idea that using the front brake is dangerous, and that you are likely to lock up the front wheel, pitch over the handlebars and crack you skull. This type of accident is extremely rare, and unlikely on a bicycle that is in good repair, ridden by a cyclist who has learned to use the front brake sensitively.
The danger is more real for bicycles with damaged rims, or mis-adjusted brakes. The danger is even greater for the cyclist who habitually relies on the rear brake alone when suddenly faced with the need for a panic stop. A panicky rider who is unused to the front brake may indeed grab it full-force as a last resort, and may take a header.
If you will forgive an automotive analogy in these green pages, a driver who has never driven a car with power brakes is likely to skid a few times the first time he or she tries driving a car that has them. This does not mean that there is something wrong with power brakes, however, it means that the driver needs to learn how to use them.
I frequently ride a fixed-gear bike with a front brake only. This is an excellent way to learn subtle control of the front brake, as the fixed gear gives very good feedback of the traction available at the rear wheel.
In the early '80s, I became infatuated with mountain bike riding in the woods, and completely re-adapted my braking style to cope with the loose surfaces common on woods trails.
In 1988, I moved to France for a year, and got back into road riding. Near my house was a wonderful bit of road down the side of a valley, called La Route des Sept Tournants. It is a series of sweeping switch backs, beautifully paved, very well engineered. I used to descend it regularly on one of my favorite loops. The problem was, I could never really go fast down it, I always felt that I was on the verge of losing traction with my rear wheel and spinning out. After a few months of this, I was beginning to conclude that I had just become a coward as I reached middle age. I remembered I used to go faster around similar bends on my old fixed gear with no rear brake----wait a minute, maybe that's it! The next time I went that way, I decided not to use my rear brake unless I felt I really needed it--I would just go slowly at first, only as fast as I felt comfortable with using the front brake alone.
Mirable dictu, I found that I was my old self again! It had indeed been the rear wheel that was on the verge of slipping, and only because I was using its brake. Without the drag of the rear brake, the rear wheel was in no danger of slipping. The front wheel, thanks to the weight shift caused by the braking I still had to use, had plenty of traction as well.
Many people will tell you that it is dangerous to use your front brake in a turn; I would respond that this is so if your turning/banking technique is incorrect. The center of gravity of a bicycle/rider must lean into a turn; this is required by the laws of physics. There are three ways you can do this. One way is to keep the bike more-or-less upright, but to lean your upper body into the turn. Another is to keep your body more-or-less upright, and lean the bicycle under you. The third, and usually correct technique is to keep your body in line with the bicycle frame, lean the bicycle and rider together as a unit.
Leaning the bicycle and rider differently messes up the handling of the bike, by moving the center of gravity sideways from the plane of the wheels. If you apply the front brake while doing this, the braking force exerts a steering force through the now off-center headset. Jobst Brandt has an excellent way of proving this to yourself: try riding down a straight, but bumpy stretch of road while leaning the bike to one side and your body to the other. If you are brave, try applying the front brake very gently.
I must admit to a bit of ambivalence as to whether a government body should tell people how to set up their bicycles. In the U.S.A., de-facto government regulation has made left-front all but compulsory for new bikes to be sold. I strongly object to this. I once had a near-accident as a result: I was riding an unfamiliar bike that was set up left-front, even though I am used to right-front. I came to an intersection, a car cut me off, I instinctively grabbed with my right hand. Since this was the rear brake, I was only barely able to stop in time!
I will add one further reason for preferring the right-front setup: Most people are right handed. I think we can all agree that the front brake requires more skill than the rear; therefore, it should be assigned to the more skillful hand.
Last Updated: by Harriet Fell | <urn:uuid:030cf7d4-d46c-4f5c-8371-2971d32c1c33> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.sheldonbrown.com/brakturn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.964982 | 3,113 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Like modern day alchemists, scientists are attempting to transform a common element into a precious metal. This isn’t about making lead into gold, but turning elemental hydrogen into a different, never before seen form of hydrogen. Scientists are tantalizingly close to producing the first samples of solid metallic hydrogen using powerful lasers, electrical impulses, and other cutting edge equipment. It’s no simple feat, but it could have huge implications for humanity if they’re successful.
Hydrogen is the simplest of elements, consisting of just one proton and one electron. It exists in huge quantities in stars as it’s slowly fused in helium, and then into heavier elements. Like other gaseous elements, hydrogen can change phases based on temperature and pressure. Scientists propose that metallic hydrogen could be the holy grail of superconductors, a class of materials that can transmit electrical charge without impeding it at all. Superconductors already exist, and are used on machines like MRIs and the Large Hadron Collider. They only work when cooled to very low temperatures, though. Metallic hydrogen could theoretically act as a superconductor at room temperature.
Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but it can be cooled to a liquid and even solid hydrogen ice. It’s the other direction that could lead to metallic hydrogen — extremely high temperature and pressure. You would think that as the simplest element, hydrogen would be easy to understand. However, when subjected to high heat and pressure, the physics become devilishly complex. What we do know is that if you squeeze any element hard enough, it becomes a metal, allowing electrons to flow freely along its surface. When you try to do that to hydrogen, pairs of hydrogen atoms begin to assemble into complex solid arrangements rather than a metal.
There are several approaches being used in the quest for metallic hydrogen to study the known forms of complex solid hydrogen. The hope is that eventually one of these techniques will result in the production of true metallic hydrogen. The oldest method, which still shows promise, is the diamond anvil. These small devices use two tapered diamonds to exert incredible pressure of more than a million atmospheres on a sample, in this case hydrogen. This is how researchers discovered a fourth phase of solid hydrogen in 2011. Alas, it was not metallic hydrogen.
Some researchers have started using lasers to blast small samples of hydrogen, temporarily increasing the temperature and pressure to very high levels. These experiments have shown some good evidence of metallic behavior, but it’s liquid metal. Some teams are combining lasers with diamond anvils in hopes of solidifying the liquid metal and bringing it down to room temperature. If none of that works, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories have started using intense bursts of electrical power (the “Z Machine” shown above) to propel a metal plate into hydrogen samples at super-high speeds. If all else fails, hit it harder, apparently.
The current consensus is that metallic hydrogen exists in the solar system within gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn. It would explain some of their unusual characteristics. If we can produce metallic hydrogen here on Earth, we may understand a lot more about the solar system and build some very cool things in the process.
Now read: What are superconductors? | <urn:uuid:9f3caed1-bf1b-4be1-bb9f-a4d54e45262d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://showfun.net/shows/54660/scientists-are-closing-in-on-turning-hydrogen-into-a-metal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120844.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00547-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929194 | 671 | 4.40625 | 4 |
User understanding is a key part of empathic design, but have you thought about what happens in the brain when we try to understand another person? Neuroscientists can look deep inside people’s brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It measures tiny changes in blood flow caused by increased brain activity. fMRI technology is capable of things that might have sounded science fiction some time ago.
Some studies have suggested that fMRI could even read minds; suggesting that it can detect lies with 90 percent accuracy, decode pictures in your head or reveal our subconscious reactions towards advertisements. While fMRI may not really give us mind-reading abilities, it has shed light on what happens in the brain when we try to predict others’ feelings and thoughts. Fascinatingly, it has revealed a very simple, but powerful mechanism called the mirror neuron system. Mirror neurons give us the ability to feel what others feel. We mirror the feelings and actions of others as we had felt or acted similarly. For instance, when we witness that a person is feeling pain it activates our own pain areas, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Thus, we can literally experience others’ pain.
However, observable emotions and actions are only one part of understanding others, we are also interested to infer the internal mental states of others, such as beliefs and intentions. If one checks his clock during a conversation, are they bored or just in a hurry to another appointment? The ability to infer the mental states of others, called theory of mind (ToM), develops at age of four. One of the fMRI research discoveries has been that some brain areas are especially dedicated to this complex mechanism. Injuries to these brain areas can dramatically affect our capability to understand others. A classic case is the railway foreman Phineas Gage who lived in the 1800s. A part of his frontal lobe was destroyed when a metal bar accidentally went through his skull. He survived physically. However, formerly the nice guy turned arrogant and incapable of making social judgments. Later scientists discovered using neuroimaging that the damaged brain area was one of the important areas for ToM.
But how do our brains “communicate”; what happens when you listen to a person and you really feel like you understand them? A group of researchers showed that during successful communication speaker’s and listener’s brains synchronize; and when communication fails, synchronization fails. In their experiment participants’ brains were scanned when they listened to recorded stories told by a storyteller. The storyteller was also scanned when they told the story. Researchers found that the storyteller’s and the listeners’ brain activation synchronized when comprehension was successful, and remarkably a higher synchronization was associated with a better comprehension of the story.
The networks underlying mutual understanding are so fundamental that researchers were even able to detect empathy-related networks when participants were just lying inside an fMRI scanner doing nothing. Excitingly, based on that researchers could predict how empathic participants were. fMRI clearly has a huge potential to clarify how we understand others. | <urn:uuid:8e04e36a-9140-43a4-8eae-1171a65a0986> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://designfactory.aalto.fi/2021/01/inside-the-empathic-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303956.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123015212-20220123045212-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.969488 | 631 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The Sons of Fëanor
— (Fëanor’s character displayed in his sons)
Fëanor was born in Valinor, the son of Finwë and Míriel. Following the birth of Fëanor, his mother was spent. Saying to Finwë: ‘…strength that would have nourished the life of many has gone into Fëanor.’ (The Silmarillion, ch. 6) Thus she was released from life, for it had become a grief to her and her spirit departed to the Halls of Mandos. Following this, Finwë married again and had two more sons, Fingolfin and Finarfin; however Fëanor had no love for them. Fëanor means ‘spirit of fire’ and he was powerful in many areas – mind, craft and strength; his legacy, though filled with grief, reached to the Third Age. It was during the time he spent in Valinor that Fëanor created many things of craft, the greatest of these being the Silmarils. In these three jewels Fëanor had managed to capture the light of the Two Trees. During this time Melkor was released following his three ages of bondage. He began to spread rumours and whisperings amongst the Noldor, of rebellion against the Valar. Though being strong in mind, Fëanor heeded these whisperings and began to openly speak of rebellion, repeating the lies of Melkor that they had been forced to Aman so that Men could rule Middle-earth. Going to his father, Fingolfin told of these things to the King, and Fëanor, entering as they spoke, drew his sword on Fingolfin. For the drawing of the sword on a kinsman, Fëanor was banished from Tirion by the Valar for 12 years. Shortly following Fëanor’s release from banishment, Melkor stole the Silmarils, killed Finwë and with the help of Ungoliant destroyed the Two Trees.
In reaction to this, Fëanor marshalled the Noldor and they left the Valinor. Leading an attack on the Teleri elves, Fëanor stole their ships and led half the Noldor across to Middle-earth on these. He did, however, leave Fingolfin and those that followed him behind. These were then forced to make their way to Middle-earth by crossing the Helcaraxë.
Many of Fëanor’s actions were kept alive in memory largely due to the involvement of his sons in events that followed his death and the oath he swore was never forgotten. Each of Fëanor’s sons carried certain characteristics inherited from their Father, and though their Mother, Nerdanel (who longed to understand minds rather than master them) had passed on her gentleness and wisdom to some, she did not pass it on to all.
In the initial description of his sons, we can already see some of Fëanor’s physical characteristics. ‘He (Fëanor) was tall, and fair to face, and masterful, his eyes piercingly bright and his hair raven dark; in the pursuit of all his purposes eager and steadfast’ (The Silmarillion, ch 6). Of these attributes we can already see four shown in the initial description of his sons. ‘The seven sons of Fëanor were Maehdros the tall…; Celegorm the fair. And Caranthir the dark; Curufin the crafty…’(The Silmarillion, ch 5). Throughout the Silmarillion Tolkien kept, in a way, the character of Fëanor alive through his sons and their individual portrayals of their father.
Maedhros, the eldest, was masterful and had the strong leadership abilities of his father. This is shown in the way he dissuades his brothers from rash deeds and rebukes the harsh words of Caranthir. He makes peace with the house of Fingolfin and offers the Kingship of the Noldor to Fingolfin, saying ‘If there lay no grievance between us, lord, still the kingship would rightly come to you, the eldest here of the house of Finwë, and not the least wise.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). However this also shows that Maedhros is not like his father in his desire to rule. Due to drawing a sword on his half-brother, Fëanor was banished and told to remember ‘who and what’ he is. However, rather than do this, Fëanor becomes bitter toward the Valar and his brother. Finally, after his banishment, Fingolfin extends his hand saying ‘I remember no grievance’, but Fëanor merely looks at the hand and doesn’t even speak until Fingolfin says ‘Half brother in blood, full brother in heart will I be. Thou shalt lead and I will follow. May no new grief divide us.’ It is only at this point that Fëanor speaks, saying ‘So be it.’ This action in itself shows his desire to be in control and his lack of ability to see when he has done wrong or feel regret for it. We also see from these two events one of the underlying differences between Maedhros and Fëanor –their desires to rule.
Through Maedhros we see a blend of his father’s zeal coupled with his mother’s gentle wisdom, however, like all his brothers, he does not escape the oath that he swore. His wisdom and non-assuming manner hold Maedhros in good stead for many years. When winning small battles, he never takes it as a sign of Morgoth’s weakness but is rather ever watchful for the armies of Morgoth to come forth with revived strength. He also shows wisdom in allowing men to aid in the fight against the enemy. Though some of these prove treacherous, the wisdom is shown in the fact that he realised that the Noldor alone could not overthrow the gates of Thangorodrim. This is also unlike his father who ‘looking out from the slopes of Ered Wethrin with his last sight he beheld far off the peaks of Thangorodrim, mightiest of the towers of Middle-earth, and knew with the foreknowledge of death that no power of the Noldor would ever overthrow them.’ However despite this he still ‘laid it upon his sons to hold their oath and avenge their father.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13)
Maedhros, like his father was a great warrior and had an enormous zeal for life, a fire that burned within. This is shown in his recovery from the torment of Morgoth ‘His body recovered from the torment and became hale, but the shadow of pain was in his heart; and he lived to wield a sword in his left hand more deadly than his right had been.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). And in the battle of Beleriand, ‘Maedhros did deeds of surpassing valour, and the orcs fled before his face; for since his torment upon Thangorodrim his spirit burned like a white fire within and he was as one that returns from the dead.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 1)
Of all the brothers Maglor was the least like his father. He was patient and very much a follower of his elder brother Maedhros. Maglor was renowned for his singing and counted the greatest musician second only to Daeron of Doriath. The oath tormented him constantly and caused him to follow his brothers to fulfil their quest. However he expressed his grief for the havoc he had caused constantly through laments. By the end of the First Age he wished to be released from his oath, but Maehdros convinced him that this was not possible and Maglor ended his days singing sadly along the shores of the sea.
Caranthir was the ‘…harshest of the brothers and the most quick to anger…’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). For the most part Caranthir received much of his father’s fiery passion and temper. He was swift to anger and as his father not easily persuaded through counsel. However he did obey the will of Maedhros but in his heart did not always agree. Though Maedhros made peace with the sons of Fingolfin and Finarfin, Caranthir loved them not and would not trust them. In this Caranthir shares his attitude with that of his father who after leading the Noldor forth from Aman and despite his words of allegiance to them, left those that followed Fingolfin without boats, thus forcing them to cross the Grinding Ice.
Caranthir was the first of the brothers to have relations with the dwarfs. However ‘Caranthir was haughty and scarce concealed his scorn for the unloveliness of the Naugrim (Dwarfs).’ (The Silmarillion, ch 13). In spite of this, his people and the dwarves gained much through the friendship they had and many riches came Caranthir’s way from the mines of the dwarfs.
At the coming of Men, Caranthir paid little heed to them and the elves and men of Haleth dwelt peacefully for a while. However, when the orcs came upon the men of Haleth they fought valiantly, and Caranthir, though late, realised the strength of Men. Therefore he offered the people of Haleth leave to stay in his realm, however this Haleth would not grant as she was unwilling to be guided or ruled. Though being accepting of different races, Caranthir still shows more of his father’s desire to rule rather than understand people.
Curufin and Celegorm
The sons Curufin and Celegorm very much inherited their father’s fiery passion and followed the oath with extreme fervour. Together they dwelt in the land of Finrod Felagund for many years. When Beren arrived in the land and requested aid for his quest the brothers were angered greatly and spoke in open disgust of his idea, threatening to slay any friend or foe that dared lay a hand on a Silmaril.
These brothers also showed their father’s passion to rule people. When Lúthien requested their help, they captured her, planning to use her to barter with Thingol for her hand in marriage. They did this as they would not try again to regain their treasure ‘either by craft or war without all the elf-kingdoms under their rule.’ (The Silmarillion, ch 19). Their haughty nature is also shown prior to the fifth battle where they demanded Thingol return the Silmaril won by Lúthien and Beren. Due to their rash words, only a small company from Doriath aided the Noldor. The defeat of them at the Fifth battle may not have been so great had not the sons of Fëanor created division amongst those who also opposed Morgoth. They show the arrogance of their father in their behaviour prior to the Fifth battle as they do not listen to the counsel of Maedhros, who believed all those opposed to Morgoth needed to unite. The manner of Fëanor’s departure from the Undying Lands shows his continued arrogance and like these two sons, the ability to underestimate Morgoth by causing dissension amongst possible allies.
Amras and Amrod
Beside that fact that they worked together and aided their brothers in the fulfilment of their oath, not a lot is known about Amrod and Amras. All the actions they do can be drawn back their allegiance with their brothers and commitment to their oath. For this reason it is difficult to see any of Fëanor’s characteristics displayed in these two sons.
Despite the varying character traits of Fëanor’s sons, the oath caused them all to fail alike. They are all tormented by it, to the extent that they slay their own, as they had done in Aman centuries before. Following the defeat of the Fifth battle, the brothers filled with the torment of their oath attack Dior in Doriath, preparing to claim the one Silmaril not in the confines of Morgoth. It is in Doriath that Caranthir, Curufin and Celegorm are slain. In these brothers, Tolkien has shown Fëanor’s weak traits, such as jealousy, anger and arrogance. These traits coupled with the oath, consume their beings.
Following the attack on Doriath, Maedhros is saddened and feels great regret for the actions that he was a part of. He even spent many hours searching for the children of Dior who had been left in the woods, but this was to no avail and he left Doriath with great remorse. Before long though, rumour of the Silmaril was once again abroad. It had passed into the hands of Elwing daughter of Dior, who had escaped and now lived at the Grey Havens. Remembering his regret, Maedhros withheld his hand and constrained his brothers. As time passed by, the unfulfilled oath came back to torment him and his remaining brothers and they made war on the people of Círdan. It is here that Amras and Amrod are slain. However Maglor and Maehdros are victorious, though they do not win the Silmaril for it once again escaped them.
In the brothers of Maedhros and Maglor we see the oath has a slightly different effect. They are still bound to it but not with the passion of their brothers and though they remain true to the oath, they are weary of the task and it becomes a burden of sorrow to them. This is despite them finally gaining a Silmaril each at the end of the First Age. As can be seen the oath of Fëanor largely affected all the sons, but in the sons, despite their similiar upbringings, different characterists of Fëanor can be seen in each one. | <urn:uuid:b736b5c3-f3a4-4c52-a818-519e89bb7e0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.councilofelrond.com/middle-earth/the-sons-of-feanor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.986271 | 2,999 | 2.828125 | 3 |
PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH ORGANIK MENJADI PUPUK KOMPOS
Along with population density, waste is one of the crucial issues that is still being debated. This can be seen in one of the cities in Indonesia, namely Bekasi City, which is one of the cities that accommodates a lot of urbanization. The increase which increases by almost 2.5% every year is a crucial problem for the people of Bekasi City, especially plastic waste that is difficult to destroy. Garbage will accumulate more and more due to the lack of public understanding about sorting in waste management. By educating and socializing to the public about the importance of good and correct waste management, people will realize that waste is not a trivial problem and will make the surrounding environment uncomfortable. The impact generated after socializing, the community will be able to sort waste to reduce the negative impact of domestic waste, make the surrounding environment clean and comfortable, and increase public awareness to maintain cleanliness. Therefore, the community must increase awareness of the importance of carrying out 3R efforts, namely Reuse; Reduce; and Recycle. | <urn:uuid:ec7e03f2-5c01-48e8-bba8-d80a26b79b74> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://jurnal.unismabekasi.ac.id/index.php/an-nizam/article/view/4167 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446709929.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126212945-20221127002945-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.944782 | 234 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This doesn’t seem very surprising:
Same-sex marriage has been the law of the land for nearly two years — and in some states for even longer — but researchers can already detect positive health outcomes among couples who have tied the knot, a University of Washington study finds. For years, studies have linked marriage with happiness among heterosexual couples. But a study from the UW School of Social Work is among the first to explore the potential benefits of marriage among LGBT couples.
It is part of a national, groundbreaking longitudinal study with a representative sample of LGBT older adults, known as “Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, Sexuality/Gender Study,” which focuses on how historical, environmental, psychological, behavioral, social and biological factors are associated with health, aging and quality of life.
UW researchers found that LGBT study participants who were married reported better physical and mental health, more social support and greater financial resources than those who were single.
There’s much more at the link. | <urn:uuid:0326fa84-5bf1-4f67-ad52-cee0a7fdf28f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.joemygod.com/2017/04/university-washington-study-lgbt-aging-marriage-improves-healthiness-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481111.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216190407-20190216212407-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.971462 | 207 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Politics and Economy
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates, which are essentially territories with their own monarchs. There are few elements of a democracy. There are elections are held for a federal advisory body, but they are limited. Political parties are banned and all executive, legislative, and judicial authority ultimately rests with the seven hereditary rulers. The civil liberties of citizens and residents living in the UAE are heavily restricted.
Refined and crude petroleum make up the largest share of the UAE’s exports, but the economy is also diversified. Investment in tourism and infrastructure has helped strengthen the country’s economy overall. Business friendly policies and a legacy of international trade contribute to the growth of its annual GDP.
Emiratis make up roughly 1/10 of the population in the country. Yes, immigrants and foreign workers vastly outnumber UAE citizens. Furthermore, women constitute only about 30% of the entire population. This is primarily due to the influx of male expatriate workers. Most of the foreign workers are from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The majority of the population regardless of national background practices Islam, but due to the expatriate community there is also a sizable community of Christians and Hindus.
Luxury and Poverty
Part of the success in diversifying the economy has been in the investment of high end luxury hotels and the portrayal of the UAE has a place of luxurious relaxation and poolside parties. However, not everyone in the UAE is rich. About 20% of the population lives in poverty, by the standards of the UAE. The foreign workers from South Asia are a sizable portion of those living in poverty. The wealth gap beween rich and poor in the UAE is one of the worst in the world. This is in part due welfare afforded to Emiratis, but comparative economic neglect towards migrant workers. Becoming a citizen in the UAE is also quite different. Rather than being jus soli (by place of birth), the UAE uses jus sanguinis (by nationality of parents). Naturalization is limited, meaning migrant workers don’t have many opportunities for social mobility in the country. | <urn:uuid:81173c31-86b3-4892-adb5-2905371916bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://taytrumtravels.com/united-arab-emirates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.958863 | 436 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Evaluating armorials (II) – Variant coats of arms
The first part of these series on evaluating armorials dealt with the identification of coats of arms in armorials. It appeared that many armorials were copied and that copyists were prone to make mistakes. This sometimes leaves the researcher with different coats of arms for the same family. This post deals with the problematic of these variant coats of arms more thoroughly by discussing their origins and how they should be analysed. A lot of heraldic terms are used in this post. In order to make this article intelligible for everybody, we have created a short dictionary of the terms used by Steen Clemmensen.
Coats of arms belonging to the same family may vary in their depiction between sources. Some variations (tincture of crowns, beaks, claws etc.) are of little or no practical importance when studying armorials or the bearing of arms. Other variations, like the absence or presence of crowns, tail forms, heads facing guardant or not, and differences in the number of secondary figures may be important for discussions of the usage of arms by branches, but not for comparing segments or individual arms in armorials. Some representations varied with time, e.g. posture of the lions in the royal arms of England or Denmark. In any case, there are too many examples of such variations in the rendering of arms in armorials from any period or country. If readers disagree, please peruse the various books and manuscripts.
Evaluation of variants gets a little more complicated when elements or brisures appear or disappear between manuscripts, or when single arms are replaced with quartered or quarters replaced in composite arms. Such differences in single arms or individual quarters can often be ascribed to sloppy copying. Replacement of quarters or exchanges of single arms, e.g. for a finer lordship or title, would indicate an update preferred by the copyist or compiler. The key question is: which variations are important for what?
Different kinds of variation
In essence, variant arms come in two kinds:
- involuntary mistakes in rendering or copying a coat of arms, which can be classified according to type and seriousness; and
- variant forms actually used by a branch or a person.
For the latter, the researcher must determine whether the number or colour of a minor brisure, e.g. one or more martlets, would be regarded as important. A single example may suffice. For the French family group related to the Châtillon-sur-Marne at least 133 seals and 266 items from 50 armorials are recorded with altogether 77 different blazons, all based on Gules 3 pales vair and a chief or. Depending on the criteria used, one may divide the family group into some 30 armigerous branches, not counting a few individuals with personal brisures. For armorials some of these variants are easy to account for. One (probable) sideline, the Montchâlons, have the field vert. Other branches have a distinct cadency mark, such as a lion issant or a martlet. Changing from one cadency mark to another would belong to the involuntary mistakes, though one or more members of a branch could choose to use a different brisure. Changes, abbreviations or illegibility of legends make it difficult to place a set of items within a certain branch, but that is a different story. The major problem concerns the 72 items with 11 different blazons having 1-4 martlets (merlette in french) or mullets (molettes) in either gules, azure or sable. Some of these are undoubtedly real differences, but others are not – but which? The possibilities for mistakes in copying include misreading the blazon (but hardly the visual figure), substituting a different minor brisure (the family also used labels, lions and fleurs-de-lis), or using the wrong paint on a small figure.
Classification of variants
For the discussion of which variations might be important, the following eight different kinds of variations, categorized into three types, may do for a start:
|Type I: These variations are serious, as they render the shield in a completely different way|
|Type II: These variations are somewhat troublesome, but can relatively easily be reconciled.|
|Type III: These variations are insignificant for comparing or using armorials. They are very numerous, and may be attributed to sloppiness, change of fashion or simply the preference of the artisan or armorist rendering the figure. The choice of blazoning a coat of arms as per fess or with/on a chief can be regarded as a special case of no. 8 (partial change) or even no. 4 (wobbling) due to local fashion. The Anglo-French preferred chief for most situations|
The occurrence of different blazons (type I, no. 1) is problematic. This might be due to differentiation by branches – and be attributed to another branch, if the owner in question is not known to the commissioner, reporter or artisan. It could also be due to misreading a damaged blazon or painted shield, or simply forgetting to add a brisure or secondary figure. Some figures are hard to differentiate: fox, wolf or marten could be turned into lions, or a bear’s head into a talbot’s or lion’s head. The responsibility for inversions (type I, no. 2), and probably also colour changes such as Gules-Azure, can probably be attributed to the artisan or reporter. Everyone who has worked on transcribing or copying long lists of arms will know the embarrassment of finding this kind of mistakes when comparing his copy with the source. Similar mistakes would also be possible for an observer at a tournament or any other gathering.
Of the type II variations, reversions and flipping may reflect the layout of the source, or how the arms were faced when noted originally. If a coat of arms was first noted in a church, it would normally have faced the altar, i.e. the head of an animal would be turned sinister if the arms was hung on the north wall. Similarly arms correctly Party per bend would appear as Per bend sinister, and Quarters 1+3 (for the viewer left) would look like Quarters 2+4 (for the viewer right). Some armorials have the shields facing the center of the page, e.g. parts of the Rugen, which gives the same result for the leftmost columns. Unfortunately, the artisans were rarely consistent, so some arms appear as they were borne, while other appear as mirror images. But quarters might also be reversed due to the importance placed on the first quarter, which might reflect the more important lordship or family – as seen by the artisan or reporter. It might even be the owner himself who has changed the order. Flipping may also be due to mistakes by an artisan, either in colouring or misreading his source. Wobbling might equally be due to changing fashions, e.g. like the chevronny, which was later replaced by three chevrons, or to misreading or misdrawing, e.g. paly of 8 turned into 3 pales. Fading is self-evident. Most copyists have experienced taking the wrong option when transcribing a manuscript – and as for fading many copies were made when the source was already old.
Most of the type III variations concern animals, which are normally crowned and armed according to a standard colouring scheme: crowns Gules for body Or/Argent, Or for other colours; langued Gules, but Azure for body Gules; and armed Gules, except Or for body Gules or Azure. Artisans may vary this scheme, when the field has one of the colours of the crown etc. Most deviations from this standard scheme can be explained as the artisan using the same brush for colouring several secondary figures on a page. Crowns and posture were clearly significant elements in any coat of arms in the Late Middle Ages, and ought to be considered as an important change when evaluating a family’s use of arms. However, looking across several armorials one can find both lion, lion crowned, lion guardant and lion guardant crowned for the same family, e.g. End von Grimenstein in 11 armorials. Posture (passant, statant, salient / rampant) may vary according to the number of figures and their place in the shield or quarter. Whether to count such changes as important or serious depends on the setting. It may be unimportant to have one animal changing posture, but to have 3 lions passant all in pale change into 3 lions rampant (2:1) will only happen, when a blazon was seriously damaged before it was copied.
The next post in this series will deal with the practise of comparing armorials, for which the variants and mistakes that have been discussed in the last two posts can be quite useful.
For this discussion, family is the short term for a combination of arms and name, which besides the family proper may represent a branch using a specific combination or a diocese, abbey, town, office, guild or country.
Steen Clemmensen: The use of arms by the Châtillon-sur-Marne during the Middle Ages. Farum 2014, www.armorial.dk .
The same courtesy effect is present in the 1605 version of the Siebmacher with items printed in rows of five. The outer pairs are turned towards each other, with the center columns facing the reader – easily recognized from the posture of the helmets. Many readers do not realize this, when taking the arms down in blazon or drawing – getting not the actual arms, but its mirror image, flipped or reversed. | <urn:uuid:d4b022b0-fa67-4610-a8e8-1fc5d805e8c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/1947 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.942186 | 2,070 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Time for a new approach to crop pollination
Deborah K. Rich, Special to The Chronicle Saturday, May 21, 2005
The parasitic mite that devastated honey bee colonies across the United States this spring served notice that we are overly reliant upon the honey bee for crop pollination. Beekeepers report the mite infested 40 to 60 percent of managed beehives. Unless we find alternate pollinators to cart around, or another means to pollinate our fields, we risk periodic crop failures due to lack of pollination. And not just of almonds (whose February bloom faced severe honey bee shortages), but of any of the more than 100 insect-pollinated crops grown in the United States as well.
The larger our crop fields, and the more intensively we farm, the more we need a bee that we can propagate off-site and truck to our fields on demand. Conventional “clear cut” agriculture relegates natural landscapes that support native bee populations to the far edges of productive regions, and any bees that might make the long trip out to the fields are subject to pesticide poisoning.
The honey bee is an obvious choice for managed pollination. We have a long association with honey bees and their honey, and we have learned, over hundreds of years of observation, their nesting preferences and how to transport their hives. Most importantly for large-scale agriculture, honey bees nest together and raise their young in colonies whose populations number in the tens of thousands. Other species nest alone or in much smaller colonies, which complicates efforts to house and transport them.
But the social tendencies of the honey bee, combined with the size and national scope of honey bee operations (beekeepers have consolidated, just as other agricultural suppliers have, and often ship beehives by the semi-truck load), nearly guarantees the rapid transmission of diseases and parasites when they appear.
Recognizing the very real threat of crop failure that our dependence upon a single species of bee poses, researchers are coaching pollinator understudies. The blue orchard bee (also known as the orchard mason bee) is proving a cooperative pollinator of some early blooming orchard crops, and the bumble bee is helping to pollinate hot-house tomatoes.
Still, it may be time — while there still is time — for another approach entirely. The United States is home to 4,000 bee species, of which 1, 500 are found in California, to say nothing of the many moth, fly, wasp and butterfly species that also assist with pollination. (Of the insect pollinators, the bee is the most important because only the bee actively gathers both pollen and nectar to transport to her nests; other insects gather pollen only incidentally while they seek out nectar, similar to the way our socks gather burrs while we pick flowers.) If we have pushed native bees out of our agricultural regions, not to mention our inner cities, it could be that we can pull them back in.
Thanks to Claire Kremen’s recent work in Yolo and Solano counties, we know that, when present, native bee populations are more than equal to the task of fully pollinating many crops. In a study that began in 1999, Kremen, an assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Princeton University, discovered that on organic farms within two kilometers of riparian forests or hillsides of chaparral and oak, native bees were so numerous as to even pollinate fields of watermelon. Watermelon provides a good measure of pollination services because it is entirely dependent upon insects for pollination and requires several insect visits to transfer enough pollen to set a marketable fruit.
Perhaps, then, the better approach to reducing our reliance on the honey bee for crop and ornamental plant pollination is to protect and, where necessary, recreate ecosystems that support a wide range of native bee species; to focus more on being general managers of diverse farm, park and garden landscapes, and less on micro-managing specific species.
Fortunately, we have reason to believe that even small patches of habitat within landscapes can greatly boost bee diversity and abundance. “Bees,” wrote Kremen in the December 2002 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, “can seek out patchy resources and persist within small fragments of habitat… .” And while it would be presumptuous to think that we’ve deciphered the subtle nuances in habitat preferences among different bee species, we do understand their basic needs.
All bees require pesticide-free nesting and overwintering sites (for most bee species, they are one and the same), and forage. The vast majority of our native bees are solitary nesters, meaning that each female builds and provides for her own nest. More than two-thirds of the species nest in the ground, while most of the others nest in wood. A few seek out small spaces between rocks or beneath clumps of grass. The bumble bee, a social-nesting native bee, needs a modest cavity to nest in and often opts for abandoned rodent burrows.
Ground-nesting bees prefer patches of dry, sloped, bare or partially vegetated dirt. The Xerces Society, dedicated to the conservation of invertebrates, suggests that, “Some of the best places around farms for creating habitat for native pollinators are the worst places for growing crops. For example, areas with the poorest soils may provide some of the best sites for ground-nesting bees, because these animals often prefer to nest in well- drained, inorganic sand and silt.”
Where farmers can leave field edges, fence rows, set-aside acres, road and canal berms, and utility easements uncultivated and unsprayed, they will greatly increase their chances of hosting native bees. “A lot of times bees will nest right along farm roads. So, if you know that and start to recognize that resource, then maybe you’ll pull up your plow before coming all the way up to the road and keep that ground stable,” says Mace Vaughan, conservation director for the Xerces Society.
If, along with the bees, invasive weeds move into uncultivated fringe areas and threaten to leap-frog into the crop, planting hedgerows of native trees, shrubs and grasses will help keep the weeds at bay while allowing strips of land to lie untended (after the hedgerows have been established). Mowing is another option for weed control. Mowing in the late fall or winter is less likely to disturb nesting bees. When mowing must be done earlier, waiting to mow until after the plants flower, but before they set seed, will allow bees time to forage.
When dense root mats or thatch blanket areas designated for bee habitat, farmers must clear away some of the vegetation; the goal is to give the bees access to the soil while leaving some grass and shrubs in place to provide forage and to help prevent soil erosion. Bee-conscious gardeners will want to uncover soil at the back of sunny flowerbeds, pushing aside woodchips and compost, and they have justification to label persistent bare patches in the lawn “bee habitat.”
Ideally, habitat areas will encompass slopes of varying degrees. The nesting preferences of bee species range from vertical banks to nearly flat ground.
Wood-nesting bees claim beetle tunnels in dead branches, or burrow into shrubs with soft- centered twigs, for example: elderberry, sumac and blackberry. Providing habitat for wood- nesters can be as simple as leaving stand dead or dying trees and planting shrubs with pithy stems.
Alternatively, farmers and gardeners can fabricate wood nests by drilling holes, ranging in size from 3/32 to 3/8 inch in diameter, in wooden blocks, chunks of firewood, stumps or even fallen logs. (Holes 1/4 inch or less in diameter should be drilled 3 to 5 inches deep, and holes larger than 1/4-inch diameter should be 5 to 6 inches deep). Mounting or hanging bundles of paper straws, bamboo and reed stems, or pithy twigs is another option for providing habitat for wood- nesting bees. Constructed nests should be cleaned out or replaced every other year to avoid parasites, fungi and diseases.
Flowering plants that offer bees nectar and pollen will likely already be present on the farm and in the garden, but several adjustments to the timing and diversity of blooms can help ensure that bees are present in large populations when the cash crops (or favored landscape plants) need them. In general, the more food that is available, and the closer it is to nesting sites, the larger the bee populations. When female bees can find large clusters of flowering plants near to their nests, they can spend relatively more time provisioning the nests and laying eggs and less time commuting.
In temperate zones, having plants blooming nearly year-round is key to promoting bee abundance and diversity. The active periods of bees’ lives vary, and one bee species or another will be foraging for nectar and pollen from at least February through November.
Orchards often have difficulty sustaining bee populations year-round because, after their flush of blooms during the spring, they typically offer few foraging opportunities. Planting the avenues between orchard trees with a cover crop that blooms before or after the orchard – clover, thyme or short yarrow, for example — will not only help ensure pollinators for the orchard, but for neighboring crops as well.
The bumble bee, the sweat bee and many other native bees important for crop pollination produce several generations. The presence of late winter and early spring blooms will facilitate the foraging and egg-laying of the first generation and help to ensure large pollinator populations on-site in the summer and fall.
Plant diversity is important too. Different bees seek out different bloom shapes and prefer one plant’s pollen to another’s. Many non-native plants can be excellent sources of nectar and pollen, but bees and plants have co-evolved together to achieve the most efficient pollen transfer. Planting forage plants native to the region (see accompanying list for suggestions for California) will likely best service native bee populations and accommodate their particular preferences and body types.
Gardeners can consider whether they can eschew grassy lawns in favor of swaths of clover, violets and chamomile. Where grass is a must-have, raising the mowing deck to allow any flowering plants that have moved in to bloom will help eke a little forage out of the grassy swath. Open space that doesn’t receive much foot traffic can be planted with low-growing herbs like oregano, thyme and marjoram: all three of which swarm with small bees when in flower.
If we are to sustain native bee populations on-site, we must reduce our use of chemical pesticides. Pesticides don’t have to be sprayed directly on bees to kill them; because pesticides dissolve in nectar and settle on pollen, they also poison bees that arrive later to forage. Even when exposure isn’t lethal, pesticides can affect the bees’ ability to fly and navigate, or cause spasmodic movements and paralysis, all of which limit foraging and nest building.
The Xerces Society recommends creating buffer zones around crops, leaving, for example, the outermost 15 or 20 feet of a field unsprayed. Trying to spray when bees are less active, for example at night or in the winter months, will help to reduce direct kills.
And, since we apply pesticides every day in our parks, schools, office buildings and homes, it is not only farmers who will have to reconsider pesticide use.
For more information The Xerces Society publishes both a short manual (Farming for Bees) and a handbook (Pollinator Conservation). Both offer guidelines for recognizing and providing native bee habitat. Contact them at (503) 232-6639, or www.xerces.org.
For an overview of pollinators and conservation issues, see: “The Forgotten Pollinators” by Stephen L. Buchmann and Gary Paul Nabhan. (Island Press, Washington D.C., 1996)
Knox Cellars supplies artificial nests for native bees and other native bee-related equipment. Contact them at (425) 898-8802, or www.knoxcellars.com.
Pinnacles National Monument near Monterey: a center of bee diversity
Towering rock spires draw the eye at the Pinnacles National Monument, 14 miles east of Soledad in Monterey County, but take note of the bees on your next visit as well. In the late 1990s, Olivia Messinger and Terry Griswold of the USDA Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory conducted a survey and found that the 25-square-mile preserve hosts almost 400 bee species, perhaps the highest-known bee diversity per unit area of any place on earth.
For comparison, consider that Clark County, Nev., another center of bee diversity, with 598 species, encompasses approximately 7,910 square miles. The Mojave National Preserve, with 305 bee species, is spread over 2,500 square miles.
“Nearly 400 bee species are now known to reside in the monument, representing 52 genera and all six North American bee families. The bees at Pinnacles range in size from minuscule (mosquito-sized) to gargantuan (the size of one’s thumb), and come in colors as varied as the plants they visit —
from coppery greens to steely blues, or glossy black,” Messinger and Griswold wrote in a report published in Fremontia in 2002.
At least two of the species (Andrena annectans and Ceratina hurdi) appear to be endemic to the monument and surrounding areas.
Factors contributing to the diversity of bees at the Pinnacles include the relatively open landscape, dry soils typical of temperate zones, and the presence of nearly 600 species of flowering plants.
For visitor information call (831) 389-4485, or visit www.usparks.com/pinnacles/park_info.html. | <urn:uuid:300b644a-eb2b-4513-b4d1-2f9bd9220a00> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.xerces.org/2005/05/21/time-for-a-new-approach-to-crop-pollination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171900.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00142-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932997 | 2,974 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Avoiding transgressors is hardwired into the human brain. Since early groups of people began to form communities, turning away from those who caused harm has been used as an effective form of societal punishment.
Today it is widely know as cancel culture. And within the last 3-5 years it has been the subject of many heated discussions.
So we decided to dive headfirst into the debate and put our cancel culture assumptions to the test. In our study, we set out to:
Gauge the overall public temperature on cancel culture.
Understand who / what it is that drives cancel culture today.
And explore opportunities for redemption.
Setting the Stage
By definition, cancel culture is the public withdrawal of support and vocal criticism of a person, company, or entity; usually, after they have done or said something considered objectionable. And while it may feel like just the latest addition to a particularly contentious political landscape, it isn’t exactly a new phenomenon.
In ancient Greece, a similar practice was known as ostracism. And it involved sending an individual into exile for a decade based on the results of a popular vote. In fact, in Politics Aristotle stated that ostracism was instituted as a public failsafe, allowing common people to check the power of political figures. However, he also made sure to note that it wasn't always applied fairly or intelligently.
In more recent history, it began as an online “call-out” culture and served to highlight the harmful actions of public figures in hopes of educating a wider audience. But, over time, it evolved into something much more drastic.
47% of respondents believe cancel culture is unhealthy for society.
The vast majority (71%) of respondents reported having never participated in cancel culture.
49% of those who had, reported social media as their top influence over friends, family, or colleagues.
At the risk of pointing out the blatantly obvious, people are very divided on this topic.
Much like anything these days, we found that a person's political affiliation is a strong predictor of where they fall on the support-to-opposition spectrum surrounding cancel culture. However, that is only one small piece of a larger story.
Using the automated segmentation tools in the SightX platform, we discovered that there were three distinct personas at play; those who saw cancel culture in a positive light, those who saw it negatively, and those who were still unsure.
While this wasn’t necessarily a surprise, the common traits and beliefs each group shared were.
Cancel Culture Defenders
Those who saw cancel culture as a positive and productive way to express their beliefs were the minority (24%). After investigating their demographics, we found that they were mostly millennials (66%) between the ages of 25 and 44. They were also the most diverse of the three groups, with a varied blend of ethnicities represented. They were the most educated, with 62% of the respondents in this group holding at least a 4-year degree, and in the highest income bracket, with nearly 40% having a household income of at least $100,000.
When it came to their beliefs, we quickly saw a divergence from the expected. While this group was the most likely to have participated in cancel culture, they were also the most likely to fully believe a “canceled” person or entity could redeem themselves and make a comeback- if done correctly.
Generally, they seemed to be looking for canceled people or brands to take a step back once called out, and reconsider their offending action. Apologizing, educating themselves, shifting their mindset, and working to help those they may have harmed were all mentioned as crucial steps that could be taken towards redemption. Which would explain why they were also the most likely (70%) to support the creation of a “forgiveness culture”.
Cancel Culture Critics
The respondents who saw cancel culture as a harmful addition to our society were a slightly larger group (31%). Digging into their demographics, we found that they were most often baby boomers (54%), ages 55 and up. The majority were Caucasian (74%) and most had at least attended some college, if not received a degree.
When it came to redemption, they were the most likely to be unsure or disagree (70%) that a canceled entity could work its way back into public favor. This points to a major disconnect from those who seem to perpetrate cancel culture, who readily believe in the possibility of forgiveness.
We also explored their feelings on recently canceled/altered products, sports teams, and media. Out of all of the changes made, we found that the (temporary) removal and subsequent pre-film warning added to Gone with the Wind was one of the most upsetting for this group. While they weren't particularly pleased with the Pearl Milling Company's re-brand or the removal of certain Dr. Seuss books, it seems that Gone with the Wind struck a cord that distressed many of these respondents.
Both of these findings point to the fact that fear and nostalgia may play a larger role in this group's opposition to cancel culture than we believed.
Stuck in the Middle
While we dove into the extremes during our analysis, it’s crucial to remember that a large number (45%) of respondents ended up somewhere in the middle. Just like many of us, the people we surveyed were not quite sure whether cancel culture is healthy, helpful, or even informative.
With the uncertainty and fear surrounding this topic, it's easy to lose sight of the underlying fact that each side is just trying to do what they believe is best for society. As is often the case with emotionally-charged topics, open dialogues that lead with empathy and seek to understand a differing view point will likely lead to improved outcomes for us all. | <urn:uuid:03395939-000c-49b4-b230-13819e28cc85> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://blog.sightx.io/exploring-cancel-culture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301488.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119185232-20220119215232-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.980373 | 1,193 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Our Early Learners practice applying color and how different brushstrokes affect the finished product. This helps teach coordination and color theory, and sometimes, just finding fun in art.
About Visual Arts at EMS
At EMS, visual arts learning is woven throughout the curriculum, including our programs focused on STEAM (science, technology, engineering, the arts, and mathematics).
Our youngest students in Chilton House (Age 2–Kindergarten) are introduced to a variety of performing and visual art genres, techniques, and media and are encouraged to share thoughts or feelings about their own work or the work of others. Exposure to a variety of materials and activities fosters process-based creative experiences and self-expression.
The visual arts curriculum in Little School (Grades 1–4) helps promote visual awareness, foster creative expression, and develop imaginative thinking. The program is designed to introduce students to a variety of art media, techniques, and processes, and the curriculum incorporates the elements of art and principles of design. Art projects are often interdisciplinary in nature, enhancing the learning process in other curricular areas.
In Morrow House (Grades 5–8), visual arts education continues through electives and the middle school STEAM curriculum. Students complete at least one elective in the visual or performing arts over the course of their seventh- and eighth-grade years.
EMS prepares students for an impressive range of top-tier secondary schools.
Our students cultivate the ability to learn, think, explore, empathize, and lead. They graduate with the ability, mindset, and competencies to navigate a global world and are well-prepared to face an unknowable future.
EMS students are accustomed to a rigorous academic environment and welcome the demands of competitive secondary schools. They are often placed in advanced sections where they perform very well. | <urn:uuid:43ae50dc-3ade-4c0e-a3b9-90b3bcaeef1c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://elisabethmorrow.org/activities/paint-like-pollack-or-seurat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.937353 | 372 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Van Gogh‘s “Starry Night” is one of the most iconic paintings in the world, and the artist himself is one of the most well-known figures in history. However, there are still many things that people don’t know about him. Here are 10 facts that you might not be aware of:
1. Van Gogh only sold one painting during his lifetime – The Red Vineyard at Arles.
Van Gogh was not commercially successful during his lifetime and only sold one painting, The Red Vineyard at Arles, for 400 francs (approximately $60 US dollars at the time). He did, however, give many of his paintings to friends and family.
2. Van Gogh was not actually Dutch.
Despite the fact that he is one of the most famous Dutch painters in history, Van Gogh was actually born in the Netherlands’ southern province of Zundert, which was then part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands but is now part of Belgium.
3. Van Gogh suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.
Van Gogh’s seizures were likely caused by temporal lobe epilepsy, a condition that can lead to hallucinations and other mental health issues. It’s possible that his condition contributed to his unique artistic style.
4. Van Gogh cut off his own ear.
One of the most famous stories about Van Gogh is that he cut off his own ear during a fit of madness. While this is true, the story is actually more complicated than that. Van Gogh actually cut off the lower part of his earlobe, not his entire ear. He later gave the severed lobe to a prostitute named Rachel as a gift.
5. Van Gogh was friends with Paul Gauguin.
Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin were friends and fellow artists who lived and worked together for a time in Arles, France. However, their relationship was fraught with tension, and they eventually had a falling out. Gauguin left Arles abruptly, and Van Gogh later committed suicide.
6. Van Gogh’s “Starry Night” was painted from memory.
Van Gogh famously painted “Starry Night” while staying at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France. He based the painting on his memory of the view from his window, which he couldn’t actually see due to the bars.
7. Van Gogh’s paintings are now worth millions of dollars.
If Van Gogh had been alive today, he would be astounded to know that his paintings are now worth hundreds of millions of dollars. In fact, his painting “Portrait of Dr. Gachet” was recently sold for a record-breaking $82 million at auction.
We hope you enjoyed learning more about this fascinating artist! | <urn:uuid:91dafa18-1846-44b7-8519-f5d9896a21ba> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://teehandy.com/top-10-things-you-might-not-know-about-van-gogh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.990496 | 596 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In the 1970's when the federal government started getting increased demands for disaster relief it was decided that some sort of regulation was needed to try to prevent losses and that some sort of mandatory federal insurance was needed offset the losses.
FEMA was formed. Although FEMA provides recovery funds for all sorts of disasters flooding was the most common and the most predictable. It is the easiest to keep people away from (it's hard to tell people they can't build in "Tornado Alley" when you can't define it).
It was decided that the reasonable level to regulate to would be the 100 year flood. That is the level of water that has a 1-percent chance of happening in any given year. It is only a statistical number. It could happen or be exceeded in any given year or several times in 100 years or not happen in 500 years.
Laws and regulations and insurance rates were passed. Rules were established to determine what amount of water would be the statistical 100 year event on any given waterway using historic measured data or by estimating data by hydrologic studies.
The rules state that where measured flow data exists for more than 10 years that it should be the basis. This makes sense since the result is a statistic and measured data is always more accurate than estimated data. We are fortunate in that the stream gage at the Visitor Center has a daily record for 69 years. Fall River has 29 years of intermittent records dating back to 1945.
Hydrology is the study of water runoff. Contrary to the opening statement of the new study, it is not a new science. It has been around for many decades and has been the basis for design for everything from street culverts to the world's largest dams with millions of lives at risk. Its fundamentals are universal.
To say that the hydrology of the 1977 study or subsequent studies is no longer relevant is wrong. There is no evidence of them being in error or inadequate. There is another 40 years of records which further substantiates prior records. All of the previous studies and reports have led up to the most recent study and regulation which was approved by FEMA, the State of Colorado and the Town in March of 2013. This study does not differ significantly from anything done in prior 40 years.
One has to ask how one event that statistically could happen in any given year could cause results that are multiples higher in the new study than anything before.
The answer is that it shouldn't.
What did happen is the State of Colorado got much criticism after the 2013 flood for not being better prepared or getting warnings out sooner. The result was to pass legislation providing grants for local governments to redo their regulations to provide "more protection" i.e. make larger regulated flood plains.
This results in more insurance revenue for FEMA with reduced risk. It also makes properties that were not previously in a flood plain almost totally restricted, virtually prohibiting replacement and redevelopment and establishes mandatory insurance that costs thousands of dollars. The whole goal of a flood regulation is to get buildings out of the floodway.
This will have a devastating effect on the westerly portion of the central business district and to the town economy. It also is a major injustice to those owners who have built or purchased improvements that at the time were legally outside the floodway.
Now, because of a major change in interpretation, their property is reduced to a fraction of its value. Not only will these properties not be able to expand to compete, if they are damaged by any cause to 50-percent of their value they will not be able to be replaced leaving ground that is virtually worthless.
Beyond that they immediately will be hit with mandatory flood insurance that costs much more than normal hazard insurance and only covers floods (that in the expanded areas have only occurred once, in 2013, in recorded history). This added cost will have to be passed on with higher prices on goods sold leaving the whole area at a competitive disadvantage. I cannot imagine a merchant renewing a lease under these conditions.
The new hydrology study
The proposed hydrology study when first submitted after extensive peer review by "esteemed" professionals had a 2013 flow in Fall River of 3800 cfs which was used in developing flow models and resulted in a 100 year flow of 3580 cfs.
This was based on a single flow estimate using a new method called the "critical depth method" instead of the traditional "Manning's Equation," which is a more involved method. It was pointed out in a prior review that even when properly applied the "critical depth method" will always yield high results due to disregard for debris, sediment, turbulence and not having a level water surface. It may be faster and easier but it is not accurate.
After it was shown to the consultants that 3800 cfs could not have occurred, they had the person who developed the "critical depth method" go back and check the Fall River Lane Bridge that did not over top. He then came up with the number of 2000 cfs, which is the maximum that can be put through the bridge, filling it all the way to the bottom chord.
This could not happen without creating a back water and did not happen as verified by eye witnesses. The request to adjust this number was denied and it is reflected in the final version of the study. Even this amount of correction brought the 100 year event down to 1860 cfs. Which is a reduction of almost half from what would have been adopted had the study not been objected to. This one correction over time amounts to millions of dollars that would have been lost by local citizens.
The Army Corps of Engineers has developed a computer program called HEC - SSP for calculating statistical flow quantity frequencies from stream data that is the required method to be used for flood studies. FEMA has published guidelines for how data is to be treated.
Bulletin 17B specifically describes the method by which events that are so far different from the regular range of events are determined to be "outliers." These outliers are treated in a historical context rather than a systematic event. This has the effect of buffering and significantly lowers the 100 year event.
The length of the historical context is dependent on how long a period has expired since a similar event. The longer the period the more the buffering. There is no doubt that the 2013 event on Fall River is an outlier as the calculation was preformed both by the consultant (Appendix B, p.99/333) and by Van Horn Engineering in its review (Appendix H, p.266/333). In its response to the VHE review (p.266/333) the consultant refuses to consider 2013 a historic event even though it is an outlier stating there is no prior historic evidence (p. 266/333).
This is categorically untrue as the flow of Fall River is included with the Big Thompson and Black Canyon at the Visitor Center gauge which has 69 years of record and is a short distance downstream. The combined flow of all three has never approached the Fall River outlier providing historic proof positive.
The instructions specifically say for the preparer to investigate all available history and adjacent data. Modern occupation and written accounts date back to the 1870's and no similar event has ever been recorded nor is there any physical evidence, which would still be evident had it occurred. If the 100 year event were correctly calculated (VHE review p.263 - 271/333) it would come much closer to previously approved studies.
The effects of adopting the study as presented are uncalculatable. By increasing the 100 year event by multiples many properties that have not been in the flood plain since its inception 40 years ago will now be severely restricted and heavily taxed by flood insurance.
The values of these properties will be a fraction of what they are now. This represents a taking for a public purpose without compensation (like condemning land for a road) and the Town needs to be very careful and sure before they take such an action.
It is hard to imagine a very high confidence level in a study which has already been shown to have very large errors in its estimates. In most instances of the government changing regulations there is a provision of "grandfathering" those people who legally relied on previous rules. This is not the case here and the total loss will be borne by the impacted individuals who have to depend on their elected officials to protect their interests.
There are two things the Town Board can do. One is to send the study back to the consultants and tell them to not use impossible estimates for Fall River and to follow the rules and treat the 2013 flood as the historic event that it was. The other is to not adopt the study at all and use the perfectly valid and approved 2013 study which is the legal regulation now. The flood maps are going to have to be redrawn no matter which hydrology is used because of channel changes. This will establish the new flood regulation.
Bill Van Horn is a professional engineer, lifelong resident of Estes Park, former owner of Van Horn Engineering, Town Engineer and Public Works Director during the 1976 flood and when the first flood study (1977) was adopted. He has witnessed and been involved in every flood since 1965. | <urn:uuid:8f632e62-86b3-43c3-aba8-480c88b21f6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.eptrail.com/ci_30815391/guest-editorial-hydrology-study-flawed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426133.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726102230-20170726122230-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.976335 | 1,871 | 3.328125 | 3 |
hi boys and gals,
i'm starting a fairly ambitious project that is going to involve gathering accurate realtime info about a person's movement within a defined space - possibly quite a large area, in- or outdoors. in particular, i want to monitor the movements of their head (they will be wearing some kind of helmet, headband etc that contains appropriate sensors).
i need to know: a) which direction they are looking in, to the nearest 10 degrees or better. this can be relative to any point - magnetic north or some kind of internationally recognised standard would be useful, but anything fixed on land will do otherwise. a radio point source? a wi-fi router? something that won't be confused by objects (buildings etc) in the way.
b) what the angle of elevation (up or down) of their head is. again, to the nearest 10 degrees or better. they will be walking around, so i don't want their body movements to compromise this sensor's readings.
in addition to being quite accurate, i need both sets of data to be rapidly updated - at least 10 times per second, but preferably much faster.
i'm posting this here in the hope that someone could give me some suggestions as to what sensors i could use (in conjunction with arduino) to achieve these two goals. sorry if this has been discussed in other forum topics, but i don't exactly know what to look for yet.
the one that i'm most unsure of is the direction (azimuth) sensor. perhaps someone who knows a bit about astronomy might be able to help...? | <urn:uuid:6b5fcebb-3f16-4a23-adb5-5e42adac4fc1> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://forum.arduino.cc/t/measuring-direction-and-angle-of-elevation/9743 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205005314-20211205035314-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.961802 | 334 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Covering malignant hypertension definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment
A complication of hypertension associated with high blood pressure, malignant hypertension is defined as a very serious type of hypertension demonstrated by an unusually sudden increase in blood pressure to very high levels. It runs a rapid course damaging the inner linings of the blood vessels, the heart, kidneys, brain and spleen. The spleen is a large oval organ on the left side of the human body in between the stomach and the diaphragm. It is responsible for immune cell production. Malignant high blood pressure is also known as accelerated hypertension. It's opposite is known as benign hypertension a mild type of hypertension largely asymptomatic for long periods of time.
The clinical definition of accelerated hypertension is rather intellectually taxing. It is defined as high blood pressure linked to bilateral retinal flame-shaped hemorrhages and/or exudates or cotton wood spots, with or without papilloedema.
Malignant hypertension symptoms
Hypertension symptoms generally remain hidden. Before it reaches the stage of being malignant high blood pressure usually symptoms remain hidden until it's getting very late. Of the 75 million people in the United States with high blood pressure a third of them walk about not knowing of their condition because of its largely asymptomatic nature. This state of affairs is not only limited to America. It's everywhere both in the western world and in developing countries.
The following is a list of medically observed symptoms of malignant high blood pressure;
Malignant hypertension causes
It must be noted that malignant hypertension is actually a progression of hypertension to become this serious condition or disease that is life threatening. Researchers have found common ground in the fact that socio-economic factors affect the speed with which diagnosis is done. This often also results in under-treatment which seems to be all the right conditions and very important factors in the development of malignant hypertension. Unlike in the western world socio-economic status in poorer populations makes it very difficult to access home based accurate blood pressure monitors which obviously makes it possible to routinely detect high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems.
In fact as a result of improvements in screening and development of modern diagnosis and treatment procedures, a section of hypertension specialists has come to label malignant high blood pressure a "vanishing disease". Moreover some medical professionals in developed countries claim time and again that they never see the disease. From this perspective it would appear the disease has remained flourishing in less developed societies.
Some researchers have established that patients with accelerated hypertension had a greater chance of coming from impoverished socio-economic groups showing levels of stress exposure which are higher and lacking adequate antihypertensive therapy. It therefore appears as though there is a link between stress and malignant hypertension. This has been reported as a factor in more than a single study.
Factors at play pointing to stress as a cause of malignant hypertension would include insufficient sleep, overwork and mental burden. This further points a finger at the possible role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of the disease. This particular nervous system is associated with fight-or-flight responses in the human body such as pupil dilation, increased sweating, increased heart rate and increased blood pressure.
In considering what causes hypertension, doctors look at secondary hypertension. Secondary hypertension causes such as heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease and others are approximately 40% of the time linked to malignant high blood pressure. To the surprise of researchers cigarette smoking or tobacco smoking and oral contraceptive pill usage etiological factors long associated with high blood pressure do not confer an increased risk of malignant high blood pressure.
Malignant hypertension diagnosis
In terms of diagnosis blood pressure readings are used in conjunction with other factors to arrive at conclusive diagnosis. Malignant high blood pressure often has a high systolic blood pressure reading of 220mm Hg or higher and a higher diastolic blood pressure reading of 120mm Hg or higher.
The level of blood pressure reading in itself is not enough in diagnosing the disease. Doctors also check for retinal bleeding, accelerated hypertension symptoms and organ damage. Blood vessels in certain places within the body raptures under excessive blood pressure. This often happens with the retina which has tiny blood vessels to with-stand ferocious blood pressure.
Some puzzling diagnosis epidemiological lessons have been learned and reveal the following;
The importance of malignant hypertension diagnosis lies in the fact that if untreated or if treatment is excessively delayed a poor prognosis (likely outcome of an illness)rate sets in. Often this will result in a 5 year survival rate of only 1% of diagnosed patients. This means most patients will not make it beyond 1, 2, 3 or 5 year marks. Effective treatment is so important so much that a prognosis rate of 60 to 70% at five years can be achieved. Put in other words this means effective treatment applied on 100 patients will ensure that 60 to 70 of them live to see the fifth year after treatment began.
The following table presents an important classification of blood pressure in adults. This applies to persons 18 years or older not taking antihypertensive drugs and who are not acutely ill.
|CATEGORY||BP systolic/diastolic mm Hg|
Source: Data used includes that from the joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Malignant hypertension treatment
Hospital admission which might include in the intensive care unit (ICU) for observation and treatment is important and almost always applied. A hypertension diet regimen is also employed on the patient to better control high blood pressure. Intravenous hypertension treatment is in most cases applied. After hospital discharge patients can be prescribed high blood pressure treatment such as Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. These are hypertension medications normally administered via reference to specially prepared hypertension guidelines.
Generally survival is significantly improved amongst patients who receive treatment before accelerated hypertension has resulted in extensive vascular damage. It's been observed that patients who present themselves for treatment already showing evidences of serious renal damage generally fail to survive for longer periods. Nevertheless, a significant number maintains active lifestyle for months and years to come once effective treatment has began.
Research has shown that malignant high blood pressure returns in the selfsame patient if the blood pressure is poorly controlled and let to raise again. Investing in blood pressure machines such as the Omron Blood Pressure Monitors or any other reputable monitor brand for home management of blood pressure is essential. Some doctors are of the opinion that there could be some unknown factors behind the disease suggested by its return if blood pressure is left to rebellion.
Theoretically the disease may be prevented by increased awareness and more aggressive treatment of hypertension before it crosses the line. Early treatment of mild to moderate hypertension is key in preventing the development of the disease. It is clear that hypertension under-detection and inadequate management of diagnosed high blood pressure together with poor socio-economic status remain the common denominators.
As a matter of practice and perhaps government policy, malignant high blood pressure cases would substantially decline if only blood pressure measurement across the citizenry would become an integral part of routine medical care.
Malignant Hypertension | Digital Blood pressure Cuff
(c) All Rights Reserved. 2010-2015 | <urn:uuid:6d0264ba-1961-4540-9293-eb4d166da69c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.hypertension-bloodpressure-center.com/malignant-hypertension.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.930117 | 1,468 | 2.75 | 3 |
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
What is Soft Tissue Sarcoma?
A Soft Tissue Sarcoma is a cancer of connective tissue in the body. Connective tissue is the building block of the skeleton and includes tissues such as muscle, bone, tendon, ligament, blood vessels, nerves and the fibrous glue that holds all of these together. It includes the legs, body wall, pelvis, rib cage, and the scaffold of the head and neck. Sarcomas are classified according to their parent tissue, e.g. osteosarcoma is a tissue of bone, fibrosarcoma is a tumour of fibrous tissue, haemangiosarcoma is a tumour of blood vessel walls, and synovial cell sarcoma is a tumour of synovium, or joint tissue. Many Sarcomas, especially those growing just under the skin (Subcutaneous Tumours), are classified by oncologists as one large group, called Soft Tissue Sarcomas, because despite having subtly different parent tissues, they behave in a very similar fashion in terms of growth, spread and response to treatment.
Sarcomas are typically further classified into grades 1, 2 or 3. This is determined by the appearance of the cancer under the microscope. The pathologist examining the tissue is looking for features such as how rapidly the cells are dividing, how well organized or disorganized they appear in the sample, and whether there is any evidence of cancer cells growing into or occupying tiny blood vessels in the mass, as this can be linked with a higher chance of spread, now or in the future. All Sarcomas are malignant (have the potential to spread) but the risk increases with the grading. Grade 1 is the least aggressive, with the lowest chance of spread, and possibly a lower chance of regrowth or recurrence following surgery or radiation therapy. Grade 3 is the most malignant with the highest chance of spread and also the most rapidly dividing cells and invasive cells, which can make treating the original tumour (the ‘primary’) more challenging. Grades 1,2 and 3 are also sometimes referred to as low, intermediate and high grade.
How can I tell if my dog/cat has a Sarcoma?
A Sarcoma is first and foremost a mass, growth or swelling. When Sarcomas develop beneath the skin they might appear as soft, squishy, fatty appearing lumps and in fact many are mistaken for benign harmless fatty tumours (lipomas). This is a common cause for the diagnosis of Soft Tissue Sarcoma to be delayed which might impact treatment options and outcome. Sarcomas beneath the skin are typically painless, and the haired skin will often freely move over the top of the mass. The lump may be movable beneath the skin, or it may be stuck down to deeper tissues making it immobile. When Sarcomas develop in nerves, bones and joints often they cause the animal pain, and this might manifest as muscle loss, limping, reluctance to exercise or play, and sometimes changes in behaviour due to the mass causing discomfort. If any of these signs are observed in your pet, or if you find any lump or bump, we would recommend a visit to your family veterinary surgeon to get them examined.
See this useful video made during Sarcoma Awareness Week (4th July – 10th July 2016) with Professor Nick Bacon offering tips on how to examine your pet to spot any unusual lumps or wounds on your pet
Professor Nick Bacon offers additional tips on how to examine your pet to spot any unusual lumps or wounds on the smaller dog and cat
What are the causes of Sarcomas?
Most cancers in pets have no specific cause. We know sunlight can cause skin cancer, and second-hand smoke can increase the risk of some cancers in pets, as can some herbicides. Sarcomas, however, are likely to have a large genetic component which means that if your pet develops a Sarcoma it is not because you have, or have not, done something. What you can do however is seek the best advice possible from your family veterinary surgeon about what the diagnosis of Sarcoma means. You can also ask to be referred to a Specialist Veterinary Oncology Centre for further advice, treatment and support.
How are Sarcomas diagnosed?
Your family veterinary surgeon will first of all want to examine your pet and the lump. They will likely feel the mass, determine whether it is mobile or fixed, and likely measure the diameter and record it on your pet’s medical record for future reference and comparison.
The next step is likely to suggest using a needle and syringe (the same sized needle or smaller as the one used to give vaccinations) to suck out a few cells and put them onto a glass slide for the pathologist to examine. It is likely a diagnosis can be made from this single test, but in some cases a larger core biopsy might need to be taken, or even a thin wedge of tissue. These biopsies are often taken under sedation with local anaesthetic to numb the area, or sometimes under a very light anaesthetic.
Once your vet has made a diagnosis they will talk to you about ‘staging’ the tumour, i.e. making sure there are no signs of spread within the body. This is normally done with a combination of x-rays, ultrasound, and in some cases a CT scan, which allows the radiologist to look inside body areas including the skull, lungs and abdomen for any early signs of cancer spread. A CT of the tumour itself also allows the family veterinary surgeon, or the specialist cancer surgeon, accurately plan surgery to make sure it is performed successfully.
It is these two pieces of information, namely WHAT is the tumour, and WHERE is the tumour, that make possible a discussion about what OPTIONS exist, and of course, what might happen if nothing is done.
How are Sarcomas treated?
Sarcoma treatment depends on the exact origin of the tumour. Treatment options for Osteosarcomas, tumours of bone, are covered on the Osteosarcoma Condition section of our website. This section will cover exclusively treatment for soft tissue sarcomas.
In modern veterinary cancer therapy, three main types of treatment are sometimes used; cancer surgery, chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugs), and radiation therapy (powerful x-ray type beams that damage cancer cells).
Most soft tissue sarcomas are managed by surgery, either exclusively, or in combination with one or two of the other therapies.
Cancer surgery for soft tissue sarcomas ideally aims to remove the lump that is visible, and all the invisible cancer extensions that cannot be seen or felt. CT will sometimes help the surgeon identify how far these extend away from the mass, and how much normal tissue (the ‘margin’) needs to be removed in addition to the mass to achieve a tumour-free wound bed. Some surgical wounds can be closed quite easily, but occasionally with larger tumours a skin flap, or a skin graft might be needed to help cover the defect. This is another reason why catching a tumour early is so important, as the surgery required to achieve a good outcome may well be smaller.
If the tumour cannot be completely removed by surgery alone, or examination of the biopsy specimen showed that some cancer cells had been left behind in the wound, then a referral to an oncologist to discuss options might be a sensible, or direct to a radiation oncology centre. Radiation in pets is very similar to people, except in our animals they need to be under light anaesthesia during treatment so they lie still. The exact number of treatments varies depending on specific circumstances, but anywhere in the range from 4-20 might be needed, with one dose typically being given daily.
If the pathologist examines the soft tissue sarcoma and diagnoses a high grade, or grade 3 cancer, then a discussion with a specialist oncologist is a good idea. If that is not possible, because cancer therapy is a constantly evolving field, we would recommend your family veterinary surgeon speaking to an oncologist over the phone to learn the latest treatment options available, and whether any clinical trials might be available or open to your pet. Anti-cancer drugs can help tackle tiny spreading clusters of cells in the bloodstream, and so improve the outlook, but again the individual details of each case can vary widely.
What is the prognosis of Sarcomas?
On the whole, the outlook following treatment for soft tissue sarcomas is better than feared, especially bearing in mind this is a malignant cancer. For average sized grade 1 and 2 soft tissue sarcomas, treated with surgery and possibly radiation therapy, approximately three quarters of patients will be alive three years later. For the most malignant tumours, the grade 3 tumours, unfortunately less than half are alive three years after diagnosis. | <urn:uuid:9c13b73c-9f12-4f3c-9736-89044ff00817> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.fitzpatrickreferrals.co.uk/conditions/sarcoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.951404 | 1,853 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Fractures of the femur are some of the most common fractures seen in cats usually the result of major trauma. Generally, femoral fractures cause acute, non-weight bearing lameness of the affected hind leg. These fractures can occur in an immature bone or in a mature one. They can be open or closed fractures, and can be simple or multiple. For example, a 3 years old female cat was brought in the clinic due to limping in right hind leg, in appetence, lethargy, in pain upon palpation. X-ray was done and revealed fractures in the femur bone. Treatment will vary depending on the severity of the trauma. Treatment was done by doing bone pinning under general anesthesia. Antibiotic and pain killer medicines were given for a week. Try to prevent your cat from walking or moving too much. After surgical repair of the fracture, the cat will be kept restricted from activity for several weeks and the skin incision will be monitored while healing
X-ray of a femur fracture repaired with an internal fixation device made from pins and an acrylic cement. | <urn:uuid:cddfecc9-dff7-47e5-a088-57bf5fa83477> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://adpetclinic.com/ar/useful-topics/articles/topics/fracture-of-the-femur-in-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.931852 | 232 | 2.84375 | 3 |
It’s a cyclical worldwide occurrence. This year it took place on the new moons of April 7 and May 8, during the full moon of October 16 and it will happen again on November 14. It comes as the result of the Sun, Earth and Moon being in alignment, bringing the two shining planets closest to ours. As their gravitational pull increases the sea levels rises. Some immediate consequences are cyclones, floods and storms; it also gives us a glimpse of what they might potentially be like in the future; not on particular lunar cycles but on any given day. This October the tidal strength came across under the sign of Aries; the warrior moon helped propel what is popularly known as King Tides. As its white light beamed across the water behind my home I read about out troops courageously supporting the Iraqi forces attempt to liberate the city of Mosul from ISIL’s stronghold.
As the moon reappeared behind its veil of clouds similar to abstract brushstrokes and shined her motherly light on Earth some of us sent a prayer for our men and women to return home safe, for the Iraqi troops to achieve their goal and free Mosul from the yoke asphyxiating it. For the King Tides to be benevolent as they intrude on the US coastal areas in California, Florida, Maine, Maryland, South Carolina and Washington as well as in Australia and New Zealand.
In the future some of us might take advantage of the opportunity to learn more about the devastating impact of climate change through programs such as the King Tides Project. | <urn:uuid:0ad31ab4-38fb-48b8-b70c-578afd6c7bf9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.latinaonthego.com/tag/abstract-brushstrokes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.964893 | 317 | 2.6875 | 3 |
May 11, 2019, 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM @ Community Recreation Center, Oak Room
This summer, Super Science Saturday will take kids on exciting explorations into science! In this series, children will investigate the world of science and engineering, examine connections with art, come face to face with real animals, create take-home projects, and make new friends — all at a new, low price. From T-Rex to triceratops, learn all about dinosaurs during May’s Super Science Saturday. Join scientists from Nature’s Educators to meet real live animals that share similarities with ancient creatures. Register today for this exciting exploration of prehistoric life! Registration deadline is two days prior. | <urn:uuid:a586833d-d6a6-4102-aba1-09845fbbe438> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://windsorgov.com/calendar.aspx?view=list&year=2019&month=5&day=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529276.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723105707-20190723131707-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.897081 | 145 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Learning about phonics and putting that knowledge into practice is an integral part of every child’s learning journey. Good phonic knowledge is essential if children are to become successful writers and readers.
This complexity can often make the teaching of phonics difficult (and a little dull!). This book contains a no nonsense ideas bank that are simple and effective when carried out, using readily available resources so that any Early Years setting can put in to practise Alistair’s innovative paths to teaching and learning phonics.
- Paperback: 64 pages
- Publisher: Featherstone Education (26 Sep 2013)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 1408193973
- ISBN-13: 978-1408193976
- Product Dimensions: 24.2 x 16.6 x 0.5 cm | <urn:uuid:0269f183-2adc-4c81-9e8a-4c5d2e64ebcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://abcdoes.com/portfolio-item/50-fantastic-ideas-for-teaching-phonics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986705411.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020081806-20191020105306-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.888433 | 169 | 3.359375 | 3 |
George Washington University doctors give tips on staying safe during a dangerously cold winter.
As the coldest air in nearly two decades sweeps from the Midwest to the East Coast, cities across the country are experiencing below-freezing, record-breaking temperatures—and Washington, D.C., is not immune to the “polar vortex.”
On Tuesday, temperatures in the District plummeted into the single digits, and wind chills ranged from negative 10 to negative 15.
Extreme weather is more than a nuisance for Washingtonians, it could be downright dangerous, said Leana Wen, director of patient-centered care research at the George Washington University Hospital and an instructor of emergency medicine in the School of Medicine and Health Sciences.
When exposed to the cold, your body preserves energy in its core by slowing down blood supply to the extremities, Dr. Wen said. This puts unexposed ears, fingers and toes at risk for frostbite.
“When it’s very cold, frostbite can set in within minutes,” she said.
And your mother wasn’t lying—dressing appropriately can help keep you safe.
It's important to keep your extremities covered and dry whenever you walk outside, said David Borenstein, a rheumatologist and clinical professor of medicine in SMHS. He recommends wearing mittens instead of gloves, because they allow fingers to warm one another. There is debate as to how much heat a person actually loses from the head, said Dr. Borenstein. But a hat or ear muffs will protect the ears, which are susceptible to frostbite. Wear thick socks, and if they get wet, remove them immediately, he said.
What are the first signs of frostbite? Your hands or feet will experience tingling or burning, and then your skin will begin to look pale, Dr. Wen explained. This is your body warning you to head inside. Run lukewarm (not hot) water over the affected area, until you get sensation back.
If you’re exposed to cold temperatures for an extended period of time, frostbite can become hypothermia as the body’s core temperature drops. Symptoms of hypothermia are confusion, light headedness and fatigue, Dr. Wen said. Young children and the elderly are most at risk and should limit their time outdoors to 15 minutes.
Wearing multiple, loose layers will conserve body heat. Dr. Wen said people shouldn’t abandon their exercise routines in the winter, but it is important to wear clothes that will trap body heat and wick away moisture. Improper clothing clings to sweat and can freeze when wet.
If you think alcohol could help warm you up, think again. Alcohol and freezing temperatures are a dangerous mix, according to Dr. Wen, because the body is tricked into thinking it's warm.
“If you are drunk, you may not feel cold, while actually, your body’s temperature is dropping quickly,” she said.
Still, young, healthy bodies can adapt “surprisingly well” to the cold, Dr. Borenstein said. However, for those with pre-existing health conditions, such as arthritis, the winter can be particularly painful.
While there is no definitive evidence as to whether the weather is really to blame, many of Dr. Borenstein’s patients say their joint pain worsens in frigid temperatures.
What could be the cause? A drop in barometric pressure—which often accompanies cold, stormy weather—allows tissues to expand, as air pressure pushes less against the body, he said. This, in turn, causes fluid to shift around the body. If someone has joint damage, the fluids move less freely, and the drop in air pressure can lead to stiffness and pain.
“These patients have barometers on them. It doesn’t happen all the time, but there may be those telltale joints that are very sensitive,” Dr. Borenstein said. “And if there is enough of a change, quickly enough, they may notice it.”
Patients with arthritis, lupus and scleroderma are more likely to experience Raynaud's phenomenon, which can significantly worsen during the winter months, Dr. Borenstein said.
If a person has Raynaud's, his or her body’s response to the cold is exaggerated. During a Raynaud’s attack, hands and feet will turn from white to blue to red. The condition is mostly just frustrating for those affected, but in extreme temperatures, Raynaud’s can become serious—leading to tissue damage and skin ulcers, Dr. Borenstein explained.
Temperatures in Washington are predicted to rise this weekend but could remain subfreezing until midday Thursday. The bottom line? Bundle up. | <urn:uuid:97aebf15-6f30-48bd-b1c5-c6271c7d3519> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://gwtoday.gwu.edu/freezing-temperatures-chill-district | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00135-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945909 | 1,005 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Intro to Machine Learning: Machine Learning represents a new paradigm in programming, where instead of programming explicit rules in a language such as Java or C++, you build a system which is trained on data to infer the rules itself. But what does ML actually look like? In part one of Learn Machine Learning Zero to Hero, AI Advocate Laurence Moroney (lmoroney@) walks through a basic Hello World example of building an ML model, introducing ideas which we'll apply in later episodes to a more interesting problem: computer vision.
Try this code out for yourself in the Hello World of Machine Learning: https://goo.gle/2Zp2ZF3
Basic Computer Vision with ML: In part two of Learn Machine Learning Zero to Hero, AI Advocate Laurence Moroney (lmoroney@) walks through basic computer vision with Machine Learning by teaching a computer how to see and recognize different objects.
Beyond Hello World, a Computer Vision Example: https://goo.gle/34cHkDk
Introducing convolutional neural networks: In part three of Learn Machine Learning Zero to Hero, AI Advocate Laurence Moroney (lmoroney@) discusses convolutional Neural Networks and why they are so powerful in Computer vision scenarios. A convolution is a filter that passes over an image, processes it, and extracts features that show a commonality in the image. In this video you'll see how they work, by processing an image to see if you can extract features from it!
Codelab: Introduction to Convolutions → http://bit.ly/2lGoC5f
Build an image classifier: In part four of Learn Machine Learning Zero to Hero, AI Advocate Laurence Moroney (lmoroney@) discusses the build of an image classifier for rock, paper, and scissors. In episode one, we showed a scenario of rock, paper, and scissors; and discussed how difficult it might be to write code to detect and classify these. As the episodes have progressed into Machine Learning, we’ve learned how to build neural networks from detecting patterns in raw pixels, to classifying them, to detecting features using convolutions. In this episode, we have put all the information from the first three parts of the series into one.
Colab notebook: http://bit.ly/2lXXdw5
Rock, paper, scissors dataset: http://bit.ly/2kbV92O | <urn:uuid:a272d3c2-6b03-4c7b-9aaa-0bc8630cb8c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dev.to/learntocodez/learn-machine-learning-zero-to-hero-32cb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215805.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703073750-20220703103750-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.885072 | 506 | 3.5 | 4 |
BOSTON – Researchers are working to complete a multi-year study on the effectiveness of tick management techniques this summer, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced Thursday.
Scientists from the EPA, Cape Cod Extension and the UMass Laboratory of Medical Zoology have been researching the effectiveness of “integrated pest management” techniques to reduce populations of blacklegged ticks, which carry the Lyme disease virus. Scientists have stopped referring to the ticks as “deer ticks,” because many animals play host to the species.
The research evaluates “four-poster” deer feeding stations, which are used to treat deer with a pesticide that kills ticks present, as opposed to traditional pesticide spraying.
Thus far, researchers have learned that the method is effective at reducing tick populations but have not yet determined how its effects compare to other approaches.
They will conduct further research in August and September on Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket.
Cases of Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses have increased in recent years according to the Centers for Disease Control, particularly in New England and the Northeast. Scientists blame both environmental and behavioral changes as well as better diagnostics for the rise in cases.
PBN is now accepting applications for its newest award program and event for RI & Bristol County to celebrate the Manufacturing Renaissance that is evolving regionally and across the country. The deadline for applications is March 20th.
PBN's annual Book of Lists has been an essential resource for the local business community for almost 30 years. The Book of Lists features a wealth of company rankings from a variety of fields and industries, including banking, health care, real estate, law, hospitality, education, not-for-profits, technology and many more. | <urn:uuid:f115b613-690a-42e2-b5a2-2e2aafb5f141> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.pbn.com/EPA-to-complete-research-on-Lyme-disease-prevention,90772?category_id=138&list_type=featured&sub_type=stories,packages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642307/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00085-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960082 | 360 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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