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Remember the Raisin!
River Raisin is the site of the devastating January 1813 Battles of Frenchtown that occurred during the War of 1812. The battles typified the conflicting interest central to the war but, in the end, the killing and ransom of unprotected American prisoners galvanized America. The resulting polemical rally cry “Remember the Raisin” spurred America’s successful re-taking of the Northwest Territories.Read More
Major Muskrat Collectibles are here!
River Raisin National Battlefield Park Foundation is pleased to offer Major Muskrat Collectibles for your holiday needs!Read More
Join us for a Christmas Tea and Open House at the Battlefield on Dec. 14, 2013 between 1-3 pm. Enjoy live Christmas music, tea and treats.Read More
Free Field Trips & Transportation!
Teachers check if your Monroe County, MI or Wayne County, MI school qualifies for our "Free Ticket to Ride" Scholarship for 3rd-8th grades!Read More
Stay connected to River Raisin!
Find out more about the Park and Major Muskrat by visiting us on Facebook! Check it out on our Social Media page.Read More
Let's Get Outside!
Paved trails to walk, run, or cycle connecting major historic sites, state and local parks, nationally significant buildings and ecological features.Read More
Drive & explore War of 1812 sites!
A mesmerizing historical road trip, this behind-the-wheel commemorative quest takes you through parts of Michigan, Ohio, and southern Ontario.Read More
Did You Know?
River Raisin National Battlefield Park was established as the 393rd unit of the United States National Park Service. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on February 18, 1956 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1982. It officially began operation as a national park unit on October 22, 2010 and is the only national battlefield park from the War of 1812. More... | <urn:uuid:8d154136-cd46-4fe8-9f2c-c9bdcabce448> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.nps.gov/rira/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387346051826/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218055411-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912932 | 405 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The severity of psoriasis can vary greatly among different patients, and the impact on quality of life is also highly variable as a result. For individuals living with psoriasis, there are a number of techniques for coping with the condition and improving the overall wellbeing.
Psoriasis is typically a chronic condition, and a health professional should be involved in the patient care plan to monitor the condition and ensure the treatment is providing adequate relief.
However, it is important for people with psoriasis to take responsibility for their health and wellbeing by implementing methods to improve symptoms of psoriasis and promote healing of the disease.
Appropriate skin care management should include regularly moisturizing of the skin, in addition to several other techniques to ease the symptoms. A warm and soothing bath can be beneficial, and it’s helpful to spend some time outside in the sun often. It is important to relax and refrain from scratch or itching skin as much as possible.
Psoriasis treatment should be continued, even if the symptoms of the condition improve. This helps to prevent flare-ups of the condition and ensure the symptoms are kept under control.
Cardiovascular Risk Management
Individuals with psoriasis are at an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease that unaffected individuals. For this reason, it is important for them to make healthy lifestyle choices to help reduce this risk.
Excess weight is a significant cardiovascular risk factor and should be addressed if patients are overweight or obese. The primary factors that affect weight loss or gain are diet and physical activity, as they correlate to energy intake and consumption.
A healthy and balanced diet that is rich in fresh fruit and vegetables is preferable to encourage natural consumption of essential vitamin and mineral. Highly processed food that are high in fat or sugar content are not recommended as the are often low in satiety and do not offer the body the valuable nutrients it needs. It is important for individuals to be physically active for at least 30 minutes each day.
It is also beneficial for smokers to quit smoking and for individuals to moderate their intake of alcohol, as both of these are cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, regular monitoring of blood pressure can help to detect early signs of cardiovascular disease and reduce the risk of progression to serious events.
Social Isolation and Psychological Effects
The symptoms of psoriasis such as red and scaly skin can be painful as well as embarrassing in social settings. Almost any area of the body can be affected, including the arms, legs, face and head. In can be difficult to hide changes to the appearance of the skin, which can cause patients to become uncomfortable and self-conscious in social situations.
For this reason, many sufferers of psoriasis choose to somewhat isolate themselves from society and are more likely to suffer from depression. However, psoriasis is an inflammatory autoimmune condition that is not contagious and should not be a cause of isolation. | <urn:uuid:a54a3e3c-1ea2-4b32-bea3-35eeddd5163d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.news-medical.net/health/Living-With-Psoriasis.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.956554 | 588 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Saint Razhden the Protomartyr was descended from a noble Persian family. When Holy King Vakhtang Gorgasali married the daughter of the Persian king Hormuzd III Balunducht, the queen took Razhden with her to Georgia.
In Kartli Razhden converted to the Christian Faith, and King Vakhtang presented him with an estate and appointed him as a military adviser and commander.
At that time Georgia was under heavy political pressure from Persia. Enraged at King Vakhtang’s clearly Christian convictions, the Persian king Peroz (Son of Yazgard III.)(457-484) attacked Georgia with an enormous army. His accomplishments in this battle earned Razhden his distinction as a brave and virtuous warrior.
Before long the furious King Peroz ordered that “a certain Persian aristocrat who had converted to Christianity and survived the battle” be taken captive. The Persians surrounded Razhden, bound his hands and feet, and delivered him to their king. Peroz received him with feigned tenderness, saying, “Greetings, my virtuous Razhden! Peace be to you! Where have you been all this time, and for what reason have you turned from the faith of your fathers to confess a creed in which your fathers did not instruct you?”
Razhden fearlessly asserted that Christianity is the only true faith and that Christ is the only true Savior of mankind. King Peroz tried to conceal his anger and cunningly lure Razhden to his side, but his attempt was in vain. Convinced that his efforts were futile, Peroz finally ordered that the saint be beaten without mercy. The expert executioners trampled Saint Razhden, battered him, knocked out his teeth, dragged him across jagged cliffs, then chained him in heavy irons and cast him into prison.
When the news of Razhden’s suffering and captivity spread to Mtskheta, the Georgian nobility came to Peroz and requested that he free the holy man. Peroz consented to their request, but made Razhden vow to return.
Razhden arrived in Mtskheta, bid farewell to his family and the beloved king Vakhtang Gorgasali and, despite his loved ones’ admonitions to the contrary, returned to Peroz. The Persian king tried again to return Razhden to the religion of the fire-worshippers. But seeing that he would not be broken, Peroz instead ordered his exile to a military camp at Tsromi in central Georgia. Then he secretly ordered the chief of the Persian camp to turn him away from Christianity and to execute him if he refused. “Your flattery and bribes are insulting to me. With joy I am prepared to endure every suffering for the sake of Christ!”
Razhden replied to his appeals.
“If he hopes in the Crucified One, then he also is fit to suffer crucifixion!”
Such was the Persians’ verdict. They erected a cross, crucified Christ’s humble servant, and prepared to shoot at the pious man with bow and arrow.
“Into Thy hands, O Lord, I commit my spirit!” were the last words of Saint Razhden.
That night a group of Christians stole the Persians’ cross, took the holy martyr’s body down from it, and buried his holy relics in secret. A few years later Vakhtang Gorgasali translated Saint Razhden’s relics from Tsromi to Nikozi (in central Georgia) and interred them in a cathedral that he had built there not long before. Holy King Vakhtang later erected churches in honor of Georgia’s first martyr in Ujarma and Samgori in eastern Georgia. | <urn:uuid:8bd2687d-49c9-444b-bc5a-5cf2668e1326> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/08/03/102193-martyr-razhden-of-persia-the-georgian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.97567 | 810 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Was Jesus white?There is not a physical description of Jesus in the Bible, but in a lot of Western art, we see Him portrayed as white. Why is this? Well, put simply, artists throughout various regions of the world have created paintings and artistic depictions of a Jesus whose looks match that of their own culture.
In the Western world, there is more exposure to art of European origin which tends to portray Jesus as white. However, art originating in other continents like Africa and Asia portrays Jesus as looking more similar to the respective culture in which the art was created. Having artistic interpretations of Jesus in a way that looks similar to the beholder can be a powerful way for people to be able to conceptualize Jesus as one who came to earth and walked among us as a normal, average-looking person.
Based on the region where Jesus was born—in the Mediterranean/Middle East—it is likely that He was not white, but rather had a more olive or tan complexion with dark hair and eyes. Isaiah 53:2 says of the Messiah: "He had no form or majesty that we should look at him, and no beauty that we should desire him." What does this tell us? Jesus looked like a normal person. There was nothing about His appearance to indicate He was the Son of God.
Is it a problem to have paintings depicting Jesus as white if He most likely was not white? No, it is not a problem unless someone turns the image into an idol. This is true of any artistic interpretation of Jesus. People automatically tend to imagine that Jesus looks like they do, but the main thing worth noting is that Jesus' physical appearance does not pertain in any way to the redemption and salvation He brought to the world. Jesus is the Savior of the whole world—people of all ethnicities, nationalities, races, and skin colors are able to be reconciled to God and have their sins forgiven through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Matthew 28:19; Galatians 3:8, 26–29).
What did Jesus look like?
What race was Jesus?
Was Jesus black?
What was the historical Jesus like? Who was Jesus as a person?
Who is Jesus Christ?
Truth about Jesus Christ | <urn:uuid:ff856401-1cec-4fca-8310-bd57527c442b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.compellingtruth.org/was-Jesus-white.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140746.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713002400-20200713032400-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.979555 | 458 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This chapter describes the adaptive features found in voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These two families are distinct, having diverged early in evolutionary history but maintain a surprising degree of convergence in function. While prokaryotic NaVs are required for growth and motility, eukaryotic NaVs selectively conduct fast electrical currents for short- and long-range signaling across cell membranes in mammalian organs. Current interest in prokaryotic NaVs is stoked by their resolved high-resolution structures and functional features which are reminiscent of eukaryotic NaVs. In this chapter, comparisons between eukaryotic and prokaryotic NaVs are made to highlight the shared and unique aspects of ion selectivity, voltage sensitivity, and pharmacology. Examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic NaV convergent evolution will be discussed within the context of their structural features. | <urn:uuid:edc8681d-53e3-4b9d-baec-48d40feb2362> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/biophysical-adaptations-of-prokaryotic-voltage-gated-sodium-chann | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869785.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020021700-20201020051700-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.926327 | 190 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Like you need another reason to bite into some fresh locally sourced lobster, right? When speaking of food fit for a king, there is very little chance that anyone would miss out on pointing out a lobster a couple of times as it has traditionally been the most extravagant and royal of all cuisines. Lobster is a kind of shellfish. It is versatile in taste as well as usage and is always worth every penny spent on it. Starting with eating it boiled or grilled it can be used in other dishes like pasta, rolls, chowders, etc. to add character to an otherwise relatively bland dish. The top tier of the foods prepared anywhere around the world is the lobster tail.
Health benefits of lobster
1. The nutritional value of a lobster relies on the fact that it is a great source of almost all the components of the nutrients’ family. Question: how much fat in lobsters is there? There is not much fat in a lobster. 100 grams of lobster is known to contain only 0.9 grams of fat which is mostly unsaturated anyways. This makes lobster an incredibly beneficial form of meat as it prevents fat getting deposited in blood vessels which is always a running risk when eating foods high in fat content. Although it does reduce the amount of omega-3 available in lobster that is mostly covered by other foods that you take in with a balanced diet.
2. Lobster health benefits include a quite important point; it is an energy booster, and it keeps one upbeat and stores energy in the form of protein. It has excessive amounts of proteins that can be stored for energy even after having used some of it for repair, growth and cellular reactions
3. Speaking of growth and repair, cells use proteins found in lobster to make them a fundamental input to the cells in our body. This is a very important health benefit of lobsters. Cells constantly undergo wear and tear and even required to replicate for growth. In all these processes, a large amount of protein is needed to make up new cells or to repair older cells that go through wear and tear. The protein found in lobster helps in that account.
4. Lobster health benefits also include fighting cancer. Its important contribution to cell growth and repair does not just end at the normal cell reproduction, but it has been shown through research that increased intake of seafood like lobsters has reduced the risk of ovarian cancer. It is especially important in women as it helps fight breast as well as ovarian cancer.
5. Lobster health benefits do not just end here. Lobsters have also been known to prevent arthritis, no matter how minimal an effect it has on the disease, it still helps in the prevention. Seeing that you would be convinced to buy some, lobsters and lobster tails on sale are found here.
Given all the lobster health benefits laid down in this article, it is needless to emphasize further how important it is to include a healthy amount of lobster in your diet. Lobster health benefits override any reasons you might have to eat it now. Frozen or fresh, lobster consumption in a certain amount per month is essential. It is delicious and is available relatively cheap at Murphy’s Irish Pub in Alexandria VA. | <urn:uuid:818e4437-6f89-4d8f-85fc-ffc50d3e658e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://murphyspub.com/lobster-tails-are-back-in-season/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487653461.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619233720-20210620023720-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.976812 | 646 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This post was written by Roberto Reif, Metis Sr. Data Scientist based in Seattle. It was originally posted on his blog here.
With Tableau, one of the cool things you can do is define every pixel from an image. This allows you to create interesting visualizations as described below. But before we get started, let’s first understand some fundamental concepts about digital images.
A digital image is a matrix made out of pixels (the smallest element on a screen). In the figure below, we present an image of fruits and vegetables. It can be observed that when we zoom into a portion of the image, it is no longer smooth, but made out of individual squares. Each square is known as a pixel. The size of the image is defined by the number of pixels it has in width and height. The original image below is made out of 1577 x 852 pixels in the width and height, respectively. Therefore, it has a total of 1,343,604 pixels. The more pixels an image has, the better its resolution. The drawback is that the file size is also larger.
Each pixel has 3 values used to represent the color. The 3 values represent the amount of Red, Green and Blue, also known as RGB. There are 255 possible values that can be used to represent each of the RGB values. The image below shows the amount of red, green and blue used for the original image, and we also show a grayscale version of the image. A grayscale image can be obtained by making the values of the RGB the same.
WORKING WITH TABLEAU
Tableau allows us to define a data point based on its row and column location. When we view a digital image, each pixel is located at a specific row and column. In the example below, we present an image made out of 4 columns and 3 rows (12 pixels in total). We also made each pixel grayscale with a different value between 0 (black) and 255 (white).
CONVERTING AN IMAGE INTO ROWS AND COLUMNS
To get an image into Tableau we need to create a file format that describes three parameters the row, column and grayscale value of each pixel. To do this we can use software tools like Python. Below is a simple script that loads an image, converts it into grayscale, resizes the image, and saves the row, column, and grayscale value into a csv file. We do not have to resize the image, but in some cases, we can apply this to reduce the total number of pixels in the image. In this example, we change the image size from 1577 x 852 to 600 x 324. Note that we roughly maintain the ratio of width/height so the image does not deform.
The output csv has the following form:
VISUALIZING WITH TABLEAU
We can now bring the csv file into Tableau and we can:
- - Move the “Row” measure to Rows
- - Move the “Column” measure to Columns
- - Move the “Value” measure to Color
- - Uncheck the “Aggregate Measures”
Note that the row values are in reverse order; therefore, in the y-axis we need to “Edit Axis” and check “Reversed”.
We can then format the image as shown below. We can observe from the tooltip of the figure below, that we can have information about specific pixels.
Finally, with some clever manipulation, we can expand the above concept and create images based on text as shown below. Here is another great example from Karen Hinson, and a great blog post from Ken Flerlage, who describes a method of extracting an image into a Tableau friendly format without writing code.
I hope you find this helpful! | <urn:uuid:280e8e1a-aa6b-4af6-9044-e4e35783e79d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.thisismetis.com/blog/displaying-images-in-tableau-with-some-help-from-python | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400234232.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926040104-20200926070104-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.921882 | 802 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The surprising association between celiac disease & other medical conditions.
After Erica Dermer was officially diagnosed with celiac disease in 2011, she adopted a gluten-free diet in order to heal her damaged gut. However, in the aftermath of that diagnosis, the 35-year-old Phoenix resident discovered she had other health challenges. She was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and irritable bowel syndrome, along with a moderate case of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This was in addition to several preexisting conditions—gastroparesis (slow or incomplete emptying of the stomach), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (a connective-tissue disorder), endometriosis, adenomyosis (a painful condition where endometrial tissue grows into the muscles of the uterus) and generalized anxiety disorder. What in the world was going on?
Are Dermer’s other health conditions linked to celiac disease? Very possibly. Research has found that people with celiac disease have a higher risk of developing other conditions, particularly autoimmune diseases.
For instance, it’s well known that celiac disease and type 1 diabetes are linked. Up to about 8 percent of people with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed with celiac disease, a significantly greater percentage than occurs in the general population. And patients diagnosed with celiac disease also are at greater risk of being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Another condition commonly linked to celiac disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; the prevalence of IBD is up to 10 times higher in people with celiac disease than in those without.
Recent research has revealed that the spectrum of diseases associated with celiac disease may be much wider than previously thought. A team of scientists analyzing a database of the electronic health records of 36 million people discovered potential links between celiac disease and a multitude of conditions as diverse as liver disease, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lupus, eosinophilic esophagitis, anxiety disorder, Down syndrome, psoriasis and autism. The study, yet unpublished, was presented at the World Congress of Gastroenterology 2017.
“One purpose of our study was to use this giant nationwide database to find those links,” says Daniel Karb, MD, a third-year resident at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland. “It has the power to really find connections that aren’t otherwise obvious.”
Who knew that nearly 16 percent of people with celiac disease have pancreatitis, versus 0.7 percent of people without celiac disease? Or that nearly 29 percent of those with celiac disease also have arthritis compared with just 8.4 percent of non-celiacs?
The prevalence rate of other conditions is increased, as well: Almost 19 percent of people with celiac have migraine headaches, compared to just 4 percent of non-celiacs. And a whopping 36.8 percent of people with celiac disease suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, nearly three times the GERD rate of non-celiacs (13 percent).
Related Conditions Target Gut & Brain
Why do people with celiac disease have higher rates of so many other conditions, autoimmune and otherwise? Scientists agree that certain genes, such as HLA-DQ2, play a role in the development of celiac disease, and certain environmental factors may trigger the disorder. However, they aren’t yet sure what the exact mechanism is that causes celiac and other diseases to appear in tandem, or one after another.
“We did find a connection between celiac disease and all of these other conditions in that you have an increased likelihood of having these other diseases if you have celiac disease,” says Karb. “But our study did not attempt to postulate a cause.”
One theory about why celiac disease can lead to other autoimmune diseases has to do with permeability inside the body. According to Luis Rodrigo, MD, emeritus professor at the University of Oviedo in Spain, the gliadin protein in gluten can trigger a series of events that results in a higher risk of additional autoimmune conditions.
“The gliadin stimulates the liberation of zonulin (a protein) that opens the intercellular unions present in the small bowel epithelium,” he says. “[This] increas[es] the intestinal permeability, leading to the pass[age] of other substances through this route.” Increased permeability—like “leaky gut”—may trigger an inflammatory response that kicks off new gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, neurological conditions—like gluten ataxia, gluten neuropathy and gluten encephalopathy—may result from this increased permeability.
“The gliadin also produces an increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier that permits the pass[age] of several proteins into the brain that cause inflammatory changes in the central nervous system,” Rodrigo says.
Another theory is that once the immune system is stimulated by one autoimmune condition, it remains hypersensitive to other triggers that can cause additional autoimmune conditions.
“Our immune system needs to be able to go back to baseline,” said Bana Jabri, MD, PhD, director of research at the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center and a professor at the University of Chicago who studies the mechanics of complex inflammatory diseases. Jabri says that researchers need to determine whether people with celiac disease have immune systems that are less resilient in general and predisposed to inflammation—in essence, whether they’re unable to go back to baseline once they’re stimulated.
More Than Gluten Free
A number of people with celiac disease, like David Vineyard, manage a variety of medical issues while they live a strictly gluten-free lifestyle. Vineyard knows that an overactive immune system can result in far more than just a celiac disease diagnosis, something that he received in 2013 after years of odd gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms. He also has gluten ataxia, a syndrome in which gluten attacks the cerebellum and causes damage to the central nervous system, resulting in loss of motor control.
Vineyard, the 28-year-old owner of a gluten-free bakery in Ennis, Texas, found that simply giving up gluten was certainly helpful—but it didn’t make him completely better. Since his celiac diagnosis, he learned he also has ulcerative colitis and pancreatic enzyme issues. In addition, he has multiple food intolerances. He cannot eat dairy, peanuts, corn, soy or red meat.
Sick for years, Vineyard saw multiple healthcare providers to try to figure out what was going on. “It seemed like there was always a new intolerance cropping up or an immune system quirk—like a riot/war in my body with collateral damage.”
Having grown up loving to cook, Vineyard opted to forge that passion and his dietary needs into a career of serving others with food intolerances.
“I took what I knew and slowly started learning gluten-free baking and cooking,” he says. “I needed to fund my new diet, so I started selling my homemade gluten-free baked goods at the local farmer’s market. I’ve been doing it ever since.” When his evolving health needs prompted him to drop starches and grains from his diet, he tweaked the ingredients in his baked goods accordingly.
Vineyard’s dream? He hopes one day to have a 100 percent gluten-free, paleo food truck.
Dealing with celiac disease can be challenging. Adding other medical conditions definitely makes it even more so. Yet learning about the increased risk of developing associated conditions can provide an instructive heads-up in addressing unresolved (and seemingly unrelated) symptoms, hopefully resulting in accurate diagnoses and treatment—and better overall health.
Health and medical writer Laurie Saloman, MS, is the parent of a young adult with celiac disease. | <urn:uuid:d9e6f426-c282-49de-9d2b-a17cd7184ad2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.glutenfreeandmore.com/issues/celiac-and-autoimmune-disease-links/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742567.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115054518-20181115080518-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.958995 | 1,672 | 3.03125 | 3 |
2017 | 344pp | £24.95
Are our brains really different from computers? If you believe the answer is no, you may concede that it is only a matter of time until they are indistinguishable. And when this happens, what will be the consequences for society? How will our ideas around humanity, and the rights associated with it, change forever?
To introduce this discussion, Oliveira draws on neuroscience, biology and computer science. Computers, cells and brains are compared as information-processing devices in a series of explanatory chapters. Evolution is an algorithm, and information processing is a life-saving advantage. Given our increasing knowledge of the workings of the brain and computing, it is not hard to imagine ‘digital minds’ capable of independent thought. By reviewing our search for artificial intelligence to the present day the author hopes to demonstrate that the advent of digital minds is approaching, and raise awareness of its social consequences.
The digital mind was easy to summarise, but not easy to read. In his introduction, the author advises that the reader may find it necessary to skip the technical detail in chapters 1–9, asserting that the final three chapters can be read independently. Giving his judgement the benefit of the doubt, I read the book faithfully in chronological order, but came to the same conclusion. Oliveira’s understanding of a range of disciplines does him credit, but the detail in the preliminary chapters (which make up three quarters of the book) is not justified to support the main body of the book, which is primarily philosophical and requires little prior knowledge.
Some interesting points are touched on in the final chapters: the subtle nuances between mind and intelligence; our anthropocentric conception of intelligence; and the ethical implications of being able to reproduce or delete minds at will. Digital machines’ ability to exponentially improve themselves also implies that we may reach a point beyond which the direction of human society is unclear.
While voicing these questions, Oliveira’s book remains on the fence on certain issues. In order to maintain a thorough and academic discourse, the author qualifies his statements, rendering his opinions blandly reserved. Although he asserts that digital minds will be accepted as legal persons, he does not venture how or when this will happen. While thought-provoking at points, this final section could have been expanded and suffered from a conservative style despite its self-dubbed ‘revolutionary’ aspirations. | <urn:uuid:15092326-3bea-4195-9190-bd55110e4822> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.chemistryworld.com/review/the-digital-mind-how-science-is-redefining-humanity-/3008195.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195417.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128095617-20201128125617-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.941339 | 491 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In this very moment
Skinner House Books
A valuable beginner's resource and teaching tool, this brief and useful history of Zen Buddhism introduces the history, philosophy and practice of Zen for beginners and others who want an overview that is at once wise and accessible. The helpful Glossary demystifies the terminology of Buddhism.
All titles hosted on the Sonoma County Library Community site are either public domain or copyrighted works belonging to the author who have granted permission for their intellectual property to be made available in this way. Refer to the work itself for copyright status. Read more ... | <urn:uuid:eb055f0c-58b4-4a6e-8b4b-e474df8803dc> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.sonoma.lib.ca.us/community/work.php?id=in_this_very_moment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657125113.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011205-00156-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844665 | 116 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Introduction to the Divine Liturgy
Of the Antiochian liturgy, the noted Latin liturgist and scholar, Adrian Fortescue, remarked, “[it] is one of the most beautiful in Christendom” [The Lesser Eastern Churches (London: Catholic Truth Society), p. 350]. In the course of her history, the Malankara Church inherited this beautiful and profound liturgy from the West Syrian bishops who arrived in India following the unfortunate schism of 1653, and brought this ancient, theologically-rich, and beautiful liturgical tradition into the Catholic communio in 1930 with the Reunion of Archbishop Mar Ivanios. The liturgical and spiritual patrimony of the Malankara Catholic Church is that of the Antiochene Rite, though its celebration is uniquely Indian. The Anaphoro of Mor Yacob (St. James), which is in use in the Syro-Malankara Church, is considered the most ancient and apostolic of all Christian liturgies, a tradition cited by the great Syriac theologians, Dionysius Bar Salibi and John of Dara in their liturgical commentaries, and affirmed by Fr. Fortescue.
The Divine Liturgy of the Malankara Church is most commonly referred to as the Holy Qurbono. (Qurbono is a Syriac word meaning “offering”). The Qurbono is an offering of praise, thanksgiving, worship, and adoration. It involves not only the human participants, but is a cosmic act which involves the heavenly beings as well as the earthly, the living and the departed, the far and the near. In the Holy Qurbono, the Church commemorates the salvific events in the life of our Lord, from His preexistence, to His Incarnation and His Public Ministry, to His Death and Resurrection, to His Ascension, and anticipates His glorious Second Coming. The Antiochian Liturgy as celebrated in the Malankara Church is rich in symbols, poetic in language, and speaks to the heart of the worshipper and leads him/her to a deeper encounter and communion with the Triune God. To aid the human person in his/her encounter with the Most Holy God, the ancient Fathers of the Church have painstakingly created and preserved the beautiful liturgy and traditions of the ancient Antiochene rite and given them expression in the Syro-Malankara Church. Thus, the Malankara Liturgy is rightly considered to be among the most beautiful in all of Christendom. | <urn:uuid:c9b0bed9-352f-447e-b6fa-a9ec1d1ae978> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://syromalankarausa.org/content/introduction-divine-liturgy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.941369 | 523 | 2.765625 | 3 |
UNDATED (AP) - A study on troops who survived roadside bombings and explosive attacks in Iraq could help doctors trying to diagnose brain injuries.
Doctors in Iraq found that soldiers who had ruptured eardrums were at three-times the risk of having a concussive brain injury.
They looked at 210 surviving troops for research which will be published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The theory is the eardrum acts as a litmus test for what can make it to the brain. Because the membrane is thinner than a contact lens, whatever gets through the eardrum, such as the pressurized shock wave that follows an explosion, is likely to get through and damage the brain.
The finding can help doctors who have few tools to diagnose such hidden brain injuries. They usually pick up on problems only when patients are irritable and forgetful.
(Copyright 2007 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) | <urn:uuid:521b9652-15c3-45e3-b1fa-9142dbf91f7d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.wtvy.com/home/headlines/9340251.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426012045-20180426032045-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.973004 | 189 | 2.625 | 3 |
Thermoregulation, which can be the skin’s main role, many very important functions are attributed to the skin, including protection from external physical, chemical and biological “aggressors” and prevention of excess water loss. Intrinsic skin aging is definitely an inevitable physiological process; skin cells are consistently shed after which renewed. Even so, aging impairs skin renewal and is linked using a loss of structural integrity . 2. Skin and Cell Regeneration The skin is composed of 3 layers of tissue: the hypodermis, the dermis as well as the epidermis. Epidermal cells and dermal fibroblasts play a essential part in defining the skin’s architecture and function. Their mutual interactions are closely connected to skin development, homeostasis and repair. Many epithelial stem cell (SC) populations also contribute to skin homeostasis. The human epidermis consists of four stratified layers mainly composed of keratinocytes (in several stages of progressive differentiation) and melanocytes. The epidermis is stratified, in ascending order, into basal, spinous, granular, and cornified layers. The dermis tends to make up the majority of the skin mass. The structure of the dermis is dense fibroelastic connective tissue that supports in depth vascularity, nerve networks,Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2598; doi:10.3390/ijms21072598 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijmsInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21,2 ofand specialized sweat glands and hair appendages. The dermis is colonized by fibroblasts surrounded by the components of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen, elastic fibers, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans are present within this matrix. Many genetic and acquired illnesses are a outcome of impaired function of skin ECM or its elements . In the skin, integrins are cell surface receptors that mediate cell-to-ECM and cell-to-cell adhesion. These integrins also lead the ECM to physically link the intracellular actin cytoskeleton, therefore making a mechanical force. Integrin v6, that is exclusively expressed in epithelial cells, activates transforming development factor-1 (TGF-1), major towards the modulation of innate immune surveillance of the skin. Interestingly, upregulation of integrin v6 in wounds coincides with regeneration from the basement membrane zone . The basal layer consists of mitotically active cells that populate the outer epidermis, which is composed of a minimum of 80 keratinocytes. The basal layer is deemed the headquarters of cell regeneration. This regeneration is achieved in a hierarchic manner by SCs and transit-amplifying cells. SCs are in a position to self-renew and are maintained Compound 48/80 Data Sheet throughout a person’s lifetime. They contribute to epidermal renewal and repair by constantly producing pools of transit-amplifying progenitors . The precise nature of SC division has been studied. The functions of this population of cells have already been examined, principally in connection using the properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are multipotent SCs which have proliferation potential, high self-renewal, and differentiation potential. MSCs are critical cells in the skin as they contribute to the ongoing regeneration from the epidermis . The skin is equipped with nerve fibers that convey sensory data for touch, Siglec Proteins custom synthesis temperature, and pain. These nerves are probably slowly conducting, unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly-myelinated A-fibers. Our sense of touch is controlled by a big program of nerve endings called the somatosensory technique . When the skin is inflamed, keratinocy. | <urn:uuid:c80d9137-7228-4b13-8091-947f4edd4d66> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://adenosine-kinase.com/2022/11/21/6348/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.919268 | 818 | 2.90625 | 3 |
An ICP1 instructor (who wishes to remain anonymous) recently wrote to me with this question.
Q: Sadly, I’m writing to inform you that two 5 year old girls I know both broke their arms (Ulna and Radius) at the upper end of the wrist guards (in separate falls 9 months apart). One girl fell ‘backwards’ when standing still after losing her balance due to her friend passing by quickly and surprising her. The other girl fell ‘forwards’ when she was skating and went on to some rough surface. Knowing this, do you still suggest kids wear protection?
A: I’m sorry to hear this. Bad falls are never good. Poor girls. I hope they have made a speedy recovery.
Yes, I suggest, recommend and insist for classes that both children and adults wear protective gear (wrist guards, knee pads and helmet).
Protective Gear (if a skater has been taught how to use it properly) actually encourages forward falls by a skater reaching the arms out in front of them during a moment of instability, especially if this is practiced on grass first. But protective gear does not automatically produce forwards falls. Only reaching forwards with the arms and bending the knees over the toes achieves that.
In the 90s this issue went to court in the USA with skaters suing wrist guard manufacturers because they broke their wrist or arm. No skater ever won and the verdict was the same each time;
Wrist guards are designed to stop you getting gravel in your hands when you fall forwards into hands and knees. No piece of plastic attached to a joint can prevent a fracture if the contact is heavy and at the wrong angle. If a backwards or sideways fall happens and the arm goes back with the full force and weight of the person on top of it, what happens is the force can be pushed to the upper edge of the wrist guard. But falling backwards or sideways is a “wrong” fall and therefore the fault of the skater, not the protective gear (according to the courts at that time). This is why learning to fall correctly on grass is should be an essential step for every new skater, whether on inline or roller skates.
While skating everyone should have their weight on the front half of their skate so backward falls only happen when weight shifts backward (by straightening knees up or moving hips/butt back). This is incorrect skating technique and produces a “wrong fall”. We encourage skaters to learn how to skate properly in order to reduce falling to an absolute minimum. If falls do happen then better technique will more likely produce forwards falls/pad slides and not bad backward falls.
The ICP (www.inlinecertificationprogram.org) was created in 1991 in response to these situations and the need for skaters to become educated in the use of protective gear and correct technique to promote safe and fun skating.
To compare skiing and skating, most Beginner skiers take a lesson when they start. A much smaller % of Beginner skaters take a lesson and this is the primary cause of falls, accidents and injuries. Ignorance of how to use protective gear, and how to master the basics of skating and stopping are also to blame.
I tell my all my Beginner students when we are on the grass and practicing falling before their first rolling;
“Wrist guards are not designed to stop you breaking your wrist if you fall backwards. They are to stop you getting gravel rash in your hand when you fall properly forwards.”
I say it to every beginner. I show and explain to them the correct knee bend while on wheels (knees bending forwards over the toes with ankle flexion) and then I tell them “Don’t come up in your knees for the duration of this class”. If they do and they fall they are usually the first ones to say
“I did exactly what you told me not to do”.
I want my students to understand that they are responsible for whether they straighten their knees or move their butt backwards…. or not. It’s not luck or fate. It’s them doing it by accident or rather unconsciously. But anyone can learn to be super conscious of this. That’s learning to skate!
Apart from pure technique problems causing falls, there are other hazards to beware of. Skaters can hit rough surface and their skates can literally stop, so flinging them forwards with great force (this was the cause of the first girl’s fall). Beginners should avoid any rough surface and choose where to skate very carefully. Rough surface is less problematic for more advanced skaters who have the additional speed needed to roll over rough surfaces. Not knowing how to handle rough surface (increase speed, cadence, bend knees more, shorter strides) means the risk of falling is increased.
Skaters can also be involved with other people in collision accidents (pedestrians, cyclists, other skaters) or being surprised by someone whizzing close by (as was the case with the other girl mentioned).
Even standing still comes with its hazards if the knees are straight and you suddenly turn around or make a jerky movement. In fact static falls are often the worst on the wrists as there is no sliding to disperse the energy and standing falls are almost always accompanied by a backward hand/wrist placement.
After a bad fall or injury people need to return very slowly to skating as their confidence is shaken. I always recommend a few lessons at this time so that your body feels secure in its reintroduction to wheels. But if care is taken in this process, many skaters are often more careful and more conscious after a serious fall. In which case it had a positive longterm effect.
But some skaters may never return after a bad fall and that’s always very sad. That’s why I want to reduce that happening with the best teaching and instruction I can provide.
Interestingly I teach a lot of older skaters in their 50s, 60s and 70s and because they really don’t want to fall they are extremely conscientious of what they are doing and they are the most diligent students. They aren’t in a hurry for speed or loads of skills and are willing to take things slowly and progressively.
In contrast children, young people and many others are more impatient with their own learning and less conscious of their bodies and the subtleties that skating demands. Assessing risks and your own abilities (to skate and stop) are essential for every skater whatever their age if they want to consciously reduce the risks.
But the bottom line from me is YES to Protective Gear. I’ve seen a thousand falls NOT happen because a skater reached forwards with their arms accompanied by knee bend and ankle flexion and then the wobble stopped and the potential fall didn’t happen. But this reaction was taught, learned and practiced so that in the wobble moment it could be reproduced.
Please protect yourselves as much as you need but improve your technique and you’ll naturally fall less and less.
Grab your FREE Beginner Starter Lessons X2 by clicking “Claim Your Free Trial” belowClaim your Free Trial : Roller Skating Beginners Claim your Free Trial : Inline Skating Beginners | <urn:uuid:29bd9a6d-50f1-4ccc-a320-0dbaeaeee314> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://skatefresh.com/inline-skating-wrist-guards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711111.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206161009-20221206191009-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.955652 | 1,511 | 2.78125 | 3 |
An explicit transaction is one in which you explicitly define both the start and end of the transaction.
DB-Library applications and Transact-SQL scripts use the BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT TRANSACTION, COMMIT WORK, ROLLBACK TRANSACTION, or ROLLBACK WORK Transact-SQL statements to define explicit transactions.
You can also use explicit transactions in OLE DB. Call the ITransactionLocal::StartTransaction method to start a transaction. Call either the ITransaction::Commit or ITransaction::Abort method with fRetaining set to FALSE to end the transaction without automatically starting another transaction.
In ADO, use the BeginTrans method on a Connection object to start an explicit transaction. To end the transaction, call the Connection object's CommitTrans or RollbackTrans methods.
In the ADO.NET SqlClient managed provider, use the BeginTransaction method on a SqlConnection object to start an explicit transaction. To end the transaction, call the Commit() or Rollback() methods on the SqlTransaction object.
The ODBC API does not support explicit transactions, only autocommit and implicit transactions.
Explicit transaction mode lasts only for the duration of the transaction. When the transaction ends, the connection returns to the transaction mode it was in before the explicit transaction was started, either implicit or autocommit mode.
Under a multiple active result sets (MARS) session, an explicit transaction started with the Transact-SQL BEGIN TRANSACTION statement becomes a batch-scoped transaction. If the batch-scoped transaction is not committed or rolled back when the batch completes, SQL Server automatically rolls back the transaction. For more information, see Controlling Transactions (Database Engine) and Transactions (Transact-SQL). | <urn:uuid:2361cac8-63f2-4223-8d85-d4e43a820c27> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175127(v=sql.100).aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663365.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00419-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.745836 | 361 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Defence Ministry of the United Kingdom examines opportunities of effective use of laser weapons. According to BBC, the authority signed contract with several European defence industry companies so as to produce weapon prototypes.
‘The aim is to see whether "directed energy" technology could benefit the armed forces, and is to culminate in a demonstration of the system in 2019. The prototype will be assessed on how it picks up and tracks targets at different distances and in varied weather conditions over land and water,’ reads the article.
Defence Ministry explains that the demonstrator was not being developed to counter any specific threat, but to assess whether such weaponry could be delivered as a capability for the armed forces. In general, directed energy weapons could potentially be used to destroy drone aircraft, missiles, mortars, roadside bombs and a host of other threats.
If the demonstration is successful, the first laser weapons could come into service in the mid-2020s. | <urn:uuid:164004de-478c-472c-b0a8-52f1352ee889> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://112.international/politics/uk-army-considers-opportunities-of-laser-weapons-12806.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886237.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116070444-20180116090444-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.96189 | 190 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Obesity and obesity-related diabetes and heart disease affect nearly half of adults in the United States. One potential solution to alleviate its prevalence may lie in finding ways to increase metabolism.
With a five-year $1.93M R01, Renata Pereira, PhD, research assistant professor in Endocrinology and Metabolism, and a team of researchers plan to investigate methods to increase metabolism in brown fat cells. Brown fat cells burn calories and produce heat when the body is exposed to cold temperatures, and past studies have suggested brown fat cells can therefore speed up metabolic activity. In Pereira’s past studies, mouse models have demonstrated that brown fat cells are triggered when exposed to cold temperatures for a brief period of time, inducing a reaction called the integrated stress response (ISR).
“The ISR seems to induce the release of hormones that improve the body’s metabolism, helping the mice burn calories more efficiently,” Pereira said.
Pereira found that one of these hormones induced by the ISR is the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). When Pereira genetically omitted a critical protein in brown fat cells called optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), the ISR response and secretion of GDF15 occurred even at room temperature. In her new studies, she proposes to investigate whether GDF15 promotes leanness in mice deficient for OPA1 in brown fat cells.
“As a result (from genetically removing the OPA1 protein), these mice had faster metabolism and were resistant to obesity and diabetes, even when consuming a diet very high in fat,” Pereira said. “We believe that the ISR in fat cells can be brought about by either cold temperatures or OPA1 deletion in a similar manner. Completion of this project will reveal the mechanisms underlying ISR activation and the role of the ISR and GDF15 in brown fat cells, potentially leading to new ways to combat obesity and associated disorders in humans.”
I am so excited about this study and when or if you do a trial for humans I’d love to be a part of it. | <urn:uuid:ba4d8997-1c51-4bd6-b257-7671582b4842> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://internalmedicineiowa.org/2020/07/10/pereira-investigates-brown-fat-cell-role-in-combatting-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949355.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330163823-20230330193823-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.922061 | 440 | 2.875 | 3 |
“Human Rights are not a privilege conferred by government. They are every human being’s entitlement by virtue of his humanity.” -Mother Teresa
This article simplifies and segregates the various provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and poetically mentions the valuable importance of such a declaration.
Road to UDHR
The present world is a consequence of the lessons learnt from the inhumane Holocaust and the terrible repercussions of the 2nd World War, preceded by a sadistic history of violence and self-centeredness.
The agony of such a past was so deep that the developed nations finally decided to take necessary steps to put brakes on the disordered and power-hungry mindset.
The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was one of the landmark steps for recognising human rights in human history.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered a milestone document that is the reference document for all countries that have included or are willing to include the provisions of Human Rights in their Constitution.
The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the declaration on 10th December 1948 in Paris through General Assembly Resolution 217A, thus, marking 10th December as Human Rights Day. The nature of rights proclaimed in this declaration is universal.
What Does the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Say?
The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognises the inherent dignity, equal and inalienable rights of human beings to be the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.
It further encapsulates the effects of barbaric acts, which resulted in the awakening of human conscience while giving utmost emphasis to freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear of any kind.
It highlights the protection of human rights through the rule of law and declares rebellion to be the last resort against any form of tyranny. It emphasises the promotion of friendly relations between nations. And thus, all the member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
What Are the Rights Mentioned Under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
There are 30 Articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that universally bestow the rights to human beings. We have bundled them and classified them under these 13 headings.
The rights mentioned under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are:
- Right to Equality
- Right Against Cruelty
- Rights Regarding Prosecution
- Nationality and Residential Rights
- Right to Form a Family and Proper Living Standards
- Right to Property
- Right to Religion and Expression
- Right to Peaceful Assembly
- Political Rights
- Employment Rights
- Children’s Rights
- Societal Rights
- Duties of Every Individual
Right to Equality
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, without any distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
No discrimination based on the status of a country should be there. Every human should act in accordance with the spirit of brotherhood towards each other, and everyone is bestowed with the right to life, liberty and security. All are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law against any form of discrimination.
Right Against Cruelty
All human beings have a right against any form of cruelty, torture, slavery or servitude. Every person has the right against any attack upon their reputation or honour, along with the right to social security.
Rights Regarding Prosecution
All human beings have the right against arbitrary arrest, exile or detention. Everyone has the right to approach the national tribunals of their country in violation of the fundamental rights granted to them by their country. Everyone has the right to a fair public hearing and to be treated as innocent until proven guilty, along with the right against the retrospective implementation of legislations and penalty provisions, including imprisonment.
Nationality and Residential Rights
Everyone has the right to freely move and reside within the borders of each country, along with the right to leave any country, including their own and also the right to return to their country.
Everyone has the right to an asylum against persecution in any country until and unless the person has not left the country after doing some non-political crime or any act which is contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Everyone has the right to nationality and to be recognised throughout the world as a national of that particular country while simultaneously having the right to change their nationality from one country to another.
Right to Form a Family and Proper Living Standards
Everyone has a right to marry with free and full consent and formulate a family unit that is entitled to the protection of state and society, including the right to a proper standard of living for the person and his family, i.e. proper health, food, clothing and all other basic living necessities.
Right to Property
Everyone has a right to own property, and no one should be deprived of their property. The person can either own the property alone or in association with others.
Right to Religion and Expression
Everyone has a right to freedom of thought, opinion, expression and conscience. Everyone has a right to practice any religion and even to change their religion. This also includes the right to promote and impart ideas through any media.
Right to Peaceful Assembly
Everyone has a right to assemble or form associations peacefully, and no one can be compelled to belong to an association.
Everyone has the right to participate in their country’s governance or government formation either directly, i.e. by participating in the elections as an elective representative or indirectly through a universal adult franchise, i.e. as a voter.
It includes the right to choose one’s employment, right against unemployment, just and favourable conditions of work, equal pay for equal work, right to just and favourable remuneration, right to join trade unions for the protection of their interests, right to reasonable limitations to working hours and right to periodic paid holidays.
Every child has the right to education, including free education at least till elementary or fundamental stages, equal accessibility to higher education and availability of technical and professional education, plus quality education enhancing the personality development. Parents have a right to choose the kind of education their children will further pursue.
Everyone has the right to participate in societal functions, including the right to participate in the cultural life of the community and scientific development. Everyone has the right to protect the moral and material interests resulting from any such activities.
Duties of Every Individual
Along with the enjoyment of rights, every individual has certain duties towards the community and other human beings, and the rights mentioned above cannot be exercised contrary to the principles of the United Nations. Everyone is bound by the limitations with respect to the rights as provided by their country’s Constitution.
“The modern conservative is engaged in one of man’s oldest exercises in moral philosophy, that is, the search for a superior moral justification for selfishness.” – John Kenneth Galbraith
The necessity of this declaration and the Human Rights protection was the imminent need of the time. The essence of humanity was lost in a human history filled with ugly greed and manipulative justifications for evil deeds. The sense of entitlement and superiority that emerged from authoritarian and tyrannical mentality was needed to be grounded. Thus, this declaration emerged as a silver lining in a devastated world of immense sorrow and pain. | <urn:uuid:a2ab86c3-cdf8-4ae7-bf85-92e4917e7c1d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.writinglaw.com/universal-declaration-of-human-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201021257-20221201051257-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.94108 | 1,555 | 4.25 | 4 |
Does Coffee Sway Blood Pressure!
Hi All the coffee lovers and haters too…..
Coffee, today, is one of the most loved beverages. According to statistics, around 8.6 billion kg of coffee is consumed annually. If you are a coffee drinker, you might know quite well that its aroma alone is enough to tempt you. This increasing trend is boosting the rise of many coffee brands.
Although there have been arguments regarding whether coffee consumption is good or bad for our health. Some people say that caffeine that is present in coffee can block a hormone that widens our arteries and others say that it may cause our adrenal glands to release more adrenaline that can increase our blood pressure.
Today, let us discuss, “Does Coffee Sway Blood Pressure!”
Temporary increase in blood pressure
Researchers suggest that drinking coffee can have a physiological effect of wakefulness. A small dose can increase our blood pressure for a short time. A research showed that consumption of 1.5-2 cups of coffee can result in an average increase of 8 mm Hg in systolic and 6 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, regular consumption of coffee can make you habitual and may not affect our blood pressure.
Long term effects of coffee on blood pressure
The consumption of coffee regularly does not affect our blood pressure. Research shows that daily consumption of coffee by the people with high blood pressure, has no effect on their blood pressure or overall risk of heart disease. Infact, there may be some benefits. For healthy people, drinking 3-5 cups of coffee daily can reduce the risk of heart disease by 15% and a lower risk of premature death. Coffee contains a number of bioactive compounds that have strong antioxidant effects and may reduce bodily oxidative stress. More research is still required to find out the long term effects on human health. Now, it looks perfectly safe and useful to consume.
Should you consume coffee if you have high blood pressure?
For the majority of people, even if they have been previously diagnosed with high blood pressure, moderate coffee consumption is unlikely to have a significant impact. Infact, the opposite may be true. Some of the bioactive compounds may be good for health, including reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. As it is rightly said, excess of everything is bad-coffee being no exception, thus, excessive exposure to caffeine is ill-advised. It is always required to keep a balance in our life and dietary habits. If you don’t drink coffee regularly, then you should wait for your blood pressure to become normal before consuming it, as it may increase blood pressure in the short term. Regular physical exercise along with a diet rich in fruits and vegetables promote a healthy blood pressure and heart health. Focussing on a healthy lifestyle like this is better than just being concerned about our coffee intake.
How to check if Coffee sway your Blood Pressure!
To check if there is an effect of caffeine on blood pressure, follow these steps.
- Check your blood pressure before drinking coffee
- Drink Coffee.
- Recheck after 30-120 minutes.
- If blood pressure increase by 5-10 points, you may be sensitive towards the effects of caffeine.
- If you cut down coffee from your routine, do so slowly over a few days to avoid withdrawal headaches.
Knowing the limits of what’s good and what not is imperative. As for many things its all about moderation; overindulgence which may lead to your health to pay for it.
You may also like reading- | <urn:uuid:abcbffe9-1530-417f-9636-620e0fc29163> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.fitnessvsweightloss.com/does-coffee-sway-blood-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.947736 | 732 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This collection includes 200 of Bethune's illustrations of the seasons of the Church year and various saints; more than 70 brush and ink drawings for the Catholic Worker newspaper and other publications; and a selection of Bethune's writings.
Catholic artists; Catholic Worker Movement; Christian art and symbolism; Religion; Women artists;
Includes Mary McLeod Bethune's 1939 speech, "What Does American Democracy Mean to Me;" Fannie Lou Hamer's "Testimony Before the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention" (1964); Shirley Chisolm's ""The Black Woman in Contemporary...
African American orators; African American women; Speeches, addresses, etc.;
Display a larger image and more item information when the pointer pauses over a thumbnail | <urn:uuid:dd34ce13-fcd4-4f8e-9a90-cf8827fafd61> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://digital.mtsu.edu/cdm/search/collection/women/field/descri/searchterm/Bethune's | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549662.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89381 | 151 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A Survival Kit for Kids and Adults
Kathryn and Janine are two therapists who came to me with an idea for a tool that would help kids communicate better.
A Penny For Your Thoughts is a simple deck of communication cards, created to help kids sort through their emotions, identify the causes, and work through potential skills to help them process each situation.
The deck consists of 4 different cattegories: Emotion, Person, Place, and Skill, each with a cooresponding color.
With a target age group of 4 and up, I immediately thought of bright colors and simple illustrations to motivate the kids to use them while understanding the imagery. It was important to create a consistent style to unify all 108 cards and keep it clear. Before diving into a steady work flow, I presented Kathryn and Janine with a branding system of color schemes and fonts, and a clearly laid out process for how we could efficiently work together in producing a large number of cards. As we continued on, the the unified style kept the deck together. I am happy with the set of cards we've created to help kids. I hope that these cards reach the kids who need them most and even the ones who we don't think do. I was shy as a kid and I'm sure I would have benefited from something like this. I think sometimes children don't often know how to speak up in this way. We need to advocate for them and help them along as they battle through this scary but beautiful world.
Children work through the cards in the order that works best, but here is an example:
1. How am I feeling?
2. Who made me feel that way?
3. Where did I feel this way?
4. What skills can I use to feel better?
For more information on the product, its creators, and how to preorder your own to help the kids you know, visit A Penny For Your Thoughts
Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)
"Social and emotional learning (SEL) is the process through which children learn and apply the skills necessary to manage their emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, and make responsible decisions.
SEL is based on the understanding that the best learning for children happens in the context of connected relationships, where learning can truly be challenging, engaging, and meaningful. Learn More about SEL at Collaborative for Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL)." | <urn:uuid:7d3fdbfc-3683-4d5d-81d8-7400e19fd9c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://jamienoel.myportfolio.com/a-penny-for-your-thoughts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.971503 | 505 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Brain Area Working
How To Play
This exercise consists of reading a 10-line story and memorizing the order in which all the verbs appear. If you are attentive enough and understand the story, it is easy to remember the logical order of the verbs (as verbs imply action). Then, all the verbs are listed at random and you are asked to place them in the correct order, as found in the text.
Cognitive Function Exercised
The left tempo-parietal region is the main area at play in this game. This task exercises your linguistic aptitude and your episodic memory. The aim is to train your written comprehension skills and your memory for events, times, places and associated emotions by focusing on the key words and finding the logical links between them.
Benefit to Daily Life
This exercise will train your comprehension (receptive language) skills and provide practice putting a sequence of events in order so as to remember better. For example, whether you are trying to understand a difficult passage in a novel or recounting an important event, you will need these skills.
This tab shows your results for this game. It is for HAPPYneuron members only.
It represents a history of your results since your registration.
This tab contains information on the Happy'Z loyalty program for HAPPYneuron members.
Go to this tab to check your achievements for this particular exercise and see how many goals you have left to accomplish.
You can benefit from our loyalty program as soon as you have chosen a program (Wellness or Performance), however, it is part of stage 3 of the HAPPYneuron method: Keeping your cognitive skills sharp with constant novelties and motivation. | <urn:uuid:e0099bc9-ee15-4c70-8f49-2a183e5ee15f> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.happy-neuron.com/brain-games/language/seize-the-keywords | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701155060.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193915-00140-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949776 | 348 | 3.1875 | 3 |
This image, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, shows the newly discovered planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting its parent star, Fomalhaut.
The small white box at lower right pinpoints the planet's location. Fomalhaut b has carved a path along the inner edge of a vast, dusty debris ring encircling Fomalhaut that is 21.5 billion miles across. Fomalhaut b lies 1.8 billion miles inside the ring's inner edge and orbits 10.7 billion miles from its star.
The inset at bottom right is a composite image showing the planet's position during Hubble observations taken in 2004 and 2006. Astronomers have calculated that Fomalhaut b completes an orbit around its parent star every 872 years.
The white dot in the center of the image marks the star's location. The region around Fomalhaut's location is black because astronomers used the Advanced Camera's coronagraph to block out the star's bright glare so that the dim planet could be seen. Fomalhaut b is 1 billion times fainter than its star. The radial streaks are scattered starlight. The red dot at lower left is a background star.
The Fomalhaut system is 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Australis.
This false-color image was taken in October 2004 and July 2006.
Object Names: Fomalhaut, HD 216956, Fomalhaut b
Image Type: Astronomical/Illustration/Annotated
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite (University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
To access available information and downloadable versions of images in this news release, click on any of the images below: | <urn:uuid:147aabcf-8e22-46cf-bc13-8dbd94cc1938> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/star/2008/39/image/a/results/50/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543315.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00486-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854171 | 419 | 3.8125 | 4 |
the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink)
a complete turn
- "the plane made three rotations before it crashed"
the act of rotating as if on an axis
- "the rotation of the top kept time with the music"
A system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in music to express technical facts or quantities.
a technical system of symbols used to represent special things | <urn:uuid:fe2ad696-e5b3-4efb-9004-6f4e1c831ba4> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://synonymer.cc/search/dotation?lang%5B0%5D=en&lang%5B1%5D=sv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745761.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119105556-20181119131556-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.774263 | 84 | 3.0625 | 3 |
CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope
The Parkes Observatory is a radio telescope observatory, 20 kilometres north of the town of Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. It was one of several radio antennas used to receive images of the Apollo 11 moon landing in July 1969.
CSIRO Parkes radio telescope is the largest and oldest of the eight antennas comprising the 'Australian Telescope National Facility'. The Compact Array of six 22-metre dishes near Narrabri and another near Coonabarabran link up with the 64 metre Parkes to synthesise a telescope some 300 kilometres across.
Since commissioning in 1961, Parkes Observatory has been responsible for many world firsts in radio astronomy. Highlights include: the identification of the first known Quasar in 1963; mapping of important regions in the galaxy, the Milky Way; participating in the NASA Apollo Moon missions, Voyager II encounter of Neptune in 1989, Mars missions in 2004; ESO's Giotto Spacecraft encounter of Halleys Comet in 1986; Galileo Spacecraft's exploration of Jupiter and its moons in 1997; Cassini Huygens mission to Saturn and Titan in 2005; all sky radio surveys of the Southern Skies; Pulsar survey work including the discovery of the first double Pulsar system in 2003; SETI Project Phoenix; and an ongoing search for hidden galaxies.
Parkes Dish - the movie star
The movie “The Dish” was loosely based on Parkes involvement with the Apollo moon landings. Parkes has also starred in television commercials, documentaries and even a Korean romance movie. | <urn:uuid:cd3e7564-05f0-4c48-b5ce-c80033833250> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.flickr.com/photos/pikerslanefarm/3447773131/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891248 | 321 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Preparation for Hurricanes
- Know your emergency plans, including Boston evacuation routes as well as emergency plans and procedures for both your workplace and your child's school. Have an emergency plan in place for your pet.
Create a Plan »
- Put together an emergency supply kit, which should include food, water, medical supplies, and any other necessities which will allow you to get by for 3 days after the hurricane hits.
Make a Kit »
If a Storm is Approaching
- Be informed of the most up to date information by listening to the radio or TV.
Be Informed »
- Turn off utilities as instructed. Otherwise, turn your refrigerator and/or freezer thermostat to its coldest setting and keep its door closed.
- Turn off propane tanks.
- Stock a supply of water for sanitary purposes such as cleaning and flushing toilets. Fill the bathtub and other large containers with water.
- Prepare your home by covering your windows with pre-cut ply wood, bringing in all outdoor objects that are not tied down, and keep all trees and shrubs well trimmed so that they are wind resistant.
- If you are directed to evacuate by local authorities, do so in a timely manner and follow all instructions. Stick to designated evacuation routes.
More Information on Evacuations »
What to do During a Hurricane
- If you are unable to evacuate, stay indoors and away from windows. Keep curtains and blinds closed.
- Close all interior doors, and secure and brace external doors.
- Go to a safe indoor place, such as an interior room, closet, or hallway, on the lowest level. If necessary, lie on the floor under a table or other sturdy object until the storm passes.
- Don't be tricked by a lull in the storm. It may be the calmer center of the storm passing over, and the storm will resume.
What to do After a Hurricane
- Immediately after a storm, use extreme caution going out of doors. Be alert for hazards such as broken glass and damage to buildings.
- Continue listening to the radio or TV and follow instructions from local authorities.
- Do not drink tap water until you know it's safe.
- Hurricane: Generally, an intense tropical weather system of strong thunderstorms, with maximum sustained winds of 74 mph or higher.
- Tropical Storm: Generally, an organized system of strong thunderstorms, with maximum sustained winds of 39-73 mph.
- Hurricane/Tropical Storm Watch: A hurricane or tropical storm is possible in your area, usually within 36 hours.
- Hurricane/Tropical Storm Warning: A hurricane or tropical storm is expected in your area, usually within 24 hours. | <urn:uuid:79513aab-089b-4d5f-bc1f-2d3217a3a378> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://neighborsforneighbors.org/profiles/blogs/prepare-for-hurricane-irene-now | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512268.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019020142-20181019041642-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.919938 | 559 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This will be the new form of NASA communication 0:45
Using invisible lasers in space may sound like science fiction, but it's real.
The upcoming demonstration of NASA's Laser Communications Relay (LCRD) could revolutionize the way the agency communicates with future missions throughout the solar system.
NASA astronauts prepare for a spacewalk shortly after a Russian anti-satellite test that left debris
These lasers could generate more high-definition video and photos from space, according to the agency.
The mission is scheduled to launch as a payload aboard the US Department of Defense Space Test Program Satellite 6 on December 5 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The launch window will remain open from 4:04 am to 6:04 am Miami time, and the agency will share live coverage of the launch on NASA TV and its website.
See how they repair a malfunction in the International Space Station 1:07
Since 1958, NASA has used radio waves to communicate with its astronauts and space missions.
While radio waves have a proven track record, space missions are becoming more complex and collecting more data than ever before.
Think of infrared lasers as the fiber optic version of high-speed Internet instead of frustratingly slow dial-up Internet.
The laser communications will send data to Earth from an orbit synchronous with the planet's rotation, 35,406 kilometers above the Earth's surface at 1.2 gigabits per second, which is like downloading a full movie in less than a minute.
This will improve data transmission rates 10 to 100 times over radio waves.
Infrared lasers, which are invisible to our eyes, have shorter wavelengths than radio waves, so they can transmit more data at a time.
Using the current radio wave system, it would take nine weeks to send a complete map of Mars, but lasers could do it in nine days.
The LCRD is NASA's first end-to-end laser relay system that will send and receive data from space to two optical ground stations at Table Mountain, California, and Haleakalā, Hawaii.
These stations have telescopes that can receive the light from lasers and translate it into digital data.
"The First Woman", NASA's Graphic Novel Starring an Afro-Latina
Unlike radio antennas, laser communications receivers can be up to 44 times smaller.
Because the satellite can send and receive data, it is a true two-way system.
The only disruption to these ground-based laser receivers is atmospheric disturbances, such as clouds and turbulence, which can interfere with laser signals traveling through our atmosphere.
The remote locations for the two receivers were chosen with this in mind, as both typically have clear weather conditions at high altitudes.
Once the mission reaches orbit, the team at the operations center in Las Cruces, New Mexico, will activate the LCRD and prepare it to send tests to ground stations.
The mission is expected to spend two years conducting tests and trials before beginning to support space missions, including an optical terminal to be installed on the International Space Station (ISS) in the future.
This would allow data from science experiments on the space station to be sent to the satellite, which will relay it back to Earth.
The demonstration acts as a relay satellite, eliminating the need for future missions to have antennas with a direct line of sight on Earth.
The satellite could help reduce size, weight and power requirements for communications on future spacecraft, although this mission is about the size of a giant mattress.
This means that future missions could be less expensive to launch and have room for more scientific instruments.
Other missions currently in development that could test laser communication capabilities include the Orion Artemis II (O2O) Optical Communications System, which will enable ultra-high definition video transmission between NASA and the Artemis astronauts. let them venture to the moon.
And the Psyche mission, which launches in 2022 and will reach its destination on an asteroid in 2026. The mission will study a metallic asteroid more than 150 million miles away and test its deep-space optical communication laser to send data back to Earth.
They will take a person of color to the Moon for the first time 0:36 | <urn:uuid:68c99e18-9ad2-471e-98f8-c3d8f5f0faf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://newsrnd.com/news/2021-12-04-this-nasa-laser-could-revolutionize-space-communication.B1-ONDdKY.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.922669 | 865 | 3.6875 | 4 |
No sailor’s education is complete without an understanding of our impact on the oceans. It’s my honor to introduce you to the single best resource for ocean-friendly sailing there is: Sailors for the Sea.
Sailors don’t rely on robots and engines to clean up the ocean. We make the biggest collective impact by cleaning up our own communities ourselves. Here’s what you need to know to get started with beach cleanups.
Sunscreen is a sailing essential any time of year, but the upcoming summer rays mean it’s time to break out the good stuff. There’s nothing like relaxing on deck with some good music and lathering up with tropical scented potions to get that sun-kissed glow. But what happens once we shower off or go for a dip? Our goos and sprays quietly enter our waterways and air, about 14,000 tons per year according to the National Park Service. Many of these products can do serious harm to marine animals, as well as to our own health. Coral Reefs Are In …
I first learned about the art of sailing when I was nineteen years old. I had signed up for a semester abroad with a program that teaches students marine biology and oceanography courses, as well as sailing and coastal navigation skills. After a year of scraping together money and filling out forms, I spent my sophomore winter on an 88’ schooner in the Caribbean with a plan to sail to twenty islands.
After learning about Soraya Simi and her work, I checked out her short film First Flush. In just one minute we follow the journey of raindrops hitting the Los Angeles pavement, to the accumulating floodwaters traveling across roadways and down drains, all leading down to the LA River. The drainage carries with it more than just rain: various plastic trash on the streets are carried and gather around the storm drains. The journey ends exactly how we’d expect: at the ocean. Soraya’s final message to her audience: “If you’ve ever wondered where it all goes…”
Traditionally the boating community associates algae with one word: nuisance. It covers hulls, jams propellers, slimes up fishing poles, and can even make the water unswimmable. Algae is a gigantically diverse group of marine organisms, ranging from tiny single-celled plankton, to kelp that stretches hundreds of feet toward the surface, to the wrapper of your favorite sushi roll.
ASA has brought on marine conservationist Lauren Coiro to help with advocacy and education when it comes to how sailors interact with the environment that they call home. “Ask Lauren” will be a regular feature where our questions on the environment will be asked and answered. Do you have a question? Ask Lauren!
You’ve been challenged! Sailors are motivated to contribute less to the ocean’s plastic problem, but when plastic is incorporated into almost everything we do, where do we begin? The average American generates over 4 pounds of trash every day, and when we send it to landfill, it becomes out of sight, out of mind. Whether we live on the coast or we sail on landlocked lakes and rivers does not matter: about 95% of the plastic in the ocean originated on land and gets carried through our waterways.
January is a fresh start, and after a year-long rollercoaster of environmental news, I am feeling hopeful about what’s to come. 2018 was a year of awareness, and while it was painful to learn about the state of our oceans, we now have the power to fix it. 2019 is not only about becoming better sailors; it’s also about becoming better stewards of the ocean.
- Page 1 of 2 | <urn:uuid:736b2aa8-8efa-4ae5-87c2-592828948585> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://asa.com/news/tag/cherish-our-oceans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038076819.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414034544-20210414064544-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.943014 | 781 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- 184 Videos
- 1 Text
- 7 PDFs
This course is targeted at Singapore primary school level 5, but is also suitable for primary school level 6 students.
In particular, pay attention to how we solve "Whole Number" type questions. Students will be introduced to methods without use of bar models. Here is our blog post Comparing Bar Model and Non Bar Model Solutions. Here is our post discussing Freed from Singapore “Bar Model” Math.
Based on feedback, many parents have used the videos to learn the methods to help their children to learn faster.
Math Arena students gain an edge using techniques that we teach here in our videos, these methods provide accuracy and speed. We believe it also provides better understanding of their solution to the question that they are solving.
It can also be used as independent learning or for revision.
Take note in our PDF files. the questions are arranged by similarity for easy question pattern recognition.
The Number of stars indicates level of difficulty. One star is fundamental, 2 stars are moderate. 3 and 4 stars are difficult and challenging. Note due to the student’s ability he may experience difficult questions as easy and easy questions as difficult. So do not be over anxious, if an “easy question” stumped you, just keep practicing.
You will :
- be able to print from PDF files
- be able to watch and learn from 180 videos
- learn fast, accurate methods in solving Questions
You will need to know:
- Fundamental Heuristic Concepts
- How to watch videos on your computer
- PDF files contain the questions, the videos are the solutions to the questions.
- Question header may not contain the full question as it it limited to 255 characters.
- Our Videos complements the student’s math lessons in Math Arena.
- Fraction, Ratio, Percentages (FRP) are the main bulk of of questions for PSLE.
- It is common that parents do learn from our videos and work with their children too.
- The bar model is good for understanding but may be less useful for more complicated questions. It can also lead to harder transition to algebra in their secondary schools.
Take a moment to ...
The instructor is from Math Arena.The instructor is absolutely passionate about teaching and you'll find the lessons engaging and ultimately rewarding. | <urn:uuid:7e8a48d1-9b4d-49d9-8048-cdbb62fd7087> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.learnbrill.com/courses/p5-heuristics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527907.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722092824-20190722114824-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.931511 | 484 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Unit 1: The Era of Reconstruction. Lesson 5: Black Codes. Learning Objective. SWBAT assess the extent to which Black Codes contradicted freedoms ensured to freedmen by the Reconstruction amendments. Word of the Day/ Initial Activity. Contradiction Two ideas that oppose each other.
Unit 1: The Era of Reconstruction
Lesson 5: Black Codes
Anna Deavere Smith, On Jim Crow Laws
Why does Anna Smith believe that Jim Crow laws contradict the idea of America? | <urn:uuid:bce75587-5daf-47ad-ac97-a283018f8925> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideserve.com/ken/unit-1-the-era-of-reconstruction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00405-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852195 | 98 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Published by EducationNews.org — Details about how AMSA uses computer science to blend academic subjects.
AMSA requires computer-science courses, grades 6-11. Programming is never a subject unto itself, but a set of skills that serve projects, research and experiments in other subjects.
So, to motivate her sometimes-reluctant learners, Laidley asked the other 7th-grade teachers to agree to give students extra credit for creating a video about what they’re learning in an academic class. By doing a bang-up programming job for Laidley, students can also beef up a weak science or history grade. She says, “This assignment gave us all a little more leverage to get them going.” Clever. Motivating modern students to work harder is no small feat.
Rik and Marcin chose to work on a history project, specifically a video to illustrate a particularly grim moment in the career of the ancient warrior Hannibal.
Hannibal and his troops had made the deadly journey across the Alps, hoping that his brother Hasdrubal has managed to bring fresh troops. But a Roman General had already defeated Hasdrubal’s army. At the meet, the General unceremoniously tosses Hasdrubal’s severed head to Hannibal, and brandishes a deliciously over-sized and bloody knife.
Just the sort of gory detail middle-school boys would love. And however much those boys may find history dull, that historical moment will be forever sealed on their memories.
Actually, Laidley hadn’t seen the boys’ first version, and was mildly chagrined that I did. She insisted they tone it down to be school-appropriate. Good call, of course, but how fun for the boys to experience their power to make cyber-mayhem.
Another pair, Madison and Allie, dramatized the effects of lighting ethanol on fire, a factoid from science class. Their video shows the experiment’s setup, the big boom, and the teacher’s shock. Like the boys, they were into it.
Actually, all courses, not just computer science, exist at least in part to serve the others. One of AMSA’s best features is that teachers plan together so kids study the same topic through the different lenses of each class.
When studying Hellenic Greece, students go to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to see Greek art. They read Plato, Homer and Sophocles in Literature class. AMSA teaches geography as a separate subject, so they also understand Greece’s land, climate and location. Instead of covering a bunch of topics on their own, each subject is connected to others, so kids go into topics deeply and from different angles.
AMSA divides academics into two clusters: those that are math-related – including physics, chemistry and math – and the humanities – literature, English language mechanics, history and the arts. Within each cluster, teachers plan together to feed the kids’ depth of knowledge.
Focusing on the same topic eases the difficulty of a piece of classical literature – or of chemistry, for that matter. Students retain more information because they’ve handled it in various ways. In effect, each academic discipline leverages the efforts of the others. Then, a subject or skill that grabs a kid’s attention can become the dynamo that pushes her to learn related skills from less-loved classes.
For example, engineering is a field having trouble attracting students. Engineering is about making something or making it work, like bridges, new medical devices, or gene therapy. But kids no longer play at making forts or doll clothes, and have little experience or love for creating material things.
One of Laidley’s hardest challenges is getting the kids into the hardware and physical engineering of computers. Her students uninstall the software and then dismantle old, donated computers, recording their observations as they would a scientific observation. Most students resist the lesson mightily, but they get hands-on experience of the innards of the electronic wonders whose engineering they take for granted. Most importantly, the lesson always unearths those students who have a knack for working with their hands and are turned on by wires-and-pliers challenges.
AMSA approaches core academics from so many angles, teachers can root out and nourish any personal passions or talents that will help a kid persist in his learning. The topic strategy allows the school to be highly rigorous because kids can see a whole landscape of a historical period at once, or the interdependence of software and hardware.
As such, AMSA works well with an incredibly diverse student body. The hotshots have plenty of challenge – which is increasingly rare in public education these days. But even more impressive is how AMSA successfully ramps up to “Proficient” and “Advanced” those students who came to them with abominable 6th and 7th-grade MCAS scores.
AMSA’s strategy isn’t for everyone, but this school needs to be cloned – soon and often.
Julia Steiny is a freelance columnist whose work also regularly appears at GoLocalProv.com. She is the founding director of the Youth Restoration Project, a restorative-practices initiative, currently building a demonstration project in Central Falls, Rhode Island. She consults for schools and government initiatives, including regular work for The Providence Plan for whom she analyzes data. For more detail, see juliasteiny.com or contact her at firstname.lastname@example.org or c/o GoLocalProv, 44 Weybosset Street, Providence, RI 02903. | <urn:uuid:48a677c3-9334-4826-981d-864d7022e6a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://juliasteiny.com/2012/03/08/part-iv-amsa-where-academic-subjects-work-together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663467.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00060-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950913 | 1,179 | 2.859375 | 3 |
To help your child play on their own without electronics, firstly, ask your child why it’s important. It might be that you have a job you want to do, or you might want to introduce sometime in your home where everybody reads, or plays quietly, or you might want to spend some quality time with each of your children and not be interrupted by the other children. Also ask your child about why you don’t want them spending so much time on computer games or watching TV.
how good free play or reading is for their emotional health and well-being, for their imaginations and for their problem-solving abilities.
Secondly, let them know how long you want them to play alone and help them work out what to do.
Initially see if your child can entertain themselves for between 5 and 30 minutes, and you can set a timer so your child knows when the time is up.
And help them work out what sort of thing could they do. It might be…
- building bricks,
- playing with their favourite toy,
- playing solitaire,
- doing something arty,
- playing an imagination game,
- playing outdoors or
- practising ball skills.
Then ask your child questions like…
- So what are you going to play or do?
- What sort of things do you sometimes need me for?
- How will you wait until the timer goes off?
- If you think of something important,
- How will you remember it?
- If there’s an emergency, you can come and get me, but what does an emergency mean?
- WHY do you think I’m asking you to play or read and not watch TV or play computer games?
- Why’s that important?
Then finally, after they’ve managed to play on their own until the timer goes off, reward your child with positive attention and some quality time with you.
When the timer rings, say to your child cheerfully ‘you managed to play on your own until the timer rang. That showed a lot of self-control.’
Often your child will be enjoying what they are doing and will be happy to carry on – so let them.
Just reassure them that if they want you now, they’re welcome to find you.
Also, children are generally happy to play alone if they know they will get some quality one-to-one time with you for a while every day. So make sure you spend some specific time to talk, play and interact with your child.
So 3 tips to teach your child to play on their own without electronics are:
- Ask your child why it’s important.
- Let them know how long you want them to play alone and help them work out what to do.
- And then reward your child with positive attention and some quality time with you.
If you found this useful, visit my website parent4success.com and sign up for my ‘Video Tips for Raising Children’, and you’ll get the latest video blogs sent straight to your inbox.
If you need more than three tips on this – or you’d like to discover the secrets you need to have happy well-behaved, children – please contact me by clicking here. You can arrange a free 20-minute (no obligation) chat to find out if working with me personally (by phone, Skype or face-to-face) would help you and your family. Contact Elizabeth | <urn:uuid:20d12d36-acb6-4e56-9977-cd64998cb1db> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.parent4success.com/2015/05/30/how-do-you-teach-your-child-to-play-on-their-own-without-electronics-video-tips-for-raising-children-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143354.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713064946-20200713094946-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.960367 | 731 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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As ‘homework’, before writing more of the second edition of my Gödel book, I’m reading through the literature to see how others have handled the First Incompleteness Theorem, both in the early papers from Gödel on, and then in the later textbook tradition. How do is the Theorem stated? How is it proved?
I’ve started writing notes on the expository history, and here’s the first (19 page) instalment. The notes don’t at all aim to be comprehensive, though I’d like to know about significant omissions as I go along. They have been written, as much as anything, as a rather detailed aide-memoire for myself (and a source of bits and pieces I might use). I have done some joining up of the dots to make them tolerably readable, but I certainly haven’t put in the time to spell out everything out in the way a beginning student might want. Still, you shouldn’t need much background to follow the twists and turns.
The notes come in three parts. Part 1 looks at early papers by the Founding Fathers. Part 2, to follow, will look at three pivotal works, Mostowki’s Sentences Undecidable in Formalized Arithmetic and Kleene’s Introduction to Metamathematics (both from 1952), and then Tarski, Mostowski and Robinson’s Undecidable Theories (1953). Part III will continue the story on through some sixty years of textbooks.
Make what use of these notes that you will. Though the usual warning applies in spades, as I’m no historian: caveat lector! Remember how very easy it to LaTeX your work. Just because what you write then looks very pretty doesn’t mean that it is any more authoritative … | <urn:uuid:dca7088e-8e26-48fb-843b-3cb6f46ea6b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.logicmatters.net/2012/01/24/godels-first-theorem-from-godel-1931-to-kleene-1943/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806419.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121151133-20171121171133-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.941083 | 391 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Born||[note 1]23 May 1707|
|Died||10 January 1778 (aged 70)|
Hammarby (estate), Danmark parish (outside Uppsala), Sweden
|Resting place||Uppsala Cathedral|
|Alma mater||Lund University|
University of Harderwijk
|Known for||Binomial nomenclature|
|Sara Elisabeth Moraea (m. 1739-1778)|
|Thesis||Dissertatio medica inauguralis in qua exhibetur hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa (1735)|
|Notable students||Peter Ascanius|
|Author abbrev. (botany)||L.|
|Author abbrev. (zoology)||Linnaeus|
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May[note 1] 1707 - 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (Swedish pronunciation: ['k?:? f?n l?'ne:] ), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, while publishing several volumes. He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death.
Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth."Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist." Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum (Prince of Botanists) and "The Pliny of the North". He is also considered as one of the founders of modern ecology.
In botany and zoology, the abbreviation L. is used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for a species' name. In older publications, the abbreviation "Linn." is found. Linnaeus's remains comprise the type specimen for the species Homo sapiens following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, since the sole specimen that he is known to have examined was himself.[note 2]
Linnaeus was born in the village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden, on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nicolaus (Nils) Ingemarsson (who later adopted the family name Linnaeus) and Christina Brodersonia. His siblings were Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus (who would eventually succeed their father as rector of Stenbrohult and write a manual on beekeeping), and Emerentia Linnæa. His father taught him Latin as a small child.
One of a long line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur botanist, a Lutheran minister, and the curate of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland. Christina was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius.:376
Even in his early years, Linnaeus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which immediately calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus and told him their names. Soon Linnaeus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants.
Carl's father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname. Before that, ancestors had used the patronymic naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson. When Nils was admitted to the University of Lund, he had to take on a family name. He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant linden tree (or lime tree), lind in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead. This name was spelled with the æ ligature. When Carl was born, he was named Carl Linnæus, with his father's family name. The son also always spelled it with the æ ligature, both in handwritten documents and in publications. Carl's patronymic would have been Nilsson, as in Carl Nilsson Linnæus.
Linnaeus's father began teaching him basic Latin, religion, and geography at an early age. When Linnaeus was seven, Nils decided to hire a tutor for him. The parents picked Johan Telander, a son of a local yeoman. Linnaeus did not like him, writing in his autobiography that Telander "was better calculated to extinguish a child's talents than develop them".
Two years after his tutoring had begun, he was sent to the Lower Grammar School at Växjö in 1717. Linnaeus rarely studied, often going to the countryside to look for plants. He reached the last year of the Lower School when he was fifteen, which was taught by the headmaster, Daniel Lannerus, who was interested in botany. Lannerus noticed Linnaeus's interest in botany and gave him the run of his garden.
He also introduced him to Johan Rothman, the state doctor of Småland and a teacher at Katedralskolan (a gymnasium) in Växjö. Also a botanist, Rothman broadened Linnaeus's interest in botany and helped him develop an interest in medicine. By the age of 17, Linnaeus had become well acquainted with the existing botanical literature. He remarks in his journal that he "read day and night, knowing like the back of my hand, Arvidh Månsson's Rydaholm Book of Herbs, Tillandz's Flora Åboensis, Palmberg's Serta Florea Suecana, Bromelii Chloros Gothica and Rudbeckii Hortus Upsaliensis...."
Linnaeus entered the Växjö Katedralskola in 1724, where he studied mainly Greek, Hebrew, theology and mathematics, a curriculum designed for boys preparing for the priesthood. In the last year at the gymnasium, Linnaeus's father visited to ask the professors how his son's studies were progressing; to his dismay, most said that the boy would never become a scholar. Rothman believed otherwise, suggesting Linnaeus could have a future in medicine. The doctor offered to have Linnaeus live with his family in Växjö and to teach him physiology and botany. Nils accepted this offer.
Rothman showed Linnaeus that botany was a serious subject. He taught Linnaeus to classify plants according to Tournefort's system. Linnaeus was also taught about the sexual reproduction of plants, according to Sébastien Vaillant. In 1727, Linnaeus, age 21, enrolled in Lund University in Skåne. He was registered as Carolus Linnæus, the Latin form of his full name, which he also used later for his Latin publications.
Professor Kilian Stobæus, natural scientist, physician and historian, offered Linnaeus tutoring and lodging, as well as the use of his library, which included many books about botany. He also gave the student free admission to his lectures. In his spare time, Linnaeus explored the flora of Skåne, together with students sharing the same interests.
In August 1728, Linnaeus decided to attend Uppsala University on the advice of Rothman, who believed it would be a better choice if Linnaeus wanted to study both medicine and botany. Rothman based this recommendation on the two professors who taught at the medical faculty at Uppsala: Olof Rudbeck the Younger and Lars Roberg. Although Rudbeck and Roberg had undoubtedly been good professors, by then they were older and not so interested in teaching. Rudbeck no longer gave public lectures, and had others stand in for him. The botany, zoology, pharmacology and anatomy lectures were not in their best state. In Uppsala, Linnaeus met a new benefactor, Olof Celsius, who was a professor of theology and an amateur botanist. He received Linnaeus into his home and allowed him use of his library, which was one of the richest botanical libraries in Sweden.
In 1729, Linnaeus wrote a thesis, Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum on plant sexual reproduction. This attracted the attention of Rudbeck; in May 1730, he selected Linnaeus to give lectures at the University although the young man was only a second-year student. His lectures were popular, and Linnaeus often addressed an audience of 300 people. In June, Linnaeus moved from Celsius's house to Rudbeck's to become the tutor of the three youngest of his 24 children. His friendship with Celsius did not wane and they continued their botanical expeditions. Over that winter, Linnaeus began to doubt Tournefort's system of classification and decided to create one of his own. His plan was to divide the plants by the number of stamens and pistils. He began writing several books, which would later result in, for example, Genera Plantarum and Critica Botanica. He also produced a book on the plants grown in the Uppsala Botanical Garden, Adonis Uplandicus.
Rudbeck's former assistant, Nils Rosén, returned to the University in March 1731 with a degree in medicine. Rosén started giving anatomy lectures and tried to take over Linnaeus's botany lectures, but Rudbeck prevented that. Until December, Rosén gave Linnaeus private tutoring in medicine. In December, Linnaeus had a "disagreement" with Rudbeck's wife and had to move out of his mentor's house; his relationship with Rudbeck did not appear to suffer. That Christmas, Linnaeus returned home to Stenbrohult to visit his parents for the first time in about three years. His mother had disapproved of his failing to become a priest, but she was pleased to learn he was teaching at the University.
During a visit with his parents, Linnaeus told them about his plan to travel to Lapland; Rudbeck had made the journey in 1695, but the detailed results of his exploration were lost in a fire seven years afterwards. Linnaeus's hope was to find new plants, animals and possibly valuable minerals. He was also curious about the customs of the native Sami people, reindeer-herding nomads who wandered Scandinavia's vast tundras. In April 1732, Linnaeus was awarded a grant from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala for his journey.
Linnaeus began his expedition from Uppsala on 12 May 1732, just before he turned 25. He travelled on foot and horse, bringing with him his journal, botanical and ornithological manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants. Near Gävle he found great quantities of Campanula serpyllifolia, later known as Linnaea borealis, the twinflower that would become his favourite. He sometimes dismounted on the way to examine a flower or rock and was particularly interested in mosses and lichens, the latter a main part of the diet of the reindeer, a common and economically important animal in Lapland.
Linnaeus travelled clockwise around the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, making major inland incursions from Umeå, Luleå and Tornio. He returned from his six-month-long, over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) expedition in October, having gathered and observed many plants, birds and rocks. Although Lapland was a region with limited biodiversity, Linnaeus described about 100 previously unidentified plants. These became the basis of his book Flora Lapponica. However, on the expedition to Lapland, Linnaeus used Latin names to describe organisms because he had not yet developed the binomial system.
In Flora Lapponica Linnaeus's ideas about nomenclature and classification were first used in a practical way, making this the first proto-modern Flora. The account covered 534 species, used the Linnaean classification system and included, for the described species, geographical distribution and taxonomic notes. It was Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who attributed Linnaeus with Flora Lapponica as the first example in the botanical genre of Flora writing. Botanical historian E. L. Greene described Flora Lapponica as "the most classic and delightful" of Linnaeus's works.
It was also during this expedition that Linnaeus had a flash of insight regarding the classification of mammals. Upon observing the lower jawbone of a horse at the side of a road he was travelling, Linnaeus remarked: "If I only knew how many teeth and of what kind every animal had, how many teats and where they were placed, I should perhaps be able to work out a perfectly natural system for the arrangement of all quadrupeds."
In 1734, Linnaeus led a small group of students to Dalarna. Funded by the Governor of Dalarna, the expedition was to catalogue known natural resources and discover new ones, but also to gather intelligence on Norwegian mining activities at Røros.
His relations with Nils Rosén having worsened, Linnaeus accepted an invitation from Claes Sohlberg, son of a mining inspector, to spend the Christmas holiday in Falun, where Linnaeus was permitted to visit the mines.
In April 1735, at the suggestion of Sohlberg's father, Linnaeus and Sohlberg set out for the Dutch Republic, where Linnaeus intended to study medicine at the University of Harderwijk while tutoring Sohlberg in exchange for an annual salary. At the time, it was common for Swedes to pursue doctoral degrees in the Netherlands, then a highly revered place to study natural history.
On the way, the pair stopped in Hamburg, where they met the mayor, who proudly showed them a supposed wonder of nature in his possession: the taxidermied remains of a seven-headed hydra. Linnaeus quickly discovered the specimen was a fake cobbled together from the jaws and paws of weasels and the skins of snakes. The provenance of the hydra suggested to Linnaeus that it had been manufactured by monks to represent the Beast of Revelation. Even at the risk of incurring the mayor's wrath, Linnaeus made his observations public, dashing the mayor's dreams of selling the hydra for an enormous sum. Linnaeus and Sohlberg were forced to flee from Hamburg.
Linnaeus began working towards his degree as soon as he reached Harderwijk, a university known for awarding degrees in as little as a week. He submitted a dissertation, written back in Sweden, entitled Dissertatio medica inauguralis in qua exhibetur hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa,[note 3] in which he laid out his hypothesis that malaria arose only in areas with clay-rich soils. Although he failed to identify the true source of disease transmission, (i.e., the Anopheles mosquito), he did correctly predict that Artemisia annua (wormwood) would become a source of antimalarial medications.
That summer Linnaeus reunited with Peter Artedi, a friend from Uppsala with whom he had once made a pact that should either of the two predecease the other, the survivor would finish the decedent's work. Ten weeks later, Artedi drowned in the canals of Amsterdam, leaving behind an unfinished manuscript on the classification of fish.
One of the first scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was Johan Frederik Gronovius to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to help pay for the printing. With an additional monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor Isaac Lawson, the manuscript was published as Systema Naturae (1735).
Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, Herman Boerhaave, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would not stand the heat. Instead, Boerhaave convinced Linnaeus that he should visit the botanist Johannes Burman. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his Thesaurus Zeylanicus. Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which he was working: Fundamenta Botanica and Bibliotheca Botanica.
In August 1735, during Linnaeus's stay with Burman, he met George Clifford III, a director of the Dutch East India Company and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of Hartekamp in Heemstede. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus's ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of Sir Hans Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica, a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted. On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus moved to Hartekamp to become personal physician to Clifford, and curator of Clifford's herbarium. He was paid 1,000 florins a year, with free board and lodging. Though the agreement was only for a winter of that year, Linnaeus practically stayed there until 1738. It was here that he wrote a book Hortus Cliffortianus, in the preface of which he described his experience as "the happiest time of my life". (A portion of Hartekamp was declared as public garden in April 1956 by the Heemstede local authority, and was named "Linnaeushof". It eventually became, as it is claimed, the biggest playground in Europe.)
In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense. He went to London to visit Sir Hans Sloane, a collector of natural history, and to see his cabinet, as well as to visit the Chelsea Physic Garden and its keeper, Philip Miller. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in Systema Naturae. Miller was in fact reluctant to use the new binomial nomenclature, preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, The conservative Scot actually retained in his dictionary a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768. Miller ultimately was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus's system.
Linnaeus also travelled to Oxford University to visit the botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius. He failed to make Dillenius publicly fully accept his new classification system, though the two men remained in correspondence for many years afterwards. Linnaeus dedicated his Critica botanica to him, as "opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non vidit". Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honour. He then returned to Hartekamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants. The next year, he published Genera Plantarum, in which he described 935 genera of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with Corollarium Generum Plantarum, with another sixty (sexaginta) genera.
His work at Hartekamp led to another book, Hortus Cliffortianus, a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartekamp. He wrote it in nine months (completed in July 1737), but it was not published until 1738. It contains the first use of the name Nepenthes, which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of pitcher plants.[note 4]
Linnaeus stayed with Clifford at Hartekamp until 18 October 1737 (new style), when he left the house to return to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such as Antoine de Jussieu. After his return, Linnaeus never left Sweden again.
When Linnaeus returned to Sweden on 28 June 1738, he went to Falun, where he entered into an engagement to Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Three months later, he moved to Stockholm to find employment as a physician, and thus to make it possible to support a family. Once again, Linnaeus found a patron; he became acquainted with Count Carl Gustav Tessin, who helped him get work as a physician at the Admiralty. During this time in Stockholm, Linnaeus helped found the Royal Swedish Academy of Science; he became the first Praeses in the academy by drawing of lots.
Because his finances had improved and were now sufficient to support a family, he received permission to marry his fiancée, Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Their wedding was held 26 June 1739. Seventeen months later, Sara gave birth to their first son, Carl. Two years later, a daughter, Elisabeth Christina, was born, and the subsequent year Sara gave birth to Sara Magdalena, who died when 15 days old. Sara and Linnaeus would later have four other children: Lovisa, Sara Christina, Johannes and Sophia.
In May 1741, Linnaeus was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University, first with responsibility for medicine-related matters. Soon, he changed place with the other Professor of Medicine, Nils Rosén, and thus was responsible for the Botanical Garden (which he would thoroughly reconstruct and expand), botany and natural history, instead. In October that same year, his wife and nine-month-old son followed him to live in Uppsala.:49-50
Ten days after he was appointed Professor, he undertook an expedition to the island provinces of Öland and Gotland with six students from the university, to look for plants useful in medicine. First, they travelled to Öland and stayed there until 21 June, when they sailed to Visby in Gotland. Linnaeus and the students stayed on Gotland for about a month, and then returned to Uppsala. During this expedition, they found 100 previously unrecorded plants. The observations from the expedition were later published in Öländska och Gothländska Resa, written in Swedish. Like Flora Lapponica, it contained both zoological and botanical observations, as well as observations concerning the culture in Öland and Gotland.
During the summer of 1745, Linnaeus published two more books: Flora Suecica and Fauna Suecica. Flora Suecica was a strictly botanical book, while Fauna Suecica was zoological.Anders Celsius had created the temperature scale named after him in 1742. Celsius's scale was inverted compared to today, the boiling point at 0 °C and freezing point at 100 °C. In 1745, Linnaeus inverted the scale to its present standard.
In the summer of 1746, Linnaeus was once again commissioned by the Government to carry out an expedition, this time to the Swedish province of Västergötland. He set out from Uppsala on 12 June and returned on 11 August. On the expedition his primary companion was Erik Gustaf Lidbeck, a student who had accompanied him on his previous journey. Linnaeus described his findings from the expedition in the book Wästgöta-Resa, published the next year. After returning from the journey the Government decided Linnaeus should take on another expedition to the southernmost province Scania. This journey was postponed, as Linnaeus felt too busy.
In 1747, Linnaeus was given the title archiater, or chief physician, by the Swedish king Adolf Frederick--a mark of great respect. The same year he was elected member of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
In the spring of 1749, Linnaeus could finally journey to Scania, again commissioned by the Government. With him he brought his student, Olof Söderberg. On the way to Scania, he made his last visit to his brothers and sisters in Stenbrohult since his father had died the previous year. The expedition was similar to the previous journeys in most aspects, but this time he was also ordered to find the best place to grow walnut and Swedish whitebeam trees; these trees were used by the military to make rifles. The journey was successful, and Linnaeus's observations were published the next year in Skånska Resa.
In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed. Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world to collect botanical samples. Linnaeus called the best of these students his "apostles".:56-57 His lectures were normally very popular and were often held in the Botanical Garden. He tried to teach the students to think for themselves and not trust anybody, not even him. Even more popular than the lectures were the botanical excursions made every Saturday during summer, where Linnaeus and his students explored the flora and fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala.
Linnaeus published Philosophia Botanica in 1751. The book contained a complete survey of the taxonomy system he had been using in his earlier works. It also contained information of how to keep a journal on travels and how to maintain a botanical garden.
During Linnaeus's time it was normal for upper class women to have wet nurses for their babies. Linnaeus joined an ongoing campaign to end this practice in Sweden and promote breast-feeding by mothers. In 1752 Linnaeus published a thesis along with Frederick Lindberg, a physician student, based on their experiences. In the tradition of the period, this dissertation was essentially an idea of the presiding reviewer (prases) expounded upon by the student. Linnaeus's dissertation was translated into French by J.E. Gilibert in 1770 as La Nourrice marâtre, ou Dissertation sur les suites funestes du nourrisage mercénaire. Linnaeus suggested that children might absorb the personality of their wet nurse through the milk. He admired the child care practices of the Lapps and pointed out how healthy their babies were compared to those of Europeans who employed wet nurses. He compared the behaviour of wild animals and pointed out how none of them denied their newborns their breastmilk. It is thought that his activism played a role in his choice of the term Mammalia for the class of organisms.
Linnaeus published Species Plantarum, the work which is now internationally accepted as the starting point of modern botanical nomenclature, in 1753. The first volume was issued on 24 May, the second volume followed on 16 August of the same year.[note 5] The book contained 1,200 pages and was published in two volumes; it described over 7,300 species.:47 The same year the king dubbed him knight of the Order of the Polar Star, the first civilian in Sweden to become a knight in this order. He was then seldom seen not wearing the order's insignia.
Linnaeus felt Uppsala was too noisy and unhealthy, so he bought two farms in 1758: Hammarby and Sävja. The next year, he bought a neighbouring farm, Edeby. He spent the summers with his family at Hammarby; initially it only had a small one-storey house, but in 1762 a new, larger main building was added. In Hammarby, Linnaeus made a garden where he could grow plants that could not be grown in the Botanical Garden in Uppsala. He began constructing a museum on a hill behind Hammarby in 1766, where he moved his library and collection of plants. A fire that destroyed about one third of Uppsala and had threatened his residence there necessitated the move.
Since the initial release of Systema Naturae in 1735, the book had been expanded and reprinted several times; the tenth edition was released in 1758. This edition established itself as the starting point for zoological nomenclature, the equivalent of Species Plantarum.:47
The Swedish King Adolf Frederick granted Linnaeus nobility in 1757, but he was not ennobled until 1761. With his ennoblement, he took the name Carl von Linné (Latinised as Carolus a Linné), 'Linné' being a shortened and gallicised version of 'Linnæus', and the German nobiliary particle 'von' signifying his ennoblement. The noble family's coat of arms prominently features a twinflower, one of Linnaeus's favourite plants; it was given the scientific name Linnaea borealis in his honour by Gronovius. The shield in the coat of arms is divided into thirds: red, black and green for the three kingdoms of nature (animal, mineral and vegetable) in Linnaean classification; in the centre is an egg "to denote Nature, which is continued and perpetuated in ovo." At the bottom is a phrase in Latin, borrowed from the Aeneid, which reads "Famam extendere factis": we extend our fame by our deeds.:62 Linnaeus inscribed this personal motto in books that were gifted to him by friends.
After his ennoblement, Linnaeus continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he corresponded with many different people. For example, Catherine II of Russia sent him seeds from her country. He also corresponded with Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, "the Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire", who was a doctor and a botanist in Idrija, Duchy of Carniola (nowadays Slovenia). Scopoli communicated all of his research, findings, and descriptions (for example of the olm and the dormouse, two little animals hitherto unknown to Linnaeus). Linnaeus greatly respected Scopoli and showed great interest in his work. He named a solanaceous genus, Scopolia, the source of scopolamine, after him, but because of the great distance between them, they never met.
Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after. He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health.
Linnaeus's last years were troubled by illness. He had suffered from a disease called the Uppsala fever in 1764, but survived thanks to the care of Rosén. He developed sciatica in 1773, and the next year, he had a stroke which partially paralysed him. He suffered a second stroke in 1776, losing the use of his right side and leaving him bereft of his memory; while still able to admire his own writings, he could not recognise himself as their author.
In December 1777, he had another stroke which greatly weakened him, and eventually led to his death on 10 January 1778 in Hammarby.:63 Despite his desire to be buried in Hammarby, he was buried in Uppsala Cathedral on 22 January.
His library and collections were left to his widow Sara and their children. Joseph Banks, an English botanist, wanted to buy the collection, but his son Carl refused and moved the collection to Uppsala. In 1783 Carl died and Sara inherited the collection, having outlived both her husband and son. She tried to sell it to Banks, but he was no longer interested; instead an acquaintance of his agreed to buy the collection. The acquaintance was a 24-year-old medical student, James Edward Smith, who bought the whole collection: 14,000 plants, 3,198 insects, 1,564 shells, about 3,000 letters and 1,600 books. Smith founded the Linnean Society of London five years later.
During Linnaeus's time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught many devoted students, 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition. To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus's system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished. Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland. The British botanist William T. Stearn notes without Linnaeus's new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens. Many of the apostles died during their expeditions.
Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a Swedish East India Company ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on Côn S?n Island the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström. Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including Pehr Forsskål and Pehr Löfling.
Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born Pehr Kalm set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in Species Plantarum had been brought back by Kalm.
Daniel Solander was living in Linnaeus's house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his eldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus's recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist Joseph Banks. With Banks, Solander joined James Cook on his expedition to Oceania on the Endeavour in 1768-71. Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; Anders Sparrman followed on the Resolution in 1772-75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.
Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was Carl Peter Thunberg, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of Dejima outside Nagasaki, so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus's death.
The first edition of Systema Naturae was printed in the Netherlands in 1735. It was a twelve-page work. By the time it reached its 10th edition in 1758, it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. People from all over the world sent their specimens to Linnaeus to be included. By the time he started work on the 12th edition, Linnaeus needed a new invention--the index card--to track classifications.
In Systema Naturae, the unwieldy names mostly used at the time, such as "Physalis annua ramosissima, ramis angulosis glabris, foliis dentato-serratis", were supplemented with concise and now familiar "binomials", composed of the generic name, followed by a specific epithet--in the case given, Physalis angulata. These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the species. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers (see Gaspard Bauhin and Johann Bauhin) almost 200 years earlier, Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the work, including in monospecific genera, and may be said to have popularised it within the scientific community.
After the decline in Linnaeus's health in the early 1770s, publication of editions of Systema Naturae went in two different directions. Another Swedish scientist, Johan Andreas Murray issued the Regnum Vegetabile section separately in 1774 as the Systema Vegetabilium, rather confusingly labelled the 13th edition. Meanwhile a 13th edition of the entire Systema appeared in parts between 1788 and 1793. It was through the Systema Vegetabilium that Linnaeus's work became widely known in England, following its translation from the Latin by the Lichfield Botanical Society as A System of Vegetables (1783-1785).
('Opinion of the learned world on the writings of Carl Linnaeus, Doctor') Published in 1740, this small octavo-sized pamphlet was presented to the State Library of New South Wales by the Linnean Society of NSW in 2018. This is considered among the rarest of all the writings of Linnaeus, and crucial to his career, securing him his appointment to a professorship of medicine at Uppsala University. From this position he laid the groundwork for his radical new theory of classifying and naming organisms for which he was considered the founder of modern taxonomy.
Species Plantarum (or, more fully, Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas) was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of plant nomenclature as it exists today.
Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium was first published in 1737, delineating plant genera. Around 10 editions were published, not all of them by Linnaeus himself; the most important is the 1754 fifth edition. In it Linnaeus divided the plant Kingdom into 24 classes. One, Cryptogamia, included all the plants with concealed reproductive parts (algae, fungi, mosses and liverworts and ferns).
Philosophia Botanica (1751) was a summary of Linnaeus's thinking on plant classification and nomenclature, and an elaboration of the work he had previously published in Fundamenta Botanica (1736) and Critica Botanica (1737). Other publications forming part of his plan to reform the foundations of botany include his Classes Plantarum and Bibliotheca Botanica: all were printed in Holland (as were Genera Plantarum (1737) and Systema Naturae (1735)), the Philosophia being simultaneously released in Stockholm.
At the end of his lifetime the Linnean collection in Uppsala was considered one of the finest collections of natural history objects in Sweden. Next to his own collection he had also built up a museum for the university of Uppsala, which was supplied by material donated by Carl Gyllenborg (in 1744-1745), crown-prince Adolf Fredrik (in 1745), Erik Petreus (in 1746), Claes Grill (in 1746), Magnus Lagerström (in 1748 and 1750) and Jonas Alströmer (in 1749). The relation between the museum and the private collection was not formalised and the steady flow of material from Linnean pupils were incorporated to the private collection rather than to the museum. Linnaeus felt his work was reflecting the harmony of nature and he said in 1754 "the earth is then nothing else but a museum of the all-wise creator's masterpieces, divided into three chambers". He had turned his own estate into a microcosm of that 'world museum'.
In April 1766 parts of the town were destroyed by a fire and the Linnean private collection was subsequently moved to a barn outside the town, and shortly afterwards to a single-room stone building close to his country house at Hammarby near Uppsala. This resulted in a physical separation between the two collections; the museum collection remained in the botanical garden of the university. Some material which needed special care (alcohol specimens) or ample storage space was moved from the private collection to the museum.
In Hammarby the Linnean private collections suffered seriously from damp and the depredations by mice and insects. Carl von Linné's son (Carl Linnaeus) inherited the collections in 1778 and retained them until his own death in 1783. Shortly after Carl von Linné's death his son confirmed that mice had caused "horrible damage" to the plants and that also moths and mould had caused considerable damage. He tried to rescue them from the neglect they had suffered during his father's later years, and also added further specimens. This last activity however reduced rather than augmented the scientific value of the original material.
In 1784 the young medical student James Edward Smith purchased the entire specimen collection, library, manuscripts, and correspondence of Carl Linnaeus from his widow and daughter and transferred the collections to London.:342-357 Not all material in Linné's private collection was transported to England. Thirty-three fish specimens preserved in alcohol were not sent and were later lost.
In London Smith tended to neglect the zoological parts of the collection; he added some specimens and also gave some specimens away. Over the following centuries the Linnean collection in London suffered enormously at the hands of scientists who studied the collection, and in the process disturbed the original arrangement and labels, added specimens that did not belong to the original series and withdrew precious original type material.
Much material which had been intensively studied by Linné in his scientific career belonged to the collection of Queen Lovisa Ulrika (1720-1782) (in the Linnean publications referred to as "Museum Ludovicae Ulricae" or "M. L. U."). This collection was donated by his grandson King Gustav IV Adolf (1778-1837) to the museum in Uppsala in 1804. Another important collection in this respect was that of her husband King Adolf Fredrik (1710-1771) (in the Linnean sources known as "Museum Adolphi Friderici" or "Mus. Ad. Fr."), the wet parts (alcohol collection) of which were later donated to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and is today housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History at Stockholm. The dry material was transferred to Uppsala.
The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus's main contribution to taxonomy--his work marks the starting point of consistent use of binomial nomenclature. During the 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, Linnaeus also developed what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy; the system of scientific classification now widely used in the biological sciences. A previous zoologist Rumphius (1627-1702) had more or less approximated the Linnaean system and his material contributed to the later development of the binomial scientific classification by Linnaeus.
The Linnaean system classified nature within a nested hierarchy, starting with three kingdoms. Kingdoms were divided into classes and they, in turn, into orders, and thence into genera (singular: genus), which were divided into species (singular: species). Below the rank of species he sometimes recognised taxa of a lower (unnamed) rank; these have since acquired standardised names such as variety in botany and subspecies in zoology. Modern taxonomy includes a rank of family between order and genus and a rank of phylum between kingdom and class that were not present in Linnaeus's original system.
Linnaeus's groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics, and not simply upon differences. Of his higher groupings, only those for animals are still in use, and the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since their conception, as have the principles behind them. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships. While the underlying details concerning what are considered to be scientifically valid "observable characteristics" have changed with expanding knowledge (for example, DNA sequencing, unavailable in Linnaeus's time, has proven to be a tool of considerable utility for classifying living organisms and establishing their evolutionary relationships), the fundamental principle remains sound.
Linnaeus's system of taxonomy was especially noted as the first to include humans (Homo) taxonomically grouped with apes (Simia), under the header of Anthropomorpha. German biologist Ernst Haeckel speaking in 1907 noted this as the "most important sign of Linnaeus's genius".
Linnaeus classified humans among the primates beginning with the first edition of Systema Naturae. During his time at Hartekamp, he had the opportunity to examine several monkeys and noted similarities between them and man.:173-174 He pointed out both species basically have the same anatomy; except for speech, he found no other differences.[note 6] Thus he placed man and monkeys under the same category, Anthropomorpha, meaning "manlike." This classification received criticism from other biologists such as Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Jacob Theodor Klein and Johann Georg Gmelin on the ground that it is illogical to describe man as human-like. In a letter to Gmelin from 1747, Linnaeus replied:[note 7]
It does not please [you] that I've placed Man among the Anthropomorpha, perhaps because of the term 'with human form',[note 8] but man learns to know himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name we apply. But I seek from you and from the whole world a generic difference between man and simian that [follows] from the principles of Natural History.[note 9] I absolutely know of none. If only someone might tell me a single one! If I would have called man a simian or vice versa, I would have brought together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to have by virtue of the law of the discipline.
The theological concerns were twofold: first, putting man at the same level as monkeys or apes would lower the spiritually higher position that man was assumed to have in the great chain of being, and second, because the Bible says man was created in the image of God (theomorphism), if monkeys/apes and humans were not distinctly and separately designed, that would mean monkeys and apes were created in the image of God as well. This was something many could not accept. The conflict between world views that was caused by asserting man was a type of animal would simmer for a century until the much greater, and still ongoing, creation-evolution controversy began in earnest with the publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859.
After such criticism, Linnaeus felt he needed to explain himself more clearly. The 10th edition of Systema Naturae introduced new terms, including Mammalia and Primates, the latter of which would replace Anthropomorpha as well as giving humans the full binomial Homo sapiens. The new classification received less criticism, but many natural historians still believed he had demoted humans from their former place of ruling over nature and not being a part of it. Linnaeus believed that man biologically belongs to the animal kingdom and had to be included in it. In his book Dieta Naturalis, he said, "One should not vent one's wrath on animals, Theology decree that man has a soul and that the animals are mere 'aoutomata mechanica,' but I believe they would be better advised that animals have a soul and that the difference is of nobility."
Linnaeus added a second species to the genus Homo in Systema Naturae based on a figure and description by Jacobus Bontius from a 1658 publication: Homo troglodytes ("caveman") and published a third in 1771: Homo lar. Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg states that the new human species Linnaeus described were actually simians or native people clad in skins to frighten colonial settlers, whose appearance had been exaggerated in accounts to Linnaeus.
In early editions of Systema Naturae, many well-known legendary creatures were included such as the phoenix, dragon, manticore, and satyrus,[note 10] which Linnaeus collected into the catch-all category Paradoxa. Broberg thought Linnaeus was trying to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. Linnaeus tried to debunk some of these creatures, as he had with the hydra; regarding the purported remains of dragons, Linnaeus wrote that they were either derived from lizards or rays. For Homo troglodytes he asked the Swedish East India Company to search for one, but they did not find any signs of its existence.Homo lar has since been reclassified as Hylobates lar, the lar gibbon.
In the first edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus subdivided the human species into four varieties based on continent and[dubious ]skin colour: "Europæus albus" (white European), "Americanus rubescens" (red American), "Asiaticus fuscus" (brown Asian) and "Africanus niger" (black African). In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae he further detailed phenotypical characteristics for each variety, based on the concept of the four temperaments from classical antiquity,[dubious ] and changed the description of Asians' skin tone to "luridus" (yellow).Additionally, Linnaeus created a wastebasket taxon "monstrosus" for "wild and monstrous humans, unknown groups, and more or less abnormal people".
Linnaeus's applied science was inspired not only by the instrumental utilitarianism general to the early Enlightenment, but also by his adherence to the older economic doctrine of Cameralism. Additionally, Linnaeus was a state interventionist. He supported tariffs, levies, export bounties, quotas, embargoes, navigation acts, subsidised investment capital, ceilings on wages, cash grants, state-licensed producer monopolies, and cartels.
Anniversaries of Linnaeus's birth, especially in centennial years, have been marked by major celebrations. Linnaeus has appeared on numerous Swedish postage stamps and banknotes. There are numerous statues of Linnaeus in countries around the world. The Linnean Society of London has awarded the Linnean Medal for excellence in botany or zoology since 1888. Following approval by the Riksdag of Sweden, Växjö University and Kalmar College merged on 1 January 2010 to become Linnaeus University. Other things named after Linnaeus include the twinflower genus Linnaea, the crater Linné on the Earth's moon, a street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the cobalt sulfide mineral Linnaeite.
Linnaeus ... was the most eminent naturalist of his time, a wide observer, a close thinker; but the atmosphere in which he lived and moved and had his being was saturated with biblical theology, and this permeated all his thinking. ... Toward the end of his life he timidly advanced the hypothesis that all the species of one genus constituted at the creation one species; and from the last edition of his Systema Naturæ he quietly left out the strongly orthodox statement of the fixity of each species, which he had insisted upon in his earlier works. ... warnings came speedily both from the Catholic and Protestant sides.
The mathematical PageRank algorithm, applied to 24 multilingual popflock.com resource editions in 2014, published in PLOS ONE in 2015, placed Carl Linnaeus at the top historical figure, above Jesus, Aristotle, Napoleon, and Adolf Hitler (in that order).
The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff, Aeby, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head. | <urn:uuid:94715426-2884-45c0-8a67-3eca7b94441c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Carl_Linnaeus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027312025.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817203056-20190817225056-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.971737 | 11,849 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Infant and young child nutrition: situation analysis and prospects in the African Region: report of the Regional Director
Abstract1. Malnutrition remains one of the most frequent causes and determinants of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. More than one-third of under-five children are malnourished - they are stunted, wasted or deficient in iodine, vitaminA or iron. 2. In the face of this challenging global and regional situation, WHO and UNICEF decided to undertake a global consultation on infant and young child nutrition. This initiative that started in March 2000 in Geneva will end in 2002 with the adoption of a global strategy on infant and young child nutrition for the decade. This document is a contribution of the Regional Committee for Africa to the ongoing reflections on the initiative. 3. The situation of infant and young child nutrition in Africa is worsened by poverty, natural disasters, wars, socio-political upheavals and massive population displacements. 4. Protein-energy malnutrition is increasing on the African continent whereas it is decreasing in other regions of the world. Each year, micro-nutrient deficiencies take a heavy toll on infants and young children. The risk of HIV/AIDS transmission through breast-feeding is creating additional problems in poor countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection. 5. The African Region could take the opportunity offered by the drawing up of the global strategy to assess progress made in the area of infant and young child feeding and adapt national nutrition programmes to the orientations given in this new strategy.
Regional Committee for Africa, 51. (2011). Infant and young child nutrition: situation analysis and prospects in the African Region: report of the Regional Director. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/1890
DescriptionRegional Committee for Africa Fifty-first session, Brazzaville, Congo, 27 August - 1 September 2001
Gov't Doc #AFR/RC51/11 Rev.1
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Development of a global strategy on infant and young child feeding : report on a WHO/UNICEF consultation for the WHO European Region, Budapest, Hungary 28 May-1 June 2001 compiled and written by Dr Joceline Pomerleau Pomerleau, Joceline; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; UNICEF (EUR/01/5018050, 2001)Malnutrition is responsible, directly or indirectly, for half of the 10.5 million deaths each year among children under five years of age. Two-thirds of these deaths occur during the first year of life, and are closely associated with poor breastfeeding and poor complementary feeding practices. Only a minority of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed during the first months of life, and complementary feeding is often unsafe, inappropriate and inadequate. Malnourished children who survive suffer increased morbidity, impaired development and ...
Prevention and control of iron-deficiency anaemia in women and children : report of the UNICEF/WHO regional consultation, Geneva, Switzerland 3-5 February 1999 World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; UNICEF (2001)
Report on the Regional Seminar on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children in Africa, 6-10 April 1987, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Regional Seminar on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children in Africa (1987: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia); Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and and Children; World Health Organization (1988) | <urn:uuid:b36c2033-5717-4ad6-9515-e732716b43b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/1890 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937045.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419204415-20180419224415-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.882643 | 729 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Mastering calligraphy: how to write in cursive script in this lesson on mastering calligraphy, we're going to learn a very simple-to-write alphabet called. Learn how to write beautiful chinese calligraphy using these traditional character examples. 3 calligraphy tips you need to know if you want to learn everything else there is calligraphy, calligraphy for beginners, calligraphy tips, craft, design. A beginner’s guide to modern calligraphy = beauty and γραφή (graphe) = writing) calligraphy is easy to learn, but like any craft, it needs practice. Hello and welcome to write calligraphy online here you will discover and find sources to help you learn how to write calligraphy, an introduction to various.
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You've made it now that you learned the basics, it's time to learn the calligraphy alphabet, one letter at a time of course there are so many different calligraphy. Find and save ideas about learn calligraphy on pinterest | see more ideas about brush lettering, beginner calligraphy and calligraphy. In this 27-page printable calligraphy worksheet set, you'll learn all the basics of creating modern calligraphy in the amy style a wonderful beginner set.
Learn how to write calligraphy by mastering these three core skills and everything else is just practice. How to write in calligraphy calligraphy means beautiful writing in greek and spans thousands of years and countless cultures there are several styles, including. I wanted to learn to write calligraphy i knew a little already, but i wanted to refresh my skills and learn some new ones read more published 1 month ago. | <urn:uuid:d6a04fe9-4b4f-49f3-9057-051145aedc1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://qatermpaperstdd.visitorlando.us/learn-to-write-calligraphy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583518753.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024021948-20181024043448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.93304 | 635 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Biologists tell us that racialism is a myth and there is no such thing as a master race. But we in India have known racialism in all its forms ever since the commencement of British rule. The whole ideology of this rule was that of the herrenvolk and the master race, and the structure of government was based upon it; indeed the idea of a master race is inherent in imperialism. There was no subterfuge about it; it was proclaimed in unambiguous language by those in authority. More powerful than words was the practice that accompanied them. . . .—Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (1946)
Sara Suleri begins The Rhetoric of English India with a critique of “some of the governing assumptions” of the field of colonial cultural studies, which she sees as subject to a debilitating “concept-function”: “While the representation of otherness has long been acknowledged as one of the must [sic] culturally vexing idioms to read, contemporary interpretations of alterity are increasingly victims of their own apprehension of such vexation. Even as the other is privileged in all its pluralities, in all its alternative histories, its concept-function remains too embedded in a theoretical duality of margin to center ultimately to allow the cultural decentering that such critical attention surely desires” . Suleri enumerates some of the problems attendant upon “alteritist” methods of reading: “While alteritism begins as a critical and theoretical revision of a Eurocentric or Orientalist study of the literatures of colonialism, its indiscriminate reliance on the centrality of otherness tends to replicate what in the context of imperialist discourse was the familiar category of the exotic.” In its single-minded devotion to the analysis of difference, alteritism runs the risk of “representing ‘difference’ with no attention to the cultural nuances that differentiation implies. Instead, alteritism reads to reify questions of cultural misapprehension until ‘otherness’ becomes a conceptual blockage that signifies a repetitive monumentalization of the academy’s continuing fear of its own cultural ignorance” .
In her account of academic processes, Suleri is surely right in claiming that, “in contravention of the astounding specificity of each colonial encounter . . . contemporary critical theory names the other in order that it need not be further known” , thus providing theoretical models and vocabularies whose easy portability and schematic applicability become the reasons for their institutional success. Now that a loose affiliation of texts, revisionary reading practices, and literary histories are being institutionalized (particularly in departments of English) under the disciplinary rubric of colonial and postcolonial discourse studies, such a questioning of the protean versatility [End Page 74] and analytical usefulness of notions of “otherness” or alterity is timely. 1 In much academic writing, the critique of colonial discourses ends where perhaps it should begin, by positing the many forms of alterity that are invoked in the writing of the imperial, nationalist, or even subaltern subject. Particularly in the work of literary theorists, this dynamic of self and other proves entirely compelling when charted in and through textual representation, and the metropolitan archive, both literally and figuratively open in our moment of decolonization, provides ample opportunity to think about the reiterated motifs of “civilization” and “barbarism,” modernity and its antecedents, trade and empire, warfare and conquest.
Yet what is to make such intellectual work “postcolonial” in any significant sense? Today, “postcolonial studies” in the Anglo-US academy often suggests simply the opening up of a new archive or a bringing together, in different ways, of various interpretative or reading techniques developed by poststructuralist theorists. There is little evidence that such intellectual work derives any of its critical functions and polemical urgencies from the present-day cultural and intellectual life of the “postcolonial” nation or nations whose historical legacy is under study. Metropolitan concerns and agendas dictate the nature and process of inquiry, rather than a more appropriate sense of the pressing issues that have priority in the national debates of once-colonized countries. What is required is a different... | <urn:uuid:976aac45-5f1d-4bb2-826e-7dce2a71e6c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://muse.jhu.edu/article/9413 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719045.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00563-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943349 | 889 | 2.625 | 3 |
Solve Input Device Problems
Under Boot Camp, the keyboard and mouse, trackpad, or trackball that function perfectly in Mac OS X may not work correctly in Windows. Users of notebook computers and Bluetooth input devices have additional problems. But you can solve them with a few easy steps.
Right-Click with a One-Button Mouse
Many actions in Windows require right-clicking. In Mac OS X, you can press the Control key while clicking to display a contextual menu (the Mac equivalent of a Windows right-click menu), but this doesn't work under Boot Camp. If you're using a Magic Mouse, Apple Mouse (previously called "Mighty Mouse"), or a third-party mouse or trackball that has two or more buttons, you can right-click just as you would under Mac OS X. Similarly, ... | <urn:uuid:42517bd4-a66e-467c-b529-2765b13abca1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/take-control-of/9781615420483/ch05s07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.896509 | 170 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Model: Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture
- Other allusions:
- Pieces referenced:
- Yankee Doodle
- Pop Goes the Weasel
- Beethoven, 1st Symphony in C Major, Op. 21, 1st movement
- Jack Benny's Violin Exercise
- Dvorak, Symphony No. 9 in E minor ("New World")
- J.S. Bach, Toccata in D minor, BWV 565
- Beatles, Day Tripper
The 1712 Overture follows Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture very closely. Tchaikovsky's work is in the traditional sonata-overture form, with a slow introduction, a sequence of themes, a recapitulation of the themes, and a coda. P.D.Q. takes a few shortcuts but basically follows the same structure.
The piece starts with a short quotation from "Yankee Doodle," which then turns into a chorale very much like the one that opens 1812. This is a musical pun, since "Yankee Doodle" starts with the same four notes as "God Preserve Thy People," the chorale which Tchaikovsky uses.
The main section opens with an agitated theme that doesn't directly resemble the one in Tchaikovsky but is similar in mood (aside from having a lot more percussion) (and aside from somehow wandering into a blues melody lifted from "Ain't Got No Home" by Clarence "Frogman" Henry) (and aside from using mouthpieces as wind instruments). This leads to an almost literal quotation from 1812, which sounds as if it's going to bring us to La Marseillaise as in Tchaikovsky, except that it arrives at "Pop Goes the Weasel." Again, a similarity of notes in the two tunes becomes a musical pun.
The music then winds down from this climax, still almost quoting Tchaikovsky directly, and comes to the rising fourths which, in Tchaikovsky, introduce the second theme. Here, though, the fourths keep piling on, steadily getting more dissonant, before they do that. They do lead to a slow second theme which sounds very much like the one in 1812, but it does nothing but go up and down the scale within the range of a fifth, with accompanying bird calls. The rising fourths are repeated, and now the organ takes over the theme, continuing into a long cadenza over a pedal note. The zig-zag descending thirds which the organ introduces are important for the rest of the overture.
The orchestra leads into the recapitulation with fanfares like the ones that quote "La Marseillaise" in Tchaikovsky, except that here they quote "Pop Goes the Weasel" again. The agitated theme jumps abruptly to a part which corresponds to the coda in the 1812, with "Pop the Weasel" played more loudly and dramatically, punctuated by popping balloons instead of cannons. The zig-zag thirds slow the tempo down at great length, leading to a return of the "Yankee Doodle" chorale just as the "God Preserve Thy People" chorale returns in Tchaikovsky. P.D.Q. follows Tchaikovsky in adding bells to the clamor, adding various noisemakers as well. There's a hint of "The Great Gate of Kiev," which may or may not be intentional.
This is followed by a tune that's similar to the quickstep tune from 1812, with the phrases just slightly rearranged. Where "God Save the Czar" enters in Tchaikovsky, this piece adds the main theme from the last movement of Dvořák's "New World" Symphony, in counterpoint with the quickstep but in a different key, and with more popping ballons. The orchestra then wraps things up with a bit of a jazz inflection, and just before the last chord the organ interrupts with a quotation from Bach's D minor Toccata. | <urn:uuid:5dd4f7e0-be5a-47ff-9205-3893c7caf80b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://wikipdq.fandom.com/wiki/1712_Overture,_S._1712 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.937933 | 841 | 2.65625 | 3 |
No, there definitely weren’t any ninjas in ancient Pompeii. But starting in March, there will be Theater Ninjas in the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79 destroyed, yet paradoxically preserved the ancient city of Pompeii, providing a vivid glimpse into the daily lives of ancient Romans. Since the rediscovery of the site in the 1700s, centuries of leading artists—from Piranesi, Ingres, and Alma-Tadema to Duchamp, Rothko, Warhol, and Gormley — have been inspired to re-imagine it in paintings, sculpture, photographs, performance and film.
We all see, interpret, and maybe even produce hundreds or even thousands of photographs every day. Photos are the dominant communications medium of our time. If the Cleveland Image Festival wins one of the grants offered by Cuyahoga Arts & Culture, you will have opportunities to up your visual literacy skills; to view and make; to express yourself visually; and to celebrate imaging from daguerreotypes to digital and beyond. | <urn:uuid:36037490-95da-44f6-997f-0aebda48d25f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.clevelandart.org/categories/exhibitions?page=16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171620.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00009-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911323 | 226 | 2.609375 | 3 |
With all the conversations today about genetically modified grains in human foodstuffs, it's interesting to note that they abound in the grains used for horse feeds. And there is no way to tell which feeds have those genetically modified grains and which don't. And there has been no research on whether it makes a difference to the health and nutrition of the horses. The expert staff at Kentucky Equine Research delve into this topic and give us some information about genetically modified grains used in horse feeds.
Corn, soybeans and sugar beets are staples of many feed products fed to horses. These crops are also widely used for human consumption and are important raw materials for biofuels, plastics and other industrial commodities.
About 95% of sugar beets (the source of beet pulp), 94% of soybeans (source of fat and high-quality protein), and 90% of corn (source of carbohydrates) grown in the U.S. are from genetically modified (GM) plants. Growers who sell their harvested crops to feed mills are not required to disclose whether or not the crops contain GM strains. For these reasons, it is difficult to find horse feed products that are completely free of GM ingredients.
Horse owners who want to buy feeds without GM grains can look for products that are certified as organic by the USDA. By law, however, the organic label means only that the product cannot contain any deliberately added genetically engineered ingredients. Because pollen from nearby GM crops may be spread to an organic field by wind and insects, it is virtually impossible to guarantee that a particular harvest is totally GM-free.
The owner of one organic mill put this explanation on his company’s website: "I get questions regarding the GM status of our products, so I thought I would post here for our friends. All of our organic products are produced from non-GM grains. It is true, however, that there is some cross-pollination that occurs in nature, especially in corn, so while the planted seeds are non-GM, you can pick up traces of GM in testing. Typically these are at a very, very low percentage."
Also known as biotech strains, bioengineered crops have been designed to enhance desirable characteristics. For example, GM strains of wheat are resistant to insect damage; GM corn continues to thrive during periods of drought; and GM soybeans have an improved yield per acre.
Proponents say that bioengineering allows more efficient use of cropland, while detractors fear possible health or environmental impacts. Research has so far failed to prove specific dangers from the consumption of modified grains by horses, other livestock or humans, but some consumers still express concerns about safety.
One study entitled “Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants” concluded: “During the last few years, many studies have determined the nutrient value of GM feeds compared to their conventional counterparts, and some have additionally followed the fate of DNA and novel protein. The results available to date are reassuring and reveal no significant differences in the safety and nutritional value of feedstuffs containing material derived from the so-called first generation of genetically modified plants (those with unchanged gross composition) in comparison with non-GM varieties. In addition, no residues of recombinant DNA or novel proteins have been found in any organ or tissue samples obtained from animals fed with GM products.”
However, further study is needed to determine the effect, if any, on horses and other animals consuming GM grains over long periods of time | <urn:uuid:c1718541-bfa2-4cea-85af-b610872be251> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://stablemanagement.com/article/horse-feeds-genetically-modified-grains-4189 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096991.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00079-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959733 | 705 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Chemoradiation-induced Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemo and radiation therapies in head and neck cancer. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. The symptoms have a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can limit the doses and duration of cancer treatment, leading to sub-optimal treatment.
Who Gets Oral Mucositis?
Most oral cancer, leukemia, and head and neck cancer patients receiving chemoradiation therapy experience severe oral mucositis. Chemotherapy leads to neutropenia in blood vessels and neutrophil infiltration in mucosal tissues. Radiation therapy causes damage to DNA and many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to severe oral mucositis.
The estimated incidence of head and neck cancer across the world accounts for approximately 886,939 per year, and the number is consistently increasing. In the U.S. alone, it is estimated that about 65,630 will develop head and neck cancer in 2020. Chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis occurs in up to 80% of head and neck cancer irradiated patients. Grade 3 and 4 (severe) oral mucositis (SOM) has been recorded in 56% of head and neck cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy. Today’s publicly available Phase 2 clinical studies results show incidence of SOM ranged from 60 to 69, with the average SOM of 65%. | <urn:uuid:55e38539-70fc-4bf8-9717-0624561102e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.enzychem.com/our-science/therapeutic-indications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.935808 | 338 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The valley of Udûn, meaning Hell, is a location in Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor. Udûn is a roughly circular plain surrounded by mountains on all sides. In the south-east there is a narrow pass at Carach Angren, which is the gateway to the Plateau of Gorgoroth.
Udûn was formed with the creation of Mordor. It was the largest passageway into Mordor.
- It lies between Cirith Gorgor and the Isenmouthe and was traversed by large armies of Sauron in times of war.
- In/on its circumference are many Uruk-holds, as told in The Return of the King, including Durthang, the forges, and the forts at Carach Angren.
- In The Complete Guide to Middle-earth (by Robert Foster), Udûn is described as the source of the dark flame of the Balrogs.
|Castles and Fortresses|
|Passes and Valleys|
|Outside of Mordor| | <urn:uuid:120b9ec1-3cde-4885-8a67-0976b2ed14d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://shadowofwar.fandom.com/wiki/Ud%C3%BBn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.943686 | 225 | 2.828125 | 3 |
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, childhood trauma is defined as: “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.”
Bad things happen in life as children grow up. Some are obvious, like a natural disaster that destroys a home, physical abuse or death of a parent. Others can also rock a child’s sense of safety and well-being, like community violence or substance abuse in a parent. Something as simple as being in a car accident or a child overhearing frequent, intense arguments between his or her parents can be traumatic for some children.
Learning how to understand, process and cope with difficulties – even tragedies – is a natural part of a child’s development process. But sometimes children get stuck. An experience, or repeated experiences, may leave a child with an overwhelming sense of fear and loss, making them feel that they have no safety or control over their lives. For some children, these feelings become so intense that they get in the way of their continued physical, emotional, social or intellectual development. This is childhood trauma.
Unaddressed, trauma can have long term effects on the quality and length of a person’s life. But the good news is that there are things you can do make your child less susceptible to trauma, identify trauma reactions and get the support you need to help your child recover.
Some Leading Causes
The most common causes of childhood trauma include:
- Chaos or dysfunction in the house (such as domestic violence, parent with a mental illness, substance abuse or incarcerated)
- Death of a loved one
- Emotional abuse or neglect
- Physical abuse or neglect
- Separation from a parent or caregiver
- Sexual abuse
- Stress caused by poverty
- Sudden and/or serious medical condition
- Violence (at home, at school, or in the surrounding community)
Bullying can tear a child apart - emotionally and physically - and may lead to childhood trauma.
It sometimes seems that our children grow numb to the violence and crime that besiege many communities. | <urn:uuid:f9ab8b3c-9faf-4892-9171-6ce6d060224f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://lookthroughtheireyes.org/what-is-childhood-trauma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949093.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330004340-20230330034340-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.953118 | 456 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Terrorist groups have no problem using lies as a strategy to achieve their goals. Lying can help them to magnify their achievements, minimize their losses, conceal damaging information, or deny responsibility for actions that result in counterproductive consequences.
However, terrorists are also aware that being perceived as truthful is advantageous. Credibility gives greater resonance to their exploitation of attacks for propaganda, increases the coercive power of threats, and contributes to eroding an enemy’s authority.
When it was ascendant, the self-styled Islamic State managed to gain the perception of credibility in its propaganda operations. In order to achieve this, it avoided claiming responsibility for violent incidents lacking terrorist intent and attacks carried out by individuals or groups without an effective connection with the group.
However, maintaining that reputation requires more than will. This group’s terrorism has not been limited to attacks it controls or directly supervises and there is plenty of violence with weaker links to the group. In the latter category, control over information is much more difficult and Islamic State has not limited itself to using open sources for deciding whether or not to claim an attack. This is a slippery slope where a reputation built up for years can be squandered in an instant.
The nature of terrorism today is an important factor. Some low-cost and unsophisticated attacks, such as hit-and-run incidents or stabbings, are a priori difficult to distinguish from other incidents where the motivating forces are psychological pathologies, common criminality, or mere accidents.
In spite of these obstacles, Islamic State has been able to claim responsibility relatively quickly for certain attacks. This has been made possible by a verification infrastructure. But the system has been degraded by the international offensive that has ejected the group from its territories and disrupted its networks in the West.
One of the episodes that contributed the most to this decline was a counter-terrorist operation in Germany in June 2017. Police arrested a 23-year-old Syrian named Mohammed G, who had arrived in the country two years earlier with a wave of refugees. Mohammed was an Islamic State militant who came to Europe with a specific mission: to serve as a link between Amaq and terrorists who performed attacks outside the caliphate’s territory.
Mohammed was not only in charge of verifying information on the ground. He was also responsible for contacting some of the potential attackers and asking them to provide graphic material that could be used to verify a claim after the attack.
The loss of verifiers precipitated errors, where the group claimed actions unrelated to jihadist terrorism.
The most notorious case was the shooting at an open-air music concert in Las Vegas on October 1, 2017. In the attack, the U.S. citizen Stephen Paddock used the window of his hotel room to shoot indiscriminately with multiple firearms, killing 58 people and wounding nearly 1,000 in the bloodiest massacre by a single shooter in U.S. history.
Islamic State claimed the attack without offering any evidence as to what led this alcoholic gambler to follow the organization’s lead, simply issuing a written statement: “The attacker from Las Vegas converted to Islam a few months ago”. In a subsequent statement, the group provided his alleged kunya: “Abu Abdul-Barr al-Amriki”. However, the police and intelligence investigations were not able to find any data that might suggest a jihadist motive in these murders.
Several hypotheses have been put forward. The first, and most unlikely, is that the attack in Las Vegas was indeed a genuine jihadist attack, but the authorities have been unable to trace this link.
The second hypothesis is that Islamic State erroneously claimed responsibility. This mistake could be linked to the group’s difficulties in replacing qualified militants who were previously able to verify information or establish connections with attackers. Their sources of information have lost quality or been neglected.
The third scenario posits a group that opportunistically claims the attack, even though they know it was not their attack. This hypothesis represents a turning point for the group – it abandons its previous policy of credibility and decides to satisfy its supporters with false but comforting information.
Either by mistake or in a deliberate manipulation effort, the group has continued to reiterate its claims to attacks like this in multiple propaganda products.
Although police and military pressure has had a direct impact on its propaganda efforts, especially on the quality of its activists, Islamic State has proved to be a resilient entity, capable of quickly compensating for disruptions caused by its enemy.
Thus, for example, at the end of April 2018, EUROPOL announced the coordination of an important international police operation directed against the propaganda infrastructure of Islamic State, and particularly against its “news agency” Amaq. However, this operation only slightly affected its productivity.
Nonetheless, progress has been made. Despite the remaining operational challenges, in the collapse of the caliphate project Islamic State has also lost its reputation as an actor that does not need to exaggerate or lie about its achievements.
ABRAHMS, Max & CONRAD, Justin. “The Strategic Logic of Credit Claiming: A New Theory for Anonymous Terrorist Attacks”, Security Studies, 26:2 (2017), pp. 279-304.
DEARDEN, Lizzie. “Isis propagandist who communicated terrorists’ claims of responsibility arrested in Germany”, The Independent, 9 June 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/isis-amaq-agency-claim-responsibility-attacks-member-arrested-germany-mohammed-g-syrian-latest-a7782586.html
AMARASINGAM, Amarnath; PARKER, Jade & WINTER, Charlie. “ISIS’s Vegas Claim Tells Us More about the Group Than About the Attacker”, Just Security, 17 October, 2017. https://www.justsecurity.org/45994/isiss-vegas-claim-tells-group-attacker/
EUROPOL. “Islamic State propaganda machine hit by law enforcement in coordinated takedown action”, EUROPOL Press Release, 27 April 2018. https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/islamic-state-propaganda-machine-hit-law-enforcement-in-coordinated-takedown-action
AL-LAMI, Mina. “Analysis: Was IS media machine ‘compromised’ by Europol action?”, BBC Monitoring, 28 April 2018. https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c1dp4omd ; BINDNER, Laurence & GLUCK, Raphael. “Assessing Europol’s Operation Against ISIS’ Propaganda: Approach and Impact”, ICCT Publications, 18 June 2018. https://icct.nl/publication/assessing-europols-operation-against-isis-propaganda-approach-and-impact/ | <urn:uuid:16446178-4b94-40aa-9c76-299b6ea270c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://eeradicalization.com/is-islamic-states-propaganda-credible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145260.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220162309-20200220192309-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.951997 | 1,460 | 2.578125 | 3 |
An 11-foot crocodile found in South Miami is being relocated in this 2006… (Peter Andrew Bosch / Miami…)
BOCA RATON, Fla. — Paddling down the Intracoastal Waterway in southern Florida, Russell Fields noticed what appeared to be a large palm leaf floating near shore.
The leaf began moving toward him. A few feet from his paddleboard, a reptilian head filled with teeth emerged from the water. Fields slapped the water with his paddle, and the head stayed there for a moment and then submerged.
Fields' encounter with a 10-foot American crocodile in Boca Raton has become a more common experience in Broward and Palm Beach counties, as these light gray cousins of alligators reclaim their historic range. Crocodile numbers have risen from a low of 200 or so in the 1970s to about 2,000 today, with more of them roaming north from their core nesting areas in southern Everglades National Park and the Upper Florida Keys.
There have been no documented attacks on people in south Florida, the only part of the United States with crocodiles, although biologists won't rule out the possibility.
The species can reach a length of 13 feet — as big as a large alligator — and the crocs have killed people on rare occasions in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Although crocodile complaints have gone up, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission considers the animals little threat to the public and will relocate them only under certain circumstances.
"We're perfectly happy for a crocodile to be wherever they want to be," said Lindsey Hord, coordinator of the nuisance alligator and crocodile program for the wildlife commission. "The fact that there's a crocodile in central Broward County is cool, and we're happy they're reoccupying their historic range. We don't act unless we receive a complaint."
How can you tell you're looking at a crocodile rather than an alligator? They are light gray, as opposed to blackish. They have narrower snouts, with a fourth tooth that protrudes from the lower jaw, adding an extra touch of menace to an already forbidding appearance. Unlike alligators, which live in fresh water, they prefer brackish, coastal waters.
During a helicopter search for manatees this winter, biologists for Broward County spotted a nine-foot crocodile basking on the banks of the Dania Cut-Off Canal, just across from Port Everglades. On their next search a week later, they spotted one — possibly the same crocodile — swimming down the North Fork of the New River, just south of the Swap Shop flea market.
"We were really excited to see them," said Ryan Goldman, a natural resource specialist with Broward County's Environmental Protection and Growth Management Dept.
On a waterway just off the Intracoastal in southern Hollywood, Maureen Shanley saw one estimated to be at least 10 feet long.
"We thought it was a log at first, but it was moving," she said.
The crocodile rested its snout on the bank and later crawled up on a sea wall.
"It wasn't bothering anyone, but people need to be aware that they're out there," she said. "We did have a family of ducks that were coming around, then we saw the croc and all of a sudden there are a couple missing."
Crocodiles typically eat fish, blue crabs and an occasional shorebird. South Florida probably never supported more than a few thousand crocodiles, even before they lost a lot of territory to urban development, said Frank Mazzotti, professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida.
The species recovered through the protection of habitat at Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park, and through creation of additional habitat with canals and coastal spoil areas at the Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1980, and the Turkey Point nuclear power plant, where the cooling canals turned out to be excellent nesting spots.
"We've protected their habitat," Mazzotti said. "There's no secret. You protect habitat, you'll recover endangered species. It really is that simple."
Complaints from the public about crocodiles totaled 183 in 2013, up from 118 in 2007. The wildlife agency cautions against reading too much into the numbers beyond a broad upward trend, since one crocodile might have yielded multiple complaints. Last year, a crocodile snatched a 65-pound dog off a sea wall in Key Largo, an attack that biologists said was highly unusual.
Unlike alligators, crocodiles are protected as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, which means the wildlife commission can't simply call in trappers to kill them in response to complaints. The commission can arrange for the crocodile to be relocated, but only under certain circumstances involving its size, location and behavior.
Still, many people enjoy having crocodiles on their property. One Keys neighborhood held a memorial for a crocodile that had been killed. In another, a crocodile shows up at docks and seems to enjoy being watered with hoses. | <urn:uuid:27d7fb72-f0b4-40e7-a224-7ee24a529665> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/15/nation/la-na-florida-crocodiles-20140216 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737875203.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221755-00004-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963354 | 1,060 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Become an Energy Champion for your school! Learn how to save energy in the classroom and throughout your school and help reduce environmental impact.
In this interactive workshop students:
- Discovered the importance of energy efficiency, on a local and global scale.
- Identified and measured the energy used by different equipment in the classroom and school, using an energy monitor.
- Devised top-tips for students and teachers to reduce energy usage, and calculated the cost and carbon emissions savings.
Pupils also learnt about solar panels and worked out how much renewable energy they could generate at their school. | <urn:uuid:8c9dcdd5-f50c-4de8-a31b-757977cb9db0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://eyeproject.co.uk/gallery-images/2016-9th-worthing-adur-eco-summit-sustainable-business-cic-workshop-energy-champion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.951163 | 121 | 3.921875 | 4 |
The transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States in 1821 prompted the migration of thousands of American planters into Middle Florida, the region bounded on the west by the Apalachicola River and on the east by the Suwannee.
Cotton became the major cash crop and large numbers of African slaves toiled on plantations owned by the planter elite. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, enslaved persons made up more than half of Middle Florida's population.
Image Number: RC05086A
Francis comte de Castelnau made this sketch of a plantation while visiting north Florida in the late 1830s.
Image Number: RC04817A
Francis comte de Castelnau made this sketch while visiting north Florida in the late 1830s. The view is looking east on Jefferson Street from Adams Street.
Plantations spread beyond Middle Florida after the United States military waged three costly wars against the Seminole Indians.
Soldiers scoured the land, burning Seminole towns and capturing men, women and children. Although they dealt several blows to the U.S. military, especially during the protracted Second Seminole War (1835-1842), the vast majority of Seminoles were either killed in battle or removed to Indian Territory by 1858.
The Seminole Wars opened up southern Florida to American settlement, ushering the peninsula into the narrative of American plantation slavery for the first time.
Image Number: PC5874
Prior to the Second Seminole War, Major Charles Wilhelm Bulow operated the largest sugar mill in east Florida. In 1836, Seminoles and their African allies destroyed the mill and burned the Bulow Plantation. The Florida Park Service acquired the ruins in 1945 and now operates the site as a state park.
Image Number: PR09828
On December 28, 1835, Seminole warriors attacked troops under the command of Major Frances Dade as they traveled from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to Fort King (Ocala). The Seminoles killed all but two of Dade's 110 soldiers. This event, known as the Dade Battle, sparked the Second Seminole War.
Most American settlers arrived in Florida with few or no slaves. A small percentage of the white planters who came to Florida after 1821 held the majority of Africans in bondage. Of the approximately 1,000 cotton-producing plantations in Florida in 1850, about 200 had 30 or more slaves.
The number of planters owning 30 or more slaves doubled to 400 by 1860, reflecting the growing profitability of cotton and an increased reliance on domestic slave labor.
The largest planters, such as Edward Bradford, owned hundreds of slaves. About 300 enslaved Africans worked on Bradford's Horseshoe and Pine Hill plantations in Leon County on the eve of the Civil War.
Image Number: PR08639
Image Number: RC03011
John Branch, Florida's sixth territorial Governor, built this home in the 1830s. The 1860 Agricultural Census for Leon County shows that Branch owned 820 acres of improved land and 68 slaves.
Image Number: RC04342
Perez B. Brokaw built this house in the 1850s. The home overlooked fields on the present-day site of Leon High School.
Image Number: PR10983
Planter Jason Gregory built this house on the Apalachicola River in 1849. His plantation prospered until the abolition of slavery. In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps dismantled the house and moved it across the river to Torreya State Park.
Image Number: PR12061
Richard Keith Call, one of the largest slave owners in antebellum Leon County, built this house in the 1820s and 1830s. Relatives of Call lived in the home until 2009. The Grove is currently undergoing renovations with plans to open to the public as a historic house museum.
Image Number: N045962
The bell tower provided a bird's-eye view of the grounds at Goodwood Plantation, allowing overseers to supervise labor in the fields and announce the closing of the workday.
Image Number: RC14084
Charles Bannerman built this home in the early 1850s near Lake Iamonia in Leon County. The 1860 Agricultural Census for Leon County shows that Bannerman owned 700 acres of improved land and 67 slaves.
Image Number: RC02160
Major Benjamin Chaires built this home in 1832. Benjamin Chaires and his relatives operated several of the largest cotton plantations in antebellum Leon County.
Image Number: RCK00360
Fire destroyed the main house at Verdura Plantation in 1885. These vine-covered columns and portions of the foundation are all that remain of the plantation home.
African slaves endured a harsh life on southern plantations. Field slaves worked from sun up to sun down in all aspects of agricultural production. Slaves tilled the soil, harvested crops, prepared goods for market, and finally, transported bailed cotton to ports and other distribution centers. Trusted slaves conducted much of the daily business of their master's estate by purchasing goods in-town, overseeing other slaves in the fields, and even accounting.
Slaves also worked inside the homes of the planter elite. For African women working as domestic slaves, life in the big house meant close contact with the slave master and his family. Some planters had affairs with their domestic slaves, or raped African women working inside their homes.
The experience of domestic slaves differed greatly from one plantation to another. In some cases, domestic slaves suffered serious physical and mental abuse from their masters. In rare instances, slaves learned to read and write from their masters or white children living on the plantation.
Away from the watchful eyes of their masters, slaves created a vibrant culture, mixing African beliefs with traditions learned in the Americas. The world created by the enslaved helped them cope with the reality of their life and work on antebellum plantations.
Image Number: BR0021
Image Number: RC05426
Image Number: N041082
A small number of African people gained their freedom before the Civil War. Among the free black population in Florida was the prosperous Tallahassee builder George Proctor. Proctor built several homes in Tallahassee that still stand today.
Proctor was an exception; free blacks made up only a small percentage of the African-American population in Florida before the Civil War.
Image Number: PR12001
Built in 1844 by George Proctor. Proctor originally built the house for L. O'Brien Branch, nephew of Governor John Branch. R.C. Chaires acquired the home in 1877.
Image Number: PR11453
Built in 1848 by George Proctor. The building is now home to the Tallahassee Garden Club.
Despite the abolition of the international slave trade in 1808, the illegal kidnapping of Africans continued into the mid-19th century. Many American and European governments actively pursued privateers engaged in the illegal trade from Africa to the Americas. Traffic continued, however, as not all nations complied with the mandate to end the African slave trade. In the southern United States, the domestic trade continued until after the Civil War.
As abolitionism gained strength in the North, pro-slavery forces hardened their commitment to the peculiar institution. Slaveholders defended slavery and their belief in African inferiority as inseparable from southern life and the identity of the landed elite. Strict fugitive slave laws increased the tension between abolitionists and slaveholders.
Image Number: BR0003
Image Number: PR10116
The United States Navy vessel Mohawk intercepted and seized the Wildfire off Nuevitas (Cuba) on April 26, 1860. The ship carried 540 Africans, illegally captured near the Congo River, West Africa, and bound for slavery in Cuba.
Image Number: RC09562
In Florida, abolitionist Jonathan Walker conspired with several slaves to bring them to freedom. In 1844, Walker commandeered a vessel in Pensacola and sailed for the Bahamas. Unfortunately, Walker and his companions were captured before reaching freedom in British territory.
Authorities in the United States found Walker guilty of aiding runaway slaves. A Florida jury sentenced Walker to the pillory for one hour and also branded the letters "SS" on his left hand, for slave stealer.
Image Number: RC12137
Image Number: RC12181 | <urn:uuid:e9f20a84-5d27-489a-b0d2-f627e61f9515> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.floridamemory.com/photographiccollection/photo_exhibits/plantations/plantations3.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293195.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00072-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933984 | 1,732 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The aircraft that effectively launched the mass travel age at the dawn of the 1960s, Boeing’s 707.
A flight attendant in 1968 on Lufthansa’s Redcap service.
A sleeping berth on a Lufthansa Lockheed “Super Star” (Constellation) that the German carrier flew until 1966.
Checking in at Frankfurt Airport in 1973. Computer reservations were primitive - and note the rotary telephone and agent’s thick listing book to assist the passengers dressed to the nines.
A meal is served aboard a Lufthansa Lockheed “Super Constellation” in 1958. The noisy four-propeller aircraft crossed the Atlantic in about 12 hours, a time cut in half by jet aircraft like the DC-8 and B707 a few years later.
A sleeping berth in the sky in 1958.
First class on a Boeing 707 in 1965.
Service with a smile in 1960.
Not all air travel was in the lap of first-class luxury. The Airbus - the service, not the eponymous aircraft-maker founded in 1970 - collected fares once aloft on short flights. This picture is from 1963.
Flight attendants in uniforms from the 1930s to the 1970s.
It’s cocktail time at 35,000 feet.
Dinner in first class aboard a Lufthansa Boeing 707 in 1975.
Lufthansa’s “Senator” service in 1960. Note the space between the seats.
Business class on a B747 in 1979. A conspicuous absence of jeans and t-shirts.
Flight attendants in the 1970s. They were called pejoratively stewardesses and hostesses then.
Drinks aboard a Lockheed Super Constellation in 1965, the tail end of the aircraft’s service.
Boeing 707 economy class in 1966. Note the overhead compartments before bins - passengers then did not need to carry on as much cabin luggage as possible to avoid fees and long waits at the carousel. | <urn:uuid:1e6a8142-a502-4b47-bedc-78bd6ea89e1f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/Photos+Lufthansa+pioneering+role+1960s+commercial+travel/7939950/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815843.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224152306-20180224172306-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.912488 | 429 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is a Database Manipulation Langauge?
SELECT * FROM People
This is used to retrieve data from a database table(or multiple tables)
You can retrieve all columns from the tables, or restrict to specific rows
This is used to filter results based on the criteria given
This is used to sort the table by a certain column
This is used to collate with certain shared values together
Aggregate Funtions (Sum, Count, average)
These queries are all used with the SELECT Query and all return number as the response to the query.
This sums up values within a certain column.
The returns the number of rows retrieved by a statement
This returns the mean average of the attributes specified
This combines data from two tables (or more) into a single query.
This adds a new row into a database table.
The update alters the data stored within a row or rows, depending on the parameters given.
This query removes a row or rows, depending on the query. If you don’t specify what data to delete then it will delete all data in a table
Online Practice Websites | <urn:uuid:253b315c-0ff8-4a19-b929-55197871af13> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://learnlearn.uk/alevelcs/database-manipulation-language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.702012 | 305 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Philippines Economic Statistics and Indicators
30, Sep 2016, EDT. Welcome to the Philippines economic statistics pages provided by the beta version of EconomyWatch.com's Econ Stats database.
Economic Indicators For: Philippines › Change country
National or Regional Currency: Philippines Peso, PHP
Year of data: 2015 › Change year
Number of Indicators Listed: 38
Full Dataset: From Year 1980 to 2021
Date of Last Update: 30th June 2016
Population: 107,668,231 (July 2014 est.)
Area: total: 300,000 sq km ; land: 298,170 sq km ; water: 1,830 sq km
Natural Resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Capital: name: Manila ; geographic coordinates: 14 36 N, 120 58 E ; time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
The economy has weathered global economic and financial downturns better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four- to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a rapidly expanding business process outsourcing industry. The current account balance had recorded consecutive surpluses since 2003; international reserves are at record highs; the banking system is stable; and the stock market was Asia's second best-performer in 2012. Efforts to improve tax administration and expenditure management have helped ease the Philippines' tight fiscal situation and reduce high debt levels. The Philippines has received several credit rating upgrades on its sovereign debt, and has had little difficulty tapping domestic and international markets to finance its deficits. Economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the MACAPAGAL-ARROYO administration, but poverty worsened during her term. Growth has accelerated under the AQUINO government, but with limited progress thus far in bringing down unemployment, which hovers around 7%, and improving the quality of jobs. Underemployment is nearly 20% and more than 40% of the employed are estimated to be working in the informal sector. The AQUINO administration has been working to boost the budgets for education, health, cash transfers to the poor, and other social spending programs, and is relying on the private sector to help fund major infrastructure projects under its Public-Private Partnership program. Long term challenges include reforming governance and the judicial system, building infrastructure, improving regulatory predictability, and the ease of doing business, attracting higher levels of local and foreign investments. The Philippine Constitution and the other laws continue to restrict foreign ownership in important activities/sectors (such as land ownership and public utilities).
More on the Philippines Economy
More on the Philippines Export, Import and Trade
GDP (Constant Prices, National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 7,579.94 Billion.
GDP (Current Prices, National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 13,285.24 Billion.
GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars) for Philippines in year 2015 is US$ 291.965 Billion.
GDP Deflator for Philippines in year 2015 is 175.268 (Index, Base Year as per country's accounts = 100).
GDP Per Capita (Current Prices, National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 130,053.66 .
GDP Per Capita (Current Prices, US Dollars) for Philippines in year 2015 is US$ 2,858.14 .
GDP (PPP), US Dollars for Philippines in year 2015 is US$ 741.031 Billion.
GDP Per Capita (PPP), US Dollars for Philippines in year 2015 is US$ 7,254.20 .
Investment (% of GDP) for Philippines in year 2015 is 20.852 %.
Inflation, Average Consumer Prices (Indexed to Year 2000) for Philippines in year 2015 is 141.508 (Index, Base Year 2000 = 100).
Inflation, End of Year (Indexed to Year 2000) for Philippines in year 2015 is 142.6 (Index, Base Year 2000 = 100).
Population for Philippines in year 2015 is 102.152 Million .
General government revenue (National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 2,571.03 Billions.
General government total expenditure (National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 2,572.27 Billions.
Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP -1.232 Billions.
General Government Structural Balance (National Currency) for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 0.598 Billion.
Fiscal Year Gross Domestic Product, Current Prices for Philippines in year 2015 is PHP 13,285.24 Billions.
Current Account Balance (US Dollars) for Philippines in year 2015 is US$ 8.396 Billion.
|Number of Internet Users for Philippines|
|Internet Penetration Rate for Philippines|
|Number of Facebook Accounts for Philippines|
|Facebook Penetration Rate for Philippines|
|Corruption Perceptions Index Rank and Score for Philippines|
Data Sources: IMF, World Bank, UN, OECD, CIA World Factbook, Internet World Statistics, The Heritage Foundation and Transparency International | <urn:uuid:c56efd1d-6b64-4ce3-9e8b-9f03d2aaad73> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/country/Philippines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00298-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892614 | 1,086 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Christ (ho Christos)
- The Greek “Christ” (Χριστός) translates the Hebrew noun mashiach (מָשִׁיחַ) or “anointed one.” The Hebrew verb mashach (מָשַׁח) means to “smear/anoint with oil.”
- Prophets, priests, and rulers could all be anointed to perform particular tasks; even the non-Jewish Persian ruler Cyrus II (“the Great”) was an “anointed” one who permitted the Jewish exiles to return from Babylon to the land (Isaiah 45:1).
- To uncover the range of messianic ideas, should scholars restrict their analysis to texts that use the terminology for “anointed” or wider their search to figures who perform messianic functions (e.g. idealized ruler)? Note that the absolute usage of “anointed one” without qualification is rare (but cf. 1QSa 2.11-12; Mark 8:29)
- Diverse messianic expectations in the Second Temple period:
- a ruler who would re-establish the Davidic empire due to the perpetual dynasty promised to David and his descendants (2 Samuel 7:12-14; 1 Chronicles 17:11-14; Psalms of Solomon 17:21-46)
- a high priest who will preside over the temple cult (Testament of Judah 21; The Community Rule [1QS] 9.11; Hebrews 4:14-7:28)
- a prophet like Moses (Deuteronomy 18:15-19; 1 Maccabees 4:46; 14:41; 1QS 9.11; Philo, On the Special Laws 1.65; John 1:21; 6:14; Acts 3:22-23; 7:37-38)
- a preexistent, heavenly judge (see “the Son of Man” below).
The Son of God (ho huios tou theou)
- Divine or angelic beings (Genesis 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Psalm 29:1; 82:6; Daniel 3:25)
- The nation of Israel collectively (Hosea 11:1; cf. Matthew 2:15)
- The righteous (Wisdom of Solomon 2:13-20; Matthew 5:9)
- The heir to David’s throne (2 Samuel 7:12-14; Psalm 2:7-9)
- Octavian “Augustus” (“venerable”), the great-nephew and adopted son of the deified Julius Caesar, had the title divi filius (son of god) minted on his coins. See also the Priene Calendar Inscription (9 BCE).
- Did Jesus receive the title Son of God at his resurrection (Romans 1:3-4; Acts 13:32-35), his baptism (Mark 1:9-11; cf. 9:2-8; 15:37-39), or his birth (Luke 1:30-35)? Or was he eternally the Son of God before he became human (Romans 8:3-4; Galatians 4:4-5; Hebrews 1:1-3; John 1:18; cf. Philippians 2:6-11; Colossians 1:15-20; John 1:1-18)?
The Son of the Human (ho huios tou anthropou)
- Markan Tradition: Mark 2:10 (cf. Matthew 9:6; Luke 5:24); 2:28 (cf. Matthew 12:8; Luke 6:5)
- Double Tradition: Luke 6:22/Matthew 5:11 (Matthew has “my account”); Luke 7:34/Matthew 11:19; Luke 9:58/Matthew 8:20 (cf. Gospel of Thomas logion 86); Luke 11:30/Matthew 12:40 (was the sign of Jonah about Jesus’s preaching?); Luke 12:10/Matthew 12:32
- M or L Tradition: Matthew 13:37; 16:13 (but cf. Mark 8:27; Luke 9:18); Luke 19:10
- Johannine Tradition: John 1:51 (?); 3:13; John 5:27 (?); 6:27; 6:53 (?); 9:35
- Suffering and vindication:
- Markan Tradition: Mark 8:31 (cf. Luke 9:22; Matthew 16:21 indirect summary of Jesus’s suffering); 9:9 (cf. Matthew 17:9; Luke 9:36 omits the reference to the resurrection); 9:12 (cf. Matthew 17:11-12; omitted in Luke); 9:31 (cf. Matthew 17:22-23; Luke 9:44); 10:33-34 (cf. Matthew 20:18-19; Luke 18:31-33); 10:45 (cf. Matthew 20:28; Luke 22:27 has “I” and omits the ransom saying); 14:21 (cf. Matthew 26:24; Luke 22:22)
- Double Tradition: Luke 11:30/Matthew 12:40 (was the sign of Jonah about Jesus’s death and resurrection?)
- M or L Tradition: Matthew 26:2 (but cf. Mark 14:1-2; Luke 21:1-2); Luke 22:48 (but cf. Matthew 26:49-50; Mark 14:45); 24:7 (but cf. Matthew 28:5-7; Mark 16:6-7)
- Johannine Tradition: John 3:14; 6:53 (?); 8:28; 12:23; 12:34; 13:31
- Markan Tradition: Mark 8:38 (cf. Luke 9:26; Matthew 10:33 has “I”); 13:26 (cf. Matthew 24:30; Luke 21:27); 14:62 (cf. Matthew 26:64; Luke 22:69)
- Double Tradition: Luke 12:8/Matthew 10:32 (Matthew has “I”); Luke 17:24/Matthew 24:27; Luke 17:26/Matthew 24:37
- M or L Tradition: Matthew 10:23; 13:41; 16:27; 16:28 (but cf. Mark 9:1; Luke 9:27); 19:28a (but cf. Luke 22:30/Matthew 19:28b); 24:30a; 24:39b (cf. Luke 17:27/Matthew 24:38-39a); 25:31; Luke 17:22; 17:30; 18:8; 21:36
- Johannine Tradition: John 1:51 (?); 5:27 (?)
- 1 Thessalonians 4:15-17 on the Lord’s descent on the clouds.
- The Aramaic bar enasha may be an idiomatic expression that was either a circumlocution for “I” or humanity in general with a particularizing reference to the speaker. See Mark 2:27-28; Luke 7:34/Matthew 11:19; Luke 9:58/Matthew 8:20; Mark 3:28-29/Luke 12:10/Matthew 12:31-32.
- The vision in Daniel 7: is the human-like figure a symbol for the saints of Israel who were oppressed by foreign empires but vindicated by God (cf. 7:27), the angelic representative of Israel in heaven (e.g. Michael), or the messianic “king” of the kingdom of the saints (cf. 7:17)?
- There is little evidence that “the Son of Man” was used as a title or for a common expectation of such a cosmic figure, but there is evidence that Daniel 7 was interpreted in an individualizing, messianic direction in the Gospels, the Similitudes of Enoch (chapters 37-71), and 4 Ezra 13:1-58. The date of the Similitudes (ca. 40 BCE – 70 CE) and its influence on the Gospel traditions (especially Matthew 25:31) is very contested.
- Do the Similitudes interpret the human-like figure of Daniel 7 as the heavenly “anointed one” (48:10; 52:4), who is pre-existent (48:3, 6; 62:7) and will sit on a cosmic throne to receive worship and hand down judgment (45:3; 48:5; 51:3; 55:4; 61:8-9; 62:5-6, 8-9; 69:27-29), or does Enoch see a vision of his own exaltation or his heavenly double (71:14)?
- Ezra’s vision of a human from the sea who flies on the clouds is interpreted as a messianic figure or “my son” (4 Ezra 13:32, 37, 52). He was kept hidden for ages but emerges at an unknown time to rule on Mount Zion, to judge his enemies according to the law, and to re-gather the lost tribes of Israel. Interestingly, the Messiah dies after a 400-year reign (7:28-29) before the last judgment and general resurrection.
- See the work of the Enoch Seminar.
The Lord (ho kyrios)
- To prevent the misuse of the divine name in oaths or magical curses, the divine name YHWH or the Tetragrammaton was replaced with “Lord” in Hebrew (adonai) or Greek (kyrios). This convention is followed in English biblical translations that have the LORD in capital letters.
- A polite form of address to a social superior (e.g. sir, master). This may be the intended meaning when a person from the crowd, a recipient of a healing, or a disciple addresses Jesus.
- The kyrios or owner of property.
- As the patronage system was foundational in the ancient Mediterranean, the Roman Emperor was the supreme lord or patron who governs, provides, and protects and is owed honours and allegiance by his subjects. “Why, what harm is there in saying, Caesar is Lord, and offering incense” (Martyrdom of Polycarp 8:2)
- Maranatha (Μαραναθα) is a transliteration of an early Aramaic prayer for the Lord to come (1 Corinthians 16:22; Revelation 22:20; Didache 10:14).
- Kyrios texts that referred to Yahweh that were reapplied to Jesus: for example, see Mark 1:3 (Isaiah 40:3 LXX; cf. Mark 5:19-20), Romans 10:13 (Joel 2:32), and Philippians 2:9-11 (Isaiah 45:23-24).
Wisdom (sophia) and Word (Logos
- Lady Wisdom: the remnants of goddess worship, a personification of a divine attribute, or a divine hypostasis? See Proverbs 8; Sirach 24; Wisdom of Solomon 7:22-30; Colossians 1:15-20; Hebrews 1:1-3.
- God’s creative and prophetic “word” (Genesis 1:3; Psalm 33:6; 107:20; 119:9, 11, 89, 105, 114; Isaiah 40:8; 55:11)
- Heraclitus of Ephesus (535-475 BCE):
- “Though this Word is true evermore, yet men are as unable to understand it when they hear it for the first time as before they have heard it at all. For, though all things come to pass in accordance with this Word, men seem as if they had no experience of them, when they make trial of words and deeds such as I set forth, dividing each thing according to its kind and showing how it is what it is.” (DK B1)
- “Though the logos is common, the many live as if they had a wisdom of their own.” (DK B2)
- The Logos in Stoicisim and Middle Platonism
- The synthesis of Jewish and Hellenistic philosophy in Philo of Alexandria: see “Philo’s Logos as Divine Mediator” (Masanobu Endo)
Here is a bibliography for further research. | <urn:uuid:56282b3c-8d28-4fa0-a54c-164cb08cc444> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://jesusmemoirs.wordpress.com/2017/11/08/the-christological-titles-of-jesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805914.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120052322-20171120072322-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.878096 | 2,701 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Although it is now accepted that society as a whole shows an absolute rejection of drug use and is no longer seen as an attractive and interesting habit, a large number of people still use addictive substances, especially among the general population. young and adolescent.
However, there are a number of guidelines or recommendations that we can implement from our role as parents, family or friends, to prevent young people from getting into drug use, As well as to slow the development of addiction if it has already started.
Adolescence and the risk of drug use
Adolescence and post-adolescence it is an extremely confusing and complicated time of life. The fact that we don’t have a fully formed identity yet makes us very influential and susceptible people, because during this time the most coveted goal is to be able to fit in and feel a part of something.
This need to integrate, coupled with the influence of our peers, the media, television, the press, and the same attitude of rebellion, with the need to experience new things; they make this period a risk factor for starting and developing drug addiction.
It should be noted that when we talk about drug addiction not only does it refer to the most serious addictions or the strongest drugs and destructive, the daily use of drugs such as cannabis is increasing and can also have disastrous consequences in the medium and long term.
Why do some young people use drugs?
As we mentioned earlier, adolescence is a very compromised life stage when it comes to drug use. However, there is not a single factor that makes a young person or teenager to be attracted to any type of drug.
Social or group pressure is usually one of the main causes for which a teenager decides to start using drugs. The need to fit in and feel part of the group, as well as the pressure it can exert during consumption, may be enough to start using.
Likewise, this stage of life is often marked by strong feelings of incomprehension and confusion, just as a lack of self-esteem or self-confidence can generate high levels of frustration that can lead to drug use. drugs as a way to escape these emotions.
At other times, drug use it develops as an act of rebellion. A way of expressing the nonconformity that the adolescent experiences with what surrounds him. Drug use can be viewed as a form of disobedience, both for parents or guardians and for the rest of society as a whole.
Finally, a lack of awareness of the real effects of any type of drug and of the influence of certain media which still show the consumption of these as something attractive and even interesting, they promote the attraction and fascination they arouse in young people.
8 guidelines for preventing drug use in adolescents
Despite all of this, there are still things that family, friends or society as a whole can do to help reduce or even prevent drug use among young people.
Although there are currently many campaigns by institutions and schools that seek to educate young people about the risks of drug use, such as parents and people with adolescents around us, we are also becoming agents. direct prevention.
This means we don’t need to wait for teens to get drug information from the outside, we ourselves can inform ourselves well and transmit this information, Because the fact that it is someone close and trusted who transmits it can also be positive.
2. Develop your social skills
In many cases, adolescents enter the world of drugs because someone from their own friendship group offers them. In these cases, the lack of social skills, as well as the lack of emotional education and assertiveness skills, cause the adolescent with the fear of rejection to accept the use.
Knowing this, education in social skills that allow young people to say “no” without any fear is essential to prevent them from engaging in consumption.
3. Encourage the development of positive self-esteem
If in the fear of not fitting in, we find that a large proportion of adolescents do not have a sufficiently high self-esteem or do not feel confident enough, we will find in these traits a very risk factor. important for drug use.
So, help them develop a high self-esteem that gives them self-confidenceIt will also be very useful in preventing young people from resorting to drugs to feel better about themselves.
4. Develop a critical sense
A well-informed and sufficiently confident adolescent will be much better able to develop a critical sense in the face of drug use. If we get the young person to judge drugs as they areAs much for the physical, psychological and social integrity, we will make it possible that this one manages to refuse the consumption of any type of narcotic or addictive substance.
5. Encourage dialogue
Try to talk to teenagers, take an interest in their concerns, do not judge and gain their trust, Help them feel comfortable talking to us, telling us their problems. That way, it will be much easier for us to help them resolve them in a positive way and not have to resort to drugs as a way out or a way to avoid or forget them.
6. Don’t try to overprotect
Although this overprotection is nothing more than a reflection of the concern parents or acquaintances have about the habits of young people, these behaviors tend to be counterproductive.
Young people must perceive in their parents, relatives or guardians an attitude of acceptance, a place to turn to when they are feeling bad or anxious and, therefore, we must say that we are open to this but without causing overflow.
7. Don’t be bossy
At the beginning of the article, we pointed out that adolescence is characterized by being a time of rebellion, in which going against what is imposed or established is almost a vital necessity.
Therefore, authoritarian styles of education in which parents or guardians impose their opinion or lifestyle without compromise will not be at all effective in preventing drug use. In any case, it is always better to resort to dialogue and consensus.
8. Be consistent with our actions
We will seldom be able to prevent adolescents from using any type of drug if they are also used at home. Likewise, in order for the anti-drug message to be conveyed as effectively as possible, our attitude towards them must also be stable and consistent. | <urn:uuid:454c1ce8-7eea-4403-a7b3-9794d88048c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://psychologysays.net/drugs/how-to-prevent-drug-use-among-young-people-8-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.962758 | 1,283 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Cherokee in Colbert County, Alabama — The American South (East South Central)
Natchez Trace Parkway
With a Scottish father and Chickasaw mother, George Colbert used his bilingual abilities and knowledge of both cultures to build a network of enterprises. As a Chickasaw, he gained the right, by treaty, to operate a ferry across the Tennessee River.
One traveler, Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, described the stand that Colbert built near his ferry as "a country place." Unlike other frontier buildings, it had an "abundance of glass in windows and doors."
"I find all the Indians on the road, and particularly the Colbert family, are very accommodating to us, we shall be tolerably well supplied in passing through the [Chickasaw] nation..."
Colonel John Coffee
War of 1812
As the end of the day nears, post riders and travelers on the Old Trace gather at Colbert's stand.
Erected by Natchez Trace Parkway, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Marker series. This marker is included in the Natchez Trace marker series.
Location. 34° 50.17′ N, Touch for map. Marker is located in Natchez Trace Parkway Colbert Ferry Park. Marker is in this post office area: Cherokee AL 35616, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. A Chickasaw Planter (within shouting distance of this marker); Colbert's Stand (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); George Colbert Memorial (about 400 feet away); Trace Travelers (approx. 0.2 miles away); Colbert Ferry (approx. ¼ mile away); Safe Crossing (approx. ¼ mile away); Welcome! (approx. ¼ mile away); Wet, Wild, and Wonderful (approx. ¼ mile away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Cherokee.
Also see . . . Natchez Trace Parkway. National Park Service (Submitted on August 21, 2017.)
Categories. • Industry & Commerce • Native Americans • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels •
Credits. This page was last revised on August 21, 2017. This page originally submitted on August 20, 2017, by Sandra Hughes of Killen, Usa. This page has been viewed 256 times since then and 61 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on August 20, 2017, by Sandra Hughes of Killen, Usa. • Bernard Fisher was the editor who published this page. | <urn:uuid:ee828529-6785-4d31-a041-ccdfc1d671ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=107260 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016093012-20181016114512-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.924317 | 547 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A lighter vein is to be observed in various dramatic satires written at this time, such as Cotter, Helden and Wieland (1774), Hanswursts Hochzeit, Fastnachtsspiel vorn Pater Brey, Satyros, and in the Singspiele, Erwin and Elmire (1775) and Claudine von Villa Bella (1776); while in the Frankfurter Gelehrte Anzeiger (1772- 1773), Goethe drove home the principles of the new movement of Sturm and Drang in terse and pointed criticism.
Of his Monarchia sacri imperii; an unpublished last chapter was published by Karl Miller, in 1883, in the Giittingische gelehrte Anzeigen, pp. 923-925.
The Frankfurter gelehrte Zeitungen was founded in 1736 by S.
Frau Neuber even accepted for performance Lessing's first comedy, Der junge Gelehrte (1748), which he had begun at school.
Shortly after the foundation of the university of Gottingen appeared Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachsen (1739), still famous as the Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen, which during its long and influential career has been conducted by professors of that university, and among others by Haller, Heyne and Eichhorn. | <urn:uuid:bbc4189e-d894-484c-a372-fe911c66af2b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.all-dictionary.com/sentences-with-the-word-Gelehrte | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608726.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527001952-20170527021952-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.887142 | 297 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Open gallbladder removal is surgery to remove the gallbladder.
In gallbladder removal surgery, a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in your belly to open it up and see the area. The surgeon then removes your gallbladder by reaching in through the incision and gently lifting it out.
Surgery is done while you are under general anesthesia (unconscious and unable to feel pain).
The surgeon will make a 5 to 7 inch incision in the upper right part of your belly, just below your ribs. The surgeon will cut the bile duct and blood vessels that lead to the gallbladder. Then your gallbladder will be removed.
A special x-ray called a cholangiogram will be done during the surgery. This involves squirting some dye into your common bile duct. This duct will be left inside you after your gallbladder has been removed. The dye helps locate other stones that may be outside your gallbladder. If any are found, the surgeon may be able to remove these other stones with a special medical instrument.
Open gallbladder removal surgery takes about an hour.
Why the Procedure is Performed
Your doctor may recommend gallbladder removal surgery if you have gallstones or your gallbladder is not functioning normally (biliary dyskinesia).
You may have some or all of these symptoms:
- Pain after eating, usually in the upper right or upper middle area of your belly (epigastric pain)
Nausea and vomiting
- Infection (cholecystitis)
The most common way to remove the gallbladder is by using a medical instrument called a laparoscope. See also: Gallbladder removal - laparoscopic
Other reasons for this surgery may be:
- You have had many surgeries in this part of your belly in the past
- Severe liver problems
- You are in your third trimester of pregnancy
Talk with your doctor about any of these risks.
The risks for any anesthesia are:
- Reactions to drugs you are given
- Heart problems
Blood clots in the legs or in the lungs
The risks for gallbladder surgery are:
- Injury to the common bile duct
- Injury to the small intestine
Pancreatitis (inflammation in the pancreas)
Before the Procedure
Your doctor may ask you to have these medical tests done before you have surgery:
- Blood tests (complete blood count, electrolytes, and kidney tests)
Chest x-ray or electrocardiogram (EKG), for some patients
- Several x-rays of the gallbladder
Always tell your doctor or nurse:
- If you are or might be pregnant
- What drugs, vitamins, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription
During the week before your surgery:
- You may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), vitamin E, warfarin (Coumadin), and any other drugs that make it hard for your blood to clot.
- Your doctor may ask you to "clean out" your colon or intestines.
- Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.
On the day of the surgery:
- Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before your surgery.
- Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Shower the night before or the morning of your surgery
- Your doctor or nurse will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
Prepare your home for after the surgery.
After the Procedure
People usually stay in the hospital for 2 to 6 days after open gallbladder removal. During that time:
- You will be asked to breathe into a medical device called an incentive spirometer. This helps keep your lungs working well so that you do not get pneumonia.
- The nurse will help you sit up in bed, hang your legs over the side, and then stand up and start to walk.
- At first you will receive fluids into your vein through an intravenous tube (IV). Soon, though, the doctors and nurses will ask you to start drinking liquids and then eat other foods.
- You will be able to begin showering again while you are still in the hospital.
- You may be asked to wear pressure stockings on your legs to help prevent a blood clot from forming. These help keep your blood circulating well.
If there were problems during your surgery, or if you have bleeding, a lot of pain, or a fever, you may need to stay in the hospital longer.
Most people do very well and recover quickly.
Cholecystectomy - open
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These Two Presidents Also Had Bad StartsNews at Home
tags: Trump, Andrew Johnson, John Tyler
A USA Today poll published in the last week of July demonstrates that the nation is bitterly divided over the utterances, actions, and policy direction of President Donald Trump, unmatched since the days of Presidents John Tyler (1841-1845) and Andrew Johnson (1865-1869). The only other time equivalent would be the outbreak of the Civil War under Abraham Lincoln six weeks after he took office in 1861, a unique situation.
Both Tyler and Johnson faced fierce opposition from the first days and months of their Presidencies, with both having succeeded to the White House after the deaths of William Henry Harrison after one month in 1841, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln six weeks into his second term in 1865, respectively. Both found that the party that had elected them to the Vice Presidency turned against them with ferocity once they came to office and asserted themselves in a manner that engendered large scale opposition. Both had been Democrats who ran for Vice President on the Whig Party line in 1840 and the Union (Republican) Party line in 1864, respectively. They share their Democratic Party heritage with Donald Trump, who had been a Democrat before he joined the Republican Party.
Both Tyler and Johnson had served in public office for a long time, while Trump had zero experience in government, although regularly commenting over many years on public affairs. Both Tyler and Johnson had difficult personalities, as does Trump, with Tyler being faced with the mass resignation of the Cabinet officers he had inherited, with the exception of Daniel Webster, who stayed on as Secretary of State. Johnson inherited a Cabinet which included Radical Republican Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, which led to an impeachment inquiry and then formal impeachment charges and a trial in the US Senate. Tyler had faced an impeachment vote during his term as well, but was able to avoid the specter of a vote after the Democratic Party regained control of the House of Representatives in the 1842 midterm election. He remained unpopular, as he was unable to gain adequate support from the party he had abandoned. Something similar happened with Andrew Johnson, though Democrats did help to save Johnson when he faced an impeachment trial (as they had saved Tyler when he faced impeachment).
Tyler nominated four different individuals a total of seven times for two Supreme Court appointments, but none of them were approved; Tyler finally got one nominee, Samuel Nelson, only in his last month in office, while Johnson had one appointment rejected, and became unable to put anyone on the Court due to legislation that established a smaller Supreme Court, preventing a Johnson nominee from being approved. This made Johnson one of only four Presidents to fail to have a Supreme Court appointment—the others being William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Jimmy Carter. Trump’s one accomplishment has been that he was able to gain a Supreme Court Justice, Neil Gorsuch, but only with changes in the filibuster rules of the Senate.
Tyler incurred opposition from the beginning of his time in the Presidency when he asserted that he was President in every sense of the term, due to Harrison’s death, with the Whig Party under Henry Clay challenging him, and calling him “His Accidency”. When he opposed the Whig Party plan to re-establish the National Bank, he lost further support. He had one accomplishment in foreign affairs, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, which established the US-Canadian boundary. He also began the annexation of Texas, but only with the support of incoming Democratic President James K. Polk. Toward the end of his life, Tyler gave up his citizenship in the United States to back the Confederacy as a member of the Confederate House of Representatives. So when he passed away in 1862, Tyler was regarded as a traitor. The US government refused to fly the American flag at half-staff in his honor as is customary.
Johnson became a pariah soon after assuming the presidency by opposing Radical Reconstruction in the South; instead, he backed the “Ten Percent Plan” of Abraham Lincoln, which had been condemned by the Congressional Republicans. When he also ignored the rise of violence and the creation of the Ku Klux Klan and other groups that promoted intimidation of newly freed African Americans in the Southern states and their adoption of “Black Codes” to take away basic civil rights, Congress, overriding his vetoes, voted to retain the Freedmen’s Bureau, establish the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and adopt the 14th Amendment.
When Johnson conducted a “Swing Around The Circle,” an unprecedented campaign tour by the President before the midterm elections of 1866, in which he used incendiary language against his Radical Republican critics and opponents, the new Congress, more anti-Johnson then the earlier one, stripped him of his control of the military, and his right to fire a cabinet member, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who had been put into office by Lincoln. The end result was the move to impeach Johnson for violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson survived a vote in the Senate by just one vote. His only accomplishment was the purchase of Alaska, which was arranged by William Henry Seward, Lincoln’s holdover Secretary of State.
Donald Trump has had a very confrontational six months, and there has been a lot of quiet anger in the halls of Congress on the part of the Republican Party due to his refusal to control his utterances or actions to avoid alienating Congressional leaders. Trump is seen as an outsider who hijacked the party, and there are many conservatives outside the party structure, as well as Republican officeholders who seem ready to break with Trump as the investigation into the Russian collusion matter moves forward. Trump hasn’t helped his case by his Twitter rants, which have included threats to back challengers to those Republicans in the US Senate who refuse to support his health care legislation. Many have been alarmed by his attacks on his own staff and Cabinet officers, the intelligence agencies, the news media, and the judiciary. A sign of the discontent was the decision of Congress to back sanctions on Russia that tie Trump’s hands.
Otherwise, nothing significant has occurred, other than his well-laid plans to repeal the 20th century by executive orders that undermine some of the key accomplishments of past presidents (and not just Barack Obama). Trump seems to be making war on American institutions and values. We are on the precipice of a constitutional crisis far greater than those at the time of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson, and possibly the greatest since the Civil War. Even Watergate seems pale by comparison in the minds of many historians.
In the 2017 C Span Presidential poll of scholars Tyler was rated 39th and Johnson was rated 42nd out of 43. Trump is on the way to being number 44 out of 44, lower than James Buchanan, who was at the bottom of this poll of experts. It seems certain that Trump’s presidency will mark the nadir of this institution, making everyone near the bottom, including Tyler and Johnson, as well as Buchanan, look better by comparison. Many assume Trump will not serve a complete term, once the investigations go further than they have, or after Trump makes the blunder of firing the Special Counsel, Robert Mueller, which would escalate the conflict between the President, his party, and Congress at large.
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Luther states that indulgences cannot take away the guilt of even the lightest of venial sins. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism.
In July of that year, Luther got caught in a violent thunderstorm, in which a bolt of lightning nearly struck him down. The 95 Theses were largely written to oppose the selling of indulgences to the people in order to reduce the time their loved one spent in purgatory.
The preachers have been promoting indulgences as the greatest of the graces available from the church, but they actually only promote greed. He is remembered today primarily for his robust theology of biblical inerrancy, but there are many other reasons to remember him.
He presents these as difficult objections his congregants are bringing Ninety-five theses significance than his own criticisms. Popular legend has it that on October 31, Luther defiantly nailed a copy of his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church.
The 95 Theses were largely written to oppose the selling of indulgences to the people in order to reduce the time their loved one spent in purgatory. The Reformation in Germany. Further, the Theses contradicted the decree of Pope Clement VIthat indulgences are the treasury of the church.
Ninety-five theses significance why did Luther write them? This treasure tends to be hated because it makes "the first last", in the words of Matthew This is something which can be considered important later on, for it indicates that Luther did not consider the Church hierarchy redundant at this point.
He sees it as encouraging sinful greed, and says it is impossible to be certain because only God has ultimate power in forgiving punishments in purgatory. Luther's reply to Tetzel's pamphlet, on the other hand, was another publishing success for Luther. Finally, the 95 Theses can be considered significant because they were expressing sentiments that many ordinary folk felt themselves at the time.
Conclusion It would not be surprising if, when posting his 95 Theses on the door of the chapel on the 31st OctoberLuther did not expect a great deal to change.
Finally, the 95 Theses can be considered significant because they were expressing sentiments that many ordinary folk felt themselves at the time. It is interesting to note that Luther also sent a copy of his 95 Theses directly to Archbishop Albrecht von Brandenburg.
The overall thrust of the document was nonetheless quite provocative. Martin Luther Enters the Monastery But Hans Luther had other plans for young Martin—he wanted him to become a lawyer—so he withdrew him from the school in Magdeburg and sent him to new school in Eisenach.
It was customary when proposing a disputation to have the theses printed by the university press and publicly posted. He goes on to show that those who underestimate the Theses as a theological statement are so wide of the mark as to suggest that they never read them.
Lau, Franz and Bizer, Ernst. Martin Luther Questions the Catholic Church In early 16th-century Europe, some theologians and scholars were beginning to question the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Following the creation of the printing press, printed books and pamphlets could be produced more cheaply than ever before.
A History of the Reformation in Germany To Ina friar named Johann Tetzel began to sell indulgences in Germany to raise funds to renovate St. Yet we must remember that whilst the 95 Theses can be considered to constitute an extraordinary shift in the mentality of a disillusioned Christian, they are very unlikely to have achieved the same significance without the printing press.
True repentance desires God's punishment of sin, but indulgences teach one to avoid punishment, since that is the purpose of purchasing the indulgence. The indulgences trade was authorised by the Archbishop of Mainz and Madgeburg, who was deeply in debt due to his purchase of the bishopric of Mainz.
This seems to refer to his being free from the scholastic theology which he had argued against earlier that year.The Ninety-five Theses was Luther's outline of what he planned to discuss in a lecture at the University of Wittenberg that aimed to expose what he felt was a fraud to the people.
Whether Luther actually nailed his theses to the church door is widely debated.
Feb 05, · Find out more about the history of Martin Luther and the 95 Theses, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Significance of Martin Luther’s Work. The significance of the Theses as a Reformation act emerges thus in this: that they are a bold, an astonishingly bold, and a powerful, an astonishingly powerful, assertion of the evangelical doctrine of salvation, embodied in a searching, well-compacted, and thoroughly wrought-out refutation of the sacerdotal conception, as the underlying foundation on which the edifice of the indulgence traffic was.
THE NINETY-FIVE THESES IN THEIR THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Benjamin B Warfield Inat the th anniversary of the Reformation, Benjamin B.
Warfield wrote this outstanding article which appeared in The Princeton Theological Review. "Foundational documents are often more revered as sacred totems or set up as straw men to attack, than read, studied, and rightly understood on their own terms.
Warfield shows that such has been the case with Luther's famous Ninety-five Theses. What made the 95 Theses significant? A document written in Latin and posted on a door like most other academic debates, it does not seem obvious when considering the 95 Theses alone to see just how they became as significant as they did.Download | <urn:uuid:daf6e928-62ec-43c3-8da8-5d1487cc3f79> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://zorixut.kitaharayukio-arioso.com/ninety-five-theses-significance-26940is.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529516.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210233444-20191211021444-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.975927 | 1,199 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The spot is linked to the hippocampus, that is involved in storage. Alzheimer’s is certainly characterised by two elements: a build-up of amyloid-beta plaques in the mind, and a lack of neurons. CSIRO’s Preventative Wellness Flagship Theme Innovator, Dr Cassandra Szoeke, stated the puzzle for experts was that the elements of the brain that got shrunk because of neuron loss weren’t exactly like those showing elevated deposits of amyloid-beta. Using MRI scans to review Alzheimer’s disease-affected brain cells, the researchers discovered that shrinking of the hippocampus was connected with plaque deposits in the temporal inferior cortex. The outcomes indicate that the elevated accumulation of amyloid in the temporal inferior cortex disrupts connections with the hippocampus, evoking the neurons to die.For the entire future of life on the world perhaps. Here’s a few of what Jeffrey Smith says in this brand-new video: [GMO pollution causes] intense, insidious environmental degradation that may under no circumstances be able to end up being cleaned up. And similar to the oil spill, you can trace it back to authorities incompetence and collusion, and sector manipulation – – putting out technologies that are not safe a long time before the research is ready. What about the self-propagating genetic pollution? Once it gets out, it then spreads, and cross pollinates. It becomes a self-propagating pollution that could outlast the effects of global warming or nuclear waste materials. That is an impossible issue to clean up, and we are bequeathing to all upcoming generations the folly of the generation. | <urn:uuid:64d4a292-2480-4f41-9139-6646c2e57b54> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://valley25x25.org/neurology/the-spot-is-linked-to-the-hippocampus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867424.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625033646-20180625053646-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.927877 | 336 | 3 | 3 |
Most design engineers don't look at the crystal until the rest of the components are designed in by which time it is far too late ….
Posted: 24th October 2016
So you have been tasked with designing a new piece of electronic gadgetry and know that you need to use some type of microprocessor or microcontroller to achieve your end aim. You then begin the possibly arduous task of selecting the appropriate device based on the features required plus the usual constraints of cost, cost, cost and lead-time. Eventually you reach a decision based on many factors including the architecture; will I need an 8bit, 16bit or 32bit device? What interfaces will the system need, USB, I2C, UART, SPI? What hardware will be needed, LEDs, sensors, buttons, speakers?
However critical all of the above are in the scheme of the design phase, one small and seemingly unimportant component that really needs to be given serious consideration at the front end of the design phase is the frequency controlling device that will be used to
provide the ‘clock’ frequency of the IC used.
The quartz crystal or oscillator required to provide the timing functionality may seem irrelevant in the early stage but it is surprising how many designers leave this until later in the development phase and then come across issues which hold back their design work.
Quartz based devices can be made in a multitude of frequencies, packages sizes and specifications to suit almost any application but sometimes what may have been seen as a minor specification requirement for the designer sometimes proves to hold up progress.
It is important for designers to get advice in the initial design stages when they have an idea of what particular frequency and overall specification is required as their frequency product partner can then provide guidance on what is feasible from a technical viewpoint and which device would be the most cost effective solution. This then gives the designer time to lay out a suitable PCB based on the best-fit model, have the device sampled and prove that the microprocessor operates as expected.
There are various issues that can cause designers headaches but which can possibly be avoided if a little extra time is allowed earlier in the design phase:
Example 1: Some IC manufacturers prove their designs using a large quartz crystal device such as an old type HC49 and include specific motional parameters such as low ESR for correct IC operation. Mr Engineer is then tasked with using this IC but needs his design to be as small as possible and stipulates that the crystal package must be as small as possible but still meet the parameters in the IC data sheet. However, it must be remembered that as the size of a quartz crystal reduces, its Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) increases. The engineer is then quickly advised that the tiny package chosen cannot be made viably in volume at the low ESR required and a compromise is required. i.e. use a larger model type to achieve the low ESR or increase the ESR limit to allow a small device to be considered.
Example 2: Along the same vein as the scenario above, manufacturers sometimes use lower frequencies that are only possible in larger package sizes for quartz crystals. Again Mr Engineer is asked to shrink the design to as small as possible and has to be advised that the low frequency required is not technically feasible in such a small crystal package. Again it must be noted that as the size of a quartz crystal reduces, the minimum frequency achievable increases. Compromise options now have to be considered such as increasing the IC clock frequency, using a larger package size or moving to a small oscillator model.
Example 3: It must be noted that although all model types have a specified minimum and maximum frequency range, it is highly likely that not all frequencies within that range have been developed. Sometimes applications need non-standard frequencies that require development of the quartz blank to achieve the end specification. This process can sometimes take a number of iterations to reach the end goal and hence can impact on the lead-time.
Issues such as this can be avoided with a quick call to IQD in the early stages when our experienced Application Support team will guide you to the best solution while there is still time for consideration. It has to be remembered that each model type has its own set of limitations regards package size, frequency range, stability limits, unit costs etc. IQD and its distributors hold a large amount of standard specification devices in stock for immediate delivery but please remember that custom devices will need development which can extend their lead-time. Incidentally, if you’re interested in learning more about crystals and resonators, there’s a very good tutorial here.
It is thus important for designers to get advice at an early stage to make sure that sample parts are available when the initial equipment prototypes are built. | <urn:uuid:517519b2-70d8-4d6b-a778-c52b7b8f581a> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.iqdfrequencyproducts.com/blog/2016/10/24/most-design-engineers-don-t-look-at-the-crystal-until-the-rest-of-the-components-are-designed-in-by-which-time-it-is-far-too-late-%E2%80%A6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202672.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322155929-20190322181929-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.958204 | 968 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Discover a wealth of interesting, entertaining and informative stories in each issue, delivered to you six times per year.
Go through the motions of drafting, proposing, reading and voting for a federal law with your class.
Written by Jessica Knapp
In this activity students will come to understand how laws are created, from their initial draft, to debates, to the Senate and royal assent.
This book is a great entry point to teaching your young students about the First World War.
Can you answer these twelve questions about Canada’s sports history?
From books to films and comics to games — a list of resources to help excite and inform your students about 1812.
Are you wondering what to do in your classroom for Canada 150? Look no further! | <urn:uuid:a0fce7c5-a5a4-4734-898a-54bb787a5c83> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.canadashistory.ca/education/classroom-resources/making-a-law | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861981.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619080121-20180619100121-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.933372 | 157 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Operational Requirement (OR) "F.155" of 1955, calling for a high-speed, high-altitude interceptor, resulted in many proposed designs to come from the usual British defense houses - Armstrong-Whitworth (AW), Fairey, Hawker, Vickers, etc. For Vickers, their contribution became the "Type 559", a large, twin-seat combination propulsion scheme speedster designed around a canard wing configuration. Like others in the series of F.155 proposals, the Type 559 went nowhere as British thinking shifted towards the missile age following the Defence White Paper review of May 1957.
Nuclear-capable Soviet bombers poised the biggest threat to freedom and stability in the West so, as a response, interceptor programs were taken on by the British as well as the United States and the French. The need was great for a Mach 2.0 or greater aircraft built around powerful jets with the possibility of using rockets to augment output thrust. Coupled with this high-performance would be an all-in-one weapons suite encompassing advanced missiles (heat-seeking and beam-riding) as well as Airborne Interceptor (A.I.) radar, the latter set in the nosecone.
To help manage the technologically-heavy aircraft, a crew of two was a necessity and for maximum survival, ejection seats, multiple engines, and cockpit pressurization would become requirements.
The resultant design was unique in that it utilized a canard-centric arrangement - small planes fitted towards the front end of the fuselage. These would work in conjunction with a more traditional set of mainplanes fitted further aft in the design. The mainplanes were given straight trailing edges, swept-back leading edges, and featured the vertical tail fins at their tips. The fuselage was made deep to accommodate the twin turbojets seated over-under (as in the subsequent English Electric Lighting jet-powered fighter later taken on by the RAF). The rocket boosters would straddle the engines at their exhaust ports, concentrating thrust around the aircraft's centerline and mass. Aspiration for the turbojet engines would be had through a ventrally situated intake with ductwork running to the engines at the rear. The entire aircraft would be supported when running on the ground by a wholly retractable undercarriage involving a single-wheeled nose leg and twin-wheeled main legs, the wheels at these legs seated in line. All would retract into the body of the aircraft - which would feature aluminum allow throughout its construction with critical heat-generating components set to be skinned in titanium.
The cockpit was set at the front of the fuselage in typical fashion, though aft of the nosecone set to house the interception radar fit. The cockpit would be framed as usual and seat its two crew - pilot and navigator/weapons operator - in a side-by-side arrangement.
The aircraft was drawn up with a running length of 68.2 feet, a wingspan of 42 feet and a height of 15.2 feet. Empty weight reached 41,500lb while Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) peaked at near 30,000lb. All told, the Type 559 was one of the larger submissions entertained for requirement F.155.
At the heart of the Type 559's propulsion scheme was a combination powerplant involving two afterburning turbojets and a pair of rocket motors for boost power. This was intended to satisfy high cruising speeds, dash speeds, and rate-of-climb for the interceptor design. 2 x de Havilland "Gyron" PS.26/1 turbojets would output 20,000lb of thrust each while 2 x de Havilland "Spectre Junior" boosters would supply momentary thrust output, adding an additional 5,000lb of power each. All told, this would help to get the interceptor up to speeds of Mach 2.5 and a service ceiling near 60,000 feet while rate-of-climb was estimated to be 51,000 feet-per-minute.
As for armament, and like other F.155 entrants, the Type 559 was set to carry a pair of air-to-air missiles, these to become either the "Red Hebe" beam-riding weapon or the "Blue Jay" Mk.4 heat-seeker. As the wing tips of the mainplanes were taken up by the vertical tail fins, this meant that the missiles would be seated against the fuselage atop wingstub-like protrusions. The supports were added near midships along the dorsal facing of the fuselage to complete the aircraft's look (this physical feature was also used in the English Electric Lighting fighter).
With the end of the F.155/F.155T requirement following the defense review of 1957, hopes for the Type 559 ended as well.
(OPERATORS list includes past, present, and future operators when applicable)
Ability to intercept inbound aerial threats by way of high-performance, typically speed and rate-of-climb.
✓X-Plane (Developmental, Prototype, Technology Demonstrator)
Aircraft developed for the role of prototyping, technology demonstration, or research / data collection.
68.2 ft (20.80 m)
42.0 ft (12.80 m)
15.3 ft (4.65 m)
41,491 lb (18,820 kg)
66,139 lb (30,000 kg)
+24,648 lb (+11,180 kg)
(Showcased structural values pertain to the Supermarine Type 559 production variant)
2 x de Havilland "Gyron" PS.26/1 afterburning turbojet engines developing 20,000lb of thrust each; 2 x de Havilland "Spectre" rocket motor producing 5,000lb of thrust each.
The "Military Factory" name and MilitaryFactory.com logo are registered ® U.S. trademarks protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws. All written content, illustrations, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse/reproduction in any form. Material presented throughout this website is for historical and entertainment value only and should not to be construed as usable for hardware restoration, maintenance, or general operation. We do not sell any of the items showcased on this site. Please direct all other inquiries to militaryfactory AT gmail.com.
Part of a network of sites that includes GlobalFirepower, a data-driven property used in ranking the top military powers of the world, WDMMA.org (World Directory of Modern Military Aircraft), WDMMW.org (World Directory of Modern Military Warships), and SR71blackbird.org, detailing the history of the world's most iconic spyplane. | <urn:uuid:81104e54-072b-4980-998e-ef7c9c7eb929> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=2117 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.945848 | 1,442 | 3.296875 | 3 |
- Short-lived climate pollutants
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In many regions of the world, older, high-emitting vehicles account for a small percentage of the overall vehicle fleet but a disproportionately large share of total emissions. It is estimated that these vehicles may be responsible for more than 50% of particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) emissions by 2020.
This white paper examines how vehicle replacement, retrofit, and repower programs can have an immediate and positive environmental impact because they reduce emissions from older, gross emitting, and inefficient vehicles in the fleet within a short period of time. Positive environmental impacts can be achieved with the reduction of gaseous pollutants (CO, HC, NOX), as well as of particulate matter. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are also reduced, especially of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) such as black carbon, one of the main components of PM emissions.
The paper evaluates vehicle replacement programs worldwide and suggests five best practices that serve as guidelines for policymakers seeking to design and implement these programs in their jurisdictions. | <urn:uuid:7ca98433-fc93-403e-a7a6-9ba448470b38> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/survey-best-practices-reducing-emissions-through-vehicle-replacement-programs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.948022 | 238 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1
On this page:
Reviewed December 2009
What is hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 is a condition characterized by nerve abnormalities in the legs and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Many people with this condition have tingling, weakness, and a reduced ability to feel pain and sense hot and cold. Some affected individuals do not lose sensation, but instead feel shooting pains in their legs and feet. As the disorder progresses, the sensory abnormalities can affect the hands, arms, shoulders, and abdomen. Affected individuals may also experience muscle wasting and weakness as they get older, but this varies widely within families.
Affected individuals typically get open sores (ulcers) on their feet or hands or infections of the soft tissue of the fingertips (whitlows) that are slow to heal. Because affected individuals cannot feel the pain of these sores, they may not seek treatment right away. Without treatment, the ulcers can become infected and may require amputation of the surrounding area.
Rarely, people with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 will develop hearing loss caused by abnormalities of the inner ear (sensorineural hearing loss).
The signs and symptoms of hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 typically appear during a person's teens or twenties. While the features of this disorder tend to worsen over time, affected individuals have a normal life expectancy if signs and symptoms are properly treated.
How common is hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 is a rare condition, although its exact prevalence is unknown.
What genes are related to hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene cause hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1. The SPTLC1 gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The SPT enzyme is involved in making certain fats called sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are important components of cell membranes and play a role in many cell functions.
SPTLC1 gene mutations reduce the amount of SPTLC1 subunit that is produced and result in an SPT enzyme with decreased function. A lack of functional SPT enzyme leads to a decrease in sphingolipid production and a harmful buildup of certain byproducts. Sphingolipids are found in myelin, which is the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. A decrease in sphingolipids disrupts the formation of myelin, causing nerve cells to become less efficient and eventually die. When sphingolipids are not made, an accumulation of toxic byproducts can also lead to nerve cell death. This gradual destruction of nerve cells results in loss of sensation and muscle weakness in people with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1.
Read more about the SPTLC1 gene.
How do people inherit hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition.
Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
These resources address the diagnosis or management of hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 and may include treatment providers.
General information about the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions is available in the Handbook. Read more about genetic testing, particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests.
To locate a healthcare provider, see How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.
Where can I find additional information about hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
You may find the following resources about hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 helpful. These materials are written for the general public.
You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.
What other names do people use for hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
What if I still have specific questions about hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?
The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.
These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.
What glossary definitions help with understanding hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1?
autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; cell ; enzyme ; gene ; hereditary ; inherited ; nerve cell ; neuropathy ; peripheral ; peripheral neuropathy ; prevalence ; sensorineural ; sensorineural hearing loss ; sensory neuropathy ; serine ; soft tissue ; subunit ; tissue ; toxic ; wasting
You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.
See also Understanding Medical Terminology.
References (3 links)
The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook. | <urn:uuid:0b3528c5-7b08-4727-bf8d-39700eb889ed> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-sensory-neuropathy-type-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460576.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00321-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908695 | 1,062 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Don’t cook in a FOG – Fats, Oils and Grease should never go down the drain
As millions of Americans sit down for turkey dinner with family and friends this Thanksgiving, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA) encourages all to take caution when disposing of fats, oils and grease (known as FOG). Butter, cooking oil, meat drippings and other substances are often dumped down drains and toilets, creating massive problems for our country’s water and wastewater systems.
“The impacts of putting FOG down the drain are devastating to the most vulnerable areas within our wastewater collection and treatment systems. Our sewer pipes and pumps cannot function as intended when these items are improperly disposed,” says NACWA CEO Adam Krantz. “Think of it like a heart – putting bad stuff in clogs up arteries, eventually leading to serious health issues which we could avoid by keeping the bad stuff out of the system in the first place.”
In addition to fats, oils and grease from cooking, these items are also considered part of the FOG family and should not be put down household drains or toilets:
This holiday season, NACWA and its nearly 1100+ publicly-owned treatment works members encourage the public to refrain from improperly disposing of these items and to instead do the following:
FOGs and Fatbergs
Properly disposing of FOG is one of the best ways we can reduce the number of fatbergs! Fatberg is a term widely used to describe a massive, impenetrable collection of non-flushable and “flushable” wipes and other non-flushable items combined with insoluble fats, oils and grease that build up in our sewer pipes. These masses obstruct pipes and lead to sewer overflows and backups. It is estimated these fatbergs are costing U.S. utilities up to $1B annually.
Damage to water infrastructure is significant and costly. Many of our nation’s water and wastewater systems are already in desperate need of repair or replacement totaling well over $1T in the next twenty years. It is critical we do everything in our power to not put additional strains on our water infrastructure systems and by disposing of these harmful items in the proper way – not down the drain - would go a long way to help.
For nearly 50 years, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA) has been the nation’s recognized leader in legislative, regulatory and legal advocacy on the full spectrum of clean water issues. NACWA represents public wastewater and stormwater agencies of all sizes nationwide. Our unique and growing network strengthens the advocacy voice for all member utilities, and ensures they have the tools necessary to provide affordable and sustainable clean water for all. Our vision is to represent every utility as a NACWA member, helping to build a strong and sustainable clean water future. For more information, visit www.nacwa.org.
SOURCE: The National Association Of Clean Water Agencies | <urn:uuid:3277965f-b17b-4914-b6ba-a7a9cb9fcc02> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.wateronline.com/doc/nacwa-says-don-t-be-a-turkey-keep-our-water-pipes-fat-free-0001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158691.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922201637-20180922222037-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.931092 | 624 | 2.625 | 3 |
Nonpoint source pollution continues to frustrate the Clean Water Act's (CWA) promise of restoring and maintaining the integrity of our nation's waterways. Although programs exist within the CWA to assist states with abating nonpoint source pollution, these programs have not prevented nonpoint source pollution, or polluted runoff, from contributing an increasing load of pollutants to our rivers, lakes and streams. Recent case law has expanded the power of states, and in certain circumstances, citizens, to use the CWA to place restrictions on certain activities that are likely to damage water quality. However, the legal, social, and political limitations, both exerted on the case law and the CWA generally, will limit the practical further use of the CWA to stop nonpoint source pollution. Thus, another strategy is needed. Massachusetts has instituted a watershed-based resource management plan called the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative (MWI). The MWI promises to redefine environmental resource protection by involving local stakeholders in setting priorities for protecting local resources. By limiting the use of "command and control" regulation, and by focusing on the watershed as the relevant environmental entity, the MWI offers an alternative to traditional statutory attempts to control nonpoint source pollution. | <urn:uuid:d05d0fee-df51-48b9-950b-4bb632efcb15> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol26/iss2/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320545.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625170634-20170625190634-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.922634 | 243 | 2.875 | 3 |
Lessons from 18th National Metropolis Conference
The “Winkler Initiative” may sound like the title for a spy thriller, but in fact it was the name of an innovative pilot project that turned the course of a small, rural community in Manitoba into a prosperous and growing town. Last week, this story was recounted by Mayor of Winkler Martin Harder to a huge audience attending the 18th National Metropolis Conference in Toronto. Harder was one of the speakers in a Plenary session entitled “Attracting, Retaining and Integrating Newcomers in Smaller Centres: The Role of Employers, Community Actors and Public Institutions.”
In this blog post, I describe the Winkler Initiative and how it came about. In a subsequent post, I will outline some of the conditions that led to this initiative being so successful.
Origins of the Winkler Initiative
Winkler has never been a stranger to migration, but Winkler’s recent immigration boom began as a concerted response to the community’s economic needs and happened in conjunction with creation of Manitoba’s Provincial Nominee Program (PNP). Numerous jobs were unfilled in the community in the mid-1990s, compromising immediate human resource requirements and jeopardizing the expansion of operations, particularly in industries and the agricultural sector.
According to Mayor Harder, Winkler was experiencing a labour shortage, so the City government along with the local Chamber of Commerce approached the province with a request to bring more immigrants to town. Were there any opportunities to utilize immigration to address the community’s human resource needs?
This became known as the Winkler Initiative and was essentially the first manifestation of a provincial nominee program in which immigrants could arrive based on their meeting provincial selection criteria, with the province assuming responsibility for care after arrival.
The Winkler Initiative resulted in the arrival of 50 German families within a few short years. The arrival of 50 families had been predicted, but their large family size had not. The incoming families tended to have many school-aged children, soon causing schools to be over capacity. Total numbers reached to more than 1,000 persons, in a town of fewer than 9,000 residents at that time. As this population grew and grew in age, a new high school was built in 2013.
Winkler is now Manitoba’s sixth-largest city (as of 2011) and the second fastest growing city out of nine in the province.
Reception and Growth in Winkler
Manitoba Rural Immigration Community Case Studies: Winkler [pdf], a case study paper of the Winkler Initiative describes this organizational structure that the community put in place to receive the newcomers:
The Chamber of Commerce formed the Immigration Integration Committee after the first wave of arrivals and became the main community contact for immigration concerns. It soon became a full time operational committee involving the city, province, economic development and the Chamber of Commerce. Such a process is emblematic of the recent immigration history in Winkler and area, in which the community has taken a keen and active interest in working with the province and offered a concerted effort to facilitate the arrival of immigrants, as well as address the apparent and growing settlement and integration needs after their arrival. (RDI p.10)
Despite some stresses on housing and schools, the arrival of so many newcomers was remarkably smooth. According to Harder, this was the result of intentional planning: they were very careful to match newcomers to the needs of the community, so that they found work and formed new friends quickly. Also, newcomers were predominantly German Mennonites which was a match to the broader Winkler community in terms of faith and culture.
However, having laid this foundation of successful immigration and integration, further, more diverse immigration to Winkler occurred. Winkler residents saw the benefits of immigration, many of them coming from immigrant backgrounds themselves, and were on the large a welcoming community.
Winkler had a population increase of 14.6% between 2001 and 2006, quite remarkable growth for a small Manitoba community, and the city’s population had grown to 10,670 by 2011, up from 6700 in 2001. 1,832 immigrants settled in Winkler from 1999 to 2004, with 465 arriving in 2004 alone. According to Wikipedia,
“The average household size is 3.0 and the average family size is 3.3, both above the Canadian averages. 15.9% of Winkler’s population is foreign-born.”
Sarah Wayland, Principal Investigator | <urn:uuid:37441047-67bf-4cad-ab07-23847834abeb> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.reapontario.ca/the-winkler-initiative-lessons-in-immigrant-attraction-to-rural-areas-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936969.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419130550-20180419150550-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.97207 | 931 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Globalisation and new technology have changed the ways that knowledge is made, disseminated and consumed. At the push of a button, one can find articles or sources from all over the world. Yet the global knowledge economy is still marked by its history.
The former colonial nations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – the rich countries of Europe and North America which are collectively called the global North (normally considered to include the West and the first world, the North contains a quarter of the world’s population but controls 80% of income earned) – are still central in the knowledge economy. But the story is not one simply of Northern dominance. A process of making knowledge in the South is underway.
European colonisers encountered many sophisticated and complex knowledge systems among the colonised. These had their own intellectual workforces, their own environmental, geographical, historical and medical sciences. They also had their own means of developing knowledge. Sometimes the colonisers tried to obliterate these knowledges.
In other instances colonisers appropriated local knowledge, for instance in agriculture, fisheries and mining. Sometimes they recognised and even honoured other knowledge systems and intellectuals. This was the case among some of the British in India, and was the early form of “Orientalism”, the study of people and cultures from the East.
In the past few decades, there’s been more critique of global knowledge inequalities and the global North’s dominance. There have also been shifts in knowledge production patterns; some newer disciplines have stepped away from old patterns of inequality.
These issues are examined in a new book, Knowledge and Global Power: Making new sciences in the South (published by Wits University Press), which I co-authored with Fran Collyer, Raewyn Connell and Joao Maia. The focus is especially on those areas where old patterns are not being replicated, so the study chooses climate change, gender and HIV and AIDS as three new areas of knowledge production in which new voices from the South might be prominent.
Local knowledge for local purposes
The critique levelled against inequalities in global knowledge production takes several forms. One is “post-colonial theory” – theories inspired from India and the Arab world that analyse unequal power relations in the period after the formal end of colonialism, focusing on the subordination or marginalisation of populations formerly living in colonial contexts.
The “de-colonial” movement is another example. It explores ways of exposing modernist assumptions and developing new ways of thinking that cut loose from knowledge inequalities. It draws its lessons from the colonisation of Latin America.
There has also been a call from some for a return to indigenous knowledge. But here the consequences have not always been happy, as seen in South Africa’s attempt to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic by using local healing practices. Former president Thabo Mbeki saw traditional medicine as the antithesis of an exploitative Western pharmaceutical industry. He rejected the use of antiretroviral drugs rather than making these approaches mutually supporting. It was a devastating mistake that cost as many as 330 000 people their lives.
Scholars like Paulin Hountondji from Benin emphasise the active processes of knowledge production that arise in colonised societies and which have a capacity to speak beyond them. The emphasis in this concept is on communication between and within knowledge systems, rather than on separation.
Producing knowledge for local purposes, rather than for export into a global knowledge economy, has long been part of the work of intellectuals in colonial and post-colonial societies. This may be for activist purposes, such as the nationalist histories written to support the struggles for independence. Or it may respond to problems that hardly exist in the global North, such as the social issues in post-colonial mega-cities. Recognising local agendas for knowledge formation is important even in the mainstream knowledge economy.
And yet, arguably, the authority of Northern-centred knowledge formations is growing.
This is where the idea of Southern theory emerges. Coined by one of the book’s authors, Professor Raewyn Connell, this refers to social thought from the societies of the global South.
Alternative approaches to knowledge exist and are being produced. A wealth of new knowledge has emerged from colonised peoples, from settler populations, and from post-colonial societies grappling with dependence, violence and new forms of exploitation.
The demonstrated existence of Northern dominance and influence does not imply Southern passivity, nor uncontested domination. Knowledge production is now negotiated, and creative ways of participating are devised.
Southern knowledge workers still have to work within a global knowledge labour system which endorses, for example, the power of publishing houses, top-ranked universities and highly cited researchers. But they are also able to exercise control over their own labours. They do this by creating local research programmes, founding research centres, and linking research to public policy that addresses local problems in distinctive ways.
Among knowledge workers in the South, Southern Tier work forces, there is evidence of change and contestation, the development of local knowledges, and complex interweaving of Northern paradigms and Southern Tier experiences. The global North’s share of scientific publications has declined recently, and the Southern Tier has participated in the changing balance. These changes show that the structure of the global economy of knowledge is not static.
The value of connection
The research for this book found that many of respondents value connections around the global periphery. Brazilians seek links with researchers across Latin America and in Africa; South Africans connect across their continent; Australians develop links in the Asia-Pacific region.
The connections that have already been made show a practical basis for the logic of connecting knowledge projects between North and South and between South and South. In a neoliberal context marked by increasing cutbacks in research funding, it will have to be intellectual workers themselves, and social movements in the global South, who push for new forms of solidarity in global knowledge production that contribute to development and freedom, peace and democracy.
Robert Morrell, Director: Next Generation Professoriate, Office of the Vice-Chancellor, University of Cape Town.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Please view the republishing articles page for more information. | <urn:uuid:51d0d0e0-d63a-4b58-8584-f7a1ce0bbd44> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-03-26-balancing-the-global-economy-of-knowledge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735963.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805153603-20200805183603-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.943681 | 1,286 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The world has run on coal for so long that it seems like it will always be a go-to form of power. Centuries of coal use, however, doesn't mean that coal is the energy source of forever. It isn't a perfect power source due to impurities of the substance. There are environmental reasons why the U.S. is looking to modify its use and regulations of the coal indurstry.
Reuters reports that the the Environmental Protection Agency is likely to announce new environmental regulations for the coal industry later this week. More specificallyl, the EPA (with support of the Obama Administration) will set stricter rules regarding the carbon emissions rate required of coal plants.
Critics and economic professionals suspect that stringent environmental rules will limit the coal industry's growth and put plants out of business. Also, they suspect that the development of more environmentally friendly technologies will not be supported by stricter EPA regulations.
Supporters of the upcoming changed emissions regulations believe that higher standards in accordance with the Clean Air Act will nudge the industry to improve plants by adding what will likely become required carbon capture and storage technologies. Basically, such technology would limit carbon emissions from hitting the air by storing the emissions underground.
Protecting the environment is not always as easy as it is important. It is especially tough when no one wants to make decisions that might hurt a struggling industry and overall economy. But times change. Damage is measurable. Priorities shift. Clearly, the current administration has made cleaner energy a priority.
When the new regulations are announced, we will post an update.
Source: Reuters, "U.S. coal industry braces for EPA emissions crackdown," Valerie Volcovici, Sep. 12, 2013 | <urn:uuid:0c27c3f9-25b7-4e12-9c21-c51e1167c0ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.stackenvirolaw.com/blog/2013/09/stricter-coal-standards-environmentally-friendly-money-risk.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146127.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225172036-20200225202036-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.950474 | 343 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Course Description: This course is designed for low intermediate students in English as a Foreign language.
Course Objective: During this session students will enhance their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills while exploring the following themes: pet peeves, unexplained events, complicated situations, the media, controversial issues and accomplishments and goals. Students will also explore grammatical topics such as past modals, defining and non-defining relative clauses, passive modals, and noun phrases containing gerunds.
Approach: Language is a creative and constantly evolving tool for communication. It is best acquired when a communicative and cooperative approach is taken with a focus on forms, dynamic activities, technology integration, and ample student practice time.
Methodology: We highly encourageample task-oriented practice time in pairs, trios and groups as well as the use of eclectic methodologies to enhance student learning.
We strongly suggest the following inside-classroom dynamics: warm up activities, mingling activities, pantomime / gestures, role playing, rotating dialogues, chain drills, elicitation, self / peer correction, cooperative learning, and individual pronunciation correction as applicable to the course
Student Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session, the student will be able to:
Contribute to class and group discussions using relevant vocabulary and grammatical structures
Demonstrate the ability to read critically to make inferences in order to distinguish fact from opinion
Produce a variety of sentence patterns showing correct grammar and punctuation
Create an ending to a story
Use contextual clues to infer meaning of new vocabulary | <urn:uuid:92c66804-a7f0-4e8a-afda-933f89ab71b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.ucedaschool.edu/english-courses/tier-2-intermediate/listening-a-speaking-1-b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00529-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911079 | 320 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Bed Bug Control
There is documented evidence that bed bugs parasitized the people of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Bed bugs were brought to North America by the early colonists. Writers in the 18th century documented bed bug infestations in the English colonies in Canada and the United States. A bed bug infestation can significantly damage the reputation and the revenue of a company. Most vulnerable are businesses such as hotels, building management companies, air carriers, theatres, and cinemas. Bitten customers can refuse to pay for services provided, complain to the local health department or contact a lawyer for legal redress. The common bed bug Cimex lectularius is the species of bed bug found in most of North America. Adult bed bugs are 6-7 mm long, flat and reddish to brown in colour. Nymphs are morphologically similar to the adults. Each bed bug nymph goes through five stages before maturing into an adult. They are nocturnal insects feeding on the blood of mammals, predominantly humans.
Infested bed bug premises must be inspected and treated. Areas and objects that must be inspected include:
- Baseboards and carpet edges, especially around the bed
- Mattresses, box springs, and bed frames
- Couches, recliners, chairs and bedside furniture
Chemical bed bug control includes the use of a variety of insecticides in order to control an infestation. If a house, apartment, hotel suite, or office needs to be treated with insecticides, the people living or working there must leave the premises before the treatment begins. The only person allowed to be present on the premises is the pest control professional. Treated premises must be vacated for a minimum of 4 to 6 hours. Children under two years of age, pregnant women, people with health conditions, especially respiratory problems, must vacate treated areas for a minimum of 8 to 12 hours. Second insecticide treatment is required in 10 – 14 days in order to kill the newly hatched bay bed bugs and the ones that survived the first treatment.
Need help with ant extermination?
Call Nikol Pest Control at 604-364-3201 for a free estimate. | <urn:uuid:31d4c27c-eeda-4061-b1f0-e31f6add2e0c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.nikol.ca/services/bed-bug-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214124830-20171214144830-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.930555 | 441 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Owning an electric car has increased in popularity over the last decade, and in particular the last three years have seen a sharp increase in EV ownership. With the government’s commitment to banning the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035, the need to shift focus to EV has never been more prevalent.
Making the switch to an electric car is becoming easier than ever before, with more vehicle manufacturers creating affordable models with longer ranges, enabling EV to be more accessible to consumers. There are also several benefits to becoming an EV owner, including a tax grant, exemptions to certain car taxes and charges, and not to mention the knowledge that you’re doing your bit for the environment!
While traditional petrol or diesel vehicle costs are tethered to the price of fuel, electric car charging costs can fluctuate. When charging an electric vehicle at home or at a public charging station, there are several factors to consider, such as the type of electric vehicle, the time of day you are charging, the tariff of the charging station, how much energy you need and the size of your battery.
Convenience alongside cost is another important factor when choosing how to charge your electric car. Public charging is more expensive traditionally, and you’ll need to factor in driving to the nearest public station and waiting for it to charge up.
When purchasing an EV, taking into account charging costs can help you budget accordingly, including whether you should buy an at home charger, how it compares to petrol and diesel prices, and how much it costs to charge your electric car at home.
How to calculate running costs for an electric car
The size and capacity of your EV battery is shown in kilowatt hours (kWh) this measures the energy storage available in the cells. Generally, the higher the spec of the vehicle the larger the capacity will be. For example, a Tesla Model S has a 100kWh battery but the Nissan Leaf has a slightly more compact 40kWh battery as standard. In order to calculate the costs of charging your electric car at home or in public, you’ll need to take into account the size of the battery and the cost of the electricity supply you’re using (whether this be a home EV charger, or at a charging station).
In simple terms:
Size of the battery (kWh) x electricity cost of supplier (pence per kilowatt hour) = cost to charge your EV from empty to full
Don’t forget to take into account your car’s range, and how you plan to charge it when calculating your running costs. Ahead of calculating your annual costs, it’s also important to look at your annual mileage plan, so you can budget accordingly.
Costs of public station charging
One of the biggest issues with relying on public charging stations is the varying costs of the energy supply. There are now over 33,000 individual public charging stations dotted across the UK, but be warned, some charging stations require top-up cards called RFID cards, which work similarly to a debit card.
Some public points will allow you to charge for free if the charging station is attached to a shopping centre or if you are a visitor at an attraction, for example a theme park, but this isn’t guaranteed, so be sure to factor in charging station locations and costs for your journeys. There are apps available that map EV charging points across the country, but may not disclose the cost to charge, so be wary before relying on this as your only charging option.
You may also on occasion need to use fast charging. This is a rapid, but expensive way to charge your EV. You won’t be able to rely on fast charging as this is an extremely high cost way to charge your electric car, but can be used if you need additional charge very quickly, or if you are undertaking a long journey. Fast charging stations are often found at motorway service stations and the tariff can vary depending on the operator.
For some context on price, motorway charging points can often cost up to £12 to charge a 40kWh EV, but it would be completed in less than an hour. This makes motorway and public charging an option when completing long journeys, but it isn’t the most cost-effective way to run your EV.
How does the cost of charging an electric car compare to a petrol car?
As a like for like comparison on vehicle size and specifications, a petrol car that averages 9,000 miles per year with an estimated 45mpg will cost a driver just over £1200 in fuel. Over the same period, the cost of charging an electric vehicle at home with the specifications of a 40kWh battery and a range of 168 miles would cost the owner £300.
Not only does the cost of charging your electric car at home show a reduction in outgoing costs compared to similar vehicles that use fuel, you can also apply for a government grant to assist with the cost of the installation of an EV charger at home.
Cost of charging your electric car at home
Choosing to purchase an at home charging station for your electric vehicle is a wise decision, not only for the environment and saving time, but it’s much kinder to your wallet too!
In comparison to other charging options, or fuel, the cost to charge your electric car at home pales in comparison. Once you have decided on the type of charger you require, installation is seamless and quick. You’ll also have the benefit of having the charging point on your doorstep (literally!) making topping up, or fully charging your electric vehicle a simple process.
Electric car charging costs will vary, as covered earlier in the article, but having a charger at home means you can choose the most cost effective time to charge your EV. Electricity costs less off-peak (nighttime), so many EV owners find the most cost effective way is charging overnight. Your vehicle will be parked for an extended period of time and you’ll be able to charge your car until it’s full at a lower cost.
By charging your car overnight at your home, the average cost for a 13 hour charge based on a 40kWh vehicle would be roughly £4. This is a drastic saving in comparison to charging stations or a petrol vehicle when calculated per annum.
If you want to find out more about the types of EV home chargers that are available to you, get in touch with our friendly team today and we can help you start your EV charging journey! | <urn:uuid:ddcc5fbb-8624-4c7a-a30e-840dda909bee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.projectev.co.uk/2021/01/23/how-much-does-it-cost-to-charge-an-electric-car-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.957048 | 1,335 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Web applications remain the third most common attack vector overall, with hacking still on the increase, from organized criminal groups, amateurs and political activists.
Complex technology, growing adoption of web 2.0 functionality and powerful features of HTML5 have enhanced the opportunity for hackers to exploit vulnerabilities. The consequences of a compromised web application can go way beyond the web server: a number of high-profile attacks with prestigious companies caused millions USD in losses. All organizations are potential victims.
“According to High-Tech Bridge, as many as three out of four successful network intrusions start and/or involve an unsecured web application,” says Frost & Sullivan analyst, Chris Rodriguez. “By “network intrusion’ we mean attacks where the goal is to achieve an ongoing access.” The attack becomes categorized as an APT, which purpose is always to steal data, rather than to cause damage. APTs target organizations in sectors with high-value information, such as defense, manufacturing and finance.
The complexity of an attack and the victim’s internal architecture will determine how much damage a hacker can do. The database structure behind a website is much more important than the structure of the website itself. In almost every case, a compromised web application gives unlimited access to all the resources that the web application uses, including databases.
“Hackers frequently attack the trusted partners of their real victims,” adds Rodriguez. “Web developers usually consider partners to be trusted parties and take insufficient security measures. However, organizations must be vigilant that their partners ensure the protection of their accounts against breaches and misuse.”
An organization can never be certain to have zero vulnerabilities on their website even if the utmost care is taken during development; there is no way that we can future-proof out code. Developers can only take into account vulnerabilities that are known at the time of development. “A web application can be safe today and then vulnerable tomorrow,” notes Rodriguez. “That is why security is an on-going commitment.”
No modern application can be made 100 per cent secure and still be 100 per cent functional and user-friendly. Layered security is a sensible approach to optimizing security, by deploying intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems (IDS/IPS) at different points of the network, even inside the corporate firewall (to mitigate the threat from insiders). A less complicated and expensive solution to monitor and filter malicious traffic to web applications is a Web Application Firewall (WAF).
“Organizations, however, should understand that it is a very precarious practice and approach for information security to rely solely on application security from any third-parties solutions, like IPS or WAF,” advices Rodriguez. “The best and the most efficient approach is to assure that the application code itself is safe and does not contain any known vulnerabilities or weaknesses. This is why regular penetration testing of web applications remains vitally important, even in organizations that have deployed IPS/WAF solutions.”
Hacking is highly dynamic, and new vulnerabilities are discovered as quickly as known vulnerabilities are patched. Website owners must strike the right balance between functionality, user friendliness and security. Consequently, organizations cannot achieve web application security, but they should certainly strive to optimize security.
“Developing a security-conscious culture is a step in the right direction,” summarizes Rodriquez. “To complete the journey, we recommend that organizations form real, long-term partnerships with stable, reputable security companies capable of providing the individual solutions that will optimise web application security.” | <urn:uuid:a0a439d7-5242-4b87-b23f-f9d386340703> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2012/09/06/dynamic-hacking-risks-target-web-application-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00276-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944562 | 735 | 2.546875 | 3 |
»If you think education is too expensive, try ignorance.«
Derek Curtis Bok
In Kimberley, South Africa, the gigantic crater left by the former open-pit mine is known as »The Big Hole«. By 1914, a total of 2722 kg diamonds had been mined here. An impressive figure—but one which means nothing for the future of the people who live today in Kimberley.
Of far greater value than the treasures of yesteryear is the education of the up and coming generation, and support for those considered weakest in society. And this is precisely what the Heribert Nasch Foundation aspires to achieve in Kimberley. By helping street children, for example, and supporting a local preschool.
Our preschool and street children projects in South Africa:
Translated literally, the project name »Thutong ya Bana« means »a place where young people can learn«. In Kimberley, such a place is not the norm—as reflected in the situation of the roughly 80 homeless children and teenagers who sleep on the streets of the town.
Following a devastating fire, only a few children could be accommodated in the remaining parts of the preschool building. The Heribert Nasch Foundation provided funds for restoring the destroyed areas and renovating the surviving parts of the building. | <urn:uuid:be62c8bb-09b0-41d9-804c-8108389a051b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://heribert-nasch-stiftung.de/en/engagement/vorschulprojekte/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604193207-20230604223207-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.940491 | 267 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Besides all of the beneficial aspects of gravity that help us every day, gravity is kind of an inconvenience when you think about it… it means that we have to exert a massive amount of energy to get places, it causes things to fall to earth, and it caused Isaac Newton to get a headache from that apple that hit him.
In fact, one engineer hated gravity so much that he devoted his entire life to fighting it. That man’s name was Roger Babson.
To learn more about this engineer, watch the animated video below or continue to read.
Babson was born in 1875 in Gloucester Massachusetts and later went to MIT to earn an engineering degree. He became so successful in his early career that within a decade he was a multimillionaire. He attained such status through his wealth that he eventually became one of the leading economists of the time, writing more than 40 books on the topic. Babson even founded a College in Massachusets that is one of the most prestigious entrepreneurship colleges in the US.
Babson strongly believed that Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation, as well as action and reaction, affected not only physics but the stock market. He utilized principles around this odd viewpoint to predict the crash of October 1929 and subsequently the great depression in the US.
His pseudo admiration for gravity eventually turned into a problematic relationship. He is quoted in an essay as saying, “Gradually I found that ‘old man Gravity’ is not only directly responsible for millions of deaths each year, but also for millions of accidents. Broken hips and other broken bones as well as numerous circulatory, intestinal and other internal troubles, are directly due to the people’s inability to counteract gravity at a critical moment.”
The engineer’s grudge against gravity started to form.
That grudge eventually turned into passionate disdain when in 1947 he lost his grandson by drowning in 1947. Later that year he founded the Gravity Research Foundation to fight back.
The foundation’s sole goal was to invigorate new research into the subject of gravity by awarding grants to those who submitted proposals. Babson’s core intentions were to find someone who could create an anti-gravity device.
Initially the scientific community didn’t take much interest in an organization that wanted to fight a core physical principle, so eventually, Babson reworded his ideology to focus on “understanding gravity.” That goal was more politically friendly at the time.
The Gravity Research Foundation held an annual essay competition that drew the world’s top minds like Stephen Hawking, mathematician Roger Penrose, and even Nobel Prize laureate George Smoot (cousin to Oliver).
The Gravity Research Foundation headed by Babson ended up giving grants to 13 colleges and universities in the US in the 1960s. The grants came with stone monuments to remind the students of the grant and its intention.
However, these illustrious grants sat unused for decades because they were to be strictly used for anti-gravity research. Most institutions had no idea how to spend money on that, so eventually, after Babson’s death, most colleges used the money for other purposes.
Babson spent his life and most of his money devoted to fighting the law of gravity. He, nobly, wanted to find a “cure” for gravity to save millions of lives. While most universities didn’t use the grants strictly for anti-gravity research, one university is notable: Tufts University.
They used the grant to fund Tufts Institute of Cosmology where students and faculty research theoretical physics and cosmology. Many research projects focus on false vacuums and repulsive gravity, some of the world’s leading “anti-gravity” research.
Roger Babson’s fight against gravity lives on ever so slightly at Tufts, and the scientific community has been furthered as a whole through the Gravity Research Foundations grants and initiatives over the years. And that’s how one engineer’s vendetta against a core physics principle led to millions of dollars directed to scientific research and the creation of a foundation dedicated to anti-gravity research. | <urn:uuid:d1946142-115d-4ff9-9c7c-979a61a99c17> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://shortsleeveandtieclub.com/the-engineer-who-spent-his-life-fighting-gravity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583508988.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015080248-20181015101748-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.97089 | 861 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Shodan has been called the “scariest search engine on the internet” with the ability to expose and allow access to many devices including servers, computers, phones, fridges, traffic lights, security cameras and even control panels of power and utility systems. What exactly is Shodan? Shodan is a search engine much like Google or Yahoo. The difference between Shodan and other search engines is Shodan provides information regarding devices which are connected to the internet, rather than providing information from Websites.
Originally created to allow companies to track where their software is being used, Shodan is now more often used to gain access or general information about devices and systems. Shodan can expose vulnerable systems and provide information concerning default passwords, which will allow someone to gain access to the devices and machines. Why is Shodan so scary? It’s really not Shodan, as much as the number of devices connected to the internet with little or no security. The number of devices using default passwords is shocking, as well as the number of devices with “admin” as their user name and “1234” for a password. For example, one Shodan user found a hockey rink in Denmark that could be defrosted by a click of a button, as well as a city’s entire traffic control system which could be put into “test mode” using one command entry.
How can you protect your network and devices from Shodan?
The first way to protect your device from being exposed by Shodan is to determine whether the device really needs to be connected to the public Internet. If this device does not need to be connected to the public Internet, disconnecting the device would take away all risk of Shodan exposing this device. Secondly, always change default passwords. Default passwords for devices are often times easily found online allowing access to your device, if you have not changed the password. By simply setting a new password, rather than using the default password, many of the devices exposed on Shodan would be safe. Thirdly, you can use Shodan to track vulnerable or exposed system or devices on your network and work to close the breaches.
Is it legal?
Looking at Shodan from a technical standpoint, Shodan is a massive port scanner. Port scanning is not a violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, because it does not meet the requirement for damage concerning the availability or integrity of the device. Therefore, technically speaking, Shodan is completely legal. In other words, Shodan is only used to expose vulnerable devices and systems, but does not itself do anything with the information found to tamper with devices.
To me, this case is more of an “is it moral or not?” question rather than a “is it legal or not?” question seeing as someone can use it to find information about a network to start an attack.
Shodan is a useful search engine which can be used to expose and gain access to vulnerable systems. Organizations put themselves at risk by leaving devices exposed or using default or common passwords. Good security is a continuous process and best practices can minimize the threat of hackers. If you are concerned that your network might be at risk, contact Computer Technologies today. | <urn:uuid:0bcc947a-3eab-4f62-a46b-b5882bb2d5df> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.ctaccess.com/why-is-shodan-called-the-scary-search-engine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.956116 | 665 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This is an introductory unit designed to provide you with the knowledge, skills and values required throughout your studies in psychology and the social sciences. At the end of this unit you will be able to understand, apply and evaluate basic research methods in psychology, including the characteristics of the science of psychology, and describing and evaluating different research methods used by psychologists. You will be able to demonstrate critical thinking skills, which includes sceptical inquiry and the use of the scientific approach to solving problems. You will also demonstrate introductory skills consistent with the application of psychology that involves finding and critically evaluating scientific literature, constructing empirical arguments, generating research questions, conducting ethical research, referencing and formatting in APA style, and preparing research reports.
|Student Contribution Band||1|
|Fraction of Full-Time Student Load||0.125|
|Pre-requisites or Co-requisites||
There are no pre-requisites for the unit.
Important note: Students enrolled in a subsequent unit who failed their pre-requisite unit, should drop the subsequent unit before the census date or within 10 working days of Fail grade notification. Students who do not drop the unit in this timeframe cannot later drop the unit without academic and financial liability. See details in the Assessment Policy and Procedure (Higher Education Coursework).
|Class Timetable||View Unit Timetable|
|Residential School||No Residential School|
All on-campus students are expected to attend scheduled classes – in some units, these classes are identified as a mandatory (pass/fail) component and attendance is compulsory. International students, on a student visa, must maintain a full time study load and meet both attendance and academic progress requirements in each study period (satisfactory attendance for International students is defined as maintaining at least an 80% attendance record).
Each 6-credit Undergraduate unit at CQUniversity requires an overall time commitment of an average of 12.5 hours of study per week, making a total of 150 hours for the unit.
|1. Online Quiz(zes)||15%|
|2. Written Assessment||15%|
|3. Critical Review||20%|
This is a graded unit: your overall grade will be calculated from the marks or grades for each assessment task, based on the relative weightings shown in the table above. You must obtain an overall mark for the unit of at least 50%, or an overall grade of ‘pass’ in order to pass the unit. If any ‘pass/fail’ tasks are shown in the table above they must also be completed successfully (‘pass’ grade). You must also meet any minimum mark requirements specified for a particular assessment task, as detailed in the ‘assessment task’ section (note that in some instances, the minimum mark for a task may be greater than 50%).
All University policies are available on the Policy web site, however you may wish to directly view the following policies below.
This list is not an exhaustive list of all University policies. The full list of policies are available on the Policy web site .
No previous feedback available
Every unit is reviewed for enhancement each year. At the most recent review, the following staff and student feedback items were identified and recommendations were made.
On successful completion of this unit, you will be able to:
|Assessment Tasks||Learning Outcomes|
|1 - Online Quiz(zes)||•||•|
|2 - Written Assessment||•||•|
|3 - Critical Review||•||•|
|4 - Report||•||•|
|Graduate Attributes||Learning Outcomes|
|1 - Communication||•||•||•|
|3 - Critical Thinking||•||•|
|4 - Information Literacy||•||•||•|
|7 - Cross Cultural Competence||•|
|8 - Ethical practice||•|
|Assessment Tasks||Graduate Attributes|
|2 - Written Assessment||•||•|
|4 - Report||•||•||•||•|
|3 - Critical Review||•|
|1 - Online Quiz(zes)||•| | <urn:uuid:f09a3485-fc0c-4f6d-ab97-62d17333d406> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://handbook.cqu.edu.au/he/units/view/PSYC11012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371609067.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405181743-20200405212243-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.860595 | 862 | 2.5625 | 3 |
According to recent studies global coal reserves may be much smaller than previously thought. Indeed, estimates are now of 662 billion tons instead of 850 billion tons.
That’s 23 percent smaller. So, what occurred with estimates of remaining oil is also true here : countries overestimated their coal reserves and peak coal is nearer than expected.
Coal accounts for more than a fifth of our primary energy sources. With smaller reserves, this makes it even more urgent to switch to alternatives.
As TreeHugger notes:
Dave Rutledge, the chair of Caltech’s engineering and applied sciences division, has release a new estimate of the world’s coal reserves that he says is more accurate than previous ones. The bad news: There’s still lots and lots of dirty coal in the ground.
The good news: There’s probably a lot less than we thought. His total estimate of all the coal that humans will ever get out of the ground is 662 billion tons, while the previous estimates had 850 billion tons still left in the ground. That makes a difference. Read on for more.
From Wired Magazine:
Rutledge argues that governments are terrible at estimating their own fossil fuel reserves. He developed his new model by looking back at historical examples of fossil fuel exhaustion.
For example, British coal production fell precipitously form its 1913 peak. American oil production famously peaked in 1970, as controversially predicted by King Hubbert. Both countries had heartily overestimated their reserves.
It was from manipulating the data from the previous peaks that Rutledge developed his new model, based on fitting curves to the cumulative production of a region. He says that they provide much more stable estimates than other techniques and are much more accurate than those made by individual countries.
And Rutledge is not alone thinking that coal reserves have been overestimated.
According to the The National Research Council’s Committee on Coal Research, Technology, and Resource Assessments to Inform Energy Policy’s 2007 report:
“Present estimates of coal reserves are based upon methods that have not been reviewed or revised since their inception in 1974, and much of the input data were compiled in the early 1970’s. Recent programs to assess reserves in limited areas using updated methods indicate that only a small fraction of previously estimated reserves are actually mineable reserves.”
(…) Using these new estimates, burning the world’s coal would lead to 460 ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere, which would cause a 2-degree-Celsius rise in global temperatures.
That’s still too much according to many scientists who would like to see CO2 at 350 ppm, but that scenario would still be better than those based on the current hypotethical coal reserves.
Did we just replace flawed estimates with new flawed estimates? Maybe. It’s probably too early to know.
Either way, the math is simple. Less coal = good. Small reserves, big reserves, we should phase it out as quickly as possible. But we should always use the best information available and not cherry pick it because it is useful.
Other thing we got to stop is giving subsidies to these industries.
Indeed, those gigantic amounts of money – up to 300 billion USD globally to the UNEP – are slowing down the switch to cleaner sources and are partly used to run gigantic ads campaigns that are misleading people.
All this money would be far better used in solar and other renewables as well as on energy efficiency… | <urn:uuid:d7bf7961-cc45-41cd-9cc0-68af54fb01d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.edouardstenger.com/2008/12/22/overestimated-global-coal-reserves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.963107 | 717 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The ancient Egyptians used natural baking soda and incense as spiritual cleansers in purification ceremonies.
What it is: A powdery white chemical salt with crystalline grains.
Where it comes from: The natural form of baking soda is called nahcolite. Nahcolite is found in hot springs, saline lakes, and in geological formations all over the world when liquid evaporates and a crystallization process occurs. Today, commercially available baking soda is produced artificially through chemical processes. The first mass-produced baking soda was made in a New York factory in 1846 by two bakers named John Dwight and Austin Church.
Properties: Baking soda is chalky in texture and has virtually no fragrance. It is environmentally friendly and works as a gentle yet effective cleanser.
What it’s good for: Baking soda is an exceptional beauty tool. Its slightly grainy texture helps to delicately exfoliate skin and soften calloused feet, hands, and cuticles. When mixed with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda can even whiten nail beds. It also helps to balance the skin’s pH, and can clear up acne. Baking soda can also be used to clean and whiten teeth, as well as remove product build-up from hair.
Where you’ll find it: Baking soda can be found in any grocery or convenience store. It is an ingredient in dish detergent, toothpaste, shampoo, and many other daily-use household products. It is also an important ingredient in bakery items. Baking soda is often contained in foot and body lotion, as well as remedies to prevent nail fungus.
Other uses: Baking soda is primarily used to make dough rise when cooking. It can also ease painful sunburns when added to bath water. In addition, baking soda can be taken in an aqueous solution to treat ailments such as heartburn and acid indigestion. | <urn:uuid:f2d28382-9079-4a23-8218-aa8847336b41> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.nailsmag.com/article/1222/secret-ingredient-baking-soda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464536.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00178-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943995 | 396 | 2.671875 | 3 |
New meteor shower could turn into a meteor storm
Coming to a circumpolar constellation near you: an all-new, never-before-seen, awkwardly named meteor shower that just might knock your astronomical socks off.
It's called the Camelopardalid meteor shower, and, unlike annual showers such as the Perseids and Leonids that have been occurring for hundreds or thousands of years, it will occur for the first time the night of May 23 and early morning of May 24.
A meteor shower happens when the Earth passes through debris left in space by a comet (the Perseids, for example, are debris from Comet Swift-Tuttle); the debris, little chunks of rock and other material, burns up in the atmosphere to form what some people call shooting or falling stars.
The Camelopardalids will be debris from Comet 209P/LINEAR, a very dim comet that orbits the sun every five years; the comet was discovered in 2004 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project, a partnership of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, NASA and the U.S. Air Force.
But, while the Earth has been passing through Swift-Tuttle debris to create the Perseids for thousands of years (the first written account of the shower was in 36 A.D.), this will be the first time the Earth has passed through Comet 209P/LINEAR's leftovers.
Meteor showers vary in intensity: Some produce more meteors than others, and some years a particular meteor shower is better than other years.
It all depends on how much debris the Earth passes through, and some astronomers are predicting that all of Comet 209P/LINEAR's debris trails from 1803 through 1924 will intersect Earth's orbit, so the Camelopardalid meteor shower will be a meteor storm producing hundreds of meteors per hour.
So, how good will it be?
"That's always a good question, more so with this meteor shower because it's the first time we're seeing it," said Rich Talcott, senior editor of Astronomy magazine. "Over the past 15 or 20 years, astronomers have done a very good job at figuring out, OK, here's where the debris streams will lie. I'm thinking the odds are pretty good we'll get something nice May 24."
Meteor showers are named for the constellation from which the meteors seem to radiate; that point is known as the radiant, and radiant for the Camelopardalids will be the constellation Camelopardalis (the giraffe).
Camelopardalis is a circumpolar constellation, which means that, rather than rising moving from east to west across the night sky, it goes around Polaris, the North Star, so it's up all night.
It's also easy to find because it's close to the Big Dipper and Little Dipper, two easily recognizable constellations.
From Lee County's latitude, 26 degrees, Polaris is 26 degrees above the horizon, which is good news for area Camelopardalid watchers, said Carol Stewart, astronomer at the Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium.
"In Southwest Florida, we have an advantage over Northern latitudes because the meteors will come in at us from a lower altitude," she said. "Those are called 'Earth-grazers,' and they're longer-lasting and run farther across the sky."
Aside from clouds, a meteor watcher's worst enemy is a bright moon, which can wash out all but the brightest meteors.
On the night of May 23, however, the moon is not present, and it doesn't rise until 3:41 a.m. May 24; when it does rise, it will be a waning crescent, so it won't affect the meteor shower.
Astronomers predict peak activity for the shower will be from 2 to 4 a.m. May 24, but Stewart will be looking at a wider window.
"They could start as soon as it gets dark the night of the 23rd," she said. "I'm going to go out and check every hour. We don't know because this is the first time, and I don't want to miss it." | <urn:uuid:281b7eb1-9e59-422f-8880-d78d61eb5b0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2014/05/15/meteor-shower-turn-meteor-storm/9123565/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949642.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331113819-20230331143819-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.944394 | 860 | 3.703125 | 4 |
What are dental bridges?
Dental bridges are false teeth, which are anchored onto neighbouring teeth in order to replace one or more missing teeth. The false tooth is known as a pontic and is fused in between two crowns that serve as anchors by attaching to the teeth on each side of the false tooth, thereby bridging them together.
What are the parts of a typical dental bridge (fixed)?
A dental bridge essentially consists of:
- A pontic or false tooth used to replace the missing tooth, which is made from gold, alloys, porcelain or a combination of these materials.
- Two crowns - serving to anchor the false tooth in place.
When are dental bridges needed?
Bridges are recommended when there are one or more teeth missing that affect:
- Your smile and appearance.
- Your bite, as a result of adjacent teeth leaning into the space and altering the way the upper and lower teeth bite together.
- Your speech.
- The shape of your face.
- The rate of gum disease and tooth decay as a result of food accumulated in the gap.
Must missing teeth be replaced?
Yes, missing teeth must be replaced for many reasons:
- To improve your appearance.
- To reduce the strain on the teeth at either side of the missing tooth.
- To prevent the neighbouring teeth from leaning into the resulting gap and altering the bite.
- To prevent gum disease and tooth decay due to accumulation of food in the gap.
There are three main types of dental bridges:
1. Traditional fixed bridge
This is the most commonly used type of bridge and consists of a pontic fused between two porcelain crowns that are anchored on neighbouring teeth or implants. The pontic is usually made of either porcelain fused to metal or ceramics. These are fixed and cannot be removed.
2. Resin-bonded bridges or Maryland-bonded bridges
These are chosen when the gap to be filled is in between the front teeth, or when the teeth on either side of the missing tooth are strong and healthy without large fillings. The false tooth is made of plastic and is fused to metal bands that are bonded to the adjacent teeth using resin that is hidden from view.
3. Cantilever bridges
These are opted for in areas such as the front teeth that are susceptible to lower stress. Cantilever bridges are used when there are teeth present on only one side of the space, where the false tooth is anchored to one or more adjacent teeth on one side.
What are bridges made of?
Bridges may be made of
- Porcelain bonded to precious metal.
- All-metal dental bridges (gold).
How are dental bridges fitted?
At the first appointment:
- The dentist will numb the area with a mild anaesthetic.
- The teeth on either side of the space are prepared by trimming away a small area in order to accommodate the new crown over them.
- The dentist then uses dental putty to make an impression of the teeth, which will be used to make the bridge and crown in the laboratory.
- A temporary bridge is fitted in to protect the exposed gums and teeth.
- A Vita shade guide may be used to determine the right shade for the dental bridge, by selecting a shade that resembles natural colour variations in your teeth, as well as suits your complexion, hair colour, the colour of your natural teeth and even your eye colour.
- The temporary bridge is removed and the custom-made bridge is fitted, checked for its fit and bite, and adjusted accordingly. It is then cemented into place
- Multiple visits are often required to check and adjust the fit.
- In case of permanent or fixed bridges, the bridge is temporarily cemented for a couple of weeks and checked for its fit. It is permanently cemented only after several weeks.
How long will dental bridges last?
Dental bridges can last 10-15 years, provided that you maintain good dental hygiene and eating habits.
How to take care of your dental bridges?
Practise good dental hygiene:
Brushing and flossing:
- Clean the dental bridge every day to prevent tooth decay, bad breath and gum disease.
- Clean under the false tooth every day.
- Keep the remaining teeth healthy, as these serve as the foundation for the dental bridge.
- Brush twice and floss daily.
- To floss, use a bridge floss threader, which is a flexible piece of plastic with a loop at one end to thread the floss.
- Thread one end of a 14-to-18-inch piece of dental floss through the loop, making sure to leave one side about half as long as the other.
- Insert the end of the flosser without the hole between the bridge and the gumline.
- Hold onto the longer piece of floss, gently bring it up and pull the pointed end all the way through.
- Floss using both hands, moving the floss back and forth under the bridge.
- Floss the bridge completely from one end to the other.
What are the advantages of dental bridges?
- They are natural in appearance.
- They generally require only two appointments with the dentist.
- They have a good life period, lasting for 10-15 years, providing you maintain good dental hygiene.
- They improve your appearance, bite issues and speech problems occurring as a result of missing teeth.
What are the disadvantages of dental bridges?
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- Teeth become mildly sensitive to extreme temperatures for a few weeks.
- They require healthy tooth tissue from neighboring teeth to be prepared.
- Your teeth and gums are vulnerable to infection as a result of accumulation of bacteria due to the food acids (if proper hygiene is not maintained). | <urn:uuid:ce6edf85-049f-4baa-8482-590ad136f9fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.belmoredental.co.uk/dental-bridges-fermanagh.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689661.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923123156-20170923143156-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.932891 | 1,212 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.
Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.
Energy security threats
The modern world relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Perhaps most alarmingly, peak oil expert Michael Ruppert has claimed that for every calorie of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. Energy plays an important role in the national security of any given country as a fuel to power the economic engine. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others; for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy needs. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, terrorism, and reliance on foreign countries for oil.
Foreign oil supplies are vulnerable to unnatural disruptions from in-state conflict, exporters’ interests, and non-state actors targeting the supply and transportation of oil resources. The political and economic instability caused by war or other factors such as strike action can also prevent the proper functioning of the energy industry in a supplier country. For example, the nationalization of oil in Venezuela has triggered strikes and protests in which Venezuela’s oil production rates have yet to recover. Exporters may have political or economic incentive to limit their foreign sales or cause disruptions in the supply chain. Since Venezuela’s nationalization of oil, anti-American Hugo Chávez threatened to cut off supplies to the United States more than once. The 1973 oil embargo against the United States is a historical example in which oil supplies were cut off to the United States due to U.S. support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War. This has been done to apply pressure during economic negotiations—such as during the 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute. Terrorist attacks targeting oil facilities, pipelines, tankers, refineries, and oil fields are so common they are referred to as “industry risks”. Infrastructure for producing the resource is extremely vulnerable to sabotage. One of the worst risks to oil transportation is the exposure of the five ocean chokepoints, like the Iranian-controlled Strait of Hormuz. Anthony Cordesman, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., warns, “It may take only one asymmetric or conventional attack on a Ghawar Saudi oil field or tankers in the Strait of Hormuz to throw the market into a spiral."
New threats to energy security have emerged in the form of the increased world competition for energy resources due to the increased pace of industrialization in countries such as India and China, as well as due to the increasing consequences of climate change. Although still a minority concern, the possibility of price rises resulting from the peaking of world oil production is also starting to attract the attention of at least the French government. Increased competition over energy resources may also lead to the formation of security compacts to enable an equitable distribution of oil and gas between major powers. However, this may happen at the expense of less developed economies. The Group of Five, precursors to the G8, first met in 1975 to coordinate economic and energy policies in the wake of the 1973 Arab oil embargo, a rise in inflation and a global economic slowdown. NATO leaders meeting in Bucharest Romania, in April 2008, may discuss the possibility of using the military alliance "as an instrument of energy security". One of the possibilities include placing troops in the Caucasus region to police oil and gas pipelines.[needs update]
Long-term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures. It can also involve entering into international agreements to underpin international energy trading relationships, such as the Energy Charter Treaty in Europe. All the concern coming from security threats on oil sources long term security measures will help reduce the future cost of importing and exporting fuel into and out of countries without having to worry about harm coming to the goods being transported.
The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy conservation measures. The United Kingdom began exploiting North Sea oil and gas reserves, and became a net exporter of energy into the 2000s.
In other countries energy security has historically been a lower priority. The United States, for example, has continued to increase its dependency on imported oil although, following the oil price increases since 2003, the development of biofuels has been suggested as a means of addressing this.
Increasing energy security is also one of the reasons behind a block on the development of natural gas imports in Sweden. Greater investment in native renewable energy technologies and energy conservation is envisaged instead. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy.
Petroleum, otherwise known as "crude oil," has become the resource most used by countries all around the world including Russia, China (actually, China is mostly dependent on coal (70.5% in 2010)) and the United States of America. With all the oil wells located around the world energy security has become a main issue to ensure the safety of the petroleum that is being harvested. In the middle east oil fields become main targets for sabotage because of how heavily countries rely on oil. Many countries hold strategic petroleum reserves as a buffer against the economic and political impacts of an energy crisis. All 28 members of the International Energy Agency hold a minimum of 90 days of their oil imports, for example.
The value of such reserves was demonstrated by the relative lack of disruption caused by the 2007 Russia-Belarus energy dispute, when Russia indirectly cut exports to several countries in the European Union.
Due to the theories in peak oil and need to curb demand, the United States military and Department of Defense had made significant cuts, and have been making a number of attempts to come up with more efficient ways to use oil.
Compared to petroleum, reliance on imported natural gas creates significant short-term vulnerabilities. Many European countries saw an immediate drop in supply when Russian gas supplies were halted during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute in 2006.
Natural gas has been a viable source of energy in the world. Consisting of mostly methane, natural gas is produced using two methods: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas comes from methanogenic organisms located in marshes and landfills, whereas thermogenic gas comes from the anaerobic decay of organic matter deep under the Earth's surface. Russia is the current leading country in production of natural gas.
One of the biggest problems currently facing natural gas providers is the ability to store and transport it. With its low density, it is difficult to build enough pipelines in North America[clarification needed] to transport sufficient natural gas to match demand. These pipelines are reaching near capacity and even at full capacity do not produce the amount of gas needed.
Uranium for nuclear power is mined and enriched in diverse and "stable" countries. These include Canada (23% of the world's total in 2007), Australia (21%), Kazakhstan (16%) and more than 10 other countries. Uranium is mined and fuel is manufactured significantly in advance of need. Nuclear fuel is considered by some to be a relatively reliable power source, being more common in the Earth's crust than tin, mercury or silver, though a debate over the timing of peak uranium does exist.
Nuclear power reduces carbon emissions. Although a very viable resource, nuclear power can be a controversial solution because of the risks associated with it. Another factor in the debate with nuclear power is that many people or companies simply do not want any nuclear energy plant or radioactive waste near them.
Currently, nuclear power provides 13% of the world's total electricity. The most notable use of nuclear power within the United States is in U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, cruisers, and submarines, which have been exclusively nuclear-powered for several decades. These classes of ship provide the core of the Navy's power, and as such are the single most noteworthy application of nuclear power in that country.
The deployment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, through local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its resistance to central shocks. For those countries where growing dependence on imported gas is a significant energy security issue, renewable technologies can provide alternative sources of electric power as well as displacing electricity demand through direct heat production. Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products.
As the resources that have been so crucial to survival in the world to this day start declining in numbers, countries will begin to realize that the need for renewable fuel sources will be as vital as ever. With the production of new types of energy, including solar, geothermal, hydro-electric, biofuel, and wind power. With the amount of solar energy that hits the world in one hour there is enough energy to power the world for one year. With the addition of solar panels all around the world a little less pressure is taken off the need to produce more oil.
Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if companies would take the heat from the inner core of the earth to heat up water sources we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and efficient options. Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world, produces a lot of energy, and is very easy to produce the energy as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam. Biofuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. "Most life cycle analysis results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that biofuels can supplement anthropogenic energy demands and mitigate green house gas emissions to the atmosphere". Using oil to fuel transportation is a major source of green house gases, any one of these developments could replace the energy we derive from oil.
- By area
- Energy independence
- National security
- Strategic reserve
- Global strategic petroleum reserves
- Energy superpower
- Energy and Environmental Security Initiative
- Energy security and renewable technology
- High Speed Rail
- International Risk Governance Council
- Nationalization of oil supplies
- International Energy Forum
- International Energy Agency (2012). "Energy Technology Perspectives 2012" (PDF).
- Michael Ruppert (2009). Collapse. Event occurs at 27:50.
There are ten calories of hydrocarbon energy in every calorie of food consumed in the industrialized world.
- "Emerald: Article Request - Sino-Indian cooperation in the search for overseas petroleum resources: Prospects and implications for India" (PDF). Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- Parthemore, C. (2010). "Fueling the Force: Preparing the Department of Defense for a Post-Petroleum Era". Center for New American Security.
- "Power plays: Energy and Australia's security". Aspi.org.au. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
- Global Issues. CQ Researchers. 2009.
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- Luft, G; Korin, A. (2003). "Terrors Next Target". Journal of International Security Affairs.
- Cordesman, A. (2006). "Global Oil Security". Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Farah, Paolo Davide; Rossi, Piercarlo (December 2, 2011). "National Energy Policies and Energy Security in the Context of Climate Change and Global Environmental Risks: A Theoretical Framework for Reconciling Domestic and International Law Through a Multiscalar and Multilevel Approach". European Energy and Environmental Law Review. 2 (6): 232–244.
- Porter, Adam (2005-06-10). "'Peak oil' enters mainstream debate". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- Panoptic World: "Globocops of Energy Security" Mathew Maavak, originally published in The Korea Herald on July 18, 2006
- "Climate change may spark conflict with Russia, EU told" Guardian, March 10, 2008
- Oil Crisis, US Senator Bob Bennett, September 27, 2000 Archived January 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- CNN: Oil majors question Bush biofuel plan, February 15, 2007 Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- "IEA - 404 Not Found" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- Margaret Baker. "Reauthorization of the Energy Policy & Conservation Act". Agiweb.org. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- "Energy Security as National Security: Defining Problems Ahead of Solutions".
- "Cameco Uranium".
- U.S. Energy Legislation May Be 'Renaissance' for Nuclear Power.
- Lessons of a Triple Disaster; Nature 483, 123 (08 March 2012) doi:10.1038/483123a.
- "Key World Energy Statistics 2012" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
- "Contribution of renewables to Energy Security" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- Davis, Sarah (2008). "Life-cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels" (PDF). Cell Press. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- Sovacool, B. K.; Brown, M. A. (2010). "Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: An International Perspective". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 35: 77. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-042509-143035.
- Herberg, Mikkal (2014). Energy Security and the Asia-Pacific: Course Reader. United States: The National Bureau of Asian Research.
- Farah, Paolo Davide (2015). "Sustainable Energy Investments and National Security: Arbitration and Negotiation Issues". JOURNAL OF WORLD ENERGY LAW AND BUSINESS. 8 (6). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- Farah, Paolo Davide; Rossi, Piercarlo (2015). "Energy: Policy, Legal and Social-Economic Issues Under the Dimensions of Sustainability and Security". World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- "Ethanol fuels: Energy security, economics, and the environment". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 4: 1–13. doi:10.1007/BF02229143.
- sciencedirect[dead link]
- Rutledge, I. (2006). Addicted to Oil: America's Relentless Drive for Energy Security. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-319-3. | <urn:uuid:4156b47e-62df-4d9e-a4c7-531b3d61441a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660214.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00092-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918816 | 3,273 | 3.515625 | 4 |
As mentioned in my previous entry on Ljubljana, the Slovenian architect Jože PleÄnik was a student of the Austrian architect Otto Wagner (1841-1918).
Wagner produced not only fine buildings but urban plans as well. In 1890 he produced a new city plan for Vienna. The ambitious work, however, only materialized in one phase. The Stadtbahn, Vienna’s urban rail network. The stations he designed are still in use today. Functional as ever; beautiful to look at.
The Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station is the most recognized and iconic jewel of the system.
Karlsplatz Studtbahn Station (1894-1902) Detail
In 1897 Wagner co-founded the Vienna Sucessionsts, a group of designers, architects and artists dedicated to a new modernity of design. Pure, simple functional lines. New materials and new forms with a strong tendency to naturalistic motifs. Art Nouveau architect Josef Hoffman was also in this group along with designer Kolomon Moser, and painter Gustav Klimt.
Here is the Majolikahouse Wagner designed and built, 1898-1899
Majolikahouse, balcony detail.
This is a sister to Majolikahouse. The two buildings stand side by side on Linke Wienzeile, Vienna. Back in the day both structures were commonly regarded as “hideous beyond measure.”
Another Vienna Sucessionist co-founder was architect Joseph Olbrich. He designed the Sucession Exhibit Hall, above, in 1898.
Frank Lloyd Wright biographer Brendan Gill spends more than a few pages of essay about this building’s relationship with Wright’s 1905 landmark Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois.
Wright was never one to say “I took someone’s great idea and improved on it.” He rarely tipped his hat to any influence on his work. As a Guest Of Honor before a gathering of renown architects in Berlin, 1905, Wright must have bristled upon being introduced as “The American Olbrich.” His only outward reaction was to say this aroused his curiosity and that he’d have to discover what Olbrich and his work were all about–knowing full well Olbrich’s stature.
Olbrich died at age 41. Wright still had 50 years of career ahead of him and much of his legacy yet to be written.
Detail, Wiener Sucession Exhibit Hall
Detail, Unity Temple
Olbrich’s signature stone at Sucessionist Exhibit Hall. Wright used a red signature tile on his works.
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1905
Vertical lines, Unity Temple, above; Karlsplatz, below.
Karlsplatz (Wagner). The clock above foyer entrance.
Unity Temple Lighting details. Natural and incandescent indirect light.
Karlsplatz barrel ceiling detail and light element. | <urn:uuid:25ff64f0-3e00-4f5e-ab4e-396c679b0799> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.dsoderblog.com/wiener-secession/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.954823 | 632 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We have always been told about the importance of brushing and flossing in the promotion of healthy gums, and also that we should try to stay away from all the sugary foods that contribute to tooth decay. However, not too often are we told about that foods that are good for our teeth and gums!
There are many foods that are rich in the vitamins that are very essential for the growth of healthy bones and teeth:
Foods rich in Vitamin A:
Vitamin A is necessary for the maintenance of the the normal structure of the tissues found in the oral cavity. These tissues serve as protective barriers against the microorganisms that cause diseases. Vitamin A , can be found in eggs, liver, salmon, cheese and beef. We can also get Vitamin A from orange-colored vegetables, like carrots and pumpkins, and dark leafy vegetables, like spinach.
Foods rich in Vitamin C:
Vitamin C helps prevent tissue damage and is vital in the promotion of healthier gums by preventing the gums from breaking down. Vitamin C can be found in all kinds of fresh fruits including citrus fruits, strawberries, apples and mangoes. It can also be found in onions, broccoli and radishes.
Foods rich in Vitamin D:
Vitamin D is essential in preventing the inflammation of gums which can lead to bleeding gums, and eventually periodontal disease. While plenty of sunlight aids in the body's production of Vitamin D, you can get additional Vitamin D from fortified milk, salmon and sardines.
For more information about the different foods that can help you maintain healthy gums and teeth, contact your Medfield Dentist, Dr. Hirshfield | <urn:uuid:d15315bf-63a6-485f-b404-aa34921864f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://medfield-dentist.blog.hirshfielddentalcare.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660214.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00091-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954176 | 344 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Prototype of a Biogas Anaerobic Digester from the Hostel Mess Kitchen Wastes
Keywords:Anaerobic microbes, Biodegradable waste, Food Waste, Biogas
Biogas is a non-exhaustible of energy which can be formed from anaerobic fermentation of different types of biodegradable waste such as food waste, plant waste, animal waste sewage and other organic waste. The typical composition of Biogas includes CH4 (50–70%) which is responsible for maximum energy content along with CO2 (25–50%) that can be collected, stored and supplied. Biogas acts as a multipurpose and an eco- friendly sustainable resource of energy which can be utilized for cooking, electricity generation, lightning, heating etc. Biodegradable waste specifically produced in large amounts as a kitchen waste. In modern society, the solid waste per capita has been consistently increasing as of increase in population and change in socio-economic-cultural habits. The biogas production through the kitchen waste thereof provides a solution of disposal of solid waste. The bio gas production through anaerobic degradation pathways can be controlled and enhanced with the help of certain microorganisms and advancements of new technologies. In this research work, an attempt is being made to produce the biogas from kitchen and food waste collected from hostel mess of Chitkara University, Punjab and a novel method of production of microorganism has been also proposed for fast degradation of waste. Under this project, a survey for the estimation of daily production of organic waste from hostel mess has also been done for fifteen day.
Al-Addous, M., Alnaief, F., Class, M., Nsair, A., Kuchta, K. & Alkasrawi, M., (2017). Technical possibilities of biogas production from Olive and Date Waste in Jordan. Bio Resources, 12(4), 9383–9395.
Amin, S.B. & Rahman, S. (2019). Biogas Generation from Household Level Farming in Bangladesh. In: Energy Resources in Bangladesh. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02919-7_23
Austin, G. & Morris, G. (2012). Biogas production in Africa. In Bioenergy for sustainable development in Africa (103–115). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2181-4_10
Banks, C.J., Chesshire, M., Heaven, S. & Arnold, R. (2011). Anaerobic digestion of source-segregated domestic food waste: performance assessment by mass and energy balance. Bioresource technology, 102(2), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.005
Beedu, R. & Modi, P. (2014). Design of Bio Gas Generation Plant Based on Food Waste. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Special Issue 2, 417–420. https://doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/spl.2.2014.77
Deressa, L., Libsu, S., Chavan, R.B., Manaye, D. & Dabassa, A. (2015). Production of biogas from fruit and vegetable wastes mixed with different wastes. Environment and Ecology Research, 3(3), 65–71.
Divya, D., Gopinath, L.R. & Christy, P.M. (2015). A review on current aspects and diverse prospects for enhancing biogas production in sustainable means. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 42, 690–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.055
Kang, J.W., Jeong, C.M., Kim, N.J., Kim, M.I., & Chang, H. N. (2010). On-site removal of H 2 S from biogas produced by food waste using an aerobic sludge biofilter for steam reforming processing. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 15(3), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-009-0134-8
Khan, M.E. & Martin, A.R. (2016). Review of biogas digester technology in rural Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.044
Kumar, P.S. & Yaashikaa, P.R. (2020). Sources and operations of waste biorefineries. In Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts (111–133). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818996-2.00005-3
Mirmohamadsadeghi, S., Karimi, K., Tabatabaei, M. & Aghbashlo, M. (2019). Biogas production from food wastes: A review on recent developments and future perspectives. Bioresource Technology Reports, 7, 100202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100202
Mutz, D., Hengevoss, D., Hugi, C. & Gross, T. (2017). Waste-to-Energy Options in Municipal Solid Waste Management - A Guide for Decision Makers in Developing and Emerging Countries. German Corporation for International Cooperation [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ)], Eschborn.
Rupf, G.V., Bahri, P.A., de Boer, K. & McHenry, M.P. (2016). Broadening the potential of biogas in Sub-Saharan Africa: An assessment of feasible technologies and feedstocks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, 556–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.023
Singh, R., Mandal, S.K. & Jain, V.K. (2010). Development of mixed inoculum for methane enriched biogas production. Indian journal of microbiology, 50(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-010-0060-7
Singh, S., Kumar, S., Jain, M.C., & Kumar, D. (2001). Increased biogas production using microbial stimulants. Bioresource technology, 78(3), 313–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00143-7
Yasar, A., Nazir, S., Rasheed, R., Tabinda, A.B. & Nazar, M. (2017). Economic review of different designs of biogas plants at household level in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.128
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To see from this perspective, the scheme of federalism must be agreed by all population, and its characters need to be set forth by consensus. It is not my fight but I am in solidarity. They are isolated cases. Why Nepal needed to divide itself into states (provinces) and how the number of states were defined? Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Nepali politicians are not honest. This is why Federalism is required on the basis of a common identity (ethnic, geographical and lingustic) and economic viablity. Three years after the introduction of a new federal constitution, 2019 is going to be a critical year for fiscal federalism in Nepal. Now that some sort of federalism is more likely than not, the arguement will turn to Hindu Rashtra and Nepali language. The Madhesi issue has been addressed to some extent in terms of identity, but not Economic Viability. Rai is a researcher at the Centre for Social Inclusion and Federalism (CESIF) Nepal. There are two important issues to consider for ‘giving the discussion of restructuring of the state’ a definite and meaningful shape. They should probably make it so that each region has ample access to trade routes. There are thousands of Pahadis living there, same with Janakpur, Nepalgunj, Birgunj, etc etc. Without consensus the ‘scheme of federalism’ might be a source of conflict among people. How do we provide states for 80+ ethnic groups? Too long has Nepal been the province of one religion, one language and one identity. Of course the people know what sanghiyata means and what that entails. The concept of federalism in Nepal is thus an idea of ‘breaking or eliminating the political domination of an elite group’, which, by centralizing the powers with a so-called central authority, has been monopolizing the governance powers to the exclusion of cultural and linguistic indigenous communities. Its not the six-state model anymore. The constitution does not ensure adequate representation for marginalised groups in any level of the state. But such a move is not that easy as Nepal is home to more than 125 ethnic groups and most of the regions have mixed populations. Canada has adopted ‘both symmetrical and asymmetrical models. Shouldn't we just accept our flaws and make peace/improve instead of marking territories? How will the other states handle this? Firstly, it should recognize that the ‘equality of all cultures and languages’ is the only basis of the national unity, and for this federalism is indispensable. What they don't realize is the complexity of federalism and the cost involved in running this system and not to mention countless battle and lawsuit for resources and what not. I welcome all replies. We also need to realize that we need full cooperation of India for this to work. system is needed for improved motivation and effectiveness, and hence, better services to private businesses, the public, and to the poor in particular. Another important issue relates to ‘demarcation of the geographical boundaries of provinces’. This paper explores structures and models for restructuring the civil service in Nepal, taking into account the existing context of public administration and civil service management. To see from this perspective, the scheme of federalism must be agreed by all population, and its characters need to be set forth by consensus. Except for some radical, fringe elements, the Madhesis and Tharus are not demanding priority rights (agra adhikar). There are some fundamental factors that explain why this is the case. My understanding comes from having read a little and living in Gorkha during the height of the civil war. Pahade migration to Madhes is increasing. It comes from the west which has had a different social-economic-theological and scientific evolution over millenia than us. The Constituent Assmebly failed to get a draft for approval even after sevderal extensions. This discusses how the major Nepali political forces agreed to the broader agenda of state restructuring to achieve specific objectives but how this agenda has been narrowed down to some aspects of federalism alone over the course of time. The Tharus and Madhesis were unhappy with the six-state model because it preserved the Bahun-Chhetri majority in almost all of these states. They saw the six-province model as a betrayal of their demands and another attempt to preserve the status quo. At this point the remarkable point to remember is that ‘the restructuring of the nation should be governed by two important needs, the first being the need ‘of consolidating democracy through vertical distribution of powers’, and the second being the need of ‘maintaining the secular character of the nation’. | <urn:uuid:9362d24b-1095-4ef0-a076-1409374235f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://mx1.lt/yoeht/57c7b0-why-is-federalism-needed-in-nepal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.953711 | 974 | 2.765625 | 3 |
WIKIMEDIA, USGS, KEN COLERats in the Mojave Desert chow down on the toxin-laced leaves of creosote bushes but suffer no ill effects. An analysis of the rodents’ gut microbes now shows that microbial genes help them digest the toxins, according to a study published this week (July 20) in Ecology Letters.
Creosote resin, which coats the surfaces of leaves, is mainly comprised of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an aromatic compound that can cause liver damage and kidney cysts in lab animals. However, Mojave woodrats consume the resin daily, in amounts that would be lethal to other animals.
The desert rodents only began to consume creosote approximately 17,000 years ago, when climatic changes helped the plant take root in the region. However, creosote did not spread into the adjacent Great Basin desert, where the same species of rats continue to rely on an ancestral diet of juniper. Previous studies found that Mojave rats were able to safely eat approximately 25 percent more creosote than Great Basin rats.
Kevin Kohl of the University of Utah and his colleagues sequenced the gut microbes of creosote-consuming woodrats, and found a higher proportion of bacterial genes that help metabolize aromatic compounds in those animals, compared with their non-creosote-eating counterparts. The creosote-eating animals also had a significantly higher abundance of one gene, aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase, compared to rats that ate normal laboratory food.
Treating creosote-digesters with antibiotics reduced the microbial diversity in their foreguts by half. While the animals were able to eat nontoxic foods and maintain their body weight, they lost their ability to digest creosote. When the researchers transplanted gut microbes from creosote-eating rats to those that could not digest the toxins, the latter group gained the ability to metabolize creosote. The results demonstrate that the microbes can enhance their rodent hosts’ ability to digest the phenolic creosote toxins, and thus “expand the dietary niche breadth of mammalian herbivores,” according to the authors.
“Our results hold promise for other experimental designs to conduct microbial transplants in non-model systems,” the authors wrote in their study. “Detoxifying microbes might provide a means to engineer livestock that can be reared in an environment containing toxic plants.”
Hat tip: National Geographic’s Not Exactly Rocket Science | <urn:uuid:5dde84fd-2f23-4d76-88ab-58f35dd8c40b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.the-scientist.com/the-nutshell/gut-microbes-detoxify-rat-diets-37140 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486936.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218135032-20190218161032-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.936676 | 521 | 3.6875 | 4 |
EPA published in the December 30 Federal Register its draft ambient water quality criteria for ammonia aimed at protecting freshwater aquatic life. The EPA draft is an update of criteria last revised in 1999. EPA is soliciting scientific reviews of the draft criteria, after which it is expected to issue final recommended criteria. The Clean Water Act requires states and tribes to adopt water quality criteria that protect designated uses, such as public water supply, aquatic life, recreational use, or industrial uses. States may develop their criteria based on EPA's recommended water quality criteria. Section 304 of the Clean Water Act requires EPA to develop criteria for water quality that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge. The primary sources of ammonia in fresh water are agricultural, stemming from accidental releases of fertilizer during transport and from livestock waste; residential and urban, from cleaning products; atmospheric deposition; industrial processes such as the conversion of coal to coke; and sewage treatment plants. EPA’s draft criteria are based on the agency's Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and their Uses, published in 1985. EPA had published an update of ambient water quality criteria for ammonia pertaining to fresh waters in 1999. Scientific views must be received on or before March 1, 2010. | <urn:uuid:3dfefa9c-2422-4e6b-9f23-2bab0d11f3ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://wef.org/GovernmentAffairs/page_cs.aspx?id=6083 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270527.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00143-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941177 | 253 | 3.703125 | 4 |
In most industries, including corporate finance, business valuation and asset management, capital asset pricing models are used to estimate a theoretically optimal market price of an asset. This type of valuation is based on assumptions about the risk of loss, as well as the expected growth rate of that asset. In many industries, there are multiple models used to develop the correct capital pricing model for each industry. Although the models themselves may have similarities, they vary in their assumptions, as well as the range of financial data needed to create their models.
The primary goal of capital pricing models is to provide accurate and consistent estimates of values for all assets. However, because the models vary from industry to industry, their results will not always be consistent across companies, due to the varying degrees of risk that companies face.
Capital asset pricing models begin with the determination of the value of each company’s stock in the marketplace. When determining the value of a company’s shares, a multiple-period
historical or projected price is typically compared to current market prices to come up with a fair value. Multiple period price comparison results in a single value estimate, called a fair value.
This single estimate is used to evaluate the risks involved with each company, and to create a capital cost allocation model. The capital cost allocation model then determines which assets will
be sold to reduce the risk of loss, and which assets will be retained to increase the company’s cash flow.
The capital cost allocation model also determines the company’s net present value of its expected cash flows, which includes all of the benefits of the cash flows, minus all of the costs associated with those cash flows. All cash flows in the model are assumed to generate a constant return, which means that any difference between cash inflows and cash inflows is assumed to be either a temporary decrease or an increase in the future. Using this method, it is possible to calculate a company’s total value, or its “net present value.” As is the case in many other areas of finance, there are typically two types of assets that can be measured in a capital cost allocation model: those assets that can be easily liquidated and those that cannot. These two categories include tangible assets such as manufacturing equipment, buildings, fixed assets, inventory and accounts receivable. Non-liquid assets include goodwill, marketable, intangible assets and available information technology. This means that, although a company can sell some of its tangible assets to a third party, it cannot often do so immediately to reduce its cash outflow.
To be able to properly calculate a company’s cash flow, an investment banking organization must use several types of capital asset classification (or classifications) to create a reasonable approximation of the total value of the company and then determine the cash flows associated with each asset classification. This involves determining the present value (NPV) and then calculating the expected future cash flows for the category to determine a company’s net present value.
In general, investors use capital valuation as a guide to assess the investment value of a company, because it helps them decide how much to invest. However, it is important to note that capital valuation is only one part of the overall value assessment process, and is typically only used to provide an estimate of value in the short term. Other important aspects of capital valuation, such as the use of discounted cash flow, discounted price to book value, and profit margin, are equally as important in the long-term valuation of any company. | <urn:uuid:6fc0a3f4-2f9c-421b-8d2e-8423ff95657e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://assetdigest.com/capital-asset-pricing-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178347293.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224165708-20210224195708-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.953115 | 714 | 3.25 | 3 |
Researchers from the University of Washington have developed a new deep learning technology that allowed them to craft highly realistic videos by overlapping audio clips to authentic video references. They were able to synchronize audio clips of former US president Barrack Obama to four different video scenarios he appeared in.
Lip-syncing 'wild' video content to create synthetic but realistic videos
Previous attempts in syncing audio specimens to video clips are easily deemed as fake and, most of the time, creepy or unpleasant to watch. However, the new algorithm developed by the University of Washington was able to smoothly synchronize audio and video clips, which overcame a common trouble in creating realistic videos known as the uncanny valley. Supasorn Suwajanakorn, the lead author of the published paper, noted the complexity of the process of lip-syncing a video footage.
"People are particularly sensitive to any areas of your mouth that don’t look realistic. If you don’t render teeth right or the chin moves at the wrong time, people can spot it right away and it’s going to look fake. So you have to render the mouth region perfectly to get beyond the uncanny valley".
[Image Source: University of Washington]
Suwajanakorn and his team of researchers used a two-step technique in crafting their highly realistic videos. First, they had to train a neural network to process videos of a specific person and correspond various audio sounds into basic mouth shapes. They then used a technology from a previous research by the UW Graphics and Image Laboratory to overlap and combine the determined mouth shapes on top of existing reference videos. One of the other tricks they picked up on was to permit a small time shift to allow the neural network to predict what the subject is about to say. Essentially, Suwajanakorn managed to develop algorithms that have the ability to learn from videos found all across the internet, or as the researchers put it, found "in the wild".
"There are millions of hours of video that already exist from interviews, video chats, movies, television programs and other sources. And these deep learning algorithms are very data hungry, so it’s a good match to do it this way", said the lead author.
Potential use of the deep learning technology
One of the researchers in the team has thought of a science fiction type application for the technology. Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, an assistant professor at the University's School of Computer Science & Engineering, said that the new algorithm can be used for everyday events as well as in futuristic settings.
"Realistic audio-to-video conversion has practical applications like improving video conferencing for meetings, as well as futuristic ones such as being able to hold a conversation with a historical figure in virtual reality by creating visuals just from audio. This is the kind of breakthrough that will help enable those next steps".
The deep learning technology could also be used to address a common virtual communication trouble where streaming live videos are often lagged and frustrating to put up with. Whereas audio connection is typically streamed in real-time without lagging.
"When you watch Skype or Google Hangouts, often the connection is stuttery and low-resolution and really unpleasant, but often the audio is pretty good", said Steve Seitz, co-author of the paper. "So if you could use the audio to produce much higher-quality video, that would be terrific", he added.
The team's technology could also be developed and enhanced to equip it with algorithms that are capable of detecting whether a video is authentic or manufactured. They are also looking to advance their technology so it can study and process an individual's voice and speech using fewer data. By doing so, it will cut down the process time to only an hour instead of around 14 hours.
Featured Image Source: Supasorn Suwajanakorn/YouTube | <urn:uuid:024244b5-cffc-4fc2-b510-15b65b422dc7> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://interestingengineering.com/ai-software-generate-realistic-fake-videos-from-audio-clips | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.959203 | 797 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Think Before You Teach is purposefully full of questions: the openings of discussions to have, first with yourself and then, maybe later, with your colleagues. It doesn't promise all the answers. And it doesn't tell you what to teach. But it will ask you to think about why you want to teach and how you are going to teach. Arrive at school in the morning armed with a clear sense of why you are there and how you will have an impact on the hopes of your students. Regardless of government policies or school initiatives you remain the most important factor in the learning of your students. The students know it and they are looking to you for a lead. You are the key resource in the room; thinking about how to employ this resource is vital. Take a moment and give yourself that time and space to think.
Teachers think about a lot on a daily basis: the curriculum, classroom practice, assessment, tests and exams, data, lesson planning etc. They think about Ofsted and policy and pressure. There are also the big things to think about. In a changing world what is our purpose as educators? Technology and the internet have changed the knowledge/skills debate. How do we equip digital natives for the future? What is your personal philosophy? To tackle these questions, teachers need hope, humour, imagination and motivation: Martin offers this in scores.
For anybody thinking of entering the teaching profession, student teachers, teacher trainers, NQTs and teachers of all levels of experience. The book explores the various teacher training routes - School Direct, Teach First, PGCE - and the questions teachers should be asking about the path they have taken and their continuing professional development (CPD) needs. By raising questions about pedagogy, good practice, values and responsibilities, to name but a few, Martin encourages all teachers to become reflective practitioners and rediscover their passion. | <urn:uuid:9d0f22a4-a49d-4904-a124-bd58b55492eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.booksetc.co.uk/books/view/-9781781352281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.963091 | 381 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Biological invasions are increasing worldwide, damaging ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors. Two decades ago, the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive alien species list was established by the IUCN to improve communications , identifying particularly damaging ‘flagship’ invaders globally (hereafter, worst). Whilst this list has bolstered invader awareness, whether worst species are especially economically damaging and how they compare to other invaders (hereafter, other) remain unknown. Here, we quantify invasion costs using the most comprehensive global database compiling them (InvaCost). We compare these costs between worst and other species against sectorial, taxonomic and regional descriptors, and examine temporal cost trends. Only 60 of the 100 worst species had invasion costs considered as highly reliable and actually observed estimates (median: US$ 43 million). On average, these costs were significantly higher than the 463 other invasive species recorded in InvaCost (median: US$ 0.53 million), although some other species had higher costs than most worst species. Damages to the environment from the worst species dominated, whereas other species largely impacted agriculture. Disproportionately highest worst species costs were incurred in North America, whilst costs were more evenly distributed for other species; animal invasions were always costliest. Proportional management expenditures were low for the other species, and surprisingly, over twice as low for the worst species. Temporally, costs increased more for the worst than other taxa; however, management spending has remained very low for both groups. Nonetheless, since 40 species had no robust and/or reported costs, the “true” cost of “some of the world’s worst” 100 invasive species still remains unknown.
Biological invasions are a persistent threat to ecosystems, the biodiversity they support, and the services they provide (Simberloff et al. 2013; Pyšek et al. 2020), with rates of invasion growing rapidly due to globalization (Seebens et al. 2017, 2018; Haubrock et al. 2021a). Myriad invasive alien species (hereafter, invasive species) have been introduced via various pathways between regions (Hulme 2015; Cuthbert et al. 2020). Ecological impacts from invasions have been widespread (Bellard et al. 2016; Dick et al. 2017; Crystal-Ornelas and Lockwood 2020), including native species extinctions (Blackburn et al. 2019), decreased abundances (Bradley et al. 2019), and fitness reductions (Nunes et al. 2019). Prevention of invasions and the spread of established invaders has been suggested to be the most cost-effective means of reducing adverse future effects (Leung et al. 2002).
Effective management strategies are underpinned by communication and outreach to policy makers, stakeholders and the public which improve awareness of—and then actions against—the most impactful invasive species (Courchamp et al. 2017; Lucy et al. 2020). Two decades ago, in response to a lack of specific targets to motivate policy makers and raise public awareness of invasive species, a list of 100 high profile species was compiled by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the Species Survival Commission. This list of “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species has succeeded to boost awareness of some of the most damaging, distinct and representative invasive species globally, with inclusion in this list based on both the severity of impacts on biodiversity and human activities, and a species’ potential to represent important issues in relation to biological invasions (Lowe et al. 2000). As such, species on this list are known to impact upon the structuring and functioning of ecosystems and the biodiversity they support, as well as on key human endeavours. Importantly, absence from the list does not imply lesser impact or lower risk to ecosystems or economies, and the list aims at communicating on biological invasions in general, rather than a subset of species. Of the original 100 species, one taxon, the rinderpest virus, was successfully eradicated a decade ago (World Organisation for Animal Health 2011), resulting in the list being updated with a new 100th species, the giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta (Luque et al. 2013, 2014). The latest list currently comprises 38 plants, 26 invertebrates, 30 vertebrates, five fungi and one micro-organism (Luque et al. 2014).
Whilst the environmental impact of the 100 worst species has been well-documented, less is known about the economic impacts of many of these species, and whether those impacts are greater than other invasive species absent from the list. In turn, it is also unknown whether investments in management of those species have been bolstered by their inclusion on the list relative to other taxa. Overall, the economic importance of the worst species remains poorly quantified. More generally, quantifications of economic costs of biological invasions have lagged behind appraisals of invader ecological impacts, with environmental impacts often non-market in nature and thus challenging to quantify with certainty (but see Hanley and Roberts 2019). Nevertheless, over the last two decades, quantifications of invasive species economic impacts have been made at several scales including globally (Cuthbert et al. 2021; Diagne et al. 2021), for the United States (Pimental et al. 2000; 2005) and Europe (Kettunen et al. 2009; Haubrock et al., 2021b), as well as for specific taxonomic groups such as invasive insects (Bradshaw et al. 2016), activity sectors such as agriculture (Paini et al. 2016) and types of cost such as management (Hoffmann and Broadhurst 2016). Across most geographic and taxonomic scales, however, invasion cost estimations have remained diffuse. Additionally, they have lacked standardisation, precluding wider-scale analyses and consideration for the structuring and reliability of estimates where they were reported.
Recently, the InvaCost database has been developed, compiling global economic costs reported from invasive species (Diagne et al. 2020a, b). This database allows for the analysis of invasion costs across a range of taxonomic, spatial, temporal and sectorial scales, with costs comprehensively described against an array of descriptors and standardized against a uniform currency (2017 US$). Here, we employ the InvaCost database to examine the economic costs of “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species. Specifically, we aim to determine: (1) what proportion of the world’s worst invasive species is economic cost information available for; (2) how the total and median costs of the worst species compare to those of other species; (3) how costs are structured among socioeconomic sectors, types, environments, taxonomic groups and geographic regions between worst and other species, and; (4) whether costs of worst and other species have developed differently over time, and particularly following the publication of the 100 worst species list in the year 2000.
Materials and methods
To estimate the economic costs of species within the updated IUCN list “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species (Lowe et al. 2000; Luque et al. 2014; GISD 2020), we extracted recorded costs from the latest version of the InvaCost database as of November 2020 (9823 entries in the version 3.0; openly available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570). These data were retrieved via a structured review of publications found in the Web of Science platform, Google Scholar, the Google search engine, and through consultation with invasive species experts and stakeholders in multiple languages (Diagne et al. 2020b; Angulo et al. 2021). Individual cost records were converted to an up-to-date and common currency [i.e., US$ 2017; see Diagne et al. (2020b) for further information on the standardisation procedure]. Finally, each cost entry was depicted by a range of about sixty descriptive fields, allowing cost analyses under different dimensions (see the aforementioned weblink for further details).
We followed several steps to filter the data prior to our analyses. First, we filtered data to include only costs that were of high reliability (column: “Method_reliability”), and thus from peer-reviewed literature and official documents, or reproducible sources. Second, we considered only costs that were empirically observed (column: “Implementation”), rather than those expected based on predictions from smaller scales. Third, we excluded genera for which species-level information was absent or mixed. The resulting subset contained 5,626 entries (see Supplementary Material 1). We then partitioned the database using the updated list of “100 worst” species (column: “Species”) (Luque et al. 2013), with species not captured in that list in InvaCost categorized as other. This therefore assigned all entries as one of two categories: worst or other species. We acknowledge that these filtering steps resulted in the omission of species with only entries of low reliability and/or associated with potential cost estimates, but they allowed us to use the most robust data subset that were from more reliable sources and actually observed.
As cost estimates in InvaCost are made under different temporal scales, we annualized the data based on the difference between the “Probable_starting_year_adjusted” (i.e., the year the cost started) and “Probable_ending_year_adjusted” (i.e., the year the cost ended) columns using the expandYearlyCosts function of the ‘invacost’ package (v0.3–4) in R (v4.0.2) (Leroy et al. 2020). Each expanded entry thus corresponded to a single year for which costs were available following this expansion process (i.e., costs spanning multiple years were divided among those same years). Using this expanded database, we examined cost distributions across several descriptors in the database: (i) cost type (“Type_of_cost_merged”), (ii) impacted activity sector (“Impacted_sector”), (iii) environment (“Environment_IAS”), (iv) taxonomic grouping (“Kingdom”) and (v) continent (“Geographic_region”). For (v), we also examined the distributions of GDP-qualified costs among regions to account for differences in economic output, by dividing the total costs per region by the respective GDP (using the International Monetary Fund 2021 estimate; https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD). Full description of these variables can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570. Two non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare (i) total and (ii) management costs per species between the worst and other groups.
Moreover, we examined the temporal development of average costs, separately considering the worst and other species groups between 1960 and 2020 (summarizeCosts function of the ‘invacost’ package). For temporal analyses, we also divided each entry by the total numbers of species in the worst (total: 60; management only: 58) and other (total: 463; management only: 375) groups, respectively, because fewer species were reported in the former. In doing so, we examined whether total costs and management spending per species for the worst taxa increased to a greater extent than for other species following the publication of the list in the year 2000.
Economic costs were available for 60 of the worst 100 invasive species in InvaCost following the aforementioned filters. Outside of this list, cost information for 463 other species was available. In total, the 60 worst taxa reportedly caused US$ 148.9 billion (n = 3,035 expanded database entries; hereon n), whereas documented impacts from other taxa amounted to US$ 163.2 billion (n = 7,484). Average impacts per species of the worst taxa (Median: US$ 42.9 million; range: US$ 1 thousand – 43.4 billion) were significantly higher and less varied than other invasive species (Median: US$ 534 thousand; range: US$ 4–54.4 billion) (Wilcoxon rank sum test: W = 6891, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1a). When considering management costs alone, costs still significantly differed between the two groups, with more investment in management of listed species on average (worst, total: US$ 9.0 billion, median: US$ 10.0 million; other, total: 23.6 billion, median: US$ 142 thousand) (W = 5008, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1b).
The top 10 contributing taxa of the worst 100 and of the other species for economic impacts are shown separately in Fig. 2, based on the summed impact of each species over the whole period of the cost occurrence. Here, the most damaging worst taxa economically included the feral cat, black rat, Formosan termite, red imported fire ant, and leafy spurge, followed by the gypsy moth, wild pig, zebra mussel, European rabbit, and golden apple snail. Conversely, the top 10 other species were dominated by costs from the yellow fever mosquito, boll weevil, annual ragweed, Scleroderris canker and western honey bee, followed by the New World screw-worm fly, Asian blue tick, common pigeon, stable fly and soybean aphid (Fig. 2). The mean cost of the top 10 costliest worst species (US$ 13.5 billion) was higher than the top 10 other species (US$ 11.7 billion). Yet, these top ten other species are on average over four times as costly as the mean from the entire worst list (US$ 2.5 billion).
The majority of costs related to damages and losses for both the worst (72%) and other (61%) species. Despite being in the top 100 and bearing higher average costs, worst species management investments were proportionately much lower than for others (6% vs. 15%) (Fig. 3a, b). The environmental sector was proportionally most impacted by the worst species, followed by mixed sectors, public and social welfare, and agriculture (Fig. 3a). Impacts by other taxa largely affected agriculture, followed by mixed sectors and authorities-stakeholders (Fig. 3b).
Most reported costs from the worst and other species came from terrestrial taxa (93% vs. 65%), with other taxa also comprising high semi-aquatic taxa costs (34%). Reported cost contributions from fully aquatic species were generally low (worst: 7%; other: 1%). The highest shares of costs were caused by animals in both the worst (91%) and other (83%) groups, with relatively few contributions from plants (worst: 9%; other: 10%) (Fig. 3c, d). Considering average costs per species in taxonomic kingdoms, worst species had higher costs than other species for animals (US$ 3.6 billion vs. 0.7 billion), plants (US$ 745.6 million vs. 63.6 million) and chromists (US$ 53.2 million vs. 44.7 million), but not fungi (US$ 0.1 billion vs. 1.2 billion) or viruses (US$ < 1 million vs. 328.1 million).
Cost contributions from the worst taxa were very imbalanced among regions, being substantially highest in North America (Fig. 3c). Conversely, whilst costs from other taxa were also predominated in North America, cost contributions in Asia, Europe, Africa and South America were proportionally much higher than the worst taxa, but Oceania was lower (Fig. 3d). Even when qualifying cost contributions by GDP (excluding mixed continents and Antarctic-Subantarctic), North America contributed the highest share of worst taxa total costs (45%), followed by Oceania (32%). For other taxa, however, Africa contributed the highest share of GDP-qualified costs (29%), followed by North America (25%) and South America (21%).
Between 1960 and 2000, US$ 9.5 million was spent on the worst species per year per species, and this number increased one order of magnitude, to US$ 100 million per year per species after 2000. For others, US$ 1.7 million was spent per year before 2000 and US$ 11.8 million per species after. Accordingly, total costs for the worst species increased more markedly after 2000 (11-fold) than other species (seven-fold) (Fig. 4a; Figure S1).
When comparing only management spending between the groups per species, the worst species received a three-fold increase in investment post-2000 compared to pre-2000 (US$ 1.5 million and then 4.5 million), while other species had approximately a two-fold increase (US$ 713 thousand and then 1.6 million) (Fig. 4b; Figure S1). However, numbers of unexpanded (i.e., before being annualised) cost entries increased less for the worst species (ten-fold) than for other species (36-fold) before and after 2000 (publication year).
Despite almost two decades of heightened visibility of invaders within the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species list (Lowe et al. 2000; Luque et al. 2014), over one third lacked robust economic costs. Nonetheless, average economic impacts of the 60 worst invasive species significantly exceeded that of all other reported invasive species. Admittedly, inclusion of invasive species on this list may have contributed to increasing the economic costs reported for these taxa, with worst costs increasing 11-fold and others seven-fold after the list was published; but they seem more economically damaging based on the available data. Nonetheless, management spending only increased towards the worst species slightly more (three-fold) than others (two-fold) after 2000, and thus management investments have been outweighed by increasing damage costs from invasion for both groups.
The nature of costs of the worst and unlisted other may be explained by several factors. First, the lack of robust invasion costs, especially for 40% of the ‘flagship’ 100 species listed, illustrates a broader, pervasive issue surrounding robust invasion cost estimations. The vast majority of invasive species have not been examined for economic costs (e.g., Gren et al. 2009; Haubrock et al., 2021b; Liu et al. 2021), with cost quantifications remaining lackluster relative to ecological impact appraisals (Crystal-Ornelas and Lockwood 2020). Therefore, improved invasion cost estimation is required for invasive species more generally, with no published estimates of economic impact for the majority of known aliens (ca. 14,000 species; Cuthbert et al. 2021). Second, the differences in cost structuring of worst and other species costs may be further attributed to underlying criteria for species being listed. Impacts on biodiversity were a key criterion for inclusion on the list (Lowe et al. 2000), with such impacts often non-market in nature and thus challenging to quantify in monetary terms (but see Hanley and Roberts 2019). Indeed, impacts to the environment sector were particularly marked in the worst compared to other taxa (31% vs. < 1%). Similarly, whilst impacts on human activities were also considered when selecting species, such impacts may also frequently be non-market in nature (e.g., certain recreational activities) and thus equally challenging to quantify holistically. Nonetheless, management investments, which should comprise a high proportion of costs for species with few market impacts, were very low overall (worst: 6%; other: 15%).
Third, differences in costs may be an artefact of the filtering and averaging strategies employed in the present study. Indeed, as we solely considered species-specific, observed, highly reliable costs, to minimise irrelevant cost estimates considering cost data associated with non-robust estimation methods and/or not actually observed. However, when the reliability and implementation filters are removed, the number of worst species increases to just 68. Several of the most economically damaging species were not considered for the IUCN worst species list, given the necessity of a broad taxonomic range for the list. Indeed, 90 of the other species exceeded the median cost of the worst (US$ 43 million). This particularly negated inclusion of several known economically-damaging congenerics, such as the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and brown rat Rattus norvegicus, which imparted marked costs but were already represented at the genus level by another species (Aedes albopictus and Rattus rattus) and therefore were not listed in the worst 100 as a rule. Importantly, this also reflects the caveat that the enlisting of a given species does not imply that it is any more damaging than others (Lowe et al. 2000; Luque et al. 2014). Furthermore, it indicates that inclusion of species on such a list is not a prerequisite for management expenditure.
Data gaps mean that our results should be cautioned in terms of species comparisons and that they are likely underestimates for both worst and other groups. A lack of costs, or complete absence, for certain taxa in the InvaCost database does not equate to a lack of impact. It may be that these impacts are more difficult to quantify in monetary terms in certain sectors (e.g. environmental), located in countries with a lower capacity to study invasions, or in habitats that are more difficult to monitor. As such, even species with the lowest reported economic costs on the worst list (e.g. red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer and chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) or those without costs at all (e.g. common wasp Vespula vulgaris, fire tree Morella faya and common malaria mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus) could have substantial costs that are as of yet undocumented. Likewise, this applies to the other taxa, whereby the vast majority of known invasive species lack economic cost studies. As such, low costs likely reflect knowledge gaps rather than a lack of impact for many taxa.
Whilst efforts were made to provide a broad taxonomic breadth in the 100 worst list, taxonomic unevenness was also found considering available worst and other species in respect to economic costs, with both being dominated by animals and from terrestrial environments. We found that costs of groups such as invasive plants are lacking. Nevertheless, the much higher damages and losses incurred overall suggests that greater management investments are required to offset costs from all invasive taxonomic groups, particularly at early invasion stages (Leung et al. 2002). Indeed, management spending increased at a much lower rate than damage costs for both worst and other invaders. Geographic gaps accompanied taxonomic unevenness, with the highest costs of the worst species occurring by far in North America, even when considering GDP, whilst other species were more balanced regionally. For example, costs in Asia were five-fold higher proportionally for other taxa compared to the worst. Overall, these taxonomic and geographic results might reflect wider biases in invasion impact research (Crystal-Ornelas and Lockwood 2020). On the other hand, the diversity of sectors impacted indicates that the listing of the worst species was broad in scope.
Temporally, costs generally increased over time per species for both species groups. However, costs of the worst species grew more than the others before and after the list was published in the year 2000 (11-fold vs. seven-fold), but only slightly so for management investment (three-fold vs. two-fold). As one of the aims of inclusion of species on the worst species list was to increase societal awareness, such an increase in communications does not appear to have succeeded to substantially boost management investments for the worst species compared to other invaders. Conversely, damage costs have increased at a much greater rate for both the worst and other species than management. As rates of invasion continue to increase worldwide (Seebens et al. 2017, 2021), it is expected that such costs will continue to rise, and perhaps especially for other species as novel invasions might be accompanied with novel economic impacts. Indeed, the fact that only one of the previously listed worst species has been successfully eradicated illustrates the challenges and shortcomings of invader management more broadly (Luque et al. 2013). Given the cost effectiveness of early-stage invasion management compared to long-term control (Leung et al. 2002), increased investments should be made to prevent introduction of invasive species—both inside and outside of the list. Such interventions could take several forms depending on the pathway of introduction, such as the implementation of airport checks for alien taxa in transit, more efficacious ballast water regulations or tighter restrictions on the trade of exotic pets.
Overall, whilst the present study compiled available information on economic costs of species included in and excluded from the IUCN “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species list, a large share (40%) of worst species lacked robust economic cost appraisals. This reflects a wider absence of cost estimation in invasion science—while we acknowledge that the InvaCost data here are not exhaustive. Nonetheless, the proportionate extent of cost reporting (60 of 100 with robust data) for listed species is far higher considering the very low cost reporting for other, unlisted species (463 overall, relative to all known invaders worldwide, of ca. 14,000 aliens; Cuthbert et al. 2021). Accordingly, our findings suggest that the list effectively increased cost reporting for the worst species, or that they are generally better-studied. We again stress that many of those still lack robust monetary appraisals. Moreover, we note that listed worst species were often selected on the basis of their economic impacts, and so they may simply be more likely to have reported costs. Despite differences identified here, the “true” economic impact of the 100 worst invasive species thus remains unknown, as well as the cost of invasions more broadly. We therefore encourage more resolute cost reporting to quantify the global extent of invasion costs for all invasive taxa.
Availability of data and material
Underlying data are publicly available in Diagne et al. (2020b: accessible at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-00586-z) and in an online repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570).
The final dataset used for analysis in this paper will be provided as Supplementary Material.
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Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The authors acknowledge the French National Research Agency (ANR-14-CE02-0021) and the BNP-Paribas Foundation Climate Initiative for funding the InvaCost project that allowed the construction of the InvaCost database. The present work was conducted following a workshop funded by the AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology and is part of the AlienScenario project funded by BiodivERsA and Belmont-Forum call 2018 on biodiversity scenarios. RC acknowledges funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. CD was funded by the BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum Project “Alien Scenarios” (BMBF/PT DLR 01LC1807C).
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Cuthbert, R.N., Diagne, C., Haubrock, P.J. et al. Are the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species also the costliest?. Biol Invasions 24, 1895–1904 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02568-7
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10 May 2011. TDP-43 and FUS: so alike. Both the TAR DNA binding protein-43 and the fused in sarcoma genes, when mutated, cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Both encode RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains and, during disease, they exit the nucleus and form nasty aggregates in the cytoplasm. Small wonder, then, that scientists expected they might damage cells in the same manner. Not so, according to two papers in the April PLoS Biology. Using yeast models, Aaron Gitler and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine found crucial differences between how FUS and TDP-43 aggregate, and how they affect the cell downstream. In the same journal, scientists led by Gregory Petsko at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, report complementary results from their own yeast model for FUS toxicity, showing some of the same FUS domains and other genes involved in the protein’s killer activities as the Pennsylvania team. And if multicellular organisms are more to your liking, consider the Drosophila FUS model published online in Human Molecular Genetics April 12. The authors found that FUS and TDP-43 mutants interact synergistically to cause neurodegeneration, suggesting their distinct pathways do intersect at some point in the toxicity process.
Yeast models are definitely in vogue. Gitler made a TDP-43 yeast model some years ago, and showed that, when overexpressed, the protein moves into the cytoplasm and gloms together, leading to a toxic phenotype (see ARF related news story on Johnson et al., 2008). More recently, the lab pinned an ataxin-2 homolog as an enhancer of TDP-43 toxicity in yeast, leading the researchers to discover that ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions are linked to ALS in people (see ARF related news story on Elden et al., 2010). Two other yeast models for FUS were also published recently (Kryndushkin et al., 2011; Fushimi et al., 2011).
Gitler teamed with joint first authors Zhihui Sun and Zamia Diaz and co-senior author James Shorter for a repeat performance with a yeast model for FUS. At the same time, Petsko, first author Shulin Ju, and joint senior author Dagmar Ringe were making their own version. “From the start, we were kind of expecting [TDP-43 and FUS] to behave very similarly,” Shorter said. “We were surprised when many differences turned up.” FUS aggregation requires an extra domain, in addition to the RNA-binding and prion-like domain that TDP-43 needs to form inclusions. While ALS-linked TDP-43 mutations affect the protein’s toxicity, the common FUS mutations only influence its location. Plus, in suppressor and enhancer screens, the researchers found that the genes that mediate each protein’s toxicity are very different sets.
Not surprisingly, mutant versions of FUS formed cytoplasmic inclusions in yeast, and high doses of the mutant protein were deadly. But wild-type FUS, the researchers found, behaved the same way. “Both turned out to be toxic,” Petsko said, concluding, “disruption of FUS localization is sufficient for toxicity.” Thus, the groups concentrated on wild-type protein in further experiments.
FUS contains a non-classical nuclear localization sequence (NLS) at its carboxyl terminus, where most ALS-linked mutations in FUS are; however, in yeast, FUS was primarily in the cytoplasm. Ju, in Petsko’s lab, confirmed that FUS’s unconventional NLS does not work in yeast cells, making it a good model for cytoplasmic gain of toxic function, but a poor model for nuclear effects of FUS mutations. When the researchers artificially routed FUS to the nucleus, it failed to aggregate, or kill cells, confirming that the cytoplasmic location is key for aggregation and toxicity. These data confirm that an early event in FUSopathy is the protein’s mislocalization (see ARF related news story on Dormann et al., 2010). In TDP-43 proteinopathy, too, cytoplasmic mislocalization of the protein is a key event.
FUS and TDP-43 are similar in structure: Both contain RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), prion-like domains, and glycine-rich segments. In TDP-43, the RRMs and the carboxyl terminal prion domains are involved in aggregation; most ALS-linked mutations are in this region. What about FUS? Sun and colleagues created truncated versions of the protein and examined the localization and toxicity of each. Like TDP-43, FUS requires the RRM and prion-like segments to aggregate, but also a region rich in arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) repeats, which are not found in TDP-43. Diaz and Shorter confirmed the RGG requirement in in vitro experiments. However, removing the carboxyl terminal NLS of FUS—the site of ALS mutations—did not prevent aggregation, further confirming that those mutations do not promote aggregation directly. They simply alter the protein’s location. In contrast, TDP-43 mutations seem to affect mainly the aggregation pathway.
The researchers also examined which parts of the proteins contributed to toxicity. In TDP-43, those were the same regions contributing to aggregation, the RRMs, and the carboxyl terminal prion domains. In FUS, the RRM, the prion-like domain, and an RGG region were necessary to kill yeast, but the carboxyl terminus was unnecessary. In fact, both groups found that FUS was more toxic when the carboxyl terminus was missing, matching reports that people with nonsense mutations in that region get sick earlier and progress more rapidly (Waibel et al., 2010).
Accessories to Toxicity
Having identified the parts of FUS responsible for its toxicity, both teams set out to discover what other happenings in the cell might intensify or alleviate that toxicity. Each team screened some 5,500 overexpressed yeast genes. Petsko and colleagues looked for suppressors, while Gitler and colleagues sought both suppressors and enhancers. The Petsko team identified five suppressors. Gitler’s group picked out those five as well, plus 19 more, and 10 enhancers. The five overlapping suppressors were translation terminator ECM32, RNA binding protein NAM8, snRNP associate SBP1, transcription factor SKO1, and transcriptional activator VHR1.
Do any of these also modulate the toxicity of TDP-43? In unpublished work, Gitler and colleagues identified 40 yeast genes that do, but only two of those overlapped with the FUS list. Thus, the proteins not only aggregate differently, but they also cause cell death by different pathways.
Genetic screens frequently yield up to 100 or more hits, leaving Petsko surprised at his modest catch. “Such a small number of genes were found, and they were all RNA binding proteins,” he said. In line with what many other studies have suggested, Petsko concluded that “RNA homeostasis lies at the heart of FUS toxicity.”
Among the Gitler group’s hits were suppressors Pab1 and LSM7. Both participate in assembling stress granules: clusters of RNAs and RNA binding proteins that temporarily form to protect cells from stress (see ARF Webinar). Gitler said that this is the first direct evidence that FUS not only goes to stress granules, but also that the granules are part of its toxic modus operandi. Those granules might trap necessary RNAs, and their loss could contribute to toxicity, suggested Richard Gardner of the University of Washington in Seattle, who was not involved in the current works.
Curiously, the genes that suppressed FUS toxicity did so without dissolving FUS aggregates. That is good news for therapy, Petsko said. While he could not imagine how a drug could bust the globs and send mutant FUS back to the nucleus, he easily envisioned a small molecule acting in downstream toxicity. Another reason to be optimistic about future therapies is that the Petsko team showed that the human homolog of one of the FUS suppressors, hUPF1, also ameliorated toxicity in yeast. This suggests that the human FUS-response system mirrors the yeast system in at least some respects. The yeast FUS models would be suitable for screening potential drugs.
Separate, But Intersecting
The study authors conclude that TDP-43 and FUS are not interchangeable killers. They use different domains to form inclusions, and interact with different genes. “Yes, both proteins misfold, but they are probably engaging quite different downstream pathways to become toxic to the cells,” said Paul Muchowski of the Gladstone Institute at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not involved with either study.
“Pathogenic differences between FUS and TDP-43 argue compellingly that ALS is not a single disease, but rather a spectrum of clinically convergent but mechanistically disparate disorders,” wrote Lary Walker of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, in an e-mail to ARF. “Hence, for both practical and theoretical reasons, it makes sense to define these variants according to the main proteins involved in their pathogenesis,” added Walker. He was not involved in either study.
For all their differences, the new fruit fly model suggests that the TDP-43 and FUS pathways are not wholly separate. First author Nicholas Lanson, Jr., and senior author Udai Pandey of the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans, and colleagues created flies that carry human FUS genes. FUS mutants caused neurodegeneration and defects in locomotion. The nuclear localization signal worked in the flies, so that wild-type FUS was nuclear, but mutants were cytoplasmic. Corroborating the yeast work, the scientists also found that forcing FUS into the nucleus was not toxic. In addition, the researchers co-overexpressed wild-type FUS and mutant TDP-43, and found the two together wrought four times the damage to the fly eye than either alone. This synergistic interaction suggests that the pathways by which each causes toxicity may intersect at some point.—Amber Dance.
Sun Z, Diaz Z, Fang X, Hart MP, Chesi A, Shorter J, Gitler AD. Molecular determinants and genetic modifiers of aggregation and toxicity for the ALS disease protein FUS/TLS. PLoS Biol. 2011 Apr;9(4):e1000614. Abstract
Ju S, Tardiff DF, Han H, Divya K, Zhong Q, Maquat LE, Bosco DA, Hayward LJ, Brown RH Jr, Lindquist S, Ringe D, Petsko GA. A yeast model of FUS/TLS-dependent cytotoxicity. PLoS Biol. 2011 Apr;9(4):e1001052. Abstract
Lanson NA Jr, Maltare A, King H, Smith R, Kim JH, Taylor JP, Lloyd TE, Pandey UB. A Drosophila model of FUS-related neurodegeneration reveals genetic interaction between FUS and TDP-43. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Apr 12. Abstract | <urn:uuid:e3c45b34-bb8d-42fe-af51-83dd0f371d6a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=2780 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163053831/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131733-00011-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943288 | 2,434 | 2.625 | 3 |
As the state prepares a required five-year update to its long-term Coastal Master Plan, new research has revived three questions that some experts have had for years. The Lens is looking at each question individually this week. Today:
Is there enough sediment in the river keep up with the new, higher projections for sea-level rise and land subsidence?
The claims for rebuilding wetlands included in the 2012 master plan were based on sea-level gains between 10 and 17 inches through 2061. But the latest estimates are much higher because global warming has continued unabated.
The range for sea-level rise used in the 2017 plan has tentatively been set at 39 to 70.8 inches through 2100.
And some researchers think that could be too optimistic because the world has yet to address the major driver of sea-level rise — global warming caused by greenhouse-gas emissions, primarily fossil fuels.
Water expands when heated, and the rising air temperatures have warmed the oceans. This is called thermal expansion. Meanwhile water stored as ice on land is melting and flowing into the oceans, further increasing their volumes.
In 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a worldwide consortium of scientists studying the issue, increased its projections for sea-level rise by 60 percent, pushing its high-end level to 4 feet and even that is a figure many climatologists consider too conservative. More recent studies show as much as 6 feet,.
But southeast Louisiana faces an additional problem: Its sediment-starved delta land base is sinking. In many places, subsidence is faster than sea level rise.
In 2013 NOAA said relative sea-level rise — which accounts for subsidence — in southeast Louisiana could be as high as 5 feet by 2100. Indeed, the combination of worst-case figures for both factors could result in 11 feet of sea level rise at the mouth of the Mississippi River, where subsidence has been measured at up to five feet a century.
So is there enough sediment in the river to build land in the face of this steeper curve?
The consensus among plan critics as well as its designers: Yes – but those shifting figures have already forced some projects to be taken out of the plan, and may force more changes in the future.
“If you turn the river loose in one place, I don’t care what the subsidence rate and sea-level rise is, you’re going to have enough material to build a delta in that spot,” said LSU’s Harry Roberts, one of the state’s most distinguished coastal researchers.
“Now, your chances of building a larger delta that you can maintain will improve as you move that diversion further north on the river.”
Both subsidence and sea-level rise generally decrease the further north one travels from the river’s mouth for two reasons: The land elevation increases and the ground becomes more solid.
Subsidence declines northward because the layer of soft, delta soils becomes thinner as bedrock pushes closer to the surface. At the mouth of the river, where there is almost 400 feet of those wet soils before bedrock, subsidence has averaged about five feet a century. Around New Orleans, where the layer is about 100 feet thick, subsidence runs about 2 feet a century, according to the latest report by the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority.
But subsidence also varies horizontally across the landscape depending on the composition of the delta soils in each place, as well as the activity of subsurface faults. And any combination of those factors can result in a sudden increase or slowing of sinking at any spot.
The wide range of variables makes it impossible for geologists to give a meaningful “average” for subsidence rates for entire the southeastern corner of the state. The coastal agency runs its projections based on subsidence map that shows averages at specific locations.
“Subsidence is the real wild card in all of this,” said Bren Haase, in the Planning and Research Division at the agency.
Roberts, who served on one of the winning Changing Course teams, has long been concerned the river lacks the sediment supply to achieve the ambitious goals in the master plan, which aims to save much of what is now outside the levees south of New Orleans. A 2009 paper he co-authored with colleague Mike Blum included a now-famous illustration showing the bottom of Louisiana’s “boot” all but covered by the Gulf.
Roberts has said the diversions should be moved further north, even suggesting some be built between Baton Rouge and New Orleans. He also believes the projects should be many times larger than currently planned.
“I think at their current locations, the diversions can have a positive result,” he said, “but you can’t have the large positive result that will last into the 21st century without much bigger diversions and further north.”
The CPRA staff agrees the challenge is growing due to the changing sea-level rise and subsidence numbers.
Those changes prompted the agency to mothball two sediment diversions in the 2012 plan that were scheduled around Empire and Port Sulphur, about 35 miles north of the river mouth.
“When we ran the models [with the new figures] as well as changes in the wetlands down there, we didn’t get the results we showed before,” Haase said. “So, they’re not on the board any more.”
The new numbers didn’t change plans for the Mid-Barataria and Mid-Breton Sound diversions 30 miles further north. Hasse said computers models showed the Mid-Barataria project could still stay ahead of as much as 6 feet of subsidence and sea level rise through 2061. One model showed Mid-Barataria could build between 6 and 22 square miles of wetlands in 20 years and as much as 38 square miles in 50 years.
Haase said the agency also plans to run the models with the less optimistic predictions that include 5 feet of sea level rise and as much as 50 inches of subsidence. Those results won’t be finished until mid-year.
With almost each new report showing the challenges deepening and the river with a finite amount of sediment, it would seem logical the agency had found a break point – the point at which the volume to be filled exceeded the sediment supply.
But Jim Pahl, also of the agency’s Planning and Research Division, said modeling such an event is difficult because once the diversions are open and building land the break point would be constantly changing.
An increase in relative sea level that could swamp the area today would not have that effect in 20 years because the elevation would have been raised by the projects, he said.
“The [master plan] project life is 50 years, but the diversions will continue to operate after that,” he said. “I think it’s reasonable to expect they will continue to build land as long as they are being operated.
“But once again, the question is: are these the best locations and best use of the sediment supply beyond this century, especially given what the projections are now for sea level rise?”
This story is the second part of a series looking at three questions facing state officials as they update the Coastal Master Plan. The first story is here, with links to the rest at the bottom of that story. | <urn:uuid:05dc9a39-0d00-45f8-8943-3c2b20356462> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://thelensnola.org/2016/03/02/can-sediment-diversions-from-river-keep-up-with-land-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823478.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019212946-20171019232835-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.963614 | 1,533 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- 1 in 1,000 at 12 weeks’ gestation.
- Absence of cranial vault and cerebral hemispheres.
- At 12 weeks acrania is suspected by absence of the normally ossified skull and distortion of the brain (exencephaly). At >16 weeks the brain is destroyed (anencephaly).
- Chromosomal defects in isolated acrania are rare.
- CNS or other defects are found in about 50% of cases, including spina bifida in 25%.
- Detailed ultrasound examination.
- If the pregnancy continues, follow-up should be standard.
- Standard obstetric care and delivery.
- Lethal condition with death within the first week of life.
- One previous affected sibling: 5%.
- Two previous affected siblings: 10%.
- Supplementation of the maternal diet with folate (5 mg/day) for 3 months before and 2 months after conception reduces the risk of recurrence by about 75%. | <urn:uuid:c8c82d5d-ed85-4d20-9add-418f76280b12> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/brain/acrania | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359073.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130201935-20211130231935-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.903627 | 243 | 3.15625 | 3 |
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term referring to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both conditions cause obstruction of airflow that interferes with normal breathing. Both frequently exist together, so physicians prefer the term COPD. COPD is preventable and treatable. This definition of COPD does not include other obstructive diseases such as asthma, although uncontrolled asthma over a lifetime can result in damage and COPD.
Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When the bronchi are inflamed and/or infected, less air is able to flow to and from the lungs. The inflammation eventually leads to scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production. As the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened, a cough develops and airflow may be impeded. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include chronic cough, increased mucus, frequent clearing of the throat and shortness of breath.
Emphysema starts with the destruction of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where oxygen from the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood. The walls of the air sacs are thin and fragile in individuals with emphysema. Damage to the air sacs is irreversible and results in permanent damage to the tissue of the lower lungs. As these air sacs are destroyed, the lungs deliver less oxygen to the bloodstream, causing shortness of breath. Symptoms of emphysema include cough, shortness of breath and a limited tolerance for exercise.
Who gets COPD?
COPD is one of the most common respiratory conditions of adults and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. COPD most often occurs in people age 40 and over with a history of smoking (either current or former smokers), although as many as 1 out of 6 people with COPD never smoked. It is estimated that 24 million Americans are affected by COPD. Additionally, 127,000 deaths and 721,000 hospitalizations were caused by COPD in 2005. In Kentucky, COPD is also the fourth leading cause of death. Among African Americans, COPD is among the top 10 causes of death and accounts for more than 3 percent of all deaths in African-Americans.
What causes COPD?
Most cases of COPD develop after long-term exposure to lung irritants. Tobacco use is a major cause of the development and progression of COPD. Approximately 80 to 90 percent of COPD deaths are caused by smoking. Men and women smokers are nearly 12 and 13 times as likely to die from COPD, respectively, compared to those who have never smoked. COPD can also occur in people who have had long-term exposure to chemicals, dust, or fumes in the workplace. Heavy or long-term exposure to secondhand smoke or other air pollutants may also contribute to COPD. In rare cases, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency may also cause COPD. A low level AAT can lead to lung damage and COPD if the person is exposed to smoke or other irritants.
What are the symptoms of COPD?
Symptoms of COPD include:
- Chest tightness
Constant coughing spells, sometimes called smokers cough
Coughs that produce phlegm or mucus
Shortness of breath with normal activity
Not being able to take a deep breath
When COPD is severe, shortness of breath and other symptoms can get in the way of doing even the most basic tasks, such as doing light housework, taking a walk, even bathing and getting dressed.
COPD develops slowly, and can worsen over time, so be sure to report any symptoms you might have to your doctor as soon as possible, no matter how mild they may seem.
Source: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. COPD Learn More Breathe Better.
How is COPD diagnosed and managed?
While there is no cure for COPD, early detection is important to improve treatment and the outcomes associated with the disease. To detect COPD, there is a test called spirometry. Spirometry can detect COPD before symptoms become severe. It is a simple, non-invasive breathing test that measures the amount of air a person can blow out of the lungs and how fast he or she can blow it out. Based on this test, your doctor can tell if you have COPD, and if so, how severe it is. The lung damage caused by COPD is irreversible but there are many treatments that can improve the patient’s quality of life. Treatment with medication can improve and prevent COPD symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations. The best way to reduce the risk of developing COPD and slowing the progression is to stop smoking.
*Source: American Lung Association. American Lung Association Lung Disease Data: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2008. Link to Full Report | <urn:uuid:ef789384-efcb-4cf2-9117-d656b6c7bc1b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.chfs.ky.gov/dph/info/dpqi/cd/COPD.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639414.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00272-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952906 | 1,038 | 3.484375 | 3 |
FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBES IN IOWA
(Federal List Last Updated 5/16)
STATE RECOGNIZED TRIBES
(Not recognized by the Federal Government)
UNRECOGNIZED / PETITIONING TRIBES
FIRST CONTACT TO PRESENT
When early European explorers first saw the land of Iowa in the late 1600s, many Indian groups lived or hunted there.
After 1650, these native people began to have contact with European explorers and traders, and this relationship drastically changed the nature of native society.
Whites competed with native people for land and for the use of other natural resources, and native people began to depend upon trading with whites for their livelihood.
One of the most important tribal groups in Iowa was the Mesquakie. The Mesquakie had once lived in Michigan and Wisconsin, but had been pushed westward by white settlement, first into Illinois, and by 1750, into Iowa.
However, further white pressure led to Mesquakie lands being given to new settlers throughout the early 1800s.
By the 1850s, almost all of the original inhabitants of Iowa had been moved off their homelands to settlements further west.
PRE-CONTACT IOWA TRIBES
PRE-HISTORIC CULTURES IN IOWA
9500 - 7500 BC - Paleo-Indians probably traveled through Iowa hunting various animals including some - like the mammoth, mastodon and giant bison - that are now extinct.
7500 - 5500 BC Archaic Period - Evidence that small numbers of people lived in Iowa, at least on a seasonal basis.
2500 - 500 BC - Populations increased and there is evidence of burial sites and more permanent settlements.
1000 AD - Woodland period - native people were adjusting to the prairies.
1000 - 1650 AD - Late Prehistoric time - native people were adjusting to the prairies, planting corn, building earthlodge houses and hunting bison for meat and hides.
Paleo-Indians living between 9500 and 7500 BC probably traveled through Iowa hunting various animals including some - like the mammoth, mastodon and giant bison - that are now extinct.
However, there is no documented site of a permanent settlement of these people in the area we now call Iowa.
By the early Archaic Period (7500 - 5500 BC), there is evidence that small numbers of people lived in Iowa, at least on a seasonal basis.
There is evidence of artifacts like spear points and serrated and beveled blade edges.
Populations increased through the late Archaic Period (2500 - 500 BC) and there is evidence of burial sites and more permanent settlements. In the Woodland period (through 1000 AD), and the Late Prehistoric time (1000 - 1650) we can see that native people were adjusting to the prairies.
They were planting corn, building earth-lodge houses and hunting bison for meat and hides. Historians believe that native people belonging to the Oneota culture were the primary inhabitants of Iowa.
These people had large villages with both single dwellings for one family and longhouses for many families. They lived by fishing, hunting, collecting plants, and cultivating other crops.
Sources of records on US Indian tribes Iowa American Indian Boarding Schools | <urn:uuid:574e7d7e-e2c4-4d6f-93d4-57073dc0bb67> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.aaanativearts.com/native-amerian-tribes-by-state/iowa-tribes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213903.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818232623-20180819012623-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.967181 | 693 | 3.515625 | 4 |
How Audiologists Test Hearing
What happens in a hearing test? Hearing exam procedures in a complete audiological evaluation.
Pure Tone Testing
Image courtesy of US NIOSH
A thorough hearing evaluation has a number of important components, but the central feature is the classic pure tone testing. For this test, you go into a soundproofed booth that has a window, and put on a pair of headphones (or sometimes earphones). The
audiologist or technician
outside the booth uses an audiometer to generate calibrated tones at a range of frequencies (pitches) and loudness levels, which are played through your headphones. You make a signal each time you hear a tone, by pressing a button or raising your hand.
Each ear is tested separately, at frequencies ranging from 125 to 8000 hertz (Hz). By trying different volumes, the person doing the testing can identify the quietest sound you are able to detect at each frequency, for each ear. This is your hearing threshold at that frequency, and it is measured in decibels (dB). The lower the threshold, the better your hearing; 0 dB is ideal.
This segment of the pure tone test, the part that uses headphones or earphones, is called the air conduction test. The other portion of the pure tone test is very similar, but instead of using headphones to transmit the tones, a small vibrating element is placed against the skull, usually behind the ear. This bone conduction test bypasses the outer and middle ear, and conducts the sound through the bone directly to the inner ear.
Using the results from the air conduction and the bone conduction portions of the pure tone test, the evaluator can determine:
- The type of hearing loss:
- Sensorineural (as in most cases of
noise-induced hearing loss)
- Conductive (for example, caused by infection or a blockage in the ear canal)
- Mixed (having both sensorineural and conductive components)
overall degree of hearing loss
- The configuration (shape) of the hearing loss: the relative severity of the loss at different frequencies
Other Steps in Testing Hearing
The pure tone testing is only one part of a thorough audiological assessment. A complete evaluation by an
will also include the following:
- Questions about your hearing history and medications
- Physical inspection of the ears (otoscopy), and possibly removal of excess ear wax
- Tympanometry and measurement of acoustic reflexes. These test the flexibility and responsiveness of the eardrum, and the functioning of the ear's protective mechanisms in response to loud sounds.
- Speech tests:
- Speech recognition threshold
- Most comfortable listening level
- Uncomfortable loudness level
- Word recognition (speech discrimination) test
- Recruitment (abnormal loudness) testing by frequency
All of these help build a
picture of your individual hearing profile,
and contribute in identifying the best approaches for treatment.
Where to Go to Get a Hearing Test
How to Interpret Your Hearing Test Results
Leave this page (Test Hearing) and go → Back to Facts about Noise & Hearing
Leave this page (Test Hearing) and go → Back to Noise Help home page | <urn:uuid:14280acb-e154-48ba-99f7-b30b83aff46c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.noisehelp.com/test-hearing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948519776.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212212152-20171212232152-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.907397 | 662 | 4.125 | 4 |
The St. Joseph’s Table altar at the Italian American Museum of Los Angeles.
While looking into how a family can celebrate The Year of St. Joseph at home, I stumbled upon, “St. Joseph’s Table”. I found this to be interesting mostly because I never heard of it. The feast day of St. Joseph is March 19th. This falls in the middle of Lent. As I continued to read I understood why the “table” was mostly pastries and bread. There is no meat at the table because it falls during Lent.
Tradition comes from medieval times in Sicily. The story goes that there had been a great drought and famine on the island. The people prayed to St. Joseph for his intercession. When the sky opened, and rain finally came the people knew St. Joseph had answered their pleas. Their crops grew. After the harvest to show gratitude to St. Joseph and to honor him for answering their prayers they celebrated. The celebration included everyone. A table was prepared with special foods in honor of St. Joseph. The food was also shared with all the people, especially the poor and hungry.
The tradition has changed in many ways, usually if celebrated at church, the celebration would be after mass. Some parishes were known to have actors dress as Joseph, Mary, and Jesus. They would bring offerings during mass and at the celebration, they would sit at the table. With Covid, sharing with others and gathering has made it difficult. That does not mean that you can’t celebrate at home. You can continue a tradition if this is done in your family or adopt the tradition if this is your first time.
Involve your children or teens and anyone in your household. What a better way to tell the story of St. Joseph the foster father of our Savior chosen to protect Mary and Jesus. He was chosen to witness the birth of the Christ child. While very little is spoken of Joseph in the bible he plays an important role. He is another example to our children to have faith in God’s divine plan. This is the perfect family project. Teaching your children through tradition and symbolism. The quality of family time together is also great.
There are 3 main points to this tradition:
Veneration—special recognition of St. Joseph. Honoring the silent foster father of our Lord Jesus. He protected our Mother Mary and our Saviour.
The Table—an altar and a communal celebration for gathering
The Poor—The purpose of the foods is to help those in need.
St. Joseph’s Table at home
The create the table/altar at home you will need a three-tiered display. This can be made out of boxes and cover with a white linen tablecloth or sheet. The three tiers represent the Holy Trinity. A statue or picture of St. Joseph is placed on the top tier. The other can have flowers (especially Lilies). You buy them or make flowers out of tissue paper with your children. The other two tiers also have candles, pastries, and bread. Some people add wine symbolizing the wedding feast at Cana; pineapple symbolizing hospitality; and other fruits.
You can make pastries with your children, and decorate the table together. How simple or ornate your “table/alter” is totally up to you.
The items below are traditionally made from bread, but they can be made from cookie dough or even small pictures. How you display each symbol is completely up to you and your family.
A Cross: The ultimate symbol of our Lord’s suffering and salvation.
Breadcrumbs: Represents sawdust, since St. Joseph was a carpenter.
Fava Beans: They can be served in a frittata or garlic sauce. If you have dry beans, they can be roasted and blessed. It became very popular as the “lucky bean.” Legend has it that you will never be broke if you carry one. Some people believe that if you keep one in the pantry, there will always be food in the kitchen.
Baby Jesus: The baby Jesus to whom St. Joseph was the foster father. It can be a statue or a picture, even a drawing/coloring page that your younger children worked on.
St. Joseph’s Staff: Legend has it that St. Joseph’s staff blossomed into a lily, a symbol both of life and death.
St. Joseph’s Purse: This symbol is a reminder to give alms to the poor during Lent. A small pouch with coins for symbolism or even a jar where spare change can be collected and given to your parish at the end of Lent.
A Sheaf of Wheat: Wheat is a reminder that when a single grain of wheat falls into the ground it bears much more food at harvest time.
St. Joseph himself: He is always represented in profile and hunched over with a cane, symbolizing that he was (according to tradition) an old man, while Mary was a much younger woman.
St. Joseph’s Beard: Is the sheaf of Wheat turned upside down, it is another reminder of Joseph’s wisdom and old age.
Heart: A symbol of devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
The Crown of Thorns: This is in remembrance of Christ’s passion and a reminder of the day’s feasting among Lent’s fasting, Lent is still a season of sorrow—and hope.
In a time when we need to church, and we want to continue to pass our faith to our children the “Table” is a wonderful place to start.
Happy Feast of St. Joseph! | <urn:uuid:fb6a401d-4b7d-4035-a1c9-c94d378f28fd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://dioceseofbrooklyn.org/category/our-ministry-today/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.965903 | 1,194 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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