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The Basic Library Skills Tutorial is designed for instructors to use for their courses to introduce students to UBC Library and the research process. The tutorial has also been designed to provide an an interactive learning experience while supporting faculty using the tutorial for course assignments and grading.
To use the tutorial as a part of your course grade, consider the following options:
If you would like your students to have experience of the physical library, its services, and supports, consider using the Research Paper Prep Worksheet (download below). The worksheet was designed for students who are assigned to complete the Basic Library Skills Tutorial. The worksheet guides them through questions for their own research assignment. The questions cover:
The students are then required to come to the Research Help Desk in to the library to speak to a librarian about their assignment. Once the student has received feedback, the librarian will sign and date the worksheet. The worksheet can them be handed in for grade assignment.
Test Your Knowledge Quizzes
There are two options for using quizzes for the Basic Library Skills Tutorial.
Each Basic Library Skills Tutorial module has a quiz assigned called "Test Your Knowledge". The quiz is designed to review what the student has learned during the course of reviewing the module content.
The "Test Your Knowledge" quizzes are designed to allow you to assign the modules you find most relevant to your students and to your course needs.
If you are interested in assigning a grade to a student for completing an individual module of the Basic Library Skills Tutorial, do the following:
If you are interested in assigning a grade to a student for completing the Basic Library Skills Tutorial, do the following: | <urn:uuid:315caf8c-5135-4e2d-a9b4-d089db10cd4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://guides.library.ubc.ca/library_tutorial/instructor_guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.947518 | 337 | 3.140625 | 3 |
UNGEI, as a designated flagship of Education for All (EFA), strives to support governments and the international community to deliver on the gender-related EFA goals and education related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our partners unite under the UNGEI umbrella with the belief that a collaborative advantage can be gained through collective efforts.
In order to maximize efforts which are the most needed and which will have the highest impact on girls’ education around the world, UNGEI is focusing policy advocacy efforts on four key strategic priorities which are outlined further in this document:
- An enhanced focus on marginalized and excluded groups;
- The reduction/elimination of school-related gender-based violence;
- Improved learning outcomes for girls; and
- An increased number of girls transitioning to secondary education and accessing post-primary opportunities. | <urn:uuid:e6fd141a-b13d-470a-82d2-04988eae010d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ungei.org/resources/3377.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770415.113/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00092-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949579 | 170 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|Fort Calendar||Fort Blogs||
Fort Myers (1850-1858, 1863-1865) - A U.S. Army post established 20 Feb 1850 by Major Samuel C. Ridgely (Cullum 637) and Company A, 4th U.S. Artillery and Company D, 1st U.S. Artillery. Named after Captain Abraham C. Myers (Cullum 738), son-in-law of Major General David E. Twiggs who ordered the fort built. Built on the site of earlier Fort Harvie. Finally abandoned in 1865.
Fort Myers History
The initial construction of the fort was somewhat delayed by a lack of building materials but supplies from Pensacola fueled a building boom that resulted in a fine post with many permanent facilities. By 1854 the post was considered one of the finest in Florida.
The fort was the subject of an investigation by Major J. McKinstry into reports of lavish facilities that included a bowling alley and a bathing pavilion. Some 57 buildings were in place by 1856. The Third Seminole War began in Dec 1855 and was over in the Spring of 1858 and Fort Myers played a central role. At the conclusion of the War some 124 surrendered Indians under Billy Bowlegs were shipped to a reservation in Arkansas in May 1858. The Fort was then abandoned in June 1858.
In December 1863, during the U.S. Civil War, the fort was reoccupied by five companies of Union troops under Captain James Doyle. The Union troops erected a new barracks and a log and earth breastwork around the post. With the fort secured the troops conducted raids against Confederate beef ranchers in the Florida interior to disrupt beef shipments to the Confederacy. The Fort was continuously garrisoned by Union forces from December 1863 until it was abandoned in June 1865.
Nothing remains. No period guns or mounts in place.
Location: Fort Myers, Lee County, Florida. Map location is not accurate.
Maps & Images
Lat: 26.644697 Long: -81.8694305
- Roberts, Robert B., Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States, Macmillan, New York, 1988, 10th printing, ISBN 0-02-926880-X, page 189-191.
Visited: 24 Dec 2009
Fort Myers Picture Gallery
Click on the picture to see a larger version. Contribute additional pictures - the more the better! | <urn:uuid:4c4610df-0ffb-4a51-a0ee-ec8aef5d8601> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Myers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119651455.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030051-00321-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955635 | 513 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Contrary to what many people may believe, it’s not war or landmines that are the primary causes of amputations in impoverished countries.
In places like Kenya or India, amputations are often the result of more commonplace and unfortunate incidents, like automobile accidents or train mishaps involving businesspeople on their commutes to work.
Each year, tens of thousands of people in low-income nations suffer amputations, explained Dr. Krista Donaldson, CEO of medical device non-profit D-Rev, at Fortune’s Brainstorm Health conference in San Diego Wednesday.
Modern prosthetic limbs are often expensive, she said, with some devices costing upward of $1,000, making it hard for struggling medical clinics to afford them. And even when those devices are donated to clinics operating in impoverished nations, frequently those devices go unused, and the clinics are unable to perform the maintenance required to keep them functional.
“Most medical devices are designed for places like here, not low-income clinics,” Donaldson said in reference to clinics in wealthy nations that can more easily afford and maintain the prosthetics. D-Rev created more affordable prosthetic limbs to help amputees worldwide who don’t have access to the medical devices.
For instance, Donaldson showed off a recently developed artificial knee that costs $80 and contains the organization’s custom technology such as an embedded spring that helps amputees move the artificial leg forward as they walk.
The artificial knee was also designed to accommodate uneven terrain and rocky roads, unlike other devices built with smoother, paved surfaces in mind.
Currently, the knee is being used in 17 countries, but she hopes to bring it many more nations over the next three-to-five years.
For more from Brainstorm Health, click here.
This story originally appeared on Fortune.com | <urn:uuid:b24bc7a5-c91a-4e08-914a-4f67b7a5bf00> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://time.com/4555756/d-rev-artificial-knee-fortune-brainstorm-health/?xid=fbshare | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.952285 | 381 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This year’s list of words that New York City Department of Education prohibit from being included in the city’s standardized tests has been severely criticized for including the word ‘dinosaur’. A spokesman said that the list was designed to avoid topics that ‘could evoke unpleasant emotions in students’ and that they wanted children to be able to complete tests without distraction.
In its request for proposal, the NYC Department of Education explained it wanted to avoid certain words if the “the topic is controversial among the adult population and might not be acceptable in a state-mandated testing situation; the topic has been overused in standardized tests or textbooks and is thus overly familiar and/or boring to students; the topic appears biased against (or toward) some group of people.”
However many have questioned why ‘dinosaur’ was included when creationists accept the existence of dinosaurs in the past, merely rejecting the same timescale for this existence as proposed by evolutionists. Almost as bizarre is the inclusion of the word ‘television’. While one could stretch to imagine the word ‘birthday’ may upset some cultures that don’t celebrate birthdays, very few things are universal to all cultures and belief systems, so universality as a requirement for inclusion could make formulating the test impossible.
Sam Wineburg, a professor at Stanford University and director of the Stanford History Education group, was unenthused by the behavior of the New York City Education Department. He went beyond dismissing the arbitrary selection of the verboten words and attacked the very principle of making education too safe.
“The purpose of education is to create unpleasant experiences in us. … The Latin meaning if education is ‘to go out.’ Education is not about making us feel warm and fuzzy inside.”
Wineburg questioned the idea that the New York City Department of Education would want to “shield kids from these types of encounters.” He said the goal of education is to “prepare them,” adding “this is how we dumb down public schools.” | <urn:uuid:8752ded8-0296-4841-809b-76a7aeca49ae> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.educationnews.org/education-policy-and-politics/dinosaur-among-words-thought-controversial-by-new-york/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00050-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964925 | 436 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Noun||1.||ascender - someone who ascends|
|2.||ascender - a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters|
|3.||ascender - (printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters|
|(text)||ascender - A lowercase letter that extends above the "x-height"
(the height of the letter "x"), such as "d", "t", or "h".
Also used to denote the part of the letter extending above the | <urn:uuid:67ddd49f-84f4-499d-b498-06febb37f188> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://webster-dictionary.org/definition/ascender | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363211.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302003534-20210302033534-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.69281 | 123 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Keeping the Bugs Away
The age-old battle in dog and cat health is parasite prevention. In fact, it’s accepted as a normal health condition that pet owners will have to deal with at some point. But parasites of any kind are a real health hazard.
Ticks can carry other diseases, like Tick Fever (Ehrlichiosis). And flea infestations left untreated can lead to excessive scratching and skin infections. What’s more, your dog or cat may have a flea or tick allergy, complicating your animal’s ability to handle what would otherwise be a commonly treated condition.
Parasites come in many forms and at Pima Pet Clinic we can create a treatment protocol to prevent, or treat, the bugs that are bugging your pet.
Here are some common parasites that can infest your pet:
These little critters are common problems, but advances in flea control and good old-fashioned grooming can keep them at bay, and sometimes eliminate them from your pet’s skin altogether.
These bugs are even more blood thirsty than fleas. They dig themselves into your pet’s skin to suck out blood. Removing them is difficult because it’s easy to leave part of the tick inside your pet’s skin. Ticks also may carry other diseases that transfer to your dog or cat. Contact us at the first sign of ticks!
These blood-borne parasites are spread by mosquitoes. They primarily infect dogs but occasionally infect and cats. Some excellent preventative medications are available now, but early detection is important.
Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms, Coccidia, and Giardia are among the most common intestinal parasites. Some heartworm meds can prevent these other parasites. Fecal testing can diagnose the problem.
We recommend annual fecal testing for all dogs and cats, especially if your pet spends a lot of time at dog parks and doggy daycare facilities. | <urn:uuid:a83b6299-9791-4450-8bbb-89b8b50f85ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.tucsonveterinaryhospital.com/veterinary-services/parasite-prevention.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659890.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118045835-20190118071835-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.923322 | 410 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We’re growing older as a society.
Our youth population is shrinking, but senior citizens are multiplying.
Just-released U.S. Census Bureau estimates show Merced County’s overall population has grown just 2.5 percent from 2010 to 2013.
But the numbers for those 65 and older expanded more than 11 percent during those years.
The county’s residents between the ages of 14 and 17, by contrast, declined more than 5 percent.
The story was different for those under the age of 14; their numbers grew by 2.4 percent.
The aging of Merced’s population is nothing new, and it’s happening nationwide as the post-World War II baby boomers grow old.
Merced County remains younger than much of the country, however. The median age is just 30.4 years old, compared with a national median age of 37.6 years old.
By comparison, the median age in Stanisalus County is 33.5 years old. In San Joaquin County, the median is 33.4 years.
There is a marked difference in the Sierra foothills, where Tuolumne County’s median age increased to 48.3 years and Calaveras County’s median hit 51.
Just seven states in the nation had their populations grow younger last year. Census officials think they know why that was true for North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota and Oklahoma.
“The population in the Great Plains energy boom states is becoming younger and more male as workers move in seeking employment in the oil and gas industry,” explained Census Bureau Director John Thompson, “while the U.S. as a whole continues to age as the youngest of the baby boom generation enters their 50s.”
Even though America as a whole is aging, it continues to be women who are living the longest.
Like most places on Earth, more boys are born in Merced than girls. The Census shows that the there were 41,059 boys under 18 in Merced County in 2013, compared with 38,848 girls.
But as people get older, women start to outnumber the men. Merced County had 14,736 women age 65 and older, compared with 12,149 men. | <urn:uuid:0e94b97a-c5ed-4f63-b699-453b1d506591> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/article3291692.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.965128 | 472 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Jared Chausow
By Katie Toth
By Elizabeth Flock
By Albert Samaha
By Anna Merlan
By Jon Campbell
By Jon Campbell
By Albert Samaha
When almost all of the samples came back HIV-positive, Carswell organized an expedition to Rakai, consisting of himself, Serwadda, Bayley, Sewankambo, Mugerwa, and a taciturn virologist named Robert Downing. At Masaka Hospital and homes in Rakai villages, the team examined more than 100 patients. They diagnosed 29 people as having Slim and sent their blood to England for HIV testing.
Every one of those 29 patients tested positive.
"I was scared for my country," recalls Serwadda. To learn the true scope of the epidemic and how to control it, Serwadda, Sewankambo, and Mugerwa drafted a research proposal. "These were Ugandans who wrote the proposal, not foreigners who said, 'Do A, B, and C,' " recalls Sewankambo. "I'm proud of that."
Maria Wawer, a public-health researcher from Columbia University, later agreed to collaborate with the Ugandans and help secure American funding. The result was the well-known Rakai Project, which is still producing important research. Separately, the Uganda Virus Research Institute and the British Medical Research Council launched another research project in Masaka, which has produced almost 100 scientific articles.
In their letter to Mbeki, Geshekter and Rasnick asked, "What evidence is there that people with antibodies to HIV live shorter, poorer lives than people in the same community who do not have antibodies to HIV? We know of no such evidence." In fact, each of these Ugandan research projects has conducted exactly the acid test Geshekter and Rasnick asked for, by looking at HIV-positive people living side by side with those who are HIV-negative. If poverty were the real cause of AIDS, then there should be little difference between the fates of the infected and the uninfected.
But the studies found that HIV-infected people died at a rate more than nine times higher than uninfected people. And the Masaka study found that infected people died a full two decades younger, at a mean age of just 34.
Even more compelling evidence that HIV is lethal emerged out of a tragic lapse in Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, then called Zaire.
When the HIV antibody test became available, Kinshasa's sprawling and impoverished main hospital lacked stores of screened blood and staff to run the tests 24 hours a day. During this window period, children came to the hospital in critical need of a blood transfusion, usually because of malaria. With the child facing death, doctors would transfuse unscreened blood, saving samples from the child and the donor for later testing.
In this way, the famous research team Project SIDA, named for the French acronym for AIDS, identified 90 originally uninfected children who were given HIV-infected blood. Among children who survived the illness for which they were given the transfusion, those who received HIV-infected blood suffered a death rate 16 times higher than controls.
"Let me take you back," says Sewankambo. In the beginning, the high proportion of Ugandans with HIV puzzled him. "My thinking was very much affected by the North: This is a gay disease. But if there wasn't that much homosexuality in our community, and we knew there wasn't any, really, then what was the mode of transmission? I was expecting mosquitoes."
The mosquito hypothesis was easy to test. Sewankambo and others examined households in which at least one person had AIDS, testing everyone, including children and grandparents. If AIDS was spread by mosquitoes, the virus should be present almost randomly, and certainly it should be in many children, who are the most susceptible to malaria.
Nothing of the sort was found. Of the sexual partners of the AIDS patients, a striking 71 percent were infected. Yet of the other people living in the household, with whom the patients were not having sex, only two out of 100 of were infecteda woman who was sexually active and her two-year-old son. "It did certainly suggest strongly that it was sexually transmitted," says Sewankambo.
Yet in their letter to Mbeki, Geshekter and Rasnick insisted that the sexual spread of HIV is "merely a very popular assumption," and pointed to a study conducted among couples in California showing that the odds of a man transmitting HIV to a woman during a single act of intercourse are slightly less than one in a thousand. From such first-world studies, they concluded that HIV is not frequently transmitted among heterosexuals anywhere.
"Outrageous," says the lead author of that study, Nancy Padian, who is also conducting research in Zimbabwe. "It's more likely that the epidemiology of a disease would differ in different locations than be the samejust look at cancer and heart disease."
As for African research, it leaves no doubt that HIV is spread heterosexually. The sex and age distribution of HIV on the continent mirror patterns seen with other STDs. Risk factors for having HIV include more sexual partners, being a prostitute, having had sex with a prostitute, and a history of STDs. In Uganda, two studies stand out. In one, wives were more than 100 times more likely to contract HIV if their husband had the virus than if he didn't. The other study, coauthored by Serwadda and Sewankambo, looked at couples in which one partner had HIV and the other didn't. What they found was shockingly simple: The higher the level of HIV in the infected partner, the greater the chance of transmitting it. This study suggests that if a vaccine could merely reduce the amount of HIV in the bodies of infected people, the epidemic could be curtailed. Clearly, this has tremendous implications for the whole worldand it came from research in Africa. | <urn:uuid:43ed725b-01ba-4262-a7f0-4e38884cf859> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-07-04/news/proof-positive/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00029-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977046 | 1,244 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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Accepted Scientific Name: Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha (Dams) D.R.Hunt
Mammill. Handbook R.T.Craig
Origin and Habitat: This subspecies occurs only in the deserts of eastern Queretaro.
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha (Dams) D.R.Hunt
Mammillaria decipiens Scheidw.
Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 5: 496. 1839
- Mammillaria decipiens Scheidw.
Mammillaria decipiens subs. albescens (Tiegel) D.R.Hunt
Mammillaria Postscripts 6: 7 (1997)
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. albescens (Tiegel) D.R.Hunt
Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha (Dams) D.R.Hunt
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha (Dams) D.R.Hunt
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha cv. Bru
- Dolichothele camptotricha f. brevispina hort.
- Mammillaria camptotricha f. brevispina hort.
- Mammillaria camptotricha cv. Bru
- Mammillaria camptotricha cv. Kotoito-maru
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha cv. Marnier-Lapostollei
ENGLISH: Bird's nest cactus, Bird's nest, Golden bird's nest cactus
Description: Mammillaria camptotricha (Dolichothele camptotricha) is a small plant that make a large, flattish clump of stems clustering from the lower part. Not only it has long slender tubercles, which are similar to those of other Dolicothele species, it also has very long twisted spines, which on mature plants, completely envelop the body, and have earned this species the name of "Birds Nest Cactus". The new growth is very attractive, the long, entwining yellowish spines soon form a mat through which the small bell-shaped flowers, white, greenish outside that arrive in late summer or early autumn. This flowers are very insignificant, because they are shorter than the tubercles, and consequently little can be seen of them, merely a pure white splash of "colour" between the tubercles.
Stem: Individual stems bout 4-7 cm in diameter, up to 10 cm tall, broadly globose to club shaped, depressed, pale matt green to deep-green, this colour is very variable because if the plant is grown in strong sunlight, like many other succulents, it takes on a very reddish colour, in order to prevent damage to the chlorophyll plastids, or if it is grown in partial shade, it becomes a very pallid green, and looks very unhealthy.
Roots: Very large, tuberose.
Tubercles: Green, soft, flabby, cylindrical to obtuse about 2 cm long, terete often curved, not at all milky.
Areoles: Small, circular, a little woolly at first; axils of tubercles sparsely hairy with a few bristles.
Radial spines: Usually 4-5, but varying from 2 to 11, thin, needle-like, flexible, (sometime bristly and twisted), spreading, 7 to 30 mm long, yellow, or white, sometime brown tipped, interlacing densely in full light.
Central spines: Usually absent, occasionally 1 or 2, slender needle like straight, golden or brownish about 18-30 mm long almost straight to strongly twisted or bent.
Flowers: Funnel-form, delicately scented, mall, white, deeply set in the tubercles, to about 1-1.8 cm long and c. 1 cm wide. The outer perianth-segments of the flowers are greenish. Inner perianth-segments white, 10 mm long, acute.
Subspecies, varieties, forms and cultivars of plants belonging to the Mammillaria decipiens group
- Mammillaria decipiens Scheidw.: ( ssp. decipiens ) Plants with about 5-11 radial spines that tend to be whitish. Distribution: San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Queretaro.
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. albescens (Tiegel) D.R.Hunt: This subspecies has 3-5 radial spines that are generally shorter, straight, and white. Distribution: Guanajuato and Queretaro.
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha (Dams) D.R.Hunt: Usually it has 4-5 radial spines that are bristly and to 30 mm long. Distribution: Queretaro.
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha cv. Bru: (a.k.a forma brevispina) with pale green body with 4 to 5 very short golden radial spines .
- Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha cv. Marnier-Lapostollei: (a.k.a. 'Madam Marnier') It is a a distinctive clone with pale green body that bears very short reddish tipped tubercles (10-12 mm long ) and tightly strongly curved or twisting gold spines only 6-9 mm long. The flower is small and white.
Bibliography: Major references and further lectures
1) Edward Anderson “The Cactus family” Timber Press, Incorporated, 2001
2) James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey "The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass" Cambridge University Press, 11/Aug/2011
3) David R Hunt; Nigel P Taylor; Graham Charles; International Cactaceae Systematics Group. "The New Cactus Lexicon" dh books, 2006
4) John Pilbeam “Mammillaria: the cactus file handbook” Cirio Publishing Services Ltd Dec/30,/1999
5) Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose “Cactaceae: Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family” vol. 4 The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1923
6) Haustein, Erik. “Der Kosmos-Kakteenführer.” Kosmos / Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde., Stuttgart, 1983
7) Roger Spencer “Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons, Parte 1” UNSW Press, 1995
8) Cullmann et al., “Kakteen”, edn 5, 1984
9) The Greenhouse: A Quarterly Review for All Gardeners, Volume 6 P. Langfield & Company, 1961
10) R. Ginns “A guide to cactus and succulent plants” (c/o B. C. F. Hill, 10 Downfield Close, Llandough, Penarth, Glam.)], National Cactus and Succulent Society, 1971
Dolichothele camptotricha (Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha) Photo by: Alexander Arzberger
The gallery now contains thousands of pictures, however it is possible to do even more. We are, of course, seeking photos of species not yet shown in the gallery but not only that, we are also looking for better pictures than those already present. Read More...
Cultivation and Propagation: Mammillaria decipiens subs. camptotricha is a freely clustering species that reproduces easily by cutting. It is a great starter plant for the cactus grower, that readily builds up into a dense cluster of stems. Does better than most species in lower levels of light, but still prefers bright light or morning sun.
Growth rate: Plants will offset readily, and dense clumps can be produced in a very few years.
Soils: It likes very porous mineral substratum and avoid the use of peat or other humus sources in the potting mixture.
Repotting: Repotting every 2-3 years, or sooner if the roots get crowded. . As it is prone to rot under-pot in a smaller container filled with very porous compost. Use pot with good drainage.
Watering: Water regularly in summer, but do not overwater (very wet-sensitively, especially in light of its succulent root system). Its roots are easily lost in pots that stay damp for any length of time. Keep dry with ample airflow in winter. In the rest period no high atmospheric humidity!! Care must be taken with watering as they tends to become swollen and untidy in growth habit if given too much water and shade.
Fertilization: During the growing season enrich the soil using a fertilizer rich in potassium and phosphorous, but poor in nitrogen, because this chemical element doesn’t help the development of succulent plants, making them too soft and full of water.
Hardiness: It is quite frost resistant if kept dry, hardy as low as -5° C (some reports give it hardy to -7°C). However some warmth throughout the year will increase the grower's success (minimum 5° to 8°C during rest season). A resting period in winter and strong light are necessary so that it can flower properly.
Exposition: Outside filtered sunlight or afternoon shade, inside it needs bright light, and some direct sun. Subject to sunburn if exposed to direct sun for too long. Does better than most species in lower levels of light, but still prefers bright light or morning sun.
Uses: It is an excellent plant for container growing. It always looks good and stays small. It look fine in a cold greenhouse and frame.
Pests & diseases: It may be attractive to a variety of insects, but plants in good condition should be nearly pest-free, particularly if they are grown in a mineral potting-mix, with good exposure and ventilation. Nonetheless, there are several pests to watch for:
- Red spiders: Sensitive to red spider mite. Overhead watering is helpful in controlling mites.
- Mealy bugs: Occasionally mealy bugs they develop aerial into the new growth among the wool with disfiguring results, but the worst types develop underground on the roots and are invisible except by their effects.
- Scales: Scales are rarely a problem.
- Rot: Rot it is only a minor problem with cacti if the plants are watered and “aired” correctly. If they are not, fungicides won't help all that much.
Propagation: Direct sow after last frost or (usually) or division . Seeds germinate in 7-14 days at 21-27° C in spring, remove the glass cover gradually as the plants develops and keep ventilated, no full sun for young plants! The seedlings should not be disturbed until they are well rooted, after which they can be planted separately in small pots. Cuttings: wait until the offsets that appear at the base of old clustered specimens are 1/3 the size of the parent and then detach and plant. Cuttings will take root in a minimum temperature of 20° C (but better in hot weather). Cuttings of healthy shoots can be taken in the spring and summer. Cut the stem with a sharp, sterile knife, leave the cutting in a warm, dry place for a week or weeks (depending on how thick the cutting is) until a callus forms over the wound. Once the callus forms, the cutting may be inserted in a container filled with firmed cactus potting mix topped with a surface layer of coarse grit. They should be placed in the coarse grit only; this prevents the cut end from becoming too wet and allows the roots to penetrate the rich compost underneath. The cuttings should root in 2 to 6 weeks.
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|Back to Cacti Encyclopedia index| | <urn:uuid:45c20171-7bb2-48cf-86b2-67f74bca5192> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/CACTI/Family/Cactaceae/14447/Dolichothele_camptotricha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.838216 | 2,660 | 2.640625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON (CNN) -- Cases of E. coli 0157, a strain of bacteria in the E. coli family that can cause severe food poisoning, dropped significantly in 2009, according to surveillance data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
With this drop in infection rates, the strain meets the Department of Health and Human Services' "Healthy People 2010" target of fewer than one case per 100,000 people.
Similar targets for pathogens campylobacter, listeria, salmonella and vibrio did not fare as well. Vibrio cases are on the rise, and salmonella fell far short of the goal, the data showed. While campylobacter and listeria did decline significantly, they still did not meet "Healthy People" targets.
To meet these targets, health officials say, new prevention measures will be needed.
Health officials think more than 70,000 Americans come down with E. coli 0157 each year. Stool samples must be sent to a lab to identify the exact strain.
Symptoms vary but can include severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Most patients get better within a week, but some infections can be life-threatening.
According to the CDC, the main source of human contamination is cattle.
E. coli germs can get into food through manure, tainted water used during growing or harvesting, or improper food handling at a store, restaurant or home.
E. coli 0157 infections can result in a serious complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome, in which toxins destroy red blood cells. It can lead to kidney failure, neurological damage and, in 5 to 10 percent of cases, death.
In 2006, fresh spinach contaminated with E. coli 0157 caused one of the biggest foodborne illness outbreaks in years. More than 200 people got sick. More than 100 hospitalizations, 31 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome and three deaths were reported in 26 states and in Ontario, Canada. The CDC estimates that thousands more fell ill but did not report it.
The preliminary report on foodborne illnesses released Thursday is from FoodNet, part of the CDC's Emerging Infections Program. FoodNet has been tracking trends in foodborne illness in the United States since 1966.
The surveillance data came from 10 states and charted laboratory-confirmed cases of food-borne illness caused by nine pathogens, or disease causing organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. Although the report is from only 10 states, health officials believe the data reflect what's going on across the country.
The data suggest that although most cases were among children under 4 years of age, the highest number of hospitalizations and deaths were among those 50 years and older.
"Tracking these illnesses over time, as exemplified in this FoodNet report, is important to monitor our progress in food safety," said Dr. Christopher Braden, the acting director of the CDC's Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. "We can also use similar surveillance systems to detect and investigation outbreaks of foodborne illness."
Braden says this is important to not only to identify contaminated foods and remove them from store shelves but to help in identifying foods or pathogens that were not known risks before.
"With this information, industry, government agencies and consumers can work to prevent additional outbreaks and illnesses due to that food or pathogen. The most dramatic recent example of this was the identification and investigation of the Salmonella outbreak due to contaminated peanut butter-containing products in 2008. Before that outbreak, peanut butter was not known to be a vehicle for foodborne illness."
Like E. coli 0157, most of the pathogens under surveillance were from the bacteria family: salmonella, campylobacter, listeria and vibrio.
Salmonella can contaminate almost any type of food and most often occurs after eating undercooked foods like poultry and eggs. In younger children, handling pets such as reptiles and not washing hands properly can cause infections.
Salmonella is spread when animal or human feces comes into contact with food during processing or harvesting. It can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness. The CDC says cases are more isolated, and many are undiagnosed or unreported. Symptoms include fever and cramps.
According to the Center for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention, it's responsible for more than 2 million illnesses a year, mostly in children under 10. Death is rare.
Listeria tends to strike those with weakened immune systems and pregnant women; they are 20 times more likely to get sick and make up about a third of all reported cases. It's often found in pre-cooked and ready-to-eat foods like hot dogs or lunch meats and even fruits and vegetables. It even grows in refrigerators despite the cold temperature, whereas most food-borne bacteria don't. Heat is the only way to kill listeria, but if the food cools down, the bacteria can grow again.
Symptoms include fever, muscle ache and diarrhea. But it can spread to the central nervous system, causing headache, a stiff neck and even convulsions.
Vibrio is in the cholera family. Rare and often underreported, it's most often seen in those who eat raw or undercooked shellfish, mainly oysters. Illness can be severe and life-threatening. If vibrio gets into the bloodstream, it's fatal nearly 50 percent of the time.
Cryptosporidium is the lone parasite. Most people get it from contaminated food and water, but it can be passed on to humans from farm animals and pets. Gastrointestinal symptoms range from mild to severe, and those with compromised immune systems are most at risk.
According to the CDC, there are approximately 76 million cases of food-borne disease in the United States each year. Most are mild, causing symptoms for only a couple of days. Still, there are nearly 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually, usually among the elderly, children or those who are sick or have compromised immune systems.
Braden says consumers can cut their risk of infection by choosing foods that have been processed, like pasteurized milk, juice, eggs and even oysters and by cooking foods properly, especially meats, poultry and eggs. Perishables should also be refrigerated, leftovers should not be left out out, and hands and cooking surfaces should be clean. | <urn:uuid:966a6aca-e40f-4b0d-b88b-b5e3ab00516f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/04/15/foodborne.illness.cdc/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959812 | 1,334 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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Activity and Lesson Plan ideas for Tutu Trouble
Below are some suggested starting points for lessons based around the 6Cs. They are a starting point and can be incorporated into the following overarching principles/ethos of your school or setting. Tutu Trouble supports primary schools who are engaged with ensuring that the curriculum is fully inclusive and provides opportunities for children to explore themes around identity, as well as providing opportunities to explore the ‘6Cs’ (Fullan, 2019) learning goals which are:
Tutu Trouble supports schools adhering to the following policies and initiatives:
The Equality Act (2010) and the Public Sector Equality Duty (2011)
Public bodies (including schools) have to consider all individuals when carrying out their day-to-day work – in shaping policy, in delivering services and in relation to their own employees.
It also requires that public bodies have due regard to the need to:
- eliminate discrimination
- advance equality of opportunity
- foster good relations between different people when carrying out their activities
UNICEF – Rights Respecting Schools – Charter of the Rights of the Child
Article 2 – the right to non-discrimination
Article 3 – the best interests of the child must be considered
Article 8 – the protection and preservation of identity
Article 12 – the respect of the views of the child
Article 13 – the freedom of expression
Article 14 – the freedom of thought, belief and religion
Article 19 – the protection from violence, abuse and neglect
Article 31 – the right to leisure, play and culture
Supports schools in addressing issues around gender conformity/inequality and stereotyping www.genderaction.co.uk1. Character – belonging versus fitting in
2. Citizenship – being global citizens 3. Creativity and collaboration (2-3 lessons)
4. Communication, creativity and collaboration (2-3 lessons)
5. Critical thinking
Character – belonging versus fitting in
Identify the main characters in the piece. Who are they? (Scruff,….). Write character descriptions for each one. Explore different elements of their characters – how they look, behave etc. as well as the internal qualities they have e.g. resilience, determination. What are the ‘highs’ and ‘lows’ in their stories and how do they overcome them? What qualities did they demonstrate to overcome the lows?
Can the children think of a time that they wanted to do something but were frightened to do it because of what other people thought? How did they feel? What did other people say? Have a group discussion/debate on peer pressure and ‘belonging’. What does it mean to belong? What does it mean to fit in? (Read Brene Brown, Braving the Wilderness, 2017: 160) “If I get to be me, I belong. If I have to be like you, I fit in.” top
Citizenship – being global citizens
Explore what the word identity means. Recap the two main characters and discuss their identities. What do we know about them? Why was their friendship so strong? Was it because they ‘belonged’ or were ‘fitting in’.
What happens when children don’t ‘fit in’ or feel that they ‘don’t belong’. Explore the doctors and the father’s words. How did they make Scruff feel?
Look at the articles from UNICEF mentioned on the opposite page. How do the father and doctor take away Scruff’s rights? Discuss each one in depth and explore how this made Scruff feel.
In groups give children one of the articles. Ask them to produce a poster for the classroom that highlights the key points for each of the articles and how the class community will commit to upholding each other’s rights. top
Creativity and collaboration (2-3 lessons)
Discuss some of the important qualities you need in order to create a dance piece. What roles do the children think there might be? (Who has the ideas? – Director. Who creates the movement? – Choreographer. Who is on stage? – Performers/dancers. Who creates the lights? Lighting designer. How do the characters know what to wear? – Costume designer. Where were they performing and how did they know which objects to use? Set designer).
Put children into groups of 4. They are going to be choreographers and performers. (before children start exploring their movements ensure that the children are fully warmed up for dance/movement).
Think about an activity that is really important to the group. Think about how it makes them feel, why it is important, what sensations they have in their bodies when they do it. In a group develop a sequence of still ‘photographs’ (tableaus) that show the activity.
Now think about some of the movements from the piece. How did the choreographer/dancers demonstrated the following?
ballet class and ballerinas
stopping Scruff from dancing
opening the treasure chest
How can the children expand their ideas from the tableaus to create movements that expand and join each tableau?
(Depending on time, you could expand this so that children return over several lessons and develop costumes and a set for their pieces as well). top
Communication, creativity and collaboration (2-3 lessons)
Explore the character of the seamstress. Who is she? How do we know? What clues are there that she is magical or a witch? Did she have magical powers or was it another character from the story. How was the character made? What did the performers us to create her? Explain that children are going to be creating their own scene for the seamstress and are going to evaluate their scenes. What criteria do they need to set to develop the critieria? (e.g. how well it moves, how convincing is the puppet, the narration of the seamstresses story, suspense – leave the audience wanting to know what happens next….)
Ask children to use a range of resources to create their own seamstress (work in groups of 4). Explore how to make the seamstress move, sew, pick things up etc. One person needs to be the ‘director’ and let the others know how they are doing, what it looks like. If possible, video the movement and play back to others in the group.
As a group, create a scene for the seamstress. What might she be doing? Where? What would she need? Create the props needed and write a monologue to be read by a narrator. Rehearse, perform, record. At the end, each group watches their own work and evaluates based on the criteria established at the beginning. top
The children have explored the different characters and themes. What do they think the piece is about overall? Do they think that Scruff is really a dog? What or who is Scruff supposed to represent?
Watch a clip of male ballet dancers and discuss:
Why do they think the director chose to make a piece that was about challenging gender stereotypes? What does the word stereotype mean? Are they true?
Play a sorting/categorising game. Give children lots of images of different activities/objects/professions/behaviours. Are they for a boy or for a girl? Ask children to work in pairs/sort together. Once the pairs have finished bring it back to a whole class discussion. Discuss together and allow children to critically think their way through each one. Throw in some remarks to challenge e.g. but surely only girls can wear pink? I thought only boys could play rugby? Etc. Images etc. might include:
A doll or a baby, skipping ropes, footballs, BMX, running/athletics, space rocket, nurses, cooking , crying, driving cars, dancing, pink, jewellery
Ensure that there are images to counter their suggestions so that you can demonstrate that these stereotypes are simply made up.
Now show children images of children’s toys and clothes. What do they notice? (deliberately show them images where girl clothes/toys are all in pink, boys are in blue etc.). Show them the images of mixed lego and pink lego. What do they think is happening? Why?
What does that mean about the language we use at school? What words should we challenge when we hear them? (boys can’t play here, if you do that you’re a sissy etc.). Create a class charter to begin to challenge gender stereotypes. Also ask children to become ‘gender detectives’ – when do they see gender stereotypes being reinforced?
Dr. Glyn Hawke is a Deputy Head Teacher at a 2 form-entry primary school in Peckham. He has been teaching for over 15 years and his teaching experience has been predominantly in the EYFS and Year 1. He develops training to NQTs and other schools on LGBTQ inclusive practices and gender equality issues. He works with other local and international nurseries, through the EU Erasmus scheme, to explore and develop gender equitable pedagogy. He was awarded a Doctorate in Education from King's College London. His research explored the experiences of LGBTQ teachers in primary schools in the UK at the current time.
By Dr. Glyn Hawke
This is a collection of videos showing why this project is important here and now.
'Seeing healthy and positive LGBT in the media saved my life. To see LGBT+ people genuinely happy in their lives gave me hope’ (Stonewall 2017 school report)
Schools should ensure that LGBT people and experiences are reflected across the curriculum, to celebrate difference and make the diversity of LGBT people visible. They should ensure that relationships and sex education (RSE) takes the needs and experiences of LGBT people into account, including in discussions around online safety. (Stonewall 2017 school report)
Half of LGBT pupils hear homophobic slurs ‘frequently’ or ‘often’ at school, down from seven in 10 in 2012(Stonewall 2017 school report) | <urn:uuid:7b720732-6f65-4b95-92e8-8df6e6350040> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://errant.org.uk/for-teacher-and-educators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219221.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924132241-20200924162241-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.954435 | 2,102 | 3.921875 | 4 |
you like to eat
Copyright © Curiosity Media Inc.
you like to eat(
A phrase is a group of words commonly used together (e.g once upon a time).
1. (used to address one person)
a. te gusta comer
A word or phrase used to refer to the second person informal “tú” by their conjugation or implied context (e.g., How are you?).
If you like to eat meat, come over on Sunday. I'll be barbecuing.Si te gusta comer carne, ven el domingo. Voy a hacer una asado.
b. le gusta comer
A word or phrase used to refer to the second person formal “usted” by their conjugation or implied context (e.g., usted).
Do you like to eat duck? - Very much so.¿Le gusta comer pato? - Mucho.
2. (used to address multiple people)
a. les gusta comer (plural)
Boys, you like to eat! I'm almost out of food.Chicos, ¡les gusta comer! Me estoy quedando sin comida.
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Learn Spanish faster | <urn:uuid:a258d46c-71b7-477c-85c2-ffa168c5de2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/you%20like%20to%20eat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.729842 | 460 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In 1923, Mrs. Marie Bankhead Owen, Director of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History, contacted B. J. Tieman, of New York, an authority on heraldry, with a request. She asked Mr. Tieman to design a suitable coat of arms for the State of Alabama.
When Mrs. Owen received a sketch from Mr. Tieman, it was determined that some additions were necessary, notably a motto would need to be selected and the sketch would need to be enhanced with suitable coloring.
Mrs. Naomi Rabb Winston was engaged to paint the design that is now Alabama's official coat of arms and Mrs. Owen went about the task of selecting a suitable motto.
After a long search, Mrs. Owen came across a quote, in John Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, attributed to Sir William Jones, eighteenth century English scholar, jurist and poet. The quote was from a poem titled "An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus"
"What constitutes a state?
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain."
From this idea, Mrs. Owen fashioned the motto "We dare maintain our rights," in reference to Alabama's firm stance in the War Between the States and, afterwards, the state's challenge to maintain her pride and civility.
Once Mrs. Owen had settled on a motto, she determined to have it properly translated into Latin noting "there is a classicism about the Latin that harmonizes with the history we were presenting in our coat-of-arms." Accordingly, Mrs. Owen "applied to the professors of Latin at all the great universities of our country with the request that this phrase be turned into Latin."
The accepted translation was provided by University of Alabama professor Dr. W. B. Saffold, a distinguished Greek and Latin scholar; Audemus jura nostra defendere.
The resultant coat of arms was mounted in the offices of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History.
It was there that Juliet Perry Dixon, an Alabama history buff and wife of then Governor Frank Murray Dixon, first saw the "Owen" coat of arms. Mrs. Dixon was told that the coat of arms hanging in office was not an official state emblem. Upon hearing this, Mrs. Dixon set about elevating its status. She saw the project through from start to finish.
A bill was introduced in the Alabama Senate by Senator James A. Simpson of Birmingham. It passed through both houses of the Alabama Legislature with unanimous approval.
Mrs. Owen's coat of arms was adopted as the official coat of arms of the State of Alabama by legislative Act No. 140, approved on March 14, 1939.
The following "STATE COAT OF ARMS INTERPRETED" was extracted from "Alabama Flags, Seals, and Coat of Arms," a 1941 booklet produced by the Works Project of Alabama. The article was originally prepared by Mrs. Owen for the Birmingham News-Age-Herald publication of April 23, 1939. The article offers a first-hand account behind the creation and adoption of the official Alabama coat of arms. A portion of Jones' "An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus" is included.
STATE COAT OF ARMS INTERPRETED
In 1939 Alabama, by action of the State Legislature, adopted a coat of arms. No state in the union has an official coat of arms more historical in significance and more dignified and beautiful in its design and coloring. This coat of arms is the outgrowth of a sketch submitted in 1923 to the Department of Archives and History by the late Bernard J. Tieman of New York City, an expert in heraldry. It is due, however, to the efforts of Mrs. Frank M. Dixon, wife of the governor [sic], that the coat of arms in its present form was passed by the legislature without a dissenting vote in either house. The bill was introduced by Senator James A. Simpson of Birmingham. Mrs. Dixon, an enthusiastic student of Alabama history, saw the proposed coat of arms hanging in the Department of Archives and History and asked about it. When she learned that it had never been officially adopted, she assumed the responsibility of seeing it through and it is therefore due to her interest and efforts that the state now has its own armorial bearings.
Since the beginning of recorded history distinguishing symbols have been used by nations, tribes, families and chieftains. Authors of Roman and Greek history have described the devices on the shields of heroes. These devices are also preserved in pictures and on antique vases. The ancient Chinese Empire was represented by the five-clawed dragon, and the Emperor of Japan by the chrysanthemum. In the oriental world as well as in Europe notable clans are signalized by heraldic emblems. When the Spaniards invaded Mexico, Indian chiefs bearing shields and banners met them. Indeed, the eagle on the present banner of Mexico is perhaps a copy of the eagle that was carved over the palace of Montezuma. There was not an Indian tribe in the Western world that did not have its tribal totem poles, many of which are still preserved in museums. Often those heraldic tribal or family symbols were tattooed or painted upon the bodies of the tribesmen. Heraldic designs in Western Europe are traced back to the dark ages. The tournament laws of Henry, the Fowler, required that all contenders in the tournament should show four generations of arms-bearing ancestors.
The use of seals as an emblem of organized sovereignty and authority, as wall as for the purpose of authenticating records, statutes, official acts, etc., is now universal. It is by the use of seals and coat of arms that many an American family establishes its kinship to transatlantic families.
In 1776, the Continental Congress, assembled in Philadelphia, appointed Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson as a committee to prepare a device for a seal of the United States of America. It was in the early afternoon if this same day, July 4, that the Declaration of Independence had been adopted and the Congress, desiring to complete the evidence of the independence of the United States, took steps providing for an official sign of sovereignty and a national coat of arms. Seals are proofs of the coat of arms of the states or individuals using them.
The committee appointed to design the arms of the new nation had no national precedent to follow as the republic could not, as had bean the case in other countries, accept an individual's arms, such as a sovereign or chieftain. The several colonies, however, each had a seal which might have served as a guide for the need of a national seal, but the committee had an idea that an allegorical picture significant of the fortunes and destiny of the United States would be more appropriate.
Each member of the committee had his own idea about the symbols that should be used in the new national coat of arms. "The History of the Seal of the United States" published by the secretary of state thirty years ago gives the story in a most interesting manner. It shows that a number of designs were submitted to the committee and that some years passed, with a succession of committees studying the question before the present national great seal or Coat of Arms was adopted by Congress. After the adoption of the great seal of our country slight changes were made even as late as 1902 in the interest of artistic perfection
Upon receiving the small sketch submitted by Mr. Tieman in 1923, it was decided that certain additions should be made. A suitable motto had to be selected and an artist skilled in painting heraldic emblems, Mrs. Naomi Rabb Winston, now of Washington, D. C., was engaged to paint the design that is now Alabama's official coat-of-arms.
Upon the shield are found the emblems of the five nations that have held domination in whole or in part over that area that we now know as A1abama--Spain in 1540; France, from 1699 to 1763; Great Britian [sic], and again Spain, from that date to 1803, when the Stars and Stripes flew over us; from 1861-1865 the Confederacy and again the United States. The flags of Spain, France, Great Britain and the Confederacy are displayed upon the shield, these four being joined together in the center by the shield of the United States.
The large shield quartered by these five national emblems is supported on either side by eagles, symbolizing courage. The crest of the shield is a ship in full sail. This crest has two implications, one representing the Badine, one of the four vessels that brought Alabama’s first permanent white settlers, the French colony under Iberville, and Bienville, the LaMoyno brothers, French Canadians who located detachments of their colony at Biloxi, Dolphin Island and Mobile. This colony arrived at Dauphin Island in January, 1699, and it is from that date that Alabama reckons her French colonial history. The second implication of a ship as the crest of our state coat-of-arms has reference to Alabama’s world-wide ocean-going traffic.
The motto that was officially chosen for use upon Alabama's coat-of-arms was the result of a long search for a phrase that would interpret the spirit of our people in a terse and energetic sentence. Hardly any book referring to such matters was overlooked in the quest. Finally one day in going through old reliable Bartlett, I found the following quotation taken from Sir William Jones, an Eighteenth Century English author:
"What constitutes a state?
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain."
I felt that the solution of the problem was near, for had not Alabama risked everything to maintain her rights in one of the bravest contests that man had ever witnessed in that cataclysm known as the War Between the States, and afterwards with resolute determination strove to maintain her civilization? "We dare maintain our rights" seemed to me a reasonable claim, a brave challenge and therefore suitable to be used upon our proposed coat-of-arms.
Having long since forgotten my boarding school Latin, I applied to the professors of Latin at all the great universities of our country with the request that this phrase be turned into Latin. Other states have used French, Spanish, Latin and English in expressing their mottoes, but there is a classicism about the Latin that harmonizes with the history we were presenting in our coat-of-arms. There was a great variation in the Latin interpretation by these Latin scholars. The Latin interpretation of the motto as officially accepted with the coat-of-arms was presented by Dr. W. B. Saffold, a distinguished Greek and Latin scholar, long a professor at our own great university at Tuscaloosa. His interpretation is: "Audemus jura nostra defendere--(Ou-da-mus ya-ra nos-tra da-fen-de-re).
When Mrs. Winston was called upon to enlarge and paint the coat of arms suggested by Mr. Tieman, she was asked to give a description in the terms of heraldry of the designs and coloring upon the shield. In making this authentic description, Mrs. Winston conferred with the experts on heraldry in the Library of Congress. And this technical phraseology was included in the act that the Legislature passed.
This morning the people of Alabama are permitted through The Birmingham News-Age-Herald to see for the first time their new coat-of-arms. Copies will hang above the desks of the speaker of the House and the president of the Senate in our legislative halls above the mantelpiece in the governor's office, in the governor's mansion, and in suitable places in our institutions of higher learning and in our public schools. The coat-of-arms ion colored stones will be placed on the marble wall of the new Memorial Building. Framed copies of the picture appearing in The News today will no doubt be preserved by thousands of our citizens to be hung on the walls of their homes.
Not only has our present Legislature given the state a dignified and beautiful emblem in its coat-of-arms, but it has also restored the old great seal of the state. This new-old seal was first used as our territorial seal by William Wyatt Bibb, in 1819, and adopted in our first constitution as our state seal. For more than fifty years that old seal, a disc carrying the words "Alabama Great Seal" and showing upon its face a map of the state of Alabama with its principal rivers, was used by all governors for stamping official documents. It is shown on the Ordinance of Secession and was connected with many of the most important events of the first half century of the state's existence.
It was in 1868 that this significant symbol of our own geography was superceded by an act passed by the reconstruction or carpetbag representatives in the Legislature. The intention of these aliens was to stamp a defeated people with the insignia of a conquering nation. The shield of the United States and the American eagle were the principal features upon the new seal. In the beak of the eagle was placed a scroll bearing the words "Here We Rest." These words were once interpreted by an early American poet as meaning "Alabama." This interpretation was based upon a very pretty Indian legend. That Alabama means "Here We Rest" has been disputed by other students of the Indian tongues. The phrase indicates to strangers that we of Alabama are an inert people. There are no more loyal people to our national emblems than we of Alabama, but we feel that we are entitled to the use in our great seal of something locally significant, just as our first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, believed that the most outstanding natural feature of our state was its numerous navigable rivers. Since that early time, almost a century and a quarter, hydro-electric power has been developed and our rivers harnessed to work for man without interfering with their navigable uses.
The change from the current great seal back to our old original state seal is the result of the work of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. For several years this band of patriotic women have campaigned for the change. Simultaneous bills were introduced in the Legislature, one by Speaker Hugh Merrill in the House and one by Dr. Daniel T. McCall in the Senate. The McCall bill, through the legal processes of legislation, was adopted. Under the act that authorized the change in our great seal the governor issued a proclamation advising the people of the change and new stationery carries our historical soul as its masthead.
WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE?
What constitutes a state?
Not high-raised battle-
ments or labored mound,
Thick wall or moated gate;
Not cities proud with spires and
Not bays and broad-armed ports,
Where, laughing at the storm,
rich navies ride;
Not starred and spangled courts,
Where low-browed baseness wafts
perfume to pride.
No! Men, high-minded men,
With powers as far above dull
In forest, brake or den,
As beasts excel cold rocks and
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, know-
ing dare maintain.
(Visual Education Project 1-4)
When people engage in conflict, for whatever reason, there is a need to know who is on whose side. As one doesn’t want to run the football over the other teams goal line, in battle one does not want to engage the wrong people on the field.
What is a coat of arms?
Technically a "coat of arms" is the surcoat that medieval knights wore over their armor. The term "coat-armour" is sometimes used.
Dating back to the mid-12th century (around 1150), the design of a coat of arms is smothered in heraldic language and custom.
Here, we are talking about a unique heraldic design that identifies a state.
Understanding the purpose of a coat of arms design makes it easy to understand why states have adopted arms and why so many states display their unique coat of arms on their state flag.
The following information was excerpted from the Unannotated Code of Alabama 1975, Title 1, Chapter 2, Sections 1-2-1 through 1-2-3.
Title 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS.
Chapter 2 STATE SYMBOLS AND HONORS.
Official coat of arms - General description.
Alabama shall have an official coat of arms which shall be as follows: a shield upon which is carried the flags of four of the five nations which have at various times held sovereignty over a part or the whole of what is now the State of Alabama: Spain, France, Great Britain and the Confederacy. The union binding these flags shall be the shield of the United States. The shield upon which the flags and shield of the United States are placed shall be supported on either side by an eagle. The crest of the coat of arms shall be a ship representing the "Badine" which brought the French colonists who established the first permanent white settlements in the state. Beneath the shield there shall be a scroll containing the sentence in Latin: "Audemus jura nostra defendere," the English interpretation of which is "We Dare Maintain Our Rights." The word "Alabama" shall appear beneath the state motto.
(Acts 1939, No. 140, p. 176; Code 1940, T. 55, §1.)
Official coat of arms - Description in heraldic terms.
The coat of arms of Alabama as described in heraldic terms shall be as follows: arms: quarterly, the first azure three fleur de lis or (for France); second quarterly first and fourth gules a tower tripple towered or, second and third argent a lion rampant gules (for Spain); third azure a saltire argent and gules over all a cross of the last fimbriated of the second (for Great Britain); fourth gules of a saltire azure, fimbriated argent 13 mullets of the last (for the Confederacy); at center in escutcheon chief azure paly argent and gules 13 (for United States) arms supported by two American eagles displayed. Crest: A full rigged ship proper.
(Acts 1939, No. 140, p. 176; Code 1940, T. 55, §2.)
Official coat of arms - Use.
The official coat of arms of the State of Alabama shall be placed above the speaker's stand in each house of the Alabama Legislature, in the office of the Governor of the state, in the Department of Archives and History and any other department or institution, and shall be used for any other purpose conforming with the dignity of the coat of arms of the state upon approval of the Governor.
(Acts 1939, No. 140, p. 176; Code 1940, T. 55, §3.)
"Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama: Coat of Arms." Alabama Department of Archives and History. State of Alabama. Web. 26 Apr 2013.
Visual Education Project. Alabama Flags, Seals, and Coat of Arms. Birmingham: Work Projects Administration of Alabama, 1941. 1-4. eBook.
Visual Education Project. Alabama Flags, Seals, and Coat of Arms. Birmingham: Work Projects Administration of Alabama, 1941. 17. eBook.
"Unannotated Code of Alabama 1975." The Alabama Legislature. The State of Alabama. Web. 23 Apr 2013. .
Shankle, George Earlie. State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers, and Other Symbols. Irvine, Calif.: Reprint Services Corp, Revised edition, 1971.
Shearer, Benjamin F. and Barbara S. State Names, Seals, Flags and Symbols: A Historical Guide Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 3 Sub edition, 2001.
Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama: Coat of Arms: Website of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.
More symbols & emblems: Complete list of official Alabama state symbols from NETSTATE.COM.
Design Your Own Coat of Arms, by Rosemary A. Chorzempa. 48 pages. Publisher: Dover Publications (July 1, 1987) Reading level: Ages 9-12. Design your own personal coat of arms. Detailed, easy-to-follow instructions make it easy even for beginners to fashion emblems that reflect family origins, traits, and accomplishments. Decorate plates, mugs, and stationery or create wallhangings, sew-on patches, T-shirt decals, pin-on badges, and much more.
Dictionary of Heraldry, by Stephen Friar. 384 pages. Publisher: Harmony Books; 1st edition (September 24, 1987) A dictionary, containing defintions of attributes (special features of a charge: beak, tongue, claws, etc...) and attitudes (body position of a charge) of heraldic charges, and how to blazon and emblazon armorial bearings. Using a two color plate, Friar walks the reader through the blazon (and emblazon) of arms to help the reader understand the order of precedence. Nicely laid out in alphabetical order with clean, crisp drawings. Historical information regarding a subject as needed.
Basic Heraldry, by Stephen Friar. 200 pages. Publisher: Quadrillion Pub (February 1, 1999) This introduction to heraldry describes its beginnings in ancient times and its history from the age of chivalry to the modern period. Crusader's pennons and banners, helms and seals of conquerers, livery collars, and the development of the Union Jack are among the dozens of drawings offered in this well-illustrated volume. Degrees of British peerage (duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron) are briefly explained and accompanied by artistic renderings of the coronet and coronation robes. The section titled "Orders of Chivalry" discusses the Order of the Garter, the Order of Bath, and others. Notes on civic, corporate, and ecclesiastical heraldry complete the history.
An Heraldic Alphabet, by J. P. Brooke-Little. 234 pages. Publisher: Robson Books; 3rd edition (April 15, 1997) 'A most useful dictionary of heraldry and heraldic terms. Those with a casual interest in the subject will find the comprehensive descriptions helpful and will be able to acquire the language of heraldry through them. But the serious student too will find this a useful reference book' - The Times Literary Supplement
Illustrated with over 300 drawings, An Heraldic Alphabet includes general chapters on such topics as the birth of heraldry. Clear, definitive and precise, An Heraldic Alphabet is the essential glossary for all students of heraldry and for those thousands of people intrigued by this engrossing subject.
A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies. 656 pages. Publisher: Skyhorse Publishing (May 1, 2007) Heraldry, the study of family crests and medieval coats of arms, is a science and art steeped in the tradition of familial honor and shaped by strong cords of ancestry and origin. Here Arthur Charles Fox-Davies describes the origin and importance of heraldry and the myriad elements and designs used in the coats of arms of England and Scotland. He explores the meaning of symbols like birds, fruit, flowers, crowns, coronets, flags, and mottoes, and extensively discusses their derivation and significance. With 770 detailed illustrations designed to aid in tracing family lineage, this book will help historians, genealogists, collectors, and anglophiles sift through the records of history and better understand the past. | <urn:uuid:e824d21a-ca2a-4b65-892e-22ea113830f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/coat.of.arms/al_coat_of_arms.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.953388 | 4,937 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What are the possible risks of being in the study?
- Dexamethasone may disturb sleep and increase the risk of infections. In people with diabetes it can raise blood sugar.
- Empagliflozin may cause urine or genital tract infections, like thrush. If you have diabetes, empagliflozin also lowers blood sugar in people taking insulin or some other diabetes treatments so your doctors may adjust the doses of those. It may also cause a condition called ketoacidosis (which rarely can be life-threatening), which is treated with a drip and insulin. You will be monitored for this with daily fingerprick blood or urine tests.
- Oseltamivir may cause headache, tummy upset and allergic reactions.
- Baloxavir rarely causes allergic reactions, but has no other known side effects.
- Sotrovimab is given by intravenous infusion and may cause allergic reactions during the infusion, but severe reactions have been rare.
- Molnupiravir may cause dizziness, headache, tummy upset and rashes.
- Paxlovid may cause altered taste and tummy upset. For people given Paxlovid who require steroids an alternative to dexamethasone will be prescribed due to a known interaction between these medications.
There is also the unlikely possibility of a severe reaction to any study drug. Please ask your hospital doctor if you would like more information. Once you have been included in the study, you and your doctors will know which treatment the computer has allocated for you. Your doctors will be aware of whether there are any particular side effects that they should look out for.
Women taking molnupiravir or Paxlovid should not get pregnant while taking the drug or for 4 days afterwards. Women using the combined oral contraceptive who receive Paxlovid should use either additional barrier contraception or an alternative effective method until after one complete menstrual cycle after leaving hospital. Women who are pregnant may be included, however, the effect of some of the treatments on unborn babies is uncertain.
Pregnant women will not receive empagliflozin, Paxlovid (in first 12 weeks of pregnancy) or molnupiravir as it may be harmful in pregnancy or when breast-feeding. Dexamethasone and oseltamivir have previously been used in pregnancy for other medical conditions without safety concerns being raised. Baloxavir and sotrovimab (and Paxlovid after 12 weeks of pregnancy) have not been used in pregnant women before but are considered to have an acceptably low level of risk to use in pregnant women in this trial by a national expert panel; your medical team will discuss with you whether you would be willing to receive them. | <urn:uuid:9eb52961-bb25-43ef-8191-bb13cfbe3125> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.recoverytrial.net/study-faq/what-are-the-possible-risks-of-being-in-the-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.934807 | 568 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Gustave Flaubert (1844 - 1880)
Gustave Flaubert was born in Rouen, the son of a doctor. He briefly studied law in Paris but in 1844 he had a seizure. Flaubert was recognized from suffering a nervous disease - it could have been epilepsy. The diagnosis changed Flaubert's life. He failed his law exams and decided to devote himself to literature. His father bought him a house at Croisset, on the River Seine between Paris and Rouen.
In 1846 Flaubert met the writer Louise Colet, who became his mistress and published in Lui (1859) her account of their relationship. Flaubert's relationship with Collet ended in 1855. From November 1849 to April 1851 he travelled with the writer Maxime du Camp in North Africa, Syria, Turkey, Greece, and Italy. On his return Flaubert started Madame Bovary, which appeared first in the Revue (1856) and in book form next year. Madame Bovary relates, against a French provincial-town background, the romantically motivated adulteries of a married woman whose pathetically overblown love affairs end in her suicide. The realistic depiction of adultery was condemned as immoral. Flaubert was procecuted, though he escaped conviction.
His last years were shadowed by financial worries - he helped with his modest fortune his niece's family after their bankruptcy. In the 1870s Flaubert's work were highly appreciated by the new school of naturalistic writers, and his narrative approach, that the novelist should remain neutral, was widely adopted.
Among Flaubert's later major works is Salambo (1862); L'education sentimentale (1869); La tentation de Saint Antoine (1874). Flaubert's long novel, Boulevard et pécuchet, was left unfinished at his death.
Flaubert died of a cerebral haemorrhage on May 8, in 1880.
|l\'umanità xé queo che xé, no se trata de cambiarla ma de conosserla|
|no ste lexare come fa i putei pa divertirse o come che i fa i ambissioxi pa imparare. no. lexì par vivare| | <urn:uuid:d15f831d-535b-45ba-b90a-f2d66f9dd853> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.logosquotes.org/author.php?language=PD&autore=Gustave%20Flaubert&code_author=1980 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.974354 | 490 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Helping Your Child Succeed Through Positive Behavioral Supports (PBS)
The goal of Positive Behavioral Supports (PBS), also called Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), is to help parents and school staff create and maintain a safe, supportive, learning environment, promote positive life skills, and reduce negative behaviors so that all children can succeed in school. PBS focuses on both individual behavior and environmental factors and has proven more effective than punitive discipline strategies, such as suspension and expulsion. PBS programs can address issues such as bullying prevention, social skills development, resiliency building, and discipline strategies.What Does PBS Do?
- Applies behaviorally based approaches to create effective environments in which teaching and learning occur.
- Focuses on creating and sustaining school-wide, classroom, and individual supports that make problem behavior less rewarding and desired behavior more functionally effective.
- Establishes a leadership team that guides the implementation of PBS strategies.
- Develops a set of core behavioral expectations for all students in the school.
- Engages all school staff, parents, and students in maintaining expectations and employing PBS strategies.
- Teaches those expectations across all areas of the school.
- Provides positive reinforcement for meeting expectations.
- Establishes a hierarchy of consequences as corrective procedures.
- Collects data on the use of established procedures and the impact of those procedures on behavior.
- Builds a set of procedures for maintaining PBS strategies school-wide.
Parent involvement in all aspects of their child's education is often the key to the child's success. This is particularly true when there are behavioral concerns. Parent communication with the school and participation in school activities can provide academic and behavioral support as well as help develop a healthy school climate.
How can parents help?
- Work to develop a positive school climate.
- Participate on the leadership team.
- Teach your children the importance of school-wide expectations at home, at school, and in the community.
- Volunteer in school activities.
- Support with teaching and reinforcement of expectations in home and community settings.
- Help with school efforts to advertise the program to the community.
- Work to gather community resources (earn funds, canvas local merchants for participation) for creating and maintaining the program.
- Take part in the instruction and reinforcement systems if your child is part of a classroom or individual intervention program.
- Celebrate your child's successes.
Adapted from: "Positive Behavior Supports: Tips for Parents," by Candace Cartwright Dee, PhD, and John Boyle, EdS, NCSP, www.nasponline.org, 2007. The full handout is available online at www.nasponline.org/families. | <urn:uuid:1b04495c-d34a-4419-9906-41a92f9b7a04> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.fusd1.org/domain/2337 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522242.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121035242-20210121065242-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.926022 | 561 | 3.78125 | 4 |
We live in a world which often seems more violent with every passing day. Terrorist bombings, school-yard massacres, war, and atrocities fill news headlines. At times it even seems that humanity has a collective death wish.
Human aggression has been blamed on many things, including broken homes, poverty, racism, inequality, chemical imbalances in the brain, toy guns, TV violence, sexual repression, sexual freedom, overpopulation, alienation, bad genes, and original sin. However, virtually all of these potential causes have one thing in common:
Human needs and desires are endless. Virtually all of us would like to have fancy homes, social status in our community, the ability to eat all we want without getting fat, sex whenever we want it, perpetual health, unconditional love, and the ability to live until we’re 200. Most of us will enjoy few of these things.
Fortunately, most people are realistic and sane enough not to turn to violence to deal with their frustrations. However, self-control sometimes breaks down – resulting in aggressions ranging from petty theft – to the Columbine massacre – to the mass killing fields of Cambodia.
What causes people and societies to turn to aggression? Throughout history there have been five key factors: neurosis, desperation, envy, greed, and collectivism.
Neurosis consists of irrational thoughts and acts that cause significant harm to one’s self or others. But what causes neurosis?
The humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow gave a great answer. He argued that the standard for proper human behavior should not be some statistical average of how people actually behave, but rather how the best, happiest, most productive, most creative, and most fulfilled human beings act – people such as Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein. In other words, Maslow argues that the standard for mental health should be human beings at their best. Maslow called these exemplary people “self-actualizers” or “the growing tip” of the human race.
Comparing self-actualizers to less-fulfilled, less-creative, and less-happy people, Maslow found that most neurosis is caused by the frustration of basic human needs.
A basic, as opposed to a derived need, is an innate and fundamental biological or psychological requirement for human well-being. In “Toward a Psychology of Being” (1962), Maslow listed five basic criteria which established a hierarchy of needs:
- Its absence breeds illness.
- Its presence prevents illness.
- Its restoration cures illness.
- Under certain, free-choice situations, it is preferred by the deprived person over other satisfactions.
- It is found to be inactive, at a low ebb, or functionally absent in the “healthy person” because it is a fulfilled need and thus no longer a strong motivating force.
Maslow held there were seven basic levels of human needs:
- Physiological needs such as air, food, sleep, shelter, and sex;
- Safety needs, including security, order and stability;
- Belongingness and love;
- Esteem needs, the need for a stable, firmly-based, high level of self-respect;
- Self-actualization, the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming;
- The desire to know and understand;
- Aesthetic needs, the need for beauty in one’s life.
Aggression, Maslow maintained, is principally a result of the frustration of basic needs. In other words, aggression is not an essential part of human nature, but rather a reaction to circumstances in which essential requirements of our nature are unfulfilled.
Examples are legion. In Communist China – one of the most sexually-repressed and controlling societies on earth – depression and suicide are commonplace. In the Middle East, which has been at war for 5,000 years – there is little safety, and massive anger, fear, distrust and hostility. In countries like North Korea, where there is massive starvation and even the most basic physiological needs are not met for millions of people, depression and suicide are rampant.
What is the solution? To create societies in which basic human needs are easily fulfilled. That means removing institutional barriers to productivity and wealth, so the necessities of life will be inexpensive and easily acquired. That means getting rid of taxes and regulations and letting a free market flourish.
It also means eliminating class systems which destroy opportunity and self-esteem by branding certain people “untouchables” (India); peasants (China and South America); or vermin (Nazi Germany). It means teaching that sex is natural and healthy, rather than sinful and evil.
Imagine that you have lived in an inner-city slum your entire life. All around you is massive poverty, crime, and violence. Your mother is on welfare and you don’t know who your father is.
The only people in the neighborhood who have money, power and respect are drug-dealers, pimps and gang leaders. True, some die violent deaths. But so do many of your friends who are living straight.
Under such circumstances, it’s quite rational to conclude that to succeed, you need to become a drug dealer or gang-banger.
The only solution for this type of desperation is breaking the cycle of poverty and violence. Government tried to end such desperation by spending over $2 trillion on welfare programs. The result: destruction of the family by subsidizing children born out of wedlock – destruction of inner-city jobs and businesses by minimum-wage and licensing laws. (In New York, a license to operate a taxi-cab costs over $150,000. In Washington, D.C. a push-cart license costs $7,000!). The real solution:
- compassionate charity through churches and other voluntary organizations, and
- eliminating insane economic regulations that perpetuate desperation.
Envy is hatred of the wealthy and successful for being wealthy and successful. Envy is not simply an attack on a particular person’s wealth or success, but an attack on wealth and success per se. Envy is most prevalent in cultures that preach egalitarianism (that inequality or wealth is inherently unfair or evil) such as in communist China or fundamentalist Iran.
The denigration of wealth and success is both irrational and destructive since:
- people are inherently different and will never be the same,
- wealth and success increase your security, freedom and potential happiness, and
- the attempt to eliminate differences in income and success destroys the incentive for all achievement and success – making life worse for everyone.
Fifty years ago, a British politician contrasted the difference between American and British attitudes toward wealth in this way:
“When an American sees a well-dressed man riding in a Rolls Royce with a beautiful woman by his side, he thinks, ‘some day I’ll be there.’ But when a typical Englishman sees the same man ride by, he thinks, ‘We’ll find a way to get you out of there.'” Sadly, in the past few decades American attitudes toward wealth have gotten a lot closer to English attitudes.
There is nothing wrong with wanting to be wealthy. We are material beings and we need material possessions to survive, prosper and be happy.
Just a few hundred years ago, the average person lived less than 35 years and in desperate poverty. He froze in the winter, sweltered in the summer, and was lucky merely to survive childhood diseases. Today, material goods – such as central heat, air conditioning, the electric light, the stereo, and the computer – have given even “poor” Americans lives of material comfort that would be envied by the richest kings of old.
However, greed is another matter entirely. Greed is the obsessive desire for material possessions, irrationally placing material gain before all other values and being oblivious to the psychological consequences of such single-minded pursuit of wealth on oneself and others.
The rulers of the Soviet Union – Lenin, Stalin, Krushchev – were some of the wealthiest people in history. They literally owned the wealth of their country and could seize any house, business, or bank account. They were not shy about using violence, and killed millions of their own citizens to maintain their power.
However, these all-powerful despots were also some of the most miserable people who ever existed. They lived in continual fear of assassination. They couldn’t even speak freely within their inner circle for fear of losing their power. And they had to live with the knowledge that the system they preserved was making their fellow citizens ever poorer and more miserable.
A life of wealth maintained through violence and deceit, which creates only misery and poverty for others, is to be pitied, not envied.
Collectivism is the doctrine that the social collective – called society, the people, the state, etc. – has rights, needs, or moral authority above and apart from the individuals who comprise it. We hear this idea continually championed in such familiar platitudes as “the needs of the people take precedence over the rights of the individual,” “production for people, not profits,” and “the common good.”
Collectivism often sounds humane because it stresses the importance of human needs. In reality, it is little more than a rationalization for sacrificing you and me to the desires of others.
To achieve the communist utopia of economic equality and social justice, hundreds of millions of people were robbed, tortured, and slaughtered. Prof. R. J. Rummel, author of “Death by Government,” estimates that the Soviet Union killed some 69,911,000 human beings. In communist Cambodia, nearly 1/3 of the entire population was murdered by the state. In Nazi (national socialist) Germany, some 6 million Jews, Catholics and other “enemies of the state” were slaughtered.
Collectivists justify their atrocities by such assertions as “the end justifies the means.” However, their philosophical justifications are nonsense.
Collections of people do not have unique consciousness or identities. “Society” and “the people” do not feel, need, think, or have rights. Only individuals exist.
The myth of the collective, in one form or another, is accepted by the vast majority of people alive today, and it is responsible for a great deal of the violence in our world today.
Three steps would end most of the aggression in the world today:
- Create free societies where prosperity is the norm, not the exception.
- Provide rational moral education for young people, explaining that aggression is almost never in their long-term interest and that greed and envy are irrational.
- Reject the “myth of the collective” – the idea that the nation, state or race has an identity above and apart from the individuals comprising it.
Human beings are not inherently violent, rapacious animals bent on brutality and self-destruction. Aggression is rather a result of repressive cultural and political environments that conspire to frustrate and degrade our humanity.
Aggression may never be eliminated entirely, but it can be reduced to very low levels by creating societies of freedom, self-awareness and compassion.
Jarret B. Wollstein is a co-founder of the original Society for Individual Liberty.
This pamphlet was originally published in June 2001. It is part of ISIL‘s educational pamphlet series. Click here for the full index of pamphlets online. | <urn:uuid:8fb5a645-3981-4732-9526-df28dc6e1179> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://isil.org/the-causes-of-aggression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676547.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00157-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956353 | 2,388 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Trench Destroyer (1917)
This chilling image from the height of World War I appeared on the February, 1917 cover of Hugo Gernsback's The Electrical Experimenter. The excerpt below is from Yesterday's Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future by Joseph Corn and Brian Horrigan.
The design of this mobile dreadnaught, with its steel-tired, spoked wheels, suggests that its inventor may have been influenced by agricultural tractors or perhaps an amusement park Ferris wheel. The trench destroyer also embodies the common goal of military visionaries: maximum offensive power with total defensive security. | <urn:uuid:d93a3e4f-025d-4887-8412-064b2bab91db> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://paleofuture.com/blog/2011/1/21/the-trench-destroyer-1917.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527720.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419121234-20190419143234-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.947657 | 126 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Only two vegetables can
produce on their own for several growing seasons.
vegetables must be replanted every year.
Question : Name two perennial
Question : What can fill a room
takes up no space?
Question : What are the science
teacher's favorite states?
two English words of more than 2 letters that both
and end with the letters 'he' (in that order).?
not an acceptable solution.) | <urn:uuid:9e397da9-5ef5-4d56-badd-98e0bcdc5ae0> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.pedagonet.com/brain/brain821a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125897.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00033-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.827711 | 94 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. It has also been called spastic colitis, mucus colitis or nervous colon syndrome. It is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, mucous in stools, and irregular bowel habits, including alternating diarrhea and constipation. It tends to be a chronic disorder, and the symptoms can wax and wane over many years (some times for life). Typically, doctors cannot find any abnormalities in these patients despite exhaustive tests of the intestines. While it occasionally can cause troubling symptoms, IBS does not adversely affect longevity or result in organ damage.
Up to fifteen percent of the population may have IBS, although only about twenty percent of this group will seek medical attention. Women are affected twice as often as men. The symptoms of IBS typically occur early in life, and half of the patients have onset of symptoms before they reach 30 years of age.
For in-depth and up-to-date information about IBS and other digestive disorders, please visit the following areas: | <urn:uuid:d035094f-22be-474a-94a1-c4840e607b6d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.947049 | 218 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Homework: Brainstorm three good topics for the Presentation Projects. Create topics for at least two of the three categories (people, objects, events).
Make one of your three subjects an alternative or lesser known icon, possibely in a area of interest that you really love.
Post your three subjects in the Comments section here, and then explain which one you are most interested in doing for a Presentation, and why.
Really think about different areas or skill, interest, or study here, and then research to find out the iconic subjects in that topic area.
PUBLIC SERVICE OR CHARITY
ETC. . . THE POSSIBILITIES FOR SUBJECTS AND CATEGORIES OF INTEREST ARE MYRIAD.
WHAT ARE YOU INTERESTED IN?
HINT: When researching, use search terms like iconic, legendary, leading thinker, leader, pioneer, activist, impact or influence, groundbreaking, seminal, revered, admired, visionary, most respected, etc.
|Why is an object like the Statue of Liberty so iconic? For many reasons, of course, but it would take study to truly understand.| | <urn:uuid:0c740eb9-53ea-4620-ac55-d0d9717080ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://130marion.blogspot.com/2014/11/brainstorming-homework-presentations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817111816-20170817131816-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.854579 | 236 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Some of the most common image formats that you have probably heard of and used many times are GIF, JPEG, and PNG. Each one serves a specific purpose that we know and value through the Internet of memes, reaction images, and all other forms of online image expression.
However, there are many more image file formats you should be aware of. Of these, TIFF is one of the most difficult.
Whether you are interested in graphic design or photography, TIFF files can be game-changing, but what is a TIFF file? In this article, we will introduce you to this important but underestimated image file format.
What is a TIFF file?
TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format and is an image format that was developed by Aldus in 1986. Lossless compression is used in TIFF files, which increases the overall file size by maintaining image quality. This makes the TIFF format ideal for anyone working on a job or project that requires the highest quality images.
TIFF files retain tags, layers, and transparency like PNGs, and are fully compatible with many popular photo editing applications such as Photoshop
TIFF files also support extended metadata storage via GeoTIFF GeoTIFF is a technology used to store metadata of a TIFF file, which contains important information such as the GPS coordinates at which the picture was taken (if a camera was used).
Despite its many positive aspects, TIFF also has disadvantages. Although TIFF files can be opened and viewed with the Windows Photo and Photo Viewer, you will need third-party software to edit them. The image editor you choose may not support TIFF files or work perfectly with them, in which case you may need to convert the files to a different format before working with them. Depending on the conversion method, this can change or erase the image metadata.
Another important caveat is that TIFF files are not suitable for the web. A third-party plugin must be installed to display TIFF files in the browser. However, it is completely impractical for web designers to use TIFF instead of alternatives like JPEG or PNG due to the large size of these files – this is terrible for server bandwidth.
How to open and edit a TIFF file
Although you can open and view TIFF files using the built-in Windows image viewer, many third-party applications make viewing and editing TIFF files much easier and have a cleaner, more feature-rich interface.
The following Windows applications can be used to open and / or edit TIFF files:
- Adobe Photoshop
- CorelDRAW Graphics Suite
- Graphics renderer
If you want to work with a GeoTIFF image file, we recommend using GDAL
Alternatively, you can install TIF, a TIFF Viewer with Drive extension for Google Chrome, which will allow you to view TIFF files stored in Google Drive through a browser.
How to convert a TIFF file
In some situations, the best solution is to convert the TIFF file to a different, more common image format before changing it. However, keep in mind that converting to some formats such as JPEG can result in a loss of quality – one of the biggest benefits of TIFF.
Although there are many different applications that you can download to convert TIFF files, the process can be completely done over the Internet without the need to download any third party software.
Zamzar is one of the best file conversion tools on the web that works great when it comes to converting TIFF files to many other common image file formats.
Zamzar supports converting TIFF files to BMP, GIF, ICO, JPG, PCX, PNG, TGA, WBMP and WEBP formats. Reverse transformations of all these transformations are also possible.
As the website says, you can drag and drop files, upload them by clicking the Add Files button, or even upload them from a URL. After that, select the format to which you want to convert the files and click the “Convert Now” button.
If you are uploading a large number of files, check the box below this button to receive an email notification when the conversion is complete.
The page will then be dynamically updated to reflect the status of your downloads. When complete, the page will change to a page with a Download button next to each converted file.
The files on Zamzar only last 24 hours, so you will need to upload them before they expire, otherwise you will have to re-upload and convert them again.
Where to find TIFF file templates
If you’re interested in working with TIFF files, but don’t have the resources to create and save them yourself, there are several websites that offer you various sample TIFF images to work with.
The two best ones we found are file-examples.com, which offers three images in sizes of 1MB, 5MB, and 10MB, and FileFormat.info, which offers much more choice and different upload sizes. P>
Downloading one of these sample files is a great way to test the functionality of one of your TIFF editors, or see what the online conversion process looks like.
We hope this article helped you better understand what TIFF files are, how they can be used, and how to edit and convert them to your liking.
If you would like to share tips for working with TIFF files, or know about an editor or converter that is not mentioned in this article, leave us a comment below! | <urn:uuid:35833149-23fa-48e5-ad4e-cd3ad1dee8fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.pkrtousd.gb.net/ott-explains-what-is-a-tiff-file/?amp=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649193.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603101032-20230603131032-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.93292 | 1,150 | 3 | 3 |
Have you considered the importance of doors? No matter what kind of story you’re writing, being able to increase tension in a scene, to get the reader to shift to their edge of their seat, is tricky business. Doors are an opportunity to pause, force the character to take a deep breath. Commit to the next step of the journey.
“Be an opener of doors.” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Doors not only shut an opening, they provide a measure of privacy, security even. Ever noticed how characters will often pause before a door – a door that is either menacing in appearance, or leads the character into further peril? That pause, that hesitation, signals to the reader something big or bad or ugly is on the other side of that door. Gates can work in the same way.
Consider the gates to Moria in The Lord of the Rings. The fellowship is forced to pause outside and consider those formidable elvish-wrought doors for a good while. Tolkien describes the doors in good detail, forcing the reader to consider if a place shut so firmly should be opened at all. The company finally open the doors only to find themselves somewhere they realized too late they didn’t want to go.
In the movie, One Night With The King, the queen pauses before the massive heavy doors to the throne room. The King has not summoned her, and if he does not tip his scepter to her when she arrives uninvited she’ll be killed. The doors heave and slowly give way, the queen’s burden as heavy as the doors, providing a dramatic entry.
What about those famous wardrobe doors that lead to Narnia? Not traditional doors, but a portal, a narrow entry to a hidden place nonetheless. Lucy is very careful to describe the doors from the inside, and not shut the wardrobe doors so she could always get out when she wanted to. When Peter and Susan follow her into Narnia, they forget their mother’s childhood warnings and shut the doors in their haste to hide.
And let’s not forget that iconic scene from The Shining when Jack Nicholson’s character hacks his way through a locked door. “Here’s Johnny!”
Rayne Hall in her book Writing Scary Scenes suggests keeping track of all the doors you encounter. Note whether the hinges creak, or the doorknob wiggles. Is the paint chipped?
Can you think of other famous doors or gates from movies or literature?
Been told you should learn Deep Point Of View? Had an editor or critique partner tell you to “go deeper” with the emotions in your fiction? Looking for a community of writers seeking to create emotional connections with readers? Check out the Free Resource Hub and then join the Going Deeper With Emotions In Fiction Facebook group.
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:3e0b1d0d-71b4-4d89-aec2-9eff72b032d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://lisahallwilson.com/simple-tip-increase-tension-fiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950373.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402012805-20230402042805-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.93829 | 594 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Introduction to Programming Course Overview
Students will learn the basics of computer programming by using Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 and either the Visual C# or Visual Basic programming languages. The course assumes no prior programming experience and introduces the concepts needed to progress to the intermediate courses on programming, such as 20483B: Programming in C#.
The focus will be on core programming concepts such as computer storage, data types, decision structures, and repetition by using loops. The course also covers an introduction to object-oriented programming covering classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Coverage is also included around exception handling, application security, performance, and memory management
Is Introduction to Programming Course for you?
This course is designed for all those wanting to learn how to program. This course is also suited for those who aspire to be web designers, those wanting to add advanced functionality to documents and databases, and those who want to understand computer programming concepts.
Instructor Led Learning
Duration: 5 Days
Registration Open Now!
What you will learn
- Lesson 1: Introduction to Core Programming Concepts
- Lesson 2: Core Programming Language Concepts
- Lesson 3: Program Flow
- Lesson 4: Algorithms and Data Structures
- Lesson 5: Error Handling and Debugging
- Lesson 6: : Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
- Lesson 7: More Object-Oriented Programming
- Lesson 8: Introduction to Application Security
- Lesson 9: Core I/O Programming
- Lesson 10: Application Performance and Memory Management | <urn:uuid:8cf0fc45-761f-4949-94d7-bba45b5e2459> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.mastergradeit.co.za/courses/programming/10975-introduction-to-programming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143784.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218150621-20200218180621-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.869291 | 319 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Urgup’s Historical Background
Favorite thing: In the Byzantine period Ürgüp was called under various names such as Osiana, Hagios, Prokopios. During the Seljuks period it was referred to as Başhisar and in the Ottoman Empire period as Burgut Castle, until the first years of the Turkish Republic when it was called Ürgüp.
Ürgüp, whose name derives from "ur kup" meaning "many rocks".
Urgup became a part of the Ottoman Empire in 1515. It was the first time in the 18th century when Damat Ybrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Grand Vezier, established the governorship in Nevsehir (Muskara). Urgup was then administered by the governorship making Urgup secondary in importance.
You may watch my high resolution photo of Urgup on the Google Earth according to the following coordinates 38° 37' 52.76" N 34° 54' 37.82" E or on my Google Earth Panoramio Urgup's panorama.
You may watch my 3 min 00 sec VIDEO-Clip Urgup - Slide-show with Mustafa Sandal & Galkan Aya Benzer music.
Also available in Urgup !
Favorite thing: Breakfast : A Turkish breakfast normally consist of fresh crusty bread,olives,tomatoes,cucumber,cheese, jam or honey and sometimes a boiled egg.
Meze(hors d’oeuvres): Plays an important part in Turkish meals.They are often so delicious and satisfying that they can often be a meal in themselves , and vegeterians will find plenty of choice.There is a great variety , but the following meze are some you will find in local restaurants :
Sigara börek (filo pastry wrapped around the cheese and herbs)
Cacýk ( yoghurt with cucumber ,herbs,garlic and watercress)
Piyaz( haricot bean salad)
Ýmambayýldý (Aubergines with minced meat,onion and tomato )
Dolma (stuffed vegetables,peppers,vine leaves,cabbage or tomatoes)
Tursu (pickled vegetables)
Meat : Kebabs date back to the time of nomadic Turks who learned to grill and roast their meat over campfires.There are numerous varieties , some of which are named after the place where they were first prepared.Adana kebab is spicy with a sprinkling of purple sumak , betraying its Arab influence ; Iskender kebab consist of pide bread , a layer of döner lamb topped with fresh tomato sauce and yoghurt.Köfte is meatballs,usually without ay sauce and yoghurt.Lamb is undoubtedly the most commonly eaten meat in Turkey , but chicken and beef are also generally available.Being a Muslim country , pork is more exceptional.
Vegeterians : Vegeterian dishes are widely available or olive oil using seasonal vegetables.Turkish rice ,pilav , is especially good and so are the couscous and cracked wheat , bulgur pilav dishes.
Fondest memory: Desserts : Turkish people have a sweet tooth ! On the menu you will find delights such as ‘lips of the beloved’ , and ‘Lady’s Navel’
By far the most common dessert after meal is frest,seasonal fruit.Spring starts with strawberries,followed by cherries,figs, and apricots.In summer come peaches,watermelon and honeydew melon, and in late summer grapes,followed by plums,apples,pears and quince.Oranges,mandarins and bananas are available in the winter.
If you ask for fruit in a restaurant, you will normally be given a plate of mixed fruit,peeled,sliced and beatifully presented.In addition to fruit , you will find a variety of milk desserts including rice puding (served cold) and cremed caramel,pastries,baklava (filo pastry with honey and pistachio nuts) and ice cream.
try try somine restaurant : one of the 'up market' restaurants in Urgup
Turks drink indeed :)
Favorite thing: THE HISTORY OF DRINKING
Traditonally Islam condems the consumtion of alcohol , but the Turks have always kept an open mind.
As Lord Charlemont observed : “The Turks are the soberest people on earth yet some of them are apt to consider the words of the prophet in the literal sense and imagine if they abstain from the juice of the grape , they may drink any other spirituous liquor.”
With Turkey having many cultural influences , it is really down to the choice of the individual an deven those who abstain in public may enjoy a discreet tiple at home.
Perhaps the best way to sum up the Turks attitude to drinking is to recount the following tale :
Murat IV (1623-1640),himself a heavy drinker ,imposed on of the strictest crackdowns on alcohol and tobacco.He used to patrol the streets of Ýstanbul incognito,seeking out the drunk and having them executed on the spot.When raiding a local’s wine cellar one day , he found barrels of wine and demanded to know why they dare flout the prohibition so blatantly.The local replied “ my sultan, we put the grape juice in the barrel , but only god knows whether it becomes vinegar or wine !”
For almost eight centuries of Otoman rule , wine making was carried out with little interference from the authorities and , it hardly caused a stir when the modern republic took wine and spirits under its wings in the 1920’s.
Fondest memory: Drinking today :
Raký : Affectionately known as ‘lion’s milk’ is the traditional drink.This aniseed tasting spirit is drunk with water ; once the water is added, it changes from a clear liquid from a clear liquid to a milky white.The drink was developed because of the literal interpretation of the Koran against wine and the fermantation of the grape.
Çay : Turkish tea is served in small tulip-shaped glasses without milk.The Turks , who invariably have a sweet tooth , usually drink it with lots of sugar.If you find the tea too strong ask for ‘acik cay’ meaning weak tea.Elma cay , apple tea, will almost certainly be offered to you whilst you are out shopping.Ironically this drink, which tourists associate with Turkey , is rarely , if never , drunk by the locals.
Kahve : Turkish coffee has a strong and distinctive flavour and is served in tiny cups and saucers.You can order as follows : Sade kahve (without sugar) orta þekerli(medium-sweet), þekerli (sweet). Don’t be surprised if , after you have finished your drink , someone offers to tell your fortune from the sediment in your cup !
Ayran : Yoghurt , water and little salt mixed together and served chilled.It is especially refreshing in hot weather.
Wines : Turkey’s climate lends itself to wine production although its real potential has never been exploited due to the fact that , as a Muslim country , consumption remains relatively low.
The main wine producers are : Doluca, Kavaklýdere,Sevilen,Dikmen and Turasan(based in Cappadocia)
i ended up addicted to tea.Local people almost drink 25-30 cups of tea everyday !!
Briefly Turkish Cuisine
Favorite thing: At its finest , Turkish food is amongst the best of the world.The range of climate zones means that country is one of only six in the world that are self-sufficient in terms of food production.Recipes have been passed down from generation to generation.As Turkey itself has been influenced by many cultures,different areas tend to have their own unique and traditional dishes.
The legacy of an Imperial kitchen is also evident. Hundred of cooks,all eager to please the royal palate,had their influence in perfecting the cuisine as we know it today. The importance of culinary art for the Ottoman sultans is evident to every visitor to the Topkapý Palace in Ýstanbul.By the 17th century there were some 1300 kitchen staff housed at the palace.Every cook specialized in different categories of dishes,such as soups,pilafs,kebabs,vegetables,fish,breads,pastries,sweets and helva, syrups, and jams and bevarages and fed as many as 10.000 people a day.Another important factor influencing the variety and development of Turkish cuisine was the Spice Road was under the full control of the Sultans.
Following the example of the palace, all of the grand otoman houses boasted elaborate kitchens and competed in preparing feasts for each other as well as the general public.In each neighbourhood at least one household would open its doors to anyone who would stop by for diner during the holy month of Ramadan or during any other festive occasions.This is how the traditional cuisine evolved and filtered down to the ordinary people.
Fondest memory: A real pottery kebab casserole ; they cook egg plants meat and onion in a big pottery bowl for hours and hours and serve with rice(pilaf) grape syrup dessert is awsame !
- Food and Dining
This region , the heartland...
Favorite thing: This region , the heartland of the country , is of a rugged , often startling beauty . It has been witness to several great cultures of the past and its importance is no less today as the cultural and political center of modern Turkey. | <urn:uuid:553ad136-b18a-472a-99ee-39917889e552> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Turkey/Nevsehir_Ili/Urgup-1821514/General_Tips-Urgup-TG-C-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398452385.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205412-00129-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940395 | 2,085 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You might think of a missing tooth as an inconvenience or a detriment to your smile, but it can be more than a bothersome gap. Missing teeth can make eating, drinking, and speaking clearly more difficult. And, left untreated, it increases your risk for developing more complicated oral health problems including:
- Mental and emotional stress
- Periodontitis, or gum disease
- Bone loss in the jaw
- Movement or migration of your existing teeth
- A gradual shift in your facial structure
Fortunately, recent advancements in dental technology offer effective solutions to replace missing teeth, restoring the health and beauty of your smile.
How to Fix Missing or Broken Teeth
Implants, full and partial dentures, and fixed bridges are the three most popular remedies for fixing or replacing missing teeth. Here are the pros and cons of each procedure.
Increasingly becoming the preferred choice, dental implants are designed to replace one or more missing teeth with zero impact to the surrounding healthy teeth. Unlike with bridges, where it’s often necessary to remove some of the structure of adjacent teeth to affix the bridge, implants use small titanium posts that are placed in the gum tissue where they serve as an artificial tooth root. Custom made porcelain replacement teeth are then attached to the posts giving a seamless appearance with your natural teeth.
One of the greatest advantages to implants is that they function just like your natural teeth. You can chew and speak with ease and your normal home dental routine of brushing and flossing is all the care they require. Implants also eventually fuse to your jaw bone and become a permanent part of your mouth. The only requirement for the procedure is that your jaw bone have sufficient density.
Full and Partial Dentures
Not everyone chooses dental implants. They might not be able to have the treatment done or they might prefer something less invasive. Dentures are a dental implant alternative that have been around for many years. Depending on your needs, you might receive a full mouth or partial denture.
- Full mouth dentures are designed to replace both your upper and lower arches of teeth and they’re an excellent choice if you’re planning to have all your teeth removed due to disease or damage. While they’re an effective tooth replacement option that allow you to chew more naturally then you could with heavily damaged teeth or just gums, they are not the same as your natural teeth or dental implants, so you might be limited on what you can eat.
- Partial dentures consist of several replacement teeth and are attached to a plastic base that matches the color of your gums, which helps the partial blend in with your other teeth. Though they are easy to remove for cleaning, they are sometimes uncomfortable and might require frequent repair.
As their name suggests, these dental devices are fixed in place with a special bonding material which helps them function more like your natural teeth; you don’t have to worry about the bridge coming loose in your mouth as you would with dentures. You can brush and floss as normal, though it might require a more involved cleaning process. A bridge can only be removed by your dentist.
Missing all of your Teeth?
But what about if you’re missing all your teeth? It’s totally possible to have a bright, natural smile despite your missing teeth. And the best news is it can be done in a single day using dental implants.
Dentures will be directly tightened to your new implants and allow you to eat anything you want. Unlike outdated dentures, dental implants give you freedom and flexibility. It’s the closest thing to natural teeth available.
You don’t have to live with the inconvenience of missing teeth! To talk to a dentist about your tooth replacement options, schedule a consultation with Richard C. Caven, D.M.D. today. | <urn:uuid:e2a6cd16-7414-4beb-abb4-3ddda17aa921> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.cavendental.com/blog/the-problem-with-missing-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943845.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322145537-20230322175537-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.93475 | 797 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Black History: Special Delivery!!
Thomas Greene Bethune Wiggins (1849 – 1908) was born to enslaved parents who lived on a Georgia plantation. The family was owned at first by Wiley Jones but was then sold to General James Bethune in Columbus, GA. Wiggins was blind from birth and was also considered to be autistic. He showed an early aptitude for music and also was said to have a great memory. By the age of 4 he was able to play the piano and made his musical concert debut at the age of 8, in Atlanta, GA. Wiggins was hired out as an enslaved musician. The fee for his performance was $15,000. He would be the first African American to perform at the White House for President James Buchanan in 1859, when he was 10 years old. Two of his original piano pieces “Oliver Galop” and “Virginia Polka” were published in 1860. During the Civil War, his musical talents were used to raise funds for Confederate relief efforts. By 1865, Wiggins was 16 years old and was considered an “indentured” servant to General Bethune. Continue reading “Thomas Bethune Wiggins: Enslaved, Blind, Musical Genius” | <urn:uuid:10b92ae8-a12a-41e5-9922-e6a03c36e596> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blackmail4u.com/tag/musician/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141653.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217030027-20200217060027-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.992293 | 250 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Pharmacology/Alpha 2 agonists
Alpha 2 receptors are located mainly on presynaptic nerve endings, as well as Beta cells of the pancreas. These receptors are inhibitory in nature. When Norepinephrine is released from the presynaptic nerve terminal, some circles back to bind with the Alpha 2 receptor. This causes feedback inhibition, thus reducing the amount of Norepinephrine released. Alpha 2 stimulation also results in inhibition of insulin release. Binding of Alpha 2 receptors is mediated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. Alpha 2 agonists include Norepinephrine and Clonidine. | <urn:uuid:686e85e5-459c-444a-a855-3d732a657fca> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pharmacology/Alpha_2_agonists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00706.warc.gz | en | 0.935188 | 137 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Did you know that scientists have come to the conclusion that “the universe is slowly dying”? In fact, they have found that the universe is only producing about half as much energy as it once did, and they have also found that the level of energy is continuing to fade. Not only that, our sun also appears to be dying. Solar activity has slowed down to a level not seen for about 100 years, and scientists are not quite sure what to make of it. Pretty much all scientists agree that the sun will die “one day”, but could it be possible that it is happening faster than any of them ever imagined? In addition, in this article I will include information about how the human race itself is deteriorating. There is a common misconception that humanity has been constantly improving and getting better, but scientists have discovered that the exact opposite is actually true. So why is this happening? Why is everything steadily decaying and deteriorating?
These are questions that our scientists don’t really have quality answers for. But what they can see is that things are slowing down all around us. Just this week, there were headlines in mainstream news sources all over the planet that were proclaiming that “the universe is dying”. Here is one example…
The Universe is slowly dying, according to astronomers who have made a study of the fall in energy levels resulting from the fusion of matter taking place in the nuclear furnaces of the stars of more than 200,000 galaxies.
A wide-spectrum survey of the galaxies has revealed the precise levels of energy generated within an immense segment of space and found that it is only half of what it was 2bn years ago – and that it is continuing to fade.
The scientists involved in the study said that they used “as many space and ground-based telescopes we could get our hands on”, and the data that they were able to accumulate pointed to some pretty stunning conclusions…
“The universe has basically sat down on the sofa, pulled up a blanket and is about to nod off for an eternal doze,” said astronomer Simon Driver, who led the team.
Death does not mean the universe will go away. It will still be there, but its stars and all else that produces light and stellar fire will fizzle out.
“It will just grow old forever, slowly converting less and less mass into energy as billions of years pass by until eventually, it will become a cold, dark and desolate place, where all of the lights go out,” said astronomer Luke Davies.
What this tells us is that the universe was once a much more vibrant and active place.
At one time, far more energy was being produced than we are currently observing.
This also tells us that whatever process is happening once had a beginning and that it is heading toward an end.
Our sun has also been getting quieter. The following is from a BBC article that was published a couple years ago…
“I’ve been a solar physicist for 30 years, and I’ve never seen anything quite like this,” says Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire.
He shows me recent footage captured by spacecraft that have their sights trained on our star. The Sun is revealed in exquisite detail, but its face is strangely featureless.
“If you want to go back to see when the Sun was this inactive… you’ve got to go back about 100 years,” he says.
This solar lull is baffling scientists, because right now the Sun should be awash with activity.
Scientists don’t know what to make of the sun’s strange behavior, because according to them it is supposed to act quite predictably.
Could it be possible that we are moving into a period of time when the sun’s behavior will become quite erratic?
Is our sun in the very early stages of shutting down?
A study that was released earlier this year warned that because of the lack of solar activity we could be heading for a “mini ice age”…
The Earth could be headed for a ‘mini ice age’ researchers have warned.
A new study claims to have cracked predicting solar cycles – and says that between 2020 and 2030 solar cycles will cancel each other out.
This, they say, will lead to a phenomenon known as the ‘Maunder minimum’ – which has previously been known as a mini ice age when it hit between 1646 and 1715, even causing London’s River Thames to freeze over.
Let’s certainly hope that study does not prove to be accurate, because it would likely mean widespread death and famine all over the planet in the not too distant future.
The human race itself is deteriorating as well. To end this article, I would like to share with you an extended excerpt from one of my previous articles entitled “Scientists Discover Proof That Humanity Is Getting Dumber, Smaller And Weaker“. As humans, it is our tendency to believe that we are somehow superior to all generations of humans that have ever come before us. But the cold, hard scientific evidence actually shows that the exact opposite is true. Compared to our ancient ancestors, our brains are smaller, our bodies are weaker and from generation to generation the number of errors in our DNA is rapidly growing. There is a finite limit on the amount of time the human race will be able to survive just based on the pace that we are deteriorating. Most people have never heard anything about this, and that is why such an extended excerpt from one of my previous articles is required. I believe that many of you will find this extremely enlightening…
This kind of information comes as a shock to many people. It is widely assumed by the general public that humanity is “progressing” and that we are better both physically and mentally than our predecessors were. But that is not the case at all. In fact, research conducted at Cambridge University shows that we are “weaker than we used to be” and that the most highly trained athletes of today “pale in comparison” to those that lived thousands of years ago…
‘Even our most highly trained athletes pale in comparison to these ancestors of ours,’ Dr Colin Shaw told Outside Magazine. ‘We’re certainly weaker than we used to be.’
The study looked at skeletons dating back to around 5,300 BC with the most recent to 850 AD – a time span of 6,150 years.
It then compared the bones to that of Cambridge University students, and found the leg bones of male farmers 5,300 BC were just as good as those of highly-trained cross-country runners.
In addition, earlier research at Cambridge University showed that our bodies are “significantly smaller” than they were thousands of years ago and that our brains are also smaller…
An earlier study by Cambridge University found that mankind is shrinking in size significantly.
Experts say humans are past their peak and that modern-day people are 10 percent smaller and shorter than their hunter-gatherer ancestors.
And if that’s not depressing enough, our brains are also smaller.
The findings reverse perceived wisdom that humans have grown taller and larger, a belief which has grown from data on more recent physical development.
The decline, said scientists, has happened over the past 10,000 years. They blame agriculture, with restricted diets and urbanisation compromising health and leading to the spread of disease.
Most movies and television shows portray our ancestors as short, stupid, hunched-over people that could barely survive in a cold, cruel world.
But the hard science is revealing a very different picture to us.
As I mentioned above, the primary reason for our decline as a species is the systematic deterioration of our genes. According to Dr. John Sanford of Cornell University, the author of Genetic Entropy & The Mystery of the Genome, each one of us already carries tens of thousands of harmful mutations, and each one of us will pass on at least 100 new mutations to future generations. Many scientists believe that this will ultimately lead to something called “mutational meltdown”. The following is an excerpt from a paper by Gerald H. McKibben and Everett C. McKibben…
Geneticists have long worried about the impact of mutations on the human population, and that at a rate of one deleterious mutation per person per generation, genetic deterioration would result. Earlier reports were based on estimates of mutation rates considerable lower than what we now know to be the case. Findings going back to 2002 show that the human mutation rate is at least 100 mistakes (misspellings) per person per generation. Some scientists believe the rate is closer to 300.
Even a rate of 100 has profound implications, and the mutation rate is itself increasing. Furthermore, most, if not all, mutations in the human genome must be deleterious. “And nothing can reverse the damage that has been done during our own generation, even if further mutations could be stopped.” It would appear that the process is an irreversible downward spiral that will end in “mutational meltdown”.
This is incredible stuff with absolutely staggering implications. For much more on all of this, check out the video interview with Dr. Sanford that I have posted below…
Not only are our brains getting smaller, but humanity is also getting dumber.
This sounds strange to many people, especially considering the technological boom that we have seen in modern times, but it is actually true. In fact, a Stanford University biology professor recently published two papers in which he expressed his conclusion that humans have been getting dumber for thousands of years…
Are humans becoming smarter or more stupid? Comparing our modern lives and technology with that of any preceding generation, one might think we are becoming increasingly smarter. But, in two papers published in Trends in Genetics, Gerald R. Crabtree of Stanford University claims that we are losing mental capacity and have been doing so for 2,000–6,000 years! The reason, Crabtree concludes, is due to genetic mutations—which are the backbone of neo-Darwinian evolution.
Professor Crabtree, like Dr. Sanford, is convinced that this loss of mental capacity is due to the accumulation of errors in our genes…
Based on data produced by the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium and two recent papers in Nature, Crabtree estimates in the first article that, in the past 3,000 years (approximately 120 generations), about 5,000 new mutations have occurred in the genes governing our intellectual ability. He claims most of these mutations will have no effect, while about 2–5 percent are deleterious and “a vanishingly small fraction will increase fitness.” Crabtree bases his conclusion that humankind is losing mental capacity on the ratio between the deleterious and the beneficial mutations.
And to be honest, we can see the loss of mental capacity all around us. | <urn:uuid:ca17c9f8-8a13-47ca-ab7f-69fe4735cf07> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/universe-deteriorating-human-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.971231 | 2,263 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By Jonathan Farrow from The Thoughtful Pharaoh
Imagine a creature that never grows up, can regenerate limbs without scars, and has a sort of slimy, alien-like cuteness. Sounds like a critter you’d like to meet, right? Ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl, lives all over the world in aquaria but their only wild habitat is under severe threat. Chances are that neither of us will ever meet a wild one and that is a shame.
This fascinating amphibian, through a quirk of evolution, is neotenous. This means that it never really leaves the tadpole stage. Where most salamanders and frogs will leave behind external gills and develop lungs to breathe on land, the axolotl decides it is perfectly happy and stays put underwater with beautiful gill fans collecting the oxygen it needs.
Not only does this incredible creature never grow up, but it can also totally regenerate lost limbs. This makes it a valuable model organism for scientists to study in the lab. The exact mechanism behind this regeneration is still being investigated, in hopes that one day a technique for human regeneration will be discovered, but there are some interesting findings that have already come out.
The generally accepted theory was that when a limb was cut off, the axolotl would send a signal to the stump that would turn the cells at the end to pluripotent stem cells. These cells would be able to duplicate and grow into any tissue and are similar to the cells found in embryos. Recent research out of Germany, however, showed that the cells at the end of the stump don’t revert to a totally embryonic state. They are still able to grow into tissues, but only certain kinds of tissue. The part of the stump that was muscle remembers that it needs to grow muscle, whereas the part that was nerve remembers that it needs to grow nerve.
Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City is the only place in the world the axolotl can be found in the wild, making them critically endangered according to the IUCN. They used to live in another nearby lake named Chalco, until that was drained for fear of flooding. For hundreds of years the axolotl was abundant enough to be a staple in the diet of locals, but now they are nearly impossible to find. In a 2002-2003 survey where over 1800 nets were cast over the entirety of Lake Xochimilco, scientists could only find 42 of the little amphibians. The first thing to understand about axolotl decline is that calling Xochimilco a lake is kind of a stretch.
This small, restricted environment is a closed system, meaning it does not drain anywhere. It is also surrounded by farms which provide much of the food needed to feed Mexico City. Agricultural runoff from the farms and pollution from the nearby megacity accumulate, causing severe damage to the ecosystem and endangering the few axolotls that remain.
The axolotl is an incredible animal at severe risk of extinction in the wild. It is the Peter Pan of the animal kingdom, refusing to grow up and hiding from hooks. It’s most amazing power, regeneration, is still being studied and one day may prove the key to human limb regrowth. For all this and more, the axolotl is most definitely an interesting thing.
For more information on this beautiful creature, follow the links below
Weird Creatures with Nick Baker did a great documentary on axolotls which is available on Youtube.
The IUCN has put the axolotl on its red list of endangered animals
The German team who study axolotl limb regeneration | <urn:uuid:4b1540f8-66b3-48fa-9557-d2d3ae00955a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://rising-ape.com/tag/axolotl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.963958 | 759 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Islam, the youngest of the world's major religions, is today its fastest-growing faith - over 1.2 billion people follow the teachings of the Koran. But many Americans know little about this religion and its followers. Islam shares much in common with the other great Western faiths. Muslims believe in the same God as Christians and Jews. The Koran describes Jesus as a great prophet, and includes more references to the Virgin Mary than does the New Testament. The word "Islam" is derived from a word that means "peace" and for centuries, Islam ruled as the greatest, most tolerant, and most diverse empire the world had ever known. | <urn:uuid:7bbfc74f-fc74-41d7-be1f-0fb485458e22> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cair.com/u_s_news_secrets_of_islam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490806.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219162843-20190219184843-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.969681 | 128 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There are all kinds of changes that occur as the years pass, some we need to monitor more than others. Besides greying hair and wrinkling skin, there are many health worries tied to aging; one of the most important areas for concern is your eyesight.
Eye problems and diseases in aging adults generally occur after the age of 50. If caught early, vision problems in older adults do not have to affect your life and you can continue to see all the world has to offer! As long as you know the warning signs of age related eye problems, you can prevent damage from stealing your vision. If you’re over the age of 50 and are concerned about maintaining your eye health, here are eight of the most common eyes problems and diseases. The more you know and understand about them, the more preventative measures you can take to keep your vision strong and clear.
Presbyopia can often be treated with corrective lenses, so don’t worry – you won’t require intense surgery or medications. Without corrective lenses, though, those with presbyopia may experience headaches, eye strain and a decrease in focus.
An ophthalmologist can diagnose presbyopia through a regular eye exam, unfortunately, there are no known prevention methods in the case of presbyopia. Corrective lenses are an effective means to maintain proper focus, so you don’t have to sacrifice doing the things you love.
Although glaucoma caused by an increase in eye pressure is the most common form, there are also low-tension and normal-tension glaucoma which can occur without the eye pressure. However, these two are less common.
As an age related eye problem, glaucoma usually affects those over 50, so your age definitely puts you at risk. Furthermore, if you have a family history of glaucoma you should be more inclined to get your eyes checked regularly.
Treatment of glaucoma can range from medications to surgery, all depending on when it is diagnosed.
Related reading: Natural remedies for glaucoma
In a healthy eye, light passes through the lens to the retina. When it reaches the retina, it is changed into nerve signals, which are sent to the brain. In an eye with cataracts, the light cannot reach the retina because it is not clear. So when the nerve signal is sent to the brain, it appears blurry or cloudy.
There are different forms of cataracts, such as:
Cataracts can occur in just about anyone, but after 50 they begin to impair vision. Other risk factors include having a pre-existing medical condition like diabetes, smoking and alcohol use or overexposure to sunlight.
If you’re looking to avoid cataracts, always wear protective eye gear when heading outdoors. Also, limiting your alcohol and quitting smoking can make a difference.
Related reading: Cloudy vision: How to prevent cataracts naturally
Age related macular degeneration is most commonly found among Caucasians, smokers and those who have a family history of AMD. Making healthy choices is a good way to reduce your risk of developing AMD. Quitting smoking, enjoying a diet of leafy greens and fish, and keeping physically active on a regular basis are all recommended when protecting your vision against AMD.
Here are some of the symptoms of temporal arteritis:
Again, eating a balanced diet as well as exercise may be helpful when preventing temporal arteritis.
If you have pink eye, ensure you continuously wash your hands and avoid touching the infected eye(s) or other people. Prevention of pink eye also involves the constant cleaning of your hands and not overly touching your eyes if you don’t have to. Changing pillowcases and using new makeup brushes can also help prevent pink eye.
Related reading: Conjunctivitis: Know about Pink eye
Besides being an age-related eye problem, floaters can also be caused by inflammation at the back of the eye, bleeding in the eye and a torn retina. Other factors which may increase the likelihood of floaters are diabetic retinopathy, eye trauma and eye inflammation.
Symptoms of dry eyes include:
Dry eyes can develop as a side effect to medications, be a result of a skin disease around the eyes, immune disorders, allergies, excess of deficiency in vitamins and infrequently blinking. Knowing the cause of your dry eyes will better help you find the right treatment.
Although dry eyes can affect any age group, it’s most commonly found among those 50 years and older. Blinking when looking at screens and using eye drops may help prevent dry eyes from occurring.
Related reading: Spring allergies? Natural solution for dry eyes
Although many of these eye problems are age related, steps can be taken to ensure they do not become severe and you do not lose your vision. Getting regular eye checkups can uncover any eye problems early enough so that treatment can be its most effective.
A lot of aspects change when we get older, but that doesn’t mean you have to lose your vision. Caring for your eyes is equally as important as caring for your body as a whole. So along with checking your blood pressure, monitoring your weight and eating right, keep tracking any changes to your eyes and see your eye doctor on a regular basis. | <urn:uuid:9509b373-b09f-4874-aeb1-86ee91941883> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.belmarrahealth.com/common-eye-problems-and-diseases-in-aging-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609404.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528004908-20170528024908-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.929686 | 1,092 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Thomas Jefferson and Winston Churchill: President, Prime Minister—and trendsetters?
Although they may seem like a hot new trend, standing desks have actually been around for centuries. In fact, Thomas Jefferson and Winston Churchill worked at standing desks every single day.
Just a few months ago, the White House officially requested up to $700,000 worth of them. Google, Twitter and Facebook have incorporated them in their office spaces and an increasing number of companies are following suit.
We’ve all heard of standing desks, but how much do we really know about them? And why do they seem to be catching on like wildfire?
Sit on this
Everyone knows that too much sitting is just as bad as too much of anything else—but for so many people who spend their working hours in an office at a desk, there was never much of an alternative.
Study after study throughout the last century shows that people who sit for six hours or more a day have a shorter life expectancy than those who don’t. A sedentary lifestyle is also one of the leading causes of heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity and many other serious health conditions. The invention (or should we say resurgence?) of standing desks has changed all that.
Say goodbye to the 3 o’clock slump
Facebook reported that since incorporating standing desks into their office, employees are more energetic throughout the day. It makes sense since we’ve all experienced that sleepy, sluggish feeling after sitting for long periods of time—especially after lunch.
In a study done by a startup group in Europe, employees tracked their time and productivity during which they worked standing and when they worked sitting. Seven people participated in the study for one week and the results showed that there was a 10% increase in productivity during the time they worked at a standing desk versus sitting down. Standing desks help increase both productivity and energy.
Stand up and collaborate
GlaxoSmithKline, a pharmaceutical giant, did an experiment to test the idea that standing desks increase collaboration. In the study, employees were given standing desks in an effort to remove barriers and allow coworkers to work together more.
The results were astounding, as employees not only had more energy, but also felt an increase in creativity and were motivated by the ability to move around within a more open space—leading to a higher level of collaboration.
Standing desks also help people increase their focus because there’s an increased sense of urgency when one is standing, motivating workers to focus on the completion of their tasks.
Standing desks increase:
A healthy combination
While all evidence suggests that standing while working can have enormous benefits, there’s also a belief that a combination of standing and sitting can also be beneficial. The good news is that
today’s standing desks are designed with the ability to easily adjust in height so they offer the best of both worlds. Placing standing desks throughout the workplace offers workers the option to sit when they feel they need to and stand when it’s most effective.
For today’s most progressive companies, allowing employees to stand while working has been proven to improve productivity, increase creativity, foster collaboration and provide increased health benefits. As more organizations look for opportunities to promote wellness among their workforce, it’s likely the use of standing desks will become even more mainstream.
If you’re interested in pursuing this option for your company or would like to know more about how you can create an environment that increases employee satisfaction and productivity, call Compass Office Solutions. Our innovative workspace solutions can improve the performance of your business. | <urn:uuid:30842377-0d92-4cfb-8eef-b4855903d88e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://compass-office.com/2016/01/05/standing-deskswhats-the-deal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.972907 | 732 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In December 2013, President Obama gave a speech on economic mobility, in which he called income inequality and lack of upward mobility “the defining challenge of our time.”
That challenge is front and center in America’s big cities today. Obama’s speech followed a series of municipal elections in November 2013 in which inequality figured prominently as a campaign issue. Foremost among these was in New York City, where Bill de Blasio won a landslide election after campaigning to address what he called a “Tale of Two Cities.” Similar themes were sounded in the successful campaigns and first days in office of Marty Walsh in Boston, Ed Murray in Seattle, and Betsy Hodges in Minneapolis. The “Google Bus” in San Francisco’s Mission District has shone a spotlight on growing economic divisions within that city. And income inequality will no doubt be a central issue in mayoral elections during the next couple of years in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C.
Inequality may be the result of global economic forces, but it matters in a local sense. A city where the rich are very rich, and the poor very poor, is likely to face many difficulties. It may struggle to maintain mixed-income school environments that produce better outcomes for low-income kids. It may have too narrow a tax base from which to sustainably raise the revenues necessary for essential city services. And it may fail to produce housing and neighborhoods accessible to middle-class workers and families, so that those who move up or down the income ladder ultimately have no choice but to move out.
There are many ways of looking at inequality statistically; one useful way to measure it across places is by using the “95/20 ratio.” This figure represents the income at which a household earns more than 95 percent of all other households, divided by the income at which a household earns more than only 20 percent of all other households. In other words, it represents the distance between a household that just cracks the top 5 percent by income, and one that just falls into the bottom 20 percent. Over the past 35 years, members of the former group have generally experienced rising incomes, while those in the latter group have seen their incomes stagnate.
The latest U.S. Census Bureau data confirm that, overall, big cities remain more unequal places by income than the rest of the country. Across the 50 largest U.S. cities in 2012, the 95/20 ratio was 10.8, compared to 9.1 for the country as a whole. The higher level of inequality in big cities reflects that, compared to national averages, big-city rich households are somewhat richer ($196,000 versus $192,000), and big-city poor households are somewhat poorer ($18,100 versus $21,000).
However, some cities are much more unequal than others. The big cities with the highest 95/20 ratios in 2012 were Atlanta, San Francisco, Miami, and Boston. In each of these cities, a household at the 95th percentile of the income distribution earned at least 15 times the income of a household at the 20th percentile. In Atlanta, for instance, the richest 5 percent of households earned more than $280,000, while the poorest 20 percent earned less than $15,000. In another six cities (Washington, D.C., New York, Oakland, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Baltimore), the 95/20 ratio exceeded 12. Overall, 31 of the 50 largest U.S. cities exhibited a higher level of income inequality than the national average.
Nor are all unequal cities created equally. For example, compare San Francisco and Miami, which have similar 95/20 ratios. San Francisco’s ratio is high because its wealthy households have very high incomes, considerably higher than in any other major city ($353,000 at the 95th percentile). Miami’s ratio is high primarily because its poor households have very low incomes, third-lowest among the 50 largest cities ($10,000 at the 20th percentile). Miami has a lot of very poor residents and neighborhoods, but manages to retain several very wealthy enclaves. In San Francisco, skyrocketing housing costs may increasingly preclude low-income residents from living in the city altogether.
Compared to cities with high levels of inequality, cities with relatively low levels of income inequality are much more similar to one another. Most are Southern and Western cities with expansive borders, and either include many “suburban” neighborhoods alongside a traditional urban core, or are themselves overgrown suburbs like Mesa, Arizona and Arlington, Texas (what UNLV’s Rob Lang calls “boomburbs”). Upper-end incomes in these cities range from $150,000 to $200,000, while lower-end incomes mostly register between $19,000 and $24,000.
Growing debate about urban inequality suggests that the problem has gotten worse in recent years. But while inequality in cities is somewhat worse today than before the Great Recession, the trend is neither profound nor uniform. Overall, the 95/20 ratio across the 50 largest cities rose from 10.0 in 2007 to 10.8 in 2012. Not surprisingly, San Francisco experienced the largest increase in its ratio from 2007 to 2012. Income for its typical 20th-percentile household dropped $4,000 during that period, while income for its typical 95th-percentile household soared by $28,000. No other city saw nearly as large an increase in its rich households’ incomes.
Only 18 other cities among the top 50 registered statistically significant increases in their inequality ratios over those five years. Interestingly, most were not places where the rich made astronomical gains, but where low-income households suffered most from the recession and weak recovery. Many are Southern and Western cities—including Sacramento, Charlotte, Tucson, Fresno, and Albuquerque—where house-price collapses reduced work opportunities for poor households. Inequality was also up in places like Cleveland, Indianapolis, and Milwaukee, where poverty deepened as local manufacturing industries declined during the recession. In those cities, however, inequality has not become a leading political issue.
Inequality increased across cities despite the fact that rich households were less rich in 2012 than in 2007. In most cities (39 of 50), 95th-percentile incomes declined over the five-year period. But 20th-percentile incomes were also down, in most cities by larger proportions than incomes at the top. For instance, rich households in Jacksonville in 2012 earned nearly $19,000 (11 percent) less than five years prior. At the same time, incomes among the city’s poor households dropped nearly $8,000 (31 percent). In Jacksonville and many other cities, inequality rose not because the rich got richer while the poor got poorer—but because the rich became somewhat poorer while the poor got much poorer.
Seattle, where the inequality debate has fueled calls for a $15/hour minimum wage, turns out to have a relatively low inequality ratio (31st out of 50 cities). This fact is largely attributable to the relatively high incomes earned by its 20th-percentile households—$26,000, third-highest among the 50 cities. Like San Francisco, Seattle may have less poverty not only because people there earn more, but also because the region’s poor increasingly live in suburbia. For its part, the Emerald City experienced no measurable increase in inequality from 2007 to 2012, indicating that either its low-income households held their own during the recession, or that there were just fewer places for them to live in the city by 2012. If the latter is true, it seems as though residents of south King County may need a minimum wage boost at least as much as their central-city neighbors.
Large populations, diverse housing types, and generally progressive politics mean that most cities will always have higher shares of the rich and poor than smaller places. But the contemporary causes and consequences of inequality in cities vary greatly across the national map. Mayors who want to promote both economic diversity and economic mobility in their cities should take note. | <urn:uuid:934cd94a-38fb-417c-a117-140148b75399> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/all-cities-are-not-created-unequal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402118004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930044533-20200930074533-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.972012 | 1,653 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Main Article Content
Kulangsu's architectures are not only restricted by the Chinese traditional cultural context, but also integrated with lots of Western cultural elements, thus forming a unique culture expression. This paper starts with the concept of social memory, focus on the relationship between the social memory and the related architectures, then analyses different architectures of Kulangsu, which anchor the sampling static images located at different historical nodes. However, once the individual meets the architecture, the dialogue between the individual and the architecture can obtain the connotation and details of social memories related to more levels and dimensions in different historical nodes. The architecture in Kulangsu has multiple identities. From the perspective of social memory, it not only statically serves as a container to store information of historical nodes, but also dynamically play a role of an interactive participant of construction of social memory to achieve derivative expansion. It breaks the limitation of individual memory, so that all relevant social memories can be derived into a broader and complete memory association space, and the multi-dimensional combination of social memory can be realized. It has a great practical significance to research on the social memory of Chinese people on a cross-culture and multidimensional path. | <urn:uuid:b63c54c2-cf24-4ce1-add9-8fa0d03ef978> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/3729 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604794.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526100301-20220526130301-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.913668 | 239 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The state's immigration crackdown has led to a return to the Jim Crow era—and fruits and vegetables rotting in the fields
When Southern farmers faced a sudden shortage of fieldworkers after their slaves were freed following the Civil War, they made a request to local sheriffs: Go out and arrest some healthy-looking African Americans—vagrancy or any other trumped-up charge would do—and then lease them to us as farm laborers. Those convict-lease programs worked out well for the municipalities who collected fees for supplying the workers and for the landowners, but not so well for the men who were forced to toil in the fields.
That loathsome practice was banned by 1923. But it looks as if the state of Georgia is about to take a giant step backward by reintroducing felons to its fields.
This time around, the cause of the worker shortage is not the freeing of the slaves, but a harsh new immigration law enacted by Georgia politicians. Set to take effect July 1, the new policies are modeled closely after the controversial anti-immigration legislation enacted in Arizona last year. Among other things, they give police the power to check the immigration status of criminal suspects.
Nothing if not mobile, many of the 400,000 or so migrant workers (about 70 percent of whom are undocumented, according to United Farmworkers of America) who pick Georgia's onions, cucumbers, watermelons, and peaches decided to bypass Georgia in their northward pursuit of ripening crops this spring.
The result is a dire labor shortage in the state's $11-billion agricultural sector. With more than 11,000 positions unfilled, nearly half of Georgia's farmers report that they have too few workers. They stand to lose $300 million as a result. In some cases the crops have already rotted in the fields and have been plowed under.
Georgia's Republican governor, Nathan Deal, who campaigned last fall on the promise to enact the tough immigration law, described it as a "responsible step" during a signing ceremony in May.
Under pressure from his rural constituents to deal with the acute labor shortage that resulted, he settled on the solution of offering the vacant farm jobs to unemployed probationers, who are required by law to seek work, although they are not required to accept offers for jobs they don't want to do.
So far, the governor's 21st-century take on the old convict-lease system doesn't seem to be working out very well. One crew of felons who went to work for Dick Minor, a farmer and the president of the Georgia Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association, all quit by mid-afternoon on their first day in the fields. On another farm, a group of experienced Hispanic workers filled six trucks full of cucumbers in a day; a similarly sized group of probationers working on the same farm managed to pick only one truckload. As an acquaintance of mine who has harvested Georgia melons for several years told me last week, "This isn't dummy's work. It takes experience, skill, and knowledge about what your body can handle today if you are going to be in any shape to work again tomorrow."
Instead of moving Georgia a step back to the Jim Crow era, Governor Deal could do the intelligent thing and fix an obviously poorly thought-out law to reflect reality: The U.S. food system is built upon the backs of illegal workers. It's high time legislators recognize this fact and enact laws that allow the people who produce our food to gain legal status.
Dinner depends on it.
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:0cf8f411-4620-4424-9ae0-31be4b5e4ed9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/06/georgia-learns-a-hard-truth-illegal-immigrants-keep-us-fed/241151/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881369.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023102435-20201023132435-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.965214 | 754 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Great Society was a set of measures announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in early 1964, just a few months after he took office. With his vision of greater social justice and solidarity, a focus on combatting poverty, reforms in healthcare and education and a strengthening of civil rights, the Democratic President echoed the politics of the New Deal of the 1930s, with which Franklin D. Roosevelt had tried to remedy some of the economic and socio-political upheavals of the Great Depression. What links this 1960s reform package and The Great Society (1965), a painting by Alice Neel that features in a solo exhibition of the same name at Aurel Scheibler? The picture shows the interior of an Upper East Side café that was a five-minute walk from Neel’s live-in studio at the time: in the foreground, a small group of elderly people sit around a table, while in the background a hunched waiter sets or clears another. Everything seems to say: the postwar prosperity that was beginning to ebb in other parts of the city when this picture was painted never made it this far.
This café scene plays a pivotal role within Neel’s oeuvre. Thematically, it recalls the socially committed street-scenes that she painted in the 1930s, evinced here by The Cafeteria (1938), which places an emaciated old woman at the centre of a coffeehouse. In aesthetic terms, however, The Great Society has more in common with the keenly observed and stripped-down psychological portraits of artists, curators, critics and members of Neel’s family that dominated her output from the late 1960s to the early ’80s. It is these late portraits (like Andy Warhol’s, made in 1970) that secured Neel’s reputation as a master of contemporary portraiture and allowed her, in the midst of a crisis of figurative and realistic painting, to redefine the genre and claim her place in art history as an outsider.
Neel’s older works have come to resemble documents from a long-gone aesthetic and political parallel universe, reflecting her lifelong sympathies for leftist intellectuals, organized communists, unionists and workers. Seen today, the artist’s solidly leftist (but undogmatic) position seems to jar against that of the smooth, art-business mentality of the present. Hung side-by-side, the small Berlin exhibition includes three portraits from the 1950s, a decade that went down as the McCarthy era and was marked by anti-Communist conspiracy theories: Mike Gold (1952) shows Itzok Isaac Granich, a Communist literary critic and journalist who wrote a column in the Daily Worker, a newspaper published by the Communist Party USA between 1924 and 1958; Sid Gotcliffe (1958), the eponymous British-born painter who worked as a proponent of socialist realism in New York; and Grimaldi (1955), a powerfully built young man in work overalls from the Spanish Harlem neighbourhood where Neel lived and worked between 1938 and 1962.
The first painting that you encounter at Aurel Scheibler, Death of Mother Bloor (c.1951), depicts the memorial service of Ella Reeve Bloor, a political activist who sat on the central committee of the Communist Party USA between 1932 and 1948 and organized strikes on behalf of American miners, steelworkers and political prisoners, amongst others. Bloor’s funeral was held in the St Nicholas Arena boxing hall, New York, in 1951, featured speeches from the likes of singer, actor and activist Paul Robeson, and was attended by hundreds of people from a variety of social and ethnic backgrounds. For a contemporary viewer, the painting tells a many-layered story about conflicts within society and a culture of resistance; about political winners and losers; about the power of social memory and the danger of forgetting.
Translated by Nicholas Grindell
Alice Neel at Aurel Scheibler, Berlin, runs until 3 February. Main image: Alice Neel, Longshoremen returning from Work, 1936, (detail), oil on canvas, 77 x 99 cm. Courtesy: © The Estate of Alice Neel and Aurel Scheibler, Berlin | <urn:uuid:3ac31f5e-3163-481a-a8fa-01d861f1dde2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.frieze.com/article/alice-neel-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884755.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024194049-20201024224049-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.962653 | 867 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Memorial Statue, (Lincoln University, MO)
*On December 7–14, 1863, the 62nd Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops was organized. They were a Black infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was re-designated from the First Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry. The Regiment was organized at Benton Barracks, in St. Louis, Missouri, December 7–14, 1863. Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., to January 1864. Designation changed to 62nd Regiment United States Colored Troops March 11, 1864.
Their orders were as followed, to Baton Rouge, La., March 23, 1864, and duty till June. Ordered to Port Hudson, Louisiana. District of Baton Rouge, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to June 1864. Provisional Brigade, District of Morganza, Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, United States Colored Troops, District of Morganza, Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. Port Hudson, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. Brazos Santiago, Texas, to October 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, United States Colored Troops, Dept. of the Gulf, to December 1864. Brazos Santiago, Texas, to June 1865.
Their last action of the war was duty at various points in Texas till March 1866. Ordered to St. Louis via New Orleans, La. Mustered out March 31, 1866. One of the soldiers' most important achievements came at the end of the war. Between duties, and after the termination of hostilities, soldiers of the 62nd and 65th U.S. Colored Troops had been learning to read and write.
In the Buffalo Soldiers tradition, the troops of these three regiments agreed that they wished to continue their studies as civilians. The soldiers and their officers signed resolutions pledging to work to establish a school "for the special benefit of free blacks". Troops of the 62nd U.S.C.T. were especially energetic in working towards this goal, raising $4,000 to support the establishment of the planned educational institution. This effort eventually led to the opening of the Lincoln Institute (now Lincoln University) in Jefferson City, Missouri, on September 16, 1866. | <urn:uuid:cecf70f8-1a5b-4efc-8080-161c9692608e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aaregistry.org/story/62nd-regiment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.970832 | 537 | 3.296875 | 3 |
History of the Searl IGV, narrated by John Searl. The Inverse Gravity Vehicle (IGV) is claimed to be an experimental space vehicle powered by the Searl Effect Generator, capable overunity energy generation for space propulsion purposes.
In this slideshow, Searl narrates the history of constructing and testing the Searl IGV in the 1960’s, and describes numerous confrontations with scientific skepticism as obstacles that his organization had to overcome. He also describes some of the scientific and technical aspects of the Searl IGV craft, including a “mirror effect” on the bottom of the craft during flight in which the reflection of ground features underneath the Searl IGV are reflected from the force-field surrounding it.
John Searl describes the Searl IGV as being designed to take advantage of the antigravity effects generated by the Searl Effect Generator during operation. The IGV is designed to support and integrate a large-scale SEG into an airframe capable of controlling the forces created during operation. | <urn:uuid:a24cdd39-dd69-4cc8-8e0f-c62a14952455> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.americanantigravity.com/the-searl-igv-inverse-gravity-vehicle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.956682 | 211 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Spreading a bit of inspiration today to lead optimistic lives – I take a look at a few adoptees (many with kinship or step-parent type adoptions) who made some difference or achieved something worthwhile with their lives.
Babe Ruth – was sent to an orphanage at a young age along with his sister. There he was taught and encouraged to play baseball. Ruth eventually spent 22 record-breaking seasons playing baseball and became one of America’s greatest baseball players.
Eleanor Roosevelt – by the age of 15, Roosevelt was a double orphan. She was then adopted by her grandmother. Roosevelt would become the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, as well as a United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. She has been called the “First Lady of the World” in tribute to her human rights achievements.
Steve Jobs – Surrendered and adopted shortly after birth, Jobs was a successful entrepreneur who became the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. He has personally been linked to the technological revolution that has swept the world.
Melissa Gilbert – After being adopted as a baby, Gilbert went on to star as Laura Ingalls Wilder on the NBC series, Little House on the Prairie, from 1974 to 1984.
John Hancock – Raised by extended family after the death of his father, Hancock became a prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. His signature is so well-recognized from signing the Declaration of Independence that the term “John Hancock” has become a synonym for signature, which point was made in the Will Smith movie Hancock.
Michael Oher – Adopted at age 17 after spending years in various foster homes, Oher went on to play offensive lineman for the Ole Miss Rebels and then was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He is the main character in the movie, The Blind Side, which won an Academy Award movie.
Nelson Mandela – Raised by a tribe chief after his father’s death (when Mandela was 9 years old), he was President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. He was known as a revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist.
Leo Tolstoy – Raised by extended family after the death of his parents, Tolstoy became a famous Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright, and philosopher. His written work is still widely read today.
Nancy Reagan – After her parents separated, Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins) lived with an aunt and uncle during most of her childhood. She eventually reunited with her mom and took her stepfather’s last name, “Davis.” She was the First Lady during her husband’s administration.
Dave Thomas – Born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, to a young unmarried woman he never knew, Thomas was adopted at 6 weeks old. At age 5, when his (adoptive) mother died, Thomas moved in with his grandmother. As an adult, Thomas became the founder and CEO of Wendy’s restaurant chain.
Edgar Allan Poe – Born in 1809, Poe’s father abandoned the family in 1810. His mother died the following year. Orphaned, he went to live with the Allan family in Virginia, who then raised him to adulthood. He was an American writer known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his mysteries. He is considered the inventor of detective fiction.
Gerald Ford – Leslie Lynch King Jr was only 16 days old when his parents went their separate ways. A couple of years later, King’s mother remarried and they changed Leslie Lynch King Jr’s name to Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr, in honor of his stepfather (whom Ford says played a wonderful role in his life). Ford was our 38th President of the United States.
Simone Biles – After spending time in and out of foster care, Biles was adopted by her grandparents who helped her pursue her dream to reach the Olympics. As an American gymnast, Biles became the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault, and floor gold medalist. As an integral part of the “Final Five,” she is currently the most decorated American gymnast with nineteen Olympic and World Championship medals. | <urn:uuid:d9b3df3f-a3c7-49d0-b12f-82739cb95030> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://missingmom.home.blog/tag/michael-oher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103661137.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630031950-20220630061950-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.987982 | 925 | 2.65625 | 3 |
WPS Agenda: Resolution 1820
Eight years after Resolution 1325, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1820 on June 19, 2008. This resolution is epoch-making particularly for linking sexual violence to armed conflict as a tactic of war. In addition, the resolution also affirmatively declared that rape and other forms of sexual violence constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and constitutive acts of genocide. It placed the onus on parties to armed conflict to take appropriate measures to protect civilians from sexual violence, including training troops and enforcing disciplinary measures. Resolution 1820 was presented by the United States of America.
What does Resolution 1820 say?
Affirming Resolution 1325, Resolution 1820 officially recognizes the impediment that sexual violence can pose to international peace and security. It calls for a firm security response to protect women and girls from sexual violence in armed conflict and acknowledged that sexual violence is neither a by-product of war, nor a mere coincidence in armed conflict. Instead, it took a firm stance that sexual violence is not acceptable and is preventable.
In effect, Resolution 1820:
Recognizes sexual violence as a tactic of war, allowing the intervention of the Security Council, and excluding sexual violence crimes from amnesty provisions
Recognizes that sexual violence may be categorized as a war crime, crime against humanity, and act of genocide
Demands protection and prevention measures from parties of armed conflict
Demands appropriate mechanisms to provide protection from violence in refugee and displaced person camps.
Reaffirms the need for women’s full and equal participation in peace-building processes.
Reaffirms commitment to SCR 1325.
It specifically calls for strengthening measures toward the protection of women from sexual violence. Some of these measures include evacuating women under imminent threat and training troops on the prohibition of sexual violence. The resolution also identifies state-specific sanctions against parties to armed conflict that are perpetrators and demands to make sure that individuals who have participated in sexual violence are excluded from institutions that handle security issues when entering the post-conflict stage. It also calls for strengthening advocacy toward ending conflict-related sexual violence. In the process, it recommends training UN peace operations personnel and on “exposing myths” that fuel sexual violence at country level. Following a victim-centric approach, it calls for states to strengthen basic healthcare, maternity support, and psychosocial counselling services for survivors.
Resolution 1820 also demands countering impunity and strengthening accountability by developing systems to account for and prosecute crimes of sexual violence, and specifically not allowing sexual violence to be a part of amnesty provisions during peace processes. The resolution also requires national institutions to be strengthened so they have the capacity to collect necessary data and evidence to prosecute these crimes. Further, it highlights the importance of strengthening women’s participation at the local level, specifically by empowering civil society actors who advocate against sexual violence and support victims. The resolution also calls for increased dialogue among the UN and regional, state, and civil society actors on women and women’s organizations in peace processes and governance, and recommends encouraging special envoys to include women in discussions on conflict resolution and peace.
Finally, the resolution also calls for increasing women’s representation and integrating gender perspectives in peace operations. It recommends the deployment of more women as peacekeeping personnel, in all professions and at all levels. Extensive training of peacekeeping personnel both on appropriate codes of conduct and on ways to keep civilians protected from sexual violence are necessary, and the pursuit of zero-tolerance policies on sexual exploitation and abuse in UN peacekeeping operations are vital.
The key take home, in addition to the action points above, is that Resolution 1820 crystallized the language, pursuit, and goals of Resolution 1325 into a mandate for states to follow, and definitively affirmed the nature of rape and sexual violence as crimes under the ambit of international criminal law. This resolution one of the most significant and relevant documents in the development of a strategic framework for the promotion of women’s contribution to peace and security and addressing all forms of gender-based violence.
In the words of the NGO Working Group on Women, Peace & Security (June 19, 2008):
“We are glad that the UN‟s most powerful body has now recognised what many women worldwide have argued for so long: stopping sexual violence in conflict zones is important to the maintenance of international peace and security.”
A Letter from coalition of 71 women’s groups in DRC to the Council (June 12, 2008, Kinshasa) mentioned:
“…while we applaud your recent condemnation of the sexual violence we suffer, and your actions in that regard, we remind you that we have suffered for decades without any notable action on your part. You must ensure that this situation will never repeat itself in Congo or elsewhere. The Security Council cannot keep silent while thousands of women suffer indescribable sexual violence.”
Read the full text on Resolution 1820 here.
MONUSCO: Resolutions 1325 and 1820 (Read) Equal Power-Lasting Peace: Resolution 1820 (Read) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820: Women, Peace and Security (Read) Sexual Violence in Conflict: One Year After UN Resolution 1820 (Read) Stop Rape Now: Resolution 1820 (Read)
Documented by Kirthi Jayakumar | <urn:uuid:94c44436-7625-43f9-a9ab-817d23f38c27> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.gendersecurityproject.com/post/wps-agenda-resolution-1820 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302622.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120190514-20220120220514-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.921504 | 1,099 | 3.046875 | 3 |
By BRUCE SMITH
EDISTO ISLAND, S.C. (AP) _ As a cool sea breeze wafted across a 17th century South Carolina plantation that once grew prized sea island cotton, workers this week carefully disassembled, measured and numbered wooden planks from a dilapidated antebellum slave cabin.
Once one of about two dozen on slave row at Point of Pines Plantation, the cabin will be shipped north where it will go on display at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture when it opens on Washington’s National Mall in two years.
“The reason we collect a cabin like this is it allows you to humanize the slavery experience,” said Lonnie Bunch, the director of the museum that has been in planning for a decade. “Often people think about the concept of slavery but they forget this is the story of men and women and children. So this allows us to personalize the experience.”
The plantation was carved out of the sea island less than 15 years after Charles Towne, now Charleston, was founded in 1670 about 45 miles to the northeast. The cabin is one of only two remaining at the plantation and the only one in its original location.
The museum looked at other locations throughout the South for a cabin before settling on the one found on Edisto Island.
“The sea islands are one reason we were interested,” said Nancy Bercaw, the curator of the museum, who was on the site Monday as the cabin was dismantled. “The sea island history is so rich due to the fact that communities are very, very, old and multigenerational here.”
Edisto Island is in the middle of the Gullah-Geechee Heritage Corridor reaching along the coast from North Carolina to northern Florida. A federal commission has been created to help preserve the culture of the descendants of sea island slaves.
When the Civil War broke out, there were 410,000 blacks living in South Carolina, the majority of them slaves, compared to about 290,000 whites. Along most of the coastal areas, more than half the population was black.
The sea island culture survived for decades after the Civil War because of its relative isolation. Now, however, it’s threatened by breakneck coastal growth.
Bercaw said researchers want to find out as much as possible about the cabin to tell its story both during the time of slavery and in the years after emancipation.
Toni Carpenter, the founder of Lowcountry Africana, a group that works to document the history of blacks in the Lowcountry from South Carolina to Florida, said an 1851 map of the plantation shows the cabin at its present site. An 1854 plantation inventory showed 75 people were enslaved there.
The researchers got a bit of unexpected help on Monday when 76-year-old Junior Meggett came by. He identified the cabin as one that his aunt and uncle used to live in when he was a child.
Meggett said he lived in another nearby cabin in the 1940s until he was grown. That cabin later was destroyed by fire. He described living in a two-room cabin with a wood stove and a small attic and opening wooden window shutters to catch the breeze.
“Boys and girls would sleep in the same room,” he said. “You were just glad to have a place to lie down.”
Workers from Museum Resources Construction and Millwork of Providence Forge, Va., carefully removed planks from the cabin roof, then measured them, numbered them and wrapped them with clear plastic tape for the journey north.
The cabin will be rebuilt at the company and then fumigated before being disassembled for a second time before it’s taken to the $500 Smithsonian museum and put on display, said Kerry Shackelford of the contracting company.
The cabin was donated to the Edisto Island Museum, which worked to stabilize the structure several years ago. The original plan was to move it to the museum several miles away, but there were budgetary problems, museum director Gretchen Smith said.
“We had given up on our chance of preserving it and then the Smithsonian came along and said they would love to have it,” she said. “We would be pleased to have it on our property where thousands could see it. But millions will see it in Washington and learn from it.”
Bunch, who spoke by telephone from Washington, said some people are still uncomfortable talking about slavery.
But at the time, he said, “slavery was the dominant institution in America _ it colored religion, it colored politics and it colored expansion. It was an economic engine for both northern and southern prosperity. By not talking about it, we neglect a great understanding of who we are.”
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture http://nmaahc.si.edu/
slave cabin dismantled for Smithsonian displayComments Off on slave cabin dismantled for Smithsonian display
By BRUCE SMITH | <urn:uuid:ea63f7ca-3b5f-48d8-bc03-8dd8a597a1aa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://imdiversity.com/diversity-news/slave-cabin-dismantled-for-smithsonian-display/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.97054 | 1,054 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The intrathecal space is the area between the thin layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord. This space is filled with a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid.
Medicines can be delivered into the intrathecal space with a needle or through a thin flexible tube called a catheter.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org | <urn:uuid:04742694-b646-4cdd-ae98-2a27e8c12252> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=138296&ref=127828 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00099-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91221 | 81 | 3.140625 | 3 |
This is the third installment of a long post. I may revise it as I post later parts. The whole will be published as a page, for ease of reference. If you haven’t read “Part I: What Is Economics About?“ or “Part II: Economic Principles in Perspective“, you may benefit from doing so before you embark on this part.
What follows isn’t meant to depict the historical evolution of economies and the role of governments in them. The idea, rather, is to contrast various degrees of complexity in economic activity, and the effect of government on that activity — for good and ill.
Communism: The Real Kind
Bands of hunter-gatherers roam widely, or as widely as they can on foot, with young children and old adults (perhaps in their 30s and 40s) in tow. The hunters and gatherers share with other members of the band what they catch, kill, and collect. The stronger members of the band presumably catch, kill, and collect more than their dependents do, and so they probably take more than their “share” because doing so gives them the strength to do what they do for everyone else.
This primitive arrangement — in which producers are necessarily consumer more than non-producers so that non-producers are able to survive — operates exactly in accordance with the maxim “from each according to his ability; to each according to his needs”. But that is not the system envisaged by Marxists and Millennials, in which the state takes from producers and given to non-producers because it’s “only fair” and in the spirit of “social justice”. Primitive peoples know on which side their bread is buttered, which is a lot more than can be said for modern “communists”, state socialists, and the parasites who believe that the goose will continue to lay golden eggs after it has been put down.
That’s what happens when people without “skin in the game” (i.e., political theorists, pundits, politicians, bureaucrats, naive students, and layabouts) get their hands on the levers of government power. But I am getting ahead of myself and will have much more to say about it later in this post.
Barter: An Economy of Relatives, Friends, and Acquaintances
Imagine a simple economy in which goods are exchanged through barter. Implicit in the transaction are the existence of property rights and gains from trade: The producers of the goods own them and can trade them to their mutual benefit.
There is, at this point, no money to clutter our understanding of the economy’s workings, though there could be credit. One producer, Arlo, could give some of his goods to another producer, Brenda, with the understanding that Brenda will repay the loan with a specified quantity of goods by a specified time.
Credit can exist in this barter economy because its participants know each other well, either personally or by reputation. Credit is therefore more firmly based on trust and knowledge than it is in economies that are more widely dispersed and involve total strangers, if not enemies. But credit always carries a cost because the creditor (a) usually has other uses for the goods (or money) that he lends, and must forgo those uses by lending, and (b) takes a risk that the borrower won’t repay the loan. The risk may be lower in a barter economy of friends, relatives, and acquaintances than in a dispersed, money-based economy, but it is nevertheless there.
Credit in a barter economy can finance investment. If Arlo is a baker and Brenda is a butter-maker, Arlo could offer to give Brenda additional bread in the future (over and above the amount that she would normally receive for a certain amount of butter) while he rebuilds his oven so that he can produce bread at a faster rate. (Here, we must assume that the capacity of Arlo’s oven is a bottleneck, and that the availability other resources — flour, for example — is not a constraint.)
Barter, whatever its social advantages — which shouldn’t be overlooked — is cumbersome. Even with the use of central marketplaces, much time and effort is required to arrange, in a timely way, all of the trades necessary to satisfy even a fairly simple menu of wants: food (of various kinds), clothing (of various kinds), construction services (of various kinds), personal-care services (e.g., haircuts) and products (e.g., soap). It is time and effort that could be put to better use in the enjoyment of the fruits of one’s labor and in the production of more goods (in order to enjoy even more fruits).
Then, too, there is the difficulty of saving in a barter economy. Arlo might stockpile bread, for instance, but how much bread can he stockpile before it spoils or loses value because Brenda can’t use as much as Arlo has on hand? Producers of services face more serious problems. For example, how would a barber save haircuts for a rainy day?
A Closed, Money-Based Economy
We are still in a close-knit economy, that is, a closed one. But money now enters the picture. It eases the task of acquiring goods by allowing the purchaser to acquire them at his leisure (subject to the risk of non-delivery, of course). This is called saving, which is also a form of credit. The purchaser of goods (who is also a producer of goods) needn’t trade all of his output for the output of others. He can defer his purchases, thus effectively giving credit to those who buy his goods while he puts off buying theirs.
How does it work? If Arlo makes bread and Brenda makes butter, Arlo, with Brenda’s consent, can give her some bread in exchange for money instead of butter. (Maybe Arlo doesn’t need butter at the moment, and would rather buy it from Brenda at a later date.) Arlo, at one stroke, is accepting money (as a measure of the value of the goods he can purchase in the future) and extending credit to Brenda.
The value of the money, to Arlo, depends on his confidence that Brenda will deliver to him the quantity of butter that he would have received by trading his bread for her butter on the spot. If Arlo is unsure about Brenda’s ability to deliver the desired quantity of butter at a future date, he will ask for the monetary equivalent of additional butter. This is equivalent to the issuance of credit by Arlo to Brenda; that is, he is giving her time in which to produce more butter, and getting a share of the additional output in return.
A money-based economy is, perforce, a credit-based economy. And the value of money depends on the holder’s assessment of his ability to get his money’s worth, so to speak.
The existence of money enables producers to save a portion of their income in a non-perishable, fungible form. This facilitates investment by, for example, enabling the investing party to subsist on what he can purchase from the money he has saved while turning his time and effort toward improving the way in which he produces his goods, devising new goods that might yield him more income, or even wandering far and wide to seek new buyers for his goods.
Thus money is a beneficial economic instrument — as long as the terms of its use are established by those who actually produce and exchange goods. This included the “middlemen” (i.e., wholesalers, retailers, bankers, lenders) whose services are sought and valued by producers of other goods. As I will discuss later, outside interference in the creation and valuation money will distort the terms of trade between producers, causing them to make choices that are less beneficial to them than the choices they would make in the absence of such interference.
In an economy where there is no outside interference in the issuance and valuation of money (and credit), defaults aren’t distorting; that is, they don’t change the “normal” flow of economic activity. Those who give and accept credit do so willingly and after balancing the risks involved (including the possibility of unforeseen calamities) against the gains from trade. Moreover, other “middlemen” known as insurers come to the fore. For a fee, which is paid willingly by the participants in this economy, they absorb the costs of losses from unforeseen calamities (personal injury and illness, fire, flood, etc.).
An Open, Money-Based Economy
An open economy is simply one in which goods are exchanged across territorial boundaries. This kind of exchange is inherently beneficial because it enables all parties to improve their lot by giving them access to a wider range of goods. It also fosters specialization, so that a greater abundance of goods is produced, given available resources. Though inter-territorial trade can be conducted through barter, money obviously facilitates inter-territorial trade, inasmuch as it is (by definition) conducted over a wider area, making direct trades even more difficult than they are within smaller area.
Inasmuch as government isn’t yet in the picture, there is practically no downside to inter-territorial trade. It is simply an expansion of what has gone before — voluntary exchanges of goods (usually through the medium of money) for the mutual benefit of the parties to the transactions. With government out of the picture, there are less likely to be distortions of the kind that are caused by tariffs and subsidization, both of which are aimed at benefiting the citizens (or elites) of one territory at the expense of persons in other territories.
An Open, Money-Based Economy with Government
It is time to introduce government. I am not suggesting that government is a necessary or inevitable outgrowth of a money-based economy. Government probably came first, in the guise of a tribal leader to whom certain decisions were referred and who was responsible for settling disputes within the tribe and seeing to its defense from outside force.
The point of introducing government here is to highlight its potential economic value, and to draw attention to the ways in which it can destroy economic value — and liberty as well. I must say, at the outset, that government, when it comes to domestic affairs, can do no better than enforce prevailing social norms that not only bind a people but also protect them from each other. Such norms include the prohibition of — and social punishment of — acts that cause harm, including the disruption of economic activity. They may be summarized as acts of force (e.g., murder, battery, theft, and vandalism) and fraud (e.g., lying and deliberate deception). There is a related peace-keeping function that is best performed by a third party, and that is the settlement of civil disputes, which in some cases must be done by government, as a referee of last resort.
The point of government with respect to such acts is to ensure the enforcement and punishment of prohibitions in an even-handed way by a party that is presumed to be impartial. (I won’t get into the many historical deviations from this ideal, but will later address how those deviations might have been minimized.) With the assurance that government will enforce and punish harmful acts, the populace as a whole — including its economic units — can more freely go about the business of life (and business) and spend less time, effort, and money on self-defense. In this way, government can be a boon to an economy, especially one that spans a large and diverse populace of strangers.
Ensuring that the business of business can be conducted freely (within the constraint that otherwise illegal transactions are prohibited and punished), requires the national government to prevent subsidiary governments from erecting barriers to trade between the territories of the subsidiary governments. The national government may, on the other hand, restrict trade between entities inside the nation and entities outside of it, where such restrictions (a) keep dangerous materials and technologies out of the hands of actual or potential enemies or (b) prevent foreign regimes from undermining parts of the national economy by subsidizing foreign producers directly or through tariffs on imports to the foreign country.
Government can also protect the populace (and the business of business) from attacks by outsiders. The ideal way of doing this is to mount a defense that is robust enough to deter such attacks. Failing that, the defense must be robust enough to defeat attacking outsiders in a way the prevents much of the damage that they might otherwise do to the populace and its economic activities.
(The problematic side of peace-keeping, both domestically and against outsiders, is that its costs must be borne in some manner by the people and economic units it protects. Further, those costs must be borne, in many cases, by persons who have some objection to peace-keeping; for example: outright pacifists, bleeding-hearts who loath to believe that certain classes of human beings are more prone to criminality than others, and yet-to-be-mugged innocents who simply believe the best of everyone. That said, there is no “fair” way to apportion the costs of peace-keeping, but there is a fairer way than the is now the case: the imposition of a truly flat tax.)
A government that is limited as outlined above must be subject to several checks if it is to remain limited:
- A written constitution that specifies the powers of the national government and subsidiary governments.
- Onerous provisions for amending the written constitution.
- A judiciary that is empowered to review all governmental actions to ensure their consistency with the written constitution.
- A mechanism for rejecting judicial decisions that are inconsistent with the written constitution.
- Regular elections through which qualified voters pass judgment on government officials.
- The restriction of voting to persons of mature age who have “skin in the game”.
The failure to institute and maintain any of these checks will result, eventually, in a system of government that routinely does more than defend the populace and ensure that the business of business can be conducted freely. In the United States, the lack of oversight of the judiciary and the expansion of the franchise (rather than its restriction) have proved fatal to the otherwise clever design of the original Constitution.
The result is an badly distorted economy, which produces things (or fails to produce them) in accordance with the desires (mostly) of unelected bureaucrats, and redistributes income and wealth (and such antecedents as jobs and university admissions) in accordance with the desires of persons without “skin in the game” (i.e., political theorists, pundits, politicians, bureaucrats, naive students, and layabouts). The economy isn’t only badly distorted, but as a result of myriad government interventions, it produces far less than it would otherwise produce, to the detriment of almost everyone, including the supposed beneficiaries of government interventions.
What I have discussed thus far is microeconomic activity — the actions of individuals and firms that result in the exchange of economic goods, either directly or with the aid of money and credit. I have also addressed the effects of government interventions, but mainly in terms of the microeconomic effects of such interventions.
What I have avoided, except in passing, is the thing called macroeconomics, which is supposed to deal with aggregate economic activity and things that influence it, such as the monetary and fiscal tools wielded by government. | <urn:uuid:31882140-832e-4077-bcee-9fc294606d57> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://politicsandprosperity.com/category/economics-principles-and-issues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902377.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709224746-20200710014746-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.96804 | 3,215 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Hudson-Meng Bison Kill Site [25-SX-115] Listed 1973/08/28
Sometime between 8000 and 7700 B.C. a group of big game hunters slaughtered and processed more than 600 bison at this site. Archeological excavations focused on a butchering area composed of a dense bone bed concentrated around fire hearths. Numerous stone tools and manufacturing debris were found throughout the deposit. The kill site has not been located; however the massive quantity of bones suggest it was likely at a nearby cliff or ravine. Based on analysis of bison teeth archeologists believe the site, located in the Harrison vicinity, represents a single bison kill, which probably occurred in mid-autumn.
Harold J. Cook Homestead, pdf (Bone Cabin Complex) [SX00-028] Listed 1977/08/24 amended
The Harold J. Cook Homestead is within the Agate Fossil Beds National Monument in Sioux County, Nebraska. Harold J. Cook was a rancher, paleontologist, and son of James H. Cook, the famed frontiersman and Indian advocate. The complex, which at one time included a cabin, cook shack, and barns, served as a base operation for the Cook family and other paleontologists who excavated at the Agate Springs Fossil Quarries. The fossil deposits are of international scientific importance in revealing the paleontological story of the "Age of Mammals."
Sandford Dugout, pdf [SX00-032] Listed 2000/03/09
Located north of Mitchell, the Joseph L. Sandford Dugout is significant as the best known example of the folk tradition housing constructed during the settlement period on the plains of Nebraska. The dugout was built in 1897 during a time when houses on the rural plains were still being made in the American Prairie Folk style. Along with sod houses, the dugout played a significant and important role in the settlement of the Great Plains prior to modern transportation, when the availability of mass produced building materials allowed more permanent structures to be built.
Wind Springs Ranch Historic and Archeological District, pdf [SX00-033, 25-SX-77, 25-SX-600-665] Listed 2000/11/22
Located in Sioux County, the Wind Springs Ranch retains a superb set of characteristics embodying the prehistory and history of the North Platte valley. These resources reflect more than 10,000 years of human occupation of the valley, from nomadic groups of Native Americans to pioneering Euroamerican settlers and cattle ranchers. Although some properties have been modified by natural erosion, these cultural resources are virtually untouched by modern human intervention.
Sioux County Courthouse, pdf [SX04-002] Listed 1990/07/05
Sioux County was established in 1877. The town of Harrison, which was platted in 1886, was made the county seat. The first courthouse, built of locally produced brick, was completed in 1888. By early 1929 the old courthouse was in a badly deteriorated condition. In 1930 voters passed a measure to issue bonds for a new courthouse. Construction began that same year and in 1931 the county offices opened in the new Classical Revival-style courthouse.
How to list a property on the National Register
Return to Nebraska National Register Sites Index Page
Return to National Register information | <urn:uuid:a5a1c488-dbff-4fdf-9a88-73891d0e0081> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/sioux.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00276-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946369 | 695 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The team set their record for a day's distance today - 14.4 nm!! What a fantastic achievement. They are certainly taking advantage of the favourable conditions. Listen to Henry Worsley's report to hear about the day in detail. He attributes the improvement in distance to the position changeovers happening every 45 minutes rather than every half hour, and also to the snow conditions. He refers to sastrugi, which are are sharp irregular grooves or ridges formed on a snow surface by wind erosion.
In his report Henry also answers a couple of listener's questions - about wildlife (Caroline Burch) and the 'invisible extra man' (Frances Kay). I'm still waiting for him to answer my question about the sleeping arrangements. On the basis that they sleep line abreast, I want to know who gets the middle position, which must be the warmest! Do keep those questions coming.
100 Years ago ...
Read also Shackleton's diary entry from 100 years ago and the travails of Jameson Boyd Adams's tooth. (Thanks DWB). Incidentally I have changed the diary links so that from today onwards I will be linking by date correlation rather than by location. That is to say today's Heart of Antarctic diary entry is for 22 Nov (today's date) rather than 12 Nov which is the corresponding entry in terms of Shackleton's position being closest to our team's location today.
Over the next week I want to do what I can to promulgate information about the Expedition to as many schools as I can. I am going to produce a notice which can be printed out and pinned to noticeboards, encouraging children to visit the website, sign up for these bulletins and read about what our team are doing to commemorate the achievements of Sir Ernest Shackleton. Any thought, tips or ideas about how to maximise this would be welcomed.
To sign up to receive these bulletins by email click here.
Posted by SCE on November 22, 2008 2:25 PM | <urn:uuid:08b31d22-7d3f-434d-9d56-4db83661864e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://shackletoncentenary.org/the-team/day-9-bulletin-print.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960865 | 412 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Social Pioneer and Advocate for Women
Alice Stebbins Wells was born in Manhattan, Kansas, in 1873. She was the daughter of well-educated parents, both of whom attended Oberlin College. After her birth, the family moved to Hiawatha, Kansas (about 70 miles north of Topeka), where her father started a local newspaper. There is not much more known about her early childhood but she did attend high school in Atchison which was about 40 miles away from her home, so the family either moved, or she boarded with someone in Atchinson. Upon graduation from high school, she attended Oberlin College as her parents had, where she studied theology and criminology
By 1900 she was the assistant to pastor Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis at the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn. She was very intrigued by religion and wanted to learn more about the ideologies and philosophies behind various religions. She enrolled at the Hartford Theological Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut. For two years she studied the history of the Old Testament there. It was during this time that she became a substitute preacher for pastors at various churches in and around Maine, who were vacationing. She became the first woman preacher in the state of Maine. She eventually served as a pastor in Oklahoma. It has been noted that while working in the midwest, she became aware with the dismal treatment that women and children received when they were involved in a police case.
She married, but not much is known about her husband, but they did have two children. They settled in Los Angeles. Armed with the knowledge of the treatment received by women and children at the hands of the police that she had gained in the midwest, she petitioned the mayor and city council to allow women to serve as police officers in her new community of Los Angeles. She was determined to improve the lot of these unfortunates when interacting with law enforcement. At that time in history, there were female police officers, but they were only employed as prison guards. Her request was granted and she was sworn in as the first policewoman with arrest powers in September 12, 1910. She received no uniform and no training, and was not entitled to carry a gun as her male counterparts did. She was given a book of first aid, a police rule book, a telephone call box key and a badge. Wells was responsible for hand sewing her own police uniform, the first in the United States, a floor-length dress and jacket. She was assigned to go after juveniles at dance halls, skating rinks and penny arcades.
She embraced this work because she reasoned that policewomen were better suited to deal with juvenile and female victims and suspects because they could develop a better sense of trust. The Los Angeles Police Department created a policy that females could only be questioned by female police officers as a result of urging by Wells. By 1912, there were six policewomen in Los Angeles, all doing the same kind of work.
People still had trouble believing there was a female police officer. In fact, many thought she had stolen her husband's badge and was pretending to be a police officer by showing it off. This led the police department to issue a special policewoman badge, the "Policewoman's Badge Number One”.
Being appointed as the first policewoman with arrest powers, and a “real” badge, was not enough for Wells. Using her public speaking skills from her time as a pastor, she began to travel to different cities, promoting the value of policewomen. Wells believed that women could make juveniles and female criminals feel more comfortable and secure than could male officers, a trend that continues today. As a result of her lectures and public appearances, over a dozen other cities had hired policewomen by the mid-1920s.
In 1925 she organized the Los Angeles Policewomen’s Association of California in San Bernadine. and in 1928 she organized the International Association of Police Women and served as its president for 5 years. She was appointed the Los Angeles Police Department’s official historian in 1934. Sacrificing her police officer's salary, she traveled across the nation and in Canada to promote her ideas about protecting youths and preventing juvenile crime and to lecture for the need for policewomen. She remained with the Los Angeles Police Department for 30 years until her retirement in 1940 but she continued to lecture on the need for larger numbers of women in law enforcement. . By the time of her death in 1957, the Los Angeles Police Department had 1513 female police officers. | <urn:uuid:150cd0dc-7e21-4990-9357-15e5ca497d94> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.herstory-online.com/single-post/2019/03/15/social-pioneer-and-advocate-for-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.991482 | 932 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Israel’s first “smart” hiking trail, under construction between Tiberias and Beit Sheʽarim National Park in the Lower Galilee, will bring hikers back in history to the Second Temple period more than 2,000 years ago, when the Great Sanhedrin — the supreme Jewish authority of sages – was active in this region.
Hikers will have access to an innovative augmented reality-based smartphone application that will virtually reconstruct heritage sites, integrate virtual guides for children along the route and bring to life prominent scholars such as the four rabbis mentioned in the Passover Haggadah.
Due to be completed in spring 2018, the trail marks three important “70s.” It will be inaugurated for the State of Israel’s 70th anniversary, will stretch 70 kilometers, and will pass sites associated with the 70 members of the Great Sanhedrin.
These scholars recorded the Mishnah and Talmud during their 290 years in the Galilee following the Bar Kokhba revolt against Rome in 135 CE. The Great Sanhedrin originally sat on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount.
“People such Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, the members of the Sanhedrin who were active here 2,000 years ago, determined to a great extent much of how our lives are run today. It is according to these religious laws that we marry or conduct funeral ceremonies, and even administer Jewish law,” said Yair Amitzur, the Israel Antiquities Authority’s antiquities inspector for the Eastern Galilee, and one of the initiators of the idea.
“The establishment of the trail and walking on it will connect those who live here today with the atmosphere and frame of mind of that period,” Amitzur continued. “In walking along the Galilee trails while using the application that will be developed specifically for this project, the trail will afford visitors a learning experience about the Mishnah and Talmud period and connect them to the world of the sages who shaped Judaism in the religious houses of learning.”
The family-friendly Sanhedrin Trail is to be divided into five segments that can be covered during the course of five days of walking, and also will include circular routes.
“We learn a lot in the classroom and at school, but in practice the studies only really sink in when you feel it, when you walk it,” said Tal Dothan, one of the students participating in the Sanhedrin Trail work.
In preparation for the Tiberias section of the Sanhedrin Trail, the teens have been taking part in archaeological excavations along the cardo, the main street of the ancient Roman city of Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee.
A visitors’ center will be built here to give the public an opportunity to better understand the project and participate in the excavations while getting to know the city’s ancient heritage.
Israel Hasson, director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, said he will work with regional councils through which the trail passes to get local residents involved in building “a spectacular and enjoyable interactive trail for tens of thousands of hikers that will connect the hikers to their past.”
The Sanhedrin Trail was initiated by the Israel Antiquities Authority in cooperation with the National Religious Education Administration of the Ministry of Education, and is financed by the Landmarks Project of the Ministry of Jerusalem and Heritage. Regional councils and towns along the route, as well as environmental organizations, are partnering in the effort as well. | <urn:uuid:7096f6b8-9bb2-4a2d-b831-a7365a4de1ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.israel21c.org/sanhedrin-trail-to-be-israels-1st-interactive-hiking-path/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.945236 | 736 | 2.5625 | 3 |
On March 13 1852, the familiar image of "Uncle Sam" debuted as a cartoon character in the New York Lantern. Here are 5 things you didn’t know about this popular symbol of our country...
The Original Uncle Sam May Have Been a Meat Packer A man in New York named Samuel Wilson joined the Army in 1781, and his duties included taking care of cattle and slaughtering and packaging the meat that was sent to the troops. He and his brother went into the meatpacking business and supplied the meat during the War of 1812, stamping the packages with a U.S. for the United States. Soldiers knew and liked Samuel Wilson and joked that the U.S. stamped on the packages stood for Uncle Sam instead of the United States, so the name was born.
Uncle Sam Didn’t Grow a Beard Until Late in the 19th Century Thomas Nast, the cartoonist, was well-recognized as producing the popular image of Santa Claus and the Republican elephant and Democratic donkey. He was well-known, in addition, for his many cartoons depicting Abraham Lincoln, who was bearded. Uncle Sam alternated between having and not having a beard until Lincoln was elected President and facial hair became common as a sign of power and masculinity during the later part of the 1860s. It isn’t much of a mystery why Nast added a beard to Uncle Sam as well as making him a bit older and thinner.
A Recruitment Poster Made Uncle Sam More Famous In 1917, illustrator James Montgomery Flagg drew an image of Uncle Sam to use as a recruitment poster for World War I, which showed Uncle Sam pointing and saying “I want YOU for U.S. Army.” About four million copies were printed for the war effort. While he used his own face in the first version he created, Walter Botts, an Indiana man, posed for the updated version.
You Can Celebrate Uncle Sam's Existence in Troy, New York Samuel Wilson was from Troy, New York, and the town has several sites and monuments to the man behind what was one of the country's earlier memes. In addition to a statue and marking the location of his grave, Troy also has marked a false grave, the vacant lot where his house used to be, a mural on the side of a brewery building, and other unusual sites.
There May Be Two Modern Comic Book Connections "Sam Wilson" is a pretty common name, but Marvel Comics may have decided to base its superhero character "the Falcon" on the meatpacker Sam Wilson. And in 2014, when the comics publisher decided to remove the character of Steve Rogers from the position of Captain America, guess who got the job? Yes -- the Falcon, or Sam Wilson, now personifying the country in a superhero capacity. | <urn:uuid:6ec52330-6a8e-4e20-acb5-45e24f15de97> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://triviatoday.com/blog/article.asp?a=41DC22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.979371 | 576 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Humbug Mountain State Park includes one of the Oregon coast’s highest headlands, which shelters an inviting, forest-ringed campground along Brush Creek. A trail from the campground leads under Highway 101 to a sandy beach beside the Brush Creek estuary.
A 5.5-mile hike to the 1,765-foot summit of Humbug Mountain offers south-facing ocean views. The Oregon Coast Trail also passes through the park. The section north of the campground follows Old Highway 101 north for several miles until it joins Highway 101. This worn, paved route has long been closed to vehicles and treats hikers to magnificent ocean views.
The park also has a reservable picnic area with a gazebo in the day-use area 1/2 mile southeast of the park (no potable water).
The original land purchase from Carl White in 1926 was 30.6 acres near the mouth of Brush Creek. Sixteen other tracts were purchased between 1930 and 1975. Initial development of Humbug Mountain commenced in 1934 using Civilian Conservation Corps forces. In 1952, overnight camping was developed to offer visitors opportunity for an extended stay. Once known as Sugarloaf Mountain, the name was changed to "Tichenor's Humbug" after an exploring party sent forth from Port Orford by townsite developer Captain William Tichenor in 1851 mistakenly went south instead of north, toward the mountain. Eventually, the name was shortened to Humbug Mountain. In 1958, a major forest fire burned much of the north side of the park. The balance of mountain timber was saved by a change of wind as onlookers watched, helpless but thankful. | <urn:uuid:b50d65cc-8b35-4d01-95db-44bd1aff5c0c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=park.profile&parkId=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.966775 | 340 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Incontinence isn’t about drinking too much water, but your loved one’s diet could be affecting his or her incontinence symptoms. The following foods and beverages may irritate the bladder, and should be reduced or avoided by those who experience incontinence:
- Citrus fruits
- Artificial sweeteners
- Spicy foods
- Carbonated beverages
The following foods have been shown to promote bladder health and should be incorporated into the diet of a person with incontinence:
- Cranberries and cranberry juice: The acidic nature of cranberry juice has been known to improve bladder function, and cranberry juice cocktail can prevent bacteria from sticking to the lining of the urinary tract.
- Purple and blue fruits and vegetables, like blueberries, plums, figs, eggplants, and purple cabbage: These foods contain compounds that reduce inflammation and improve urinary tract health.
- Yogurt and sauerkraut: The probiotic bacteria found in yogurt and sauerkraut helps promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting overgrowth or infection by pathogens.
- Coriander: These seeds of the cilantro plant have a cooling effect that alleviates irritation from urinary tract infections.
For more helpful dietary tips to maintain a happy bladder, click here.
At Live Free Home Health Care, we can plan bladder-friendly meals, shop for the right foods, and prepare meals for your loved one. We can also monitor fluids and make sure he or she avoids foods and beverages that may irritate the bladder. Give us a call today at 603-217-0149 for more information about how our in-home care services can help.Kindly go to setting page and check the option "Place them manually" | <urn:uuid:2c3358f2-285f-4496-8a99-98b60267d54e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://livefreehomehealthcare.com/incontinence-and-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316555.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822000659-20190822022659-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.918107 | 361 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This project explores the views of Bangladesh’s indigenous Jumma people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) towards current tourism developments in a ‘post-conflict’ environment. The project has identified a range of positive outcomes, as well as the key challenges encountered since the cessation of hostilities in 1997 that resulted in the creation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord (1997). This study is one of the first of its kind in offering indigenous narratives on tourism development discourse in Bangladesh. Based on in-depth interviews with indigenous business owners and employees in the CHT tourism sector, the findings reveal that many socio-economic benefits have been realised, including greater economic stability, an improvement in living standards, and the perception amongst respondents of brighter prospects for their families. However, although respondents reported that tourism had in part performed as a vehicle of reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Bangladeshis, several challenges evidently remained. These included a perceived lack of government support towards further tourism development, the displacement of communities, and continued feelings of mistrust between some indigenous hosts and non-indigenous domestic tourists. It is anticipated that this study will provide important recommendations for government and indigenous stakeholders so that tourism may further support positive socio-economic outcomes and help address the continuing issue of regional inequalities.
|Effective start/end date||30/06/19 → 6/12/21|
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | <urn:uuid:74661d62-7091-4e08-aab2-5898eda04822> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://researchnow.flinders.edu.au/en/projects/tourism-development-as-a-vehicle-of-reconciliation-in-post-confli | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.949313 | 334 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Have students make a video to show their thinking, learning, feelings, thoughts, or ideas!
Guest Blog Post by Marcia Carrillo
The “Video Secret” to student learning can be achieved by providing the opportunity of “selfie-videos.” When students are proud of something they do, they post a video and share it, snap it, tweet it to let others know! It’s their way of saying, “I’m proud of myself!” Teachers can encourage and facilitate this type of expression by creating opportunities for student clips.
Assessing learning through video is awesome, new, innovative, and relevant!
Students always enlighten me with their ideas but through videos you can hear from everyone and have evidence of student learning or areas of growth.
Students love creating with their phones, whether it be positive or negative, and some even have their own YouTube channels in hopes of becoming famous. Of course some students will not like creating videos of themselves and I would challenge them to problem solve this; be creative and allow a variety of video options throughout the year. One option is having students create one with a partner or group to get them started.
Creating short, 30-60 second videos is engaging, powerful and requires technology skills that students have or secretly desire. Video is engaging and informative because we can see it, feel it & hear it!
A video can be used as a quick form of assessing student learning and may be a popular choice with some students. They force students to be more articulate and accurate, and use academic language and tone to address the topic. Exit tickets, warm-ups, Google questions, a poll, explanations, feelings about a question, and a project reflection are all examples of activities in which teachers can offer the choice of using student videos! There are a variety of options for students and with practice, it can be faster than typing a response. Alice Keeler’s Video WebCam record, ScreenCastify, GovideoVinyard, Adobe Spark, and FlipGrid are all options for students to use. I recommend letting them practice with a variety of video tools. It’s an easy way to provide students with a choice, and it helps them see how may of these tools are available. | <urn:uuid:a5f85cc0-6799-46fa-876f-d83384adc6b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://alicekeeler.com/2018/06/06/students-make-video-show-thoughts-ideas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648481.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014003258-20191014030258-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.945749 | 467 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Kelp Forest and Rocky Subtital Habitats
II. Algal Assemblages Associated with Kelp Forests
Kelp canopies alone or in combination with one another can reduce the amount of light reaching the substrate to less than 1% of surface irradiance (McLean 1962, Reed and Foster 1984). During the winter months along the central California coast, increased water motion from winter storms removes kelp canopies thereby increasing the amount of light reaching the substrate, which in turn can have dramatic effects on the algal assemblages beneath them (Foster 1982, Reed and Foster 1984, Breda and Foster 1985). One common phenomenon occurring in areas where surface canopies have been removed is the recruitment of the brown alga Desmarestia ligulata (Foster 1982, Reed and Foster 1984). This species forms a dense subsurface canopy which can inhibit recruitment of other algal species including giant kelp (Dayton et al. 1992).
Nongeniculate or encrusting coralline algae e.g., Lithothamnium spp. and Lithophyllum spp. and upright articulated or geniculate coralline algae e.g., Bossiella spp and Calliarthron spp. occur throughout the kelp forests and are generally more tolerant of increased water motion and thus abundant in exposed sites (Harrold et al. 1988). They also are apparently tolerant of low light and can dominate the substrate under multiple kelp canopies. In exposed areas like those at Point Santa Cruz, water motion and sand abrasion associated with storms cause an overall decrease in fleshy red algae in the winter, which then increases in the summer. This leads to an overall increase in species diversity as compared to more protected sites like those at Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey Bay (Breda and Foster 1985).
Section I. Kelp Forest Distribution and Ecology | <urn:uuid:833ef576-410e-4870-8b98-6c21e77e78da> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://montereybay.noaa.gov/sitechar/kelp2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112231.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00025-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890997 | 396 | 3.625 | 4 |
From time to time I find myself getting involved in a discussion about grammar. It’s always the same: on one hand we have the people who argue that good grammar is important, and on the other hand we have those who say it isn’t. Here I present my reasons for good grammar being important.
It boils down to this:
The purpose of good grammar is to ensure that what you write is correctly comprehended and is easy and enjoyable to read.
The placement of a hyphen, comma, or apostrophe can completely change the meaning of a sentence.
Example 1: a hyphen
“There were 60 odd competitors.”
I wonder: in what way were they odd? The thoughtful placement of a hyphen clarifies the dilemma:
“There were 60-odd competitors.” (The competitors weren’t really odd at all.)
Example 2: an apostrophe
“The girls room is very untidy.”
I wonder how many girls inhabit that room? An apostrophe can easily clarify this:
“girl’s room” – one girl inhabits the room
“girls’ room” – more than one girl inhabits the room
Example 3: “ie” or “eg”
Confusing these two is a very popular error, but do you realise that if you use the wrong one you’re actually saying something quite different to what you wanted to say?
“ie” is an abbreviation for the Latin “id est”, which means “that is”.
“eg” is an abbreviation for the Latin “exempli gratia”, which means “for example”.
So when you are referring to something specific, you should use ie, and when you are giving an example, use eg.
“The deadline for this project is in two days – ie, on Thursday.” – the deadline is on a specific day (Thursday).
“Please bring something to share to the picnic – eg, some of your famous potato salad.” – “… for example, some of your world-famous potato salad.” If ie had been used here, it would have meant that you have been asked specifically to bring some potato salad. Is that what was intended? The reader would have no way of knowing!
Easy and enjoyable to read
How many times have you read a sentence, been confused, and had to go back and re-read it to try and figure out what it meant? Does this interrupt your flow of thought and spoil the reading experience a little (or a lot)? If the author had paid a little more attention to his or her use of grammar, it would probably have been easier to read.
“Who cares if my grammar is bad? The important thing is that I am able to express myself!”
Yes, it’s important to be able to express yourself. But wouldn’t it be better if you could do so in a way that people would find easy to read and understand? Writing that is poorly punctuated and/or contains grammatical errors is difficult to read and sometimes impossible to understand. If the reader has to go back and re-read a sentence several times because they are not quite sure what it means, it spoils their reading experience and they are quite likely to misunderstand the point or even to give up and not read any further.
“I’ve survived just fine without bothering about grammar.”
Are you quite sure about that?
Have you, perhaps, wondered why you didn’t get the job that you felt you were so well suited for? Or why nobody bothers to reply to messages you post on internet bulletin boards? Or why you didn’t get many responses to your personal ad?
Job applications: Many employers are immediately put off when they receive a poorly written cover letter with a job application. Many will simply toss them into the big circular filing cabinet on the floor without even looking at the rest of the application.
Messages: I subscribe to a few technical mailing lists, and try to help people with their problems when I am able to. But if I have a hard time understanding what the person is trying to say, I leave it and move on. I don’t have time to try and decode their badly-written comments. I know I’m not the only who does this: poorly-written messages consistently receive fewer responses than well-written ones. I do make an exception for people whose native language isn’t English of course – although the sad truth is that people who have learned English as a foreign language frequently have a much better grasp of English grammar than those whose native language is English.
Personal ads: I’ve heard a comment like this several times when discussing online dating: “The first thing I notice is how the profile is written. If it’s badly written I move right on to the next candidate.”
I hope I’ve got my point across! Please feel free to comment and let me know if do or do not agree with me!
Get more great grammar tips in The Grammar Cookbook | <urn:uuid:03404e06-0ac0-475f-81f3-cecb6208d6d2> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://trackerpress.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675409.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017145741-20191017173241-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.963697 | 1,096 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Secure | Stable | Speed
Several types of servers can exist on a network, each one performing a different task for the network and its workstations. A server is usually thought of as a computer, but a server is actually the software that performs, controls or coordinates a service or resource for workstations and networked devices.
A server makes it easy for your employees to share data and collaborate since it operates as a central repository for all of your documents, images, contacts, and other important files. It can host a company intranet, for sharing information with your employees quickly and economically. Set up a virtual private network, and you and your employees can access the data on the server remotely from anywhere you have Internet access. On top of that, a server can automatically back up your desktop and laptop systems, so you’ll never lose critical data if one machine fails or is lost or stolen. Servers are designed to be reliable, secure, and fault-tolerant, with redundant storage options. If you expect your business to expand, choose a server that’s scalable and can grow with you.
Web and Mobile Development
Types of Servers
Data Center Hosting
This page is under construction.
Please call or email us with all your server questions. | <urn:uuid:4c2032bf-9cff-4a22-8f55-7820bcc265f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.einetworking.com/?page_id=1228 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524270.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121070324-20210121100324-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.909361 | 264 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Pap is a traditional dish that is native to South Africans; the dish is made from softly grounded maize, which is then cooked to the chef’s desired idea of the meal that they have in mind. However grounded maize may be found in other parts of the world as well, and just differs in name. In the West, pap is better known as polenta or grits, and in East Africa it is known as ugali.
The word pap is Dutch (similar to South Africa’s Afrikaans language), and simply means “porridge” in English. South African pap is found in most of South Africa’s poorest provinces because it is inexpensive, and it serves as one of the country’s most staple foods.
Each ethnic group in South Africa calls pap by a different name; the BaPedi people in Limpopo call it “bogobe”, the Zulu people in KwaZulu Natal call it “phuthu” and the Xhosa people in the Eastern Cape call it “ipapa”. It does not matter what you call pap, what matters is how it is made!
In traditional villages, South African pap is cooked outside in a black cast-ion pot, and the fire that it is cooked on gives the pap a good smoky taste. The fire also assists the pap to cook faster than it would on an electric or gas stove.
When cooking pap for four people, these are the items you will need:
- Aluminium pot
- 750g maize meal
- 1 tbsp. salt
- ¾ L boiling water
- Wooden spoon (for stirring)
Once all of these items have been gathered, place the pot on a hot stove or fire, and pour the boiling water into the pot. Add 1 tbsp. salt, and then pour 750g of maize meal into the boiling water. If cooking on a stove, lower the heat to medium and stir the maize meal with a wooden spoon until it becomes one lump. Keep stirring the pap every 10 minutes. Switch off the stove after 30 minutes and allow it to cook in the pot’s warmth for about 20 minutes.
Pap always tastes better when it is served warm, preferably with stew or potjiekos. | <urn:uuid:32f2460c-5143-40ef-82e8-4b89872035af> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://ificould.co.za/how-to-make-traditional-south-african-pap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868135.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625150537-20180625170537-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.94653 | 476 | 3.015625 | 3 |
3 Technologies Making Their Way to Mainstream Education
The technology shaping classrooms is ever-evolving. It’s important for educators to keep an eye on what is coming down the pipeline
With the emergence of virtual reality in 2016, tech implementation within schools is progressing. It’s anticipated that both virtual reality and robotics will become increasingly widespread over the next 2 to 3 years. Additionally, wearable tech is expected to be adopted in K-12 education within the next 4 to 5 years, according to the New Media Consortium Horizon Report released recently.
Horizon Report Findings
The 2016 K-12 report was published at the end of 2016 and examined tech trends on a short-term (one year or under), mid-term (2 to 3 years) and long-term (4 to 5 years) basis. The emerging technology was evaluated for possible impact on and use in teaching, learning and for analysis of schools.
2016 was the year that educators began to focus on virtual reality for application in schools. Overall, the market for virtual reality is booming. It’s estimated that revenue from entertainment-related virtual reality will hit $3.2 billion by 2025, with the education arena attracting a whopping 15 million users.
With the recent launch of devices from Sony, Oculus, and HTC, 2016 revenue from equipment sales were estimated to reach $895 million for the year. The vast majority of sales were due to the release of premium devices from these brands. The stage has been set for the education sector to incorporate virtual reality into K-12 curriculum easily.
Serving in educational environments, virtual reality is positioned to begin being used to produce engaging field trip settings. Incorporation of stimulating student-led research, instruction and activities is what educators are interested in with VR, for the coming year. Virtual reality appears to be a promising tool enabling students to become the master of their learning by way of experimental, collaborative experiences.
Over the next two years, the robotics industry is anticipated to double with a projected $135 billion market value come 2019. Robotics use in K-12 classrooms include hands-on, applied learning, especially with STEM classes and programming to encourage problem-solving and critical thinking skills. Instructional opportunities abound for programs that promote computational thinking and application of the material. There are even robots being created to specifically aid spectrum disorder learners in developing better social and communication skills. Robotics is also helping to deliver education to special needs, homebound and rural community students.
According to the Horizon Report, within the next five years, the increase in wearable tech for education purposes will skyrocket. This refers to smart devices worn by users in the form of accessories such as eyewear and jewelry. Innovators are also working on implantable devices that are implanted directly into human tissue. Within the next three years, an expected 411 million devices will be sold worldwide. Research has indicated that over the next five years, U.S. schools will grow in wearable tech adoption by 46 percent annually.
Wearable devices are already being used for several practical applications, like tracking heartbeat, sleep and other data. The potential for improved teaching methods include lessons that are heavily project-based, allow students the option to perform presentations anywhere, manipulating students’ data and giving educators the chance to move between groups of students to enhance collaborative experiences. Wearable tech is already making its way into the K-12 landscape and will continue to evolve over the next half decade.
The future of providing innovative, engaging educational content by way of ground-breaking technology is promising. Schools will encounter continuous advancement of current tech, with increased ways to enhance student learning. | <urn:uuid:4b6a522e-f921-4300-8562-8637777d2f50> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.thetechedvocate.org/3-technologies-making-their-way-to-mainstream-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.957834 | 747 | 3.125 | 3 |
First, the instructor will explain general structures of buildings, namely, subjects such as structural principles, various construction methods, and how the details fit together. Then, the instructor will explain the load and disturbance acting on building structures, various design methods, as well as types of building structures and their characteristics.
Students will learn about buildings—structural principles, various construction methods, and how the details fit together.
By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the outline of the flow of external forces and external causes acting on a building as well as explain the structure and fit of buildings overall and in detail, having the ability to see the entirety of a building as an architectural structure.
Building construction, Structural form, Architectural detail
|✔ Specialist skills||Intercultural skills||Communication skills||Critical thinking skills||Practical and/or problem-solving skills|
This course consists of lectures and exercises according to the theme of the class.
|Course schedule||Required learning|
|Class 1||Introduction||Understanding an over view of building construction.|
|Class 2||Design, building construction and detail: RC structure||Understanding characteristics of RC structure.|
|Class 3||Design, building construction and detail: Steel structure||Understanding characteristics of steel structure.|
|Class 4||Design, building construction and detail: Material||Understanding characteristics of material.|
|Class 5||Design, building construction and detail: Timber structure||Understanding characteristics of timber structure.|
|Class 6||Building construction system: Roof||Understanding characteristics of roof system.|
|Class 7||Building construction system: Wall||Understanding characteristics of wall system.|
|Class 8||Building construction system: Floor||Understanding characteristics of floor system.|
|Class 9||Earthquake and damage||Understanding characteristics of earthquake and damage.|
|Class 10||Ground and foundation structure||Understanding characteristics of ground and foundation structure.|
|Class 11||Wind and steel structure: Characteristics of steel material||Understanding characteristics of steel component on the relation of wind and steel structure.|
|Class 12||Wind and steel structure: Construction system of steel structure||Understanding characteristics of construction methods on the relation of wind and steel structure.|
|Class 13||Wind and steel structure: Wind load||Understanding characteristics of wind load on the relation of wind and steel structure.|
|Class 14||Composite structure of steel and concrete: RC structure||Understanding characteristics of RC structure as composite structural system.|
|Class 15||Composite structure of steel and concrete: SRC and PC structure||Understanding characteristics of SRC and PC structure as composite structural system.|
Textbook published by AIJ
Students are assessed by reports, practices and final exam. | <urn:uuid:70be3cbe-0ece-4de8-ac6c-c32b602194d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.ocw.titech.ac.jp/index.php?module=General&action=T0300&GakubuCD=6&GakkaCD=362500&KeiCD=25&KougiCD=201802563&Nendo=2018&vid=03&lang=EN | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740343.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814215931-20200815005931-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.845639 | 571 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The Official Blog of Mr. C's Class at Noel Elementary School!
Modeling the use of technology to teachers and students.
president James Monroe because he led the people in the era of good feelings and believed in nationalsim and to me that is impotant!
Gorge Washington. Because he was the first one in war, first in pice ,and first one in the heart of america. Also he was the fauther of our counntry.
Sacagawea. her name meant brid woman. she lead lewis and clak in a expedition to explor
I thought that George Washington was really nice because he really liked his people and listened to them.
My favorite historical person isSacagawea she helped Lewis and Clark. she was a guide for lewis and clark!
Presdent Andrew Jackson. He is a self toght loywer. He alsow won a election agenst John Quncy adams because of a saying Adams can write but jacksn can fight.
I think Pontiac is the best historic figure because he called on his warriors to revolt against the British and he pushed the British so hard that they surrendered and Pontiac won.
My favorite historical charecter was Pocahontas because she was peaceful and she saved John Smith. She is my hero.
I think James Monroe because inspired nationalism.
My favorite historical figure General Lee because he led the southern army.
i think gorge washington is the best because he hade teeth made of horn.i thinkthat is nasty that is like having a sucker made of horn its nasty.
My favorite Historical figure was
My favorite historical figure I learned about in Social Studies this year was Sacagawea because she translated for Luis and Clark in their expidetion.
My favorite figure is Christopher Columbus,because if he did not find america we would not be living here today.
I think Amelia Airheart is cool because she and her partener flew an awesome airplane!!!!!!
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:f9fa2578-6787-4c44-8c2e-cd4411e30d8b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://mrcsclassblog.blogspot.com/2007/03/history-contest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642012.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00181-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970736 | 426 | 2.796875 | 3 |
5 Stomach Types and What You to Eat for Each Type
Most nutrition experts agree that to stay healthy we need to have a healthy gut in the first place. Dr. Josh Axe, the author of a new book Eat Dirt, believes that to stay healthy we should not only keep stomach healthy, but we also should be aware of the stomach types and eat a different diet for each particular type.
Here are the five stomach types described by the author:
- Candida. A candida stomach type includes unexpected weight gain, a slow metabolism, loose stools, and exhaustion. People of this gut type are likely to eat a diet high in sugar and eat too much of cold foods. They also may overuse antibiotics and birth control pills. Those who have this stomach type should eat broths, soups, baked fruit, and drink herbal teas, and avoid caffeine and alcohol.
- Immune. The symptoms of an immune stomach include inflammatory bowel disease and IBS. Causes may include food allergies and intolerances, particularly to dairy and gluten products. The recommendations on a diet for this type include foods high in fiber, such as dark leafy greens, green fruits, juices, and wheatgrass. People with this stomach type should avoid dairy and fatty foods.
- Toxic. A toxic stomach type is characterized with the skin conditions, gall bladder disease. People with this gut type usually eat an excess of fatty food. To avoid problems with this stomach type, you should avoid stimulants, such as caffeine, alcohol, sugar and grains. Instead, add herbal teas vitamin B-rich foods, wild salmon, yoghurt, and kefir.
- Stressed. People with a stressed stomach may be characterized by a low sex drive, muscle weakness, poor focus, allergies, and insomnia. Stressed stomach type is one more common problem for the nowadays overworked generation.
- Gastric. Having a gastric gut includes such symptoms as regular bloating, acid reflux after eating and frequent gas. To feel better, try to eat lightly and in smaller portions. Also, try sipping warm water with a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar before the meal to lower the pH in the stomach.
Following the recommendations what to eat according to each type, people may significantly improve the overall health.
More details on each stomach type here: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3604297/The-five-different-gut-types-explained.html
A human immune system consists of various cells, tissues, and proteins. In the system, they carry out the processes in our body that fight with pathogens — viruses, bacteria, and foreign bodies. When a pathogen comes into contact with the immune system, the latter...
A new study from the US suggests that poor air quality and diabetes are closely connected. Researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis in collaboration with the Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System in Missouri performed the study....
Pranayama is not just a complex of breathing exercises. It is a complex process, during which a person receives vital energy - prana from the air. Literally pranayama is translated as "stopping breathing". Hence the main goal of the whole breathing gymnastics is to be...read more
Experts often advise people as suitable trainings to climb stairs, rather than use the elevator. And here are 6 reasons why we should do this regularly. Classes on the treadmill or with the ellipsoid simulator in daily mode seem too boring. They can be replaced by a...read more
Good weather is the best reason to do outdoor sports, which will help not only lose weight, but also will strengthen health. Bicycle The sun dries out the local paths, so you can safely sit on your favorite bike and confidently twist the pedals, where the eyes look....read more | <urn:uuid:62d2ba04-b4e3-4d84-8ba0-d9036c735815> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.medigoo.com/news/5-stomach-types-eat-type/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589237.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.941602 | 794 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Daylight saving time rules, exceptions and legislation. Time zones, borders, abbreviations and relationship to U.S. postal zip codes.
- What is daylight saving time (DST)?
- When is daylight saving time (DST)?
- Who follows daylight saving time and how is it regulated?
- How are time zone borders decided and regulated?
- Can I determine a time zone based on a postal zip code?
- How are international time zones and DST rules decided?
- How are time zones referred to during standard time and daylight saving time?
- What are the time zones in the United States?
Daylight saving time (DST) is the part of the year when we advance our clocks by one hour, shifting the time of day in relation to where the Sun is above Earth. In other words, during DST the "daylight" begins an hour later in the morning and lasts an hour longer in the evening. This change helps keep the hours of daylight coordinated with the time that most people are active. Proponents feel that this saves energy because in the spring and summer months more people may be outside in the evening and not using energy at home. There are, however, ongoing debates about how much energy is saved. The California Energy Commission has additional information about DST and links to several studies about its effects on energy consumption.
Daylight saving time (DST) begins each year on the second Sunday in March at 2 a.m. (local time).
Clocks must be moved ahead one hour when DST goes into effect.
The changeover back to standard time (ST) occurs on the first Sunday in November at 2 a.m. (local time).
Clocks must be moved back one hour.
Some people remember which way to move their clocks using the phrase, "spring forward, fall back".
Most of the United States follows daylight saving time, but a few regions do not. Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and most of Arizona do not observe DST. In Arizona, the Navajo Indian territories do observe DST. Historically, local jurisdictions were allowed to decide when they would locally switch to DST, or not to observe DST at all. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 defined the rules for the dates of DST and all regions that practice DST use the same transition days. However, that same bill allows states to legislatively decide whether to practice it or not. Also, the date rules sometimes change, most recently in 1986 and 2007, extending the length of DST. The Department of Transportation (and not NIST) oversees and regulates DST.
The basis of time zones was to divide Earth into sections of longitude 15 degrees each. That would allow for 24 zones to represent 24 hours in the day (one rotation of Earth). However, in the United States, the borders were usually drawn to follow state lines, or natural landmarks and county lines. There are even a few instances of counties split into two time zones. Time zone boundaries can be legislated at the state and/or county level and also by the U. S. Department of Transportation.
For more details on U.S. time zones, the federal law on time zones is defined in United States Code; Title 15 - Commerce and Trade; Chapter 6 - Weights and Measures and Standard Time; Subchapter IX - Standard Time; Sections 260-267. See United States Law on Standard Time, 15 U.S.C. §6(IX)(260-7).
NIST is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce, and is not involved in the administration of time zones.
Since U.S. postal zip codes primarily follow county borders, and most U.S. time zone lines are drawn along county borders, an online zip code database may be used to find time zones based on zip codes. A free application that does this is available at: www.zipinfo.com
Much like the United States, countries around the world choose their time zone borders legislatively. Many countries also observe some equivalent of DST, although the name is usually different, and the dates of the time changes may be different from U.S. rules. There is no single body that regulates time zones or daylight saving time around the world. Some countries provide little or no notice when they change their DST status and/or date rules.
Seasons are opposite in the northern and southern hemispheres. So for countries in the southern hemisphere who observe some form of DST, the dates of the time changes occur at opposite times of year from the United States.
Designation of the time of day for specific time zones can be qualified by using the term "standard time" or "daylight time" to indicate which is being followed. For instance, on the United States West Coast, the time of day can be referred to as Pacific standard time (PST) or Pacific daylight time (PDT). Also, for year-round use such as hours-of-operation for a business, the designation can be left off (i.e. Pacific time or PT could be used). This infers "local time" (DST or ST, whichever it is at present).
|Time Zone||Standard time
and UTC offset
and UTC offset
|Atlantic (AT)||AST -4||ADT ---||None of the U.S. territories in AT follow DST|
|Eastern (ET)||EST -5||EDT -4|
|Central (CT)||CST -6||CDT -5|
|Mountain (MT)||MST -7||MDT -6||Most of Arizona is MST year-round|
|Pacific (PT)||PST -8||PDT -7|
|Alaska (AKT)||AKST -9||AKDT -8|
|Hawaii-Aleutian (HT)||HST -10||HDT -9||DST observed in Aleutian Islands, but not Hawaii|
|Samoa (ST)||SST -11||--- ---||DST not observed|
|Chamorro (ChT)||ChST +10||--- ---||DST not observed| | <urn:uuid:46cb6d4d-9d35-4ec4-afc7-93b745711702> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/local-time-faqs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00058-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912524 | 1,298 | 3.71875 | 4 |
When it comes to politics, its coexistence with ethics is questionable. This is especially because many politicians engage in a wide range of indecent practices to pursue their interests or rather, become successful (Russell, 2013). In this case, the U.S president decides to sign an agreement with the Soviet Union to destroy both region’s nuclear weapons, a choice that does not amuse the public as well as the President’s opposition and the military. Marine Corps Colonel Martin Casey learns that his superior, General Jasmes Mattoon Scott is the leader of the other joint chiefs of staff (JCS) in the plan to start a coup d’état together with other members in the U.S. Congress to overthrow the President. Even though Casey does not Support the President’s decision, he finds the plan to remove him disgusting and unconstitutional and informs the Presidents and his allies who then plan to respond. With time, both sides scheme secretly. The President asks Casey to find out secrets that can be used against Scott from his former mistress Ellie. This paper will analyze this case to determine whether ethics and politics can coexist.
Are politics and ethics capable of coexisting?
To start with, many people would argue that politics and ethics cannot exist based on the popular phrase that ‘politics is a dirty game’ (Niebuhr, 2013). This claim can be affirmed to be true, looking at how politicians behave and the kind of things they do. For instance, over the years, the leaders who have been in power have gotten there by defaming their competitors, bribing, and giving money to the voters, among other practices. In the most recent U.S. elections, there was a lot of exchange of words between President Trump and Hillary Clingstone. To a large extent, it seems okay or accepted that politicians become more popular or successful by defaming their candidates, and this affirms that politics is a dirty game.
Ethics cannot allow politics to survive because it would mean a proliferation of good morals. Ethics principally entails a philosophy that directs an individual’s behaviors and decisions in life (Rohr, 2017). Different people and communities have dissimilar convictions on what is right or wrong and good or bad. Despite this, many morals are universal in all cultures, religions, and among individuals since they emanate from human basic emotions. For instance, it murder is highly condemned all over since it is unethical. In the field of politics, immoral acts are widely visible even though no law directly states that politicians should behave unethically. It is the main reason why many people fear politicians since they can break the law without necessarily being punished.
What are the ethical dilemmas involved in this case?
This case presents various ethical dilemmas. An ethical dilemma occurs when there are conflicting situations and a choice has to be made but following one path means that you transgress the other (Rohr, 2017). The first moral dilemma in this scenario involves Casey and his superior, Gen. Scott. After realizing what Scott was planning, that is, to overthrow the President in collaboration with some JCS and Congress Allies, Casey decided to alert the president. The President tasked him to obtain more information about Scott from Ellie. By making this move, Casey behaved unethically to pursue his political gains. Casey owes all his loyalty to Scott since this is what is required of all the officers in the armed forces. By obeying the president and being disloyal to his superior, he stands to gain his trust and perhaps, even a better position in the government. Casey’s behavior supports the argument that politics and ethics cannot exist.
Another ethical dilemma that further supports that politics and morals cannot live together is observed in General Scott. Just as Casey owes his loyalty to Scott, he also owes his’ to the President. Instead, he chooses to conspire with other leaders in high positions in the government and leads a coup d’état. Scott’s political interest, in this case, is to see the President fall and taking that seat. If this was to succeed, he would be able to perhaps, disregard the agreement with the Soviet Union regarding nuclear weapons. Therefore, it is evident that politics is a dirty game since Scott had to sacrifice his morals for political gains.
Moreover, the President’s behavior can be considered as unethical. This is mainly because he is willing to use Ellie’s personal life so that he continues being the president. The President asks Casey to extract information from Ellie, who is Scott’s former mistress and this information is to be used against the general. Given that Ellie is a vulnerable woman and the President wants her interrogated is a clear indication that one has to let go of morals when it comes to politics.
Overall, ethics and politics cannot coexist. Basically, politics is considered a dirty game where individuals need to behave unethically to achieve their political interest. In the provided case, Casey had to be disloyal to his superior so that he could please the President. On the other hand, Scott staged a coup d’état against the president, losing his morals. Additionally, the president was willing to use Ellie’s personal life so that he could remain in power.
Niebuhr, R. (2013). Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press.
Rohr, J. (2017). Ethics for bureaucrats: An essay on law and values. Routledge.
Russell, B. (2013). Human society in ethics and politics. Rutledge. | <urn:uuid:2ae2e8c4-9242-4766-a5db-90b10d6d3d33> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://edenpapers.com/blog/ethics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401598891.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928073028-20200928103028-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.965181 | 1,146 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Federick the Great's Instructions to strategy and tactics
At various times in his military career Frederick the Great seemed on the cusp of a major defeat, yet always to find ways to extricate himself a secure a victory for himself and his lands. Frederick has long been considered in the pantheon of military leaders for his strategic and tactical prowess. His instructions to his generals have long been considered a starting point to understand the military mind of this leader. We present an annotated and illustrated version of Frederick the Great's 1754 Instructions to his infantry and cavalry. Included in this volume are maps that provide a background to his battles, a biography of Frederick and some of his generals, and an explanation of 18th century warfare as well as illustrations of his troops. | <urn:uuid:f1beb582-6224-4071-bb6a-4ba69a797cf8> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Fredericks-Orders/Frederick-Hohenzollern/9780615754710 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738864.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812024530-20200812054530-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.989448 | 154 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Discrimination is an unfair act based on prejudice. Worked as a personal trainer or a nutritionist? Workplace discrimination is a global phenomenon. The company is committed in improving its image and value by generating opportunities and possibilities through greater diversity at a higher organizational level. It helps one to recognize and appreciate that people are born different regarding I. The second move is strategic management; setting goals and measuring them, and the third step is one that might prove most difficult for Britain. Your statement for a land-grant institution in the rural South should not be the exact same one you send to an elite institution in urban California. Diversity is everywhere, in neighborhoods, our workplace, schools, and communities.
The Reading Teacher, 50 7 , 602-604. This is known as gender diversity. According to Res 2012 , diversity can be represented as a variety of human aspects pertaining to different societies and cultures in the workforce or can be explained tolerating the differences. It is a great way for What Does Diversity Mean to You, and What Does a Diverse Insurance Industry Look Like? Adding diversity and cultural diversity to any organization will add value to the organization. Diversity is eminent in nature. What has your grandmother taught you? The result is a diverse American labor force representing a microcosm of our society - yet one that continues to struggle with its identity. For this essay I wrote about how encounters with diversity remind us how little superficial differences really matter.
While there are positive examples of practice, there still remains a need for further development of new knowledge and skill to work effectively to meet individual need. This paper will describe diversity and it's importance to the workplace environment. I have been in the room when the diversity statement of every single finalist for a job search was scrutinized. Therefore, diversity in the college setting is brought about by different aspects. But this viewpoint is, in its very being, discrimination itself. Both, when balanced with one another, provide for the strongest form of society in which all are unified under some ideas, but differences are tolerated and accepted. The answer for so many organizations struggling with this topic is easy: diversity training.
Sutherland, 1996 What is workplace diversity? My oldest friend Since I was 2 is persian, her parents came here from iran, and since I was always at her house, things like speaking a different language at home, celebrating ramadan, etc. Diverse employees will provide a wider array of talents and will relate better to varied customers. Maybe even try to rush through everything just to get it over with. Some argue that hydrogen is very flammable and can explode. But also every human is unique.
Creativity and innovations are the product of a positive organizational culture Diversity is engagement across racial and ethnic lines consist of a broad and varied set of activities and initiative Milem, Chang, and Antonio 2005. Your response should highlight a distinctive you that will add to the class mosaic every adcom is trying to create. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. Political diversity can thus breed rivalry. But when I asked people what they mean by it, I got different answers. The potential for discrimination is real, and needs to be managed so as not to incur lawsuits, loss of productivity, and unhealthy working conditions. Workforce diversity consist of similarities and differences among employees in terms of age, cultural background, physical abilities and disabilities, race, religion, sex and sexual orientation.
As explained in section 1, Kuntz et al. The search results were overwhelming and easily set a picture of what diversity is, without even having to click on a single link. Colleges also want students to learn to accept new ideas. Some deny the cultural diversity in the island evolving harmoniously. This diversity has many advantages, but it also ads a level of complexity to management. For some people it is defined as access to opportunities, equal regard in the workforce for all, affirmative action and social tolerance.
The town currently has a population of 13,704 people and consists of 73% Blacks or African Americans, 23% Caucasian, 1% Hispanic or Latino and 1% bi-racial. Changes in the cultural make-up of organizations have been so vast that it has become imperative for leaders and supervisors to understand cultural diversity and how it can affect their organization. Read the essay, and read the explanation underneath. I believe it is important for Managers to value the diversity in the workplace by recognizing their workplace composition, and the cross-culture differences and similarities. Basically companies must integrate diversity to achieve maximum results. How will you contribute to the diversity of your medical school class and to the medical community in general? Inclusion is the process that includes all, while ensuring that the needs of the individuals are met, whilst overcoming the barriers to… According to Grace Communion International, people of the black churches believed much like the European Americans.
Of course, it is true that many faculty members overtly reject campus efforts to enhance diversity and equity. Acceptance and caring are at the heart of engaging classroom diversity. Excellent diversity management can provide creativity and innovation and this can successfully unlock hidden capacity for growth of t. A little bit of support can go a long way in a big world - sometimes that is all a person needs. There are many advantages to having diversity in age, gender, and disabled employees in the workforce. Diversity is about recognizing and appreciating the uniqueness of each person. Think about the ideal medical student. | <urn:uuid:0ac9f30b-c397-40d6-8fb2-21f5760ef574> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://bluesharksoftware.com/what-is-diversity-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.957996 | 1,125 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Congressional Record consists of four sections: the House section, the Senate section, the Extensions of Remarks, and, since the 1940s, the Daily Digest. At the back of each daily issue is the Daily Digest, which summarizes the day's floor and committee activities and serves as a table of contents for each issue. The House and Senate sections contain proceedings for the separate chambers of Congress.
A section of the Congressional Record titled Extensions of Remarks contains speeches, tributes and other extraneous words that were not actually uttered during open proceedings of the full Senate or of the full House of Representatives. In years past, this particular section of the Congressional Record was called the "Appendix". While members of either body may insert material into Extensions of Remarks, Senators rarely do so. The overwhelming majority of what is found there is entered at the request of Members of the House of Representatives. From a legal standpoint, most materials in the Congressional Record are classified as secondary authority.
By custom and rules of each house, members also frequently "revise and extend" the remarks they actually made on the floor before the debates are published in the Congressional Record. Therefore, for many years, speeches that were not actually delivered in Congress appeared in the Congressional Record, including in the sections purporting to be verbatim reports of debates. In recent years, however, these revised remarks have been preceded by a "bullet" symbol or, more recently and currently, printed in a typeface discernibly different from that used to report words actually spoken by members.
The Constitution, in Article I, Section 5, requires Congress to keep a journal of its proceedings, although the House and Senate Journals are separate publications from the Congressional Record, and include only a record of actions and votes, rather than verbatim texts of the debates.
The Congressional Record was first published in 1873. Prior to this, proceedings, roll calls, debates, and other records were recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789–1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824–1837), or the Congressional Globe (1833–1873). A digital collection of these historical volumes is now available online via the Library of Congress.
- "CongressLine by GalleryWatch.com: On the Floor, In Congress | LLRX.com". Retrieved 2010-03-21.
- Congressional Record via GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys)
- Bound Congressional Record
- Congressional Record
- Overview of the Congressional Record and Predecessor Publications
- Sessions of Congress and Corresponding Debate Record Volume Numbers
- Find Congressional Record in a Depository Library
- U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, containing the Annals of Congress, Register of Debates, Congressional Globe, and Congressional Record, hosted by the Library of Congress | <urn:uuid:6bf28ffa-d835-4740-961a-7a0013f15c77> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00094-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929294 | 588 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Learning how to use tap and die set allows you to repair significant metal problems that would otherwise leave you high and dry. It is critical to grasp the terminology while utilizing a tap and die set. When you cut or recut threads into a hole or nut, this is referred to as “tapping.” In this article, we will go through how to use tap and die in great detail.
Screw threads are made by tapping and threading with a tap and die set. The nut is cut with a tap and the bolt with a die. They can also be used combined to clean the thread in a procedure known as chasing. Damian from Damian McCovey plumbing says they utilize this technique for water heater repairs and regular plumbing work daily.
Taps die, and drill bits of various sizes are included in a tap and die set. Turning handles are included in the package. At a premium price, some sets may include twist-lock guides, coarse and fine taps, and additional tools.
What are a tap and die?
Taps and dies are cutting tools used to generate threads on components such as screws, bolts, and nuts, as well as to create a threaded hole into which components can be screwed.
A tap and die set is one of those toolbox items that, once acquired, become indispensable to your work. To this end, knowing how to use
tap and die is important. A tap and die set would be quite valuable to you whether you are a mechanic, a craftsman, a metal or woodworker, or even a DIY enthusiast.
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How to Use Tap and Die Set
Let’s discuss in detail, how to use tap and die.
1. Determine the Thread
First, determine the number of threads per inch. This assists in determining which set to utilize. The total threads per inch can be calculated using a gauge system. You can now choose the settings to use based on these readings. Examine reviews on reputable websites to find the best tap and die set for your needs. To guide and hold the die, use the appropriate wrench. They should be equal whether they are making new or old threads to increase their quality.
2. Choose the Right Tools
Get the proper instruments before attempting to cut threads. A matching tap and die set would be excellent. Calibrations and standard measurements are included with these tools. Match the size of the die and tap to utilize the proper tools. Your tools should be able to hold your pieces together.
The majority of tap and die sets are constructed of steel. Carbon and tool steel is ideal for lighter-duty applications. Use high-speed steel for harder jobs. The proper tools ensure that neither the set nor the item being drilled breaks in the middle of the job. It also improves precision and efficiency. Let’s move to the next method on how to use tap and die.
3. Create New Threads
Set the bolt in place with a wrench on it and turn while generating a new thread. After each turn, the die will move and form the threads. You will feel the bolt tighten with each turn. Pour cutting oil on the set while producing threads. This oil minimizes the number of sparks and heat produced when threading another metal.
It also extends the set’s life by preventing rusting on both metal and wood pieces. When finished, the bolt will be moved to the top of the die. Consider backing the die out after a few rounds to make immaculate threads. This allows you to make more precise cuts and die cuts.
Last but not least on how to use tap and die is rethreading.
When most of the threads are intact, rethreading is simple; but, if this is not the case, rethreading might be difficult. Use a gauge comparable to the one used earlier with only a few threads out of place. Use a larger gauge set if the threads are irreparable.
This will enlarge the hole and, as a result, allow for the addition of new threads. The set should be properly arranged to guarantee that you cut a straight thread in the right place without further destroying it.
If there is no excess room on the product to use without causing damage, the technique may be impossible. If you are a first-time user, rethreading may not be a good idea.
How to use a tap?
Now that you know how to use tap and die set, let’s find out how to use a tap independently.
The majority of tapping operations are done by hand, however, power taps, such as the spiral point plug tap, are powered by electricity. A lathe machine, a radial drilling machine, a bench-type drill machine, and other similar workshop machines can also be used to drive the tapping process.
Because it is the most common, we shall cover the manual operation of utilizing a tap. The tapping procedure consists of multiple steps, which have been well detailed below:
- Step one: This is the initial tapping phase. It is the process of forming a hole to a diameter smaller than the outside diameter of a tap, usually by drilling. The tap drill size refers to this diameter.
- Step two: The drill bit that should be used for the hole diameter is indicated in the drill and tap chart, which is normally found inside the tap and die set. Machine shops sell it as well.
- Step three: Drill a blind or through-hole hole.
- from the hole.
- Step five: Tap and ratchet are both available. Again, use the chart to determine the appropriate tap size for your project. Keep in mind that taps come in a variety of styles. You may need to start with a tapered tap and work your way up to a plug tap.
- Step six: Use the appropriate ratchet depending on the size of the tap. Typically, two sizes are available. Using a larger ratchet on a small tap may result in too much force, which could break the tap.
How to use a die?
Knowing how to use tap and die together is great, but how do you use a die?
To make a bolt or screw, a die can thread the outside surface of a cylindrical material, such as a rod.
Dies are classified into two types:
A solid die produces a nominal thread with consistent depth.
The precision of the die and the wear on the die determine the accuracy. To achieve various thread fit classes, the adjustable die can be compressed or released. A set of screws or integrated screws are used to adjust the die.
- Step one: Next, prepare the rod, the threaded material should be somewhat smaller in diameter than the die’s primary diameter. A chamfered side of the die serves as the rod’s entering side. When threading, the chamfer assists in centering the die on the rod and minimizes the start turning force.
- Step two: Choose a wrench and a die: Use the table to select the appropriate die using a suitably sized wrench, just as you did during the tapping operation.
- Step three: Make the threads as follows: Using a vice or a clamp, secure the material to be threaded.
- Step four: Start the threads by placing the die on the material, chamfered side down. Make sure it’s centered and aligned, then rotate it clockwise twice. Then, for half a cycle, turn counterclockwise. Repeat until the threading is finished. If necessary, use cutting fluid.
- Step five: Take the die off the board. Turn the wrench in an anticlockwise direction until the die is completely removed. The threading is finished.
What should I look for when buying a tap and die set?
We have enlightened you on how to use tap and die set, next we need to find out how to buy a good tap and die set.
One thing to keep in mind is that the production process for most metals can make them incredibly hard, but it can also make them fragile if pressured at the incorrect spots. To avoid breaking the tap and die set, make sure to clean the metal and wood shavings after each full rotation.
- High-speed steel is typically more expensive than hardened carbon steel, but it is more durable and suitable for a wider range of applications.
- The number of pieces and their variety: Check that the thread sizes in the set are within the range of threads needed to cut.
- Extra resources: Some sets include useful extra tools and charts.
- Is the component resistant to corrosion?
- Examine the set’s material and application capabilities. It’s in the product information from the manufacturer.
- Check the durability of the carrying case. The pieces are kept in a case.
Can you use a tap and die set on wood?
Metal-cutting tap and die sets should never be used on wood. Sets designed for use on wood, on the other hand, make short work of cutting threads in wooden holes or creating wooden bolts.
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What is the best material for a tap and die set?
You should choose a material that matches the material you’ll be cutting. Because it can cut most metals used in tap and die applications, high-speed steel is the most commonly used material. Extremely hard materials like stainless steel, cobalt, or titanium can be used.
How to use tap and die set: Conclusion
We have covered a lot of details on how to use tap and die set. We hope this content has been of help.
Knowing how to use tap and die set can help you get out of some sticky situations, but it’s not a tool that everyone will need. There is, however, no substitute for when you do! It takes practice to master the use of a tap and die set. You eventually get a hang of the procedure. This increases the efficiency of your workflow.
3 thoughts on “How to use tap and die set | Complete Guide ”
Love taps and dies! I think it is the best thing since slice bread 😀 Would love you thoughts about rotary thread, a single tool for thread pitch, size and all that. Plus you can use a dremel and drill for it. | <urn:uuid:4ca252bc-4396-487d-8a1a-115e83546fbf> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.tubevarsity.com/2022/04/13/how-to-use-tap-and-die-set/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.922599 | 2,161 | 2.703125 | 3 |
PSHE & Citizenship
Well-BeingMost people will feel stressed at some time, in-fact some people find stress helpful or even motivating. However, stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behaviour and if left unchecked can contribute to health problems such as high blood pressure or an erratic mood. It is therefore crucial that young people can, from an early age, recognize common symptoms of stress and learn how to manage them.
In this lesson students will learn how to spot the common signs of stress. Find out what is happening in their brains during times of stress and then explore coping mechanisms to help them manage times of stress.
The lesson is supported with an engaging film that gives the topic real-life context and provides excellent discussion points for your class on how to cope with stress.
Coping with Stress
Follow Soolin, Darren and Mishon as they Cope with Stress... | <urn:uuid:a4d2857a-fb2c-4328-a6f9-10f359f5efe1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://apply.army.mod.uk/base/lessons/coping-with-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.957634 | 186 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Managing Barriers To Learning. Staff Professional Development Training 2012-13 Wednesday 27 th February 2013. Managing Barriers To Learning. OBJECTIVES: To explore barriers to learning in the classroom (Teaching Standard 2: Promote good progress and outcomes by pupils) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
VickiCave1DallyRai1BeckyTreagus1LindseyAtkins1DiDean2UpenyuMakamba2JaniceWalsh2FlorentinosFreris3AdrianRichmond3RichardSadler3DanWaters3LesleyBaker4WendyO'Sullivan4WarrenStevens4MikeEllis5Amy Gale5MandeepRanu5CarolineBarr6AlexCollins6LizCoombe6ClaireChilton6Managing Barriers To LearningStaff Professional Development Training 2012-13Wednesday 27th February 2013Managing Barriers To LearningOBJECTIVES:
To explore barriers to learning in the classroom(Teaching Standard 2: Promote good progress and outcomes by pupils)Develop strategies to meet the needs of pupils who struggle to meet expected progress (5: Adapt teaching to respond to the strengths and needs of all pupils)Reflect on the success of new strategies through peer observation and discussion (8.2 develop effective professional relationships with colleagues, knowing how and when to draw on advice and specialist support. 8.4: take responsibility for improving teaching through appropriate professional development, responding to advice and feedback from colleagues)
Managing Barriers To LearningRecap:Reflected on lessons where pupils displayed barriers to learning - Questionnaire
Barriers often come in two forms:
Learning Defences general ways we actively prevent ourselves from learning
Learning Obstacles beliefs, people or events that get in the way of specific learning goals
Defending against learning because of sourcese.g. personality issues, stereotyping, status
Defending against learning because of contente.g. conflicting beliefs, extra effort messages, messages that cause embarrassment
Defending against learning because of message delivery e.g. past experiences, learning beliefs
Lack of importance or uncertainty of importance.
Difficulty in reaching a learning goal.
Stress in reaching a learning goal.
Doubts about success.
Lack of control.
Poor attitude regarding the goal.
Lack of support from others.
Lack of advantages.
Remember: Addressing just one obstacle will change the intensity of the rest.Managing Barriers To LearningFeedback Summary
Which barriers to learning did you choose to focus on?Which strategies did you use?Successful? What did you notice in the observations?
Managing Barriers To LearningResources, Ideas and Strategies
Managing Barriers To Learning
Managing Barriers To Learning
Managing Barriers To LearningEach member of the group select a scenario and discuss (or if youre feeling brave roleplay) how you would deal with the situation.
Scenario 1You arrive late to a lesson after a wet lunch break. The class are excitable and rowdy.How do you settle them and get the lesson underway?What Do You Do?Enter the room and say in a loud voice Shush. Shush. Shush. Settle down now.Stand at the front, glaring at the class with your arms folded and wait for silence.Turn to the whiteboard and start writing up the lesson objectives while waiting for the class to settle down.Raise your hand and wait for the class to respond by raising their hands. Apologise for being late.Pick on the most rowdy group and march up to them, telling them to sit down and be quiet.What may be the best choice?Raise your hand and wait for the class to respond by raising their hands. Apologise for being late This is one of a number of techniques for gaining the attention of a class. You need first to establish a rule with the class that, if you raise your hand, they do so too and that is a signal to stop and pay attention to you. By apologising, you are modelling the behaviour that all members of the group should expect from one another.Scenario 2The class are working on an exercise and becoming increasingly noisy. You want them to move on to the next task. How do you make the transition?What Do You Do?Gain attention using an established signal and ask, Who has completed the task?Write the next task up on the board.Pick on the noisiest individual to stand up and tell the class what he/she has done. Go round to each group in turn to give them the next task.Clap your hands and say firmly, Right, pens down, stop and look this way, please.Raise your voice over the noise and shout, Who is ready for the next task?What may be the best choice?Gain attention using an established signal and ask, Who has completed the task?In establishing standards with the class you should have agreed a ground rule about gaining attention (e.g. hands up). Reinforcing it with praise helps to speed up the process and establish it more firmly. However it is not enough to have quiet.You need to quickly and calmly seize the moment, and identify progress before rounding off the task and moving on. 5. Clap your hands and say firmly, Right, pens down, stop and look this way, please. Alternatively, a noise (other than shouting) can also be used to attract attention before you seize the moment to speak. Scenario 3You have a pupil in the class with Aspergers Syndrome. He has the support of a Teaching Assistant (TA). He is accepted by most of the class but you dont know how to respond when he becomes distressed by the behaviour of others. How can you include him more in lessons?
What do you do?What Do You Do?Check the pupils Individual Education Plan (IEP) before the lesson and raise any issues which occur to you with the Teaching Assistant as soon as the TA arrives.Have a word with his TA before the lesson to ensure that the TA knows your priorities for the pupil for this session and that you are up to date with any specific issues or problems. Have a regular planning meeting with the TA to discuss his learning, how best to support the pupil and any behaviour issues. Make sure that you check up on his progress in the lesson and do not leave it all to his TA.Establish and keep to consistent routines where possible, explaining changes.What may be the best choice?3. Meet with the TA regularly to plan togetherThis may be easier in a primary school where the teacher is likely to be working with one class and a smaller number of TAs. It is likely to be standard practice here. In a secondary school, especially one with many pupils with special needs, this might prove harder to achieve, but should be a priority
The other responses have their merits but without a regular meeting with the TA to review and plan for progress, inclusion will be less effective Scenario 4You tell a pupil who is disturbing the work of others to move from the back to the front of the class. The pupil refuses to move.
How do you respond?What Do You Do?Stand close to the pupil and repeat the instruction clearly until the pupil moves.Go over to the pupil and say very quietly, If you choose not to follow the class rule about where you sit, you will have chosen (insert sanction). I need you to move now please. Then walk away.If the pupil will not move, take the rest of the class out of the room and continue with the lesson elsewhere.Send for a senior member of staff.Put a Restorative sheet on the desk asking What happened? What part did you play? Who has been affected? and What do you need to do to put the situation right? Ask the pupil to fill it in then follow up.What may be the best choice?2. Go over to the pupil and say very quietly, If you choose not to follow the class rule about where you sit, you will have chosen (insert sanction). I need you to move now please. Then walk away.If you are able to achieve what you want in this way, try to ignore any secondary behaviour e.g. the pupil slamming a book down (unless this behaviour is dangerous).If the school uses restorative approaches you could use 5. Put a Restorative sheet on the desk. Scenario 5You have just started the introduction to a lesson and a pupil arrives late without a note or any explanation for the lateness. How do you respond so that there is minimum interruption to your lesson?
What do you do?What Do You Do?Check that the pupil has followed school procedures for late arrival to school, open the register and mark the pupil as late to the lesson.Demand to know why the pupil is late.If you are talking to the class, acknowledge the pupil, point to his/her place and continue with the lesson. See the pupil when there is time.Remind the pupil that this is the fifth time this has happened and ask why he/she is never on time.Ignore the pupils lateness and get on with the lesson.What may be the best choice?3. If you are talking to the class, acknowledge the pupil, point to his/her place and continue with the lesson. See the pupil when there is time.You will need to develop a procedure which does not interrupt the class.Confronting the situation head-on may make clear your annoyance at being interrupted but will further interrupt learning and distract you from teaching.Lateness should always be followed up, but it is best dealt with at a time that does not interfere with learning. For very young pupils, in particular, you may need to check with the school office or talk to parents before deciding on a course of action.Scenario 6A group of pupils misbehave continually and you want to find a way to motivate and encourage them.
How can you praise pupils who rarely shine?
What Do You Do?Use a wide range of non-verbal methods to give positive feedback to all the pupils. Make sure that members of this group are given this positive feedback as soon as they get anything right.Plan each lesson to find something positive to say to each of these pupils (by name). Keep a record to check you have done this.Differentiate your praise system to support individuals according to their behaviour for learning needs.Give misbehaving pupils a restorative sheet asking: What are you doing? Who is being affected? Are you making the right choice? What are you going to do now?Meet the pupils individually or in small groups to find out what motivates them and develop a behaviour contract. The form/class teacher or a senior colleague might be asked to sit in/help. Contact parents to express your concern and set up a joint system of praise so you can both catch them being good.What may be the best choice? The importance of creating a positive classroom climate cannot be over-estimated. All six suggested approaches could be helpful. Start with the first one, it may be enoughPupils often respond far better to quick, positive signals, such as nods, smiles, thumbs up (and/or cards saying Good listener etc. put next to them) than to long-term rewards.You might find the other approaches work well too. It could be useful to work your way through the list.It can also prove very helpful to include parents if the problems are not solved by the other methods.Scenario 7You want to improve the work ethic in a class and keep them on task. They are constantly distracting one another and ignore your threats of sanctions for misbehaviour.
How do you get them to do what you want? What Do You Do?Escalate and threaten the class with more severe sanctions.Redirect or give choice directions to pupils who misbehave and allow take-up time. Develop a hierarchy of sanctions to use progressively as behaviour gets worse.Ask a more experienced member of staff to sit in on your lesson and give you feedback on using sanctions effectively.Choose the worst behaving pupil and make a dramatic example of him or her.Explain your frustration to the class and tell them that the next person to misbehave will cause the whole class to be in detention.What may be the best choice?6. Use redirection, choice etc. and 3. Ask for feedback and advice It may be tempting to concentrate on punishments when everything is going wrong, but ever- escalating sanctions do not work. You need a range of sanctions, not an inevitable path for pupils to slide down. Creating a more positive climate in the classroom e.g. by catching pupils being good is far more effective, especially alongside clear warnings and choices that give pupils the chance to put things right and avoid being punished.Scenario 8When you tell a class what you want them to do, several pupils shout out at once asking for basic equipment or for help with the task. When you deal with one pupil, others get frustrated and say, Thats not fair, I asked first. How can you improve the way this class moves to be on-task more quickly?
What do you do?What Do You Do?Make sure that there is quiet so that everyone can hear the instructions. Stand still in a set place and check that everyone is listening.Keep instructions clear and brief. Dont add to them immediately afterwards if you have forgotten something.Give pupils a short time to discuss your instructions in pairs. Invite pairs of pupils to quickly explain the task again to the class. Have your learning objectives and brief instructions ready on the board or a handout. Have all resources to hand.Agree a ground rule for the class that no one shouts out even with their hand up. Dont respond immediately but do reprimand anyone who shouts out.Have a box of rulers, pens etc. for loan to enable pupils to get started. Put one pupil in charge of giving them out and collecting them in and noting for you anyone who is regularly without equipment.What may be the best choice?All of these could helpThere are many solutions to this common problem of giving instructions and getting a whole class on task quickly. You can try:checking if the way that you give instructions is contributing to the problem being consistent with a class so that everyone knows the routine for getting startedadjusting routines for classes with differing group dynamicsinvolving pupils in the solution asking an observer to give feedbackThank-you for your effort and participationAll resources and slides from these sessions will be made available on the Ferrers Teaching and Learning website: | <urn:uuid:82fa67e3-6d86-4686-a0e2-84ad014659ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://docslide.us/documents/managing-barriers-to-learning-56ce9761a9c60.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256426.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521142548-20190521164548-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.93682 | 2,998 | 3.53125 | 4 |
On a mid-spring morning in 1943, 160,000 Allied troops storm ashore in Normandy to create the “Second Front” long desired by American strategists and long demanded by the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. In the days that follow, additional Allied divisions pour into the beachhead while the Germans attempt to throw the invaders back into the sea. Overhead, hundreds of Allied and German fighters vie for control of the air. Assisted by artificial harbors constructed in the waters just offshore, the Allies win the “battle of the buildup,” creating an enclave the Germans cannot breach. And, thanks in no small measure to the new P-51 Mustang—a superb fighter with extended range—the Allies also win a crushing victory over the Luftwaffe.
Hammered by massive Soviet assaults on the Eastern Front, the Germans are unable to transfer enough troops to prevent an Allied breakout. By late autumn, the Allies have raced across France and reached the Siegfried Line along Ger-many’s western border. Trapped in a vise between the Eastern and Western Fronts, Germany capitulates in the spring of 1944.
The above scenario is based upon two revisionist works, both published in 1980: 1943: The Victory that Never Was by John Griggs, and Walter S. Dunn Jr.’s Second Front Now: 1943. Grigg and Dunn argued that by postponing an invasion of northwest Europe until the spring of 1944, the British and Americans committed a major strategic blunder that delayed the defeat of Nazi Germany by at least a year. Rather than commit to large-scale operations in Sicily and Italy, they should have executed Operation Roundup, the initial Allied conception for a 1943 invasion of France.
Although some historians scoffed—one reviewer sneered that Grigg “has been swept out of reality into a Cloud Cuckoo Land”—others were more respectful. The two authors made a reasonable case for Roundup’s feasibility. They pointed out that the Allies possessed adequate sealift capacity—the July 1943 landing in Sicily was actually somewhat larger than the D-Day invasion in June 1944. The Western Allies had a total of 63 divisions potentially available for a cross-Channel landing and buildup. The Germans had just 44 divisions in France, most of which were either badly under strength or “static divisions” devoid of mobility.
The Allies already had on the drawing board the artificial harbors that historically aided the buildup after D-Day. They had already designed the specialized armored vehicles used in the historical invasion. And the British had already discovered that the American P-51 could outperform every other propeller-driven fighter of the war, thereby supplying the air cover needed to protect the invasion.
If the Allies had the ability to execute Roundup, why did they not seize the opportunity? Dunn offered the far-fetched theory that the Western Allies intentionally postponed a cross-Channel attack so that the totalitarian regimes of Germany and the Soviet Union would bash each other’s brains out. Much more plausibly, Grigg painted a picture of strategic drift. When Roosevelt arrived for the Casablanca Conference, he had not rejected the possibility of a 1943 invasion. Nor had Churchill. But the prime minister allowed himself to be swayed by Field Marshal Alan Brooke, chief of the imperial general staff, who was the real advocate of a Mediterranean strategy—but whom Churchill could of course have overruled.
The Americans, for their part, allowed themselves to be persuaded that before other major operations could take place, the German enclave in Tunisia must be crushed. This did not occur until May 1943—coincidentally the same month in which the Allies formally agreed to defer a cross-Channel attack until 1944. But in effect, the agreement simply ratified a decision that had already been made by default. Had the Allies kept their attention focused on Roundup, Grigg argued, they could have contained the Germans with fewer troops and relied upon the naval interdiction of supplies to compel a surrender (which the German commander Hans-Jurgen von Armin stated would have occurred by June).
Morris Janowitz, the dean of military sociologists, praised Grigg’s analysis as a strong example of the ways in which institutional and organizational factors can undermine the realization of a nominally agreed-upon objective—in this case the concentration on defeating Germany first (far too much manpower and shipping went to the Pacific to be consistent with this goal), by means of a cross-Channel attack at the earliest possible moment. That was a notable achievement. Some-times the value of a counterfactual is to illuminate dynamics that a simple historical narrative would have overlooked.
But both Grigg and Dunn overlooked some key factors that would make a 1943 invasion—and certainly a swift defeat of Germany—less viable. First, serious planning for a cross-Channel attack did not begin until March 1943. True, a committee had begun to consider the matter in the summer of 1942, but it was soon forced to turn full attention to plans for Operation Torch. It is highly unlikely that an invasion could have been planned and successfully executed in a few short months.
Second, even if one postulates that robust planning for Roundup continued from mid-1942 onward, in early 1943 American troops were ill-trained and far less prepared for combat than they would be in 1944. Third, it is unlikely that the Allies would have hit upon a command arrangement that, historically, proved vital to D-Day’s success: the appointment of a supreme commander with full authority over all ground, naval, and air forces. It is likely that neither Eisenhower nor anyone else would have amassed enough credibility by mid-1943 to wield sufficient clout for the role. Without that authority, it would have been impossible to induce the chiefs of the American and British strategic bombing efforts to suspend their air campaign against Germany long enough to execute the so-called Transportation Plan—the limiting of the Wehrmacht’s ability to rapidly reinforce coastal areas through the destruction of key bridges and railroad marshaling yards.
Thus, although it is possible, even probable, that Roundup would have secured a foothold in France, that is all that would have occurred. It would not have achieved the breakout and decisive victory that historically followed the D-Day invasion. | <urn:uuid:179ab386-e487-44a7-a510-aa234ec87297> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.historynet.com/what-if-the-allies-had-invaded-france-in-1943.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544679.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00213-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970297 | 1,282 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Like so many things in the modern world, the origins of scientific weather forecasting lay in the Renaissance. In 1450, the German mathematician Nicholas of Cusa first wrote down a description of the hygrometer, a scale that measures the amount of moisture in the air. Thirty years later, Leonardo da Vinci built a rough prototype of the device.
Nearly 200 years later, the Italian Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer, which measures atmospheric pressure. The 19th century saw a leap forward in weather prediction as telegraphs enabled meteorological observations to be relayed across continents in real time, and computers in the mid-20th century ushered in the large-scale number-crunching forecasting techniques that have come to dominate the profession.
The centuries-old craft is still being perfected today.
NASA’s Latest Efforts
NASA is in the middle of the Olympex project near Seattle, deploying a panoply of measurement instruments—radars, weather balloons, and even a DC-8 flying laboratory, to fly through the clouds—to gather precise data. Other gauges are collecting data from the ground and even imaging and counting individual raindrops and snowflakes to document as minutely as possible what different kinds of precipitation look like.
All of the data will be used to verify the rain and snowfall observations made by the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite system, and to test if the assumptions meteorologists make in interpreting those observations are actually correct.
With better calibrated data, meteorologists will be able to make better forecasts.
But don’t expect complaints about the weatherman to go away. The inherent unpredictability of Mother Nature probably won’t be conquered in the coming decades—if ever.
Numerical Weather Prediction
While NASA is working to collect more data, ironically, when Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), the system presently used for day-to-day forecasting, was first conceived in the 1920s, the problem was not too little information, but too much.
NWP models weather systems by breaking an area into square grids, then tries to deduce how each grid would be influenced by the sum of the environmental variables of the adjacent grids— temperature, humidity, wind speeds, and the like . Those values are run through differential equations based on the laws of physics and fluid dynamics to produce forecasts of future weather conditions.
When Lewis Fry Richardson, the inventor of NWP, first tried applying the technique, it took him six weeks to make (terribly inaccurate) forecasts six hours into the future.
For NWP to be successfully implemented, Richardson imagined thousands of technicians, filling up a whole theater, manually performing calculations in sync, the entire group coordinated by a single man “like the conductor of an orchestra.” Richardson’s symphony of “slide rules and calculating machines” mercifully never became a reality, as the task was outsourced to IBM mainframes.
Although computational power grew through the decades, weather forecasting was still far from converging on omniscience, and in the 1960s the meteorologist Edward Lorenz formulated a theory for why it never will.
In 1961, while running NWP simulations, Lorenz rounded one variable from .506127 to .506, producing drastic, unexpected changes to the forecasts made. The lessons of this episode, that seemingly insignificant factors could play a decisive influence in the outcomes of large systems, laid the groundwork for chaos theory.
In 1972, Lorenz gave a talk titled “Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” introducing “the butterfly effect” to the popular lexicon.
“Chaos is an inherent property of the atmosphere, of nature itself, you can’t get around it. That has implications for limits of predictability,” said David Gold, a senior forecaster at Weather Decision Technologies Inc.
At present, Gold said that the best NWP forecasts can be reliable only one week ahead, after which the accuracy starts to break down as a result of the errors in the initial conditions inputted into the model.
“At a certain point in the future, the forecast isn’t going to be any good. It doesn’t matter what you do, nonlinearity has very serious consequences,” said Gold.
It’s possible that the NASA mission could offer marginal improvements to data collection efforts, Gold said, but don’t expect the moon. However, a “not unreasonable” hope is that in the coming years, day 8 predictions will be as reliable as day 5 predictions are today.
Aside from fine-tuning the precision of initial observations, meteorologists have sought to combat the chaotic side of weather systems with statistics.
Ensemble forecasting runs slight variations on the initial set of conditions to create a range of results, somewhat compensating the large errors in forecasting that can originate from a minuscule error in the initial conditions: a large variance in the spread of forecasts suggests that the prediction is highly uncertain, and vice versa.
A big picture perspective, in terms of both space and time, Gold said, also has much to offer forecasting. A much better reading of the structures of precipitation, such as rainfall patterns over the Indian Ocean, where often large errors are made, has the potential to produce “big gains” in forecasting because the errors degrade the forecast more slowly.
Finally, neural networks — cutting edge artificial intelligence that has recently made headlines for feats from writing your email replies to copying the painting styles of masters — could theoretically be fed historical data sets and learn how to correct for the biases in forecasting models, but its usefulness is conditional. The climate would have to remain stable, and we need to invent a time machine.
“Certain models have biases depending on the weather climate regime we’re in. … If we try to use the historical data in a data mining exercise, from the 1960s and ’70s, the climate was very different back then, so having a long data record may not help you at all,” Gold said.
“A neural network based on historical records would need hundreds if not thousands of years of [quality] data,” he added.
Unfortunately, that’s data we just don’t have. So unless NASA can figure out how to crack chaos, we’ll have to accept highly educated, carefully calculated best guesses. | <urn:uuid:26f92e64-27e8-4f94-830d-38deea73e6ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-quixotic-quest-for-the-perfect-weatherman_1902121.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578650225.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424154437-20190424180437-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.938933 | 1,342 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Nuclear reactor plays a big role in delivering energy to major cities. However, it has to be closely monitored or else, it could bring major damage to the area it is erected. Uncontrolled nuclear reaction inside the nuclear reactor may lead to widespread contamination both of water and air. In the US, there’s a slight chance of this to happen due to the redundant and diverse barriers as well as safety systems implemented in each plant.
Not to mention, they bolster it with host of other things like:
- Constantly training operators
- Improving its manpower’s skills
- Regularly doing maintenance and testing activities
- Strictly follow regulatory requirements
- Oversight of US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Powered Plants
A large piece of land surrounding nuclear power plant is heavily guarded and restricted by armed security teams too. US reactors have containment vessels that are made to withstand earthquakes and even extreme weather conditions.
When compared power plants that runs on fossil fuel, nuclear reactors are not producing carbon dioxide or air pollution while it is in operation.
On the other hand, the process involved for mining as well as refining uranium ore needed to power it up and make reactor fuel consumes enormous amount of energy. Nuclear power plants need large amounts of concrete and metal as well which demands great energy for it to manufacture. In the event that fossil fuels are utilized for mining and refinement of uranium ore, or if fossil fuels are utilized to construct nuclear power plants, then the emissions can be associated with generated electricity in nuclear power plants.
What are the Dangers?
One of the major concerns for our environment with the use of nuclear power is its creation of radioactive wastes. This includes uranium mill tailings. Such materials actually are dangerous and it remains radioactive for thousands of years. Without a doubt, it can be detrimental to human health. If you would use long tail keywords when searching the web for its potential effects, it would probably send chills to down to your bones after you find out what could happen.
As a result, radioactive wastes follow special regulations that is governing handling, transport, storage as well as disposal to preserve the environment and of course, human health. All of these are overseen by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. | <urn:uuid:90f51f37-c59e-4f2d-8376-2bb74c542ff5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.trailsandgreenways.org/benefits-and-dangers-of-a-nuclear-powered-country.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.951376 | 458 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The Lower Mississippian Brood
13-year Brood XXII is a small brood found near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It contains only Magicicada tredecim, M. tredecassini, and M. tredecula. Surprisingly, Brood XXII has a disjunct in southern Ohio and northern Kentucky, containing the same three species; notably, this disjunct lacks M. neotredecim (Kritsky et al. 2017).
In the map below, cicada symbols are verified records in our database as of February 2021. Gold symbols are from Simon (1988); smaller symbols are records with a lower degree of certainty, and crosses represent records that are considered spurious. Blue symbols are from Marlatt (1923); smaller symbols are records with a lower degree of certainty, and question marks represent records that are considered spurious. Symbols are in layered in the order Database, Simon, Marlatt, and symbols in the upper layers may obscure symbols in lower layers. This map may not be reproduced without written permission.
Kritsky, G., R. Troutman, D. Mozgai, C. Simon, S. M. Chiswell, S. Kakishima, T. Sota, J. Yoshimura, and J. R. Cooley. 2017. Evolution and Geographic Extent of a Surprising Northern Disjunct Population of 13-year Cicada Brood XXII (Hemiptera: Cicadidae, Magicicada). The American Entomologist 63:E15-E20.
Marlatt, C. L. 1923. The Periodical Cicada. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 71:1-183.
Simon, C. 1988. Evolution of 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 34:163-176. | <urn:uuid:ebe43bcb-7fd4-4c14-adf4-a7f95fdbcef6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.815353 | 398 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Year: July 1, 2016
The number of older Indigenous Australians is increasing rapidly, as is their proportion within Indigenous communities, and dementia has emerged as a significant concern. Recent studies have shown that dementia is 3-5 times more common in Aboriginal communities across remote, regional and urban Australia, when compared to non-Indigenous rates. Dementia often occurs at younger ages in these communities and Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type diagnosed.
However, risk factors for dementia in the majority urban and regional Aboriginal population are currently unknown.
This study will enable us to better understand the causes and factors contributing to these much higher rates of dementia in Aboriginal communities. It will draw on an extensive database of potential risk factors across the lifespan in a cohort of older
Aboriginal Australians and will follow these people up five years later to find out the incidence (new cases) of dementia in this population and the factors that predict cognitive decline and dementia onset. The study will also examine the impact of genetic, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.
Specifically, we will examine the following potential risk factors, acquired at Time 1, for cognitive decline and dementia. These factors are likely to be common to all populations but are known to affect Indigenous Australians at disproportionate rates.
- Social Risk Factors for cognitive decline & dementia: adverse childhood experiences, childhood separation, lack of formal (& informal) education; adverse socio-economic index
- Biomedical Risk Factors for cognitive decline and dementia: vascular (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, lipids, smoking); traumatic brain injury; alcohol; depression
This project is an essential first step towards developing effective interventions to reduce the risk of dementia and prevent dementia in future. The study will build capacity in Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers, along with participating
Aboriginal community members and organisations. The results of the study will be translated into better outcomes for older Aboriginal people and their communities through the research team’s associated projects in dementia education, service provision and prevention. Study outcomes will inform public health policy and enable improved planning and more culturally appropriate dementia care services for older
Aboriginal people and support for their younger caregivers. The study will also provide insight, with a high risk population, into the potentially preventable causes of common dementia syndromes, notably Alzheimer’s disease, that will have significance across the entire Australian population and internationally.
Successful DCRC grant recipient 2016
Other team members: | <urn:uuid:f04a6401-d7fa-4768-8b72-5af05e13deba> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://dementiaresearch.org.au/projects/longitudinal-social-and-biomedical-risk-factors-for-incident-dementia-and-cognitive-decline-in-urban-and-regional-aboriginal-australians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.924455 | 499 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Taiwanese Finance Assingment Help With Solution
PART A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSare designed to test general understanding of a variety of core concepts andtheir applications.
1. ___ are financial institutions involved in borrowing and lending transactions in currencies other than their domestic currencies.
B) Foreign banks
C) Market makers
D) Foreign exchange dealers
2. The most critical feature of Euro-markets is
A) Lack of regulation
B) High lending interest rates are available
C) Lower risk presented than in other markets
D) All of the above
3. A Canadian-based MNC needs long-term capital to invest in Italy. The company tries to avoid the regulatory constraints found in debt issuance in Canada. While it wants to attract foreign investors, it prefers the issue to be sold in dollars. This company should issue
A) Euro-Canadian dollar commercial paper
B) Foreign bonds
C) Euro-Canadian dollar floating-rate notes
D) Euro bonds
4. A Maple bond is
A) A dollar-denominated bond issued by a non-Canadian company
B) A bond issued by a Canadian company
C) A Eurobond issued by a Canadian company
D) A Euro-denominated Eurobond issued by a non-Canadian company
5. A “global bond” issue
A) Is a very large international bond offering by several borrowers pooled together
B) Has higher yields for investors
C) Is simultaneously sold in several capital markets around the world by one issuer
D) Has a lower liquidity
6. Which of the following is true regarding euro-credits?
A) They are short- or medium-term loans of Eurocurrency extended by euro-banks
B) They are often syndicated loans
C) They are denominated in currencies other than the home currency of the euro-banks
D) All of the above
(The following information relates to Questions 7 and 8)
In the London market, Rolls Royce stock closed at £0.875 per share on April 17, 2013. Rolls Royce traded as depository receipts in the OTC market in US. Five underlying Rolls Royce shares are packaged into one ADR. On April 17, 2013, the spot exchange rate between British pound and USD was £0.6366/$.
7. The no-arbitrage US price of one ADR is
8. If the Rolls Royce ADRs are trading $5.75 when the underlying shares are trading in London at £0.875, ignoring transaction costs, the arbitrage trading profit will be
9. The cost of equity is more difficult to determine than the cost of debt because
A) Cash flows to equity-holders are not contractually set creating the timing uncertainty
B) Discount rate used to calculate cost of equity is not firmly set as the one for cost of debt
C) Transaction costs of issuing equity are not so easy to establish as for debt issuance
D) The cost of equity is subject to more contingencies than the cost of debt
10. Other things being equal, the financial leverage of MNCs will be ____ if the governments of their home countries are ___ likely to rescue them (in the event of failure), and if their home countries are ___ likely to experience a recession.
A) Higher; more; less
B) Higher; less; less
C) Lower; less; more
D) Lower; more; more
11. The risk-free rate of interest is 4%. The return on the stock market as a whole is expected to be 10%. Given the required rate of return on MNC stock is 12%, according to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), what is its systematic risk?
Hint: Rj = RF + βj × [E(Rm) – RF]
12. The capital structure for an MNC refers to
A) The debt-equity ratio
B) A description of how the company is financed
C) Both (A) and (B)
D) Neither (A) nor (B)
13. Use the following data to calculate the weighted average cost (WACC) for XYZ Inc.
Cost of equity 17%
Cost of debt 8%
Cost of preferred stock 10%
Value of current assets $15,000,000
Value of fixed assets $55,000,000
Corporate tax rate 25%
Personal tax rate 37%
Value of equity $20,000,000
Value of debt $50,000,000
Value of preferred stock $0
14. In general, international diversification of investment (e.g. FDI) allows MNCs to benefit from
A) The asset diversification effect and less risk
B) The currency diversification and less risk
C) A greater variety of investment opportunities and less risk
D) The currency diversification effect and the asset diversification effect
15. Standard financial theory advocates that MNCs separate their financing and investment decisions,
A) But MNCs particularly often reject this advice and take chances with currency exposure by combining investment and financing decisions
B) But currency risk requires firms take into account of financing opportunities with consideration of investment opportunities
C) So MNCs generally do not consider decisions on where and how to invest separately from their decisions on how to finance their investments
D) So MNCs often finance their capital needs in one currency and make their investments in another currency
16. To pursue ___ or ___ financing is the very first fundamental decision that an MNC has to make when considering financing.
A) Internal; external
B) Debt; equity
C) Public; private
D) Short-term; long-term
17. One of the primary obstacles for cross-border mergers and acquisitions is
A) Integrating the overlapping product lines of the firm involved in the merger or acquisition
B) The regulatory requirements that must be met in each country where a firm involves in the merger or acquisition
C) Deciding which currency that two firms that do not use the same currency will use after the merger or acquisition is completed
D) Consolidating the separate identities of the firms involved in the merger or acquisition into a single identity
18. Typically, joint ventures conduct
A) All of the business activities allowed where the joint venture operates, but not financing activities that are conducted separately by the individual partners setting the joint venture
B) Only the business activities that cannot be performed by the entities creating the joint venture
C) A full spectrum of needed business activities including financing, production and distribution
D) Only the business activities that the joint venture can perform more efficiently than the entities creating the joint venture
19. An MNC adopting specific policies on production and logistic to increase its bargaining position can be an effective way for managing country risk. The techniques may include
A) Control of technology
B) Local sourcing
C) Facility location
D) All of the above
20. Which of the flowing merger and acquisition is viable?
A) VAT = $400; VA = $200; VT = $205
B) VAT = $390; VA = $200; VT = $190
C) VAT = $410; VA = $200; VT = $190
D) VAT = $600; VA = $400; VT = $220
21. What is a “Greenfield” project?
A) An environmentally-friendly project
B) A project that is located in a foreign country and encouraged by that country
C) A capital investment involves an MNC and a firm in another country
D) A project that starts from scratch and produces the facility that is needed
22. If the foreign currency ___ by the time the acquiring firm makes payment, the acquisition will be more costly. In the meanwhile, the cost of the acquisition changes ___ the change in the exchange rate.
A) Appreciates; in the same proportion as
B) Depreciates; in the same proportion as
C) Appreciates; by a lesser percentage than
D) Depreciates; by a greater percentage than
23. Which of the following is not an advantage of international acquisitions over the establishment of a new subsidiary?
A) The firm can immediately expand its international business
B) The firm benefits from existing customer relationships
C) International acquisitions are generally cheaper than the establishment of a new subsidiary
D) An international acquisition typically generates quicker and larger cash flows than the establishment of a new subsidiary
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A Canadian-based MNC is considering a capital investment in England. The net cash flows of the project are estimated as below.
Year 0 1 2 3
Net Cash Flows -£25 million £8 million £11 million £15 million
The current spot rate is $1.5751/£. While the Canadian interest rate is 2.8%, it is 4% in England. The Canadian required rate of return is 10%.
24. How much does this project cost now?
A) $31.502 million
B) $39.378 million
C) $15.872 million
D) $25.723 million
25. Using IRP, what is the expected spot rate (£/$) for Year 3?
Hint: with S = $/£,
26. What is the expected cash flow of this project in Year 2?
A) $17.591 million
B) $19.551 million
C) $22.581 million
D) $16.928 million
27. Based on the home currency approach, should the project be undertaken? Why?
A) No; NPV = -$2.257 million
B) Yes; NPV = $5.714 million
C) Yes; NPV = $12.825 million
D) Yes; NPV = $3.079 million
28. Using IFE, what is the compatible required rate of return on British pound cash flows?
29. After estimating the relevant cash flows associated with a new project, we usually need to convert all these prospective cash flows into today’s dollars. Why?
A) Allow time value concepts to be incorporated in the final decision
B) The decision is being made today
C) Future cash flows can then be compared with the initial investment made at time zero
D) All of the above
30. How can a firm get the most value out of a project that does not perform as expected after being undertaken?
A) Continue the project and hope for more value than anticipated
B) Change the inputs for the project to increase value
C) Transfer the project to a subsidiary in a low-cost country
D) Sell the assets purchased from the project for salvage value
31. When an MNC forms a foreign subsidiary and that subsidiary is eligible for subsidies in the country where it will operate, how is the capital budgeting process for that subsidiary and its project affected?
A) Local subsidies are integrated in NPV calculations, so no additional consideration needs to be given in the capital budgeting process
B) Since local subsidies are subject to political risk and can be taken away as easily as they are granted, local subsidies are not considered in the capital budgeting process
C) When local subsidies are available, the capital budgeting process is often altered to include consideration of the cash flows that will be generated by those subsidies
D) Local subsidies are generally unavailable to subsidiaries, so local subsidies are not considered in the capital budgeting process by MNCs
32. Differences in NPV of a proposed project between parent and subsidiary can arise from
A) Political risk or currency risk
B) Cash flow or currency asymmetries
C) Cash flow or cost of capital asymmetries
D) Political risk or economic risk
33. How can a firm arrange short-term financing in a way to limit its currency risk?
A) It can borrow more than it currently needs so that future cash needs are met
B) It can arrange for a line of credit to provide for future financing needs
C) It can coordinate its financing cash flow and its operational cash flow
D) It can sell debt instruments (e.g. bonds) in its home currency
34. The most liquid asset and a necessity for working capital transactions is
C) Marketable securities
D) Accounts receivable
35. A pays B $140, A pays C $200, and B pays C $60. After netting, A will pay C
36. In making short-term investments, firms consider
A) Creditworthiness of the company and the interest rate
B) Maturity, liquidity, risk and flexibility
C) Broker’s recommendation and competing opportunities
D) Opportunity costs and flexibility
37. In traditional working capital analysis, holding a large cash balance is a ___ strategy because it ___.
A) Positive; reduces the transaction costs involved in liquidating assets to raise cash
B) Positive; relieves the firm from having to obtain short-term financing
C) Negative; means that the cash is not earning a return
D) Negative; imposes additional currency risk on the firm
(The following information relates to Questions 38 and 39)
Your firm has a line of credit with a stated interest rate of 10% per annum. Your bank requires a 25% compensating balance.
38. Suppose that your firm needs $10,000 for three months to finance a temporary deficit. How much must your firm borrow in order to obtain the needed funds?
Hint: RB = stated rate/(1-compensated balance %)
39. If the compensating balance pays interest of 4%. Assume that the money needed by your firm is only for three months. What is the annual percentage interest rate paid by your firm?
Hint: APR = (Financing cost/Usable funds) × (Annualized factor)
40. Your company is considering granting credit to a new customer. On each non-delinquent sale, you receive revenues with a present value of $1,200 and incur costs with a present value of $1,050. The default percentage rate is 10%. Should you grant the credit? Why?
A) No because expected profit = -$25
B) No because expected profit = -$20
C) Yes because expected profit = $150
D) Yes because expected profit = $30
Hint: E(π) = p×PV(Rev – Cost) – (1- p)×PV(Cost)
41. A Canadian MNC borrows Japanese yen for one year at 8%. Over the year, the yen is expected to appreciate by 5% relative to dollar. What is the “ex ante” financing cost?
Hint: rB = (1 + rB*)(1 + %∆s) – 1
42. What are the unique causes of delay that may be encountered in shipping goods by cargo ship?
A) Loading and unloading and transportation to and from the ship
B) The time required for the goods to clear customs
C) Wars and political unrest
D) Transit workers’ strikes
43. If a bank issuing a letter of credit accepts the time draft that is issued in connection with the letter of credit, a ___ results.
A) Sight draft
B) Banker’s acceptance
C) Bill of lading
D) Transfer of title
44. When an importer receives title to the goods shipped by the exporter only upon the importer’s payment for those goods, the transaction is referred to as
A) Documents against acceptance
B) Documents against payment
C) An open account
D) A consignment
45. In economic terms, ____ occur when the benefit of defaulting on a payment is less than the present value of future benefits in a relationship.
A) Investment risks
B) Barter transactions
C) Open accounts
46. A consignment arrangement allows
A) An exporter to reduce the default risks that the goods exported
B) An importer to use its bargaining power to get the lowest price that the exporter offers
C) An importer to acquire goods for immediate resale without increasing inventory risk
D) An exporter to avoid the delays that can be experienced in getting foreign goods cleared through customs
PART B: DISCUSSION QUESTIONS are designed to encourage critical thinking for real-worldissues.
1. A Taiwanese LCD manufacturer is currently experiencing a booming market for its products. As with all growing companies, its financing needs have significantly increased. Both current and fixed assets are increasing each year triggering financing needs. The CFO is debating with his team about the merits of current assets with short-term financing. What are advantages and disadvantages of this approach?
2. Lehigh Co. established a subsidiary in Switzerland that was performing below the cash flow projections developed before the subsidiary was established. Lehigh anticipated that future cash flows would also be lower than the original cash flow projections. Consequently, Lehigh decided to inform several potential acquiring firms of its plan to sell the subsidiary. Lehigh then received a few bids. Even the highest bid was very low, but Lehigh accepted the offer. It justified its decision by stating that any existing project whose cash flows are not sufficient to recover the initial investment should be divested. Comment on this statement.
- Pepperdine US Inc., considers obtaining 40% of its 1-year financing in Canadian dollars and 60% in Japanese yen. The forecasts of appreciation in the Canadian dollar and Japanese yen for the next year are as follows.
|Possible percentage change in the spot rate over the loan life||Probability of that percentage change in the spot rate occurring|
The interest rate on the Canadian dollar is 9% and the interest rate on the Japanese yen is 7%. Develop the possible effective financing rates of the overall portfolio and the probability of each possibility based on the use of joint probabilities.
Product Code :Fin227
To get answer for this question, kindly click here (Note: Don’t forget to write the product code in comment section)
You can also email us at firstname.lastname@example.org but please mentioned product code in the mail body while sending emails.You can browse more questions to get answer in our Q&A sections here. | <urn:uuid:a235ec06-6c91-491b-b06a-158e38b2a899> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.assignmentconsultancy.com/taiwanese-finance-assingment-help-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.905999 | 4,476 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A billion people will die from tobacco-related diseases such as cancer this century unless more are encouraged to quit, a UK expert warns.
Experts say more people must be helped to quit
In the last century the death toll was about 100m, including 7m in Britain.
Professor Sir Richard Peto told a cancer conference in Birmingham developing countries were likely to be hit hardest.
Many nations are cutting smoking, but rates are increasing in countries such as India and China.
Smoking currently kills about five million adults a year globally.
Each year, about 30m people take up smoking around the world, Professor Peto said.
He added: "If more than 20m of these continue to smoke and half are killed by their habit, then we are going to have more than 10m tobacco-related deaths a year.
"So in the present century, if we keep on smoking the way we are we will have about 1,000 million deaths," warned the Oxford University Professor.
That is equivalent to about a sixth of the world's current population.
'Long way to go'
Although it is a global problem, some countries will be hit particularly hard, experts predict.
In China, a third of young men are dying from smoking-related diseases already.
Hungary is now the country with the worst tobacco death rate in the world.
Professor Peter Boyle, Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) from Lyon, France, said: "Part of the problem is where we are going to see the big impact, with population growth and population ageing over the next 20 to 50 years.
He said that to a certain extent, these countries were the least able to cope with the extra disease burden of smoking on top of existing disease issues.
"The impact of tobacco is going to be absolutely enormous unless we do something about it now."
Professors Boyle said more effort was needed to help smokers quit, to restrict tobacco advertising and impose smoking bans in countries. He said the experience of countries that have focused on such measures showed they could work.
"I think the message is beginning to get across but there is a long way to go," he said.
He said it was now essential to "get the facts turned into policy."
But Simon Clark, of the smokers' rights group Forest, said: "This seems like a suspiciously round figure.
"Such ludicrous estimates and calculations are so over the top that people are switching off, and the serious message underlying this type of estimate are being lost because a lot of people aren't listening." | <urn:uuid:ab0d2c3c-e4a1-4b46-8a6c-be5e4037f9b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4309222.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544358.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00122-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971768 | 529 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This document describes Genome::Sys version 0.05.
my $dir = Genome::Sys->dbpath('cosmic', 'latest');
Genome::Sys is a simple layer on top of OS-level concerns, including those automatically handled by the analysis system, like database cache locations.
Return the path to a given executable, library, or package.
This is a wrapper for the OS-specific strategy for managing multiple versions of software packages, (i.e. /etc/alternatives for Debian/Ubuntu)
The GENOME_SW environment variable contains a colon-separated lists of paths which this falls back to. The default value is /var/lib/genome/sw/.
Return the path to the preprocessed copy of the specified database. (This is in lieu of a consistent API for the database in question.)
The GENOME_DB environment variable contains a colon-separated lists of paths which this falls back to. The default value is /var/lib/genome/db/. | <urn:uuid:33766899-7185-4f01-bcf7-8f669e2dd8c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://search.cpan.org/~sakoht/Genome-0.06/lib/Genome/Sys.pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.732706 | 215 | 2.609375 | 3 |
6 Things You Should Know When It’s This Hot Out
Central Minnesota is going to get pretty heated today! Now that I'm pregnant, I pay even more attention to the temperature and make sure to take extra precautions to keep myself hydrated.The mom in me thinks you should know these things before you go outside today.
- How hot does your body get before you get heat stroke? Heat stroke can happen when your internal body temperature reaches 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Avoid doing any excessive or extraneous activities outdoors today. Stay hydrated and drink plenty of water.
- How much water should you be drinking? Since you sweat more frequently in the extreme heat you need to make sure you’re drinking more water than normal. If you’re working outside, you should drink 4 cups of water every hour when the heat index is more than 103 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Top 3 signs of dehydration-It’s important to keep drinking water throughout the day and keep your body properly hydrated. Signs of dehydration include a bad headache, dark urine and constipation.
- Pets and the outdoors-You need to keep in mind that animals get hot differently than humans do. It’s not just the ambient temperature you need to consider, but also the humidity. Make sure your dog isn’t outside too long, avoid excessive activity and remember to walk your dog in the grass because the asphalt can burn their paws.
- Want to make an egg on the sidewalk today? Bill Nye the Science Guy tested this trick out a few years ago. He found that an egg needs a minimum temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit to cook an egg. Sadly, sidewalks probably won't reach this temperature today...but, it doesn't hurt to try it! It might be a fun thing to do with your kids...it's science.
- How hot will your car be today? Well, if you’re parked in the sun today, your car can reach temperatures in the 150 degree Fahrenheit range. That’s pretty hot. Don’t leave kids or pets in the car for even a second. | <urn:uuid:fb16a271-afb5-40e1-82c5-a4b179589cf1> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://mix949.com/6-things-you-should-know-when-its-this-hot-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316785.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822064205-20190822090205-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.924858 | 432 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is peri-implantitis?
Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory process that affects the tissues surrounding a functionally loaded osseointegrated implant, resulting in loss of support for the alveolar bone.
This inflammation around the implant has an incidence of 8% in patients who are susceptible to periodontitis. It is a pathology with low prevalence but, finger that there are many patients who can go to the clinic with this problem, in the future it may be noticeable.
Clinically in periodontitis there is a reddening of the mucosa with bleeding. In addition, there is an increase in the depth of the pocket with a radiological loss of peri-implant bone height. Occasionally there may be a purulent discharge and pain on percussion or when clenching the teeth. In more advanced cases there is a progressive mobility of the implant.
Risk factors for dental implants
There are several predisposing factors which initiate or maintain the inflammatory process. The biological relationship that the peri-implant tissues have with the surface space is one of the factors. This is influenced by the relationship of the vascular supply, since the less vascular supply there is a predisposition to more aggressions, the union of the implant to the bone is different from the union of the tooth with the bone since between the implant and the bone the tissue is different and less responsive.
The design of the implant and the quality of the fit also allow for variations. The more rough the implant, it also means that there may be a greater adhesion of the dental plaque, as long as the implant is exposed. Implants with conical internal connection are known to have the best fit of their components.
Another predisposing factor can be the corrosion of metals. If there is a non-noble metal, such as chromium-nickel or chromium-cobalt, along with titanium corrosion occurs. The prosthesis that must be put in must have an adequate seal.
Bacterial colonization of the peri-implant pocket leads to a greater adherence of bacteria if the surfaces and the bacteria involved are the same as those of periodontitis. It is scientifically proven that there is no development of peri-implant disease when there is a coexistence in addition to local, systemic or genetic factors. It is also known that patients who have been previously treated for aggressive type periodontitis have a 10% lower success rate compared to those with controlled adult chronic periodontitis.
The mechanical overload of the implants causes stress in the area and therefore a greater susceptibility to peri-implantitis. Tobacco use is one of the main factors in peri-implantitis, since the smoker patient has a relationship with failure in the upper jaw, since it is a more cancellous bone. Other predisposing factors are chronic corticosteroid treatment, diabetes, or radio or chemotherapy.
Peri-implantitis is a disease with a multifactorial cause which multiple factors interact such as age, low bone quality, load factors, the location of the implant in the upper jaw, the amount of bone and genetic predisposition.
In order to diagnose peri-implantitis, taking X-rays is essential. In them, but it will only be evident as long as there is a bone loss greater than 30%. Different radiographic projections can be made using positioners to compare and observe the bone.
Treatment of peri-implantitis
The best treatment is the one that is not carried out, so prevention is essential to prevent peri-implantitis. The factors which may be predisposing to the pathology must be respected.
Preservation of the peri-implant mucosa is essential through the existence of the keratinized mucosa around the implant. Bacterial colonization of the peri-implant bag should be avoided, this can only be achieved with good control of the periodontal plaque and avoiding treatment with active periodontal disease. To control overload, it is essential to properly design the prosthesis, placing the appropriate number of implants for each type of prosthesis, as well as an adequate distribution of the implants, and also balancing the occlusion.
The treatment of peri-implantitis is based on eliminating the inflammation around the implant and, where possible, regenerating bone loss in the affected area.
If the loss is incipient, the same treatment as in mucositis can be instituted, that is, decontamination of the implant abutment and antibiotic therapy. When there is a very large defect or an aesthetic compromise, surgical treatment is performed, regenerative surgery is the most indicated. It is of great importance to decontaminate the implant surface before performing the surgery, using ultrasound, citric or hydrochloric acid, irrigation with saline solution or the use of the laser.
Regeneration of bone loss is done to seal the bursa and support the soft tissues. It is carried out as long as it is believed that decontamination of the affected area can be achieved. When decontamination is in doubt, poorly resorbable materials are chosen.
We hope you liked this article. Smile Care in Plymouth Has been helping people in Plymouth overcome being nervous about coming to the dentist. By understanding your needs we will be able to help you overcome your fears. Smile Care do not only specialise in Teeth Whitening and General Dentistry, we also offer Facial Fillers, Anti-Wrinkle Injections and more. Contact Our Plymouth Clinic today for my information. | <urn:uuid:574f1a14-d752-4aae-8a0d-b09f2adcf86e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.smilecareplymouth.co.uk/why-are-implants-lost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.926128 | 1,145 | 2.796875 | 3 |
New Coating Technology for Timing Chain Pins
Modern engines, especially direct injection turbo diesel engines but also latest models of direct injection gasoline engines require the highest wear resistance for all moving parts.
Timing chains are the most loaded parts of an engine, they connect the crank shaft and the valve train and synchronize them, through this, phasing between crankshaft and camshaft is avoided.
Bush chains or roller chains, as an embodiment of timing chains consist of inner and outer links connected to each other. Thereby, the bearing area is formed by the pins and the bushes.
Timing chains are life-time components. No maintenance or component changes are required. Nevertheless, wear occurs to the pin-joint over the life time, this wear does not only depend on the chain load and the chain type but also significantly on oil quality and oil aging. Direct injection turbo diesel engines for instance show a high contamination of the oil with soot, fuel etc.
This causes higher chain elongation compared to conventional timing chain pin-joints. A shifting of the valve timing might occur which could negatively influence exhaust gas emission values.
Physical vapour deposition (PVD) as a technology generates layers which withstand these aggressive oil-soot-fuel mixtures much better. Thus, iwis-specialists have revolutionized the PVD-coating technology.
The new TRITAN-technology for timing chain pins ensures maintenance-free timing chain drives even for the very demanding boundary conditions of future engines. The range of wear resistance and friction reduction has been proven by test benches, fired engines as well as by vehicle endurance tests.
iwis achieves at least 50 per cent more wear improvement on timing chains compared to established coatings of timing chain pins. As a contribution to the CO2 reduction effort, the friction could be reduced by approx. 20 per cent. | <urn:uuid:8c56a73e-eb59-4241-9aa8-df53a5ed3a99> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.iwis.com/en-gb/products-services/services/tritan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484689.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218053920-20190218075920-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.935472 | 385 | 2.875 | 3 |
from left column...
they have the potential to lay the foundation for a new
tradition of earth stories, a bardic repertoire of heroism
made up of stories of activism and reconciliation; stories
which celebrate the human-nature relationship. Clarissa
Pinkola Estes (1992:19-20) writes that,
"modern story tellers are the descendants of
an immense and ancient community of holy people, troubadours,
bards … and crazy people’, people who are
able to move between worlds (like the shaman) and feel
the wind blow inspiration ‘into the face of the
Stories link people to place and to naturescape; they
affirm feelings of grief for the pain of the earth and
joy in the celebration of our connection with it. When
Aboriginal people lose their connection to stories of
place, they lose connection to life itself. Their stories
not only describe their relationship with the land, they
also assist in creating and re-creating those relationship.
I am not suggesting we appropriate Aboriginal stories
of the land but pointing out the consequences of losing
a story when the ties to the land are severed.
Stories played a great role in my childhood. As my parents
did not have a car and my father refused to go on holiday,
I spent a lot of time with my head buried in books. From
them I learned that animals could talk and trees could
guide me down a treacherous path to safety. What I couldn’t
understand was that adults had told me that animals and
plants could talk and then when I got older they told
me that they couldn’t. I never stopped believing.
Stories like the Chronicles of Narnia, The
Phantom Tollbooth, Una and the Lion and
Winnie the Pooh, as well as fairy tales from
many lands were, and are, an essential part of my worldview.
This animistic awareness forms the epistemological backdrop
to this study. Deep ecology founder Arne Naess believes
that childhood animism is closely related to the worldview
of deep ecological philosophy, and I would also suggest,
to the worldview of ecopsychology.
Green philosophy and the philosophy of the deep ecology
movement is largely an articulation of the implicit philosophy
of 5 year old children who have access to at least a minimum
of animals, plants and natural places. These children
experience animals as being like themselves in basic respects.
They have joys, sorrows, interests, needs, loves and hates.
Even flowers and places are alive to them ... Philosophers
of the deep ecology movement may be said to be people
who have never found biological, political or other arguments
to undermine those attitudes implicit in childhood (Naess,
In animistic and indigenous cultures there is no distinction
between magical and natural events and ‘nothing
mysterious, transcendental, or “mystical”
about magic’ (Favat, 1977:41),
whereas in Western culture, the magical has been transformed
into the supernatural and has been split off from the
natural world. This means we might not see the fairies
at the bottom of the garden, converse with nature devas,
or connect with the spirits of place. But as children
we know they are there. These animistic or magical relationships
that live in a child’s world also live in the world
of fairy tale. Favat makes an interesting comment that
while the interest in fairy tale generally wanes between
six and eight years of age, ‘there is a resurgence
of interest around the age of 18 to 20 that seems to continue
through adult life’ (1977:56).
In particular he mentions the fantasies of C. S. Lewis
and J. R. R. Tolkein as if we remember the child-self
or wild part of ourselves that lies buried in our hearts.
In her marvellous book on fairy tale, From the Beast
to the Blond, Marina Warner (1994)
explains why she rekindled an interest stories from her
childhood but comments ‘there is nothing the least
childlike’ about them.
"I have become even more drawn to them as I have
grown older, because they began to represent childhood,
that vividness of experience in the midst of inexperience,
the capacity for daydreaming and wonder (Warner, 1994:xiv)."
This capacity for daydreaming and wonder can still be
found in fairy tales but many of the stories we loved
as children were and still are sanitized and changed to
fit the prevailing social and political climate of the
day (Zipes, 1983). This
can be seen particularly in the ‘Disney-fication’
of many of my favourite stories where, Warner (1994:311)
observes, the wild animal or wild beast ‘no longer
seems charged with danger, let alone evil’. The
bear becomes the tame teddy; Beauty and the Beast
becomes a popular cartoon; and the once vicious wolf from
Little Red Riding Hood is rehabilitated and returned
to the wilds where you can hear it howl.
The real stories that will sustain us will only come out
of community where we tell and listen to stories. The
act of telling creates community and, at the same time,
elicits more stories (Sam Keen, 1993). | <urn:uuid:86b0fb76-f38d-4338-9ea1-a87cd506aba6> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ecopsychology.org/journal/ezine/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771716.117/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00007-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929228 | 1,165 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Going for Jazz
Musical Practices and American Ideology
Weaving together a range of seemingly disparate topics, from Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis to the invention of bebop, from Jean Baudrillard's Seduction to the Cold War atomic regime, Gebhardt addresses the meaning and value of jazz in the political economy of American society. In Going for Jazz, jazz musicians assume dynamic and dramatic social positions that demand a more conspicuous place for music in our understanding of the social world.
Introduction: "But Play You Must"
1. Sidney Bechet: The Virtuosity of Construction
2. Charlie Parker: The Virtuosity of Speed
3. Ornette Coleman: The Virtuosity of Illusion
Epilogue: "A Tune beyond Ourselves" | <urn:uuid:32205922-9b45-4c9c-bd44-acf439d81139> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo3640580.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894865.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00203-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.803978 | 159 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cultural leadership is the act of leading the cultural sector. Like culture itself, it comes from many different people and can be practised in many different ways. It concerns senior managers and directors in subsidised cultural institutions; public officials developing and implementing policy for the cultural sector; and a huge range of producers, innovators and entrepreneurs in small companies, production houses and teams. In the cultural world, nobody has a monopoly on leadership.
Leading the cultural sector is practised in two different ways. First, it concerns competently managing the organisations of the cultural sector, ensuring that they are financially viable, legal and with well-organised staff. Second, it means leading culture itself - making work, productions and projects which show different ways of thinking, feeling and experiencing the world - bringing dynamism to the economy and wider society.
Many of the challenges that cultural leaders need to navigate are common to those faced by leaders in other areas of social and economic life. How to stay solvent in an ongoing financial crisis. How to engage with digitally connected, networked individuals. How to work in less carbon intensive, environmentally sustainable ways. But cultural organisations are different from other organisations and as such face their own distinctive challenges.
Cultural organisations are geared towards producing new ideas. It is their production of these new ideas as performances, exhibitions, styles and sounds which makes them cultural. Balancing this priority, with the need to run a financially sustainable organisation and hopefully one that makes a positive difference to the world, is which gives cultural leaders a unique set of challenges. Here are some of them.
Unlike business leaders who can point to the bottom line, or leaders of charities who can measure their impact against a clearly defined social problem - leaders in the cultural sector face a constant struggle to explain and communicate the value of what they do. This task is made harder because the ideas cultural organisations produce are non-replicable. Because they canʼt produce the same play, song or installation over and over again, they have to inspire confidence in projects without precedent or known outcomes.
Working in networks
Ideas thrive in loose networks rather than rigid structures, so cultural leaders have to too. This is why cultural leaders donʼt have to be at the head of big organisations to be important. Rather they often need to simultaneously operate in small companies, production houses and as loan agents while being connected to rich and diverse networks of supporters, funders and collaborators. There is a complicated balance for cultural leaders to maintain.
Cultural sector leaders often have to place themselves in danger. The best cultural organisations produce ideas that make new ways of seeing, thinking and feeling possible - their work is an expression of human freedom. This can be a benign, quiet act, but it can often threaten vested interests and powerful elites - especially in illiberal political regimes and places where giant-corporations hold the balance of power. Cultural leaders have to maintain a moral conviction and the ability to route-around, confront and subvert authority.
The rise of free-markets, digital technology and the liberated individual have bequeathed a world saturated with design, media and rich, complicated forms of communication. Symbols are everywhere, used by individuals and organisations alike to define their politics, their values and their attitudes. With cultural expression so prominent there are huge opportunities for cultural leaders to make a positive difference to things that matter, but the strategies and tactics which they can use remain unclear. | <urn:uuid:3d048b48-6e73-4943-8ebd-38f06be4e974> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.culturepartnership.eu/en/article/what-is-cultural-leadership | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123560.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00178-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947689 | 698 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Archived press release
Press & Media
The UK car industry is not doing enough to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from new cars, Friends of the Earth said today in response to new pollution figures from the UK motor industry. The environmental campaign group said that the motor industry must be set mandatory targets for producing cleaner cars. The call is part of Friends of the Earth's The Big Ask climate campaign.
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) revealed today that the average carbon dioxide emissions for new cars sold in 2005 was 169.4g/km. This is a long way short of the target that the European motor industry's trade bodies reached with the EU in the mid 1990s to reduce average emissions from new cars. Under the voluntary agreement average emissions should fall to 140 g/km CO2 by 2008. The news will come as a further blow to Government hopes of reducing transport's contribution to climate change. Meeting this target would deliver a substantial part of the hoped for emissions cuts from surface transport .
Friends of the Earth's transport campaigner Tony Bosworth said:
"The UK motor industry is failing to take its environmental responsibilities seriously. It will almost certainly fall way short of the European car manufacturers voluntary target for cutting pollution from new cars. This is why mandatory targets for greener cars are needed."
"Road transport is one of the biggest contributors to UK carbon dioxide emissions. The UK Government must do more to encourage people to buy greener vehicles, and take steps to cut traffic on our roads as part of a determined effort to tackle climate change. It should also give its backing to a new law, as called for by The Big Ask climate campaign, which would require successive governments to make annual reductions in carbon dioxide."
The motor industry's trade bodies reached an agreement with the EU in the mid 1990s to reduce average emissions from new cars sold in member states by improving fuel efficiency. The amount of carbon dioxide produced by a car falls as its fuel efficiency improves.
In 1997, new cars sold in the UK emitted an average of 189.8 grammes of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km CO2). Under the agreement average emissions from new cars sold would fall to 140 g/km CO2 by 2008.Performance to date
Year Average CO2 g/km Improvement on previous year
1997 189.8 -
1998 188. 4 0.7%
1999 185.0 1.8%
2000 181.0 2.2%
2001 177.6 1.9%
2002 174.2 1.9%
2003 172.0 1.2%
2004 171.4 0.4%
2005 169.4 1.2%
According to the RL Polk data, the UK has the fourth highest average emissions from new cars in the 15 member states covered by the agreement. The highest average emissions are in Sweden (193.7 g/km CO2) and the lowest in Portugal (145.1 g/km CO2). UK emissions are slightly lower than those in Germany (170.8 g/km CO2) and substantially higher than those in France (151.9 g/km CO2).Why are emissions in the UK not falling faster?
There are two reasons for the slow progress:
- Lack of real incentives for choosing smaller, more fuel-efficient cars
Despite the small changes made in last month's Budget, the incentives for drivers to buy smaller, more fuel-efficient cars remain insufficient. The Chancellor cut Vehicle Excise Duty (VED, or road tax) to zero for the most fuel-efficient cars, emitting less than 100 g/km CO2. However no car meeting these standards is on sale in the UK. VED on new cars emitting more than 225 g/km CO2 was raised to £210 for petrol cars and £215 for diesels. Friends of the Earth had called for a top rate of £600 with £100 gaps between the bands. The colour-coded fuel efficiency labels introduced last year provide useful information but need to be backed by real fiscal incentives.
- Motor industry still building and advertising gas guzzlers
The motor industry appears reluctant to move towards smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient cars, choosing instead to make cars heavier and more powerful. Analysis by Friends of the Earth of car adverts in national newspapers in the first two weeks of September 2005 (the start of the new `55' registration) showed that over half of all adverts were for cars in the two most polluting VED bands, but only three per cent were for cars in the two least-polluting VED bands.
The current target is for 2008. The motor industry and the European Commission are currently discussing the shape and scale of a possible future target, and an initial announcement is expected later this year. Friends of the Earth believes that a new legally binding target should be set for new cars to emit an average of 120 g/km CO2 by 2012. This can be achieved with existing technology such as advanced lightweight materials, improved drivetrains, hybrid engines and regenerative braking. According to a report for the European Commission, this would cost around 577 Euros per vehicle, although the report also says this could be an over-estimate. However cleaner cars are also cheaper: drivers would save money as they would have to buy less fuel. The pre-tax fuel cost savings during the lifetime of a car could be almost 1000 Euros, and tax saving would increase this substantially .Road transport and climate change
Road transport is responsible for around 20% of total UK emissions of carbon dioxide, the main gas causing climate change. Emissions are rising because traffic is growing faster than fuel efficiency is improving. UK traffic levels have risen some 11 per cent since Labour came to power in 1997. Transport's contribution to total UK emissions is forecast to rise in coming years.
Recent research for the Department for Transport has shown that carbon dioxide emissions from road transport could be cut to 60% below 1990 levels by 2030. The research concluded that both technological improvements and behavioural change will be needed if 60% cuts are to be made. It found that improving the fuel efficiency of cars would make the single biggest contribution to cutting carbon dioxide emissions from road transport.
Reducing transport emissions will be an essential part of making the year-on-year cuts in carbon dioxide emissions that Friends of the Earth believes are needed to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The Big Ask, Friends of the Earth's climate campaign is calling on the Government to introduce a climate law that would set a legally binding target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 3% every year, monitored through an annual carbon budget. For more information see www.thebigask.com
DEFRA (2006) `Climate Change: the UK programme 2006' shows that greener cars are projected to save around 2.3 MtC a year by 2010, out of total projected savings from transport of 6.8MtC, including new measures announced in the new programme.
T&E (2005) `No regrets: the cost effectiveness of achieving 120 g/km average CO2 emissions from new cars in Europe by 2012'
Bartlett School for Planning, and Halcrow Group for the Department for Transport (2006) `Looking over the horizon' | <urn:uuid:34e1919d-69f1-4d47-9e0b-bb993522c006> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/uk_motor_industry_failing_25042006 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464052868853.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012108-00047-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950448 | 1,480 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The cornea is the transparent part of the eye through which you can see the iris and pupil. The outermost layer of the eye is composed of the sclera (white part of the eye) and the cornea. The outermost layer of the eye extends as the white sclera from behind the eye until the front of the eye where it becomes transparent and formed by the cornea. The cornea form one-sixth of the eye’s outer layer.
What’s the main function of the cornea?
The function of the cornea is to refract “bend” entering light rays to the eye to make them focused and forming images. Its power of focusing light rays (with the power of eye’s lens) determines where the light rays will be focused in the eye. The more the power, the shorter the distance in which light rays are focused.
The cornea contributes about two-thirds of the whole refractive power (ability to focus light rays) of the eye. The power of the cornea is not the same in all people, like those who are prescribed with monthly Biofinity lenses. When the power of the cornea increases, the distance in which it focuses light rays decreases. Normal corneal power focuses light rays on the retina. If the corneal power is more than normal, light rays are focused in front of the retina. If the cornea has less power than normal, light rays focused behind the retina.
The main factor that determines the refractive power amount of the cornea is its curvature.
– The cornea is curved in two perpendicular meridians. When the two meridians have different curvatures, the cornea takes the shape of the basketball. When the two meridians have the same curvature, the cornea takes round shape like the football and contact lenses that have marked down prices should be able to attach to it without issues.
– The more the curvature of the cornea, the more the power it has. Steeply-curved corneas refract light rays more and focus them in shorter distances than less curved corneas.
– When the two meridians of the cornea have the same curvature, they have the same refractive power. They focus light rays on the same plane in the eye. This happens in the normal eye, myopia, and hypermetropia like in the below image.
– When the curvature is different in the two corneal meridians, they have different refractive power from each other. So, they focus light rays into two different distances (planes) in the eye. This happens in astigmatism like in the image below.
The cornea and the eye’s lens constitute all the refractive power of the eye. So, the location of the images in the eye is determined by the sum of the two powers.
Facts about the cornea
– The cornea is the most sentient part of the body. It is innervated by dense nerve fibers. It is very sensitive to any approaching movement or object. Its nerves send signals to close the eyelids immediately if anything approaches.
– The cornea has no blood vessels. It gets nutrition and oxygen from the tears of the eye and the aqueous humor.
– The cornea is transparent because it has no blood vessels. Also, the nerve fibers in the cornea are demyelinated keeping it transparent. | <urn:uuid:acfe83e4-1847-4883-97bc-e90d505dc39d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://visionshop.me/tag/nerve-fibers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215131038-20181215153038-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.925896 | 722 | 4.03125 | 4 |
This is news. A recent research has proved that an antibacterial mouthwash can effect in reducing the effects of cardiovascular benefits in exercise. Now, exercise helps in managing the blood pressure of the body. But, mouthwash effects the bacteria present in the mouth in such a way that it interferes the blood pressure managing complex mechanism of the body in a negative way.
Many of us aren’t really aware about the role of mouth bacteria in our over-all health. There have been studies that have proved that there has been a connection between bacteria and risk of esophageal cancer or gum disease. Studies have even showed that mouth bacterium can be responsible for effecting respiratory health and colorectal tumors as well. Now, this recent research is about their role in getting cardiovascular benefits from exercise. The study is carried out by Raul Bescos, the lead author and lecturer at the University of Plymouth, United Kingdom.
As per the Raul Bescos, scientists know that when you exercise the blood vessels open up due to the increase in production levels of Nitric oxide resulting into vasodilation or diameter increase in blood vessels. Further, it also increases the blood flow circulation of active muscles.
As per Bescos the Nitric oxide breaks down into Nitrate and further initiates the circular molecular reaction that in turn results in managing the lowering effects of exercise on blood pressure. The research done in the past 10 years shows that the salivary glands absorb the nitrate and the saliva excretes it. There are certain bacteria in mouth have the ability to convert this important molecule – nitrate into nitrite thus leading to increased production of nitric oxide inside the body.
The study carried out by Bescos’s team included 23 healthy adults who exercised in two acute bouts. The participants ran on a treadmill for 30 minutes. The researching team monitored the blood pressure for 2 hours.
The participants also rinsed their mouth using a mint flavored anti-bacterial mouth wash after 1 sec, 30s minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes of the run. Even the saliva samples were collected from the participants before and after two hours of exercising.
The study found that there was an average reduction of 5.2 mg of mercury in systolic blood pressure after exercising for 1 hour. Contrasting to the same when the participants rinsed their mouth with antibacterial mouthwash.
The result show that the use of mouth wash lead to reduction in the blood pressure by 60% after exercise within the first hour and furthermore after 2 hours cancelled it entirely.
*Sourced from Internet
know more about Ledaing Dental Colleges in Bangalore | <urn:uuid:192d019e-346c-4b52-9514-219fddfabfeb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.vims.ac.in/blog/mouthwash-and-its-effects-on-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.941048 | 545 | 3.25 | 3 |
News Literacy is a curriculum developed at Stony Brook University in New York over the past decade. It is designed to help students develop critical thinking skills in order to judge the reliability and credibility of information, whether it comes via print, television or the Internet. This is a particularly important skill in the Digital Age, as everyone struggles to deal with information overload and the difficulty in determining the authenticity of reports. In the Stony Brook model, students are taught to evaluate information primarily by analyzing news as well as new forms of information that are often mistaken for journalism.
The Digital Age poses four information literacy challenges for civil society:
- The overwhelming amount of information that floods over us each day makes it difficult to sort out reliable from fabricated information.
- New technologies to create and widely share information make it possible to spread misinformation that looks like it’s from an authoritative source.
- The conflict between speed and accuracy has escalated. We all want information as quickly as possible, but accelerating the distribution of information in the Digital Era has also increased the chances that the information will be wrong.
- The Internet and Social Media make it much easier to select only the information that supports our preexisting beliefs, reinforcing rather than challenging them.
These challenges have created the demand for a new kind of literacy—a literacy that empowers news consumers to determine whether information is reliable and then act on it. A healthy civil society can exist only if the public is well-informed. If people can be easily led to believe rumors or gossip, the consequences can be dangerous.
The Gutenberg printing press launched a communications revolution that altered power relationships around the world. But Gutenberg’s revolution and subsequent communications advances like radio and television still largely left the power to publish in the hands of corporations, interest groups, governments and wealthy individuals.
This latest communications revolution has transformed society anew, for it has made it possible for everyone with access to a computer or a smartphone to publish information. It is a positive development that the public is now able to share their knowledge with others, but as Uncle Ben told Peter Parker in Spider-man, “With great power, comes great responsibility.” A significant goal of our course is to persuade our students that they have a role to play in the quality of information on the Internet and Social Media.
The News Literacy Stony Brook model uses heavily illustrated lectures followed by hands-on exercises to help students understand how journalism works and why information is such a powerful force for good and ill in modern societies. The goal is for them to build critical thinking skills:
- Recognize the difference between journalism and other kinds of information and between journalists and other information purveyors;
- In the context of journalism, recognize the difference between news and opinion;
- In the context of news stories, analyze the difference between assertion and verification and between evidence and inference;
- Evaluate and deconstruct news reports across all news media platforms, based on the quality of evidence presented and the reliability of sources;
- Distinguish between news media bias and audience bias.
Underlying these skills, the course presents and reinforces four key concepts:
- Appreciation of the power of reliable information and the importance of a free flow of information in a democratic society;
- Understanding why news matters and why becoming a more discerning news consumer can change individual lives and the life of the country;
- Understanding how journalists work and make decisions and why they make mistakes;
- Understanding how the digital revolution and the structural changes in the news media can affect news consumers; understand our new responsibilities as publishers as well as consumers.
The goal is for our students to have a sense of ‘Too Good To Be True” – like those outlandish photos of sharks in New York City that appeared after Hurricane Sandy. Once that alarm has gone off, then the news literate consumer can either disregard the information or pursue other sources in the information-rich world in which we live.
Thus far over 10,000 undergraduates have taken this course at Stony Brook, and more than 30 US universities have adopted or adapted all or part of the course. In the last few years Hong Kong, Mainland China, Malaysia, Australia, Vietnam, Israel, Russia, Poland, and Myanmar have partnered with Stony Brook to develop curricula tailored for their students. Stony Brook provides all lectures and materials and conducts training workshops at no cost to interested educators.
A new generation of news literate citizens who demand high quality information will also shape the future of journalism, determining the balance between information that is important versus that which is titillating – a struggle that has been part of journalism from its beginnings. Savvy news consumers are already beginning to understand the value of the journalists’ ability to authenticate and then put into context the vast amount of information that constantly floods over us. Citizens can vote for reliable information by frequenting web sites and following Social Media outlets that check the facts as much as possible, strive to avoid conflicts of interest and take responsibility for the information they publish. Just as it is often said that in a democracy citizens get the government they deserve, in the 21st Century newly empowered consumers will get the journalism they deserve.
The ability of the next generations of citizens to judge the reliability and relevance of information will be a leading indicator of the public health of civil societies around the world. | <urn:uuid:e708c714-1afc-4845-9f6a-81736283b5ed> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.centerfornewsliteracy.org/what-is-news-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.942329 | 1,092 | 3.9375 | 4 |
YouTube/ DARPAtvHelicopters are a go-to resource when attempting to get to combat zones or natural disaster areas, but they have one major design flaw: they can only land on flat surfaces.
So DARPA worked with the Georgia Institute of Technology to equip helicopters with the right technology to land in tough-to-reach spots. Their solution? Robotic legs inspired by those of dragonflies.
The robotic legs fold up and against the body of the helicopter during flight (similar to how dragonflies fly), but when the helicopter is ready to land, the four legs spring outward.
The legs will bend to ensure the helicopter can land on any kind of terrain. The division within DARPA that worked on the robotic helicopter — the Mission Adaptive Rotor program — is developing technology for military and commercial helicopters. Meaning that robotic legs could be the future for all choppers one day.
Here's a closer look at DARPA's robo-legged helicopter in action. | <urn:uuid:92cee8ea-aa4c-422e-99a7-06edc7fabb89> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.businessinsider.com/darpa-and-georgia-institute-of-technology-create-robotic-helicopter-for-military-2015-10?op=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172775.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00341-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92458 | 202 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Monday, September 22, 2014
nD Rotation Matrices
It's possible to find a matrix that will rotate a vector in a plane a given angle in n-space. To show this in 4D we choose two arbitrary unit vectors, a and b, to define the plane and make the second perpendicular to the first. Next we pick a unit vector, x, in the plane obtained by rotating the vector a by α = 5 degrees. The vector y is perpendicular to x in the ab-plane. We can find another vector, x', by rotating x and angle β in the plane using the formula found previously. The matrix R(α) shown below performs the same rotation as shown by the result x''.
The matrix used will rotate any vector in the plane 10 degrees in the same direction. | <urn:uuid:2cd356f0-0c35-43b0-a3a1-f1064600db83> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://httprover2.blogspot.com/2014/09/nd-rotation-matrices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886979.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117212700-20180117232700-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.919164 | 164 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Tropical Mountain Conference August 4-8 2012
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies
Office of Mauna Kea Management
University of Hawai‘i at Hilo
"The rapid disappearance of tropical alpine glaciers world-wide is stark evidence of the accelerating pace of environmental change. Tropical alpine environments are critical ecosystems, and generally, help sustain biodiversity, biological processes, surface water provisions and carbon storage. According to Wouter Buytaert, et al, (2011)*, tropical alpine environments are “identified as one of the most vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems to global environmental change. Despite their vulnerability, and the importance for regional biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development, they are among the least studied and described ecosystems in the world.”
The need to study these unique ecosystems and the impact of global climate change are what prompted the idea for an international symposium in mid 2012. The purpose of the symposium is to address and capture the current “state of knowledge” relating to these ecosystems world-wide (e.g. climate change threats, biodiversity and endangered species, alien species invasion, eco-tourism, cultural valuation, and a larger range of anthropogenic impacts and conflicts) and the various mountain management strategies currently in play.
It is anticipated that about 50 local and international contributors (a mix of both scientists and mountain managers) will be invited to the 2012 symposium. They will be expected to prepare peer reviewed contributions for presentation and subsequent publication (most likely as a special issue of a high-impact, mountain oriented academic journal). An additional goal of the symposium is to provide impetus for establishing a Center for Tropical Alpine Studies at the University of at Hilo."
I will be taking part to this conference, and thought you will be interested by the headlines of the program:
Conference introduction (James Juvik, Christoph Kueffer and Sonia Juvik)
Session 1: High mountain climate change (Chair Wouter Buytaert)
Session 2: Evolution in mountain environment (Chair Jon Price)
Session 3: Ecosystems dynamics (Chair Shelley Krausbey)
Session 4: Mauna Koa (Chair Donna Delparte)
A post conference two-day tour will be organized to Hualalai Mountain and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
I will be presenting some results on sub alpine and alpine communities of bryophytes on the upslopes of Piton des Neiges volcano in session 3.
*Buytaert, Wouter, Cuesta-Camacho, F., Tobon, C., 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on the environmental services of humid tropical alpine regions. Global Ecology and Biogeography. Vol 20, Issue 1, 19-33. | <urn:uuid:4e0579f2-6f7b-4000-9485-ede3cbb26211> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://moveclim.blogspot.com/2012/07/vulnerable-islands-in-sky-science-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00234-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880477 | 565 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Data Transformation is usually thought of in the context of database ETL (Extraction, Transformation, and Loading)— i.e. moving data wholesale between systems. But in a larger sense, any process that converts data from one form into another is a data transformation. This would include processes for data analytics and reporting. MDOX (Meta-Data Object X-form) is a tool designed for this purpose: to automatically process data from many sources into a universal data model, a fixed set of database tables, within which data can be analyzed and further transformed into output products using SQL (Structured Query Language).
MDOX takes the concept of generic data modeling to an extreme. Generic modeling simplifies data structures and improves the stability, reliability, and reusability of code, thus increasing productivity and product quality. (For more on generic modeling, see The Data Administration Newsletter (TDAN.com) article, Agile Principles in Data Projects, Part 3)
MDOX Data Model
Although generic data modeling is acknowledged as a best practice, most relational databases utilize a complicated Entity-Relation (E/R) model, having tables or “entities” with quite specific attributes. MDOX has a simpler, more general E/R model, shown in Figure 1. The MDOX model can integrate complex, detailed data from many disparate sources together with related metadata – data semantics, annotations, lineage, relations, and transformation processes.
Figure 1. MDOX Entity-Relations
MDOX is based on the idea that all data is intrinsically hierarchical. This is the principle behind “text-markup languages” like SGML or XML, which represent data as a hierarchy of tagged elements, each with an optional list of tagged attributes. MDOX implements this model in tables Element and Attribute, shown above and described below.
Table 1: [Element]
Table 2: [Attribute]
Metadata is similarly modeled in MDOX with tables Term, Property, and Process, as shown below.
Table 3: [Term]
Table 4: [Property]
Table 5: [Process] stores information documenting operations on data. Its main fields are:
- [path id] identifies the term to which the Process relates
- [re id] is the sequence in which the operation is executed
- [re text] is an optional regular expression (regex) e.g. “\s(\d\d/\d\d/20\d\d)” for a date
- [sql text] contains code for an operation (data manipulation or definition)
The remaining 10 columns of the table process store regex parameters and audit information. Regular expression pattern matching using MDOX will be discussed later, but for now, suffice it to say that pattern matches are temporarily stored in a staging table, [_regexp].
Table 6. [_regexp] is temporary storage for matches to a regular expression pattern, [re text]
To manage hierarchical data objects in a relational database, MDOX needs to resolve the “object-relational impedance mismatch”. This requires some custom views and functions which will be described in subsequent articles. What follows next are some snapshots of the prototype application interface used for a simple transformation process.
MDOX is currently implemented using Microsoft Access, a desktop database that is widely available and offers an intuitive development environment with a rich library of pre-packaged methods, as well as the ability to add custom methods using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). MDOX has also been implemented in Oracle using Application Express (APEX), but the main development thread has been focused on Microsoft Office products.
The application opens with the “Main Menu” form, shown below.
Figure 2. Form [Main Menu]
Clicking the button “Developer View” opens form “Thesaurus”, showing metadata terms in the “Term Tree” at the left, and details, child terms, process operations, and derived elements in the tabs at the right.
Figure 3. Form [Thesaurus]
Process operations such as that shown above can be copied from other terms used as “templates.” Subsequent process operations can move or manipulate the data in any way imaginable. For MDOX, structure is data; semantics is data; code is data; everything is data.
MDOX Data Processing
Any Term in the metadata taxonomy may have an associated process: an ordered list of processing steps or operations which may be executed individually or in batch mode.
The process shown in Figure 3 above loads an Excel workbook into table Element. There are 2804 elements in the transformed workbook. Elements are labeled by term id. This SQL for “Query0” counts the elements by term: “SELECT term_id, term, COUNT(elem_id) FROM Element GROUP BY term_id, term;”
Figure 4: Query “Query0”
The Element taxonomy can be browsed using form “Dictionary” shown below.
Figure 10. Form [Dictionary] showing details of the selected “sheet” element
Clicking the button [!] at bottom-right executes the query selected in the “Action List” at left. In this case, it will open a tabular view of the selected “sheet” element, pivoting the “cell” elements by their parent “row” elements. This view, shown below, replicates the layout of the original spreadsheet. Meanwhile, data lineage is preserved by the hierarchy of elements, from “workbook” to “row,” to “cell,” to “Role,” the latter being a “normalized” value derived from cells in column 3, which is named “Original Response” for rows where column 2 has value “Role.” Using this structure, we can report normalized “roles” for each “bubble” of the “Data Management Domain Framework” (DMDF) taxonomy.
Figure 11: Query “curElem_xtab” is a tabular view of the current “sheet” element
This column has introduced the MDOX concept and data model and has shown one small example of how it can integrate and transform data. In the next article, we will examine the MDOX application more closely and see what makes it “agile.” Then we will show how you can build your own version of MDOX.
This quarter’s column was written by Robert Park.
Robert Park is a senior database engineer at The MITRE Corporation, where he pursues his interests in data integration and transformation in support of various government projects. Outside of work, he pursues his interest in music as a cellist in various ensembles throughout the Washington, D.C. area.
The author’s affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE’s concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions, or viewpoints expressed by the author. © 2018 The MITRE Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. | <urn:uuid:503c7751-2149-4a4b-8bea-c8864571d52a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://tdan.com/tales-tips-from-the-trenches-a-tool-for-agile-data-transformation-mdox/23985 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737645.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808110257-20200808140257-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.892029 | 1,504 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This piece was originally published on China Daily.
China’s coal consumption has steadily decreased by a few percentage points a year since 2013, prompting our pronouncement of a coal consumption peak in an article published in the summer of 2016 in Nature Geoscience.
This declaration was echoed quickly by Zhang Guobao, former minister of the National Energy Administration, who went further to suggest that the government make an official announcement on the coal peak.
However, in 2017, the beast of coal seemed to be quite untamed. Coal prices rose sharply, production and consumption went up, and the coal inventory was in sharp decline. Coal consumption appears to have made a quick rebound.
In a recent report by the Global Carbon Project published during COP 23 – the informal name for the 23rd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – the authors predicted a 3 percent increase of coal consumption in China, leading to a 3.5 percent increase in China’s carbon emissions, a key contributor to a 2 percent increase of global emissions in 2017.
Many are concerned about the robustness of China’s energy decarbonization and its implication for climate change. Has China’s coal consumption really peaked?
First of all, the 3 percent increase of China’s coal consumption was likely to be an overestimate. The estimation was based on data from the China Coal Industry Association and the National Energy Administration for the first half of 2017, when China’s coal consumption experienced a sharp rebound. The CCIA reported 5 percent growth, while the NEA said it was 1 percent, with a difference of 100 million metric tons between the two.
The Global Carbon Project report seems to have taken a simple arithmetic average of the two data sources. This treatment is inconsistent with convention for inter-annual comparison. The CCIA data is not used in official data reporting, since it includes only larger coal producers, which respond quite differently from smaller ones. In addition, its treatment of inventory is quite different from national coal statistics. In 2016, the CCIA calculated the inventory decrease to be about 240 million tons, causing 2 percent greater than the official data on total consumption. Thus, the CCIA data can be quite informative in understanding coal production of large producers, but not the best source to cite for approximating coal consumption, especially for inter-annual comparison.
The NEA data tends to be consistent with the official release from the National Bureau of Statistics and thus more appropriate for inter-annual comparison. According to the NEA, in the first three quarters of 2017, coal consumption in China reached 2.81 billion metric tons, an increase of less than 1 percent from 2016. A similar estimation of 2.82 billion to 2.83 billion tons is corroborated by the Energy Research Institute of the NDRC.
We support the conclusion that coal consumption is likely to have experienced a rebound of around 1 percent in 2017. Total consumption would be 3.82 billion metric tons – 150 million tons less than that of 2015, or 420 million tons less than the 2013 level. Even if coal consumption increased by 3 percent to 3.90 billion tons in 2017 as the Global Carbon Project report said, it is still far less than the 4 billion tons in 2015, let alone challenging the 4.24 billion tons peak in 2013.
Given the inappropriate use of the data sources, the Global Carbon Project estimation of global emissions and contribution from China, especially from its coal consumption, may be misleading. Using the GCP estimation approach, we calculate that China’s overall emissions increase in 2017 would be closer to 1 percent, instead of 3.5 percent – still lower than the 2014 level.
Countering the market effect of rebounding coal use in power and industry, the government has been implementing strong policies to substitute natural gas and electricity for coal use, mainly to address the air pollution problem. As a result, gas consumption increased by 17 percent in the first 10 months of the year. It is estimated that the substitution effort would replace about 47 million metric tons of coal use in 2017.
Entering the last quarter of the year, the momentum of coal use growth faded. In September, coal-fired electricity output and steel production, together representing about 75 percent of overall coal consumption, declined by 0.5 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively, and further dropped by 2.8 percent and 1.3 percent in October. In November, coal-fired power production continued to decrease by 1.4 percent from last year.
Looking ahead, we do not anticipate significant new growth of coal consumption this year or in the next few years. First of all, the Chinese government is not setting a higher target of growth for 2018. The traditional drivers of coal growth – construction and manufacturing – will continue to give way to the service sector in economic growth. Real estate development is experiencing the coldest winter ever due to restrictive regulations by the central and local governments. Anticipation of a property tax would make speculators switch from “buy” to “sell” mode.
We stick to our conclusion made in 2016: Coal-fired growth is over, despite the fact that coal remains the primary fuel for the Chinese economy.
Additionally, investment in infrastructure construction by local governments is now haunted by the local debts and is unlikely to grow quickly. In fact, some provincial governments have gone public to acknowledge and correct their overestimations of GDP and revenue. We stick to our conclusion made in 2016: Coal-fired growth is over, despite the fact that coal remains the primary fuel for the Chinese economy.
In addition, the regional coal-cap policy will continue to squeeze coal out of the energy mix, especially in the haze-intensive regions in the north. It is expected that even less coal will be used next winter, when more gas pipes are in place for heating.
The real game changer is clean energy. The price of solar photovoltaic is at an all-time low, enough to compete against coal for power generation. Additionally, wind power is well positioned to play an even bigger role.
Nevertheless, China is still the single largest coal user in the world, and coal represents more than 60 percent of its energy mix. But in the long run, coal consumption will continue declining – with current policies and the structural transformation of the economy from being a heavy industry-led, export-driven model to one sustained by services and domestic consumption – despite the annual and seasonal fluctuations.
We have no doubt that China’s coal consumption has peaked and coal-fired economic growth has come to an end. | <urn:uuid:fc4e7815-a98e-459b-b6d1-dfe341ffcdc5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.brookings.edu/2018/01/22/chinas-coal-consumption-has-peaked/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315544.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820133527-20190820155527-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.95358 | 1,348 | 3.015625 | 3 |
As of openpyxl 2.0, setting cell styles is done by creating new style objects and by assigning them to properties of a cell.
There are several style objects:
Alignment. See the doc.
To change a style property of a cell, first you either have to copy the existing style object from the cell and change the value of the property or you have to create a new style object with the desired settings. Then, assign the new style object to the cell.
Example of setting the font to bold and italic of cell A1:
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.styles import Font
# Create workbook
wb = Workbook()
# Select active sheet
ws = wb.active()
# Select cell A1
cell = ws['A1']
# Make the text of the cell bold and italic
cell.font = cell.font.copy(bold=True, italic=True) | <urn:uuid:a8d95ecd-a599-4db7-b51d-4c63dafc7c41> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8440284/setting-styles-in-openpyxl/8441753 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274324.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00237-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777907 | 206 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The doctrine of the Trinity — that God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are each equally and eternally the one true God — is admittedly difficult to comprehend, and yet is the very foundation of Christian truth. Although skeptics may ridicule it as a mathematical impossibility, it is nevertheless a basic doctrine of Scripture as well as profoundly realistic in both universal experience and in the scientific understanding of the cosmos.
A New Testament example is James 2:19:
The speaker in this verse is obviously God, and yet He says He has been sent both by The Lord God (that is, the Father) and by His Spirit (that is, the Holy Spirit).
Then there is the baptismal formula:
One name (God) — yet three names!
JESUS — That Jesus, as the only-begotten Son of God, actually claimed to be God, equal with the Father, is clear from numerous Scriptures. For example, He said:
HOLY SPIRIT — Some cults falsely teach that the Holy Spirit is an impersonal divine influence of some kind, but the Bible teaches that He is a real person, just as are the Father and the Son. Jesus said:
TRI-UNITY — The teaching of the Bible concerning the Trinity might be summarized thus. God is a Tri-unity, with each Person of the Godhead equally and fully and eternally God. Each is necessary, and each is distinct, and yet all are one. The three Persons appear in a logical, causal order. The Father is the unseen, omnipresent Source of all being, revealed in and by the Son, experienced in and by the Holy Spirit. The Son proceeds from the Father, and the Spirit from the Son. With reference to God's creation, the Father is the Thought behind it, the Son is the Word calling it forth, and the Spirit is the Deed making it a reality.
Though these relationships seem paradoxical, and to some completely impossible, they are profoundly realistic, and their truth is ingrained deep in man's nature. Thus, men have always sensed first the truth that God must be “out there,” everywhere present and the First Cause of all things, but they have corrupted this intuitive knowledge of the Father into pantheism and ultimately into naturalism.
Similarly, men have always felt the need to “see” God in terms of their own experience and understanding, but this knowledge that God must reveal Himself has been distorted into polytheism and idolatry. Men have thus continually erected “models” of God, sometimes in the form of graven images, sometimes even in the form of philosophical systems purporting to represent ultimate reality.
Finally, men have always known that they should be able to have communion with their Creator and to experience His presence “within.” But this deep intuition of the Holy Spirit has been corrupted into various forms of false mysticism and fanaticism, and even into spiritism and demonism. Thus, the truth of God's tri-unity is ingrained in man's very nature, but he has often distorted it and substituted a false god in its place.
Authors: Henry Morris and Martin Clark (excerpted from The Bible Has the Answer by Morris and Clark, published by Master Books, 1987).
Supplied by Films for Christ with permission from Master Books
[ If this information has been helpful, please prayerfully consider a donation to help pay the expenses for making this faith-building service available to you and your family! Donations are tax-deductible. ] | <urn:uuid:6d53f81e-8761-4688-857c-4872181849a9> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t002.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826016.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00264-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961841 | 735 | 2.59375 | 3 |
I use Color Wheel Charts to reward each class for following my expectations for their behavior. When they fill their Color Wheel, they earn a Centers Day!
- Color Wheel Charts: (Print one in color, one in black and white) Color Wheel Chart
- Posters: Earn a Color, Extra Special Centers
- Individual Centers: Earn Colors Seating Chart
- Adhesive Velcro
When I taught middle school, I used a system where students earned minutes towards their “Free Art Friday.” It was the perfect way to give them an incentive to get through transitions quickly and clean up quickly. I wanted to modify that same idea so that it would work with the rotation schedule I have at the Elementary School.
I started by brainstorming what behaviors were the most important to keeping our Art Room running smoothly. In order to earn their color: they have to follow my expectations about volume, clean up quickly and line up quietly.
I use our stoplight ART letters as a visual reminder of the volume level. If it is on green, it means our volume is right on target. I warn a class when they are getting too loud and let them know that if it doesn’t get quieter, I will have to take down the green “A”. They can earn the “A” back by changing their volume. My students really respond to the simple visual reminder of the “A” being taken down.
I have a set of alarms on my computer that let each class know when it’s time to clean up and when it’s time for us to leave. After the first timer goes off, I give directions about what we need to do to clean. Depending on the project we are working on, they have 5-10 minutes to clean their table and go stand on their number for our Circle Up. During Circle Up, the Artist of the Day chooses people who are standing quietly to answer a creative thinking question.
When our second alarm goes off, it means it is time for us to leave. Before they leave, I ask them to give me a thumbs up or a thumbs down as we talk through each of the three expectations they had to meet to earn their color. If they met them all, I pull out a color and put it onto their Color Wheel. If they missed one of the expectations, we review what they need to do to earn their color next time.
After the first couple of rotations, I realized it was hard for me to keep track of how each individual class was doing. I decided to add the component of Extra Special Centers so that the classes that consistently earned their color would get an extra reward. I created a chart that has three circles for each class and stapled it to the envelope that holds their colors. Every time they earn a color, I cross one of the circles off. If they earn a color three times in a row, when we have centers they get a couple of Extra Special Centers like paint, Playdoh or Legos.
There were a handful of fourth grade classes that were having a difficult time earning a color. In those groups, most of the kids were on task and meeting the expectations. But there was a small group of kiddos who were struggling. I didn’t like the idea of everyone missing out on centers because of the choices a few kids were making. So I created a special “Individual Centers” seating chart. I explained that each kid would being earning their color individually. It is a lot of extra work! But I saw a big difference in the overall class’s behavior once they were each held accountable as individuals. | <urn:uuid:b50610b2-ea2e-4bdb-8343-1142f3d3c13d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://artfulsquid.com/tag/motivation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400238038.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926071311-20200926101311-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.978282 | 753 | 2.65625 | 3 |
15 March 1959 is a beautiful sunny day, although probably a little chilly. In Bologna's City Hall, Franco Meliconi and Elena Pedrini say their fateful 'yes' wrapped in their coats. Stepping out onto the piazza, the newlyweds, together with family members and guests, have their photo taken by their friend the tram driver Vincenzo Bazzani in front of the Partisan War Memorial. Among those faces fixed in the photo-ceramic and collected in the large reliquary is also Massimo, Franco's brother, who died at the age of 19 fighting against the fascists in Via Oberdan, on 15 July 1944. His battle name, 'Gianni', became that of his formation, the 7th GAP, protagonist, the following November, of the battle of Porta Lame and other actions engraved in the history of the Bolognese resistance. That mosaic of faces had formed spontaneously, on 21 April 1945: a few hours after the city's liberation, the Bolognese had begun to attach photographs of their loved ones on the wall of the Palazzo del Comune, where the shootings took place. Images taken out of wallets, removed from documents or frames, or even with the frame still around, as if that wall were a wall of the house. "The most extraordinary war memorial there is", according to Jean Giono. Fourteen years later, for the Meliconi family, that wall is home: although an arson attack a few years earlier destroyed the spontaneous memorial, this new one appears a little colder, but certainly more resistant. | <urn:uuid:2aa86933-dd8b-4e94-92e3-bea16b70ce4f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://homemovies100.it/en/almanac/91_civil-wedding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.975358 | 332 | 2.578125 | 3 |
African doors art
Generally, carving skill spread among all the peoples of Tropical Africa. In addition to well-known and well recognizable sculptures, ethnographers and collectors study doors art that represent much. For example, the ritual, protective, aesthetic and social status. Besides, door art has a historical, narrative, and even instructive function.
Meanwhile, almost all African peoples used images of animals on the carved doors. Animal credited special qualities or traits, and even considered as one of the ancestors of people. | <urn:uuid:663e6baf-e5fe-418e-90ca-0d821c1cb1cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://vsemart.com/category/wood/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038071212.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413000853-20210413030853-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.927416 | 102 | 3.0625 | 3 |
パンケーキの歴史物語 (Pankeki no rekishi monogatari)College of the Pacific Faculty Books and Book Chapters
DescriptionRound, thin, and made of starchy batter cooked on a flat surface, it is a food that goes by many names: flapjack, crêpe, and okonomiyaki, to name just a few. The pancake is a treasured food the world over, and now Ken Albala unearths the surprisingly rich history of pancakes and their sizzling goodness.
Find in WorldCathttps://www.worldcat.org/title/pankeki-no-rekishi-monogatari/oclc/862764270&referer=brief_results
- Food Studies
Citation InformationKen Albala and Mitsuhuro Sekine. パンケーキの歴史物語 (Pankeki no rekishi monogatari). Japan(2013) p. 1 - 181
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/ken-albala/260/ | <urn:uuid:5d7defa9-6ff9-4601-9030-dc9576ecfd15> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://works.bepress.com/ken-albala/260/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.686044 | 234 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By S. Nilsson, A. Käärik, M. J. Keller, M. E. Kiffer, J. Perreau, M. O. Reisinger
The current atlas is addressed typically to those that, departing from diversified spheres of curiosity, are learning the dispersal of fungus spores within the air, like aero biologists, plant pathologists, clinical mycologists, allergologists, or these attracted to spore morphology as a taxonomic instrument. The gradually expanding curiosity in pollution difficulties has additionally stimulat ed investigations within the microbiological fraction of air pollution. over the last a long time the examine of microbial existence within the surroundings has constructed to a unique department of organic sciences - aerobiology of which the 1st experiences are from the tip of the final century. along with pollen grains and spores of upper crops and micro organism, fungal diaspores give a contribution a relentless and sub stantial a part of the airborne microorganisms. tools for learning airborne spores are defined and significantly mentioned by means of e. g. Dimmick and Akers (1969), Ingold (1971) and Gregory (1973). the particular content material of fungus spores within the air is due to the advanced methods, all of that are influ enced through exterior components in numerous methods. The impression of the various meteorological components on spore formation, liberation, shipping and deposi tion is largely mentioned through Ingold and Gregory. There are massive problems in picking indifferent fungus spores visually. The taxonomy of the fungi is usually in line with the ontogeny of the spores which can't be by way of exam of unmarried spores within the air. The conidial improvement in Deuteromycotina and constitution of conidiopho res are excellently defined and illustrated via Cole and Samson (1979).
Read or Download Atlas of Airborne Fungal Spores in Europe PDF
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Extra info for Atlas of Airborne Fungal Spores in Europe
Eumycota . Ascomycotina . Sphaeriales . '- • , \ A group of slightly fusiform hyaline ascospores with a median transverse septum. In lactophenol and cotton blue. LM x 600 A group of small cylindrical hyaline conidia. In lactophenol and cotton blue. LM x 600 I • I An ascospore, showing a rough, low warty structure of the exosporium. ) Petrak Eumycota . Ascomycotina . Sphaeriales . Sphaeriaceae Three fusiform, dark brown, opaque ascospores, with one side flattened . LM x 700 An ascospore showing a very smooth exosporium.
Cortinariaceae Basidiospores in lateral and frontal views; apical differentiation is seen in the smooth wall (to the left). LM x 2000 Minutely verrucose basidiospore in adaxial-abaxial profile, with lateral proximal hilar appendix where the hilar zone is depressed and with a distal, rounded differentiation. SEM x 8000 54 31 Inocybe subcarpta Boursier&Kiihner Eumycota· Basidiomycotina . Hymenomycetes . Agaricales . Cortinariaceae A polygonal-gibbous basidiospore with large bosses. J A basidiospore showing largely subconical, rounded protuberances, a short hilar appendix and a slightly scabrous surface.
Pucciniaceae Teliospore with seven cells, a hyaline distal append ice and a long pedicel. LM x 2000 Teliospores ornamented with irregular verrucose tubercles and with enlarged pedicel at the base. SEM x 2700 41 18 Puccinia graminis Persoon Eumycota · Basidiomycotina . Teliomycetes . Uredinales . Pucciniaceae An aeciospore. LM x 2000 Uredospores in different foci. The uredospore on the left in high focus , the other in optical cross-section. LM x 2000 An aeciospore almost completely covered with numerous warts. | <urn:uuid:63048f5e-3f8f-4067-ae3d-c5aaefbc29a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://nickclare.com/lib/atlas-of-airborne-fungal-spores-in-europe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.794174 | 1,321 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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